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1. These rules arise out of an application made by the proprietor of a mouza, under Section 84 of the Tenancy Act, to acquire by compulsory sale a small piece of land made up of parts of several raiyati holdings within his estate. The application was opposed, and the matter has been brought before this Court by the proprietors of an indigo factory, who have taken under leases the greater part of the lands of the village, including the holdings within which this small plot of land is comprised, from the raiyats.
2. The applicant is the zemindar of the mouza, and has himself constructed an indigo factory in the mouza, and has employed a European manager for it and his estate; and the present contest is not between the zemindar and the raiyats in the ordinary sense of the words, but is one between the European managers of rival indigo factories. The Collector of the district granted to the applicant a certificate under Section 84, that the purpose for which the land was required was reasonable and sufficient, and thereupon application was made to the Munsif under that section, to acquire the land compulsorily, The Munsif tried the matter as a disputed question of fact, came to the conclusion that the purpose alleged was not reasonable and sufficient, and declined to authorize the purchase under the section. The applicant appealed to the District Judge, who reversed the finding of the Munsif, and made an order authorizing the compulsory acquisition of the land.
3. The first of those rules was obtained by the owners of the indigo factory, under Section 622 of the Code, to set aside the order of the District Judge, on the ground that no appeal lay from the order of the Munsif under the Tenancy Act. The second was obtained by the owner of the mouza, to set aside the order of the Munsif, refusing to allow the compulsory acquisition of the land, on the ground, amongst others, that the Collector was, under the section, the proper authority to decide whether or not the alleged purpose was reasonable and sufficient, and that his certificate was on the hearing before the Civil Court conclusive evidence that it was so. I am of opinion that both rules should be made absolute. It has not been seriously argued before us that any appeal lay from the order of the Munsif to the District Judge; no section of the Act has been pointed out to us giving such appeal, and as there is no right of appeal, the order of the District Judge was without jurisdiction, and must be set aside on revision. The decision of the second rule depends on the construction to be placed on the section itself. It is said in support of the Munsif's judgment that the meaning of it is that before proceedings can be instituted in the Civil Court at all, the certificate of the Collector must be obtained, but that when the matter comes before the Civil Court, the whole question is at large, and that at most the certificate is evidence that the purpose is reasonable and sufficient, and that the Civil Court may accept that view or refuse to do so as it pleases; the second paragraph of the section is relied on, and it is argued that, as the words "having relation to the good of the holding or of the estate in which it is comprised, including the use of the ground as building ground or for any other religious, educational or charitable purpose," appear in the second paragraph, and do not appear in the third, it is apparent that the question upon which the Munsif must be satisfied, before granting the application, is different from that which the Collector must determine, before granting the certificate. And it was further argued that the report of the Select Committee, which will be found quoted in K.N. Roy's edition of the Tenancy Act, p. 330 shows that the Committee, at all events, intended that the certificate of the Collector was only to guard the interests of the raiyats, and not to control the discretion of the Civil Court.
4. As to the second argument, I can only say that if that was the intention of the Select Committee, it does not appear to me to have been accepted by the Legislature, and that the section must have been changed after the report, as I am unable to reconcile the section as it now stands with the quotation from the report, or to read it in any other way than as giving to the Collector, and to the Collector only, jurisdiction to decide whether the alleged purpose is reasonable and sufficient, but leaving to the Civil Court the amount to be paid for the land, and the decision of the question whether the land is bond fide required for the alleged purpose.
5. As to the first argument, I cannot agree that it is well founded. It is to my mind perfectly clear that the certificate of the Collector mentioned in the third paragraph is intended to deal with the same "purpose" as that mentioned in the second paragraph, and to deal with its reasonableness and sufficiency with reference to the matters which the second paragraph directs the person, whoever he may be, by whom the question has to be determined, to take into his consideration. The section at first sight may appear somewhat ambiguous and difficult to construe, but if the order of the paragraphs is changed, so that they may stand in the section in the order in which the events contemplated by the section would happen, I think the meaning becomes clear. The section will then read–" On being satisfied on the certificate of the Collector that the purpose is reasonable and sufficient, and on being satisfied that the landlord is desirous of acquiring the holding or part thereof for some reasonable and sufficient purpose, having regard to the good of the holding or of the estate in which it is comprised, including the use of the ground as building ground or for any religious, educational or charitable purpose, a Civil Court may, on the application of the landlord of a holding, authorize the acquisition thereof by the landlord, etc."
6. In construing this section, as in all cases, effect must be given to every word in it, and, amongst others, to the words "on being satisfied on the certificate of the Collector that the purpose is reasonable and sufficient." It is said that these words mean "and on being satisfied (inter alia) that the Collector has given a certificate"; but these are by no means the words of the section: there is nothing in the section to indicate that anything but the certificate is to be required to prove the reasonableness and sufficiency of the purpose, but, on the contrary, the words are "satisfied on the certificate". I think that the meaning of this is, that the Civil Court is to be satisfied on the certificate alone, and is not at liberty to take other evidence on that question, but is to accept the decision of it by the Collector as final. To hold otherwise would be, in my opinion, to refuse to give any effect to the words" satisfied on the certificate", and to read the quotation from the [279] report of the Select Committee as if it were a part of this section, which, in my opinion, we are not at liberty to do. For these reasons I think that the Munsif acted without jurisdiction in considering this question at all. I would make the rule absolute to set aside his decision, and remit the matter to the Munsif to decide the question whether or not the land was bond fide required for the alleged purpose, and to settle the terms on which it should be sold.
7. The result is that the first rule will be made absolute and the second discharged with costs.
Prinsep, J.
8. The proprietors of a taluk through their recently-appointed manager, Mr. Coryton, on 5th December 1889, obtained from the Collector of Durbhunga a certificate within the terms of Section 84 of the Bengal Tenancy Act, that the purposes for which they required 2 bighas 15 cottahs 17 dhurs of land in the occupancy of their tenants were in his opinion reasonable and sufficient. They then applied to the Civil Court, the Munsif of Somastipur, to obtain the necessary order for possession of those lands. The purposes set, forth in their application are, that "being desirous of improving their taluk and of having it hotter managed than hitherto, they have appointed Mr. Coryton to act for thorn in the capacity of manager"; that in order that the estate should reap the full benefit of the manager's services, it is necessary that he should live in Maniarpur, the central village of the taluk; that they are desirous for that purpose of erecting a suitable dwelling-house with a compound and all necessary outhouses for himself and his servants, and that the small piece of land obtained for this purpose not being sufficient, they make this application to enlarge the premises so as to provide for "the necessary outhouses and allow for egress and ingress to the manager's bungalow and for the erection of a cutchery". The application further states that a European manager of a taluk of such an area "will be of benefit to the estate", and that "many of the abuses of a native amla will under his supervision disappear".
9. The Munsif on 30th May following refused the application, holding that the purposes for which the land was required were not within the terms of Section 84, Bengal Tenancy Act. On this an appeal was preferred to the District Judge on 19th June, and this appeal came on for hearing on 22nd July. The proprietors of the neighbouring factory of Dalsingserai, who had been made parties to the proceedings in the Munsif s Court, but not to the appeal, happened to be present in the District Judge's Court in the person of their manager and duly constituted attorney. The District Judge, professing to act under Section 559 of the Code of Civil Procedure, directed these parties to be made respondents, and holding that as they were present this order was sufficient notice to thorn, fixed the following day for the hearing of the appeal. Against this a protest was made and a postponement asked for to enable these respondents to instruct their pleaders, and also to apply to the High Court to transfer the appeal to some other Court in consequence of the bias of the District Judge. This appears from a petition before us, dated 23rd July last. On his order refusing any postponement, it may be observed that the District Judge has recorded that the only ground stated is the desire to obtain an order for the trial of the appeal by another Court. The appeal was then heard; the District Judge set aside the order of the Munsif and passed orders in the terms of Section 84.
10. On 19th August a rule was granted by a Division Bench of this Court to show cause why the order of the District Judge should not be set aside for reasons stated in a petition and affidavit, amongst which it was set out that there was no appeal, and that therefore the order of the District Judge was without jurisdiction.
11. This rule came on for hearing on 2nd December last before another Division Court, who adjourned its trial and issued a rule on the manager of the Dalsingserai factory, the party who bad already obtained a rule, to show cause why the Munsif's order of 30th May 1890 should not be set aside. No reason is stated for this order, either in the order itself or in the rule issued, and it may be observed that it was not passed on any written application or affidavit of either party.
12. The two rules have now come on for hearing.
13. In regard to the first rule there can be no doubt that there is no appeal against an order passed by a Civil Court under Section 84, Bengal Tenancy Act. Consequently the order of the District Judge setting aside that of the Munsif is without jurisdiction and must be set aside, the rule being made absolute. The Bengal Tenancy Act does not specially provide for an appeal, and an order under Section 84 of that Act is not within the definition of a decree as given in the Code of Civil Procedure so as to become appealable under our ordinary judicial system. I would add that the District Judge did not exercise a proper discretion in summarily trying this appeal and in refusing the application of the newly-made respondents for a postponement.
14. The question has been raised on the other rule whether we should, under Section 622 of the Code, set aside the Munsif's order rejecting the application under Section 84, Bengal Tenancy Act, on the ground that he has improperly failed to exercise the jurisdiction vested in him. As I understand the grounds taken, it is contended that he was not competent to consider whether the purposes for which the lands were required were reasonable and sufficient within the terms of Section 84, inasmuch as this is a matter on which the Collector's certificate is conclusive, but that it is for him only to consider whether the applicants are bona fide desirous to apply the land to the purposes specified, and that he is then bound merely to settle the terms on which the lands are to be acquired.
15. Before proceeding to authorize the acquisition of lands forming the whole or part of a tenant's holding by the landlord and to determine the amount of compensation which the tenant should receive, and the conditions and terms of the order for compensation a Civil Court is to be "satisfied," to use the terms of Section 84, (1) that the landlord is desirous of acquiring the particular lands for some reasonable and sufficient purpose having relation to the good of the holding which it forms or to which it belongs or of the estate in which it is comprised; (2) that on the certificate of the Collector the purpose for which it is required is reasonable and sufficient. On the one hand, it is contended that the Collector's certificate is conclusive that the purpose is reasonable and sufficient; on the other that it alone enables a landlord to move a Civil Court and gives that Court jurisdiction to take cognizance of the matter; that its object is to relieve the Civil Courts of applications prima facie untenable, but that with such a certificate it is open to a Civil Court to determine all matters coming under Section 84.
16. I should certainly not be inclined in any way to fetter the jurisdiction of the Civil Courts in the determination of any matter affecting any private rights without some express provision of law to that effect. The Bengal Tenancy Act contains numerous instances in which those rights have been created amongst tenants, and it has provided that all questions affecting such rights shall be determined only in the Civil Courts even where, under Chapter X, the Local Government, with the previous sanction of the Governor-General in Council, has directed a survey to be made and a settlement of rights to be recorded in respect of any particular lands, and any dispute arises regarding the correctness of the proceedings affecting any individual right. Although the Revenue officer is competent to determine that matter, it is ultimately left to the decision of the superior Civil Courts, for an appeal lies to a Special Judge and thence to the High Court. This is the only instance in which a Revenue officer can act in a matter affecting a question of right. Prima facie, therefore, it could not have been intended to vest a Collector with such absolute powers under Section 84. I may add that although a Collector's orders are generally subject to appeal, the law prescribes no appeal in this matter. Moreover, there is no procedure laid down as to the nature of any proceedings before his certificate is given. The latter consideration is not without weight, for the Land Acquisition Act (X of 1870), Section 48, in proceedings of a somewhat similar character, has expressly provided for an enquiry, and has indicated its judicial character; but there is nothing in Section 84 of the Bengal Tenancy Act in this respect. There is no reason apparently why the Collector's certificate should not be granted ex parte. I find myself therefore unable to concede such absolute powers to the executive order of a Collector in a matter in which the terms of Section 84 taken alone are so doubtful and obscure, and where the opposite view is consistent with the principles on which our system of administration is founded. Whether the decision of the Civil Court is open to appeal or not is of less consequence, for there it is quite certain that all the issues will be tried out under the sanction of recognized legal forms and subject to the supervision of a superior Court, and it the Legislature has not thought proper to provide an appeal against Such an order, it is not open to us to question the expediency or to venture to form conclusions of the probable consequences of the finality of a Munsif's order.
