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Install line combines high performance with elegant aesthetic 6/13/2013 Seattle, WA — BEHRINGER has checked off another milestone on their expansion into installed sound with the announcement that the CL Series of loudspeakers are now shipping to all markets, globally. … Continue reading →
5/15/2013 Bothell, WA — In a recent independent test, the BEHRINGER TRUTH B2031A studio monitor loudspeakers matched the performance of the much higher-priced and acclaimed Linkwitz Orion loudspeakers. Earl R. Geddes, PhD., a leading authority in loudspeaker design, conducted a … Continue reading →
ProShows Completes 500 X32 Workshops in Six Months 5/6/2013 — Brazilian proaudio distributor ProShows recently concluded a six-month marathon series of 500 workshops featuring the BEHRINGER X32 digital mixer. Shortly after the Expomusic show in October 2012, ProShows embarked on … Continue reading →
X32 takes top award for industry's best live sound console 4/16/2013 FRANKFURT, Germany — Musikmesse International Press Awards (MIPA) honored BEHRINGER's X32 Digital Mixing Console with the highly coveted award for Best Mixing Desk (Live) at the annual Prolight + … Continue reading →
Powerful DAW offered free with select BEHRINGER gear 4/10/2013 — Tracktion 4, the newest generation of legendary Tracktion Music Production Software, is now bundled with a range of BEHRINGER interfaces, mixers and controllers. Effective May 1, 2013 customers who purchase … Continue reading →
3/26/2013 Seattle, WA — BEHRINGER unveiled today the latest addition to its EUROLIVE family, the ultra-compact B1200D 500-Watt active subwoofer. Based on the company's highly successful B1500D-PRO and B1800D-PRO models, the B1200D is ideal for small to mid-sized venues, or … Continue reading →
3/24/2013 Seattle, WA — BEHRINGER has unveiled its new EUROLIVE B207MP3, a multi-purpose, 150-Watt, active loudspeaker designed for vocal and/or keyboard monitoring, multimedia, press conferences, and other applications where space is at a premium. Based on the company's hugely popular … Continue reading →
3/20/2013 Seattle, WA — The BEHRINGER EUROPORT EPS500MP3 PA System is a marvel of modern engineering, ideally-suited for musicians, DJs, schools, gyms—or anyone seeking an easy-to-use, high-quality portable and lightweight audio solution. The compact system is easy to set up … Continue reading →
3/19/2013 Seattle, WA — BEHRINGER has introduced the latest in its EUROPORT product line, the iP40PRO, an all-in-one portable PA system with full Bluetooth connectivity for users who demand cutting-edge audio coupled with supreme ease of operation. The iP40PRO can … Continue reading →
3/17/2013 Seattle, WA — BEHRINGER has expanded its EUROLIVE professional loudspeaker line with the introduction of two new Bluetooth-enabled active loudspeakers, the B115W and B112W. Thanks to their integrated mixers with Bluetooth connectivity and built-in wireless mic option, the ultra-compact … Continue reading →


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1st September 12:00 PM ° 0 / ° 0 Loading…Change
Phil T. said: "My wife and I went for dinner last night at this beautiful Thai Restaurant. Excellent food and service. If you like Hot Thai food will like this restaurant. Highly recommended. The waiting time was good, we only had to wait about…" read more »
Niwa is one of my favourite restaurants in the CBD. I have to restrain myself so I only go about three times a month! The staff are all friendly and helpful.
I highly recommend the bento boxes for lunch as most of them are around $10 and have a variety of items in them… all of which are delicious.
The sakura set is a must try. $17 per person ($15 on a Sunday) for a 2 person set which includes agedashi tofu, karaage chicken with salad, teppenyaki, sushi, rice, and miso soup. You can't get this value for money, quality, or variety anywhere else!
That is for me the best Japanese restaurant ever ! Not too expensive and high quality food. The chicken Karangahake is amazing and their salmon sushi delicious.
I love their food and we are going their almost each month.
I highly recommend the place.
Love coming here because there food feels a little bit more fresh than some other japanese restaurants in the proximity.
I enjoy getting their bento boxes because you get a lil taste of everything, but if you're looking for something a bit more filling I suggest getting one of the rice dishes
Often do lunch here, quick and good. Food id tasty and new owners really good.
We dropped in here for a quick late dinner. We ordered plain curry, chicken kushiage and a large sashimi and sushi dish.
The service was polite and efficient and the atmosphere was relaxed.
The food was OK but a little basic for the price. The sashimi serving was small and the Sushi was little better than typical takeaway fair. The dishes lacked the finesse which can be found in other Japanese restaurants in the city. The curry was tasty and the chicken kushiage was good.
great little Japanese restaurant, lots of choices and all looked good. I went with the 'Main Course' dinner – $29 and enjoyed it. However it was a bit slow waiting for everything to come in bit by bit, and the menu was confusing with 2 menus & duplicates item on them. Friend's garden bento looks great and good value for money.
We have lunch at Niwa at least once a week. We always get excellent service, and so far everything we've tried has been beautifully cooked and delicious. I like the bento boxes, and my husband likes the udon noodle soups.
They do an excellent tempura, and also have some pretty good side dishes.
I'd definitely recommend them for anyone who wants something tasty for lunch in central city
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Upper South Island and the West Coast Places
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Dolphin Watch EcoTours. Swim with or watch dolphins from September through April. Rare Hector dolphins, bottlenose, dusky and common dolphins all frequent the stunning Marlborough Sounds. Visits from Orcas (killer whales) are another highlight. Or visit Motuara Island, an island wildlife reserve, to spy on seals, dolphins, and seabirds. Take a guided walk to the top of the island to see the shy native bush birds. Special departures on cruise ship days or by arrangement for groups of 8 or more. The Waterfront, Picton Foreshore, Picton, 7220. 03/5738040. www.naturetours.co.nz. Morning tours, NZ$165 to swim, NZ$100 viewing; guided walks, NZ$110. Morning tours depart 9am and run 2-4 hours; guided walks leave at 1:30pm (4 hrs).
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Travel Deals in Upper South Island and the West Coast
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Acer Gateway 15.6" Laptop PC (NV56R14U-US) with 500GB Hard Drive, 4GB Memory - Black
The Gateway� NV Series Notebook combines premium style and performance for the very best PC experience - everyday! Enjoy your favorite HD entertainment on the brilliant 15.6" display or take your visuals to the big screen HDTV through the H...DMI� port. Oneclick hotkeys make everyday computing simple so you can do things on the fly and connect to your social networks in a flash. With powerful performance, great connectivity and style, this PC will help you conquer daily tasks with ease and enjoy more of what you like while making a bold statement. Maximum Resolution: 1366 x 768Aspect Ratio: 16:9 Aspect RatioDisplay : Backlit Display, Widescreen, LCD Display, High-DefinitionComputer : Touchpad, SuperMulti DVD Optical Drive, Integrated Microphone, Numeric Keypad, Standard KeyboardProcessor Brand: IntelProcessor Speed: Up to 2.2 GhzProcessor Type: Intel Core i3-2328M ProcessorCache Memory Installed Capacity: 3MB L3 CacheSystem Bus Speed: Up to 1066 MhzSystem RAM: 4096 MBMemory RAM Type: DDR3Maximum RAM Supported: 8 GBTotal RAM Slots Free: 1 Free/2 TotalData Storage Capacity: 500GB Hard Drive CapacityHard Drive Speed: 5400 RPMBuilt-In Graphics Card Model: Intel HD GraphicsOptical Drive Type: CD-RW/DVD+RMaximum Read Speeds: DVD-ROM 8x, CD-ROM 24xMaximum Write Speeds: CD-R 24x, DVD-R DL 6x, DVD+R 8xMaximum Rewrite Speeds: CD-RW 24x, DVD+RW 8x, DVD�RW 8xWired Technology: 10/100/1000 Ethernet LANWired Connectivity: USB 3.0, USB 2.0Wireless Technology: Wi-Fi EnabledWire Standard: IEEE 802.11b/g/nBuilt-In Card Reader Type: Multi-in-1 Card ReaderInput Type: SD Card Slot, RJ-45, Microphone, VGA, USB, Headphone JackOutput Type: HDMI, Headphone Jack, VGAAudio Features: High Definition Audio Support, Built-In SpeakersCard Slots Supported: MultiMedia Card (MMC), SD CardBuilt-In Webcam Features: Built-In 1.3 Megapixel Webcamsee specificationssee shipping and returnsguest rating overall1 of 5 stars Easy to Usenot rated Qualitynot rated Valuenot rated see guest reviews Read More
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The V3 Series Notebook keeps you ahead of digital trends with its timeless style and sharp computing. Vigorous processors and graphics let you easily multitask modern creative applications, browse the Internet, share media and a lot more. A... Read More
Acer S2 Series monitors deliver world-leading slim and elegant designs of less then 13mm thin. The glossy black finish and smooth corners of the S202HL frame nicely complement the rounded base, creating a sophisticated look. Acer S Series m... Read More
Manufacturer's Suggested Age: 18-24 MonthsIncludes: Toy Building ComponentsNumber of Pieces: 12 Material: PlasticEducational Focus: Creative ThinkingLanguages: English, French, SpanishDimensions: 2.8 " H x 7.99 " W x 8.35 " L Product Weight... Read More
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Includes: Removable Cover: Adjustable ClosureUsed For: Nursing CoversCertifications: Meets CPSC StandardsMaterial: CottonCare and Cleaning: Machine WashDimensions: 2.0 " H x 36.0 " W x 24.0 " Lsee shipping and returnsguest rating overall5 o... Read More
Keep a watchful eye on your baby with this Motorola MBP36 remote wireless video baby monitor. The Motorola 3.5" video baby monitor a color LCD screen, infrared night vision and sound indicator lights. The parent receiver on this digital ba... Read More
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The Rev. Lawman Chibundi isn't new to the people of Marion County, but he returned last week with a new idea for them to consider.
