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This article may be too technical for most readers to understand. (April 2013) |
Cytokines (Greek cyto-, cell; and -kinos, movement) are small signaling molecules used for cell signaling. Cytokines can be classified as proteins, peptides, or glycoproteins; the term "cytokine" encompasses a large and diverse family of regulators produced throughout the body by cells of diverse embryological origin.[1]
The term "cytokine" has been used to refer to the immunomodulating agents, such as interleukins and interferons. Biochemists disagree as to which molecules should be termed cytokines and which hormones. As we learn more about each, anatomic and structural distinctions between the two are fading. Classic protein hormones circulate in nanomolar (10-9M) concentrations that usually vary by less than one order of magnitude. In contrast, some cytokines (such as IL-6) circulate in picomolar (10-12M) concentrations that can increase up to 1,000-fold during trauma or infection. The widespread distribution of cellular sources for cytokines may be a feature that differentiates them from hormones. Virtually all nucleated cells, but especially endo/epithelial cells and resident macrophages (many near the interface with the external environment) are potent producers of IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α.[2] In contrast, classic hormones, such as insulin, are secreted from discrete glands (e.g., the pancreas).[3] As of 2008, the current terminology refers to cytokines as immunomodulating agents. However, more research is needed in this area of defining cytokines and hormones.
Part of the difficulty with distinguishing cytokines from hormones is that some of the immunomodulating effects of cytokines are systemic rather than local. For instance, to use hormone terminology, the action of cytokines may be autocrine or paracrine in chemotaxis and endocrine as a pyrogen. Further, as molecules, cytokines are not limited to their immunomodulatory role. For instance, cytokines are also involved in several developmental processes during embryogenesis[4][nb 1][5][nb 2]
Contents |
Discovery of cytokines [edit]
Barry Bloom and John David independently discovered and characterized the activity of a soluble molecule released from lymphocytes that inhibited the random migration of macrophages (currently known as Macrophage migration inhibitory factor). They loaded macrophages from an unimmunized animal into a capillary tube, and then placed medium from either unstimulated lymphocytes or stimulated lymphocytes. They found that the medium from the stimulated lymphocytes prevented the random migration of macrophages out of the tube. This showed that there was a way for cell-cell communication that did not require cell-cell contact.
Effects [edit]
Each cytokine has a matching cell-surface receptor. Subsequent cascades of intracellular signalling then alter cell functions. This may include the upregulation and/or downregulation of several genes and their transcription factors, resulting in the production of other cytokines, an increase in the number of surface receptors for other molecules, or the suppression of their own effect by feedback inhibition.
The effect of a particular cytokine on a given cell depends on the cytokine, its extracellular abundance, the presence and abundance of the complementary receptor on the cell surface, and downstream signals activated by receptor binding; these last two factors can vary by cell type. Cytokines are characterized by considerable "redundancy", in that many cytokines appear to share similar functions.
It seems to be a paradox that cytokines binding to antibodies have a stronger immune effect than the cytokine alone. This may lead to lower therapeutic doses.
Said et al. showed that inflammatory cytokines cause an IL-10-dependent inhibition of [6] T-cell expansion and function by up-regulating PD-1 levels on monocytes which leads to IL-10 production by monocytes after binding of PD-1 by PD-L.[7]
Adverse reactions to cytokines are characterized by local inflammation and/or ulceration at the injection sites. Occasionally such reactions are seen with more widespread papular eruptions.[8]
Nomenclature [edit]
Cytokines have been classed as lymphokines, interleukins, and chemokines, based on their presumed function, cell of secretion, or target of action. Because cytokines are characterised by considerable redundancy and pleiotropism, such distinctions, allowing for exceptions, are obsolete.
- The term interleukin was initially used by researchers for those cytokines whose presumed targets are principally leukocytes. It is now used largely for designation of newer cytokine molecules discovered every day and bears little relation to their presumed function. The vast majority of these are produced by T-helper cells.
- The term chemokine refers to a specific class of cytokines that mediates chemoattraction (chemotaxis) between cells.
Classification [edit]
Structural [edit]
Structural homology has been able to partially distinguish between cytokines that do not demonstrate a considerable degree of redundancy so that they can be classified into four types:
- The four-α-helix bundle family - Member cytokines have three-dimensional structures with four bundles of α-helices. This family, in turn, is divided into three sub-families:
- the IL-2 subfamily
- the interferon (IFN) subfamily
- the IL-10 subfamily.
- The first of these three, the IL-2 subfamily, is the largest. It contains several non-immunological cytokines including erythropoietin (EPO) and thrombopoietin (TPO). Furthermore, four-α-helix bundle cytokines can be grouped into long-chain and short-chain cytokines.[citation needed]
- the IL-1 family, which primarily includes IL-1 and IL-18
- the IL-17 family, which has yet to be completely characterized, though member cytokines have a specific effect in promoting proliferation of T-cells that cause cytotoxic effects.
Functional [edit]
A classification that proves more useful in clinical and experimental practice divides immunological cytokines into those that enhance cellular immune responses, type 1 (IFN-γ, TGF-β, etc.), and type 2 (IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, etc.), which favor antibody responses.
A key focus of interest has been that cytokines in one of these two sub-sets tend to inhibit the effects of those in the other. Dysregulation of this tendency is under intensive study for its possible role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders.
Several inflammatory cytokines are induced by oxidant stress.[9][10] The fact that cytokines themselves trigger the release of other cytokines[11][12] and also lead to increased oxidant stress makes them important in chronic inflammation, as well as other immunoresponses, such as fever and acute phase proteins of the liver (IL-1,6,12, INF-a).
Receptors [edit]
In recent years, the cytokine receptors have come to demand the attention of more investigators than cytokines themselves, partly because of their remarkable characteristics, and partly because a deficiency of cytokine receptors has now been directly linked to certain debilitating immunodeficiency states. In this regard, and also because the redundancy and pleiomorphism of cytokines are, in fact, a consequence of their homologous receptors, many authorities think that a classification of cytokine receptors would be more clinically and experimentally useful.
A classification of cytokine receptors based on their three-dimensional structure has, therefore, been attempted. Such a classification, though seemingly cumbersome, provides several unique perspectives for attractive pharmacotherapeutic targets.
- Immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily, which are ubiquitously present throughout several cells and tissues of the vertebrate body, and share structural homology with immunoglobulins (antibodies), cell adhesion molecules, and even some cytokines. Examples: IL-1 receptor types.
