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2008-09-18 01:35:30 8 Comments
How do you call an external command (as if I'd typed it at the Unix shell or Windows command prompt) from within a Python script?
30 comments
@Vishal 2019-10-09 05:35:21
import subprocess
p = subprocess.run(["ls", "-ltr"], capture_output=True)
print(p.stdout.decode(), p.stderr.decode())
@Eli Courtwright 2008-09-18 13:11:46
Here's a summary of the ways to call external programs and the advantages and disadvantages of each:
os.system("some_command with args")passes the command and arguments to your system's shell. This is nice because you can actually run multiple commands at once in this manner and set up pipes and input/output redirection. For example:
os.system("some_command < input_file | another_command > output_file")
However, while this is convenient, you have to manually handle the escaping of shell characters such as spaces, etc. On the other hand, this also lets you run commands which are simply shell commands and not actually external programs. See the documentation.
stream = os.popen("some_command with args")will do the same thing as
os.systemexcept that it gives you a file-like object that you can use to access standard input/output for that process. There are 3 other variants of popen that all handle the i/o slightly differently. If you pass everything as a string, then your command is passed to the shell; if you pass them as a list then you don't need to worry about escaping anything. See the documentation.
Popenclass of the
subprocessmodule. This is intended as a replacement for
os.popenbut has the downside of being slightly more complicated by virtue of being so comprehensive. For example, you'd say:
print subprocess.Popen("echo Hello World", shell=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE).stdout.read()
instead of:
print os.popen("echo Hello World").read()
but it is nice to have all of the options there in one unified class instead of 4 different popen functions. See the documentation.
callfunction from the
subprocessmodule. This is basically just like the
Popenclass and takes all of the same arguments, but it simply waits until the command completes and gives you the return code. For example:
return_code = subprocess.call("echo Hello World", shell=True)
See the documentation.
If you're on Python 3.5 or later, you can use the new
subprocess.runfunction, which is a lot like the above but even more flexible and returns a
CompletedProcessobject when the command finishes executing.
The os module also has all of the fork/exec/spawn functions that you'd have in a C program, but I don't recommend using them directly.
subprocess module should probably be what you use.
Finally please be aware that for all methods where you pass the final command to be executed by the shell as a string and you are responsible for escaping it. There are serious security implications if any part of the string that you pass can not be fully trusted. For example, if a user is entering some/any part of the string. If you are unsure, only use these methods with constants. To give you a hint of the implications consider this code:
print subprocess.Popen("echo %s " % user_input, stdout=PIPE).stdout.read()
and imagine that the user enters something "my mama didnt love me && rm -rf /" which could erase the whole filesystem.
@Jean 2015-05-26 21:16:27
Nice answer/explanation. How is this answer justifying Python's motto as described in this article ? fastcompany.com/3026446/… "Stylistically, Perl and Python have different philosophies. Perl's best known mottos is " There's More Than One Way to Do It". Python is designed to have one obvious way to do it" Seem like it should be the other way! In Perl I know only two ways to execute a command - using back-tick or
@phoenix 2015-10-07 16:37:18
If using Python 3.5+, use
subprocess.run(). docs.python.org/3.5/library/subprocess.html#subprocess.run
@Evgeni Sergeev 2016-06-01 10:44:53
What one typically needs to know is what is done with the child process's STDOUT and STDERR, because if they are ignored, under some (quite common) conditions, eventually the child process will issue a system call to write to STDOUT (STDERR too?) that would exceed the output buffer provided for the process by the OS, and the OS will cause it to block until some process reads from that buffer. So, with the currently recommended ways,
subprocess.run(..), what exactly does "This does not capture stdout or stderr by default." imply? What about
subprocess.check_output(..) and STDERR?
@Charlie Parker 2017-10-24 19:08:43
which of the commands you recommended block my script? i.e. if I want to run multiple commands in a
for loop how do I do it without it blocking my python script? I don't care about the output of the command I just want to run lots of them.
@Qback 2017-12-08 09:27:04
@phoenix I disagree. There is nothing preventing you from using os.system in python3 docs.python.org/3/library/os.html#os.system
@Pitto 2018-03-28 07:57:06
my mama didnt love me && rm -rf / will do nothing :D Probably my mama didnt love me || rm -rf / will be more dangerous :)
@Chris Arndt 2018-09-10 16:38:25
@Pitto yes, but that is not what gets executed by the example. Notice the
echo in front of the string passed to
Popen? So the full command will be
echo my mama didnt love me && rm -rf /.
@tripleee 2018-12-03 06:00:46
This is arguably the wrong way around. Most people only need
subprocess.run() or its older siblings
subprocess.check_call() et al. For cases where these do not suffice, see
os.popen() should perhaps not be mentioned at all, or come even after "hack your own fork/exec/spawn code".
@EmmEff 2008-09-18 18:20:46
Typical implementation:
import subprocess
p = subprocess.Popen('ls', shell=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.STDOUT)
for line in p.stdout.readlines():
print line,
retval = p.wait()
You are free to do what you want with the
stdout data in the pipe. In fact, you can simply omit those parameters (
stdout= and
stderr=) and it'll behave like
@jfs 2012-11-16 14:12:18
.readlines() reads all lines at once i.e., it blocks until the subprocess exits (closes its end of the pipe). To read in real time (if there is no buffering issues) you could:
for line in iter(p.stdout.readline, ''): print line,
@EmmEff 2012-11-17 13:25:15
Could you elaborate on what you mean by "if there is no buffering issues"? If the process blocks definitely, the subprocess call also blocks. The same could happen with my original example as well. What else could happen with respect to buffering?
@jfs 2012-11-17 13:51:25
the child process may use block-buffering in non-interactive mode instead of line-buffering so
p.stdout.readline() (note: no
s at the end) won't see any data until the child fills its buffer. If the child doesn't produce much data then the output won't be in real time. See the second reason in Q: Why not just use a pipe (popen())?. Some workarounds are provided in this answer (pexpect, pty, stdbuf)
@jfs 2012-11-17 13:53:26
the buffering issue only matters if you want output in real time and doesn't apply to your code that doesn't print anything until all data is received
@tripleee 2018-12-03 05:39:55
This answer was fine for its time, but we should no longer recommend
Popen for simple tasks. This also needlessly specifies
shell=True. Try one of the
subprocess.run() answers.
@Vishal 2019-10-03 04:19:48
Python 3.5+
import subprocess
p = subprocess.run(["ls", "-ltr"], capture_output=True)
print(p.stdout.decode(), p.stderr.decode())
@David Cournapeau 2008-09-18 01:39:35
Look at the subprocess module in the standard library:
import subprocess
subprocess.run(["ls", "-l"])
The advantage of
subprocess vs.
system is that it is more flexible (you can get the
stderr, the "real" status code, better error handling, etc...).
The official documentation recommends the
subprocess module over the alternative
subprocessmodule provides more powerful facilities for spawning new processes and retrieving their results; using that module is preferable to using this function [
The Replacing Older Functions with the subprocess Module section in the
subprocess documentation may have some helpful recipes.
For versions of Python before 3.5, use
import subprocess
subprocess.call(["ls", "-l"])
@Kevin Wheeler 2015-09-01 23:17:07
Is there a way to use variable substitution? IE I tried to do
echo $PATH by using
call(["echo", "$PATH"]), but it just echoed the literal string
$PATH instead of doing any substitution. I know I could get the PATH environment variable, but I'm wondering if there is an easy way to have the command behave exactly as if I had executed it in bash.
@SethMMorton 2015-09-02 20:38:24
@KevinWheeler You'll have to use
shell=True for that to work.
@Murmel 2015-11-11 20:24:27
@KevinWheeler You should NOT use
shell=True, for this purpose Python comes with os.path.expandvars. In your case you can write:
os.path.expandvars("$PATH"). @SethMMorton please reconsider your comment -> Why not to use shell=True
@florisla 2017-07-12 10:02:16
The example calls
ls -l but does not give access to its output (
stdout is not accessible). I find that confusing -- you could use a command without stdout instead, such as
@Braden Best 2017-07-24 23:13:35
Seems to be pretty clunky on
Python3 + Windows. If I enter a filename with special characters like
&, it will throw a
FileNotFoundError. Even though the file is in the working directory where I executed python, and obviously does exist.
@Charlie Parker 2017-10-24 19:07:55
does call block? i.e. if I want to run multiple commands in a
for loop how do I do it without it blocking my python script? I don't care about the output of the command I just want to run lots of them.
@sudo 2017-11-16 19:43:26
I understand using
call for more advanced features, but I don't see anything wrong with using
system if it does what you need.
@slehar 2018-06-16 17:15:48
To simplify at least conceptually:\n call("ls -l".split())
@Daniel F 2018-09-20 18:05:59
If you want to create a list out of a command with parameters, a list which can be used with
subprocess when
shell=False, then use
shlex.split for an easy way to do this docs.python.org/2/library/shlex.html#shlex.split
@Daniel F 2018-09-20 18:15:30
subprocess also allows you to directly pipe two commands together, there's an example in the docs.
@Lie Ryan 2018-12-03 13:44:28
check_output, and
run blocks. If you want non-blocking, use
@Lie Ryan 2018-12-03 13:49:37
@sudo: you got it the other way around.
system() is more advanced than
Popen, it adds some friggin shell that is ready to screw you over when you least expects it. Which shell? Depends on what the user has as their SHELL env, which means the exact syntax it'll screw you is often out of your control. Popen is lower level, and is closer to what the underlying OS API looks like, and has much less surprising behavior.
@sudo 2018-12-04 03:03:56
@LieRyan I would use
Popen if exact syntax were something to worry about, but if you're just running some program (maybe with a couple of constant arguments),
system isn't an issue. Also, sometimes I do want the shell.
@pulse 2019-02-02 22:50:04
you forgot to say it needs python 3.5 at least. It doesn't work on python 3.4.3 for example, which is default for Ubuntu 14.04 LTS
@mark 2019-03-22 10:48:10
As already mentioned, this is only supported in recent versions of python. I think this should be stated in the answer
@tripleee 2019-03-23 12:09:23
The original answer had
subprocess.call() so the person who updated the answer (not the original answerer!) should also explain this change in more detail.
@tuket 2019-09-23 14:33:35
You can also pass in as string instead of a list of strings:
subprocess.run("ls -l")
@noɥʇʎԀʎzɐɹƆ 2019-08-28 16:56:20
If you're writing a Python shell script and have IPython installed on your system, you can use the bang magic to run a command inside IPython:
filelist = !ls
@Chris Oliver 2019-08-19 00:07:07
You can use
import and then the file name. For example, using the inbuilt module 'random':
import random
@Pedro Lobito 2019-08-18 14:42:20
You can also use
subprocess.getoutput() and
subprocess.getstatusutput(), which are Legacy Shell Invocation Functions from the deprecated
commands module, i.e.:
Return (
output) of executing
cmdin a shell.
Return output (
stderr) of executing
cmdin a shell.
@Zach Valenta 2019-07-01 20:46:19
Sultan is a recent-ish package meant for this purpose. Provides some niceties around managing user privileges and adding helpful error messages.
from sultan.api import Sultan
with Sultan.load(sudo=True, hostname="myserver.com") as sultan:
sultan.yum("install -y tree").run()
@Cédric 2018-10-30 11:40:43
I wrote a small library to help with this use case:
It can be installed using
pip install citizenshell
And then used as follows:
from citizenshell import sh
assert sh("echo Hello World") == "Hello World"
You can separate stdout from stderr and extract the exit code as follows:
result = sh(">&2 echo error && echo output && exit 13")
assert result.stdout() == ["output"]
assert result.stderr() == ["error"]
assert result.exit_code() == 13
And the cool thing is that you don't have to wait for the underlying shell to exit before starting processing the output:
for line in sh("for i in 1 2 3 4; do echo -n 'It is '; date +%H:%M:%S; sleep 1; done", wait=False)
print ">>>", line + "!"
will print the lines as they are available thanks to the wait=False
>>> It is 14:24:52!
>>> It is 14:24:53!
>>> It is 14:24:54!
>>> It is 14:24:55!
More examples can be found at https://github.com/meuter/citizenshell
@geckos 2019-03-31 12:21:50
If you are NOT using user input in the commands you can use this
from os import getcwd
from subprocess import check_output
from shlex import quote
def sh(command):
return check_output(quote(command), shell=True, cwd=getcwd(), universal_newlines=True).strip()
And use it as
branch = sh('git rev-parse --abbrev-ref HEAD')
shell=True will spawn a shell, so you can use pipe and such shell things
sh('ps aux | grep python'). This is very very handy for running hardcoded commands and processing it's output. The
universal_lines=True make sure the output is returned in a string instead of binary.
cwd=getcwd() will make sure that the command is run with the same working directory as the interpreter. This is handy for git commands to work like the git branch name example above.
Some recipes
- free memory in megabytes:
sh('free -m').split('\n')[1].split()[1]
- free space on / in percent
sh('df -m /').split('\n')[1].split()[4][0:-1]
- cpu load
sum(map(float, sh('ps -ef -o pcpu').split('\n')[1:])
But this isn't safe for user input, from the docs:
Security Considerations¶
Unlike some other popen functions, this implementation will never implicitly call a system shell. This means that all characters, including shell metacharacters, can safely be passed to child processes. If the shell is invoked explicitly, via shell=True, it is the application's responsibility to ensure that all whitespace and metacharacters are quoted appropriately to avoid shell injection vulnerabilities.
When using shell=True, the shlex.quote() function can be used to properly escape whitespace and shell metacharacters in strings that are going to be used to construct shell commands.
Even using the
shlex.quote() is good to keep a little paranoid when using user inputs on shell commands. One option is using a hardcode command to take some generic output and filtering by user input. Anyway using
shell=False will make sure that only the exactly process that you want to execute will be executed or you get a
No such file or directory error.
Also there is some performance impact on
shell=True, from my tests it seems about 20% slower than
shell=False (the default).
In [50]: timeit("check_output('ls -l'.split(), universal_newlines=True)", number=1000, globals=globals())
Out[50]: 2.6801227919995654
In [51]: timeit("check_output('ls -l', universal_newlines=True, shell=True)", number=1000, globals=globals())
Out[51]: 3.243950183999914
@Siddharth Satpathy 2019-02-05 00:13:13
There are two prominent ways in which one can execute shell commands using Python. Both the below mentioned examples show how one can get the name of present working directory (
pwd) using Python. You can use any other Unix command in place of
1.> 1st method: One can use the os module from python, and system() function from there to execute shell commands in Python.
import os
1.> 2nd method: Another way is to use the subprocess module and call() function.
import subprocess
@Farzad Vertigo 2019-01-29 05:11:40
As some of the answers were related to previous versions of python or were using
os.system module I post this answer for people like me who intend to use
subprocess in
python 3.5+. The following did the trick for me on Linux:
import subprocess
#subprocess.run() returns a completed process object that can be inspected
c = subprocess.run(["ls", "-ltrh"], stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
As mentioned in the documentation,
PIPE values are byte sequences and for properly showing them decoding should be considered. For later versions of python,
text=True and
encoding='utf-8' are added to kwargs of
The output of the abovementioned code is:
total 113M
-rwxr-xr-x 1 farzad farzad 307 Jan 15 2018 vpnscript
-rwxrwxr-x 1 farzad farzad 204 Jan 15 2018 ex
drwxrwxr-x 4 farzad farzad 4.0K Jan 22 2018 scripts
.... # some other lines
@am5 2018-03-23 02:30:43
Often, I use the following function for external commands, and this is especially handy for long running processes. The below method tails process output while it is running and returns the output, raises an exception if process fails.
It comes out if the process is done using the poll() method on the process.
import subprocess,sys
def exec_long_running_proc(command, args):
cmd = "{} {}".format(command, " ".join(str(arg) if ' ' not in arg else arg.replace(' ','\ ') for arg in args))
process = subprocess.Popen(cmd, shell=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.STDOUT)
# Poll process for new output until finished
while True:
nextline = process.stdout.readline().decode('UTF-8')
if nextline == '' and process.poll() is not None:
output = process.communicate()[0]
exitCode = process.returncode
if (exitCode == 0):
return output
raise Exception(command, exitCode, output)
You can invoke it like this:
exec_long_running_proc(command = "hive", args=["-f", hql_path])
@sbk 2018-05-17 12:08:29
You'll get unexpected results passing an arg with space. Using
repr(arg) instead of
str(arg) might help by the mere coincidence that python and sh escape quotes the same way
@am5 2018-11-17 00:07:21
repr(arg) didn't really help, the above code handles spaces as well. Now the following works
exec_long_running_proc(command = "ls", args=["-l", "~/test file*"])
@Valery Ramusik 2018-09-14 22:20:09
Invoke is a Python (2.7 and 3.4+) task execution tool & library. It provides a clean, high level API for running shell commands
>>> from invoke import run
>>> cmd = "pip install -r requirements.txt"
>>> result = run(cmd, hide=True, warn=True)
>>> print(result.ok)
>>> print(result.stdout.splitlines()[-1])
Successfully installed invocations-0.13.0 pep8-1.5.7 spec-1.3.1
@user9074332 2019-03-12 02:00:27
This is a great library. I was trying to explain it to a coworker the other day adn described it like this:
invoke is to
subprocess as
requests is to
@Honza Javorek 2013-04-11 17:17:53
With Standard Library
The Use subprocess module (Python 3):
import subprocess
subprocess.run(['ls', '-l'])
It is the recommended standard way. However, more complicated tasks (pipes, output, input, etc.) can be tedious to construct and write.
Note on Python version: If you are still using Python 2, subprocess.call works in a similar way.
ProTip: shlex.split can help you to parse the command for
call, and other
subprocess functions in case you don't want (or you can't!) provide them in form of lists:
import shlex
import subprocess
subprocess.run(shlex.split('ls -l'))
With External Dependencies
If you do not mind external dependencies, use plumbum:
from plumbum.cmd import ifconfig
It is the best
subprocess wrapper. It's cross-platform, i.e. it works on both Windows and Unix-like systems. Install by
pip install plumbum.
Another popular library is sh:
from sh import ifconfig
sh dropped Windows support, so it's not as awesome as it used to be. Install by
pip install sh.
@abhi krishnan 2018-07-27 08:10:20
use the os module
import os
os.system("your command")
import os
@tripleee 2018-12-03 04:59:29
This duplicates a (slightly) more detailed answer from the previous April, which however also fails to point out the caveats.
@Samadi Salahedine 2018-04-30 13:47:17
It can be this simple:
import os
cmd = "your command"
@tripleee 2018-12-03 05:02:26
This fails to point out the drawbacks, which are explained in much more detail in PEP-324. The documentation for
os.system explicitly recommends avoiding it in favor of
@dportman 2018-05-08 20:49:55
If you need to call a shell command from a Python notebook (like Jupyter, Zeppelin, Databricks, or Google Cloud Datalab) you can just use the
! prefix.
For example,
!ls -ilF
@rashok 2018-04-04 06:57:44
Calling an external command in Python
A simple way to call an external command is using
os.system(...). And this function returns the exit value of the command. But the drawback is we won't get stdout and stderr.
ret = os.system('some_cmd.sh')
if ret != 0 :
print 'some_cmd.sh execution returned failure'
Calling an external command in Python in background
subprocess.Popen provides more flexibility for running an external command rather than using
os.system. We can start a command in the background and wait for it to finish. And after that we can get the stdout and stderr.
proc = subprocess.Popen(["./some_cmd.sh"], stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
print 'waiting for ' + str(proc.pid)
print 'some_cmd.sh execution finished'
(out, err) = proc.communicate()
print 'some_cmd.sh output : ' + out
Calling a long running external command in Python in the background and stop after some time
We can even start a long running process in the background using
subprocess.Popen and kill it after sometime once its task is done.
proc = subprocess.Popen(["./some_long_run_cmd.sh"], stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
# Do something else
# Now some_long_run_cmd.sh exeuction is no longer needed, so kill it
os.system('kill -15 ' + str(proc.pid))
print 'Output : ' proc.communicate()[0]
@Asav Patel 2017-10-24 23:30:20
I have written a wrapper to handle errors and redirecting output and other stuff.
import shlex
import psutil
import subprocess
def call_cmd(cmd, stdout=sys.stdout, quiet=False, shell=False, raise_exceptions=True, use_shlex=True, timeout=None):
"""Exec command by command line like 'ln -ls "/var/log"'
if not quiet:
print("Run %s", str(cmd))
if use_shlex and isinstance(cmd, (str, unicode)):
cmd = shlex.split(cmd)
if timeout is None:
process = subprocess.Popen(cmd, stdout=stdout, stderr=sys.stderr, shell=shell)