Chibundi previously served as a parish priest at St. Augustine Catholic Church, but later left the Roman Catholic priesthood over some disagreements he has with church teachings.
Chibundi doesn't speak with anger when he discusses those differences of opinion. Instead, he speaks highly of the priests he has known and worked with, including the current Archbishop of Louisville.
Last week, I had one of those terrible, horrible, no good, very bad mornings.
It was one of those mornings where I actually had to shut my office door, which doesn't happen very often, as my staff can attest.
But, when life's "baggage" gets the best of you, I have found that it's effective to shut the door and get your frustrations out in whatever means you feel necessary (without punching a hole in the wall of course).
It's either that, or going for a good, hard run, taking it all out on the pavement.
Marion County High School senior Dylan Peterson became the second Knight in the last two seasons to at least share a piece of the District Player of the Year recently.
Last season Eric Miles was co-player of the year with North Bullitt's Dalton Cissell. This year Peterson claims the honor by himself.
Several of his teammates were named to the all-district team. The Knights have loaded the all-district team for the past three seasons.
While the two candidates started the debate by stating their mutual friendship, clear differences emerged between the Democrat and Republican running for the vacated senate seat of Dan Kelly.
The hour-and-a-half debate was hosted by PLG-TV 13 and featured questions from a panel of area newspaper editors for Bardstown Democrat Jodie Haydon and Jimmy Higdon, R-Lebanon.
The Marion County High School JROTC led a Veterans Day ceremony Friday, Nov. 13. The ceremony included the JROTC's POW/MIA ceremony, the recitation of the poem "We Are Not Dead," and a demonstration by the Eastern Kentucky University ROTC exhibition drill team. The guest speaker was Brig. Gen. Michael X. Garrett, the deputy commanding general of the U.S. Army Recruiting Command. Garrett encouraged the students to think about the military values, such as loyalty, honor and integrity, and think about how they can apply them in their own lives.
The Marion County Fiscal Court is scheduled to meet at 4 p.m. Thursday, Nov. 19, in regular session.
The agenda for the meeting is as follows:
- Consider the distribution of FEMA payments to local fire and rescue departments
- Consider the re-appointment of water board member Earl Sandusky
- Consider the appointment of Marion County Extension District Board members
- Approve the return of $875 in unexpected Pride Recycling Grant funds
- Consider Marion County map back cover for directory of services display
It has been more than a year since the City of Lebanon passed its animal control ordinance.
And, according to Marion County Animal Control Officer Jeff Wooldridge, enforcing the ordinance is taking up the majority of his time. As a result, he asked the Marion County Fiscal Court to make their current part-time employee a full-time employee to help with the additional workload.
However, magistrates believe the City of Lebanon needs to chip in.
A shooting on Saturday morning, Nov. 7, has left a Lebanon man in the hospital with multiple gunshot wounds to the abdomen while the shooter is in jail being charged with first-degree assault.
As the Marion County Marching Knights left the field Saturday after their performance in the AAAA state semifinals at South Oldham High School, band director Shane Mitchell was smiling.
"That was a good run," he told them.
Unfortunately, for Marion County, it wasn't quite enough to reach the state finals. The top four teams in the semifinals advanced to the state finals, and the Marching Knights finished ninth overall.
"You should still be proud of what you accomplished this season," Mitchell told the band after the results were announced.
An employee at ATI Portland Forge in Lebanon severely injured his hand Tuesday of last week, but rumors that his hand was cut off are untrue, according to a company spokesperson.
The employee, whose name can't be released because of company policy, was operating a piece of equipment Tuesday of last week when at approximately 8:30 p.m. there was an accident, according to company spokesperson Dan Greenfield.
"His coworkers got to him right away and they called 911," Greenfield said. "EMS were there in nine minutes, which is absolutely terrific service."


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Renewed Sense of Purpose
by Antonio Vega on June 28, 2012
A couple of weeks ago, I went to Duluth, Minnesota for the U.S. Half Marathon Championships, just to get back into the atmosphere of professional road running. Before I left for Duluth, I knew I wouldn't be running the race, but I just wanted to be around all the top runners and stay in touch with the sense of excitement one gets at a national championship race.
The race was terrific and I really enjoyed talking with some of friends and fellow competitors. I won the half marathon championship in Houston in 2010 and reflecting back on that huge victory for me, made me realize how easy things are when everything is going right for you. When you can see immediate results from all the training, it isn't hard to get motivated to go out there and train and race hard. That's easy.
What's not so easy is pursuing your running dreams when you are faced with setback after setback. Every runner is faced with plenty of setbacks and successes—it's the nature of the sport—but I believe it is how you deal with the highs and lows that builds character.
Nobody enjoys the lows and I am certainly ready to move beyond the setbacks I've faced for the past two years and resume my running career. I am not the first runner to have missed significant time with injuries. Others have bounced back and I know I will too.
Being in Duluth definitely gave me a mental boost and a renewed sense of purpose with my training. Since returning home, I have felt more and more like my old self as I get back into my routine of running, stretching and strength training every morning. Even the morning soreness I feel is welcome and lets me know that yesterday was a good day of training.
I am still not ready to compete, but I am getting fitter and fitter every week. Each training session brings me closer and closer to my eventual return. I'll be back.
It's just a matter of time and patience.


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Subhas Chandra Bose
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page.
Subhas Chandra Bose | |
Subhas Chandra Bose |
Born | Cuttack, Bengal Presidency, British India |
23 January 1897
Died | 18 August 1945 Taipei, Taiwan[1] |
(aged 48) (alleged)
Nationality | India |
Alma mater | University of Calcutta |
Known for | Prominent Figure of Indian independence movement |
Title | Head of Azad Hind |
Political party | Indian National Congress, Forward Bloc |
Religion | Hinduism |
Spouse(s) | Emilie Schenkl |
Children | Anita Bose Pfaff |
Signature |
Subhas Chandra Bose ( listen (help·info); 23 January 1897 – unknown) also known as Netaji (Bengali/Oriya/Hindi): "Respected Leader"), was one of the most prominent Indian nationalist leaders who attempted to gain India's independence from British rule by force during the waning years of World War II with the help of the Axis powers.
Bose, who had been ousted from the Indian National Congress in 1939 following differences with the more conservative high command,[2] and subsequently placed under house arrest by the British, escaped from India in early 1941.[3] He turned to the Axis powers for help in gaining India's independence by force.[4] With Japanese support, he organised the Indian National Army (INA), composed largely of Indian soldiers of the British Indian army who had been captured in the Battle of Singapore by the Japanese. As the war turned against them, the Japanese came to support a number of countries to form provisional governments in the captured regions, including those in Burma, the Philippines and Vietnam, and in addition, the Provisional Government of Azad Hind, presided by Bose.[4] Bose's effort, however, was short lived; in 1945 the British army first halted and then reversed the Japanese U Go offensive, beginning the successful part of the Burma Campaign. The INA was driven down the Malay Peninsula, and surrendered with the recapture of Singapore. It was reported that Bose died soon thereafter from third degree burns received after attempting to escape in an overloaded Japanese plane which crashed in Taiwan,[5] which is disputed.[6] The trials of the INA soldiers at Red Fort, Delhi, in late 1945 caused huge public response in India.[7][8]
Clement Attlee, the British Prime Minister during whose rule India became independent, mentioned that INA activities of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose (which weakened the Indian Army – the very foundation of the British Empire in India) and the Royal Indian Navy mutiny in 1946[9][10][11][12] were major reasons that made the British realise that they were no longer in a position to rule India.[13]
Early life [edit]
Subhas Chandra Bose was born on 23 January 1897 in Cuttack, then a part of Bengal Presidency, to Janakinath Bose, an advocate and Prabhavati Devi.[14] His parents' ancestral house was at Kodalia village (near Baruipur; now known as Shubhashgram, South 24 Parganas, West Bengal).[15] He was the ninth child of a total of fourteen siblings. He studied at Stewart School, Cuttack, an Anglo school, until the seventh standard and then shifted to Ravenshaw Collegiate School. After securing the second position in the matriculation examination of Calcutta province in 1911, he got admitted to the Presidency College where he studied briefly.[16] His nationalistic temperament came to light when he was expelled for assaulting Professor Oaten for the latter's anti-India comments. He later joined Scottish Church College under University of Calcutta and passed his B.A. in 1918 in philosophy.[17] Subhas Chandra Bose left India in 1919 for Great Britain with a promise to his father that he would appear in the Indian Civil Services Examination (ICS). He went to study in Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge, and matriculated on 19 November 1919. He came fourth in the ICS examination and was selected but he did not want to work under an alien government which would mean serving the British. He resigned from the civil service job and returned to India.[18] He started the newspaper Swaraj and took charge of publicity for the Bengal Provincial Congress Committee.[19] His mentor was Chittaranjan Das who was a spokesman for aggressive nationalism in Bengal. In the year 1923, Bose was elected the President of All India Youth Congress and also the Secretary of Bengal State Congress. He was also editor of the newspaper "Forward", founded by Chittaranjan Das.[20] Bose worked as the CEO of the Calcutta Municipal Corporation for Das when the latter was elected mayor of Calcutta in 1924.[18] In a roundup of nationalists in 1925, Bose was arrested and sent to prison in Mandalay, where he contracted tuberculosis.[21]
National politics [edit]
Indian National Congress [edit]
In 1927, after being released from prison, Bose became general secretary of the Congress party and worked with Jawaharlal Nehru for independence. Again Bose was arrested and jailed for civil disobedience; this time he emerged to become Mayor of Calcutta in 1930.[21] During the mid-1930s Bose travelled in Europe, visiting Indian students and European politicians, including Benito Mussolini. He observed party organisation and saw communism and fascism in action.[citation needed] By 1938 Bose had become a leader of national stature and agreed to accept nomination as Congress president.