- Hemopoietic Growth Factor (type 1) family, whose members have certain conserved motifs in their extracellular amino-acid domain. The IL-2 receptor belongs to this chain, whose γ-chain (common to several other cytokines) deficiency is directly responsible for the x-linked form of Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (X-SCID).
- Interferon (type 2) family, whose members are receptors for IFN β and γ.
- Tumor necrosis factors (TNF) (type 3) family, whose members share a cysteine-rich common extracellular binding domain, and includes several other non-cytokine ligands like CD40, CD27 and CD30, besides the ligands on which the family is named (TNF).
- Seven transmembrane helix family, the ubiquitous receptor type of the animal kingdom. All G protein-coupled receptors (for hormones and neurotransmitters) belong to this family. Chemokine receptors, two of which act as binding proteins for HIV (CD4 and CCR5), also belong to this family.[citation needed]
- Interleukin-17 receptor (IL-17R) family, which shows little homology with any other cytokine receptor family. Structural motifs conserved between members of this family include: an extracellular fibronectin III-like domain, a transmembrane domain and a cytoplasmic SERIF domain. The known members of this family are as follows: IL-17RA, IL-17RB, IL-17RC, IL17RD and IL-17RE.[13]
- Interleukin-12 (IL-12),secreted by Macrophage and act on THo (t-helper cell 0) and convert into TH1 (t-helper cell 1)which produce γ-IF.γ-IF activates Macrophage into super active cell which start cell mediated response.
Disease [edit]
Adverse effects of cytokines have been linked to many disease states and conditions ranging from major depression[14] and Alzheimer's disease[15] to cancer[16] with levels either being elevated or changed. Over-secretion of cytokines can trigger a dangerous syndrome known as a cytokine storm; this may have been the cause of severe adverse events during a clinical trial of TGN1412. Cytokine storms also were the main cause of death in the 1918 "Spanish Flu" pandemic. Deaths were weighted more heavily towards people with healthy immune systems, due to its ability to produce stronger immune responses, like increasing cytokine levels. Another important[17] example of cytokine storm is seen in acute pancreatitis. Cytokines are integral and implicated in all angles of the cascade resulting in the systemic inflammatory response syndrome and multi organ failure associated with this intra-abdominal catastrophe.
Plasma levels [edit]
Plasma levels of various cytokines may give information on the presence, or even predictive value of inflammatory processes involved in autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis,[18] as well as immunomodulatory effects of foods or drugs.[19] In addition, elevated levels of IL-7, an important cytokine involved in T cell homeostasis, have been detected in the plasma of HIV-infected patients.[20]
Cysteine-knot cytokines [edit]
This section requires expansion. (February 2007) |
Members of the transforming growth factor beta superfamily belong to this group, including TGF-β1, TGF-β2 and TGF-β3.
See also [edit]
- Active Hexose Correlated Compound
- Adipokines
- Apoptosis
- Chemokine
- Cytokine secretion assay
- Cytokine storm
- ELISA assays
- ELISPOT assays
- FluoroSpot assays
- Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor
- Interleukin-7
- Lymphokine
- Signal transduction
Notes [edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Cytokines |
- ^ Saito explains "much evidence has suggested that cytokines and chemokines play a very important role in the reproduction, i.e. embryo implantation, endometrial development, and trophoblast growth and differentiation by modulating the immune and endocrine systems."(15)
- ^ Chen explains the regulatory activity of LIF in human and murine embryos: "In conclusion, human preimplantation embryos express LIF and LIF-R mRNA. The expression of these transcripts indicates that preimplantation embryos may be responsive to LIF originating either from the surrounding environment or from the embryos themselves and exerting its function in a paracrine or autocrine manner."(719)
References [edit]
- ^ Gilman A, Goodman LS, Hardman JG, Limbird LE (2001). Goodman & Gilman's the pharmacological basis of therapeutics, Cytokines are diverse group of intercellular signalling low molecular weight proteins that provide a network controlling local and systemic immune and inflammatory responses but also wound healing, hematopoiesis and other biologic process. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-135469-7.
- ^ Boyle, J. J. (2005). Macrophage activation in atherosclerosis: pathogenesis and pharmacology of plaque rupture. Curr Vasc Pharmacol, 3(1), 63-68. PMID=15638783
- ^ Cannon JG (2000). "Inflammatory Cytokines in Nonpathological States". News Physiol Sci. 15: 298–303. PMID 11390930.
- ^ Saito, Shigeru (October–November 2001). "Cytokine cross-talk between mother and the embryo/placenta". Journal of Reproductive Immunology 52 (1–2): 15–33. doi:10.1016/S0165-0378(01)00112-7. PMID 11600175. Retrieved 2010-03-29.
- ^ Chen M.D., Hsin-Fu; Jin-Yuh Shew, Hong-Nerng Ho, Wei-Li Hsu, Yu-Shih Yang (October 1999). "Expression of leukemia inhibitory factor and its receptor in preimplantation embryos". Journal of Reproductive Biology 72 (4): 713–719. doi:10.1016/S0015-0282(99)00306-4. Retrieved 2010-03-29.
- ^ Said EA, et al. Programmed death-1-induced interleukin-10 production by monocytes impairs CD4+ T cell activation during HIV infection. Nat Med. 2010 Apr;16(4):452-9.
- ^ Elias A. Said et al. 2009, PD-1 Induced IL10 Production by Monocytes Impairs T-cell Activation in a Reversible Fashion" Nature Medicine 2010; 452-9.
- ^ James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology. (10th ed.). Saunders. ISBN 0-7216-2921-0.
- ^ Vlahopoulos, S; Boldogh, I; Casola, A; Brasier, AR (1999). "Nuclear factor-kappaB-dependent induction of interleukin-8 gene expression by tumor necrosis factor alpha: evidence for an antioxidant sensitive activating pathway distinct from nuclear translocation". Blood 94 (6): 1878–89. PMID 10477716.
- ^ David, F; Farley, J; Huang, H; Lavoie, JP; Laverty, S (2007). "Cytokine and chemokine gene expression of IL-1beta stimulated equine articular chondrocytes". Veterinary surgery : VS 36 (3): 221–7. doi:10.1111/j.1532-950X.2007.00253.x. PMID 17461946.
- ^ Carpenter, LR; Moy, JN; Roebuck, KA (2002). "Respiratory syncytial virus and TNF alpha induction of chemokine gene expression involves differential activation of Rel A and NF-kappa B1". BMC infectious diseases 2: 5. PMC 102322. PMID 11922866.