retcode = process.wait()
process = subprocess.Popen(cmd, stdout=stdout, stderr=sys.stderr, shell=shell)
p = psutil.Process(process.pid)
finish, alive = psutil.wait_procs([p], timeout)
if len(alive) > 0:
ps = p.children()
ps.insert(0, p)
print('waiting for timeout again due to child process check')
finish, alive = psutil.wait_procs(ps, 0)
if len(alive) > 0:
print('process {} will be killed'.format([p.pid for p in alive]))
for p in alive:
if raise_exceptions:
print('External program timeout at {} {}'.format(timeout, cmd))
raise CalledProcessTimeout(1, cmd)
retcode = process.wait()
if retcode and raise_exceptions:
print("External program failed %s", str(cmd))
raise subprocess.CalledProcessError(retcode, cmd)
You can call it like this:
cmd = 'ln -ls "/var/log"'
stdout = 'out.txt'
call_cmd(cmd, stdout)
@Garfield 2012-07-25 06:51:50
Very simplest way to run any command and get the result back:
from commands import getstatusoutput
return getstatusoutput("ls -ltr")
except Exception, e:
return None
@719016 2014-03-04 14:16:18
Is this going to be deprecated in python 3.0?
@tripleee 2018-12-03 05:06:54
Indeed, the
commands documentation from Python 2.7 says it was deprecated in 2.6 and will be removed in 3.0.
@Facundo Casco 2011-04-28 20:29:29
If you need the output from the command you are calling, then you can use subprocess.check_output (Python 2.7+).
>>> subprocess.check_output(["ls", "-l", "/dev/null"])
'crw-rw-rw- 1 root root 1, 3 Oct 18 2007 /dev/null\n'
Also note the shell parameter.
If shell is
True, the specified command will be executed through the shell. This can be useful if you are using Python primarily for the enhanced control flow it offers over most system shells and still want convenient access to other shell features such as shell pipes, filename wildcards, environment variable expansion, and expansion of ~ to a user's home directory. However, note that Python itself offers implementations of many shell-like features (in particular,
os.path.expanduser(), and
@Bruno Bronosky 2018-01-30 18:18:54
Note that
check_output requires a list rather than a string. If you don't rely on quoted spaces to make your call valid, the simplest, most readable way to do this is
subprocess.check_output("ls -l /dev/null".split()).
@Atinc Delican 2010-01-08 21:11:30
There is another difference here which is not mentioned previously.
subprocess.Popen executes the <command> as a subprocess. In my case, I need to execute file <a> which needs to communicate with another program, <b>.
I tried subprocess, and execution was successful. However <b> could not communicate with <a>. Everything is normal when I run both from the terminal.
One more: (NOTE: kwrite behaves different from other applications. If you try the below with Firefox, the results will not be the same.)
If you try
os.system("kwrite"), program flow freezes until the user closes kwrite. To overcome that I tried instead
os.system(konsole -e kwrite). This time program continued to flow, but kwrite became the subprocess of the console.
Anyone runs the kwrite not being a subprocess (i.e. in the system monitor it must appear at the leftmost edge of the tree).
@Peter Mortensen 2018-06-03 20:14:54
What do you mean by "Anyone runs the kwrite not being a subprocess"?
@nimish 2008-09-18 01:37:24
import os
os.system("your command")
Note that this is dangerous, since the command isn't cleaned. I leave it up to you to google for the relevant documentation on the 'os' and 'sys' modules. There are a bunch of functions (exec* and spawn*) that will do similar things.
@Peter Mortensen 2018-06-03 17:10:31
What do you mean by "the command isn't cleaned"?
@nimish 2018-06-06 16:01:34
No idea what I meant nearly a decade ago (check the date!), but if I had to guess, it would be that there's no validation done.
@tripleee 2018-12-03 05:11:39
This should now point to
subprocess as a slightly more versatile and portable solution. Running external commands is of course inherently unportable (you have to make sure the command is available on every architecture you need to support) and passing user input as an external command is inherently unsafe.
@nimish 2018-12-03 18:41:52
Note the timestamp on this guy: the "correct" answer has 40x the votes and is answer #1.
@user8468899 2018-01-31 17:42:38
As an example (in Linux):
import subprocess
subprocess.run('mkdir test.dir', shell=True)
This creates test.dir in the current directory. Note that this also works:
import subprocess
subprocess.call('mkdir test.dir', shell=True)
The equivalent code using os.system is:
import os
os.system('mkdir test.dir')
Best practice would be to use subprocess instead of os, with .run favored over .call. All you need to know about subprocess is here. Also, note that all Python documentation is available for download from here. I downloaded the PDF packed as .zip. I mention this because there's a nice overview of the os module in tutorial.pdf (page 81). Besides, it's an authoritative resource for Python coders.
@Nick Predey 2018-03-20 18:54:34
According to docs.python.org/2/library/…, "shell=True" may raise a security concern.
@user8468899 2018-03-21 19:49:03
@Nick Predley: noted, but "shell=False" doesn't perform the desired function. What specifically are the security concerns and what's the alternative? Please let me know asap: I do not wish to post anything which may cause problems for anyone viewing this.
@tripleee 2018-12-03 05:14:08
The basic warning is in the documentation but this question explains it in more detail: stackoverflow.com/questions/3172470/…
@mdwhatcott 2012-08-13 18:36:32
I quite like shell_command for its simplicity. It's built on top of the subprocess module.
Here's an example from the docs:
>>> from shell_command import shell_call
>>> shell_call("ls *.py")
setup.py shell_command.py test_shell_command.py
>>> shell_call("ls -l *.py")
-rw-r--r-- 1 ncoghlan ncoghlan 391 2011-12-11 12:07 setup.py
-rw-r--r-- 1 ncoghlan ncoghlan 7855 2011-12-11 16:16 shell_command.py
-rwxr-xr-x 1 ncoghlan ncoghlan 8463 2011-12-11 16:17 test_shell_command.py
@Aaron Hall 2017-10-18 16:37:52
Calling an external command in Python
Simple, use
subprocess.run, which returns a
CompletedProcess object:
>>> import subprocess
>>> completed_process = subprocess.run('python --version')
Python 3.6.1 :: Anaconda 4.4.0 (64-bit)
>>> completed_process
CompletedProcess(args='python --version', returncode=0)
As of Python 3.5, the documentation recommends subprocess.run:
The recommended approach to invoking subprocesses is to use the run() function for all use cases it can handle. For more advanced use cases, the underlying Popen interface can be used directly.
Here's an example of the simplest possible usage - and it does exactly as asked:
>>> import subprocess
>>> completed_process = subprocess.run('python --version')
Python 3.6.1 :: Anaconda 4.4.0 (64-bit)
>>> completed_process
CompletedProcess(args='python --version', returncode=0)
run waits for the command to successfully finish, then returns a
CompletedProcess object. It may instead raise
TimeoutExpired (if you give it a
timeout= argument) or
CalledProcessError (if it fails and you pass
As you might infer from the above example, stdout and stderr both get piped to your own stdout and stderr by default.
We can inspect the returned object and see the command that was given and the returncode:
>>> completed_process.args
'python --version'
>>> completed_process.returncode
Capturing output
If you want to capture the output, you can pass
subprocess.PIPE to the appropriate
stderr or
>>> cp = subprocess.run('python --version',
>>> cp.stderr
b'Python 3.6.1 :: Anaconda 4.4.0 (64-bit)\r\n'
>>> cp.stdout
(I find it interesting and slightly counterintuitive that the version info gets put to stderr instead of stdout.)
Pass a command list
One might easily move from manually providing a command string (like the question suggests) to providing a string built programmatically. Don't build strings programmatically. This is a potential security issue. It's better to assume you don't trust the input.
>>> import textwrap
>>> args = ['python', textwrap.__file__]
>>> cp = subprocess.run(args, stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
>>> cp.stdout
b'Hello there.\r\n This is indented.\r\n'
Note, only
args should be passed positionally.
Full Signature
Here's the actual signature in the source and as shown by
def run(*popenargs, input=None, timeout=None, check=False, **kwargs):
popenargs and
kwargs are given to the
Popen constructor.
input can be a string of bytes (or unicode, if specify encoding or
universal_newlines=True) that will be piped to the subprocess's stdin.
The documentation describes
timeout= and
check=True better than I could:
The timeout argument is passed to Popen.communicate(). If the timeout expires, the child process will be killed and waited for. The TimeoutExpired exception will be re-raised after the child process has terminated.
If check is true, and the process exits with a non-zero exit code, a CalledProcessError exception will be raised. Attributes of that exception hold the arguments, the exit code, and stdout and stderr if they were captured.
and this example for
check=True is better than one I could come up with:
>>> subprocess.run("exit 1", shell=True, check=True) Traceback (most recent call last): ... subprocess.CalledProcessError: Command 'exit 1' returned non-zero exit status 1
Expanded Signature
Here's an expanded signature, as given in the documentation:
subprocess.run(args, *, stdin=None, input=None, stdout=None, stderr=None, shell=False, cwd=None, timeout=None, check=False, encoding=None, errors=None)
Note that this indicates that only the args list should be passed positionally. So pass the remaining arguments as keyword arguments.
When use
Popen instead? I would struggle to find use-case based on the arguments alone. Direct usage of
Popen would, however, give you access to its methods, including
poll, 'send_signal', 'terminate', and 'wait'.
Here's the
Popen signature as given in the source. I think this is the most precise encapsulation of the information (as opposed to
def __init__(self, args, bufsize=-1, executable=None,
stdin=None, stdout=None, stderr=None,
preexec_fn=None, close_fds=_PLATFORM_DEFAULT_CLOSE_FDS,
shell=False, cwd=None, env=None, universal_newlines=False,
startupinfo=None, creationflags=0,
restore_signals=True, start_new_session=False,
pass_fds=(), *, encoding=None, errors=None):
But more informative is the
Popen documentation:
subprocess.Popen(args, bufsize=-1, executable=None, stdin=None, stdout=None, stderr=None, preexec_fn=None, close_fds=True, shell=False, cwd=None, env=None, universal_newlines=False, startupinfo=None, creationflags=0, restore_signals=True, start_new_session=False, pass_fds=(), *, encoding=None, errors=None)
Execute a child program in a new process. On POSIX, the class uses os.execvp()-like behavior to execute the child program. On Windows, the class uses the Windows CreateProcess() function. The arguments to Popen are as follows.
Understanding the remaining documentation on
Popen will be left as an exercise for the reader.
@James Hirschorn 2018-10-16 18:05:17
A simple example of two-way communication between a primary process and a subprocess can be found here: stackoverflow.com/a/52841475/1349673
@tripleee 2018-12-03 05:16:05
The first example should probably have
shell=True or (better yet) pass the command as a list.
@newtover 2010-02-12 10:15:34
Some hints on detaching the child process from the calling one (starting the child process in background).
Suppose you want to start a long task from a CGI-script, that is the child process should live longer than the CGI-script execution process.
The classical example from the subprocess module docs is:
import subprocess
import sys
# some code here
pid = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "longtask.py"]) # call subprocess
# some more code here
The idea here is that you do not want to wait in the line 'call subprocess' until the longtask.py is finished. But it is not clear what happens after the line 'some more code here' from the example.
My target platform was freebsd, but the development was on windows, so I faced the problem on windows first.
On windows (win xp), the parent process will not finish until the longtask.py has finished its work. It is not what you want in CGI-script. The problem is not specific to Python, in PHP community the problems are the same.
The solution is to pass DETACHED_PROCESS Process Creation Flag to the underlying CreateProcess function in win API. If you happen to have installed pywin32 you can import the flag from the win32process module, otherwise you should define it yourself:
DETACHED_PROCESS = 0x00000008
pid = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "longtask.py"],
/* UPD 2015.10.27 @eryksun in a comment below notes, that the semantically correct flag is CREATE_NEW_CONSOLE (0x00000010) */
On freebsd we have another problem: when the parent process is finished, it finishes the child processes as well. And that is not what you want in CGI-script either. Some experiments showed that the problem seemed to be in sharing sys.stdout. And the working solution was the following:
pid = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "longtask.py"], stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE, stdin=subprocess.PIPE)
I have not checked the code on other platforms and do not know the reasons of the behaviour on freebsd. If anyone knows, please share your ideas. Googling on starting background processes in Python does not shed any light yet.
@maranas 2010-04-09 08:09:26
i noticed a possible "quirk" with developing py2exe apps in pydev+eclipse. i was able to tell that the main script was not detached because eclipse's output window was not terminating; even if the script executes to completion it is still waiting for returns. but, when i tried compiling to a py2exe executable, the expected behavior occurs (runs the processes as detached, then quits). i am not sure, but the executable name is not in the process list anymore. this works for all approaches (os.system("start *"), os.spawnl with os.P_DETACH, subprocs, etc.)
@Alexey Lebedev 2012-04-16 10:04:33
Windows gotcha: even though I spawned process with DETACHED_PROCESS, when I killed my Python daemon all ports opened by it wouldn't free until all spawned processes terminate. WScript.Shell solved all my problems. Example here: pastebin.com/xGmuvwSx
@jfs 2012-11-16 14:16:42
you might also need CREATE_NEW_PROCESS_GROUP flag. See Popen waiting for child process even when the immediate child has terminated
@ubershmekel 2014-10-27 21:01:35
I'm seeing
import subprocess as sp;sp.Popen('calc') not waiting for the subprocess to complete. It seems the creationflags aren't necessary. What am I missing?
@newtover 2014-10-28 12:25:50
@ubershmekel, I am not sure what you mean and don't have a windows installation. If I recall correctly, without the flags you can not close the
cmd instance from which you started the
@ubershmekel 2014-10-30 05:45:20
I'm on Windows 8.1 and
calc seems to survive the closing of
@SuperBiasedMan 2015-05-05 13:13:32
Is there any significance to using '0x00000008'? Is that a specific value that has to be used or one of multiple options?
@Eryk Sun 2015-10-27 00:27:30
The following is incorrect: "[o]n windows (win xp), the parent process will not finish until the longtask.py has finished its work". The parent will exit normally, but the console window (conhost.exe instance) only closes when the last attached process exits, and the child may have inherited the parent's console. Setting
DETACHED_PROCESS in
creationflags avoids this by preventing the child from inheriting or creating a console. If you instead want a new console, use
CREATE_NEW_CONSOLE (0x00000010).
@Eryk Sun 2015-10-27 17:37:15
I didn't mean that executing as a detached process is incorrect. That said, you may need to set the standard handles to files, pipes, or
os.devnull because some console programs exit with an error otherwise. Create a new console when you want the child process to interact with the user concurrently with the parent process. It would be confusing to try to do both in a single window.
@Dr_Zaszuś 2018-03-08 08:56:54
stdout=subprocess.PIPE will make your code hang up if you have long output from a child. For more details see thraxil.org/users/anders/posts/2008/03/13/…
@Charlie Parker 2019-02-24 19:05:29
is there not an OS-agnostic way to have the process run in the background?
@Charlie Parker 2019-02-24 19:38:51
your answer seems strange to me. I just opened a
subprocess.Popen and nothing bad happened (not had to wait). Why exactly do we need to worry about the scenario you are pointing out? I'm skeptical.
@Tom Fuller 2016-10-29 14:02:50
There are lots of different libraries which allow you to call external commands with Python. For each library I've given a description and shown an example of calling an external command. The command I used as the example is
ls -l (list all files). If you want to find out more about any of the libraries I've listed and linked the documentation for each of them.
- subprocess: https://docs.python.org/3.5/library/subprocess.html
- shlex: https://docs.python.org/3/library/shlex.html
- os: https://docs.python.org/3.5/library/os.html
- sh: https://amoffat.github.io/sh/
- plumbum: https://plumbum.readthedocs.io/en/latest/
- pexpect: https://pexpect.readthedocs.io/en/stable/
- fabric: http://www.fabfile.org/
- envoy: https://github.com/kennethreitz/envoy
- commands: https://docs.python.org/2/library/commands.html
These are all the libraries:
Hopefully this will help you make a decision on which library to use :)
Subprocess allows you to call external commands and connect them to their input/output/error pipes (stdin, stdout, and stderr). Subprocess is the default choice for running commands, but sometimes other modules are better.
subprocess.run(["ls", "-l"]) # Run command
subprocess.run(["ls", "-l"], stdout=subprocess.PIPE) # This will run the command and return any output
subprocess.run(shlex.split("ls -l")) # You can also use the shlex library to split the command
os is used for "operating system dependent functionality". It can also be used to call external commands with
os.system and
os.popen (Note: There is also a subprocess.popen). os will always run the shell and is a simple alternative for people who don't need to, or don't know how to use
os.system("ls -l") # run command
os.popen("ls -l").read() # This will run the command and return any output
sh is a subprocess interface which lets you call programs as if they were functions. This is useful if you want to run a command multiple times.
sh.ls("-l") # Run command normally
ls_cmd = sh.Command("ls") # Save command as a variable
ls_cmd() # Run command as if it were a function
plumbum is a library for "script-like" Python programs. You can call programs like functions as in
sh. Plumbum is useful if you want to run a pipeline without the shell.
ls_cmd = plumbum.local("ls -l") # get command
ls_cmd() # run command
pexpect lets you spawn child applications, control them and find patterns in their output. This is a better alternative to subprocess for commands that expect a tty on Unix.
pexpect.run("ls -l") # Run command as normal
child = pexpect.spawn('scp foo [email protected]:.') # Spawns child application
child.expect('Password:') # When this is the output
fabric is a Python 2.5 and 2.7 library. It allows you to execute local and remote shell commands. Fabric is simple alternative for running commands in a secure shell (SSH)
fabric.operations.local('ls -l') # Run command as normal
fabric.operations.local('ls -l', capture = True) # Run command and receive output
envoy is known as "subprocess for humans". It is used as a convenience wrapper around the
subprocess module.
r = envoy.run("ls -l") # Run command
r.std_out # get output
commands contains wrapper functions for
os.popen, but it has been removed from Python 3 since
subprocess is a better alternative.
The edit was based on J.F. Sebastian's comment.
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text:
India selectors gave Mithun and Uthappa a raw deal
"Mithun has bowled his heart out. We could not have asked for more from a debutant in good batting conditions" declared India coach Gary Kirsten after Abhimanyu Mithun's impressive debut against Sri Lanka earlier this year. Aakash chopra reports.cricket Updated: Jan 03, 2011 00:32 IST
"Mithun has bowled his heart out. We could not have asked for more from a debutant in good batting conditions" declared India coach Gary Kirsten after Abhimanyu Mithun's impressive debut against Sri Lanka earlier this year. India had lost a crucial toss and while all our bowlers toiled hard to get anything from the flat surface, Mithun stood out for his ability to bowl longer spells. He went on to impress everyone in the remaining two Test matches and even contributed with the bat. He was to be Team India's man for the future, had he been nurtured.
But what happened after that series is beyond comprehension. The same guy who amazed all and sundry has faded into the oblivion. His omission might have been inevitable with the return of Zaheer and Sreesanth in the series in India, but it's baffling Jaydev Unadkat and Umesh Yadav were preferred over him for the tour to South Africa, despite not even setting the domestic circuit on fire this season. Saurashtra's Unadkat took 10 wickets in four games at nearly 40 runs apiece. Yadav did slightly better for Vidharbha, picking 13 wickets in 4 games albeit in the Plate division.
Mithun in this misery has Karnataka teammate Robin Uthappa for company. He was the star performer for RCB in the third edition of the IPL and his ability to clear the fence in the death overs even against the best fast bowlers in the world was appreciated. He also donned the gloves to bring more to the table; he's even keeping wickets for Karnataka in the Ranji Trophy. He seems to be in good touch having scored over 400 runs in the six games so far. Shouldn't Robin have been given a chance to prove his credentials ahead of the World Cup? India did try a few wicket keepers whenever Dhoni rested, but not Robin.
Let's look at the wicket keeping options in case, God forbid; Dhoni gets injured before or during the World Cup. Parthiv Patel seems to be the front-runner after two impressive knocks against the Kiwis in his comeback series. But he's someone who thrives at the top of the order. Now, do we have a spot available at the top? No. Will Parthiv be equally successful at 6 or 7? We don't know! Other options are Saha and Karthik. Saha is a better keeper, Karthik a better batsman. Karthik seems to be the last choice, for everyone else has played ahead of him. And Saha can't be your ideal number 7 either.
Wouldn't it have made sense to try Robin?
But these two men from Karnataka would be playing for their state in the domestic one-day tournament while the Men in Blue would be locking horns with the remainder of the world.
First Published: Jan 03, 2011 00:29 IST