He stood for unqualified Swaraj (self-governance), including the use of force against the British. This meant a confrontation with Mohandas Gandhi, who in fact opposed Bose's presidency,[22] splitting the Indian National Congress party. Bose attempted to maintain unity, but Gandhi advised Bose to form his own cabinet. The rift also divided Bose and Nehru. Bose appeared at the 1939 Congress meeting on a stretcher. He was elected president again over Gandhi's preferred candidate Pattabhi Sitaramayya.[23] U. Muthuramalingam Thevar strongly supported Bose in the intra-Congress dispute. Thevar mobilised all south India votes for Bose.[24] However, due to the manoeuvrings of the Gandhi-led clique in the Congress Working Committee, Bose found himself forced to resign from the Congress presidency.[25]
All India Forward Bloc [edit]
On 22 June 1939 Bose organised the Forward Bloc,[26] aimed at consolidating the political left, but its main strength was in his home state, Bengal. U Muthuramalingam Thevar, who was disillusioned by the official Congress leadership which had not revoked the Criminal Tribes Act (CTA), joined the Forward Bloc. When Bose visited Madurai on 6 September, Thevar organised a massive rally as his reception.
Bose advocated the approach that the political instability of war-time Britain should be taken advantage of—rather than simply wait for the British to grant independence after the end of the war (which was the view of Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru and a section of the Congress leadership at the time). In this, he was influenced by the examples of Italian statesmen Giuseppe Garibaldi and Giuseppe Mazzini.
His correspondence reveals that despite his clear dislike for British subjugation, he was deeply impressed by their methodical and systematic approach and their steadfastly disciplinarian outlook towards life. In England, he exchanged ideas on the future of India with British Labour Party leaders and political thinkers like Lord Halifax, George Lansbury, Clement Attlee, Arthur Greenwood, Harold Laski, J.B.S. Haldane, Ivor Jennings, G.D.H. Cole, Gilbert Murray and Sir Stafford Cripps . He came to believe that a free India needed socialist authoritarianism, on the lines of Turkey's Kemal Atatürk, for at least two decades. Bose was refused permission by the British authorities to meet Atatürk at Ankara for political reasons. During his sojourn in England, only the Labour Party and Liberal politicians agreed to meet with Bose when he tried to schedule appointments. Conservative Party officials refused to meet Bose or show him courtesy because he was a politician coming from a colony. In the 1930s leading figures in the Conservative Party had opposed even Dominion status for India. It was during the Labour Party government of 1945–1951, with Attlee as the Prime Minister, that India gained independence. On the outbreak of war, Bose advocated a campaign of mass civil disobedience to protest against Viceroy Lord Linlithgow's decision to declare war on India's behalf without consulting the Congress leadership. Having failed to persuade Gandhi of the necessity of this, Bose organised mass protests in Calcutta calling for the 'Holwell Monument' commemorating the Black Hole of Calcutta, which then stood at the corner of Dalhousie Square, to be removed.[27] He was thrown in jail by the British, but was released following a seven-day hunger strike. Bose's house in Calcutta was kept under surveillance by the CID.[28]
Escape from British India to Nazi Germany & Japan [edit]
Bose's arrest and subsequent release set the scene for his escape to Germany, via Afghanistan and the Soviet Union. A few days before his escape, he sought solitude and on this pretext avoided meeting British guards and grew a beard on the night of his escape, he dressed as a Pathan to avoid being identified. Bose escaped from under British surveillance at his house in Calcutta. On 19 January 1941, accompanied by his nephew Sisir K. Bose in a car that is now on display at his Calcutta home.[29][30]
He journeyed to Peshawar with the help of the Abwehr, where he was met by Akbar Shah, Mohammed Shah and Bhagat Ram Talwar. Bose was taken to the home of Abad Khan, a trusted friend of Akbar Shah's. On 26 January 1941, Bose began his journey to reach Russia through British India's North West frontier with Afghanistan. For this reason, he enlisted the help of Mian Akbar Shah, then a Forward Bloc leader in the North-West Frontier Province. Shah had been out of India en route to the Soviet Union, and suggested a novel disguise for Bose to assume. Since Bose could not speak one word of Pashto, it would make him an easy target of Pashto speakers working for the British. For this reason, Shah suggested that Bose act deaf and dumb, and let his beard grow to mimic those of the tribesmen. Bose's guide Bhagat Ram Talwar, unknown to him, was a Soviet agent.[29][30][31]
Supporters of the Aga Khan III helped him across the border into Afghanistan where he was met by an Abwehr unit posing as a party of road construction engineers from the Organization Todt who then aided his passage across Afghanistan via Kabul to the border with Soviet Russia. After assuming the guise of a Pashtun insurance agent ("Ziaudddin") to reach Afghanistan, Bose changed his guise and travelled to Moscow on the Italian passport of an Italian nobleman "Count Orlando Mazzotta". From Moscow, he reached Rome, and from there he travelled to Germany.[29][30][32] Once in Russia the NKVD transported Bose to Moscow where he hoped that Russia's traditional enmity to British rule in India would result in support for his plans for a popular rising in India. However, Bose found the Soviets' response disappointing and was rapidly passed over to the German Ambassador in Moscow, Count von der Schulenburg. He had Bose flown on to Berlin in a special courier aircraft at the beginning of April where he was to receive a more favorable hearing from Joachim von Ribbentrop and the Foreign Ministry officials at the Wilhelmstrasse.[29][30][33]
In Germany, he instituted the Special Bureau for India under Adam von Trott zu Solz, broadcasting on the German-sponsored Azad Hind Radio. He founded the Free India Center in Berlin, and created the Indian Legion (consisting of some 4500 soldiers) out of Indian prisoners of war who had previously fought for the British in North Africa prior to their capture by Axis forces. The Indian Legion was attached to the Wehrmacht, and later transferred to the Waffen SS. Its members swore the following allegiance to Hitler and Bose: "I swear by God this holy oath that I will obey the leader of the German race and state, Adolf Hitler, as the commander of the German armed forces in the fight for India, whose leader is Subhas Chandra Bose". This oath clearly abrogates control of the Indian legion to the German armed forces whilst stating Bose's overall leadership of India. He was also, however, prepared to envisage an invasion of India via the USSR by Nazi troops, spearheaded by the Azad Hind Legion; many have questioned his judgment here, as it seems unlikely that the Germans could have been easily persuaded to leave after such an invasion, which might also have resulted in an Axis victory in the War.[32]
In all, 3,000 Indian prisoners of war signed up for the Free India Legion. But instead of being delighted, Bose was worried. A left-wing admirer of Russia, he was devastated when Hitler's tanks rolled across the Soviet border. Matters were worsened by the fact that the now-retreating German army would be in no position to offer him help in driving the British from India. When he met Hitler in May 1942, his suspicions were confirmed, and he came to believe that the Nazi leader was more interested in using his men to win propaganda victories than military ones. So, in February 1943, Bose turned his back on his legionnaires and slipped secretly away aboard a submarine bound for Japan. This left the men he had recruited leaderless and demoralised in Germany.[32][34]
Bose lived in Berlin from 1941 until 1943. During his earlier visit to Germany in 1934, he had met Emilie Schenkl, the daughter of an Austrian veterinarian whom he allegedly married in 1937. Anita Bose Pfaff is the daughter who was said to have been born to them in 1942.[35] However, his party, the Forward Bloc, does not believe the same, and discards it as false propaganda.[36]
In 1943, After being disillusioned that Germany could be of any help in liberating India, he left for Japan. He travelled by the German submarine U-180 around the Cape of Good Hope to southeast of Madagascar, where he was transferred to the Japanese submarine I-29 for the rest of the journey to Imperial Japan. This was the only civilian transfer between two submarines of two different navies in World War II.[29][30]
Leadership of Azad Hind Fauj and later events [edit]
The Indian National Army (INA) was originally founded by Captain General Mohan Singh in Singapore on 1 September 1942[37] with Japan's Indian POWs in the Far East. This was along the concept of—and with support of—what was then known as the Indian Independence League, headed by expatriate nationalist leader Rash Behari Bose. The first INA was however disbanded in December after disagreements between the Hikari Kikan and Mohan Singh, who came to believe that the Japanese High Command was using the INA as a mere pawn and propaganda tool. Mohan Singh was taken into custody and the troops returned to the prisoner-of-war camp. However, the idea of a liberation army was revived with the arrival of Subhas Chandra Bose in the Far East in 1943. In July, at a meeting in Singapore, Rash Behari Bose handed over control of the organisation to Subhas Chandra Bose. Bose was able to reorganise the fledgling army and organise massive support among the expatriate Indian population in south-east Asia, who lent their support by both enlisting in the Indian National Army, as well as financially in response to Bose's calls for sacrifice for the national cause. INA had a separate women's unit, the Rani of Jhansi Regiment (named after Rani Lakshmi Bai) headed by Capt. Lakshmi Swaminathan, which is seen as a first of its kind in Asia.[38][39]
Even when faced with military reverses, Bose was able to maintain support for the Azad Hind movement. Spoken as a part of a motivational speech for the Indian National Army at a rally of Indians in Burma on 4 July 1944, Bose's most famous quote was "Give me blood, and I shall give you freedom!" In this, he urged the people of India to join him in his fight against the British Raj. Spoken in Hindi, Bose's words are highly evocative. The troops of the INA were under the aegis of a provisional government, the Azad Hind Government, which came to produce its own currency, postage stamps, court and civil code, and was recognised by nine Axis states—Germany, Japan, Italy, the Independent State of Croatia, Wang Jingwei regime in Nanjing, China, a provisional government of Burma, Manchukuo and Japanese-controlled Philippines. Recent researches have shown that the USSR too had recognised the "Provisional Government of Free India". Of those countries, five were authorities established under Axis occupation. This government participated in the so-called Greater East Asia Conference as an observer in November 1943.