- ^ Tian, B; Nowak, DE; Brasier, AR (2005). "A TNF-induced gene expression program under oscillatory NF-kappaB control". BMC Genomics 6: 137. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-6-137. PMC 1262712. PMID 16191192.
- ^ Gaffen, Sarah (August 2009). "Structure and signalling in the IL-17 receptor superfamily". Nature Reviews Immunology 9: 556–567.
- ^ Dowlati Y, Herrmann N, Swardfager W, Liu H, Sham L, Reim EK, Lanctôt KL (2010). "A meta-analysis of cytokines in major depression". Biol Psychiatry 67 (5): 446–457. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.09.033. PMID 20015486.
- ^ Swardfager W, Lanctôt K, Rothenburg L, Wong A, Cappell J, Herrmann N (2010). "A meta-analysis of cytokines in Alzheimer's disease". Biol Psychiatry 68 (10): 930–941. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.06.012. PMID 20692646.
- ^ Locksley RM, Killeen N, Lenardo MJ (2001). "The TNF and TNF receptor superfamilies: integrating mammalian biology". Cell 104 (4): 487–501. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(01)00237-9. PMID 11239407.
- ^ Makhija, Rohit; Kingsnorth (2002). Journal of HBP surgery 9: 401–410.
- ^ Kokkonen, H. Arthritis & Rheumatism, Feb. 2, 2010; vol 62: pp 383–391
- ^ Nikolaeva LG, Maystat TV, Masyuk LA, Pylypchuk VS, Volyanskii YL, Kutsyna GA (2009). "Changes in CD4+ T-cells and HIV RNA resulting from combination of anti-TB therapy with Dzherelo in TB/HIV dually infected patients". Drug Des Devel Ther 2: 87–93. PMC 2761183. PMID 19920896.
- ^ Napolitano LA, Grant RM, Deeks SG, et al. (January 2001). "Increased production of IL-7 accompanies HIV-1-mediated T-cell depletion: implications for T-cell homeostasis". Nat. Med. 7 (1): 73–9. doi:10.1038/83381. PMID 11135619.
External links [edit]
- Cytokine Gene Summary, Ontology, Pathways and More - Immunology Database and Analysis Portal (ImmPort)
- Cytokine Tutorial. dead link.
- Cell Interactions: Cytokines. inactive link
- Reperfusion Injury in Stroke.
- CopeWithCytoKines Cytokines Online Pathfinder Encyclopaedia


text:
EconlibThe LibraryOther Sites |
Front Page Titles (by Subject) 8.: ORIGIN OF RUSSIA — ( P. 49 sqq. ) - The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, vol. 10
Return to Title Page for The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, vol. 10The Online Library of LibertyA project of Liberty Fund, Inc.Search this Title:Also in the Library:
8.: ORIGIN OF RUSSIA — ( P. 49 sqq. ) - Edward Gibbon, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, vol. 10 [1776]Edition used:The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, ed. J.B. Bury with an Introduction by W.E.H. Lecky (New York: Fred de Fau and Co., 1906), in 12 vols. Vol. 10.
Part of: The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, 12 vols.About Liberty Fund:Liberty Fund, Inc. is a private, educational foundation established to encourage the study of the ideal of a society of free and responsible individuals. Copyright information:The text is in the public domain. Fair use statement:This material is put online to further the educational goals of Liberty Fund, Inc. Unless otherwise stated in the Copyright Information section above, this material may be used freely for educational and academic purposes. It may not be used in any way for profit.
8.ORIGIN OF RUSSIA — (P. 49 sqq.)No competent critic now doubts that the Russians, who founded states at Nevgorod and Kiev, subdued the Slavonic tribes and organised them into a political power, — who, in short, made Russia — were of Scandinavian or Norse origin. It is therefore unnecessary to treat this matter any longer as a disputed question, though there are still "anti-Normans" in Russia; it will be enough to state briefly the most important evidence. The evidence is indeed insuperable, except to insuperable prejudice. (1) The early writers, who mention the Russians, attest their identity with the Scandinavians or Normans. The first notice is in the Annales Bertiniani ad ann. 839 (Pertz, Mon. i. 484), Rhos vocari dicebant . . . comperit eos gentis esse Sueonum. Liutprand (Antapodosis, v. 15) says that they were Normans (nos vero a positione loci nominamus Nordmannos). The chronicle of "Nestor" identifies them with the Varangians, or regards them as belonging to the Varangian stock; and for the Scandinavian origin of the Varangians see above, p. 51, note 58. The Continuation of George the Monk (Symeon Magister) states more generally and less accurately their German origin (= Theoph. Contin. p. 423, ed. B., ἐκ Φράγγων γένους).1 (2) The Russians spoke Norse, not Slavonic. This is proved by the 9th chapter of Constantine's de Administratione, where the Russian and Slavonic languages are distinguished (Ῥωσιστί and Σκλαβινιστί), and the Russian names of the waterfalls are unmistakably Scandinavian. See below, Appendix 9. (3) The names of the first Russian princes and the names of the signatories of the first Russian treaties are Norse. Riurik is the old Norse Hraerikr; Oleg is Helgi; Olga, Helga; Igor (Ἴγγωρ; Inger in Liutprand) is Ingvarr. The boyars who are named in the treaty of 912 (Nestor, c. 22) are Kary (Swedish, Kari), Ingeld (O. Norse, Ingialdr), Farlof (Swedish), Vermud (O. Norse, Vermunde), Rulaf (O. Norse, Hrodleifr), Ruald (O. Norse, Hroaldr), Goud (cp. Runic Kudi), Karn (Scandinavian), Frelaf (O. N., Fridleifr), Rouar (O. N., Hroarr), Trouan (O. N., Droandr), Lidoul (O. N., Lidufr?), Fost (Swedish). There remain two uncertain names, Aktevou and Stemid. Similarly the large proportion of the names in the treaty of 945 (c. 27) are Scandinavian. (4) The Finnish name for Sweden is Ruotsi, the Esthonian is Rôts; and we can hardly hesitate to identify this with the name of Russia; Old Slavonic Rous', Greek Ῥώς.2 This name (neither Finnish nor Slavonic) is derived by Thomsen from the Scandinavian rods (rods-menn = rowers, oarsmen); the difficulty is the dropping out of the dental in Rous, Ῥώς. Thus the current opinion which prevailed when the Russians first appeared on the stage of history; the evidence of their language; the evidence of their names; and the survival of the ancient meaning of the Russian name in Finnic, concur in establishing the Scandinavian origin of the Russians. For a development of these arguments and other minor evidence see Prof. V. Thomsen's work, The Relations between Ancient Russia and Scandinavia, and the Origin of the Russian State (Ilchester Lectures), 1877; E. Kunik, Die Berufung der Schwedischen Rodsen durch die Finnen und Slaven, 1844; and see Mémoires of the Imperial Academy of Russia, vii. sér. 22, p. 279 sqq. and 409 sqq.; Bestuzhev-Riumin, Russkaia Istoriia (vol. i.), 1872; Pogodin, O proischoždenii Rusi, 1825, Drevniaia Russkaia Istoriia, 1871, and other works. The two most eminent opposition advocates are: Ilovaiski, Razyskaniia O nachalie Rusi, 1876, and Istoriia Rossii (Part 1, Kiev period), 1876; and Gedeonov, Izsliedovaniia o variazhskom voprosie, 1862, Variagi i Rus', 1876. [1 ]Yakūbi, writing before the end of the 9th cent., calls the heathen who attacked Seville in 844 Rūs. [2 ]Ῥώς is the exact equivalent of Nestor's Rous', which is a collective tribe name = "the Russians." Ῥωσία, Russia, was formed from Ῥώς, and the Russian name Rossiia was a later formation on Greek analogy. |

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It is a useful practice, both for general moral self-improvement and for combatting our ego, every time we become aware that we are preoccupying ourselves with other people's faults, to turn that preoccupation upon ourselves and let it deal with our own faults, which we usually overlook. For we earn the right to judge others only after we have judged ourselves.