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Just a reminder that this is the last week of classes before our summer pause…
Tuesday, 18/7, 19.00 – 20.30
Saturday, 22/7, 10.30 – 12.00
Classes are drop-in and for all levels.
Svaha Downtown, Begijnensteeg 1, between the Spui and the Kalverstraat.
Come join us!
"Here is the deepest secret nobody knows. Here is the root of the root and the bud of the bud. And the sky of the sky of a tree called life; Which grows higher than soul can hope or mind can hide. And this is the wonder that's keeping the stars apart.
I carry your heart. I carry it in my heart."
e.e. cummings


text:
Job description:
1. Good understanding of web application technologies (e.g. Java, .NET, Drupal), database management systems (Oracle, MS SQL, etc.), operating systems (e.g. Windows, UNIX) and operation/configuration of common web servers (e.g. IIS, Apache). (Optional)
2. Experience with security vulnerability evaluation of ERP solutions (e.g., SAP and PeopleSoft), COTS solutions and application middle-ware (Documentum, SharePoint, etc.) is an added plus. (Optional)
3. Understanding of mobile application security testing on different mobile platforms (iOS and Android) is an added plus. (Optional)
4. Knowledge of Web Application Firewall (WAF) operation would be preferable. (Optional)
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Information Security Application Firewall Web Application Firewall Database Management Web Application Information Systems Security Application Security Firewall Security Testing Operating Systems Sql Unix Erp Solutions Java .net