17. Section 84, however, requires that the Civil Court should be "satisfied on the certificate of the Collector that the purpose is reasonable and sufficient." I do not understand this to mean that the Civil Court is not competent to consider the grounds on which this certificate was granted. If it were intended to make the Collector's certificate conclusive, the law would, I apprehend, have been differently expressed. The terms of Section 84 of the Bengal Tenancy Act are very different from those of the Land Acquisition Act, 1870, and yet according to this view the action of the Civil Court would be similar, except that under Section 84 it is conceded that the Civil Court must satisfy itself of the bona fides of the application. But under the Land Acquisition Act possession of the land follows the sanction of the Government by a notification under that Act. It is difficult to understand on what grounds, if it were intended that the Collector's certificate should be conclusive, it should not be left also to him to decide as to the bona fide character of the application for that certificate, and that he should not also be empowered to give possession of the land, leaving the amount and character of the compensation to be dealt with by the Civil Court. If the Collector's certificate is on the face of it granted on improper grounds, if the purpose alleged is one that does not properly come within that section, is the Civil Court precluded from going behind it? Is it bound to accept it as conclusive? Surely this cannot have been intended by the Legislature, and yet this must be so, if the Civil Court is not competent to consider whether the purpose for which the landlord applied be a legitimate purpose. The present case is a good instance of this. The land is required to extend the promises of a house to be built for a newly-appointed European manager so as to ensure his convenience and comfort. This is the main ground of the application, and much stress is laid on the benefits to the taluk from European management, and the necessity for such from the large area of the taluk. That it is intended also to erect a zemindari cutchery is only incidentally mentioned. These are clearly insufficient grounds. Why, it may be asked, is any management necessary at all, and why should not the proprietors themselves manage their own property? Are we to assume that any management must necessarily be for the benefit of the estate, and above all that this will be host ensured by the appointment of any European? All this must necessarily be speculative, and it cannot surely have been contemplated by the Legislature that tenant rights which have been so strictly protected by the new law should ho encroached upon for a purpose with such an uncertain result. If this matter is subjected to further investigation, it becomes even clearer. It has been disclosed in the course of these proceedings, though not stated either in the application to the Collector for a certificate or in the petition to the Munsif, that the real object of the petitioners is to introduce the cultivation and manufacture of indigo into this property, and no doubt thus primarily to put more money into the pockets of these proprietors. We have been told by the counsel who opposes this rule–and this has not been contradicted by the counsel for the other side–that the first application to the Collector was for a certificate to obtain some 20 bighas of land for the erection of an indigo factory and vats, and that this was refused. I observe also that it has been found by the Munsif that the site of the former zemindari cutchery was then cleared, and that it has been employed to erect such vats, etc. The real object of the application before us is thus shown. It is certainly not for a purpose contemplated by the Act, and therefore I should not be disposed to maintain any order which proceeds upon the certificate of a Collector giving effect to such a purpose. This would be the consequence of any order setting aside the Munsif's order refusing the application.
18. Further, as has been already stated, it has now been admitted that the real object of this application is not to introduce a better system of management, as originally stated, but to introduce the cultivation and manufacture of indigo through a gentleman of the profession known as an indigo-planter, and on these grounds alone this application should be rejected.
Ameer Ali, J.
19. The circumstances giving rise to these rules have been so fully set forth in the judgment of Mr. Justice Prinsep, which I have had the advantages of reading, and with which I entirely concur, that I am spared the necessity of setting out in detail the reasons which have led me to the same conclusion. The first Rule was obtained by the owners of the Dalsingserai indigo factory, who have acquired under kurtauli leases from the tenants of the village of Maniarpur an interest in the whole or major portion of the lands appertaining to that mouza. The second Rule was obtained on behalf of the maliks of the mouza. It appears that the owners of mouza Maniarpur have recently appointed a Mr. Coryton as the manager of their estate. This gentleman, acting on their behalf, applied to the Collector for a certificate, under Section 84 of the Bengal Tenancy Act, to enable him to acquire 2 bighas 15 cottahs of land in the village of Maniarpur. There is no question that the lands which were proposed to be acquired were in the occupation of raiyats and formed part of their holdings. The purpose for which the lands were required was stated in the petition to be the erection of a cutchery and out-offices for the manager's bungalow, with a passage leading to his residence. In paragraph 6 of the petition, "the good to the estate" to which the purpose under the section must have relation was stated thus: "That your petitioners maintain that a European manager to a taluk of the size of the Kalianpur Bambaya one will be of benefit to the estate, and many of the abuses of a native amla will under his supervision disappear." On the 5th December 1889 an order in vernacular was endorsed on the back of this petition signed by the Collector to the effect that as the persons on whom notices were served raised no objection, he saw no reason to withhold the certificate under Section 84, and that the purpose seamed to him to be reasonable and one which was contemplated by the law. No notice appears to have been given to the owners of the Dalsingserai factory, but we were informed by the learned Counsel appearing on their behalf–and the statement was not controverted–that when they subsequently heard of the proceeding they came in and objected to the grant of the certificate, but were referred to the Civil Court. However that may be, Mr. Coryton, acting on behalf of the Maniarpur maliks, then applied to the Munsif. On this occasion notices were issued to the tenants as well as to the owners of the factory. The latter and three out of the eight tenants came in and raised objections to the compulsory acquisition of the lands in question. Up to this time there seems to have been no question as to the jurisdiction of the Munsif to enquire into the sufficiency and reasonableness of the purpose for which the lands were proposed to be acquired. The Munsif dismissed the application, holding that the purpose for which the landlords were desirous of acquiring the lands in question did not come within the scope of Section 84, and also that the application did not appear to him to be bona fide How the matter comes before us has already been mentioned. As regards the order of the Judge, it has not been seriously argued that there is any provision giving an appeal to him from the order of the first Court. In entertaining the appeal the Judge clearly acted without jurisdiction.
20. Mr. Evans, who appears in support of the rule obtained by the owners of the mouza Maniarpur, contends that although we may hold that the Judge acted without jurisdiction in entertaining the appeal, we ought not to restore the order of the Munsif, as this officer acted without jurisdiction in going behind the Collector's certificate.
21. He contends in the first place that the certificate of the Collector was conclusive as to the reasonableness and sufficiency of the purpose for which the lands were sought to be acquired. He argues that the only function which the Civil Court has to perform is to assess the compensation on the production of the Collector's certificate and upon being satisfied that the lands were really wanted for the purpose certified. And he proposes to read the section thus: A Civil Court may, on the application of the landlord of a holding and on being satisfied on the certificate of the Collector that the purpose is reasonable and sufficient in relation to the good of the holding or of the estate in which it is comprised, and on being satisfied that he is desirous of acquiring the holding or part thereof for that purpose, authorise the acquisition thereof by the landlord upon such conditions as the Court may think fit, and require the tenant to sell his interest in the whole or such part of the holding to the landlord upon such terms as may be approved by the Court, including full compensation to the tenant."
22. I find it, however, impossible to accept this view. Had the Legislature intended that the jurisdiction of the Civil Court should be confined simply to giving effect to the Collector's certificate, it is difficult to imagine the necessity of so much circumlocution. The intention could have been expressed in simpler language and the collocation of the sentences, it seems to me, would have been different. Apart from the fact that the construction suggested renders meaningless a large portion of the second Clause, which is repugnant to all canons of interpretation, there are other serious objections against the view advanced by the learned Counsel. There is no procedure in accordance with which the Collector should proceed in determining whether the purpose is sufficient and reasonable. It is said that the Local Government might frame rules under Section 142, but admittedly no rules have been framed yet under Section 84. Is it likely that the Legislature would have vested the Collector with such absolute powers without providing any machinery for the enquiry or subjecting his proceedings to the guarantee of judicial formalities?
23. Upon the face of it, the Collector's certificate is an executive proceeding. As the section stands, there is nothing to prevent the grant of a certificate without any notice to the raiyats. Is it reasonable to suppose that the Legislature intended to impress such a conclusive character as is contended for upon an executive act which would have the effect of taking away other people's property and which may be held ex parte?
24. The argument, however, becomes quite untenable when we examine the words of the section. It runs thus: "A Civil Court may, on the application of the landlord of a holding, and on being satisfied that he is desirous of acquiring the holding or part thereof for some reasonable and sufficient purpose, having relation to the good of the holding or of the estate in which it is comprised, including the use of the ground as building ground, or for any religious, educational or charitable purpose, and on being satisfied on the certificate of the Collector that the purpose is reasonable and sufficient, authorise the acquisition thereof by the landlord upon such conditions as the Court may think fit, and require the tenant to sell his interest in the whole or such part of the holding to the landlord upon such terms as may be approved by the Court, including full compensation to the tenant."
25. Let us analyse the section. There must first be an application; upon that application the Court has to go through a certain judicial process. It must be satisfied (1) that the landlord is desirous of acquiring the holding or part thereof; (2) that the purpose for which he is so desirous is reasonable and sufficient; (3) that the purpose aforesaid has relation to the good of the holding or of the estate; and (4) that the Collector is also of the same opinion that the purpose is reasonable and sufficient. When it has found these facts it may proceed to authorise the acquisition of the lands upon such condition as it may think fit. Even then it is discretionary with the Court to make the order for compulsory acquisition or not. The words "on being satisfied on the certificate of the Collector, &c.," cannot possibly be supposed to cut down all that had gone before. The words "on being satisfied" are repeated in the third Clause from the collocation of the preceding words and the necessity for making it clear that the Court must also have before it the opinion of the Collector that the purpose is reasonable and sufficient; and the certificate is to be the evidence of that opinion. The Collector's certificate is thus a sine qua non to obtaining an order from the Civil Court. The landlord may apply before obtaining a certificate, but no order can be made under Section 84 unless the Court is satisfied that the Collector is of opinion also that the purpose is reasonable and sufficient. The section thus construed does not do violence to the language and keeps in view the policy of the Tenancy Act. To make the Collector's certificate conclusive would, as has been already pointed out by Mr. Justice PRINSEP, be not only contrary to the policy of the Act, but disastrous to the tenants. Remembering what the effect of these compulsory acquisitions would be, that they would withdraw raiyati lands from that category and make them the khas lands of the zemindar, and remembering how carefully the Legislature has endeavoured to prevent the destruction of raiyats' holdings under whatever disguise attempted, we can well understand the anxiety of the Legislature to provide a double safeguard against such compulsory alienations of raiyati lands. It has provided a judicial enquiry as to the sufficiency and reasonableness of the purpose, guarded by the opinion of the executive head of the district to the same effect. That this opinion is not hypothetical is borne out by the words of the Final Report of the Select Committee: "We have inserted a new Section (84) giving power to landlords to acquire by compulsory sale, through the Civil Court, and at a price to be fixed by the Court, any land in their estate required for building purposes or for religious, charitable or educational objects. The necessity of some such power, especially with a view to provide building sites either for new tenants or in cases of diluvion, has been strongly urged upon us. We have guarded the section against abuse by requiring the certificate of a Collector as to the sufficiency of the reason before action can be taken under it".
26. It is contended in the second place by the learned Counsel for the Maniarpur maliks that, assuming the certificate of the Collector is not conclusive, the Munsif has wrongly refused to exercise jurisdiction, on the ground that the purpose must have relation to the good of the land comprised in the estate. He further contends that in the present case the purpose for which the lands wore sought to be acquired was within the purview of the section for the appointment of a European manager must be beneficial to the estate and he must be provided with stables, & c. Now the section says the purpose must have relation to the good of the holding or of the estate in which it is comprised, meaning thereby the conglomeration of holdings of which the estate is comprised. I understand from these words that the good to the holding or estate must be the direct result of the purpose. Now it is very possible that a European manager may prove more efficient than native amlas, and may thus indirectly do good to the estate. Anything therefore which conduces to his comfort and convenience may thus be supposed to have some indirect relation to the management of the estate. But I fail to see how the purpose of building stables, kitchen and cutchery has any relation to the good of the holding or the estate. What the section really contemplates is apparent from the words used. The purpose must have a direct relation to the good of the particular holding or the holdings in general of which the estate is composed. Lands may be wanted for constructing drainage or irrigation works or for sinking wells or cutting pynes or housing tenants, and such objects are within the Act. Objects which might have a remote or speculative bearing upon the estate seem to me to be foreign to the scope of the Act. For these reasons I concur with Mr. Justice PRINSEP in holding that the order of the Munsif is correct and ought to be maintained. 1 would accordingly make the first rule absolute and discharge the second.