The INA's first commitment was in the Japanese thrust towards Eastern Indian frontiers of Manipur. INA's special forces, the Bahadur Group, were extensively involved in operations behind enemy lines both during the diversionary attacks in Arakan, as well as the Japanese thrust towards Imphal and Kohima, along with the Burmese National Army led by Ba Maw and Aung San.
Japanese also took possession of Andaman and Nicobar Islands in 1942 and a year later, the Provisional Government and the INA were established in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands with Lt Col. A.D. Loganathan appointed its Governor General. The islands were renamed Shaheed (Martyr) and Swaraj (Independence). However, the Japanese Navy remained in essential control of the island's administration. During Bose's only visit to the islands in early 1944, when he was carefully screened, by the Japanese authorities, from the local population who at that time were torturing the leader of the Indian Independence League on the Islands, Dr. Diwan Singh, who later died of his injuries, in the Cellular Jail. The islanders made several attempts to alert Bose to their plight, but apparently without success. Enraged with the lack of administrative control, Lt. Col Loganathan later relinquished his authority and returned to the Government's headquarters in Rangoon.[40][41]
On the Indian mainland, an Indian Tricolour, modelled after that of the Indian National Congress, was raised for the first time in the town in Moirang, in Manipur, in north-eastern India. The towns of Kohima and Imphal were placed under siege by divisions of the Japanese, Burmese and the Gandhi and Nehru Brigades of INA during the attempted invasion of India, also known as Operation U-GO. However, Commonwealth forces held both positions and then counter-attacked, in the process inflicting serious losses on the besieging forces, which were then forced to retreat back into Burma.
When Japanese funding for the army diminished, Bose was forced to raise taxes on the Indian populations of Malaysia and Singapore . When the Japanese were defeated at the battles of Kohima and Imphal, the Provisional Government's aim of establishing a base in mainland India was lost forever. The INA was forced to pull back, along with the retreating Japanese army, and fought in key battles against the British Indian Army in its Burma campaign, notable in Meiktilla, Mandalay, Pegu, Nyangyu and Mount Popa. However, with the fall of Rangoon, Bose's government ceased to be an effective political entity. A large proportion of the INA troops surrendered under Lt Col Loganathan . The remaining troops retreated with Bose towards Malaya or made for Thailand. Japan's surrender at the end of the war also led to the eventual surrender of the Indian National Army, when the troops of the British Indian Army were repatriated to India and some tried for treason.
On 6 July 1944, in a speech broadcast by the Azad Hind Radio from Singapore, Bose addressed Mahatma Gandhi as the "Father of the Nation" and asked for his blessings and good wishes for the war he was fighting. This was the first time that Gandhi was referred to by this appellation.[42]
His most famous quote/slogan was Give me blood and I will give you freedom. Another famous quote was Dilli Chalo ("On to Delhi)!" This was the call he used to give the INA armies to motivate them. Jai Hind, or, "Glory to India!" was another slogan used by him and later adopted by the Government of India and the Indian Armed Forces. Other slogan coined by him was Ittefaq, Etemad, Qurbani. INA also used the slogan Inquilab Zindabad, which was coined by Maulana Hasrat Mohani.[43]
Disappearance and alleged death [edit]
Bose is alleged to have died in a plane crash at Taipei, Taiwan, on 18 August 1945 while en route to Tokyo and possibly then the Soviet Union. The Imperial Japanese Army Air Force Mitsubishi Ki-21 bomber he was travelling on had engine trouble and when it crashed Bose was badly burned, dying in a local hospital four hours later. His body was then cremated, and a Buddhist memorial service was held at Nishi Honganji Temple in Taihoku. His ashes were taken to Japan and interred at the Renkōji Temple in Tokyo.[44] This version of events is supported by the testimonies of a Captain Yoshida Taneyoshi, and a British spy known as "Agent 1189."[45]
However, his alleged disappearance on August 18, i.e. just 3 days after the Japanese surrendered to the British fructifies the possibility of a rumour. This may have been to ward off his British pursuers, or may be at their instance. The latter is more probable, as had it been otherwise we'd have seen his political resurgence in some form or the other.[46]
The absence of his body has led to many theories being put forward concerning his possible survival. One such claim is that Bose actually died later in Siberia, while in Soviet captivity. Several committees have been set up by the government of India to probe into this matter.[47]
In May 1956, a four-man Indian team known as the Shah Nawaz Committee visited Japan to probe the circumstances of Bose's alleged death. However, the Indian government did not then request assistance from the government of Taiwan in the matter, citing their lack of diplomatic relations with Taiwan.[48]
However, the Inquiry Commission under Justice Mukherjee, which investigated the Bose disappearance mystery in the period 1999–2005, did approach the Taiwanese government, and obtained information from the Taiwan government that no plane carrying Bose had ever crashed in Taipei, and there was, in fact, no plane crash in Taiwan on 18 August 1945 as alleged.[49] The Mukherjee Commission also received a report originating from the U.S. Department of State supporting the claim of the Taiwan Government that no such air crash took place during that time frame.[50]
The Justice Mukherjee Commission of Inquiry submitted its report to the Indian government on 8 November 2005. The report was tabled in Parliament on 17 May 2006. The probe said in its report that Bose did not die in the plane crash, and that the ashes at the Renkoji Temple (said to be of Bose's) are not his. However, the Indian Government rejected the findings of the Commission, though no reasons were cited.
Recently Netaji's grand nephew Sugata Bose in his book His Majesty's Opponent claimed that the founder of the Indian Independence League in Tokyo, Rama Murti, had hidden a portion of alleged cremated remains of Bose as "extra precaution" in his house and secondly, this portion has been brought to India in 2006 and the Prime Minister was informed about the development. But the Prime Minister's Office refused this claim in a statement issued in response to an RTI application, as "As per records, no such information exists."[51]
On the other hand in February 2012 Dr Purabi Roy, an expert on Russia and research scholar who also held a Chair in St Petersburg University, claimed that Bose was in USSR during Second World War. Roy claims to have found "a unique photograph of Subhas Chandra Bose taken during Second World War" that might have been taken in Sibera.[52][53]
Mystery over Netaji's disappearance was first revealed by Satyendra Narain Sinha, who went to Japan, Taipei and China to follow the missing links. His article were published in a national daily in 1960s. But, Dr. Roy is the first who is claiming that Bose was in Russia. Reportedly Khrushchev had told an interpreter during his New Delhi visit that Bose can be produced within 45 days if Nehru wishes. But, that never happened. the Third Enquiry Commission on Netaji Disappearance, led by Justice Mukherjee, categorically announced Bose did not die at the Taihoku plane crash in 1945 as there was no plane crash during that period in an around the air strip, now in Taipei. Thus the Commission had quashed the so-called urn of Netaji at Renkoji Temple in Tokyo, Japan.
In 1992, Bose was posthumously awarded the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian award, but it was later withdrawn in response to a Supreme Court directive following a Public Interest Litigation filed in the Court against the "posthumous" nature of the award. The Award Committee could not give conclusive evidence on Bose's death and thus the "posthumous" award was invalidated. No headway was made on this issue however.[54] Bose's portrait hangs in the Indian Parliament, and a statue of him has been erected in front of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly.
Bose mystery in contemporary India [edit]
This section does not cite any references or sources. (March 2013) |
Mission Netaji is a Delhi-based Indian non-profit trust that conducts research on Subhas Chandra Bose's disappearance. Some documents the organization has dug out have information connected to Bose's disappearance. This led to more documents that remain classified. Several Indian ministries, including the Indian Prime Minister's Office, have refused to make public the documents under the Right to Information Act campaign launched by Mission Netaji, on the ground that their disclosure will affect India's relations with foreign countries.
Books on the mystery [edit]
Many books have been published in independent India, dealing with the subject of Bose death mystery. This includes books such as Netaji: Dead or Alive? by Samar Guha and Back from Dead: Inside the Subhas Bose Mystery by Anuj Dhar. Dhar's India's Biggest Cover-up contains many allegations and uses many "top secret" documents and photographs to argue that Bose was alive at least until 1985. The book accuses Pranab Mukherjee and the Indian Intelligence Bureau of foul play to prevent the truth from being revealed.[55]
Ideology and philosophy [edit]
Bose advocated complete unconditional independence for India, whereas the All-India Congress Committee wanted it in phases, through Dominion status. Finally at the historic Lahore Congress convention, the Congress adopted Purna Swaraj (complete independence) as its motto. Gandhi was given rousing receptions wherever he went after Gandhi-Irwin pact. Subhas Chandra Bose, travelling with Gandhi in these travels, later wrote that the great enthusiasm he saw among the people enthused him tremendously and that he doubted if any other leader anywhere in the world received such a reception as Gandhi did during these travels across the country. He was imprisoned and expelled from India. Defying the ban, he came back to India and was imprisoned again.