text:
We can help choose the right singers and musicians for on camera musical roles. Since the musician and singer union rules are different than straight acting or background rules, we can help budget and cast for these specific parts. Sidelining (or "mouthing" when applied to SAG/AFTRA Singers) refers to musicians or singers on screen simulating playing or singing to a pre-recorded track for either motion picture or television. The believability on camera of true trained musicians or singers "playing" their instruments and looking authentic is something Encompass Music Partners has taken pride in for over a two decades.
We have worked alongside many great studios and directors to give their films an authenticity and realism that adds to the overall quality of the visuals and emotions of the scenes that involve these talented musicians and singers. We take pride in the fact that we work side by side with production to "cast" the perfect musician or singer that the director and production want. We submit photos of all candidates, we coordinate the use and rentals of authentic instruments and provide the sheet music that matches the pre-recorded track the musicians or singers mime to in order to capture a breathtaking and realistic performance.We can even coordinate the recording, production and delivery of all specific Pre-Record elements for on set playback.
A few of our past projects include: A Star is Born, La La Land, Love and Mercy, Get On Up, Jersey Boys, Gangster Squad, Water For Elephants, The Soloist, Get Smart, Transformers: Dark of The Moon, LA Noir, I Love You Man, A Thousand Words, 13 Reasons Why, The Mentalist, The Cape, $#*! My Dad Says, and Hart of Dixie to name just a few.
For more detailed information or a project specific budget estimate, please contact our office (818) 876-7500 or firstname.lastname@example.com