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Christi Craddick goes to Washington - sort of
Texas Railroad Commissioner Christi Craddick often complains about Washington.
Well, now they can hear her up close and personal.
Craddick announced this week that she's accepted an advisory position at the U.S. Department of Energy when she was asked by Energy Secretary Ernest J. Moniz to serve as a member of the National Petroleum Council. The railroad commission oversees the oil and gas industry in Texas.
The council provides advice, information and recommendations on oil and natural gas related matters, including the federal government's response to environmental and energy conservation, technology and legal issues.
"Texas provides an excellent model of effectiveness and efficiency for shaping national energy policies," Craddick said in a statement. "I look forward to working alongside Secretary Moniz and my fellow council members in advancing energy policy on behalf of the Department of Energy and the nation."
Craddick, who also has served as chairman of the commission, will attend her first meeting in July. The council is a federally-chartered and privately-funded committee. Since 1946 it has produced more than 200 reports on oil and gas operations.
Craddick has served on the state commission since 2012.
Max B. Baker: 817-390-7714, @MaxbakerBB

subset: commoncrawl


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After nearly four years of legislative wrangling, legislators in socially conservative Chile approved civil unions on Wednesday for same-sex and unmarried heterosexual couples. The bill will give many of the legal rights afforded to married couples to an estimated two million Chileans. Most of those expected to benefit from the civil unions are heterosexual couples, though the move is also seen as a big step forward for gay rights. The bill now heads to President Michelle Bachelet to be signed into law. Chile, one of Latin America's richest countries, is heavily influenced by the Roman Catholic Church, which has traditionally considered homosexuality sinful. A government spokesman said, "This is a legal status that does not discriminate and that will be applied to all types of couples, and most importantly, that recognizes the different types of families we have in our country."
World Briefing
Chile: Lawmakers Approve Civil Unions for Gay or Heterosexual Couples
A version of this article appears in print on , Section A, Page 8 of the New York edition with the headline: Chile: Lawmakers Approve Civil Unions for Gay or Heterosexual Couples. Order Reprints | Today's Paper | Subscribe


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a week of workouts
I started posting my daily workouts on my Instagram last week. It's a good way for me to go back & keep track of what I'm doing & how I'm advancing later on. I'm also doing a push-up challenge this month, so LOTS of push ups. I can feel myself getting stronger already! If you have any questions about what an exercise is, either leave me a comment or google it. You can usually get a great visual or YouTube on how to do certain exercises. This is how my week went. I took yesterday as a rest day.
I do most of my walking|running workouts on my treadmill. If it's nice out & I can get away without the kids, I'll go outside. Generally, though, the treadmill works best for me because I can do it most any time when the kids are around & my husband isn't.
>>>fast walk for me is between 4-4.5 level on my treadmill. it usually works out to a 14-15 minute mile<<<
>>>all out run for me is between 8-9 on my treadmill<<<
>>>if you want to follow me on instagram scroll to the bottom of the blog & click on the instagram icon<<<