Bose was elected president of the Indian National Congress for two consecutive terms, but had to resign from the post following ideological conflicts with Mohandas K. Gandhi and after openly attacking the Congress' foreign and internal policies. Bose believed that Gandhi's tactics of non-violence would never be sufficient to secure India's independence, and advocated violent resistance. He established a separate political party, the All India Forward Bloc and continued to call for the full and immediate independence of India from British rule. He was imprisoned by the British authorities eleven times. His famous motto was: "Give me blood and I will give you freedom".
His stance did not change with the outbreak of the Second World War, which he saw as an opportunity to take advantage of British weakness. At the outset of the war, he left India, travelling to the Soviet Union, Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan, seeking an alliance with each of them to attack the British government in India. With Imperial Japanese assistance, he re-organised and later led the Azad Hind Fauj or Indian National Army (INA), formed with Indian prisoners-of-war and plantation workers from British Malaya, Singapore, and other parts of Southeast Asia, against British forces. With Japanese monetary, political, diplomatic and military assistance, he formed the Azad Hind Government in exile, and regrouped and led the Indian National Army in failed military campaigns against the allies at Imphal and in Burma.
His political views and the alliances he made with Nazi and other militarist regimes at war with Britain have been the cause of arguments among historians and politicians, with some accusing him of fascist sympathies, while others in India have been more sympathetic towards the realpolitik that guided his social and political choices. It is also believed among a section of people in India that if Subhas Ch. Bose could win the freedom of India himself the face of today's Indian sub-continent would have been different.
Political philosophy [edit]
Subhas Chandra Bose believed that the Bhagavad Gita was a great source of inspiration for the struggle against the British.[56] Swami Vivekananda's teachings on universalism, his nationalist thoughts and his emphasis on social service and reform had all inspired Subhas Chandra Bose from his very young days. The fresh interpretation of the India's ancient scriptures had appealed immensely to him.[note 1] Many scholars believe that Hindu spirituality formed the essential part of his political and social thought throughout his adult life, although there was no sense of bigotry or orthodoxy in it.[57] Subhas who called himself a socialist, believed that socialism in India owed its origins to Swami Vivekananda.[58] As historian Leonard Gordon explains "Inner religious explorations continued to be a part of his adult life. This set him apart from the slowly growing number of atheistic socialists and communists who dotted the Indian landscape.".[59]
Bose's correspondence (prior to 1939) reflects his deep disapproval of the racist practices of, and annulment of democratic institutions in Nazi Germany.[60] However, he expressed admiration for the authoritarian methods (though not the racial ideologies) which he saw in Italy and Germany during the 1930s, and thought they could be used in building an independent India.[27]
Bose had clearly expressed his belief that democracy was the best option for India.[61] The pro-Bose thinkers believe that his authoritarian control of the Azad Hind was based on political pragmatism and a post-colonial recovery doctrine rather than any anti-democratic belief.[citation needed] However, during the war (and possibly as early as the 1930s), Bose seems to have decided that no democratic system could be adequate to overcome India's poverty and social inequalities, and he wrote that a socialist state similar to that of Soviet Russia (which he had also seen and admired) would be needed for the process of national re-building.[62] Accordingly, some suggest that Bose's alliance with the Axis during the war was based on more than just pragmatism, and that Bose was a militant nationalist, though not a Nazi nor a Fascist, for he supported empowerment of women, secularism and other liberal ideas; alternatively, others consider he might have been using populist methods of mobilisation common to many post-colonial leaders.[27] Bose never liked the Nazis, but when he failed to contact the Russians for help in Afghanistan, he approached the Germans and Italians for help. His comment was that if he had to shake hands with the devil for India's independence he would do that.[citation needed]
On 23 August 2007, Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe visited the Subhas Chandra Bose memorial hall in Kolkata.[63][64] Abe said to Bose's family "The Japanese are deeply moved by Bose's strong will to have led the Indian independence movement from British rule.[63] Netaji is a much respected name in Japan."[64] However, in India, many believe that Netaji was not given the due respect that he deserved. Infosys Technologies founder-chairman N. R. Narayana Murthy, delivering the annual Netaji oration, said, "We have not paid him due respect. It is time this is corrected." Adding, "If only Netaji had participated in post-independence nation building."[65]
Desh Prem Divas [edit]
The West Bengal government decided in 2011 to observe Bose's birth anniversay (23 January) as Desh Prem Divas which means Day of Patriotism.[66] Though the Forward Bloc requested the Indian government to declare Bose's birth anniversay as Desh Prem Divas at a national level, the government did not approve of it, citing that "Many eminent personalities took part in the freedom struggle of India and the immense contribution made by them cannot be judged relatively. If at all a day is to be declared as Desh Prem Divas, it does not appear to be appropriate to be so declared on the birth anniversary of any particular personality. Even the birth anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi has not been declared as any special day relating to the freedom movement of India."[67]
Legacy [edit]
Michael Edwardes, a British historian of the Raj, wrote of Bose that, "Only one outstanding personality of India took a different and violent path, and in a sense India owes more to him than to any other man even though he seemed to be a failure."[68]
After reviewing INA parade at Singapore on 5 July 1943 Bose's concluding words were:
"I have said that today is the proudest day of my life. For an enslaved people, there can be no greater pride, no higher honour, than to be the first Soldier in the Army of Liberation. But this honour carries with it a corresponding responsibility and I am deeply conscious of it. I assure you that I shall be with you in darkness and in sunshine, in sorrow and in joy, in suffering and in victory. For the present, I can offer you nothing except hunger, thirst, privation, forced marches and death. But if you follow me in life and in death, as I am confident you will, I shall lead you to victory and freedom. It does not matter who among us will live to see India free. It is enough that India shall be free and that we shall give our all to make her free. May God now bless our Army and grant us victory in the coming fight."
Bose's chair at Red Fort [edit]
The following words are inscribed on a brass shield in front of the chair which is symbolic to the sovereignty of the Republic of India, and also add to enthusiasm of the Armed Forces of India. The chair rests in a glass case and is a symbol of pride as well as national heritage.[citation needed]
"Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose in order to free India from the shackles of British imperialism organized the Azad Hind Government from outside the country on October 21, 1943. Netaji set up the Provisional Government of Independent India (Azad Hind) and transferred its head-quarter at Rangoon on January 7, 1944. On the 5th April, 1944, the "Azad Hind Bank" was inaugurated at Rangoon. It was on this occasion that Netaji used this chair for the first time. Later the chair was kept at the residence of Netaji at 51, University Avenue, Rangoon, where the office of the Azad Hind was also housed. Afterwards, at the time of leaving Burma, the British handed over the chair to the family of Mr. A.T. Ahuja, a well-known businessman of Rangoon. The chair was officially handed over to the Government of India in January 1979. It was brought to Calcutta on the 17th July, 1980. It has now been ceremonially installed at the Red Fort on July 7, 1981."
Artistic depictions [edit]
- 1950: Bose is a minor character in the successful 1950 Hindi film Samadhi, which is set in colonial Singapore against the backdrop of the second INA rising. The film also features the famous regimental quick march song Kadam Kadam Badaye Ja of INA.[citation needed]
- 1966: Subash Chandra was a Bengali film portraying his life.
- 2002: Bose is portrayed by Keneth Desai in the film The Legend of Bhagat Singh directed by Rajkumar Santoshi. It is a historical biographical film about the Indian freedom fighter Bhagat Singh.
- 2005: Sachin Khedekar stars as Subhas Chandra Bose in Shyam Benegal's biopic Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose: The Forgotten Hero which deals with the last five years of Bose's leadership as well as some aspects of his personal life.[69]
- 2005: Subash Chandra Bose, a poorly-received action film concerning an Indian warrior figure, played by Daggubati Venkatesh, during the time of the INA. He worships Bose and adopts his name for the purpose of his image.[70]
- 1989: In a satirical novel The Great Indian Novel by Shashi Tharoor, the character of Pandu is simultaneously based on Bose as well as the mythological character Pandu.[citation needed]
- 2005: Back from Dead: Inside the Subhas Bose Mystery by Anuj Dhar.
- 1994: Netaji: Dead or Alive by Samar Guha.
- 2005: Mrityu Se Vapsi: Netaji Ka Rahasya (Hindi translation of Back from Dead: Inside the Subhas Bose Mystery).
- 2008: CIA's Eye on South Asia by Anuj Dhar.
- 2012: India's Biggest Cover-up by Anuj Dhar.
See also [edit]
- Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport
- "Ekla Chalo Re" – A song by Rabindranath Tagore and publicised by Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose.
- Bhagwanji
- Disappearance of Subhas Chandra Bose
References [edit]
Notes [edit]
- ^ Sisir Kumar Bose, Alexander Werth, Narayan Gopal Jog, Subbier Appadurai Ayer, Beacon Across Asia: A Biography of Subhas Chandra Bose, published by Orient Blackswan, 1996
Citations [edit]
- ^ Mitchell, Jon, "Japan's unsung role in India's struggle for independence", Japan Times, 14 August 2011, p. 7.
- ^ Low 2002, p. 297.
- ^ Low 2002, p. 313.
- ^ a b Low 1993, pp. 31–31.
- ^ Wolpert 2006, p. 69.