-- Notebooks Category 6: Emotions and Ethics > Chapter 1: Uplift Character > # 458


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St. Louis Children's Hospital makes prestigious U.S. News Honor Roll, ranks #6 on list of Best Children's Hospitals.
KSDK aired the fourth episode of The Frontline for Hope on April 6.
Episode 3 of The Frontline for Hope aired March 30 on KSDK.
Joe Buck talks about his love for St. Louis Children's Hospital, and his role in the docuseries "The Frontline for Hope" with The Maryville Pawprint.
Episode 1 of The Frontline for Hope aired on KSDK Saturday, March 16.
KSDK shares the story of a New York man who is inspiring kids to be superheroes one cape at a time.
St. Louis Kids Magazine highlights the new TV docuseries airing Saturday nights on KSDK.
The new docuseries featuring St. Louis Children's Hospital, The Frontline for Hope, is announced by the St. Louis American.
KSDK goes behind the scenes of the docuseries highlighting St. Louis Children's Hospital that will air Saturday nights.
The St. Louis Post Dispatch introduces us to Drew, a neurocritical care patient at St. Louis Children's Hospital.
Aliyah Wilson was born with a condition called Acrania, previously thought to have a 100% mortality rate. KSDK shares the six-month-old's remarkable story.
KSDK follows-up with Lauren Slattery, a 13-year-old SDR patient, as she leaves the hospital.
KSDK introduces us to Lauren Slattery, a 13 year old undergoing life-changing SDR surgery to ease the symptoms of cerebral palsy.
Pediatric program for brain injuries saves lives and reduces disabilities.
Mike Bush introduces us to Joe and Cecilia Detwiler, two remarkable teens who were treated at our Level 1 Pediatric Trauma Center.
St. Louis Children's Hospital makes U.S. News Honor roll again.
KSDK sits down with a neurosurgery team from St. Louis Children's Hospital preparing to leave on a medical mission trip to Haiti.
Neurology and Neurosurgery ranked by U.S. News. Read more


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Osbourn Park High Student Dies in Manassas-area Crash
Police said a car crashed into a tree Thursday morning just outside of Manassas.
An Osbourn Park High student died in a car crash on Lake Jackson Drive just outside of Manassas on Thursday morning.
Michael Murphy Scmelzinger, 17, died at the scene of the crash located in the 10500 block of Lake Jackson Drive, said Prince William Police, who are investigating the crash.
Police said his 2008 Ford Mustang was southbound on Lake Jackson Drive when it left the roadway and hit a tree.
Police said speed was a factor in the crash.
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Ballston Spa Central School District voters approve phase two of facilities referendum
BALLSTON SPA — Voters in the Ballston Spa Central School District on Tuesday approved the
$8.9 million facilities improvement referendum that funds phase two of a master plan that includes renovations to the middle and high school athletic facilities and Wood Road Elementary School.
The vote passed 69 percent to 31 percent. The school district did not provide the exact vote tally by press time.
"We greatly appreciate the support of the school community as we continue to renovate our districtwide facilities," Superintendent Joseph P. Dragone said. "We are anxiously looking forward to beginning the phase two projects as soon as the necessary approvals are secured".
District Community Relations Coordinator Stuart Williams said having a separate vote now instead of waiting for the May budget vote moves the improvements forward immediately. He noted that six months of the process would have been lost had the district waited and said several of the projects are slated to begin this summer. With voters' approval Tuesday, those projects can stay on schedule.
The projected net tax impact on a home assessed at $220,000 — the average assessment of a home in the district — is estimated to be $3.35 per year, starting in 2016.
In September, the school board approved phase two of the facilities improvement plan, which is the second half of the district's capital improvement project that began in January 2010. The first phase of the project was approved by public vote in October 2010. Since then, renovations have been ongoing at the middle school, and construction began on a new elementary school.
The Wood Road Elementary School renovations in the second phase will be similar to phase one renovations at Milton Terrace North, which included renovations to classrooms and to bathrooms. Other renovations scheduled for Wood Road Elementary include flooring, upgrading boilers and hot-water generators, repairing and upgrading mechanical systems for safety and efficiency, upgrading fire alarms and public announcement systems, asbestos abatement and replacement of the gym floor and partitions.
At the high school, athletic facilities will be revamped, including work on the pool, track and tennis courts. Scoreboards will be installed at the varsity soccer/lacrosse field, the baseball field and the softball field.
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As the Mile High City, Denver [1] is automatically associated with its elevation and those hundreds of mountain peaks to the west. But the city is located on the high plains to the east, about 12 miles east of the foothills of the Rocky Mountains. This eastern expanse is called the Front Range of the Rockies.
Denver is a little bit of both mountains and plains, and the core neighborhoods vary greatly from floodplains to hills overlooking the city and everything in between.
Shaped by its location as a gateway city to the towns and beauty that lie to the west in the Rocky Mountains and as a hub of the entire region, Denver has a natural appeal all its own.