text:
Lot 90
Chippendale Mahogany Shell-Carved Desk
Attributed to Samuel Loomis (American, 1748-1814)
Colchester, Connecticut, 1774-1800
H. 43 _ in.; W. 37 _ in.; D. 21 in.
Note: Appears to retain its original brass
Provenance: By family tradition, this desk belonged to John Pierpont Morgan (1837- 1913) of Hartford, Connecticut;
Emily Stansbury (Rich) Brown (1869-1949) and Dr. Charles H. Brown, Mt. Vernon, New York, as a wedding present, 1894;
To their daughter, Eleanor (Brown) Pack Hibben (1898-1992) and Arthur N. Pack, Waterbury, Connecticut, as a wedding present, 1919;
Thence by descent to their grandson, the present owner
Estimate: $30,000 - $60,000
Condition: Overall, this desk is in remarkable state of preservation. The surface has been cleaned at some point. Locks on the second and third drawers are missing. The writing surface has a one inch wide section replaced at the juncture to the desk. There were at least two other sets of hinges as evidenced by patches on the stationary board of the writing surface. Small vertical wood strips have been added at juncture of backboard and case sides to fill gaps on the back. Characteristic of Loomis group-- the dovetails are at the front of the sides of each drawer and reversed in the back of the drawers.


text:
A set of solo classical guitar featuring Spanish and contemporary music by Albeniz, Tarrega, Dyens, Brouwer, and more to precede dinner by Mayfair Farm.
For more information and tickets visit www.mayfairfarmnh.com
From Mayfair Farm's website:
We are a small scale, diversified family farm and kitchen in Harrisville, NH. With many years of experience in farming and cooking, Craig and Sarah bring you the highest quality meats, artisanal sausage, and gourmet foods in Southern New Hampshire.
We raise all natural beef, chicken, lamb, pork and turkey on pasture and locally sourced, non-GMO grains. In the coming years our orchard will produce strawberries, raspberries, apples and pears (2015). In addition to using our hoop house to house livestock in the winter we look forward to using it to grow a variety of produce.
In our state licensed commercial kitchen, we do our best to use ingredients that we either raise ourselves or source from other local farmers, creating a variety high-quality prepared entrées, baked goods, artisanal sausages, meats and which we sell in our Farm Store. We also create personalized menus for catered events.
The result is flavorful and healthful food that is not only delicious, but also helps to sustain our farm and others like it.


text:
A change to Army regulations now requires that officers who are selected for promotion must now be vetted for mental, physical, moral, and professional fitness and meet the standards for exemplary conduct before their names are forwarded to the secretary of the Army for certification. Army Directive 2016-26 requires that a post-board screening be conducted on officers selected for promotion to captain through colonel and CW3 through CW5. Similar changes have been made for officers who are being considered for promotion to first lieutenant or chief warrant officer.
For more Army news, including promotion updates, visit the Military.com Army section.


text:
Warm Welcome
We are an exclusive and intercultural dating agency established in London with the aim of providing a personal service to cosmopolitan and international singles (mainly from Europe) who are seeking a genuine partner for a long-term relationship or marriage.
We aim to make your search the greatest and most fulfilling experience of your life.
By joining Celest Connections, you will meet many like-minded, wonderful, eligible, single people. They are serious about finding a relationship and bold enough to try something different.
You can either join us or read us to understand why nobody knows the dating scene better than us. Ciao! A bientôt! Adiòs! Tschüss! See you soon!
Dating agency London, introduction agency London, dating agency, dating agency uk, introduction agency, matchmaker London, matchmaking services, Celebs go dating


text:
While the explicit mention of a love triangle gave me and other bloggers some reservations about Handbook for Mortals as my Can't Wait Wednesday pick last week, turns out there's a WHOLE lot more that's suspicious about this book: Turns out, someone has bought its way onto the NYT bestseller list.
You can read all the investigations, with screenshots on that link about. What's most interesting is the final update at the end of the page where it's revealed that the author planned all this in order to get a film deal. Oi.
Look, I get that making books into films is the thing some authors would absolutely go for, and you know what, so would I. If my favourite books were turned into movies and TV series I would be SO there. But this buying your way onto a bestseller list to secure a film deal? Really? That's disturbing.


