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Marketing Mondays: SEO for Wedding Photographers, Part 1
INTRO: Welcome Photographers! I'm so glad you found your way here and I hope I can help clear any confusion and spark ideas for marketing your business! I graduated from Virginia Commonwealth University with a degree in marketing and have been working in the field since. While working two jobs is often cumbersome, some of the day-to-day tasks overlaps and I thought I would use my insight to help photographers who are just too busy to research marketing tactics. Thus, Marketing Mondays is born. I will try my very best to post on Mondays but the posts may be a little on the Tuesday or Wednesday side ;)
It is also important to note that I do not always practice what I preach. Some of what I will go over may not be implemented in my OWN photography business, but I have done so elsewhere in another job. I wish I had time (and money) to do all of the marketing tips I talk about! A girl can dream... Anyway, If you have any topics that you want covered, or if you would like to chat a little more in depth, please feel free to email me at email@example.com
Before I begin, there are three important things you should know about SEO in regards to marketing your business.
First, let me tell you that SEO is a vast piece of the marketing puzzle. There are endless things you can do (and should do) to help search engines find your page. However, I realize that most of the audience reading this has little or no knowledge of website coding, schema markups, link building, etc. *****So for the purpose of sanity and simplicity, I'm going to keep this to the very very basics.*****
Secondly, SEO is constantly changing. Google is always changing the way their search engines find and show search results. To keep up with the updates, do your research!
Lastly, I am going to try my hardest to present you with accurate information but again, Google is constantly changing and so is the marketing world. If you see something that you don't think is accurate, by all means correct me in the comments! Let's learn together!
So now, let's begin!
SEO - Search Engine Optimization
SE-WHAT? Search Engine Optimization is the term used to describe the process of getting web traffic to your site via search engines! Have you ever googled "Best Camera Store" and wondered how B&H came up at the very top of the list? Well, besides actually being the best, there's a lot their marketing team did to get them above all of their competitors. For the sake of running a photography business, here are a few things to help you get started.
1. Google Webmaster Tools / Google Analytics
If you have never visited Google Webmaster Tools and Google Analytics, please pause your reading and go sign up for both. I will be covering Google Analytics later in this series but it won't be of any use unless you have data to compare. Google Webmaster Tools will also help you MAJORLY in improving your SEO. When you first sign up, it may seem extremely daunting, but I assure you that it's worth looking into. Remember, I will be covering Google Analytics soon, so don't let it overwhelm you!
2. Keywords
No surprise there. Whenever someone mentions SEO, they usually follow by explaining how they have embedded keywords all over their site. NOT SO FASTTTTT. While it's true that keywords are important in SEO, their role is quite different than year's past. Before, you could load your pages (visible and coding) with keywords that Google would look for. Fast forward to 2015 and keywords are simply not enough.
Google has restructured their searching algorithm to help users get the information they are looking for with fewer clicks. What this means for wedding photographers? You need to use your keywords and your content interchangeably.
Let's start an example. Google Virginia Beach Wedding Photographers. Now, ignore all of the map results, I will get there in a second. Scroll past the map results and look what pops up first.
There are THOUSANDS of wedding photographers in Virginia Beach, so how did they get up to the top? Take a look at the descriptions in each of the results. You'll notice that their descriptions are very relevant to the search term "Virginia Beach Wedding Photographers" and that all of them are short, sweet, and most importantly, relevant. This is where your keywords will come into play. When you start to think of keywords to use, make a list of what words you would like to define you. "Virginia Beach Wedding Photographer" is a good start, but it is still very vague. You'll want to also find terms that describe you personally, your business/clientele, and your geographic area.
Now, if you aren't running any paid ads, keywords will only do you but so much. (That's a whole different post) but if you want to see what your biggest competitors are using for THEIR keywords, you can visit SEMrush, enter the website of anyone, and it will show you their average traffic, and if they are running paid ads, it will show you the keywords they are using to be found. If you stick my website URL in there, nothing interesting will happen because I'm not running any paid ads, advertising on partner sites, or really doing anything. I suck. However, go back to your search results for "Virginia Beach Wedding Photographer", pick a URL that's on the right hand side (advertisement) and plug in their URL, that will show you what keywords they have selected and how they are using them.
Okay okay, so you have a list of keywords. Now what? Here are a list of places you should be plugging these key terms.
- Website and blog title
- Website and blog description
- Each page title / page description
- Content pages (i.e, About Me, Information pages)
- Filenames for portfolio images (yourkeywords.jpg)
- Image descriptions and alt descriptions (some websites don't offer alternative descriptions)
- Google Adwords (separate post, coming soon)
Be careful to use your keywords relevantly. If you just throw keywords on your website without using them in a paragraph or content, then Google will mark you as spam.
3. Content Marketing & Blogging
This one is so important! Take note!
Like I said earlier, keywords can only take you so far. If you're just posting "Virginia Beach Wedding Photography" and blah blah blah, you're missing out. Google is user based, they really don't care how badly you want to be on that first page of results, they are about finding relevant data for their users. Content marketing has become HUGEEEEEE the last few years and it really is a GREAT way to generate traffic and turn that traffic into clients. Content Marketing is creating and posting content (images, videos, infographics, blog posts) that is relevant to your business. As photographers, we have a VAST amount of things we can use! Writing blog posts about how to help a new bride to creating a behind the scenes video. So if someone is searching for "Virginia Beach Wedding Photographers" - creating a blog post about how to find the best photographer would be a great idea because it would help users in their search and drive traffic to your site at the same time... win/win.
Coming up with ideas is hard, but the more creative you get, the more traffic you can drive in. If you are just posting images of your work, you're still missing opportunities! Alternate images with your own created content to push a message across. Create clever graphics (inspirational quotes are all over pinterest), informative videos, or anything really! Just make sure they are your OWN work.
How many times have you seen a BuzzFeed quiz pop up in your newsfeed on Facebook? They do such a great job at creative fun and interesting content that not only draws traffic to their website, but it also goes viral. That's your goal when you're creating content... to make it viral!
Blogging - If you do not have a blog tied to your website, stop reading this and go make one... right now. For ultimate SEO results, I would recommend having your website and blog tied into one URL. If you have two, that's fine too, but it's not very likely that both your home website and your blog will both be on the top page. Use your blog to plug in more of those keywords, post creative and original content, and be consistent. You certainly don't need to blog everyday, but Google places priority on websites that are updated and active frequently. That's how they know a website has updated and accurate information, by being active. My good friend (and fellow marketing nerd, Cate, does a great job at creating original content. I'll admit, I've clicked on every single one of her posts and that's exactly the point! http://violetirisstudiosblog.com/)
4. Link Building, but don't overdo it.
This is where it can get a little "complicated" for the average joe, and for most of us wedding photographers, we don't need to worry about the negative effects of external links.
We are so lucky to be photographers in the digital age because it gives us access to so many platforms to advertise and share our work. It's probably thought to be common sense that if your name and website URL are mentioned on a million different websites, that it's good for your traffic right? WRONG. It can cause huge red flags. What I mean by that is that say you have 100 website visits a day, and all of the sudden, you get a huge influx of hits and surges your traffic WAY higher than normal. If this is caused by you and original content then yay! If this is caused because a website that is not related to your field is linking back to your site, then boooooo.
Again, most of us don't need to worry about this because we aren't some major company that's getting a TON of traffic. This only happens when a large amount of websites that have nothing to do with your field are sending traffic to your website. This looks super sketchy to Google and they actually will penalize you for it. For example, if some Chinese apparel website was re-directing traffic or displaying links to my website, Google would think that I am up to something (Black Hat SEO) and push me back in their search rankings if display me at all! It takes a very long time to get trust back once this happens but again, a lot of us don't need to worry about it. It's just something to keep in mind. You can also check the status of external links via Google Webmaster Tools.
Instead, focus on positive link building! Submit your work to get featured, get people talking about you! You can also hire people to build your external links, it's big business, but like I said at the beginning, I'm keeping this as simple as possible. The more traffic you get from reputable sources, the better.
This is a super helpful article to better understand link building and how beneficial it can be for your site.
5. Get Google to love you.
If you go back to our original assignment (Google "Virginia Beach Wedding Photographers) I told you to ignore the map results. However, they are kind of hard to ignore right? I mean they pop up before the actual search results?! If you don't have a Google mail account, you should seriously consider it. I switched over my GoDaddy email to Gmail and I haven't looked back since. However, creating a Google Business account is beneficial as well. Regardless of what you're using, make sure that all of your business information is correct and aviabile. This includes a mailing address, a phone number, and of course, your URL. Make sure this information is also readily available on your webiste. When Google looks through your site index, they look for all sorts of information at crazy fast speeds. Making sure your contact information is easily seen, displayed, and repeated, will help tremendously.
Encourage your clients to leave reviews about you and your business on Google! Google loves Google, so if there are great reviews about you, they won't go unnoticed.
Also sign up for a Google+ business page! This will give you another outlet to link to your site, add your contact information, and throw in some keywords/content. Google+ is on the decline and may disappear in the next few years, but it certainly doesn't hurt to have one right now.
PHEW! That's a lot to take in.
I decided to break this post into two parts as to not overwhelm you guys. I've given you some homework if you haven't already done the above.
1. Sign up for Google Webmaster Tools / Google Analytics and get them rollin' on your website.
Leave your questions or point out my mistakes in the comments ;)