The word "plains" suggests flatland or lowland, but in reality the land is more dynamic than that with the plains east of Denver [1] at even a higher elevation. This actually causes the waters of Cherry Creek to flow northwest, unlike rivers that run south and east from the mountains. From a different perspective, Denver is at the western edge of the plains, not the eastern side of the mountains.
Denver is not a lush city, despite the waterways running through it and numerous reservoirs on the outskirts of the city. This is a high desert climate, with a history of minimal precipitation and relying on irrigation. The average annual rainfall in Denver is 15.47 inches, and average annual snowfall is 59.6 inches. The summers are dry and can be quite hot—though statistics put the average high at 88.1°F in July, it frequently climbs into the 100s.
Denver [1] has more annual days of sunshine than coastal places like San Diego, and typically a couple inches of snowfall will melt off within a few days. Winters can be quite chilly, with average January lows at 16.9°F, but snowfall varies significantly: Some years there's little snow all season, but every few years it seems the city is paralyzed by a blizzard.
Because those blizzards garner a lot of national headlines, people mistakenly believe that Denver has such severe storms every winter. It's a paradox for officials: Because such snowstorms are unusual, they are not adequately prepared with enough plows and staff, yet the city needs to be prepared for such emergencies. It can be bad publicity for the city, but is usually good news for the ski resorts.
Growth is a double-edged sword for Denver [1], and always has been, resulting in two prominent environmental issues: air pollution and water use.
Since the city's earliest days there have been struggles to divert enough clean water to supply the city—and now the greater metro area, which consists of seven counties. There needs to first be a certain percentage of precipitation at the highest points in the mountains where rivers and streams are fed by rain and snow each year. The bulk of the rivers actually head west from the Continental Divide, and what is flowing east doesn't simply end in Denver but keeps heading south through other parched states to the distance ocean. One source of water is brought "uphill" over the Continental Divide to provide water to Denver and its suburbs.
Water laws and rights are complicated issues that have become more prominent during drought years, such as 2002. That was the year that Denver Water began mandatory water-use rules and even created water "police" who fined people for watering their grass at the wrong time. The strict hit-them-in-the-wallet restrictions did decrease water use by billions of gallons, but as growth continues along with the naturally arid conditions conservation efforts are an ongoing part of life in Denver.
While taking fewer showers or living with a yellow lawn turned out to be acceptable conservation measures for residents, helping to reduce air pollution and the city's notorious "brown cloud" is another challenge.
Once upon a time, Denver [1] had a streetcar system that was done away with to make way for the almighty automobile. As the population boomed between 1960 and 1980, the number of cars on the freshly built highways and roads also exploded. It wasn't until the 1980s that auto emission tests became mandatory here. Cars weren't the only source contributing to the smog (or "smaze" as some called it), and trash burning was prohibited.
Coal-burning power plants have had to cut their emissions and wood-burning fireplaces are nearly obsolete, with restrictions on days that they can be used. The fact that Denver lies in a river basin between the plains and the mountains means that the fine particles of pollution—whether from road sand or carbon monoxide emissions or smoke—are going to settle in the air in this low spot.
The brown cloud is not gone, and it can obscure views from the city or of the city itself when approaching it, but there is more and more emphasis on alternative transportation in Denver and beyond to possibly reduce the haze and pollution. Residents and visitors alike are encouraged to ride bikes, take the light rail trains or buses, or simply walk instead of driving. The city often struggles to stay in compliance with Environmental Protection Agency standards and has to keep finding ways to reduce air pollution.
[1] http://www.moon.com/destinations/denver


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Lavacourt Under Snow Cards by Birchcraft (Set of 50)
The cover of this card is a painting by Claude Monet entitled "Lavacourt under Snow". The simplicity of this card only adds to its' beauty. This textured card is made from recycled paper.. Price: $105.90
This item is available from FineStationery.com


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Alpine Scrambling Course Second Year - Tacoma
10/02/12 (Tue) - 10/01/13 (Tue)
Course Extension
Tacoma Alpine Scrambling
Larry Dunn
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2nd Year students are required to participate in lectures and field trips necessary to complete course and graduation requirements. The fee for 2nd Year students is $50.
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Goose Creek Pear and Blue Cheese Salad with Shallot Dressing
Recipes » Salad » Green Salads
This salad is a hit at every party and holiday dinner.
"Served this at a sparkling-wine tasting party we just hosted, and four people noted to me how much they enjoyed it. Honey-Shallot dressing paired nicely with the sweetness of the champagnes we tried. Be sure the pears are fully ripe."
- stevemurCuisine: AmericanMain Ingredient: Salad
105 people want to try | 150 have favorited
-- Salad -- |
1 bagWild Red Lettuce Mix |
2 headsBibb Lettuce |
2 Pears; peeled and chopped |
1/2 cupBlue Cheese; crumbled |
1/2 cupPine nuts; toasted |
1 cartonCherry tomatoes; sliced |
-- Shallot Dressing -- |
1/2 cupSaffola Oil |
2 tablespoonRed wine vinegar |
2 tablespoonHoney |
1 tablespoonDijon mustard |
1 tablespoonWater |
1 Shallot; or Onion Powder |
1/8 teaspoonSalt |
3/4 teaspoonPepper |
Goose Creek Pear and Blue Cheese Salad with Shallot Dressing Preparation
Chill the plates.
Make the salad... you can toast the Pine Nuts and make the dressing the night before.
For the dressing, combine all the ingredients and blend until smooth. Chill until serving time.
You can subsititue the Apples for the Pears and Pecans for the Pine Nuts for another wonderful entertaining salad.
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High Tail Hall
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High Tail Hall, also known as HTH, is an adult Flash animation game created by the artist Crowchild and his studio HTH Studios (formerly Pendragon Entertainment).
In it, the player's character (who is male), can explore the setting of "High Tail Hall", which is a strip club and bar that has recently opened for business. While exploring the place, a player can talk to and/or seduce, or be seduced by, the furry characters in the hall.
Other active elements on this Flash game include an interactive news bulletin board, tip jar, a suggestion box, and several hidden locations and secrets.
Contents |
High Tail Hall 1.0 (1.5)
High Tail Hall began its existence as a discussion on the Yiffstar messageboards. Crowchild, the creator of Pendragon Entertainment, announced he would be making a flash akin to The Tail Underground, seeing as updates to it were sporadic at best. This announcement included a statement that people who wished to be in the animation need only ask.