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New Delhi, Sep 10: The BPSC results 2018 for the 63rd Combined Competitive Preliminary Exam has been declared by the Bihar Public Service Commission. The results are available on the official website.
BPSC results 2018 for the 63rd Combined Competitive Preliminary Exam declared
The preliminary exam was conducted on 1 July 2018.
A total of 90,697 candidates gave the examination and a total of 4,257 candidates have cleared the examination.
With the result, the Commission has also released the answer keys for General Studies for the exam in booklet series, A, B, C, and D. The link for answer key is just below the link for the result for 63rd Combined Competitive Preliminary Exam. The results are available on http://bpsc.bih.nic.in/.
How to check the BPSC 63rd Combined Competitive Exam Prelims result 2018:
- Go to http://bpsc.bih.nic.in/
- Click on the link for 63rd Combined Competitive Preliminary Exam result,
- The PDF that will open will consist of the roll numbers of all the candidates who had cleared the exam.
- Download results
- Take a printout


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Olorunfemi Moses Imole, also known as Tey Prince is a Lagos-born songwriter, singer and producer from Ondo State.
Born April 20, 1997, he started singing at age 11. When he produces his songs, he prefers going by the name "D Mad Producer."
He sings Hardcore Hip Hop, R & B and other genres.
[MUSIC] BLESS – Halloween ft Jay Patrick
Below are some of his songs. DOWNLOAD, LISTEN AND SHARE.
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Since that is already a tedious course of, it is advisable to see to it that you simply take time and take the whole lot into critical consideration. Though there may be a tempting supply, you shouldn't leap at it immediately. When you're in the process of transitioning into a distinct job, there are some issues that have to be made. Initially, try to be open to prospects, and take a look at considering out of the field. Opting for a profession that is solely new to chances are you'll offer you the expansion and alternatives that you're looking for. Moreover, you need to decide if you want to work alone, or in a team. Doing so will enable you find a job simply. Needless to say once you work in a team, you need to hold an open mind, as a result of your staff mates may even have their opinions and concepts that it is advisable to consider.
The following standards that's needed o be a great hair dresser is the skill of shampoo method. The prime function of a shampoo specialist is to scrub, rinse and condition the client's hair correctly in order that its seems shiny, … Read More


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Apply Here
We're looking for tenacious thinkers with big hearts. We want people who bring diverse perspectives and a natural curiosity to the challenges in front of them. Whether you're an experienced professional, or you're searching for that first job, we offer positions and growth opportunities to help get you where you want to go.
Guest Experience
If you're launching your career or want a part-time job with a flexible schedule and looking for a growing company with development opportunities, Chick-fil-A Canton provides a firm foundation for anyone entering the workforce. A heart for Creating Moments of Kindness with our guests is a requirement for a spot on our team!
Culinary Team
Do you love serving people through crave-able food? The Culinary Team Member is a role that assists in daily food preparation, food safety, hospitality, and maintaining the cleanliness of the kitchen space. We offer a flexible schedule and opportunities to grow as a culinary professional.
Leadership Development
Chick-fil-A Canton is a vibrant, engaging environment where experienced professionals can take their careers to the next level. Our values – excellence, integrity, loyalty and generosity – are first and foremost about building and prioritizing relationships. From the solid foundation built on these principles, we can forge a prosperous relationship and grow together.
MBA Leader Development Program
The MBA Leader Development Program at Chick-fil-A Canton gives prospective graduate students an opportunity to acquire professional experience that's crucial while partnering with us to help cover costs of an MBA from Reinhardt University. Chick-fil-A Canton MBA Leader Development Program helps participants learn the skills and values needed to successfully navigate the modern workplace.


text: 19 April Tracking of Floor Conveyors and Goods in Logistics April 19, 2017 By Katja Streich industry, logistics |UWB|, |RFID|, |server based| 0 Processes in a production facility can be optimized with the aid of indoor localization and route analysis. In addition, an asset tracking solution makes it possible to retrieve location, service life, and movement history of goods. At a glance real-time localization of vehicles calculation of optimal routes positioning of goods transport process monitoring Problem Definition In a warehouse or production facility, thousands of goods have to be processed by vehicles (forklifts, pallet trucks, telescopic forklifts, tugger trains, driverless transport vehicles, prime movers, etc.). The runways aren't always perfect, there are many empty runs. It also happens that the exact position of vehicles and goods is unknown, that wares are undetectable or not delivered in time. Thus, production might have to be interrupted or extended, which is very expensive. Solution The position of the vehicles is detected with an accuracy of 10-30 cm using indoor positioning via Ultra-wideband. The position is displayed on a digital map which is accessible via app and web interface. It should be calculated automatically and in real time if a vehicle will be late. Thus, it is possible to intervene in time. The system also calculates the best runways and can be connected to the merchandise management system (ERP) to make sure all wares are available at any time. In addition to the localization of the forklift trucks, the individual goods can be tracked using a passive RFID system. Each vehicle can read out an item's ID from a short distance. The correlation between the identification time of the goods and the position data of the vehicle enables a monitoring of the entire transport chain. Technical Implementation If a very precise localization (10-30 cm) with low latency is desired, server-based indoor positioning with Ultra-wideband (UWB) is the right choice. For this purpose, several infsoft Locator Nodes are installed. The vehicle that should be tracked is equipped with a battery-powered infsoft Locator Tag which measures the distance (Time of Flight, ToF) to the Locator Nodes. If, in addition to the tracking of the vehicles, a positioning of goods is desired, a Locator Node can be attached to the vehicle instead of a Locator Tag. In this scenario, the Locator Node is not only used as a hardware for indoor positioning via UWB, but also as an RFID reader, which supplies power to RFID tags (which are attached to goods) and then captures the data stored in the microchip of the tag (usually an ID number). If the time of the identification of the RFID tag is associated with the position data of the vehicle, location, service life and the whole transportation process of the goods can be tracked. The position and, where applicable, identification data collected by the Locator Tag or Locator Node are transmitted to the infsoft LocAware platform® via internet connection. There, the positions of the vehicles are calculated and the data are transferred to an output medium or an ERP system. Significant key figures are e.g. route information (live and historical), number of trips per day/shift, number of hours and kilometers driven per day/shift, as well as maximum, minimum and average driving time and speed. Use Case PDF for Download Get the white paper for free Great introduction to the topic of indoor positioning Download Related Tracking of Goods in Logistics Using a tailored tracking solution, companies can maximize warehouse operations, finding ways to improve order picking accuracy and efficiency. Pallet Tracking in Logistics By implementing a localization system in logistics, goods in large warehouses can be found fast and reliably. Load Carrier Tracking in Logistics The tracking of load carriers can contribute to increasing the efficiency of logistics chains and enhancing the transparency of transport processes. Indoor Navigation and LED Identification of Goods in Logistics In large warehouses, indoor navigation and tracking solutions can make picking processes more efficient. Indoor Tracking with Display Beacons in Logistics In large production halls, the use of a tracking system with E-Ink displays can ensure a smooth process for the assembly workstations. Asset and Personnel Tracking in Tunneling A tracking system is dedicated to help increase workforce efficiency, safety and productivity on tunnel construction sites. Showing 0 Comment Add New CommentReply CommentNameEmailWebsiteCommentsHtmlPreviewb i u quote Notify me when new comments are addedSave Comment


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There are 2 ways to manage actionHero configuration: configuration files and overrides. In both cases, ActionHero starts by reading the config in
./config/. Here is what config files for a new ActionHero project look like.
The normal way to deal with configuration changes is to use the files in
/config/ and to have changed options for each environment, based on NODE_ENV. First we load in all settings from the
default config block, and then we replace those with anything defined in the relevant
environment section. ActionHero uses the standard node environment variable
NODE_ENV to determine environment, and defaults to 'development' when one isn't found. This pattern is very similar the Rails and Sails frameworks. A good way to visualize this is to note that, by default, the server will return metadata in response JSON, but we change that in the production NODE_ENV and disable it.
exports.default = {
general: (api) => {
return {
developmentMode: true
exports.production = {
general: (api) => {
return {
developmentMode: false
The other way to modify the config is to pass a "changes" hash to the server directly at boot. You can do things like:
actionhero.start({configChanges: configChanges}). This should only bse used in special cases or tests.
The priority order of configs is:
- options passed in to boot with
actionhero.start({configChanges: configChanges})
- environment-specific values in
- default values in
When building config files of your own, note that an
exports.default is always required, and any environment overrides are optional. What is exported is a hash which eventually resolves a synchronous function which accepts the
api variable.
Config Changes
A configChanges example:
const ActionHero = require("actionhero")
const actionhero = new ActionHero.Process()
const configChanges = {
general: {
developmentMode: true
// start the server!
await actionhero.start({configChanges})
api.log("Boot Successful!")
Boot Options to find the Config Directory
When launching ActionHero you can specify which config directory to use with
--config '/path/to/dir' or the environment variable
ACTIONHERO_CONFIG, otherwise
./config/ will be used from your working directory.
The priority of arguments is:
- Use the project's
./configfolder, if it exists.
actionhero --config=PATH1 --config=PATH2 --config=PATH3,PATH4
ACTIONHERO_CONFIG=PATH1,PATH2 npm start
Note that if
--config or
ACTIONHERO_CONFIG are used, they overwrite the use of the default
/config folder. If you wish to use both, you need to re-specify "config", e.g.
--config=config,local-config. Also, note that specifying multiple
--config options on the command line does exactly the same thing as using one parameter with comma separators, however the environment variable method only supports the comma-delimited syntax.