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Mega heroine Niharika Konidela is all excited about her Tamil debut flick which is releasing tomorrow. Niharika is entering Kollywood with 'Oru Nalla Naal Paathu Solren' that also star Vijay Sethupathi, Gautham Karthik and Gayathrie Shankar in the main cast.
It is an adventure comedy directed by Arumuga Kumar and Niharika is essaying the role of Abhaya Lakshmi in the movie. This mega heroine shared couple of snaps of her role in her official Twitter handle.
Anyway wishing Niharika all the very best!

subset: commoncrawl


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Board of Directors
Duane Sander
Chairman of the Enterprise Institute
Duane Sander is co-founder of Daktronics, Inc. in Brookings, SD. He also received the Spirit of Enterprise Award at the 2004 South Dakota Technology Summit.
Aelred Kurtenbach
Vice Chair of the Enterprise Institute
Al Kurtenbach of Brookings is co-founder and chairman of Daktronics, Inc., a worldwide leader in the design and manufacture of large screen computer-programmable video displays and score boards.
Keith Bartels
Secretary and Treasurer of the Enterprise Institute
Keith Bartels of Mitchell is vice president of the Martin Group, Inc., in Mitchell. He has also been a registered professional engineer since 1978. Keith served on the SDSU Alumni Association Council from 1989 to 1993.
Jim Morgan
Mr. Jim Morgan retired in 2013 after 12 years as president and CEO of Daktronics, concluding a four-decade career at the Brookings-based electronics manufacturer, which is the world's industry leader in designing and manufacturing electronic scoreboards, programmable display systems, and large-screen video displays. He joined Daktronics in the company's first year of operation as its first design engineer, while still a college student. He remains on the company's board of directors. Morgan is a graduate of South Dakota State University, where he earned both his bachelor of science and master of science degrees in electrical engineering.
Ed Cannon
Ed Cannon of Minneapolis, MN was the CEO and founder of Cannon Technologies. In 2007 South Dakota State University recognized Ed with the distinguished engineer award.
Errol EerNisse
Errol EerNisse of Salt Lake City, UT, is president of Quartztronics, Inc., and vice president of research and development for Quartzdyne, Inc. He founded Quartztronics in 1979 and Quartzdyne in 1990.
Andy Johnson
Andrew Johnson of Brookings, SD is an owner of Midwest Glass and Access Holdings, LLC.
Jerome Lohr
Jerome Lohr of Saratoga, CA, is president of the J. Lohr Properties and the J. Lohr Winery, both located in San Jose. He formed J. Lohr Properties in 1964. The J. Lohr Winery was founded in 1974 with national production beginning in 1979.
Brad Wheeler
Brad Wheeler of Lemmon, SD is and has been president of Wheeler Manufacturing Inc since 1982. Currently he serves as chairman of the Governors Giant Vision Business Plan Competition, and is a board member of Dacotah Bank Inc.


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The Legend Returns Movie
Join the crew of the Conway Scenic Railroad for a journey along the historic rails through spectacular Crawford Notch. See how a dedicated group of people restored life to a rail line long dormant. Travel over rivers, alongside mountainsides and across trestles that are more than 100 years old.
Return with us as Conway Scenic Railroad takes you back to a time when railroading through the White Mountains was a part of everyday life.
Copyright 1996
Approximately 66 minutes
To order, call us at 1-800-232-5251 or (603) 356-5251, or email our Gift Shop.
Get in Touch
- We are open daily


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Honored to have designed the backdrops and merchandise for the Ogilala tour. Below are some images from P Squared who documented the first two shows of the tour at the Murmrr Theater for Brooklyn Vegan. Reposted with permission from P Squared. Drawings of the march and backdrops can be found in the INK & PAPER drop down in the ART section of this site.
William Patrick Corgan - Ogilala
I'm honored to have had the chance to work with William Patrick Corgan on the new Ogilala album. My art is inside the album and I designed the merch.
Check out www.ogilala.com to order the album and march. Two other designs will be sold at live shows.
New Interviews!
Four new interviews with me. Two podcast and two written.
COVEN - Tribute to Lady Jaye Breyer P-Orridge
On Halloween, this AMAZING compilation will be released on Highbrow Lowlife. COVEN! It's a tribute to Lady Jaye Breyer P-Orridge, ten years after her passing, by some VERY talented artists:
katie bishop
Cover art by genius Val Denham
COVEN. Released October 31st all over the digisphere via www.highbrow-lowlife.com
Becoming Dangerous to be Released Jan 2018
I have an essay about the ritual of art making and how it becomes an act of resistance in itself.
I mix sacred soil into my paints and sprinkle brick dust in between layers. This is all part of a process I use to create portals to land and spirit with my paintings. I travel to historical places filming sites that have remained and reinvented themselves over time, slicing the pieces together to create visual spells. My art in all it's forms becomes a doorway to those who have come before us, allowing those spirits to breath new life and channel the energy into the land creating energetic shifts in the paradigm. The acts of merging history, art, and spirit become a sigil of resistance. I am waking this energy through creation, beauty, and ritual. I will be discussing art as ritual, the gathering of materials as well as visualization through creation and how sharing these pieces with others forms a magic spell within itself.
BECOMING DANGEROUS is a nonfiction book of deeply personal essays by marginalised people using the intersection of feminism, witchcraft, and resistance to summon power and become fearsome in a world that would prefer them afraid. With contributions from twenty witchy femmes, queer conjurers, and magical rebels, BECOMING DANGEROUS is a book of intelligent and challenging essays that will resonate with anyone who's ever looked for answers outside the typical places.
The latest book from Fiction & Feeling, a new and independent UK publishing company, the book is edited by me, Katie West, and Jasmine Elliott. From ritualistic skincare routines to gardening; from becoming your own higher power to searching for a legendary Scottish warrior woman; from the fashion magick of brujas to cripple-witch city-magic; from shoreline rituals to psychotherapy—this book is for people who know that now is the time, now is the hour, ours is the magic, ours is the power.
Sibyls Oraculum Out Spring 2018
The Sibyls Oraculum
Oracle of the Black Doves of Africa
By (artist): Katelan V. Foisy
A system of divination inspired by the Libyan Sibyls, the African prophetesses of the classical world
• Includes 44 full-color cards in Latin and English with a comprehensive guidebook
• Details how to consult the oracle, providing in-depth write-ups about the meaning of each card and the symbolic language represented by their imagery
• Designed to directly address the spiritual lessons underlying the seeker's query and facilitate self-examination and decision-making
• The cards feature full-color paintings in the style of the Libyan mosaics popular with the Roman elite in the 1st century B.C.E.
The Oracle of the Black Doves is a system of divination inspired by the Libyan Sibyls, the African prophetesses of the classical world. According to the Greek Historian Herodotus, two black doves flew away from the city of Waset (Thebes) and established the Siwa Oasis oracle in Libya and the first oracle in Greece at Dodona. These powerful Sibyls were consulted by all levels of Greek and, later, Roman society.
Created by tarot reader Tayannah Lee McQuillar, this contemporary oracle pays homage to the oft forgotten African founding mothers of the sibylline traditions. Drawing on both the African and the Classical traditions, it features full-color paintings by artist Katelan V. Foisy, who created the card art in a style reminiscent of the Libyan mosaics popular in the 1st century B.C.E. In the accompanying guidebook, McQuillar details how to consult the oracle, providing in-depth write-ups about the meaning of each of the 44 cards and the symbolic language represented by each card's imagery. She demonstrates how there is only one correct way to phrase a question to the oracle, making it nearly impossible to receive a vague or biased response.
Designed to directly address the spiritual lessons underlying the seeker's query, the oracle facilitates self-examination and decision-making, helping the seeker improve the likelihood of success in all undertakings and choose their best possible future by broadening their perspective of the situation. The author also includes a history of the Sibyls of the ancient world and explores the continuing Sibyl tradition in North Africa today.