text:
September 06, 2018
We have a promotion on now!
Free shipping! Regardless of the quantity ordered.
It's a way to say thank you to existing customers, and also a way to introduce our brand to new ones.
Peace Forest Teas
Kindness in a cup!
April 21, 2019
Continue Reading
October 03, 2018
July 11, 2018


text:
Ready for Retirement?
Are you ready for retirement? Here are five words you should consider.
Share |
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Retiring early sounds like a dream come true, but it's important to take a look at the cold, hard facts.
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Looking forward to retirement? It's critical to understand the difference between immediate and deferred annuities.
An Inside Look at Retirement Living
A number of questions and concerns need to be addressed to help you better prepare for retirement living.


text:
Saturday, April 30, 2016
Pond Discoveries
Until Next Time,
Saturday, April 9, 2016
Muddy Boots Club!
That's an enthusiastic title for an afternoon that we're enthusiastic about. Muddy Boots Club is embraced by the children-they ask "is it Muddy Boots Club today?" often, and we are excited when it IS Friday and we can say "Yes!" We bundle up and head out into the woods and everyone is immediately engaged and playing. We (teachers) are there for support and safety, but mostly we watch and revel in the independence and strength of these children.
Until Next Time,
Until Next Time,
|this is an "owl tree!"
|we never need to ask anyone to keep up!
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text:
The work will be mainly manual and outdoors. You will do different gardening works (cutting bushes and grass, raking etc.) and some other renovation and maintenance tasks (around the local kindergarten and primary school). You will also help to prepare a beer festival. Bring solid shoes and working clothes for different kinds of weather. The new school year will start at the beginning of September, so you will have a chance to meet local school children and prepare some presentations and activities about your country and culture. Bring something special from home which could be suitable for such an activity (games, music, pictures, etc.).
Study part: You can get familiar with the local history and culture by meeting local community. During the beer festival, you will get the opportunity to present your town or country to locals. You will have a chance to learn some basics of golf, there will be a two-hour lesson of golf provided for the volunteers in the golf terrain nearby. You will also visit the local horse stables.
In a local community centre on (gym) mattresses. There is 1 room for sleeping (women and men share the same room) and 1 common room with a kitchen corner. Please bring a sleeping bag and be ready for basic conditions – the showers are in cabins of the football pitch about 10 mins walk from the accommodation. There is a possibility to have your clothes washed. Most meals will be served in the local school canteen and some will be prepared by the group. Vegetarian diet is possible.
Dysina (about 1500 inhabitants) is located at about 10 km from Pilsen in the western part of Czech Republic.
Leisure time: Excursion to Pilsen (European Cultural Capital 2015), trips to the surrounding countryside, visit of cultural and historical sights, campfire, going swimming, doing sports in the sports ground near the accommodation, playing board games, etc.
The workcamp is organized in a small village of Dysina, Western Bohemia, in cooperation with the local municipality. The village has an industrial history and nowadays, there is a strong connection to the personality of the U.S. General Patton who freed Western part of Czechoslovakia at the end of WWII with the troops (there is even a statue of the general in the village). There are several active associations in the village. The aim of this workcamp is to help to maintain green areas and other public places in the village, to organize a traditional beer festival and to prepare local primary school and kindergarten for the beginning of new school year. Volunteers are invited to Dysina for 14th time this year.
Project is suitable for volunteers who like gardening, are interested in getting to know the life of a small Czech village and who are ready to be in tight contact with the local community, especially children and youth.
See photos from the previous workcamp: goo.gl/mci6Dr.


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NaNo Update: The Best of Both Worlds
Heading out of Day 21 of both NaNoWriMo and the #SciFund Challenge, my word count stands at a rather pretty 33,399. I had dropped behind the desired NaNo pace during my days of modem slowdown-death.
I'm still behind par. My daily word count currently averages 1,590 rather than the 1,667 intended to produce a 50,000-word opus by month's end.
I'm not worried. First, because meeting the 50,000-word goal by the end of November 30 is the NaNo thing to do, but it's not crucial. Second, while some other writers may be celebrating their post-NaNo collapse on December 1, I'll still be going strong. I'll still be on the #SciFund timetable, which goes through December 15.
Third, because for me it's not a question of word count. It's a question of processing all the data that comes in. I'm still catching up on that end.
And fourth, because I'm not really the author here.
You heard me.
I'm the assembler.
When I talk about "the best of both worlds," I don't refer to NaNo and #SciFund. I refer to two of my creative activities: writing and mixed-media art, specifically collage and assemblage.
Back in the early "aughts" -- roughly 2000 through 2003 -- I wasn't writing, at least not for submission. I was working steady multiple shifts and my brain was too fried for worldbuilding. I saved my creative sanity by picking up odd things -- shells, broken crockery, dropped pigeon feathers, pieces of broken mirror off the sidewalk -- and fiddling with them, to make them juxtapose with each other in interesting ways.
Put another way, I was playing. Like this:
This piece, "Totem," is made from a folding closet door that measured 1x7 feet. The door had been left on the curb for trash and had a hole seemingly kicked into it. I turned the door upside-down and transformed the hole into a bird's nest, housing three paper pulp baby birds in a combination of white pigeon fluff and shed cat fur. Mama bird is a pulp sculpture stuck with adult pigeon feathers. The mirror pieces in the sun/moon combination came from the curb as well.
The rest is sculpted pulp made from more than a ream's worth of discarded office paper that I mixed with gesso and then painted. I had built thick "branches" up from the wood, whacking them with a plastic knife to create the rough texture of bark. (I took this photo before my "good camera" days. It's lacking in detail and doesn't show the piece's true three-dimensionality.)
A friend and neighbor had told me that whenever she visited the cafe where this piece was on exhibit, her toddler son went over to the sculpture and kissed the lizard. (Best compliment for my artwork I've ever gotten.) I subsequently made him his own lizard and then gave "Totem" to his mother before Mary and I moved to Florida -- whose high heat and humidity discourages this kind of sculpting. Pulped paper mixed with gesso is heaven on earth for mold.
So, what does this have to do with my NaNo project and with having the best of both worlds?
One, I'm writing, which is something I'm passionate about. And two, I'm doing the writing equivalent of collecting interesting things and putting them together in what I hope are interesting ways.
In a way, it's like what Aditya Rao is doing with his Chlamydomonas cilia. Each cilium -- think of it as a microscopic hair -- has more than three thousand genetic puzzle pieces. Rao is studying how two very important pieces fit together.
In his puzzle, the pieces have to fit just right or nasty diseases can occur.
In my puzzle -- some of whose pieces come from his project -- I get to make up where the pieces go. I get to play with their shapes a little bit, the way I've done with my mixed-media art. In my puzzle, the pieces are ready-made, but the puzzle itself isn't. Because I'm the one making the puzzle.
In my mixed-media days, I took regular walks to Dorchester Bay in Boston and combed the beach for puzzle pieces like broken ceramic and glass worn smooth by the sea. Or I patrolled my neighborhood the night before trash day. Honestly, Dorchester had awesome trash.
These days, I turn my computer on and comb the Web for #SciFund puzzle pieces. I collect a bunch of them, just as I had filled my tote bag with a bunch of stuff from the beach or from the curb back in Dorchester.
And then I cull. What fits? What doesn't fit? What two pieces need a verbal bridge to connect them? What do I set aside for later? What new development gets a little line inserted earlier in the draft as a bit of foreshadowing? What gets left behind as redundant-redundant? What do I use to shift from one tone to another? What do I earmark as "needs more data?" What do I highlight, to see if any follow-up occurs?
Much of what I do is not actual writing. It's moving the pieces around. The writing part comes in shaping and connecting, and in the occasional commentary, when I feel the need to put in my own two shekels.
Seen in another way, this project is like putting together a found poem. Except that it's a found book. And the book is still being written. Not by me, but by dozens of people.
I'm just the one combing the beach.


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text: Without him, I felt like what I imagine a drug addict would feel going through withdrawal. He had been my external source of love that I wasn't able to give myself. I was so desperate to get things back to the way it was in the beginning, that I did my best to accept and forgive his laughable explanations in order to move forward.Read More


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The Chrysler Sebring is a relatively rare sight on Britain's roads, on sale from 2007 to 2009. It's a mid-sized saloon with executive styling, generous equipment lists and lots of room inside. A two-door convertible model was also offered on sale from 2008, with the same engines and equipment.
As a used model it provides exceptional value for money, with a choice of three engines. You can find a 2.0-litre petrol, and 2.4-litre petrol with an automatic gearbox. Lastly, there's a 2.0-litre diesel sourced from Volkswagen and returning up to 46mpg, which makes up around three-quarters of Sebrings.
The Sebring was offered in a single trim level, called Limited. This includes 18-inch alloy wheels, electronic stability control, front fog lights, automatic headlamps, electrically adjustable heated mirrors, leather upholstery, and a matching gear lever and steering wheel.
There is also an electrically adjustable driver's seat, heated front seats, cruise control, reach and rake-adjustable steering column, steering wheel-mounted audio controls, electric windows, air conditioning and a temperature-adjustable front cup holder.
We bring together stocks of used Chrysler Sebrings from both dealer and private sellers across the UK. The list is updated daily, and you can find more information on any car by clicking through. Additional photos and contact information for the vendor are also given. You may want to conduct a history check on your chosen car for extra peace of mind, and you can do this through AutoVolo.
More Chrysler Sebring cars available for sale in different locations


text: Studies conducted by the mobile phone company Sony Mobile researched Instagram and other social media platforms. This way the company established a list of 30 places that were most photographed and posted on social media. And the tenth place of the list is held by the Machu Picchu in Peru near Cusco! Machu Picchu is Peru's main tourist attraction and not to forget, one of the seven new world wonders! Now it is also the most photographed place in South America by users of Instagram, and it holds the tenth place worldwide. Other destinations we can find on the list are the Eiffel Tower in France, the Coliseum in Rome, the Burj Khalifa in Dubai and the Big Ben in the United Kingdom. The marketing manager of Sony Mobile Peru says that "photography has become a vital part of any trip, achieving an indisputable relationship." He also emphasizes how important this research is, as we receive more insights on the importance of photography in users holidays. There is an "indisputable relationship" between the destination people choose and the number of time they have seen photographs of this destination on social media, taken by users. 50% of the respondents choose their destination based on the pictures other users take on their holidays, and 45% use Instagram to get inspiration for the next place to visit and photograph. Machu Picchu is, without a doubt, a mystical and fascinating place in Peru that inspires and surprises the world, now through social networks.