- ^ Bandyopādhyāẏa, Śekhara (2004). From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India. Orient Blackswan. p. 427. ISBN 978-81-250-2596-2. Retrieved 28 July 2012
- ^ Sarkar 1983, p. 411.
- ^ Hyam 2007, p. 115.
- ^ Unpublished, Public Relations Office, London. War Office. 208/761A; James L. Raj; Making and unmaking of British India. Abacus. 1997. p598.
- ^ James L. Raj; Making and unmaking of British India. Abacus. 1997. p571, p598 and; Unpublished, Public Relations Office, London. War Office. 208/819A 25C
- ^ Ends of British Imperialism: The Scramble for Empire, Suez, and Decolonization. By William Roger Louis.pp405
- ^ Britain Since 1945: A Political History By David Childs.pp 28
- ^ Dhanjaya Bhat (12 February 2006). "Which phase of our freedom struggle won for us Independence?". The Tribune. Archived from the original on 12 October 2012. Retrieved 23 January 2013.
- ^ Marshall J. Getz (2002). Subhas Chandra Bose: A Biography. McFarland. pp. 7–. ISBN 978-0-7864-1265-5. Retrieved 13 June 2012.
- ^ Kanailal Basu (20 January 2010). Netaji: Rediscovered. AuthorHouse. pp. 262–. ISBN 978-1-4490-5567-7. Retrieved 13 June 2012.
- ^ Yasmine Jesudasen. Voices of Freedom Movement. Sura Books. pp. 57–. ISBN 978-81-7478-555-8. Retrieved 16 July 2012.
- ^ V. S. Patil (1988). Subhas Chandra Bose, his contribution to Indian nationalism. Sterling Publishers. Retrieved 16 July 2012.
- ^ a b Eric A. Vas (19 May 2008). Subhas Chandra Bose: The Man and His Times. Lancer Publishers. pp. 27–. ISBN 978-81-7062-243-7. Retrieved 16 July 2012.
- ^ Hugh Toye (2007). Subhas Chandra Bose. Jaico Publishing House. ISBN 978-81-7224-401-9. Retrieved 16 July 2012.
- ^ Phani Bhusan Chakraborty; Brajendrakumāra Bhaṭṭācārya (1989). News behind newspapers: a study of the Indian press. Minerva Associates (Publications). ISBN 978-81-85195-16-2. Retrieved 16 July 2012.
- ^ a b Singh Vipul (1 September 2009). Longman History & Civics Icse 10. Pearson Education India. pp. 116–. ISBN 978-81-317-2042-4. Retrieved 13 June 2012.
- ^ Bhagwan Josh (1992). Struggle for hegemony in India, 1920–47: the colonial state, the left, and the national movement. 1934–41. Sage. ISBN 978-81-7036-295-1. Retrieved 17 July 2012.
- ^ Subhas Chandra Chattopadhyay (1989). Subhas Chandra Bose: man, mission, and means. Minerva Associates. Retrieved 17 July 2012.
- ^ Aditi Phadnis (2009). Business Standard Political Profiles of Cabals and Kings. Business Standard Books. pp. 185–. ISBN 978-81-905735-4-2. Retrieved 17 July 2012.
- ^ Desai; Meghnad. Rediscovery of India, The (pb). Penguin Books India. pp. 235–. ISBN 978-0-14-341735-4. Retrieved 17 July 2012.
- ^ K.S. Padhy. Indian Political Thought. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. pp. 234–. ISBN 978-81-203-4305-4. Retrieved 17 July 2012.
- ^ a b c Sen, S. 1999. Subhas Chandra Bose 1897–1945. From webarchive of this URL[dead link].
- ^ Durga Das Pvt. Ltd (1985). Eminent Indians who was who, 1900–1980, also annual diary of events. Durga Das Pvt. Ltd. Retrieved 13 June 2012.
- ^ a b c d e The Talwars of Pathan land and Subhas Chandra's great escape.
- ^ a b c d e Subhas Chandra Bose: Netaji's passage to im[m]ortality
- ^ James, L (1997) Raj, the Making and Unmaking of British India, Abacus, London P554
- ^ a b c "Hitler's secret Indian army" by Mike Thomson, BBC News, 23 September 2004.
- ^ Subhas Chandra Bose in Nazi Germany
- ^ Hauner, M (1981) India in Axis Strategy: Germany, Japan, and Indian Nationalists in the Second World War, Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart pp. 28–29
- ^ Memories of a brave heart. The Hindu. 25 February 2001. Retrieved 07/08/2012.
- ^ World believes Netaji was married, but not his party. The Sunday Indian. 23 January 2012. Retrieved 08/04/2013.
- ^ New ICSE History and Civics. Frank Brothers. pp. 8–. ISBN 978-81-8409-587-6. Retrieved 20 July 2012.
- ^ Azad Hind: writings and speeches, 1941–1943 by Subhas Chandra Bose
- ^ Modern Indian History by Mohammad Tarique
- ^ Iqbal Singh The Andaman Story p249
- ^ C.A. Bayly & T. Harper Forgotten Armies. The Fall of British Asia 1941-5 (London) 2004 p325
- ^ "Father of Our Nation" (Address to Mahatma Gandhi over the Rangoon Radio on 6 July 1944) The Essential Writings of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Edited by Sisir K Bose & Sugata Bose (Delhi: Oxford University Press) 1997 pp301-2
- ^ Meenu Roy (1 January 1996). India Votes, Elections 1996: A Critical Analysis. Deep & Deep Publications. pp. 51–. ISBN 978-81-7100-900-8. Retrieved 13 June 2012.
- ^ Mitchell, Jon, "Japan's unsung role in India's struggle for independence", Japan Times, 14 August 2011, p. 7.
- ^ James, L (1997) Raj, the Making and Unmaking of British India, Abacus, London P575
- ^ Netaji died in India, not Taiwan George, T.J.S. (15 July 2012). "Netaji died in India, not Taiwan". The New Indian Express (Chennai).
- ^ "Probe told Netaji was seen in Siberian camp in '48–49". Indian Express. 5 October 2000. Retrieved 30 July 2012.
- ^ "MEA didn't let Shah Nawaz visit Formosa". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 30 July 2012.
- ^ No crash at Taipei that killed Netaji: Taiwan govt. Outlook India
- ^ "Netaji case: US backs Taiwan govt". Times of India. 19 Sep 2005, 09.21 pm IST. Retrieved 12 June 2012.
- ^ PTI 16 Aug 2011, 04.16 pm IST. "Remains of Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose brought back from Japan? – Economic Times". Articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com. Retrieved 14 October 2012.
- ^ Roy, Purabi. The Search for Netaji: New findings.
- ^ "Photo triggers questions on Netaji's confinement in Russia". The Sunday Indian.
- ^ "SC cancels note on Bharat Ratna for Subhas Bose". The Indian Express (New Delhi). 5 August 1997. Retrieved 31 May 2011.
- ^ Dhawan, Himanshi (26 June 2012). "Pranab Mukherjee behind 'cover-up' on Netaji's air-crash, alleges book". The Times of India. Retrieved 3 August 2012. Unknown parameter
ignored (help) - ^ Li Narangoa, R. B. Cribb, Imperial Japan and National Identities in Asia, 1895–1945, Published by Routledge, 2003
- ^ Nirad C. Chaudhuri, Thy Hand, Great Anarch!: India, 1921–1952, published by Chatto & Windus, 1987
- ^ P. R. Bhuyan, Swami Vivekananda, Published by Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, 2003
- ^ Leonard A. Gordon, Brothers Against The Raj: A Biography of Indian Nationalist Leaders Sarat and Subhas Chandra Bose, published by Columbia University Press, 1990
- ^ Bose to Dr. Thierfelder of the Deutsche Academie, Kurhaus Hochland, Badgastein, 25 March 1936 "Today I regret that I have to return to India with the conviction that the new nationalism of Germany is not only narrow and selfish but arrogant." The Essential Writings of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose edited by Sisir K. Bose & Sugata Bose (Delhi: Oxford University Press) 1997 p155
- ^ Roy, Dr. R.C. 2004. Social, Economic and Political Philosophy of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose. pp. 7–8. Orissa Review. URL accessed on 6 April 2006
- ^ "The Fundamental Problems of India" (An address to the Faculty and students of Tokyo University, November 1944): "You cannot have a so-called democratic system, if that system has to put through economic reforms on a socialistic basis. Therefore we must have a political system – a State – of an authoritarian character. We have had some experience of democratic institutions in India and we have also studied the working of democratic institutions in countries like France, England and United States of America. And we have come to the conclusion that with a democratic system we cannot solve the problems of Free India. Therefore, modern progressive thought in India is in favour of a State of an authoritarian character" The Essential Writings of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Edited by Sisir K. Bose & Sugata Bose (Delhi: Oxford University Press) 1997 pp319-20
- ^ a b "訪印中の安倍首相、東京裁判のパール判事の息子らと面会". Elizabeth Roche. AFPBB News. 24 August 2007. Retrieved 2 October 2009.
- ^ a b "Shinzo Abe visits Netaji Bhavan, sees notion of a 'Broader Asia'". The Hindu. 24 August 2007. Retrieved 16 October 2009.
- ^ "Netaji not given due respect: Narayana Murthy". Indo-Asian news service. 25 January 2011.
- ^ TNN 18 Jan 2011, 07.15 am IST (18 January 2011). "Bengal will observe Desh Prem Divas on Netaji b'day – Times of India". Articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Retrieved 14 October 2012.