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Get here NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Business Studies 2. These NCERT Solutions for Class 11 of Business Studies subject includes detailed answers of all the questions in Chapter 2 – Forms of Business Organisation provided in NCERT Book which is prescribed for class 11 in schools.
Resource: National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) Solutions
Class: 11th Class
Subject: Business Studies
Chapter: Chapter 2 – Forms of Business Organisation
NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Business Studies Chapter 2 – Forms of Business Organisation
Multiple Choice Questions
1. The structure in which there is separation of ownership and management is called
(a) Sole proprietorship
(b) Partnership
(c) Company
(d) A business organisations
Answer (c) The management and control of the affairs of the company is undertaken by the Board of Directors, which appoints the top management officials to the business. The managers are accountable to shareholders who are the owners of the company
2. The karta in Joint Hindu family business has
(a) limited liability
(b) unlimited liability
(c) no liability for debts
(d) joint liability
Answer (b) The joint Hindu family business is controlled by the head of the family who IS the eldest member and is called Karta. The kerte has unlimited liability while the liability of all other members is limited to their share of co-parcenery property of the business.
3. In a co-operative society. the principle followed is
(a) one share one vote
(b) one man one vote
(c) no vote
(d) multiple votes
Answer (b) The pnncipte of one man one vote governs the co-operative society Each member is entitled to equal voting rights uresoecuve of the amount of capital contnbuuon by hlm/her
4. The board of directors of a joint stock company is elected by
(a) General public
(b) Government bodies
(c) Shareholders
(d) Employees
Answer (c) The shareholders are tne owners of the company while the Board of Directors is the chief managing body elected by the shareholders
5. The maximum number of partners allowed in the banking business are
(a) Twenty
(b) Ten
(c) No limit
(d) Two
Answer (b) The Minimum number of partners needed to start a partnership firm is two while the maximum number is ten In case of ban!(ing Industry and twenty In case of other businesses.
6. Profits do not have to be shared. This statement refers to
(a) Partnership
(b) Joint Hindu family business
(c) Sole proprietorship
(d) Company
Answer (c) Sale propnetorstup refers to a form of organisation where business is owned, managed and controlled by a single Individual who bears all the risks and is the only recipient of all the profits.
7. The capital of a company is divided into number of parts each one of which are called
(a) Dividend
(b) Profit
(c) Interest
(d) Share
Answer (d) The capita. of the company IS divided into srn Ill' parts called 'shares' which can be transferred freely from one sharehotdor to another person (except In a private company). The shareholders are thus the owners of the company.
8. The Head of the Joint Hindu family business is called
(a) Proprietor
(b) Director
(c) Katta
(d) Manager
Answer (c) The loint Hindu family business is controlled by me head of the family who is the oldest member and is called Karta.
9. Provision of residential accommodation to the members at reasonable rates is the objective of
(a) producer's co-operative
(b) consumer's co-operative
(c) housing co-operative
(d) credit co-operative
Answer (c) Co-operative housing societies are established to help people with limited income to construct houses at reasonable costs and giving the option of paying in instalments.
10. A partner whose association with the firm is unknown to the general public is called
(a) Active partner
(b) Sleeping partner
(c) Nominal partner
(d) Secret partner
Answer (d) A secret partner is one whose association with the firm is unknown to the general public. He is like the rest of the partners in all other aspects
Short Answer Type Questions
Question 1. For which of the following types of business do you think a sole proprietorship form of organisation would be more suitable and why?
(a) Grocery store
(b) Medical store
(c) Legal consultancy
(d) Craft centre
(e) Internet cafe
(f) Chartered accountancy firm
Sale proprietorship will be most suitable in case of a Grocery store as in this case, initial business setting-up costs are not very high, the legal requirements are minimum and the scale 01operations is small.
Besides, direct personal contact is needed with the customers in the case of a grocery store and hence, sole proprietorship where there is a single person who owns and manages the business may be more suitable as he would be able to know his customers well and thus serve them better.
Question 2. For which of the following types of business do you think a partnership form of organisation would be more suitable and why?
(a) Grocery store
(b) Medical store
(c) Legal consultancy
(d) Craft centre
(e) Internet cafe
(f) Chartered accountancy firm
Partnership form of organisation would be most suitable for all Internet cafe as this business needs greater capital Investment and varied skills It can come into existence easily through a legal agreement by putting an agreement between the prospective partners into place whereb, they agree to carryout the business of the firm and share risks There is no compulsion with respect to registrallon of the firm In case of lack of demand closure of the firm too is not difficult Further the partners are jOintly and individually liable for payment of debts which does not put the liability on one person as in sole proprietorship.
Question 3. Explain the following terms in brief
(a) Perpetual succession
(b) Common seal
(c) Karta
(d) Artificial person
(a) Perpetual Succession Company is a legal entity separate of its owners or members It can be brought to an end only by law as it is created by the law. It will only cease to exist when a specific procedure for lis closure. ca led winding up, is completed. Members may come and go. but Ihe company continues to exist through consecutive succession of old members by new members on a continuous basis We can say that perpetual succession' Implies permanent existence which is not affected by death, retirement insolvency of members.
(b) Common Seal A company is a creation of law and exists Independent of its members Company is thus considered to be an artificial person who acts through its Board of Directors, When the Board of Directors enters into an agreement with others. It indicates the company's approvallhrough a common seal The common seal is the engraved equivalent of an official signature Any agreement which does not have the company seal put on it is not legally binding on the company.
(c) Karta The head of the Hindu Joint family who is the eldest member and controls the Joint Hindu family business which IS a specific form of business organisation found only in India is called Karta Joint Hindu family busmess refers to a form of organisation wherein the business is owned and carried on by the members of the Hindu Undivided Family (HUF) It is governed by the Hindu Law The control of the family business lies with the karta He lakes all the decisions and is authorised to manage the business His oecisions are binding on the other members. The karta has unlimited liability while the liability of all other members is limited to their share of co-parcenenry property of the business.
(d) Artificial Person A company is called an artificial person because just like natural persons, a company can own' property, incur debts, borrow money, enter into contracts, sue and be sued but unlike them it cannot breathe, talk, walk, eat, etc. A company is a creation of law and exists as an artificial person independent of its members.
Question 4. Compare the status of a minor in a Joint Hindu Family Business with that in a partnership firm.
When the inclusion of an individual into the business occur due to the birth in the Hindu Undivided Family (HUF) is known as Minor. On the other hand partnership is based on legal contract between two persons who agree to share the profits or losses of a business carried on by them and a minor is incompetent to enter into such a valid contract with others.
Hence, a minor cannot become a partner In any firm. However, a minor can be admitted to the benefits of a partnership firm with the mutual consent of all other partners.
Question 5. If registration is optional, why do partnership firms willingly go through this legal formality and get themselves registered? Explain.
Registration of partnership firm means recording of the firm's name and its relevant prescribed particulars, in the Register of firms kept with the Registrar of firms. It provides conclusive proof of the existence of a partnership firm. It is optional for a partnership firm to get registered still most of the partnership firms voluntarily get themselves registered as in case of non-registration, the firm has to face the follOwing consequences
- A.partner of an unregistered firm cannot file file suit against the firm or other partners
- The firm cannot fHea suit against third parties
- The firm cannot file a case against the partners.
Hence, to avoid these disadvantages, partnership firms register themselves.
Question 6. State the important privileges available to a private company.
The following are some of the privileges of a private limited company compared to a public limited company
- The minimum number of members required to form a private company is only two while at least seven people are needed to form a public company.
- A private company does not need to issue a prospectus as public is not Invited to subscribe to its shares.
- Allotment of shares can be done without receiving the minimum subscription.
- A private company can start business as soon as it receives the certificate of incorporation and does not have to wait for the receipt of certificate of commencement as in case of a public company.
- A private company needs to have only two directors as against the minimum of three directors in the case of a public company.
- A private company is not required to keep an index of members unlike a public company.
- There is no restriction on the amount of-loans to directors in a private company while in case of a public company permission from the government is required.
Question 7. How does a co-operative society exemplify democracy and secularism? Explain.
The word co-operative means working together with others tor a common purpose. The co-operative society is a voluntary association of persons, who join together with the motive of welfare of the members.
The membership of a co-operative society is voluntary. A person is free to join a co-operative society and can also leave anytime without any compulsion. The decision making power in a co-operative society lies in the hands of an elected managing committee. Every member has one vote and this right to vote gives the members a chance to elect the members of the managing committee. All these features lend the co-operative society a
democratic character Further, the membership of a co-operative society is open to all. Irrespective of their religion caste and gender. The co- perative society through its purpose lays emphasis on the values of mutual help and welfare. These features prove the secular nature of co-operative societies.
Question 8. What is meant by 'partner by estoppel'? Explain.
A partner by estoppel is a person who gives an impression to others that he/she is a partner of the firm through his/her own initiative, conduct or behaviour. Such partners are held liable for the debts of the firm because in the eyes of others, they are considered partners. even though they do not contribute capital or take part in its management e.g., Mr Sharma is a friend of Mr Mathur who is a partner in a pharmaceutical firm-Health First. On Mr Mathur's request, Mr Sharma accompanies him to a business meeting with Wellness Pharmaceuticals and actively participates in the process of negotiallon for a business deal anc gives the impression that he is also a partner in Health First. If credit is extended to Health First on the basis of these negotiations. Mr Sharma would also be liable for repayment of such debt, as il he is acting as the partner of the firm.
Long Answer Type Questions
Question 1. What do you understand by a sole proprietorship firm? Explain its merits and limitations?
Sole proprietorship refers to a form of business organisation which is owned, managed and controlled by an individual who is the recipient of all profits and bearer of all risks. The word "sole" implies "only" and "proprietor" refers .to "owner".
Hence, a sole proprietor is the only owner of a business. This form of business is particularly common in small scale business and areas of personalised services.
Features of Sole Proprietorship
- Formation and Closure Very few legal formalities are required to start a sole proprietary business, except in the fields where a license is required. Closure of the business can also be done easily.
- Unlimited Uabllity S?le proprietors have. unlimited liability. This implies that the owner ISpersonally responsible for payment of debts in case the assets of the business are not sufficient to meet all the debts.
- Sole Risk Bearer an.dProfit Recipient The sole proprietor bears the risk of failure of business all alone and also receives all the business profits which are a reward for his risk bearing.
- Control and Decision Making The sole proprietor has the absolute right to run the business and make all decisions regarding the business without any interference from others He is the king in all aspects.
- No Separate Entity. No distinction is made. between the sole proprietor and his business In terms of law as business does not have an identity separate from the owner. The owner is, therefore, held responsible for all the activities of the business.
- Lack of Business Continuity Sole proprietorship lacks continuity as death. insanity. imprisonment, physical ailment or bankruptcy of the sole proprietor will have a negative effect on the business and may even cause closure of the business.
Merits of Sole Proprietorship
(i) Prompt Decision Making
The decision making is prompt under sole proprietorship. a.sthere is considerable degree of freedom in making business decisions and there is no need to consult others. This results in timely capitalisation of market opportunities.
(ii) Confidentiality
All the information related to business operations is kept confidential and secrecy is maintained as the sole decision making authority restswith the proprietor. A sole proprietor is also no bound legally to publish firm's accounts.
(iii) Direct Incentive
The sole proprietor receives al the business proftts as a reward for bearing the business risk He/she is the single owner and does not need to share profit. This provides an Incentive to the sole proprietor to work hard
(iv) Sense of Accomplishment There is a sense of personal satisfaction involved In working for oneself. It insu s a sense of accomphshment and confidence in the individual.
(v) Ease of Formation and Closure An Important merit of sole proprietorship s the possibility of entering into business with minima legal formalities. There is no separate law that govens sole proprietorship. As sole proprietorship is the least regulated form of business, it is easy to start and close the business as per the wish of the owner Limitations of Sale Proprietorship
(i) Limited Resources
Resources of a sale proprietor are limited to his/her personal savings and borrowings from others Banks and other financial Institutions hesitate to provide long term loan to a sole proprietor and hence, the size of the bus ness generally remains small
(ii) Limited Life of a Business Concern Death, Insolvency or illness of a proprietor has a detrimental effects on the business and can lead to its closure
(iii) Unlimited Uability
A major disadvantage of sole proprietorship is the unlimited liability of the owner In case of failure of business, the creditors can recover their dues not only from the busmess assets but also from the personal assets of tne proprietor
(iv) Limited Managerial Ability An individual may not be good in all managerial tasks such as purchasing. seiling, financing, etc. Thus. decision making of a sole proprietor may not be effective in all the cases
Though sole propnetorsrup suffers from certa.n limitations, many entrepreneurs opt for ttus form of orqamsat-on because it requires less amount of capital and is best SUited for small businesses and where customers demand personalised services.
Question 2. Why is partnership considered by some to be a relatively unpopular form of business ownership? Explain the merits and limitations of partnership.
The Indian Partnership Act, 1932 delnes partnership as the relation between persons who have agreed to share the profit of the business carried on by all or anyone of them acting for all." Some people consider partnership to be relatively unpopular because the inherent features of partnership such as JOint risk bearing and profit sharing, collective decision making. unlimited liability of partners. etc Sometimes lead to conflicts among partners and undue burden on some of the partners Besides. public confidence in partnership firm is low. But partnership as a form of business organisation actually has both merits and limitations as discussed below
Merits of Partnership
- Ease of Formation and Closure A partnership firm can be formed with minimal legal formalities by an agreement between the prospecltve partners whereby they agree to carryout the business of the firm and share risks. Registration of the firm is also not compulsory Closure of the firm can be done easily too.
- Varied Expertise and Effective Decisions The partners can look after different functions according to their areas of expertise. This reduces the burden of work on ndividual partners and leads to more effective decisions.
- More Capital In partnership. the capital is contributed by many partners. Thus larger amount of funds are available as compared to a sole proprietor to undertake addit'onal operations when needed.
- Risk Sharing All the partners share the risks involved in running a partnership firm. This reduces the anxiety burden and stress on individual partners.
- Secrecy A partnership firm is not legally required to publish its accounts and submit reports. Hence. it can maintam confidentiality of information relating to its operations
Limitations of Partnership
(i) Unlimited Liability
The partners of a firm have unlimited liability Personal assets may be used for repaying debts if the business assets are msufncient. Further, the partners are Jointly and individually liable for payment of debts Hence if some partners are unable to pay the debt proportionate to their share, the others will have to repay the entire debt causing excessive burden on them.
(ii) Umited Resources
Partnership firms usually do not operate on a large scale as there is a restriction on the number of partners and hence. contribution in terms of capital investment rermains Insufficient for business expansion beyond a point.
(iii) Conflicts Decision making authority in a partnership is shared by all the partners Difference In opinion may thus lead to conflicts between partners Decisions of one partner are binding on other partners and a wrong decision by one may result in Imancial problem for all others.
If a partner decides to leave the firm due to conflicts thrs can result in termination of partnership as there IS a restriction on transfer of ownership.
(iv) lack of Continuity
Partnership comes to an end with the death, retirement. Insolvency or lunacy of any partner It may result in lack of continuity if the remaining partners do no enter Into a fresh agreement to continue the business.
(v) Low Public Confidence