Some time after the announcement, the finished product, version 1.5, was released.
Fully interactive characters:
- Luca Shoal, an androgynous male fox. Luca is a maid for HTH and wears a "French maid outfit". He is owned by his player, Luca Shoal (Pendragon Entertainment holds the rights to the remaining characters.)
- Tanya Winters, a female Zebra. Tanya is a barmaid and serves guests (in more ways than one).
- Zoe Mallari, a female cheetah. Zoe is one of the HTH strippers.
Other characters:
- Maxwell Moore, a black male tomcat (text only). Maxwell is apparently the owner and manager of HTH and serves guests as a bartender. He seems to have many sexual relationships with the strippers.
- Boris, an old male crow (text only). Boris is from Russia and is one of Maxwell's regular customers.
- A female kangaroo and an avian character. The kangaroo (who is evidently a stripper) is having sex with a raven (or crow) character in the basement of the bar.
- There is also a crow in the far left upstairs room, but never does anything but read a book.
(Note: These are the characters that appear in Version 1.5. Characters from Version 1.7 are not included on this list.)
High Tail Hall has a bar with an outside balcony on the main floor, private rooms on the second floor, a dance floor and bar downstairs off the ground floor. There is also a secret entryway on the second floor (by clicking one of the lamps), a hidden envelope containing erotic art and a codeword. In Version 1.7 the player has the option of going outside.
When in the storage room you can click on a hanger that will take you to a room to enter the codeword E1B2 (letters must be in caps)or you right-click and press play, That brings you to this weird scene with red circles with the numbers 13, 85, 27.
While outside, clicking on the fourth tree from the right, will trigger a cutscene of a tryst between a male herp and a female faun.
High Tail Hall 1.7
Version 1.7 offered the opportunity to add your own character/fursona to the game engine for a fee. Unfortunately, a fire broke out in the Pendragon Entertainment studio, destroying the computer with all the commissions on it, and causing thousands of dollars worth of damage to the building.[citation needed]
All Pendragon Entertainment projects were suspended, but full refunds were given to everyone who commissioned a character. The improvements that were being added to version 1.7 were:
- A redesigned Tanya Winters.
- The ability to venture outside the pub, where one could find a non-working Stargate, and a hidden spot with an orcish character and satyr.
- Jade Felicia Lanely, a female blue fox (incomplete full interaction. Right-clicking "play" on the character shows some of the intended interaction, before the sequence abruptly ends.)
1.7 was recently dropped, and now only exists in an archived version.
High Tail Hall 2.0
High Tail Hall 2.0 is the latest installment of the HTH series; as in the prior settings, a player can explore the newly renovated "High Tail Hall" strip club and bar, which has undergone some extreme renovations.
From March 2008 to December 2008, several new characters with numerous new adult character-to-player-to-character interactions have been added to the game's content. According to Crowchild's FA page, an update was scheduled for October of 2009, but it did not occur. Crowchild resurfaced on February 21st 2010 promising an update within three weeks. However, this deadline was missed as well. The project was considered by much of the community to be dead.[1]. Recently, TyvraPanther has commented on Crowchild's FA page, linking to a blog post made on her page, which answers some questions posed about the status of the project by the community, but was very outdated.
Old Version Characters (Last updated: December 2008)
Fully interactive characters:
- Bella, a female polar bear (voice acting by Amaracol Douceline).
- Rio Davis, a female wolf/fox hybrid (voice acting by Tyvara Panther).
- Ginger, a hermaphrodite cat (temp. inactive).
- Jezel, a female husky.
- Shelly, a female collie.
- Shemyay, a female jackal (temp. inactive/off game).
- Cindy, a female rabbit.
- Kristy, a female cat.
- Aleta, a female parrot (voice acting).
Other characters:
- ?, male dinosaur (Bartender, new owner?).
- Bar group, male duck with three female swans.
- ?, a non-anthropomorphic parrot on a stand.
- ?, a female rat.
New, current version
On February 26, 2011, HTH Studios re-opened a completely changed, revamped HTH 2 with a new interface and a new look. It recycles nothing of the old HTH2, other than the ideas/concept, and the appearance of a few old characters who appeared in HTH and the old HTH2. However, the old characters have completely new artwork and animations. New Areas were also added, but most are currently empty.
Crowchild currently updates the game sporadically. Areas and characters available are subject to yearly changes. The new game has introduced a schedule system where certain characters are at different locations at different times and certain events occur at different times. The time corresponds to the user's computer time, not a server-sided or universal schedule, so one can change the time on their own computer to trigger game changes personally. Also, the game has a visible day and night graphics cycle. Updates and game info are available at Crowchild's/HTH Studios' official FA account:Crowchild FA. A tumblr has been created to document changes that take place over Crowchild's livestream:[1] And I'd fuck them all.
New Version Characters (Last updated: 3.17.2012)
- Tanya Winters, a female Grévy's Zebra (from HTH 1.5. Planned reintroduction). Location: High Tail Hall > Bar
- Aleta, a female scarlet macaw. Location: (Currently Inactive)
- Lucky, a female Mustang. Lucky's twin. Location: 1st Floor Main Hall >Right Hall > Private Rooms
- Candy, a female Unicorn. Location: 1st Floor Main Hall - House of Eve (Inactive)
- Rio Davis, a female wolf/fox hybridLocation: The Villa
- Bella, a female polar bear Location: The Villa > The pool > Day-time only. (Inactive)
- Zoe, a female cheetah Location: The High Tail Hall > Bar (Inactive Currently)
- Anne, a brown, female Clydesdale horse. Location: High Tail Hall > Outside > Upstairs (Floor One) > Room 2 > Anne's bedroom.
- Valeriya, a dark brown, female bear. Location: (Inactive)
- Zig Zag, a female tiger stripped skunk. Location: (Inactive currently)
- Kira, a dark brown, female Otter, with a laptop. Location: High Tail Hall > The Bar (Inactive)
- Goldie, a yellow, female dragon, with green eyes. Location: High Tail Hall > The Bar
- Jezel, a female siberian husky. Location: High Tail Hall > Outside
- Felicity, a female white mouse. Location: High Tail Hall > Bar
(Update 2.12.2012)
Anne (Horse) The Main Hall - Floor one room 2, The villa - Pool.