- ^ TNN 6 Apr 2010, 03.18 am IST (6 April 2010). "Govt's no to Netaji birthday as Desh Prem Divas – Times of India". Articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Retrieved 14 October 2012.
- ^ The last years of British India (1963), Michael Edwardes, Cassell, p. 45
- ^ rediff. "Bose the Forgotten Hero". Retrieved 28 July 2012.
- ^ sifymovies. "Bose the Forgotten Hero film review". Retrieved 28 July 2012.
Books cited [edit]
- Copland, Ian (2001). India 1885–1947: The Unmaking of an Empire (Seminar Studies in History Series). Harlow and London: Pearson Longmans. Pp. 160. ISBN 0582381738.
- Low, D. A. (1993). Eclipse of Empire. Cambridge and London: Cambridge University Press. Pp. xvi, 366. ISBN 0521457548.
- Low, D. A. (2002). Britain and Indian Nationalism: The Imprint of Amibiguity 1929–1942. Cambridge and London: Cambridge University Press. Pp. 374. ISBN 0521892619.
- Wolpert, Stanley (2006). Shameful Flight: The Last Years of the British Empire in India. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. Pp. 272. ISBN 0195151984.
- Metcalf, Barbara; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2006). A Concise History of Modern India (Cambridge Concise Histories). Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. Pp. xxxiii, 372. ISBN 0521682258.
Further reading [edit]
- Indian Pilgrim: an unfinished autobiography Subhash Chandra Bose; edited by Sisir Kumar Bose and Sugata Bose, Oxford University Press, Calcutta, 1997 ISBN 978-0-19-564148-6
- The Indian Struggle, 1920–1942 Subhash Chandra Bose; edited by Sisir Kumar Bose and Sugata Bose, Oxford University Press, Calcutta, 1997 ISBN 978-0-19-564149-3
External links [edit]
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Subhas Chandra Bose |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Subhas Chandra Bose |
Wikisource has original text related to this article: |
- "Mystery over India freedom hero". BBC News. 17 May 2006. Retrieved 10 August 2008.
- The Tribune of India: New look at Netaji
- Subhaschandrabose.org
- The True Story of Bose
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In this two-week camp, students will be introduced to all of the aspects of an architectural career. In addition to experiencing the day-to-day activities of an architectural office, participants will learn from architects on staff the different skill sets needed for this career.
From computer programs to actual construction site visits, this comprehensive, hands-on learning experience will provide information students need to decide if this career is for them.
Campers will observe the team's design concepts and learn how to continually adapt, conform and respond to each project's unique characteristics.
The program runs from June 10 to June 21 and includes lunches and a tour of Taliesin West, ASU and a construction site.
For information, contact Jaclyn Meads at firstname.lastname@example.com.
At top: A site visit from a previous PHX Architecture summer camp.
Funds raised from the gala will help the American Cancer Society, which turns 100 years old this year, finish the fight against cancer.
Deborah Bateman, National Bank of Arizona, and Joyce Santis, Sonora Quest Laboratories, co-chaired the soiree. Peter Fine, president and CEO of Banner Health, was the evening's honoree. Sponsors included Banner MD Anderson and Sonora Quest Laboratories.
Everardo Keeme Photography
I have only a few basic rules for eating my way through Europe. Find places outside the tourist zones. Go for local specialties. Eat seasonally. Most of all, eat fearlessly, trying things you've never had in places you've never been.
Begin by looking for welcoming spots filled with locals. On a recent visit to France, I sat amid a crush of happy French diners in an atmospheric, wood-timbered restaurant. Glasses filled the room like crystal flowers; portraits of long-forgotten city fathers kept an eye on us from the walls.
I ordered top end, my travel partner took the basic menu and as usual, we shared. To start, we treated ourselves to a dozen juicy escargots. I gently pried a snail out of its shell and popped it into my mouth. The taste was so striking that I found myself requesting silence at the table. It was just my mouth and the garlic-drenched snails, all alone on the dance floor of my palate.
Especially in countries with noteworthy cuisines, I recommend an occasional gourmet splurge like my meal in France. But all across Europe there are eating options to fit every budget and taste. And now that most interiors in Europe are essentially smoke-free, you can breathe while you eat.
Most restaurants have a well-priced menu of the day – offering a choice of appetizer, entrée and dessert at a fixed amount. These menus aren't just for tourists; savvy local diners are quick to order the daily special. If you aren't sure what to choose, take a minute before you order to observe what's being served on the tables around you.
I like to stretch my budget (and conserve my waistline) by sharing dishes. Don't be intimidated by a menu listing multiple courses – you're not expected to order one of each. A good rule of thumb is for each person to order any two courses. For example, two people can order and share one appetizer, one pasta dish, one fish dish and one dessert – or choose two appetizers and two pastas – or whatever combination appeals.
Wherever you dine, you'll eat better if you understand the basic menu terms. A phrase book can help you get trota (trout) instead of tripa (innards) in Italy, and ostras (oysters) instead of orejas (pigs' ears) in Spain.
Adapt to the culture you're visiting. In most European restaurants, dining is not rushed, and the table is yours for the entire evening. The waiter or waitress is there to serve you, but will remain in the background. Out of courtesy, you won't be presented with the bill until you ask for it.
Many sit-down restaurants take the mystery out of tipping by including a service charge in the bill. Study the menu for words like "service compris" or "servizio incluso." An additional tip is not expected in these cases, but if you liked the service, simply round up the bill a bit (if your check is €18.80, leave €20). This varies from country to country, so get advice from locals.
If you're looking for a quick bite, you have plenty of options – every country in Europe has its own cheap and delicious street food. In Greece try the corner souvlaki stand. For fast food Istanbul style, grab a fishwich at the waterfront, fresh from the guys who caught it. Order up a razor-thin crepe from a street vendor in Paris, and then choose a filling to make it savory or sweet.
If you'd rather take a seat while you eat, there are lots of casual bars and bistros. Eating at a corner cafe costs only a little more than lunch at a fast-food joint, but you'll be chowing down on local fare that's typical of the region.
Tempting plates in Spain's tapas bars make it easy to sample new foods.
PHOTO: Rick Steves
One of the best examples of this is in Spain. Every town tempts you with tapas bars, where you belly up to the bar and just point at appetizers you'd like to try. In Denmark, I love the traditional open-faced sandwiches, with simple toppings elegantly perched on a slice of bread. In Bavaria, there's nothing more local than a knuckle of pork, spiral-cut radishes, sauerkraut and a huge pretzel.
When I'm enjoying a delicious meal, I always appreciate hearing the quiet murmurs of other diners around me. It lets me know that I'm among likeminded souls who treat eating as bliss. Communing with others over good food, served in a setting respectful of tradition and place, is cultural tourism at its tastiest.
At top: An economical "menu of the day" lets you choose courses from a short list of offerings. PHOTO: Dominic Bonuccelli
Rick Steves (www.ricksteves.com) writes European travel guidebooks and hosts travel shows on public television and public radio. Email him at email@example.com and follow his blog on Facebook.
Kendrick sits on the board of directors for the WVU Foundation and has established programs at WVU's College of Business and Economics focused on free market research and at the WVU Eye Institute to support children's vision outreach programs. He also funded the WVU Hall of Traditions, was inducted into the State of West Virginia's Business Hall of Fame, the WVU Academy of Distinguished Alumni and the inaugural Roll of Distinguished Alumni at the College of Business and Economics.
A native of Princeton, W.Va., Kendrick was a charter member of the ownership group that brought baseball to the Valley of the Sun following a very successful career in the software and banking industries. Since he assumed the role of managing general partner in 2004, the Diamondbacks captured the National League West Division title in 2007 and 2011, reaching the National League Championship for the second time in the franchise's existence in 2007.
While the Diamondbacks are his primary focus, Kendrick has also helped change the face of downtown Phoenix, as he was a principal in the development of CityScape, Arizona's largest commercial/retail real estate development just footsteps from Chase Field.
Photo: Jon Willey/Arizona Diamondbacks
Mr. and Mrs. Randall E. Raskin, Dr. and Mrs. Hugo R. Paulson and Mr. and Mrs. William B. Murney
DFA selects and presents to the community young ladies from Paradise Valley, Arcadia, Scottsdale and Carefree at its annual Desert Debutante Ball. Proceeds from the ball are disbursed annually to selected charities that benefit the Valley. The 2013 recipients are ComfyCozys for Chemo, Mother's Grace and the Harp Foundation.
The 48th Annual Desert Ball will be held Dec. 21, 2013, at the Phoenician. Kimberlee Padilla is the 2013 ball chairman, and Christine Planck is the vice chairman. Shaun Bracken is the 2013 DFA president.
The 2013 Desert Debutantes (above) are:
Front: Hannah Zieser, Aly Murney, Spencer Smith, Julia Berry, Carlee Chappell and Elizabeth Dewane.
Back: Michelle Reading, Hayden Walker, Jillian Littleton, Brittany Schmidt, Ally Arendt and Katie Haenel.
Not pictured: Debutantes Jennifer Douglas and Madeline Wells
Heenan was the former city/managing editor of the Arizona Republic during the "Pulliam Era" and editor of the Scottsdale Progress and Evening American in the early to mid-'60s. Prior to this, he was the city editor of the New Jersey Star Ledger for Hearst Newspapers and Newhouse, where he was offered the Washington Desk before moving to Arizona with his wife, Victoria, where they opted for less stress and found their nice little place in the sun.