Due to lack of transparency in the business of a partnership firm, the confidence of the public in partnership firms is generally low. It is difficult for the public to ascertain the true financial status of a partnership firm as it is not legally required to publish its financial reports or make other related information public.
Question 3. Why is it important to choose an appropriate form of organisation? Discuss the factors that determine the choice of form of organisation.
After studying various terms of business organisations. it is evident that each form has certain advantages as well as disadvantages.
The important factors deterrn.nmq the choice of organisation are discussed below
- Cost and Ease of Starting Business Sole propnetorshrp is started easily as far as initial business setting-up costs and legal requirements are concerned. In case of partnership also, the advantage of less legal formalities and lower cost is there because of limited scale of operations. Registration is compulsory in case of co-operative societies and companies Formation of a company involves a lengthy and expensive legal procedure
- Liability In case of sole proprietorship and partnership firms, the liability of the owners/partners IS unlimited. This may result in payment of debt from personal assets of the owners. In joint Hindu family business, only the karta has unlimited liability. In co-operative societies and companies, however, liability is limited and creditors can force payment of their claims only to the extent of the company's assets.
- Continuity The continuity of sole proprietorship and partnership firms is affected by events such as death, insolvency or Insanity of the owners. However, such factors do not affect the continuity of business in the case of organisations like JOintHindu family business, co-operative societies and companies.
- Managerial Ability It is difficult for a sole proprietor to have expertise in all functional areas of business. In other forms of organisations like partnership and company, there is division of work among the members which allows the managers to specialise in specific areas, leading to better decision making. But this may sometimes lead to conflicts due to differences of opinion Company form of organisation is a better alternative if the operations are complex in nature and require professional management.
- Capital Requirements For large scale operations, company form is the most suitable as large amount of funds can be arranged by issuing shares In this form. For medium and small sized business, one can opt for partnership or sole proprietorship. Capital requirements for expansion can also be met more easily in company form.
- Degree of Control Sole proprietorship provides direct control over operations and absolute decision making power. But if the owners want to share control for more effective decision making, partnership or company form of organisation can be adopted. In company form of organisation, professionals are appointed to manage the affairs of a company as there is complete separation of ownership and management.
- Nature of Business Sole proprietorship IS more suitable for businesses in which direct personal contact is needed with the customers such as in the case of a beauty parlour or grooery store. The company form of organisation is suited for large manufacturing units. Partnership form is much more suitable in case of professional services. The factors stated above are inter-related and therefore, all the relevant factors must be taken into consideration while making a decision with respect to the form of organisation.
Question 4. Discuss the characteristics, merits and limitations of co-operative form of organisation. Also describe briefly different types of co-operative societies.
According to The Indian Co-operative Societies Act, 1912, "Co-operative organisation is a society which has its objectives for the promotion of economic interests of its members in accordance with co-operative principles."
Features of a Co-operative Society
- Voluntary Membership The membership of a co-operative society is voluntary. There is no compulsion for anyone to join or quit a society after serving a notice procedurally. Membership is open to all, irrespective of their religion, caste and gender.
- Legal Status Registration of a co-operative society is compulsory. This accords a separate Identity to the society which is distinct from its members. The society can enter into contracts and hold property in its name, sue and be sued by others. As a result of being a separate legal entity, it is not affected by the entry or exit of its members.
- Umited Liability The liability of the members of co-operative society is limited to the extent of the amount contributed by them as capital.
This defines the maximum risk that a member can be asked to bear.
- Control In a co-operative society, the power to take decisions lies in the hands of an elected managing committee. The right to vote gives the members a chance to choose the members who will constitute the managing committee and this leads the co-operative society a democratic character.
- Service Motive The co-operative society through its purpose lays emphasis on the values of mutual help and welfare. Hence, the motive of service dominates its working. If any surplus is generated as a result of its operations, it is distributed amongst the members as dividend in conformity with the bye-laws of the society.
Merits of Co-operative Society
- Equality in Votes Co-operative society is governed by the principle of 'one man one vote'. Each member is entitled to equal voUng rights irrespective of the amount of capital contributed by a member.
- Limited Liability The liability of members of a co-operative society is limited to the extent of their capital contribution and hence, the
personal assets of the members oannot be used to repay business debts.
- Continuity Death, bankruptcy or insanity of the members do not affect continuity of a co-operative society.
- Economy in Operations The focus of co-operative society is on elimination of middlemen which helps in reducing costs. The members generally ofter honorary services to the society and the risk of bad debts is lower as customers or producers are members of the society too.
- Government Support The co-operative society is supported by the government in the form of low taxes, subsidies and low interest rates on loans.
- Ease of Formation The co-operative society can be started with a minimum of ten members and the registration procedure is done under Co-operative Societies Act, 1912.
Limitations of Co-operative Society
- Limited Resources Capital contributions in a cooperative society are from the members with limited means.
- Inefficient Management The members of co-operative societies are not professionals and offer honorary services on a voluntary basis. They are not equipped to carry out the management functions effectively.
- Lack of Secrecy It is difficult to maintain secrecy about the operations of a co-operative society due to open discussions in the meetings and disclosure obligations as per the Societies Act, (7).
- Government Regulations Co-operauve societtes have to comply with several rules and regulations related to auditing of accounts. submission of accounts. etc and also work under control of state co-operative departments.
- Internal Conflicts Internal conflicts arise when personal interests start dominating the welfare motive.
Types of Co-operative Societies
- Consumer's Co-operative Societies The consumer co-operative societies are comprises to protect the Interests of consumers as Its aim is eliminating middlemen to achieve economy in operations and provide good quality products at reasonable prices it purchases goods in bulk directly from the wholesalers and sells goods to the members.
- Producer's Co-operative Societies These societies are comprise to protect the interest of small producers and are set up to provide the supplying of raw materials equipment and other Inputs to the members and buying their output for sale Profits among the members are distributed on the basts of their contnbutions to the society.
- Marketing Co-operative Societies Such societies consist to help the small producers who wish to obtain reasonable pnces for their output and want to market their products. Its members jOintly perform marketing functions like transportation. warehousing, packaging, etc to sell the output at the best possible price and profits are distributed according to each member's contnbutton to the pool of output.
- Farmer's Co-operative Societies These societies comprise of farmers as members who Jointly take up farming activiues to gain the benefits of large scale farming and Increase the productivity. Such societies provide better quality seeds, fertilisers, machinery and other modern techniques to member farmers.
- Credit Co-operative Societies Credit co-operative societies are formed for providing easy credit on reasonable terms to the members These societies provide loans at low rates to members out of the amounts collected as capital and deposits from the members thereby eliminating exploitation by moneylenders.
- Co-operative Housing Societies Co-operative housing societies help people with low income to construct houses at reasonable costs and giving them the option of paying in instalments. These societies construct flats or provide plots to members for construction of houses.
Questins 5. Distinguish between a Joint Hindu family business and partnership.
|Joint Hindu Family
|Easy formation with
An agreement between partners.
|Easy formation with less legal formalities than Partnership.
|Minimum members should be 2 and maximum 10 for banking and 20 for others.
|At least two persons for division of famIly property with no maximum limit of members.
|Registration Requirement
|Registration is optional.
|Exemption from registrallon
|Capital Contribution
|Limited but more than that can be raised In case of sole proprietorship.
|The captal contribution comes from Ancestral property.
|Liability of members is unlimited and joint.
|Liability is unlimited only for Karta while it is limited for
other members
|Control and
|Partners take decisions Joint and constent of all partners is needed.
|Karta takes decisoos which are bindIng on other members.
|Stable but affected by status of partners.
|Stable business, continues even in Karta dies through
Succession in family.
Question 6. Despite limitations of size and resources, many people continue to prefer sole proprietorship over other forms of organisation? Why?
Sole proprietorship refers to a form of business organisation which is owned, managed and controlled by an individual who bears all risks and receives all profits. This form of business is suited mainly in areas of personalised services and small scale activities due to shortage of capital and limited abilities of an individual who is the proprietor. Still many people continue to prefer sole proprietorship over other forms of organisation as sole proprietorship offers many advantages such as
- Prompt Decision Making The decision making is prompt under sole proprietorship as there is considerable degree of freedom in making business decisions and there is no need to consult others as in case of partnership or co-operative. This results in effective capitalisation of market opportunities as and when they arise.
- Confidentiality All the information related to business operations is kept confidential and secrecy is maintained as the sole decision making authority rests with the proprietor unlike partnership or co-operative form. A sole proprietor is also not bound legally to publish firm's accounts as in case of a company.
- Incentive to Work The sole proprietor receives all the business profits as a reward for bearing the business risk He/She is the single owner and does not need to share profit. This provides an incentive to the sole proprietor to work hard.
- Sense of Accomplishment There is a sense of personal satisfaction involved in working for oneself. It instils a sense of accomplishment and confidence in the individual as he/she is the one who takes all the decisions without any interference from others which is present in all other forms of organisation.
- Ease of Formation and Closure An important merit of sole proprietorship is the possibility of entering into business with minimal legal formalities. There is no separate law that governs sole proprietorship unlike other forms like co-operative or company. As sole proprietorship is the least regulated form of business, it is easy to start and close the business as per the wish of the owner.
Application Type Questions
Question 1. In which form of organisation is a trade agreement made by one owner binding on the others? Give reasons to support your answer.
In partnership form of organisation, a trade agreement made by one owner is binding on the others.
The Indian Partnership Act, 1932 defines partnership as "the relation between persons who have agreed to share the profit of the business carried on by all or anyone of them acting for all.'
The definition of partnership highlights the fact that it is a business carried on by all or anyone of the partners acting for all. One partner is an agent of other partners as he/she represents them and thereby binds them through his/her acts. He/She is a principal as he/she too can be bound by the acts of other partners Hence, every partner is both an agent and a principal. This is the reason why a trade agreement made by one owner is binding on the others.
Further, the partners are jointly responsible for the payment of debts and they contribute in proportion to their share in business and as such are liable to that extent. The partners share amongst themselves the responsibility of decrsion making and control of day-to-day activities.
Question 2. The business assets of an organisation amount to ₹ 50,000 but the debts that remain unpaid are ₹ 80,000. What course of action can the creditors take if
(a) The organisation is a sole proprietorship firm.
(b) The organisation is a partnership firm with Anthony and Akbar as partners.
Which of the two partners can the creditors approach for repayment of debt? Explain giving reasons.
(a) The organisation is a sale proprietorship firm Sale proprietors have unlimited iability This impl es that the owner is personally responsible for payment of debts in case the assets of the business are not sufficient to meet all the debts. As such the owner's personal possessions such as his/her personal car and other assets could be sold for repaying the debt. In the given case the total debts that remain unpaid are ₹ 80,000 but the organisational assets amount to ₹ 50,000 only. In such a situation the creditors can demand from the proprietor to pay ₹ 30,000 from his/her personal sources even If he/she has to sell his/her personal property to repay the firm's debts.
(b) The organisation is a partnership firm with Anthony and Akbar as partners The partners of a firm have unlimited liability. Personal assets may be used for repaying debts In case the business assets are insufficient. As the total debts that remain unpaid are ₹ 80,000 but the organisational assets amount to ₹ 50,000 only, the creditors can demand from both or any of the partners Anthony and Akbar to pay ₹ 30,000 from their personal sources even If they have to sell their personal property to repay the firm's debts.
In the gIven situation, creditors can demand the payment of debt from both Anthony and Akbar as the partners are jointly hable for payment of debts and they contribute in proportion to their share in business as they are liable to that extent However, if one of them is not available or is unable to pay, the other partner will have to pay the creditors as each partner can be held responsible for repaying the debts of the business Such a partner can later recover from the other partner an amount of money equivalent to the share jn liability deftned as per the partnership agreement
Question 3. Kiran is a sole proprietor. Over the past decade, her business has grown from operating a neighbourhood corner shop selling accessories such as artificial jewellery, bags, hair clips and nail art to a retail chain with three branches in the city. Although, she looks after the varied functions in all the branches. She is wondering whether she should form a company to better manage the business.
She also has plans to open branches country wide.
(a) Explain two benefits of remaining a sole proprietor.
(b) Explain two benefits of converting to a Joint Stock Company.
(c) What role will her decision to go nationwide play in her choice of form of the organisation?
(d) What legal formalities will she have to underqo to operate business as a company?
(a) Kiran may have the following two benefits of remaining a sole proprietor.
- Being the sole proprietor Kiran can enjoy all the profit earned from the business without having the need to share it with anyone.
- She does not have to publish accounts or be regulated under any law governing sole proprietorship which maintains secrecy of the business activities.
(b) Kiran may have the following two benefits of converting to a Joint Stock Company.
- She will be able to acquire the funds required for expansion of her retail chain branches country wide through share capital in a Joint Stock Company.
- Public has more faith in a Joint Stock Company than in a sale proprietorship firm which will help In increasing the customer base for Kiran's business.
(c) Her decision to go nationwide involves an Increase in her scale of operation, requirement of capital and management abilities. As a sale proprietor, she may face limitations of resources and her limited managerial ability. She may not be good In all managerial tasks such as purchasing. selling. financing, etc. Thus, her decision making may not be effective in all the situations especially when there are complexities of large scale operation. Besides. she will have to bear more risk individually if she remains a sole proprietor and her liability will increase to a large extent. All these factors will definitely playa role in her choice of form of organisation and she will have much stronger reasons to form a Joint Stock Company in this case.
(d) The formation of a company requires greater time. effort and extensive knowledge of legal requirements and the procedures involved. To operate her business as a company. first of all, Kiran will have to prepare several documents and will have to ensure compliance with several legal equirements before it can start functioning. She will have to register her company registration of the company is compulsory as provided under the Indian Companies Act. 1956.
The Companies Act requires each public company to provide a lot of information to the office of the registrar of companies from time-to-time which Kiran will have to provide. The functioning of a company is subject to many legal provisions and compulsions A company has to comply with various restrictions including audit, voting, filing of reports and preparation of documents, and is required to obtain various certificates from different agencies such as registrar, SEBI, etc.
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NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Business Studies All Chapters
- Chapter 1- Nature and Purpose of Business
- Chapter 2 – Forms of Business Organisation
- Chapter 3 – Private, Public and Global Enterprises
- Chapter 4 – Business Services
- Chapter 5 – Emerging Modes of Business
- Chapter 6 – Social Responsibilities of Business
- Chapter 7 – Formation of a Company
- Chapter 8 – Sources of Business Finance
- Chapter 9 – Small Business
- Chapter 10 – Internal Trade
- Chapter 11 – International Business – I
- Chapter 12 – International Business – II
We hope that our NCERT Solutions for 11 Business Studies helped with your studies! If you liked our NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Business Studies, please share this post.
NCERT Solutions for Class 11 All Subjects
|Business Studies