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Latest Weather Blog
Schwarz homers twice, Florida beats FSU, advances to CWS
GAINESVILLE, FL - JJ Schwarz homered twice, breaking a school record for freshmen and continuing his torrid postseason, and Florida advanced to the College World Series with an 11-4 victory over rival Florida State on Saturday night.
The Gators, the No. 4 national seed, swept the Seminoles and earned their fourth trip to Omaha, Nebraska, in the last six years. Florida will open CWS play next Saturday against another familiar foe, Miami.
Schwarz can only hope to continue his hot streak.
The catcher/designated hitter hit a two-run homer in the second inning that tied the game, walked and scored in the third, and added a solo shot in the sixth that gave the Gators (49-16) a little extra cushion against the Seminoles (44-21). It was his 18th homer of the season, breaking the previous freshman mark set by Austin Maddox in 2010.
He also singled in the eighth.
Image: Andres Leiva / The Independent Florida Alligator


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Andy Burgess
Instagram: andy_amina_art
Andy Burgess is a senior Illustration major at Massachusetts College of Art and Design. He creates surreal work using a variety of mediums, including but not limited to drawing, painting, and printmaking. In his work, he distorts human figures and traditional perspective to create engaging atmospheres. His work often derives from an intuitive process. After school, Andy would like to pursue a career in commercial art.
click images to enlarge


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Prayer Changes Everything
At Rockhills Church, we believe prayer makes a difference. How can we pray for you this week? Let us know using the form below.
NOTE: Any prayer request you share with Rockhills Church will remain confidential and will only be shared with our prayer team for the purposes of prayer.


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June 17th, 2018.
BINA AFTER BINA | MY PARK Workshop for Children / Author and coordinator: Natalija Jovanović, BINA team
At the "My Park" workshop, thirty children participated, and had the opportunity to imagine their ideal park and elements that make it, equipment, benches, greenery etc., as well as to mark their position in the public space that they share with adults. After introductory talks, the children created their own works on the subject, using the techniques of choice (pencil drawing, crayons, pens, prints, collage and similar). Work also stimulated dialogue among children, as the end result of the workshop was a joint piece, made from drawings of individual elements of equipment, an ideal park on Vračar in the eyes of children.
Article 12 of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child states the right of the child to take his or her opinion into account in all matters directly concerned, and one of the fundamental principles of the Convention is the right of the child to be heard. By participation, children learn to contribute to the community and be more responsible, and on the other hand, the work represents cooperation of adults and children, where the two sides work together, for a greater goal. This joint work and the exchange of information are important when making decisions at local and regional level.
Workshop is a part of the exhibition "A TABLE FOR PLATO, PLATO FOR EVERYONE", SHARED CITIES: CREATIVE MOMENTUM (SCCM) Project, IDEAS YARD BELGRADE programme.


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March 18, 2015
Wow, interesting. Would make a great scifi novel. I hope you'll spend more time on that civilization and see if you can find more remains from it.
In the early 1900's there were hundreds of reports of giants (giant humans) being found across the whole United States. Farmers would dig up "Indian Mounds" and they would be full of giant bones; caves would be investigated and mummified remains of giants would be recovered, or they were found buried on the edges of lakes that receded. As the lakes dried up they would begin to poke out... There were so many stories of giant humans being found that it was common knowledge back then that there was once a race of large beings walking the planet. Inevitably, in most of these stories, the Smithsonian would come in to investigate and it would all disappear into a black hole along with denials of anything found. This set the stage for much debate and disagreement among academia and regular folk as to what the truth is. So much so that over time it has become difficult to discern truth from fiction -- and I personally feel it is designed to do just that.
One race we looked into are the Red Haired Giant remains found in Lovelock Nevada (a lot of info here on that plus a whole lot more) turned out to be a true find according to our remote viewing data. We have also looked into the JC Brown story wherein a prospector claimed that in 1904 he came across a cave in the Cascades full of giant mummies and remnants of their society, which we have also found to be true. Of course a lot of these stories are just yellow journalism, but quite a few of them pan out with Remote Viewing. In the coming months we will post the reports from the above investigations, but this specific one is another matter altogether.
California is rife with strange monuments and megaliths if you know where to look and what to look for... there are relics that the first Natives here do not claim, or know who built them. In our Remote Viewing expeditions we believe that we have come across cultures and societies that existed here well beyond the first Natives, and these include cultures that are both "giant" and non-giant that constructed these things. In fact, in some Native American lore they reference people that were here when they first arrived, both giant and non-giant. An investigative friend of ours, Dustin Naef, has been digging into the relationship between Native cultures and beings that were here before them. He researches this by conventional means (as opposed to Remote Viewing) and he has found a lot of Native American "legends" that speak of this.
This report is specifically about the Tomales Point Rock Line, which lies in the San Francisco Bay Area. The Tomales Point Rock Line sits on a coastal area called Point Reyes - a sliver of land that is sliced by the San Andreas fault where Tomales Point juts into the ocean. Over the millennia, this point of land has moved northward from as far away as the Tehachapi Mountains (310 miles away). The line of rocks are embedded in the ground, and while it covers an obvious space of land seen by many who travel these hiking paths, no one knows for sure who constructed it and there's a surprisingly small number of those who ask. If this were located in Britain, it would be automatically assumed that it was an ancient site and it would be studied. We have been trained over here to overlook these anomalies because we have been told there these things don't exist here. (Additionally there are many other similar rock walls that pepper the east bay area of San Francisco - another thing we are looking into).
There has been some analysis and speculation on it, compiled in a run down here. Obviously they are all conventional explanations to the mystery and they come from speculating on what is known.
The conventional theories for this rock line are:
Most of the conventional explanations have to do with a wall or a property marker and what is a wall typically for? It is for:
In all of our data from the Remote Viewers we never get any reference to any of the above concepts, and these are very basic and simple gestalts that viewers will relay if it has to do with that. So, according to our Remote Viewing data, it was not created for those purposes above.
Instead when we tasked 3 Remote Viewers on why this stone line was created, our main gestalts that run through each session are:
There is absolutely NOTHING in these sessions from 3 separate (and blind to the objective) Remote Viewers that comes even close to suggesting that they were created by ranchers there.
What it does come close to though is a statement from a Coastal Miwok about the site, and he called them - "Spirit jumping off rocks". In other words this was described by them as a place where spirits leaving earth use it to jump off - and the rock line is in a sense that jump off point. This explanation lines up nicely with some of our remote viewing data. The issue though is that the Miwok claim they did not build it (yet they knew what it was for). In our estimation, according to our data, it is correct that this area was used for just that purpose.
As a side note - One thing that we consistently run across with these megaliths and the ones who built them, is that they understood something about earth energies that we do not. They understood how to channel them and use them in ways that we have no idea about. This is one of those sites that has that aspect to it. They used stone to construct these things that had conductive qualities to it, like quartz. They knew how to charge seeds with energy using these methods, as well as use it for spiritual development.
But now the questions arises... if it wasn't the Miwok, then who was it?
The next tasking on this was for the viewers to describe the "Subject(s)" that created them as well as their culture, and this is some of the data -
The above does not sound like the Mikok culture, who were hunter-gatherers in the region. We run across this same language as it relates to other megalithic sites in California as well... you be the judge on who or what it could possibly be. We are coming to our own conclusions and will report on it once it is more firm.
Check part two of this installment to see what we found when we investigated the site - The Field Investigation.
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© RightHemispheric 2019


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For my Graduation Film project at Supinfocom Arles : VRP, I wanted to code an asset manager for my team. It was designed to allow us to quiclky and easily load, save, and share asset files.
I wrote everything from scratch, with great use of stackoverflow.com
It's a Python standalone application ( PySide + MySQL )
It interacts with 3dsMax and Maya through sockets (a Max C# plugin and the Maya CommandPort) and a collection of scripts for each 3d package.
There are 6 tabs in the main interface, each for a specific purpose :
- An Explorer, to quickly find assets without having to browse a folder tree
- A Nodal View, to conect assets and explore them in a connection-based way (experimental)
- Two File Views (one for 3dsMax, one for Maya) to display infos on the currently opened scene
- A Chat (experimental) with drag-n-drop and hyperlink support
- A Log
A quick demonstration of how we used my project during the production of our graduation shortMaya scenes were tracked too, but with manual updating when loading new scenes


text: Frescobaldi is an awesome software to write and manipulate music sheets using Lilypond notation. However, it fails in (properly) providing a really important feature: exporting to MusicXML. MusicXML notation is an important format adopted for many score writing programs, music OCR and sequencers. Currently, there is a simple support for exporting scores to MusicXML, but the coverage is limited and is not able to export complex projects or to understand different notations to describe the same musical score.