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Recently Thomas and I travelled for over two weeks. We celebrated his Masters program graduation in Philadelphia, we visited some friends in Scotland, and then we finished off with a few nights in London. It was a whirlwind, and I loved it. Feeling the pride of Thomas's accomplishments, seeing my friends' new baby in Scotland, meeting up in London with a friend for a show--it was all so wonderful.
However, as I posted pictures of our escapades on my social media pages, and received exclamations from friends over what grand adventures we seemed to be having, I thought about the stuff that didn't make it on Instagram. I posted about castles, hikes, food, landmarks and monuments. I had a fantastic time commentating on the wonderful sights we were seeing.
But there was other stuff that I dealt with while travelling. Stuff I didn't think people wanted to see.
I have sincere, uncomfortable, frustrating fears around travelling. And I travelled anyways. And I was proud of myself for it. I call it 'bravery'. But that felt weird to post on Instagram, so I didn't. However, why not? I'll do it now!
People who know me well, will know I have lot of fears, as I try to be vocal about what gets me anxious. Speaking about these fears can help me name them and find humour in them. The list of things that make me afraid is large, and has varying degrees of intensity from day to day. I think the only person in the world who might know all of them is Thomas, and even he forgets about some.
One of these things is heights. Another is the related sensation of falling from a great height. You'll never find me bungee jumping or doing any free-fall amusement park rides. It makes my stomach churn.
Unfortunately, both of these fears tie in closely to flying.
Sitting 37,000 feet in the air, relying on the skills of flawed humans to put together a powerful engine and a sturdy metal structure to ensure that I don't die by falling is terrifying to me.
In 2010, my fear of flying began to show up when I made the long trek to Zambia and South Africa.
In 2016, when I went to Calgary for Christmas with my brother's family, leading up to the trip and during the trip I had a constant, nagging anxiety at the knowledge that I'd have to fly again soon. It was very unpleasant.
By 2017 I knew I'd struggled through too many flights with gripping anxiety, so I decided I would finally accept the help of drugs. Flying to Philadelphia, and then home from New York, I gave my body the kindness of Ativan.
So a month ago, knowing that I'd be boarding six different planes for varying flight lengths, I had the Ativan ready. But as I kept checking in with my body, I was surprised to notice that the tell-tale anxieties weren't starting. As we drove to the airport, sat in security checks, and found our boarding gate, nothing escalated. I wasn't sure why this was happening, I found it quite interesting.
It would have been absolutely fine and kind to my body to pop the Ativan and fly, in anticipation that I might get anxious later on.
But I wanted to see what my body would do. I thought I'd try out it's limits. So I breathed through the parts of flying I hate the most (take off and landing *shiver*), and lo! I made it through five of the six flights on our trip without the assistance of Ativan.
Each flight I waited to see what my body would do. I breathed through anxious moments and waited to see if they'd go away. Thomas complimented me each time I didn't pop my Ativan. It was wonderful to feel like I was overcoming the thing that makes me afraid.
That sixth trip, however, was a 9.5 hour flight home from London, in which the stresses prior to boarding were more than usual, and I was not feeling at ease.
I got through the takeoff, and the anxiety didn't calm down. The sweaty palms, the racing thoughts, and the desire to cry was not going away. I decided that the line was too far. The anxiety was too much. I took my Ativan.
And that, by the way, is fine. I'm not going to hold on to any stigma that taking Ativan was weak. I personally found my bravery in seeing if I could try to do the thing that scares me without the help of a drug, but at some point, I think it becomes unkind to my body to push through unnecessary pain. So I was brave five times, and one time I was kind to myself. At no point do I consider my experience 'weakness'.
There were many other times that anxiety accompanied my experience throughout the trip, and I had to decide what was a limit to push through and what was not worth it.
Would I do the hike that hugged cliffs, wind pushing at my body, the sea and rocks below? I did. I needed Thomas to hold my hand at parts, but I did it. I had my reasons for trying.
Should I climb the tower to overlook Edinburgh, protected only by a small railing? My knees shook terribly, but I did it for the view, and after some photos promptly scurried down the spiral steps and drank water at the bottom while my heart rate cooled off.
I also had to face the question of whether or not I could even travel in my current condition. I've had chronic fatigue and brain fog since November last year from a concussion, and I had no way of knowing what my limits would be on this trip. I had a LOT of anxiety about worst case scenarios. And in part, they were slightly merited. My short time in Edinburgh was spent wondering how I'd get through each next hour, because my brain felt like it wanted to quit. And I did have to quit once we arrived in London, I missed out on the British Museum because of it. The majority of a day in London was spent doing very little, feeling very poorly, despite having only 2 full days to explore the city. But again, despite all of these fears and possible outcomes, I wanted to travel, it was worth it to me, so I tried being brave. And I'm so glad I travelled.
Each of us, I feel, have our own things to be brave about. These fears of mine seem like little battles in the very great troubles of the world. But they are my battles. And unfortunately they haunt my life in a way that only I will ever really understand. There are a lot more of them, which I won't get into now, and I'm sure we all have our own sampling of them. Maybe for you it's eating alone in the cafeteria, writing exams, talking to that intimidating coworker, attending an event you only know one person at, etc.
I know how silly my fears can sound--oh 'bravery' in such privileged circumstances. 'Bravery' in such glamour as being able to travel. I understand. To a degree.
It is still my reality, and the biological responses of what scares me are real. Therefore my bravery to face these issues is also very real.
So when someone comes to me and describes that they've done this seemingly mundane life activity that actually terrifies them completely, I am so excited for them! Although we have different fears, I know that feeling. I acknowledge that, for them, this was a horribly terrifying experience, and I'm very proud of their bravery to do what they did.
At the same time, if they were paralyzed by that fear and did not feel they could face it that day, I also get that! I understand. And I'll let them know that just because one day they didn't face that fear, doesn't mean that they never will.
It's up to each of us to face our fears. We know ourselves better than anyone else, and if we push ourselves, it's because whatever we're thinking of pushing through is worth it to us. And if our 'pushing through' looks different than others', that's okay too.
My bravery feels like bravery because I call it that. Maybe that's just me. I try not to call it 'just getting through life', or say 'it's pathetic that I deal with this fear', because naming it 'bravery' is kinder to myself. Some loved ones call it bravery too. Thomas holds my hand and looks me in the eye and says he's proud of me when I fly. When I hiked next to that terrifying cliff, he told me he was proud of me. My mom always said she was proud of me for doing things that she knew were scary for me. My closest friends never shame me for my fears, but smile and say they're glad I did the thing that I wanted to do despite the fears.
I'm trying to take heart in my own bravery, unique to the things that are hard for me. I would love to see you do the same, and I will try to be a good support to you, if I meet you when you're facing a fear.
In the theme of this being Mental Health Awareness Month, please consider your own mental health and the mental health of others around you.


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The U.S. Air Force has selected eight enlisted Airmen to participate in the Enlisted to Medical Degree Preparatory Program (EMDP2). A list of participants is available on the U.S. Air Force website. The EMDP2 offers enlisted Airmen an opportunity to complete the preparatory coursework for admission to medical school while maintaining active duty status, or 'cadet man-years' for Reserve or Guard selects, with full pay and benefits. Following successful completion of the program, graduates will apply for acceptance to medical school. The next EMDP2 board is scheduled for January 2019.
For more Air Force news, visit the Military.com Air Force section.


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Over the years I've developed beautiful relationships withe clients and designers worldwide who help me keep an eye out for my work. Kristin Try with Gingham and Grosgrain, an artist and interior designer, and a proud owner of Katie Brennan original was the sharp eyes that brought this work to my attention.
Studio McGee does a great job of documenting their projects, including great video tours. Here's the one of this space:
They also do a great job at helping people get the same look by offering many of the piece they've used for sale via their
Studio McGee is Syd and Shea McGee.
After many late nights of brainstorming and collaboration, the husband and wife team, decided to take what was a small business for a stay-at-home mom and turn it into something much more.
The couple launched their firm in 2014 and it has quickly grown to become one of the most well-known interior design studios in the nation. They have a team of 30 and manage projects across the country.
Their team's work has garnered attention in the design world from Architectural Digest, Vogue Living, House Beautiful, Domino, and Better Homes & Gardens to name a few.