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The Associate Board is composed of a group of emerging civic and business leaders who volunteer and raise funds and awareness for Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, the "#1 Rehabilitation Hospital in America"* since 1991. continues to be the benefit the Associate Board members appreciate most.
The board provides an opportunity to network and forming lasting relationships that often extend outside Board activities. Members also have an opportunity to showcase talents and interests in planning fundraising events and organizing volunteer activities, all while helping our patients. For more information, click here to download a PDF with more Associate Board information or scroll down for answers to some of our Frequently Asked Questions.
Executive Members
President: Trisha Tesmer
VP: Breanne Littleton
VP: Micheal Swan
Secretary/Social Media: Nicollette Khuans
Treasurer: Matt Passen
Membership Enrichment: Dana Henderson
Prospective Membership: Nate Chambery
Prospective Membership: Ted Fournier
Board FAQs
How do I join the Associate Board?
The Associate Board welcomes those interested in joining the board to attend one of its business meetings or many events to learn more about the group.
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How often does the Associate Board meet?
Full Associate Board meetings are held at Shirley Ryan AbilityLab each spring and fall. There are also monthly event committee meetings and various social gatherings throughout the year, including summer and winter holiday celebrations and the Board's fundraising events Art in Motion.
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Call 312-238-7693 for ticket information for Art in Motion
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The Associate Board directs its contributions to the hospitals Pediatric and Adolescent Program, Pediatric Charity Care and art therapy programs through the Therapeutic Recreation Program. Make a donation here.
What are the expectations of Associate Board members?
Associate Board members are asked to attend the spring and fall business meetings, volunteer at Shirley Ryan AbilityLab and Associate Board events, serve on Associate Board committees and make an annual dues contribution in the amount of $250. The annual dues contribution includes admission to the summer and holiday socials.
If you are interested in joining or learning more about the Associate Board, please contact Molly Rinehart at firstname.lastname@example.com or 312-238-6209.