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CONLANG November 2011, Week 5
Re: Do artlangers dislike auxlangers?
Jim Henry <[log in to unmask]>
Constructed Languages List <[log in to unmask]>
Wed, 30 Nov 2011 22:46:37 -0500
(60 lines)
On Wed, Nov 30, 2011 at 1:41 PM, Michael Everson <[log in to unmask]> wrote:
> On 30 Nov 2011, at 16:49, R A Brown wrote:
>>> So far I know of two translations of Alice into Esperanto, one into Volapük, one into Neo, and fragments into Interlingua. All Auxlangs, at least originally. I know of only one conlang translation,
What about Puey McCleary's translation into his Babel, currently being
serialized on this list?
>> But Esperanto, Volapük, Neo and Interlingua are conlangs, aren't they? ;)
> Ah, now we need an Venn diagram... but my category here was in terms of how the languages tend to be divided amongst the two discussion lists.
In most people's usage "conlang" is a superset of "auxlang". The
CONLANG and AUXLANG lists differ not simply in what constructed
languages are on-topic for the list, but primarily in *how* one is
allowed to speak about constructed languages. One may speak about any
constructed language here, but may not invidiously compare one
constructed language with another, asserting that one is better than
another for essentially political or ideological reasons. One might
speak about any constructed language on the AUXLANG list, too, I
suppose, if one is making a case that it is/isn't suitable as an
> Though actually I think Volapük belongs over here rather than over there.
The phonology, syntax, history, etc. of Volapük are equally on-topic
for either list. Advocacy of Volapük qua auxlang is on topic only on
the AUXLANG list.
>> It was my experience on the Auxlang list itself, with its bigotry & fanaticism that turned me off. The final straw, so to speak, was when IIRC four different Novial revival camps were trading insults & flames.
> I had a slightly similar experience with one person there, who started an argument about how inappropriate "Alice" was for a translation text and how obviously Stevenson or Conan Doyle would be much better. But others there were nicer.
My experience on the list was rather better -- when I was active there
around 2004-2006, there was lively debate but few or no flame wars.
Still, I found that over time the same points tend to be debated over
and over (kind of like the YAEPTs on this list, actually!), and it was
the repetitiveness, more than the rare occasional flamage, that
decided me to go NOMAIL on the AUXLANG list for most of the last few
>> Enjoying them as a _conlang_ is a whole different matter. I happen to share very much your views on Volapük, as it happens.
> I have to say, setting Alice in Volapük has really opened my eyes to the richness and flexibility of Volapük. Much of it is indeed complicated and obscure, but I find reading the dialogue between the characters both lively and pretty easy to get into.
It's a pretty cool language. I've been vaguely meaning to get back
into it. I started learning it back around 2004 or 2005, and enjoyed
as much of it as I learnt. I have an idea for an alternate history
novel where Volapük is in the position that Esperanto has in our
timeline -- a few hundred thousand or million speakers, things like
the Pasporta Servo and lots of conventions etc., but no prospects of
becoming *the* global auxlang; if I ever buckle down to write said
novel, I'll need to learn Volapük better. I also need to study
19th-century European history a lot more, to figure out a plausible
divergence that leads to the Volapük movement not disintegrating and
making way for the Esperanto movement.
Jim Henry
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First Impression
Genting Casino not only provides players with some awesome games via Evolution, Playtech, IGT, and Amaya, they also host poker, live games, and sports. They're well established and their licensing jurisdictions are rock solid. The have no payout limits, and their cash outs are moderately fast. As of September 2015, we have no PABs on this casino. I would send my best friend there to play – you should not have a problem.
Unfortunately, they applied retroactive terms to their affiliate partners – which violates the standards for our Accredited Casinos – thus they are now listed in the Grey Zone.
By the way, Genting is now the very first operator to have the Level 3 Gamcare accreditation.
Please read carefully full Terms & Conditions of Genting Casino HERE
Deposit & Withdrawal
Accepted currencies:
Deposit Methods:Bank Draft, Bank wire transfer, ClickandBuy, Maestro, MasterCard, Solo, Visa, Visa Debit, Visa Delta, Visa Electron
Withdrawal Methods:Bank wire transfer, Cheque, ClickandBuy, Maestro, MasterCard, Solo, Visa, Visa Debit
Cashout time24 hrs
Reverse time24 hrs
Weekend CashoutsYes
Payout limitsNone
Locks WithdrawalsNo
Mobile Experience
General Information
Casino RepsGenting-Jo
Live GamesYes
Loyalty programYes
Licensing JurisdictionAlderney Gambling Control Commision , UKGC
No Deposit BonusNo
AccreditedJuly 2011
Publicly tradedNo
Affiliate programGenting Affiliates
Review PublishedOct 11, 2016
Other productsSlots , Blackjack , Baccarat , Video Poker , Sic Bo
Supported languages:
Authorized Countries
Country restrictions:
Phone contact
UK Support 0800 327 7203
International Support 00 632 756 7808
Contact email@example.com
No withdrawal limits
Weekend cashouts
Solid licensing jurisdiction
No manual flushing
English only
Not CM Accredited
Bad terms for affiliates
Casinomeister Rating
Casinomeister's Verdict
Genting Casino is another one of these out of touch entities – out of touch with the player community – out of touch with their affiliates. In March 2018, they imposed retroactive terms on their affiliates. Players may be OK here, but for webmasters and affiliates, that may be another story.
Forum threads
Views: 1273


text:
How Modeling's Newest It Girl Went From a Vermont Coffee Shop to the Balenciaga Runway
Modeling can be a youth-obsessed industry, but you don't have to be a teenager to make a splash during fashion month. At 25, Kennah Lau represents a new set of models who are entering the business as adults. Spotted at a Vermont coffee shop by scouts at Next Management last year, Lau already had a husband, job, and sense of self when she was pulled into fashion. This season, she made her presence felt at shows like Alexander Wang, Emilio Pucci, and Balenciaga, emerging as one of the most interesting beauties on the scene. Tattooed, androgynous, and undeniably cool, Lau brought something special to each show she walked.
Here, the rising star talks about her first international flight, her passion for illustration, and why she doesn't mind being called a cat lady.
She initially had cold feet about modeling."I started modeling in December, so this is all very new to me. I was scouted in August while working at a coffee shop back home, and I was fully immersed in that life, working 45 hours a week taking care of the cafe. When I was scouted, I quit my job at the coffee shop pretty immediately. I had never even thought about modeling or fashion. I got cold feet, though, after leaving my job, and told the agency no . . . Long story short, I emailed the agency on the day of the election in November and said, 'I'm ready for this.' I signed in December, and it's been a quick learning experience ever since."
This was her first international trip."[This season was] surreal. I had never traveled alone before, or out of the country, so every little thing was new for me. Walking in shows is very rewarding; I love the adrenaline, and the buzz before the show, and how invested everyone is in the work. I trust myself and my strength so much more than I used to, knowing I can be flexible and creative at any time."
Being late to the game has its pros and cons."I think it might be easier in some ways, and also harder in others. I am lucky to be older because I know my goals and my boundaries, and that's made it possible for me to advocate for myself in my work. On the flip side, being older is hard because I have a life I am supporting outside of my work. I am married to a wonderful man who has supported my every step and choice. It takes a lot of communication and understanding on both our parts to make this work."
Being a part of the creative crew at Balenciaga was a special moment."Working with Balenciaga at the end of this season was amazing. I was exclusive with them and did a few days of looks with them, then walked the show. Such a cool group of people making iconic fashion, and it was so special to be a part of that."
She's an illustrator, too."I have been drawing for fun for a few years and just posting my stuff on my Instagram. I love to have a lazy day and hang out with my husband and talk about world events and just draw whatever comes to mind. Usually, it's cartoon people and cats. When I'm on the road, it's hard to find the mental space to make art, though. One day, I would love to turn my little doodles into stationary or stickers or print on fabric. I love cute things, and I think cuteness gets overlooked as far as aesthetic value goes."
Her cat changed her life."My husband and I adopted him five years ago when he was maybe a year old. We went to the shelter looking for a cat to join our family, and Roley walked up and yowled at us. The three of us lived in one room together for a while, so we are a bonded trio. After having Roley for about a year, I got his face tattooed on my upper arm; people think I'm crazy. @roleycat was born because my own Instagram became overloaded with photos of him, and eventually I needed to separate the two! When I'm away, my husband runs the page so I can keep up."
She's bringing back the mullet—with a little help from Guido Palau."This is pretty much the haircut that I had when I was scouted. I had a buzz cut before this, so as it grew out, this took shape. For the Alexander Wang show, Guido shaped my mullet into a more sophisticated mullet. It's easy to take care of, so I'm just leaving it alone and seeing what happens! Wherever I go, whatever client I see, my haircut is always a topic of conversation. For me, it's just my normal haircut."


text: Charli! She's been in the scene for a while, but does not get the recognition deserved. Seems to be changing now as she's on tour with Taylor and seems to be releasing some sort of song or video almost weekly. Here's the very latest, less than 24hrs old. You might have heard the track, but here's the music video for 5 in the Morning.


text:
Bhardwaj, A. (2009). Role of personality factors for teaching effectiveness. Pacific Business Review: A Quarterly Journal of Management, 2, 75-80.
Wigglesworth, C. (2004). Spiritual intelligence & why it matters. New York: Conscious Pursuits, Inc.
Yahyazadeh-Jeloudar, S., & Lotfi-Goodarzi, F. (2012). What is the relationship between spiritual intelligence and job satisfaction among MA and BA teachers? International Journal of Business and Social Science, 3(8), 299-303.
Journal of Teaching Language Skills