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Daniel Ricciardo believes that Honda's improvements during the start of the new Formula 1 season have enhanced its chances of being taken up by Red Bull's senior team.
Scuderia Toro Rosso is into the first of its three-year deal with Honda while Red Bull Racing's contract with Renault runs out at the end of 2018.
The Japanese manufacturer's upturn has been highlighted by a fourth position finish for Pierre Gasly in the Bahrain Grand Prix.
Ironically, the Frenchman's result came in part due to Ricciardo's energy store failure which caused his RB14 to stop on just Lap 2.
The West Australian, who is also currently off-contract with Red Bull come season's end, agrees with commentary that Honda's performance could see it supply the Milton Keynes squad next year.
"I mean, it's helping their chances of looking attractive to Red Bull," said Ricciardo.
"At least at the moment it has got nothing to do with me. And I do mean that, because I'm not contracted to the team for next year.
"But those engine discussions, you know, don't involve us drivers. I'm aware that there could be some changes next year. And it's cool for Honda.
"They obviously invested quite a bit in the last few years, and it didn't work with McLaren. But (it is) pretty cool that now Toro Rosso is doing well with it."
Renault Sport boss Cyril Abiteboul has been agitating for a call from Red Bull Racing to be made in time for the May 15 deadline, at which time engine suppliers are supposed to advise the FIA of which teams they are supplying the following season.
Red Bull boss Christian Horner, however, indicated that a decision may not be forthcoming until the summer break.
"We've got a great front row seat to follow progress through the first half of the season," said Horner.
"That's very much our game plan."
Ricciardo and Gasly are currently tied on 12 championship points in seventh and eighth respectively, 38 points behind leader Sebastian Vettel of Ferrari.
Red Bull's Max Verstappen is four points further back in 10th, while Toro Rosso's Brendon Hartley remains scoreless with finishes of 15th in Australia and 17th in Bahrain.
The Chinese Grand Prix weekend starts tomorrow.


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our library
Funded by a Robin Hood Foundation Grant, our state of the art Library is on of the outstanding features of PS 110. The library opened in 2008 filled with brand new books and computers. The meticulously designed space creates an ideal atmosphere for students to get excited about reading. Each class visits the library weekly to check out books, listen to readings and participate in interactive discussions. The library also serves as a meeting place for parent groups, hosts evening PTA seminars, and houses a media center for teachers and staff.
The library is led by our librarian, Eliza Farrell. Every PS 110 parent is welcome and encouraged to get involved. This three-way partnership allows our children access to a phenomenal resource. It is also a great example of working together, one of the core values of PS 110.
***To access additional resources, please click here.
our computer lab
At P. S. 110, we believe that computer technology is a valuable tool to enhance teaching and learning. Our students use a variety of technologies to access, analyze, interpret, synthesize, apply, communicate and present information. They learn and practice various skills: keyboarding, desktop publishing, creating multimedia projects, digital photography and videography, painting and illustrating, web authoring, creating spreadsheets and databases, graphing and charting, graphic designing, internet researching, and basic programming.
We have a dedicated instructional computer lab of 30 iMac workstations networked through an Apple X-server, and we also have deployed 5 mobile carts of iBooks, a total of 80 laptops, on various floors for classrooms to use. Every classroom is wired for internet connection, and each classroom has 2-3 computers. All laptop computers can access the internet wirelessly.
Thanks to the RESO A grant, each classroom now has a media cart which houses an Elmo document camera, an LCD projector, a laptop, and a built-in stereo sound system. It is a valuable tool for teachers to use in the classroom for teaching, presentation, demos, and brainstorming.
our garden
PS 110 is getting greener by the minute! With an NYC Grow to Learn grant, the school built and planted a school garden. Teachers, parents and students all play a part in planting, watering and caring for the garden. Stop by the inner courtyard to see and taste our bounty: tomatoes, strawberries, wild flowers, edible greens, Echinacea, and other herbs like chives and basil.
In January, 2013, Lowes Toolbox for Education awarded PS 110 a $5000 grant! The purpose of the grant is to turn our garden space into an outdoor classroom for use by students and teachers and to get more PS 110 families involved in greening our school.
With a grant from the Citizens Committee for NYC, PS 110 launched a cafeteria-to-garden composting project called Waste Less Grow More. LES Ecology Center provided composting workshops for all interested staff, students, and parents to kick off the project. Along with recycling, disposing of organic waste will become part of students' regular cafeteria routine. The more organic waste we collect, the more compost we will generate for our garden! We will train 4th and 5th grade "student rangers" to help monitor organic waste disposal. Using an industrial scale young scientists at PS 110 will weigh scraps and assess our waste reduction.
our gym
Climb, crawl, jump, duck! The Railyard system is a modular obstacle course that helps us achieve school-wide fitness goals while providing an active play area for students when inclement weather forces recess inside. The Railyard develops students' strength, balance, coordination, agility, flexibility and endurance. Its lightweight, durable, portable, and modifiable design makes it a user-friendly product that is readily incorporated into structured PE classes.
Although used by over 900 schools nationwide, PS110 is proud to be the first school in New York City to incorporate the Railyard into its PE curriculum.


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How it works
Many customers are searching for "Vivaloan Com Phone Number" promo code. There are always going to be times when you could use extra cash. You may find that there are unexpected expenses that put a damper on your day or there are some bills that you simply want to get paid off so that you can get your finances balanced. Because of all of the reasons why anyone could need money in a flash, there are a lot of people who are now looking to help from www.Viva Loan.com payday loans. In order to get the most out of the experience, it is going to be best that you learn all that you can about this loan option so that you can determine if it is going to be the right choice for you and your current situation. You can apply with Vivaloan Com Phone Number approval code.
Vivaloan Com Phone Number, Comprehending The Cash Advance
There are certainly a lot of misconceptions available in relation to payday cash loans and cash advances. Basically speaking, a advance loan is a kind of short-term loan. Usually, a money advance loan is one that may not last any more than 14 days.
Why Go With Personal For A Cash Advance?
With all of the options that exist today in terms of advance loan loans, what exactly is it which enables one company superior to another? Personal is actually a cash loan company that has been in running a business and helping countless customers exactly like yourself since 1999. It is a company which is a member of the CFSA, Community Financial Services Of America, and has been in good standing since that period. If you are searching for a way to get cash fast so you meet all the criteria, you could potentially just find that here is the perfect option to help you get what you need.
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When you are interested in a cash advance or payday advance, you need to understand the cash amount is normally determined by both your net income as well as the state that you currently live in. Each state has their particular set of regulations regarding the utmost money that a resident can borrow in addition to just how long they are able to borrow the funds. According to the limits which can be allowed in your own state Personal pay day loans will take a look at quantity of net income after which go to a determination of how much it is possible to borrow.
The fees which can be involved will even vary according to the suggest that you live in. When you find yourself looking for your cash advance, we are going to not need a credit consult with the major bureaus. This is why a advance loan or possibly a payday loan is often times a smart borrowing opportunity for anyone who has credit that may be below perfect.
When the payment of the cash advance is due, we are going to contact anyone to collect the amount which is owed. Overall, this is often a great way to get the funds that you simply require at the moments notice. Vivaloan Com Phone Number
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Copyright© 2012- VivaLoan.com. All Rights Reserved


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La Pizza's brown bases come with an additional 10% bran and Omega-3 for even more benefits. They are low in fat, with no artificial flavours, colours or preservatives and a salt level for the brown bases of 0.75%, while all other products are 0.9%. The Omega-3 added bases are available in rounds (12" or 16") or rectangles (15" x 11") to help with portion control. They are delivered part-baked and bake quickly in 5-7 minutes, once topped (depending on the oven).
La Pizza has a range of thin and crispy pizza bases from 7" to 16". Supplied part-baked, they are easy to handle and simply need thawing out, topping and baking. Alternatively, you can roll your own base using La Pizza's dough balls, made to an authentic Neapolitan recipe with good elasticity. Both products are low in fat and are made using no artificial flavours or preservatives.