Bella (Polar Bear) The Glass Room - Bar
Candy (Unicorn) The Tower - Floor 2
Carmen () Nova Beach
Cindy () The Main hall - lobby
Felicity (Mouse) The villa - Pool
Gianna () The Tower - Floor 7
Goldie (Dragon) The Villa - Pool
Jade () The Tower - Loby
Jasmine () The Tower - Floor 8
Jezzel (Husky) The Villa - Inside
Kira (Otter) Nova Beach
Kristy () The Glass Room (inactive)
Michelle () The Tower - Floor 1
Racquel () The Glass Room - Bar (Inactive / Gold members)
Rio (Wolf) The Main hall - lobby, The villa - Pool
Tanya (Zebra) The villa - Pool
Valeriya (Bear) The Glass Room
Zoe (Cheetah) The villa - Pool
Other characters/Background characters in:
The Main Hall
Floor 1: The House of Eve
- Bar Group, A male otter and female squirrel having sex on a couch behind Candy.
Floor 2
Floor 3
Floor 4: Neon Lights
gay bar(Inactive)
Floor 5
Floor 6
Art Gallery
Floor 7
Floor 8: The Iron Horse Gym (Active, but empty)
Floor 9 (Inactive)
- ????, A brown, male bull and a black-skinned, white furred, female sheep having sex on a chair. Location: Villa > Pool > (To the left)
High Tail Hall Classic
On Halloween 2007, Crowchild released an image of the beta of the bar scene and a sound test of Max from an upcoming remake of High Tail Hall 1, currently titled High Tail Hall Classic.
HTHC will be total remake of the original game, and will feature the updated character models from HTH 2.0. It will also include voice acting.
The game currently has no set release date, and will be released onto Fur Affinity and Newgrounds.
High Tail Hall: Twilight Cavern
A fan created spinoff of the original High Tail Hall is on the works, being designed by an artist by the name Jack Salem, which will consist of established and new characters and locations. It has been announced that there will be approximately 12 female characters, and 6 different places to explore, as well as an in-depth plot.[citation needed]
As far as male characters, only one has been announced, and recently it was also announced that this version of the game is focused around heterosexual relations only. There will be a music score, mostly jazz tracks, written by Jack himself. This project was announced in 2006, with the only releases so far being images of characters and as of Christmas Day 2006, a Beta Preview with animation.[citation needed]
Upon the creator of Twilight Cavern hearing that the original High Tail Hall has come back into creation, the Twilight Cavern project has been announced to be a separate endeavor. Jack has stated that Twilight Cavern will be made, but it will no longer have any ties to High Tail Hall, save for any appearing special characters, such as Luca Shoal.[citation needed]
Jack has stated that he is indeed working on the project to the message-board Yiffstar, where the project was first announced.
Jack has started a commission service as a mini-fund raiser to support the re-creation of the Twilight Cavern Flash project, as posted in the miscellaneous Sub-forum at the Yiffstar community. He is establishing a new website and will be taking commissions for new characters shortly.
OpenHTH is an open source (as open as flash files can be) project based around High Tail Hall 1.7, the goal is to vastly improve the game, by enhancing existing content, but also adding to it.
The current version of OpenHTH is 1.0.2 which so far is only dialogue enhancements, replacing incorrect spelling and grammar, and typographical mistakes in the original HTH 1.7, some ambient music, and a few background animation enhancements.
Users are welcome to download the latest version and help add or enhance it, or download the base version (which is just the editable flash files of HTH 1.7) and try their hand at doing their own mod.
- Introduction to editing stage: which is to replace all the dialogue, while pertaining to some sort of persistent back story, to give it more of an atmospheric and immersive feel to it (as far as Flash goes anyway), part of the first phase is also to extend the length of the dialogue, and have somewhat more of an interactive conversation, to set it up as more of a game for later stages, then finally after all that is done fix any animation errors, that may get accidentally introduced from the editing.
- Technical and creative theory stage: which is to review the dialogue, plan where the game is headed, write up some design docs for planned expanded areas and characters, write the main and back story, figure out the character's persona and write the dialogue around that (creative writing class finally pays off :P).
- Technical backend stage: which is to create a backend engine for the game from scratch, which will contain your basic RPG elements, the journal, the inventory, etc.
- Content creation stage: which is of course, is to create new art and animation using what we planned out in the second phase to dictate what exactly we need to do, as well as sound effects, and creating a few musical scores.
- Putting it together stage: which is to link the content to the backend, define what its supposed to do, whats supposed to happen with each conversation path etc, put in the right dialogue for the right character, get the journal to update on certain events, etc etc.
- Testing stage: which is to obviously test what we have, see what works as intended, and to refine the game, correcting and fixing any errors, mistakes, bugs, etc.
Then finally it's finished, or is it? No not really, that 6 phase process can be repeated as many times, and with each lot of 6 phases can add as little or as much content as we please at the time.
Users can and are encouraged to contribute to this process, and critique upon whatever we have at any given point in time on the OpenHTH forums.
Early versions of High Tail Hall prior to version 1.1 included an uncredited clip of Depeche Mode's song "Personal Jesus." This clip was removed from 1.2 on.
Some people believe that High Tail Hall was inspired by The Tail Underground, and vice versa. In fact, both Ian R. Soulfox and Pendragon Entertainment created their animations independently, with High Tail Hall being made after Tail Underground. Ian has mentioned that he doesn't mind the HTH, and that he enjoys its existence.
- ↑ Fur Affinity journal by Crowchild, dated 21 February, 2010
External links
- HTH Studios official website
- High Tail Hall 1.5 at Newgrounds
- High Tail Hall 1.7 archived copy
- High Tail Hall 2 Original (2008) archived copy
- High Tail Hall 2 official webpage
- High Tail Hall 2 forum Official message board
- HTH's FurAffinity page. Displays all up to the month HTH updates
- OpenHTH Archive Internet Archive backup of OpenHTH's webpage and source code.


text:
TimeNet Law 1.9.9h
TimeNet Law is time management and billing software for law firms, private investigators, and others who are looking for a Timeslips replacement for MacOS X.
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Oleg, a 3-year-old Belgian Malinois, joined the force in September. He rides the beat with his handler, Officer David Riddle, and assists in trailing suspects and locating evidence. He's also trained to pursue suspects in foot chases and apprehend suspects, sparing officers from employing deadly force.
"Oleg is a special dog," Oakley Police Chief Bani Kollo said. "He's unique. He's full of energy and loves attention, but when it is time to get down to business, he's a tough worker. He's been a great addition to the team and he has a great future in Oakley."