In the earlier stages of his life, he was a member of the United States Merchant Marines, where he was torpedoed off two ships prior to the start of World War II. As a sergeant in the U.S. Army he, was the Asiatic wartime editor of the Stars and Stripes, where he made lifetime friendships and met his British bride, Victoria Harradine, who worked for British Intelligence during the war campaign where U.S. soldiers served under the command of the British Colonel, Lord Louis Mountbatten. He and Victoria returned to the states in 1946, and he continued his journalistic career.
Art was educated by the Jesuit Priests at Fordham Preparatory College in NYC and was fluent in Latin. He attended Syracuse University and was an avid supporter of the sports program. He played semi-professional baseball to support his college expenses during The Great Depression.
Art is survived by his only daughter, Margaret Watts, and his granddaughter, Victoria Watts of Gilbert, Ariz.
For the 14th annual event on May 11, luncheon tables in the packed-to-capacity Phoenician ballroom sported full popcorn machines as centerpieces and gumballs at each place setting, an abundance of bright blue and red balloons floated overhead and the music was from the circus genre. What was not to like? Some youngsters joined their parents for the occasion, but there wasn't a fidgety child in the room.
A silent auction featuring items such as a kid-size wooden outdoor lounge, giant stuffed circus animals, jewelry for moms and photo sessions for the family preceded the luncheon.
But the highlight of the day was the trip 64 young models – children of PANDA members – took down the runway, wearing fashions from Garage – A Body Shop for Kids, Peek, and Sperry Top-Sider.
Dr. Fayez K. Ghishan, director of Steele Children's Research Center, gave the keynote address, expressing thanks for the more than $4.3 million the Phoenix Women's Board of the Steele Center has raised to improve treatments and cures for devastating childhood diseases.
Amy Mahoney and Wendy Lentz co-chaired the luncheon. Emily Calihan is president of the Phoenix Women's Board.
Photos by Ashley Lowery
The gift, the second major donation by the foundation to Southwest Center, will ensure that the construction on the new Center for Health, Education and Wellness is completed on time == ready to serve the greater Phoenix area's HIV/AIDS prevention and chronic-disease health needs.
"Southwest Center does great work, work that changes lives," said Bob Parsons during the gala. "Along with health, education and wellness, Southwest Center gives something else to their clients, their families and this community. They give hope, something so simple yet so important not only in the treatment of illness but in everyday life."
The generosity of more than 425 Night for Life attendees raised more than $3.35 million for Southwest Center, funds crucial to the organization's ability to open the doors of the new 50,000 square-foot facility, which will be named for The Bob and Renee Parsons Foundation.
Richard P. Stahl was the honorary chair, and Kirk Baxter, Brian Spicker, Fritz Beesmyer, Brian Helander, Michelle Barker and Carol Poore co-chaired the gala, which was presented by Harrison/Downey Construction, Inc. and Richard Stahl, and sponsored by Blue Cross Blue Shield of Arizona and Wells Fargo.
Photos by Ron Nachtwey and Brian Cramer
People of all ages attended, and guests few in from Santa Fe and LA to attend this "once-in-a-blue-moon" extravaganza.
SMoCA's development staff along with a volunteer committee of 50 people, co-chaired by Ann Burnett-Medici and Nancy Sage, launched the Night Circus concept based loosely on Erin Morgenstern's book of the same name. The committee turned to Circus School of Arizona Events and Gregangelo & Velocity Arts/Entertainment in San Francisco, as well as local musician DJ WF Rani G for the entertainment.
As guests entered, they were greeted with a signature cocktail, 3-D glasses, gourmet "deconstructed" circus food and a trapeze artist overhead, all while they enjoyed cats playing the piano.
Scott Light served as the emcee, and joining him on stage were event co-chairs Kodette and Jason LaBarbera, Phoenix coyotes goaltender. Other notables in attendance included Arizona State Rep. Lela Alston and Ryan House namesake, Ryan Cottor, along with his family and several other families who benefit from the services Ryan House provides.
The breakfast generated more than $100,000 for Ryan House.


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The retailer's CEO, Mike Jeffries, 'doesn't want his core customers to see people who aren't as hot as them wearing his clothing,' according to Robin Lewis, co-author of The New Rules of Retail.
Disgusting. They will never get a penny from me.
Let's boycott them! Reblog this to let everyone know what kind of values Abercrombie & Fitch have.
Follow LoveFigures


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Chicago's culture, infrastructure, restaurants, museums and sports teams make the city a unique - and favorite - place to live.
"Chicago offers something for everyone - it is truly a global city, with a depth and diversity in not only its people, but in lifestyle options," says Rita Athas, president of World Business Chicago.
Known as an "urban value," Chicago has a cost of living lower than several other major cities, including New York, San Francisco, Boston, and Washington, D.C.
More than 600 stores line Michigan Avenue and its surrounding streets, and the city is home to 10 professional sports teams. Chicago has more than 35 museums, and a 3,700-mile public transit network of trains and buses makes it easy to travel the city.
"Whether your interest is in music, sports, food, museums, parks, theater, higher education or creative culture, the city is second to none," Athas says.


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Not so long ago I was in a coffee shop and heard two female students talking. One girl made the following remark to her friend. "Today is my 18th birthday." Her friend asked what she had planned. She replied "it also means that I can buy porn and that is what I am going to do."
I was, for lack of a better term, gob smacked. So many thoughts crossed my mind about that brief incident. It brings up a lot of societal issues. Of course, there is the First Amendment to the Constitution that protects pornography through freedom of expression.
Then again, a young woman of 18 making that statement suggests the liberation of women? I don't honestly think so. Even Gloria Steinem said "pornography is about dominance. Erotica is about mutuality." She also said "pornography is the instruction. Rape is the practice, battered women are the practice and battered children are the practice."
I am trying to write a thoughtful piece here and am bothered by the First Amendment protecting pornography. It, in my estimation from reading statistics and research, is not harmless. Many young men of my generation looked at magazines as almost a right of passage. However, what has happened in the intervening years is nothing short of disturbing to say the least.
Here are some statistics that should make you reflect on the porn industry and First Amendment rights.
• 25 percent of all search engine requests are pornography related (healthymind.com)
• Sex is the No. 1 topic searched on the Internet (worldandi.com)
• 2.5 billion e-mails per day are pornographic (familysafemedia.com)
• According to Datamonitor, over half of all the spending on the Internet is related to sexual activity. Thirty million people each day log on to pornographic Web sites.
Pornography has been around for many years from India to Pompeii but there are several distinguishing factors that make it troublesome today. The availability of the Internet is one cause as well as provocative material in prime time on television. A survey of 600 households by the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children (NCMEC) found that 20 percent of parents do not know any of their children's Internet passwords, instant messaging nicknames or e-mail addresses. Equally, only 5 percent of parents knew that POS meant (parent over shoulder) and only 1 percent could identify WTGP as want to go private?
NCMEC also reports that the incidence of child exploitation increased from 4,573 in 1998 to 112,083 in 2004. According to Internet Filter Review, the average age of Internet exposure to porn is age 11. They also report that the largest consumer group of porn is the age group 12-17. That breaks down to 11-13 for boys and 12-14 for girls.
Pornography is not victimless. While protected by the First Amendment, one person's rights is another person's pain. Elizabeth Cramer R.N., M.S., led a study about one of the effects of pornography to look into the association between male pornographic use and physical abuse of women. Eighty-seven battered women filing charges against their male partner at the district attorney's office in a large metropolitan city were surveyed. Forty percent reported that their male partner used one or more such materials. Use of the materials was significantly associated with the women being asked or forced to participate in violent sexual acts, including rape.
An interesting corollary to that study is that 42 percent of surveyed adults indicated that their partner's use of pornography made them feel insecure. And 51 percent of U.S. adults surveyed believed that pornography raises men's expectations of how women should look and how women should behave (Harris Poll, October 2005).
Certainly the pornography industry is a lucrative business. The top four countries who sell the most pornography are, in order: China, South Korea, Japan and the United States. These four nations account for $84 billion of a $97 billion worldwide industry. Incidentally, child pornography worldwide accounts for $3 billion annually.
By the way, every second over $3,000 is being spent on porn which is about what was being spent on the Iraq war by the U.S. government. From a 2006 survey from Family Safe the top 10 cities for porn Internet searches are not Los Angeles, San Francisco or New York but rather smaller tier cites with Louisville ranking No. 5 and Elmhurst, Ill., as No. 1.
What does all this mean? It means our nation has an epidemic on its hands as does the world. The First Amendment is a sacred amendment to our nation and us as individuals. Pornography is freedom of expression and speech. However, this is not artistic expression such as the nude paintings of the artist Rubin; it is exploitation and the demeaning of women as possessions to be dominated and humiliated.
I guess one of the questions that you have to ask yourself is this: Would you rather have an art gallery near your neighborhood or a porn shop? Could that be the defining factor of First Amendment bounds?
And if you think that this is an issue of Christians versus non-Christians, think again there Buckeroo. According to the publication Man in the Mirror, five of 10 men in church struggle with pornography. It isn't just men, but one out of every six women grapple with pornography.
Pornography is to the modern age what the Black Death was to high Middle Ages. Rather than bodies in its wake, it leaves emotional pain and empty souls. Larry Flynt, publisher of Hustler, said "Religion has caused more harm than any other idea since the beginning of time. There's nothing good I can say about it. People use it as a crutch."
Granted, there have been wars over religion, the crusades, the inquisition, but porn has become a crutch for many in our society and will ultimately cause more destruction than religion.
Tim McDonald can be reached at email@example.com
February 4, 2009
MCDONALD: Pornography is scourge of the 21st Century
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