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© 2018 machida
051618-02 at Hologram
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CVS Caremark is the Prescription Drug Plan administrator. The FAQs below will help you with questions you have concerning CVS Caremark.
Department of Management Services
Frequently Asked Questions - Prescription Drug Plan
What are compounded medications and what does my prescription drug plan cover?
Compound medications combine, mix, or alter the ingredients of one or more drugs or products to create another drug or product. Compounded medications can contain substances that have not been rigorously tested for safety or effectiveness. Additionally, not all compounded medications are approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the prescribed route of administration or the ingredients they contain.
The Prescription Drug Plan only covers the federal legend drug ingredient of a compounded medication when all of the following criteria are satisfied:
- The compounded medication is not used in place of a commercially available federal legend drug in the same strength and formulation unless medically necessary;
- The compounded medication is specifically produced for use by a covered person to treat a covered condition;
- The compounded medication including all sterile compounded products is made in compliance with Chapter 465, Florida Statutes.
- Over-the-counter (OTC) products and bulk powders, bulk chemicals, and proprietary bases used in compounded medications are not covered; and,
- Reconstitution of oral powders is not considered compounding. The compounding pharmacist must bill the NDC of the product used in the quantity of final reconstituted volume.
To ensure you receive the best value possible and do not incur any unnecessary costs, please speak with your healthcare provider to get a prescription for an FDA-approved medication that may be used to treat your condition.
What is "90-days maintenance at retail"?
Buy two months, get one month free! Visit a participating 90-day maintenance retail pharmacy or use mail order to take advantage of these cost savings. Purchase a 90-day supply of the maintenance medications you take to treat chronic or long-term conditions, such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, heart disease, asthma and diabetes.
- If you have a maintenance medication prescription for up to a 90-day supply, you may have it filled one of the three ways:
- Through the CVS Caremark Mail Service Pharmacy;
- At a CVS retail pharmacy; or
- At any retail pharmacy participating in the new 90-day maintenance retail network established specifically for the State of Florida. The pharmacies in this network may or may not be in the regular 30-day retail network. Visit caremark.com or call 888-766-5490 to find out if your retail pharmacy is choosing to participate in the 90-day maintenance at retail network.
- Copays for a prescription fill at a participating 90-day maintenance at retail pharmacy are the same as for mail order: $14 for generic drugs, $60 for preferred brand drugs, and $100 for non-preferred brand drugs.
- If you have a maintenance medication prescription for up to a 90-day supply, you may have it filled one of the three ways:
What if I go to the pharmacy without my CVS Caremark ID card?
You can download CVS Caremark's free smartphone app to use your ID card or tell the pharmacist that your prescription drug plan uses CVS Caremark. The pharmacist can call CVS Caremark to verify your coverage and fill the prescription.
I have individual coverage and I am expecting a baby. When should I add my baby?
You have 60 days from the birth of the child to enroll in family coverage. The effective date of coverage will be retroactive to the beginning of the month in which the child is born and premiums will be due accordingly.
What happens if I use an out-of-network pharmacy, such as Walgreens?
If you're in the State Employees' PPO Plan, you may file a claim and be reimbursed for the out-of-network provider benefit, as defined in the Benefit Document.
If you are an HMO member, you only have access to network prescription drug benefits, so you would pay the entire cost of the medication out of pocket.
If I terminate my employment, can I keep my benefits?
Yes. You may continue some benefits under COBRA. COBRA is a federal law that allows you and your covered family members to continue health, dental and vision coverage for up to 18 months if you are enrolled at the time of termination, and possibly longer under certain circumstances. To continue other supplemental plans, you must contact each supplemental insurance company for the continuation forms.
What if I have manufacturers' discount cards or coupons?
You cannot use discount cards or coupons with the State Employees' Prescription Drug Plan.
What if I cannot afford to pay the entire mail-order copay upfront for a 90-day prescription?
CVS Caremark offers a payment plan option using a debit or credit card. You may pay three monthly installments for a prescription with no interest or service fees. Call CVS Caremark Member Services toll-free at 1-888-766-5490 for more information.
How should my provider write my mail-order prescription?
Ask your provider to write your prescription for up to a 90-day supply with refills for up to a year, when appropriate. If your provider writes the prescription for a 30-day supply, you must still pay the standard mail order copay.
The actual quantity and/or days' supply may vary for each drug. Your provider's instructions on how to take the medication, state and federal dispensing guidelines or how the medication is packaged may impact the quantity and/or days' supply you can receive.
Can CVS Caremark transfer my prescriptions from a retail pharmacy to the CVS Caremark mail-order pharmacy?
Yes. For many existing retail prescriptions, you can log in at the Caremark.com or call CVS Caremark Member Services at 1-888-766-5490 to request a new mail order prescription from your physician. Log in at Caremark.com to take advantage of mail order savings opportunities and lower-cost medication alternatives.
Which medications am I required to fill through mail-order?
If you are enrolled in the PPO Plan, you must fill your maintenance medications through the mail-order pharmacy or a participating 90-day retail pharmacy after three fills at a 30-day retail pharmacy. Maintenance medications () are typically used to treat chronic conditions that require regular or on-going use of medicines (e.g. hypertension, diabetes, high cholesterol, asthma).
HMO members are not required, but are encouraged, to use mail order because of the cost savings and convenience.
What are examples of medications that do not need to be filled through mail-order?
Acute medications taken for a limited time for a short-term condition, such as antibiotics for a sinus infection, ear infection, strep throat, etc. For these, go to your local network 30-day retail pharmacy.
How long does it take to get my medications when I use mail-order?
For first-time mail-order prescriptions, your medication will usually be delivered within eight days after CVS Caremark receives your complete and accurate prescription. If you are requesting a mail order refill, please be sure to have at least a 14-day supply on hand when ordering. Your prescription is eligible for a refill when 75 percent should have been used if taken as prescribed. If you request a refill too soon, your prescription may be returned to you.
Refills are usually delivered within three to five days after CVS Caremark receives your request.
When it is time to reorder, log into caremark.com and select the medication to refill or set up the ReadyFill at Mail ™.
The most up-to-date information on your refill is available online.
Certain medications, including drugs prescribed for narcolepsy, attention deficit disorder, and pain management, require a signature upon delivery.
How are medications shipped?
Most medications are shipped via the U.S. Postal Service at no cost to you. Medications containing certain controlled substances are shipped United Parcel Service (UPS). If necessary, you can request express shipping for an additional fee. Shipment of some medications must be scheduled and delivered to a physical address (not a post office box). Generally, these medications require additional packaging, such as cold packs, and will be shipped for delivery within one to two days.
How do I get started with the CVS Mail Service Pharmacy?
Ask your provider to write a prescription for up to a 90-day supply, and have it sent to CVS Caremark one of three ways:
- Mail your prescription and a completed mail order form () to the CVS Caremark.
- Ask your provider to call in your 90-day prescription at 888-766-5490.
- Ask CVS Caremark to transfer your prescription for you by calling Customer Care at 888-766-5490.
- To order additional forms and envelopes, visit caremark.com or call Member Services toll-free at 888-766-5490. Have your member ID number available.
If you are a member of the State Employees' PPO Plan, you must use the mail order pharmacy or a participating 90-day retail pharmacy for maintenance medications () after filling the prescription three times at a 30-day retail pharmacy. If you continue to use a retail pharmacy after the third fill, you will pay for the full cost of the medication.
Please call CVS Caremark Member Services toll-free at 888-766-5490 if you are currently receiving assistance from the Ryan White HIV/AIDS Program (provided by the federal HIV/AIDS Treatment Extension Act of 2009) Florida Medicaid, use V.A. facilities/pharmacies, or live in facility that does not allow medication from the outside, to avoid any inconvenience or interruption of the benefits provided through these programs.
Is there a service that allows for automatic refills through mail order so I do not have to remember to order my refills?
Yes, with ReadyFill at Mail™ you can request automatic refills of certain medications on the appropriate refill date. You may also request a new prescription following the last refill after you have taken the medication for a minimum of 30 days.
Notifications of refills come in time to allow you to cancel the refill if you choose.
Call CVS Caremark Member Services toll-free at 888-766-5490 for more information.
How do I know whether my medication is covered or if there is a generic equivalent?
Current members may log into caremark.com to find coverage and pricing details and to find out if medication has a less expensive generic equivalent. Members may also call CVS Caremark Member Services 24/7 toll-free at 888-766-5490.
Not yet a member? Visit http://info.caremark.com/sofrxplan.
What are the different payment methods accepted by the mail-order pharmacy?
You can pay by Electronic check, BillMeLater, Credit or Debit (VISA, MasterCard, Discover or American Express) and check or money order can all be used for payment at mail order.
What if I don't want generic substitutions for my prescription?
If you request a preferred-brand drug when a generic is available, you must pay the difference between the two, plus the appropriate brand copayment or coinsurance. If your provider writes on the prescription that the preferred-brand drug is medically necessary or "dispense as written" and the reason, you pay only the appropriate brand copayment or coinsurance.
When my provider faxes a prescription to the mail-order pharmacy, what happens?
CVS Caremark makes sure the prescription is coming from a secure fax machine associated with a prescriber listed in CVS Caremark's database. A secure fax machine is restricted from public access and is generally within a controlled area in the provider's office.
If CVS Caremark cannot determine the security of the fax line, or if the incoming fax number cannot be matched against a prescriber in CVS Caremark's database, CVS Caremark will contact the provider's office to verify your prescription.
If the prescription is verified, CVS Caremark processes the prescription.
CVS Caremark will contact you if the prescription cannot be verified by your provider. After two unsuccessful attempts to contact you, CVS Caremark will send you a notification stating that your prescription could not be filled due to lack of verification from your provider.
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Episode 25 - MP Duncan Webb talks how to do good, the academic track, and becoming an MP
In this episode I talked to Duncan Webb, MP for Christchurch Central and co-author of your ethics textbook, about his career as a litigation lawyer, academic and now Parliamentarian. We talked about how you can make a difference in non-traditional routes, the nature of influence and power in our democracy, what he wish he'd known from the beginning (nothing more than he did), his work for Christchurch homeowners in earthquake cases, how he once took down a gaming trust, and much more.
Short and snappy!
Until next time, listeners.