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If you're a job seeker, returning to work, retrenched worker, apprentice, trainee or business looking for staff, our employment pathways hub, the South West Skills and Jobs Centre, has everything you need.
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News & Announcements
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- News & Announcements
2018 Thunderbird Run
Release Date: March 26, 2018
The Mahwah Thunderbird Run 10K / 5K / Kids Run is Sunday, April 22nd at Mahwah High School. Register at www.thunderbirdrunmahwah.com
The Thunderbird Run has partnered with Soles4Souls and is hosting a shoe drive until April 22nd. Donation boxes are at the Police Station, the Library and Town Hall in addition to all of the schools. Click here for more information: FLYER


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If you haven't tried adding more than one colour of foil to your images using the GoPress and Foil you are seriously missing out.
I first thought of this idea when I had loads of little bits of foil left over after cutting my foil into the shapes of my dies and stamps to prevent transfer of foil around the edges of my cardstock.
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Place your New Year Stamp onto the platform and heat the stamp.
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Place the foils face down onto your design, add the cardstock and shims and send through your GoCut machine to lock in the impression on your cardstock.
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Products Used
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Prepare for your first of many media interviews, speeches, and political debates.
Vohra public speaking training develops the vocal and gesture control, posture, and rhetorical abilities necessary for speeches, on-camera interviews, and political debates. At a technical level, students develop control of their speaking volume, speed, pitch, and timbre, while learning effective posture, breath support, and gestures.
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The public speaking training at Vohra is harder than that of any other school, but your hard work will open doors at the highest levels of business and politics.


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Ways to Give
2019 Donor Survey- Click here
Fill plates, nourish communities
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Mail your donation
You can also mail a check to Food Bank of Alaska, 2121 Spar Avenue, Anchorage, AK 99501.
Show how you love Alaska with a gift from your Permanent Fund Dividend to end hunger.
Choose to Pick.Click.Give. when you file for your PFD or add a gift through August 31.
Donate stock
Call our Donor Relations Manager Karla Jutzi, 907-222-3112 or email firstname.lastname@example.com.
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Other ways to help
You can give when you shop, donate when you run, and more. Learn more
Food Bank of Alaska's Gift Acceptance Policy


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This Session Is Yours
You've chosen to have these photos because you want them. Trust me, you'll want to remember this moment in your life; the moment before you were married and there wasn't a piece of paper with your names on it. It's a special feeling of being young and in love. Let's make this session about what you guys want. I'm here to help you along. But be you, and do what you want because these are your photos.
Enjoy The Moment
If you're not enjoying some epic scenery, you're at least spending time with your partner. That's a pretty unique thing we sometimes take for granted. So remember to hold a little tighter, gaze a little longer, and kiss a little more. Stop thinking about everything else and just enjoy some cuddles with your loved one.
Make It A Date
This isn't something that we just want to cross off the to-do list. This is a special moment, and I want you guys feeling good. Start the day with a nice breakfast, spend some time together before the session. Grab some flowers, maybe some road beers, a cozy blanket and enjoy a sunset. It's the little things like this that will take the nervous feeling off your shoulders.
Cuddle Sessions
What I mean by that is you'll be doing a lot of holding, nuzzling, and cradling. Enjoy the moment and find comfort in closeness. You're going to get cozy!
Do As You Please
You see the cool view over there? Grab your partners hand and walk with them to the viewpoint and then wrap them up in your arms as you as gaze out. Sounds pretty normal right? I'm your personal paparazzi. My goal is to always make it seem like I'm not there. I'll help pose you and direct you through different motions, but you're never required to do what I say. I appreciate spontaneity and truly genuine moments. You just have to trust me that I'll be there to capture it.
Less is More.
Try not to bring anything we'll have to carry while we shoot. Like I said, I appreciate spontaneity and genuine moments, and if we're putting our belongings down and then just picking them back up again, it hinders that flow. We don't want to worry about anything else, plus we can keep things in the car! Be light, be adventurous.
What To Wear
Try to stay away from bright and saturated colors. These garments can cast weird colors on your skin, and often times are overpowering. Go with neutrals & earth tones! Next, try to fit the scene we're shooting in! I think the stigma of "dressing up" for your engagements is a little dated. Of course, if that's your thing, let's go with that, but if not, do your best to fit the scene. Aka, those heels might look weird in a forest. Wear what makes you feel epic, or wear what you usually would. Your comfort is key. You don't need to be something you're not.
Where, When & Why
Being from the Pacific Northwest, we have a multitude of beautiful places to work from. Let's try and find a location & time that fits you. Are you more like city folk? Do you prefer going to the coast or the mountains? Does a particular hike or place have some sentimental value to you? Are you early risers or night owls? Wherever and whenever we choose to have our session will influence the vibe, so let's talk about it.
The Unpredictable
Of course, weather plays a significant factor in many of my sessions. We'll do our best to plan for the optimum weather. But we can't shy away from the unpredictable nature of the PNW weather. It may rain, it may be cloudy, it may be really windy. We just need to remember that the world isn't "perfect" and nor do our photos have to be. Embrace the craziness of whatever happens during the session and don't worry about how things are looking. I'm here to take care of all that stuff, and you just need to be in the moment enjoying it all.
It's Okay To Act Yourself
I've worked with a ton of couples. I like to think I've seen it all, but I know I haven't. Surprise me! Don't ever think you can't do those weird little things you guys do when it's just you two. I'm not going to judge you guys at all, and in fact, I want you to embrace anything that makes you two unique. From extrovert craziness to introvert reserve, embrace who you are.
Trust Me On This
Of course, I never want you to do something that makes you really uncomfortable. A little bit? Sure ya. But we're here to have fun and take some photos. You're going to get a bit dirty, you're going to stand, walk, sit, etc. in places that you may not think is the most picturesque, but just trust me on this.