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Hot on the heels of Labour, David Cameron published the Conservative manifesto yesterday. What was most immediately striking, apart from proposals to create social housing ghettoes (see below), was how much overlap the headline policies had with someone else:
- no tax on people earning the minimum wage (UKIP)
- raise bottom tax threshold to £12.5k (libdems)
- extra £8bn on the nhs (Libdems, except it isn't, Clegg is promising £8bn per year, the Conservatives promise 'a minimum of £8bn over the next 5 years', which isn't the same thing)
- freeze rail fares (Labour)
- 30 hours free childcare for 3 and 4 year olds (Labour, though they only offer 25)
- build more houses (everyone)
- Right to Buy (Mrs Thatcher)
With the exception of the SNP, there are bones thrown in all directions, which either highlights political consensus, or flags up the scope for coalition discussions, depending on how you look at it.
Compared to Labour, it was a much easier document to work through, with some pretty detailed policy sections, and what looked like a comprehensive programme in a lot of areas. Here's what stood out for me:
1. Of the £30bn needed to reduce the deficit - it's 'fiscal consolidation', not cuts folks - £25bn is coming from public services, roughly half from welfare and half from other departments. There's no detail of where most of the welfare cuts will come from, apart from a reduced cap on total welfare income and scrapping Job seekers allowance for under-21s. There'll be a temporary Youth Allowance instead which stops if you don't take one of the 3m apprenticeships or a job.
2. There's a lot of specific regional and infrastructure spending, which makes me wonder why we couldn't have done some of it in the last 5 years. This is a bit of a dividing line with Labour, who despite talking about using borrowing to invest more, don't have the same commitments on infrastructure investment. Curious. However, it does allow them to name drop pretty much every region in the UK, which is politically clever.
3. A lot of devolution - more powers for all the bits of the UK, and for anywhere that chooses to have an elected mayor (and not if you don't!).
4. Tony Blairs Labour had a reputation as the champions of reannouncement, repeating declarations of new spending on several different occasions as though it wasn't the same cash over and over again. The Conservatives go one better, repeating the same announcement within the same paragraph. The pledge not to tax the minimum wage is basically the same as the pledge to raise the income tax threshold to £12,500 per year. At the moment, if you work on the minimum wage for 30 hours a week you earn £10, 452. And the threshold is 10.6k. How convenient! The Tories pledge to get the minimum wage up to £8 an hour, which will earn you £20 per year shy of the £12.5k threshold. So effectively it's the same policy, but announced in two different ways.
5. The married couples allowance stays, and rises marginally, and this is what qualifies as supporting relationships. There's passing mention of the 'troubled families' programme, but no indication of whether it will be renewed, expanded or scaled back. No mention of epidemic rates of relationship breakdown, fatherless families, and the effect all this has on the mental and emotional health of the adults and children involved. There is almost a conspiracy of silence around the family and how to support and invest in it.
6. On education, it looks like things will get a bit quieter - more of the same, rather than revolution. Worryingly for students, there is no mention of the level of the tuition fee cap, so it's left open for this to be increased. Watch this space. There'll also be loans for postgraduate degrees. The education budget is 'protected' - which means that if the number of pupils rises, so will the amount of money. It's not protected against inflation. So there will be a real terms cut in money going into schools under the Conservatives if inflation ever rises above 0%. So the word 'protected' actually means 'cut'. Again and again I was frustrated at the slippery way things were presented in this document, which then made it harder to give credit where it was due. Interesting that they keep the two flagship Libdem policies, free school meals for infants and the pupil premium.
7. The NHS - I really struggled to get my head round how politicians think about this. There's no point recruiting extra doctors and nurses if they're leaving as quickly as they arrive. 5000 nurses are leaving the NHS each year, mid-career. But responding to that entails accepting there's a problem, and like every other section, the bit on the NHS starts with a section on how poorly Labour did and how well the Conservatives have done. Sorry, but there needs to be more reality here. The section on mental health, apart from supporting mums during and after pregnancy (good) had very little. No specific targets, money, or policies. Not good enough.
8. The Big Society is back! All quiet for 3 years, whilst most of us got on with staffing food banks, there's now the new initiative to encourage volunteering (you'll need those extra 3 days a year if you're a governor of an academy, it's a couple of leagues up from being governor of a normal school, and that was demanding enough). I wonder what the Italian paymaster of Westlands, whose workers here in Yeovil will all be entitled to 3 days a year off, will think of that! It's an odd policy, but I think I like it. What I didn't like was the manifesto taking credit for £8bn a year going into heritage art and sport. It claimed this was 'public and lottery funding', but since the lottery puts in £1.6bn a year, that doesn't leave much for the government! In fact, it gets a tax from the lottery, so it makes a profit. Better controls on online pornography are welcome, but I'd have liked to see something on gambling and payday loans.
9. Not many people have picked up on the plan to cut the number of MPs to 600 and revise parliamentary boundaries. That could be quite significant in the long run.
10. Sorry but the Right To Buy plans are like the AV referendum (remember that?) a potentially ok plan scuppered by dreadful delivery. The AV option put to the vote was probably the worst form of proportional representation, and there are a lot of things wrong with the RtB format. Forcing the most expensive properties to be sold off? Well lets have a think. They'll either be the biggest ones (which Housing Associations have previously pulled down to build more, smaller units), or those in the nicest neighbourhoods. Smaller dwellings, and poorer neighbourhoods, will remain social housing. The long term effect is obvious: nicer areas will become almost 100% owner-occupied, and social housing will become more concentrated in areas of lower value. Around here, house prices in Sherborne were recently shown to be £100k higher on average than those in Yeovil. So if you applied the policy locally, all the social housing tenants would end up in Yeovil.
There's also an inevitable time-lag. It takes 10-20 years round here to find and buy land, get planning permission, and build new houses. Without being able to take out big loans, the housing associations won't have the money to buy land and build houses until the RtB units are sold, you can't replace them like tins on a shelf. So RtB will build in an extra shortage on top of the 1.4m that currently exists, around the time it takes to build the replacement properties.
11. Goodbye wind turbines. Subsidies for onshore wind will be scrapped, and they will 'change the law so that local people have the final say on windfarm applications'. Giving local people 'the final say' is a nimbys charter, nobody is campaigning for wind farms to be built on their skyline. What will Eric Pickles do with his time now that he hasn't got all those wind farms to veto? Words about 'cost effective' green technology suggest that economics, rather than carbon emissions, will be the deciding factor for any Tory greenery.
12. I'm worried about propsals to ban 'extremists' from working with children. We all know they mean ISIS sympathisers and the like, but the way the cultural wind is blowing, anyone like me who takes the 'traditional' line on marriage is seen as a phobe and an extremist. Will there be unintended consequences?
13. The manifesto alludes to 'space for resentment to fester' over Scottish MPs voting on English laws. As I recall, this wasn't that much of an issue until Cameron stoked it up after the referendum last year. Standard marketing practice, create a demand ex nihilo then produce a product that meets the manufactured need. Shabby.
14. I was glad to see the case being made for keeping overseas aid at 0.7% of GDP, with some stats on lives saved, children immunised, access to clean water etc. This needs to keep being said. Well done.
There is a lot more to get your teeth into here than the Labour manifesto, but aside from the economy and infrastructure, where there seems to be a fair bit of thinking, other areas of policy get a token nod. There's nowhere near enough on climate change, family support, and mental health. The loud silences in some areas (food banks, details of welfare cuts) the slippery presentation in others (tax on minimum wage, EVEL, school and NHS funding) and the awful ideas around Right to Buy, don't inspire me with confidence. There's a programme of action, but true to Cameron there isn't much of an underlying philosophy.
Despite the levels of detail in some areas, it just doesn't leave me with a sense of a party which has really got to grips with all the issues we face. It's not just about the economy. The Bishops call for an 'attractive vision' of a society has fallen on deaf ears. The most eye-catching policies are of the 'retail politics' variety - vote for us and we'll give you this. There isn't much here, aside from the aid target and the volunteering scheme, that calls on us to put others first, to think of 'us' rather than 'I'.


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Virtous App Digest – Vest Your Stock Investment Companion
Posted by Stefan on 7:56 PM
App Name: Vest Your Stock Investment Companion
Category: Finance
Platform: iOS
Price: Free
Who is it for?
Vest is developed for those who need a complete tool to deal with their stock market needs following the latest trends and information. It is quite easy to use for anyone, all you have to do is to enter your sell and buy transactions to create your portfolios and leave the rest to Vest. If you are just interested in tracking the stocks, still it's the best choice for you.
Standout features:
∙ Automatically track and inspect your portfolio's worth, considering currency exchange rates, stock value fluctuations, splits and dividends.
∙ Get a readout on how a particular position is performing. Track how much a Sell transaction really made or let us show you the dividends you received.
∙ Inspect a position's price history with the Hourly, Daily or Monthly graphs.
∙ Get notifications on important market events, significant value changes or an end-of-day report on your situation.
∙ Compare different stocks with simple to use graphs to make informed decisions on your investment direction.
∙ Read the latest news on companies you follow or positions you own.
∙ Track stocks and positions* in as many portfolios* as you want to create
Developer: Fasterre services-conseils inc.
Most Relevant User Review:
"Loaded up my stock history and like the results. Plan on using this instead of Apple"
Stocks app.
App Store Download Link: Vest: Your Stock Investment Companion
Categories: App, Investments, iOS, Stock