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Darker Than Black
Summary: >
A decade ago the night sky was changed forever. The normal stars were replaced, and the moon was to never be seen again. Aside from this, two areas known as gates also appeared. The new stars each correspond to a new type of human known as a contractor. A contractor is a person with a super ability which they gain at the cost of their emotions, and use of their power compels them to preform an odd obsessive behavior. Contractors were used to fight one another in an all out war over the first gate in South America which lead to it's destruction along with millions of people around it. That was five years ago and the remaining gate is in the middle of Tokyo Japan.
Contractors, and knowledge of the nature of the stars is all hidden from the regular world population who go about their normal lives. However some such as the Public Security Bureau's Misaki Kirihara are charged with keeping things a secret and often mopping up the mess. But things around the city are getting even more heated then usual with Contractor activity. In particular Kirihara is interested in the Contractor corresponding to star BK-201: aka the Black Reaper.
Ominous name aside, Hei (BK-201) is one of the most skilled contractors out there. He's also unusual. Unlike most contractors he's often kind, friendly and generally... human. Hei's job entails working with a cell of a secret organization called the syndicate. Hei and his team never question their jobs or why they do them but over time some questions begin to be raised. It seems inevitable that Hei will end up on a collision course with chief Kirihara. And then he's the biggest problem yet: the ex-girlfriend shows up.
Thoughts: >
Darker Than Black took me by surprise in a few ways. First of all the quality of artwork and animation are consistently good. I typically don't hold my breath for the first two episodes of any anime since it's often a struggling point in most titles, but Darker Than Black managed to do well right out of the gate.
Characters are as deep as they need to be, although Hei's character is a bit odd. He's either kind and empathetic, or a heartless killer but it's almost like they're two different people. Either way you like him as a friendly dope, or a professional ass kicker. Yin is another interesting character, but there is only so much you could get out of an emotionless doll, and I was surprised that Darker Than Black didn't stoop the cheap level so many other titles would have in gimmicks around her.
The other main character is character is Misaki. Interesting, with much of the story revolving around her and the law enforcement view , yet her story and Hei's never really converge like expected and they always end up seeing different sides of the same coin. Two other side characters worth mentioning are Gai and Kiko with a detective agency. The Bogart wannabe and his anime crazed assistant (with a huge crush on Hei) seem like they would be disastrously idiotic but are honestly hilarious. They cleverly give Darker Than Black some humor without getting in the way of the overall story.
Oh yes, the story. The stories aren't that bad, mainly dealing with contractors and so forth. The eventual plot build up was decent although not mind blowing either. I can also appreciate (the last) episode 26 being silly fluff that's just meant to be a lot of fun. It leaves the series on a lighter note as opposed to the more serious climax an episode before.
The coolest aspect of Darker Than Black is most certainly with the weird setup of the whole thing. The stars being replaced by "fake" stars is weird, but how the stars directly correspond to contractors and creates a whole new seriousness to stargazing and astrology. The weirdest thing of all is most certainly the obsessive compulsive behavior needed to be performed by contractors in order to use their powers. Dog ear each page on a book, taking shoes off and putting them upside down on the ground. If people think you're weird watching anime normally, try to explain this stuff when they walk into the room...
So getting to the baseline verdict for this show. It's good. Darker Than Black is better than average in all aspects and consistently so. It's just not exceptional at anything either, and feels a bit generic. Being generic isn't all bad, such as the case here where Darker Than Black takes what has been done before, fine tunes it, and puts it in a great package. There's also a bit of frosting with the weird stuff that does honestly give this anime its own feel. With quality and consistency, Darker Than Black proves to be well worth watching.
Quote: >
Kurosawa: Watching the same crimes play out year after year, like a jukebox with one sad song. It's a city with no one to trust, and no one to love. Where cigarette butts are the only ass you get.
Screen Caps: >
«- back to reviews
reviewed by archen in 2011


text: Okay so I heard if you get it done by a gun its bad but i want one when i turn 13 which is in like a month. But i know if you get it done at a parlor you cant until your 18. I was wanting to do it at Claires but since i heard people say its bad to do it with a gun. Can you help me thanks :]]]


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Ignite the flame in your god
1| spiritual awakening on our Campuses
Pray for spiritual awakening in campus ministries an in our own lives. Pray for a return to First Love and a forsaking of all other things. Pray for a new obedience in the hearts of believers to the Word of God. Pray for John 17 unity in the Body of Christ on your campus. Pray for the outpouring of the Holy Spirit (Acts 2).
2| salvation of the lost
Pray that lost on your campus would come to know Jesus Christ through His Gospel. Pray that the Gospel goes forth swiftly on your campus, in signs, wonders, and miracles. Pray for your lost dorm mates and classmates. Pray for your lost professors and deans to be saved.
3| student volunteer missions
Pray, "Lord of the harvest, thrust forth laborers into the harvest field!" (Matt. 9:38) Pray that God would send the best and the brightest from the universities of America, unto the hardest and darkest places of the earth. Pray that they would go where the Gospel has not yet been preached.


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CenterStage Dance
Technique Builds
Try outs for the 2019/2020 season will be in the spring of 2019. Check back for more information soon!
The CenterStage Performing Company (CSPC) is a team of dedicated young dancers who participate in competitions in and near Arkansas throughout the dance season. They compete as groups, soloists, and duo/trios. The CSPC attends dance class at least twice a week to rehearse their numbers and work on technique.
The CSPC has won several awards at past competitions, including being a part of the top ten and top five of their category. They have even won first place in their categories and overall, as well as special judges awards for teamwork, costumes, and choreography.
The CSPC is divided into three age groups:
Mini CSPC: ages 6-8
Junior CSPC: ages 9-12
Senior CSPC: ages 13-18
Registration is closed!
Registration for the 2018-2019 season is closed!
Check back in summer of 2019 to register for the 2019-2020 dance season!


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HORIZON 2020 EURATOM Integrating radiation research in the European Union
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If You like see more detailed information about this call, and others, please subscribe EU Funds Register internet package.This activity will build on the Strategic Research Agendas of MELODI, NERIS and ALLIANCE, while also making use of other existing expertise in Europe, notably regarding dosimetry (EURADOS) and the medical use of ionising radiation. EU funding will specifically be devoted to supporting the further integration, at EU level, of radiation protection research, with due attention to the interaction and synergies to be established between the various areas of expertise, in particular biology, biophysics, epidemiology, dosimetry and modelling.
You might be interested in
HORIZON 2020 Societal Challenges CALL – SMART CITIES AND COMMUNITIES Developing a framework for common, transparent data collection and performance measurement to allow comparability and replication between solutions and best-practice identification › read more
Fission Improved safety design and operation of fission reactors › read more
HORIZON 2020 Societal Challenges Growing a Low Carbon, Resource Efficient Economy with a Sustainable Supply of Raw Materials ERA for Climate Services › read more
HORIZON 2020 Industrial Leadership H2020-LEIT-Space-Competitivenessof the European Space Sector-2014 In-Space electrical propulsion and station keeping COMPET-03-2014 › read more
HORIZON 2020 Industrial Leadership H2020-LEIT-Space-Competitivenessof the European Space Sector-2014 Transnational and international cooperation among NCPs COMPET-11-2014 › read more
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A good book review is a short, good essay. "Indeed," Dr. King once suggested in his essay The Book Review, "a review of only 50 or 60 words may serve admirably. . . . There is no intrinsic value in a 60-word limit, but for acquiring writing discipline, there is a great value in having limits which must be respected." Books are not book reviews, however, and brevity may be damaging. A book intended for specialists in radiology, hematology, and chemotherapy is definitely no place to cut corners.
Although there are numerous good and redeeming features in each of the
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Gallagher group boss stresses Chilton is the 'real deal' who can deliver
Pat Gallagher has brushed aside any lingering concerns about David Ross and the UK management team leaving for Towergate, stressing his business has 'not lost one dollar of revenue' as a result.
The Gallagher chief executive was quizzed by analysts about what impact the exits of the management team at Gallagher International would have on the business.
Former chief executive David Ross, finance head Mark Mugge, retail chief Janice Deakin, underwriting chairman Adrian Brown and risk chief Sarah Dalgarno have all jumped ship for Towergate.
"Really what we have in the UK is about 5,000 people there and we had five people depart and we have a really solid leadership team we are excited about," Pat Gallagher told analysts on a conference call.
"We have not lost one dollar of revenue, not one dollar. And I think with Chilly in the seat, the line of people looking to be hired by Gallagher has expanded substantially and we feel really good about that. So I think net net, in the end, we're going to be up nicely on revenue."
Stressing the credentials of new International boss Grahame Chilton, Pat Gallagher said he was the 'real deal'.
"The board is incredibly comfortable with Chilly. I've known Chilly for a long, long time and to be on the same team is really exciting. He is a solid, solid, senior executive who has great experience in running public companies. He's a brokers' broker which we like because we are a brokerage run by brokers," Pat Gallagher said.
Pat Gallagher said the UK was 'holding up nicely' on rating. He said the Chicago head-quartered global broking group was enjoying a good year as it strived purposefully towards its four big goals: organic growth, improving its margins, mergers and acquisitions, and finally, maintaining its unique culture.
Pat Gallagher accuses David Ross, Mark Mugge and Chris Keey of organising team lifts and ruining Gallagher's acquisitions' pipeline. The trio deny all the allegations. Ross and Mugge have launched a counter-claim for harassment. A trial is expected to start any time between July 10 and 17.


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NZ TV Premiere: FutureWeapons (Series 2)
Discovery Channel – Thursdays from 25 October, 8.30pm
Former Navy SEAL Richard "Mack" Machowicz returns for new episodes of this popular series that goes in search of the latest, cleverest and most terrifying technology starting to dominate the battlefields of the 21st century. Mack introduces the macabre and secret world of weapons development including some that seek out targets almost on their own; others that tap new forms of destructive power; and a few that push the limits of overwhelming force. Viewers will witness weapons that always find their target, including the AS50 semi-automatic sniper rifle and the Vulcan and Aardvark mine destroyers. Other episodes feature weapons that defeat the opposition including the Boot Banger car bomb neutraliser and the amazing Dragon Skin body armour. Mack also gets hands on with the weapons and tries them out for himself – firing anything from smart missiles to futuristic lasers.


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What's SEMrush? Seo Penalty Checker
SEMrush is an Internet marketing and competitive intelligence Suite of SEO tools you can use in advertising to find top ranking results. Founded by entrepreneurs and designed for entrepreneurs, SEMrush has grown from a start-up in 2008 to an established worldwide brand encouraging 20,000 partners, 3 Million users, and over 8.3 Billion keywords worldwide. SEMrush is your best-in-class service provider when it comes To online marketing and relative competitive intelligence. No wonder the word SEMrush means the same thing as relative and competitive intelligence. Seo Penalty Checker
Features of the plans that are different
Are you a startup or a freelancer, little or growing Marketing agency, an agency with an established brand or an extensive presence that requires a marketing solution for your company? Well search no more, because from just $99.95 to 399.95 USD per month, SEMrush has packages and plans intended for your size of business.
Furthermore, annual subscriptions can be made by you for your Advertising and competitive intelligence services, which may help you save around $800! For the monthly subscriptions however, SEMrush includes 4 Major price plans, namely:
1. SEMrush Pro Plan:
Designed for in-house marketers start-ups and freelancers With a low budget, this, $99.95/month program, is the most basic plan that provides you with access to 28 advanced tools and features to enhance your marketing. It will only cost you $999.40 to get a yearly subscription. By the On-Page SEO Checker into Organic Traffic Insights, from PPC Keyword Tool to Ad Builder and other tools and features, this program gives you more than enough tools and features to give you an advantage over your competition. This program gives you reports while also letting One track 500 keywords, to use 5 endeavors, crawl 100,000 pages and monitor 50 social networking profiles. Permitting you to conduct your SEO, PPC (Pay per Click) campaigns and Social Media Marketing to your business, this strategy provides you the'spying' possibility you'll need by providing you with in-depth investigation and information regarding your competitor's resources of visitors, social networking outcomes, along with other relevant marketing-related information.
2. SEMrush Pro Strategy:
At $199.95 USD a month, this plan is suitable for small And growing businesses and advertising and marketing agencies. You have the choice of paying 1,999.40 upfront for an yearly subscription. Apart from getting all of the tools and features the Pro plan comprises, the Guru plan comes with Historical data Branded reports and elongated limits as well. This program supplies you with 5,000 daily reports in addition to a total of 50 jobs, 1,500 keywords to track, 300,000 pages to crawl and the capacity to monitor 100 Social Media profiles.
3. SEMrush Business Plan:
This plan is designed for agencies, E-commerce projects, and Companies with a comprehensive web presence. Cost at $399.95 USD per month or $3,999.95 for a yearly subscription, it provides you 10,000 reports per day whilst at the same time offering you a total of 200 Projects, 5,000 key words to track, 1,000,000 pages to crawl and the capacity to monitor 300 Social Media profiles.
4. SEMrush Enterprise Plan:
Designed for brands and businesses that need and Customized advertising and competitive intelligence solutions is available upon request. Aside from enabling its users to get API access and unlimited daily accounts, this program allows its users to extend their limits and make unlimited projects, unlimited tracking, unlimited pages to crawl and Social Media tracking and submitting. Seo Penalty Checker
Advantages and Disadvantages of using SEMrush
1. Access to Tools That Increase Your ROI For Paid Promotion:
From SEMrush being easy to use, in Addition, It gives you Access to keyword research tools that throw out any guesswork of the window. During the SEMrush Keyword study, Keyword Magic Tool and Keyword Difficulty tools, you can use the SEMrush recommendations to increase your ROI.
2. Site Audits and Keyword Research: SEMrush Is Useful If you have to check and compare the health status of your site'SEO-wise' together with your competitors' websites too. SEMrush also has no equal when it comes to present keyword monitoring and suggestions on emerging and upcoming keywords.
3. All-Under-One-Roof Tools: Whether it is SEO or content Marketing, keyword research Ad construction, Multi-targeting and social networking tracking and posting, you name it, SEMrush has it under one roof enabling a freelancer and some other business to maximize their advertising and competitive intelligence objectives.
4. Access to Actionable Data and Insight: With over 3 Million users who research 800 million key words and through 130 million domains from the SEMrush database, SEMrush possesses a treasure trove of data that marketers and SEO specialists can use to create insight and make SEO and online marketing strategies.
5. Get to Search Engines Pages' Top: With a regularly Database of more than 10 Million keywords sourced SEMrush is in the best position to make sure your site rankings higher and gets into the top of the search engines results pages.
6. Easy to Understand Reports serving Third-party customers, many of whom may not be SEO-savvy, SEMrush goes a very long way in making sure the daily report which SEMrush provides to them are user-friendly and free.
1. Price: If only it were possible to get the SEMrush tools and features under a single roof in a cheaper cost.
2. Keyword Direction, Access &: It could be challenging sifting Through trying to find specific keywords Million key words that the SEMrush database keeps and updates.
3. No Branded Reports:
SEO advertising agencies and specialists that deliver regular Reports to their clients may desire to have the reports branded using their corporate images. SEMrush does not allow this at the moment.
Can I urge SEMrush for your online marketing and competitive intelligence?
It is not as Straightforward as No. The search engine of Exactly the way Google has better Search query on its website, SEMrush has gotten better with every keyword every page crawled and every social networking profile captured. Because it takes time, engineering and tremendous capacity to Be able to crawl and create the type of online data that a firm like SEMrush generates, I'd recommend that when choosing your online advertising or competitive intelligence partner, ask yourself these questions:
1. Are they tried and tested?
2. Perhaps they delivered in different companies?
To Assist You answer the questions above, SEMrush has not just Been proven and tested by everyone including that SEO man you know from next door, but it has also delivered incredible results to established brands the likes of Amazon, Forbes, HP, Deloitte, eBay etc.. As a matter of fact, Booking.com always gets a #1 position on Google one of 17 million results, thanks to SEMrush! That's not to say that using SEMrush will guarantee that your Success, but you can be certain that using a marketing and Competitive intelligence partner will exponentially improve your probability of success. Seo Penalty Checker


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Exhibitions – See Happy Days
We just love to show off our assisted living resources, memory prompts, nostalgic materials and room displays for people who need extra care, elderly or people living with dementia. So if you have a care service, carer or dementia related event or exhibition in the North of England, please contact us – we would be happy to bring along a colourful display to share with everyone.
Forthcoming Exhibition Dates:
I am proud to share the news that I have been selected to showcase and demonstrate Happy Days materials at:
The Care and Dementia Show – NEC Birmingham Tues 3rd / Wed 4th November
– I'm really looking forward to chatting with you ..
Peggy's Journey – An exiting conference on Dementia & Learning Disabilities
26th November – Gujarat Hindu Centre, Preston
Foe details email: firstname.lastname@example.com
To exhibit – contact: email@example.com


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Arne Lietz
Arne Lietz has been an MEP since 2014. He is a member of the EU's foreign affairs and development committees. Since coming into office, he has been working on the issue of sustainable textile and garment production, and campaigning for an EU-wide regulation on the traceability of supply chains in the textile and garment industry. Arne is the co-author of the European Parliament own-initiative report on the "Flagship initiative on the garment sector".
Europe | 27.07.2018
Transatlantic relations | 27.12.2017
Relationship status: It's complicated
Human rights | 10.07.2017