When Kollo says Oleg is a hard worker, it's not an exaggeration. When Riddle began training with Oleg, the dog was so focused on tracking a scent that he collided with a bush and took a thorn in the eye. Luckily, Oleg suffered no permanent damage.
"Oleg is far different from any other dog I've ever known, and I've been around dogs all my life," Riddle said. "He's so relaxed at home, but take him out in the patrol car and he gets jacked up. He's so animated."
Sometimes too animated. In his first weeks with Riddle, Oleg would get so excited he'd beat his tail against the metal grate in the patrol car until he broke the skin. The vet finally decided to dock Oleg's tail so that he wouldn't hurt himself further or get an infection.
Aside from a few extra trips to the vet, Oleg is proving to be a valuable addition to the department and has already assisted in cases in Oakley and Antioch. When he's not on duty, he stays with Riddle and his family, which includes a German shepherd that has taken a liking to Oleg. But even during his down time, Oleg can't take his mind off work. He has his own kennel, complete with a dog bed, but sleeps in the patrol car on oaccasion.
"It's funny," Riddle said. "I tuck him in with blankets to make sure he's comfortable. I check on him to see if he wants to come out, but he loves to sleep in the car. He's a unique personality. He's a great dog."
But what makes Oleg truly special is that he's a gift from the Oakley community. When Kollo learned that Riddle had training in the K-9 division and was interested in becoming a handler, Kollo spoke to Jim Frazier, who was Oakley mayor at the time. Frazier, president of Friends of Oakley, helped organize fundraisers and spread the word about Oakley's need for a second K-9 unit – and the community responded. Local businesses and residents contributed more than $12,000 to bring Oleg over from Germany and send him through K-9 training.
"It was a real grass-roots effort to bring Oleg on board," Kollo said. "He is Oakley's dog. We wouldn't have Oleg if it wasn't for kind-hearted people in this community, and he's out to make them proud."
Oleg is Oakley's second police dog. Shadow, a 7-year-old Belgian Malinois, is in the prime of his K-9 career, and Kollo said by the time Shadow is ready to retire, Oleg will be in his prime, ready to take over as top dog.


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Relax in a hammock and dine on the outdoor terrace or balcony
Open floor plan for living, dining and kitchen
Comfortable seating and Satellite TV
Fully-equipped kitchen with breakfast bar
Dining table with seating for 4
Bedroom 2 (king bed) and 3 (double bed) share a bath with shower
Akumal means "Place of the Turtles" in the Mayan language
Walk to Yal Ku Lagoon for amazing snorkeling!
Penthouse living and dining room
Penthouse open floor plan
Penthouse terrace with Ocean view
Penthouse 1-bedroom with queen size bed
Akumal Bay... great for snorkeling!
Akumal Sunset
Off-street parking
Mayan Ruins of Tulum only 20 minutes from Casa Quetzal
3-bedroom condo for 2- 4-6 guests. Both are just minutes away from Half Moon Bay beach and Yal Ku Lagoon!
Come visit Akumal and stay in a charming, spacious and affordable condominium situated in the middle of the Riviera Maya; 60 miles south of Cancun airport and 20 miles north of Tulum. The location is quiet, serene, and cozy, yet very close to restaurants, shops, groceries, jungle, Mayan ruins, and an endless choice of cool cenotes and beautiful beaches!
You will find snorkeling and diving within easy access. Walk 2 minutes to the famous Yal Ku Lagoon and you can enjoy the calm, clear water that invites a myriad of fishes for your viewing pleasure. And 2-minutes to the beach at Half Moon Bay, protected by the Meso-American Reef, the second-longest barrier reef in the world. The bay is home to a vast variety of fish and sea life for snorkelers to discover. Three dive centers in Akumal offer PADI-certified instructors to take you on thrilling reef or cavern dives.
In your home away from home, you have a fully-equipped kitchen, dining area, living room and adjoining balcony terrace. The 1-bedroom penthouse has a cozy bedroom with queen bed, plus a terrace to watch the sunrise over Half Moon Bay or the sunset over the jungle.
In the 3-bedroom condos, the master bedroom features a en-suite bathroom with shower and king bed. The other two bedrooms share a bathroom with shower. Rates include maid service twice weekly, towels, bedding and purified bottled water. Wireless Internet is available so bring your laptop.
Within walking distance of Casa Quetzal, you will enjoy excellent restaurants offering something for every taste and budget. There are convenience and grocery stores, art galleries, beachwear and souvenir shops, ATM and money exchange, taxi cabs, travel agency with car rentals, bike and golf cart rentals, fishing charters, yoga studio and a day spa. So you can relax because it's all here!
From Akumal, take a 20-minute drive north to Playa del Carmen and you will enjoy more restaurants with a variety of local and international cuisine. Outdoor malls in and around Fifth Avenue offer a variety of boutiques, local artists' shops and quaint indoor/outdoor bars and restaurants. And just a 20-minute drive south to Tulum offers more beautiful beaches, kitesurfing, restaurants, beach bars and chic boutiques.
Keywords: Discount, Akumal, Condo, 1-Bedroom, 2-Bedroom, 3-Bedroom, Half Moon Bay, Kitchen, Living, Master Bedroon with Private Bath, Balcony Terrace, Walk to Beach, quiet
Dive instructor, property manager, living in Akumal since 1985. I enjoy diving ocean and cenotes. Akumal is the heart of Riviera Maya and the perfect place for diving both and the atmosphere is quiet and laid back.
Casa Quetzal is just steps away from Half Moon Bay and Yalku Lagoon and surrounded by natural beauty. Outdoor activities for people of all ages and interests are accessible right outside your door. Diving, snorkeling, swimming, restaurants, convenience stores and souvenir shops are all located within walking distance.


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Ihor Ševčenko memorial guest book | Sign the Guest Book |
Saturday, 25 May 2013 20:13 Thank you for visiting. Please leave your comments in any language by clicking "Sign the Guestbook" link in the upper right. If you have a longer or formatted tribute, please email it to firstname.lastname@example.com. Click on thumbnail photographs to view them at full size. « Back to Ihor Ševčenko memorial home page |
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I learned so much from him, he lived a truly fulfilling life.
Здравствуйте! Моя фамилия Клокун Оксана Викторовна я родилась в г. Радомышле Житомирской области Украина. Я видела Игоря Ивановича всего лишь один раз в жизни. Он приезжал в наш город и в дом, где жила его родня. Фамилия моей бабушки Шевченко Ольга Алексеевна. На тот период он с его слов занимался составлением генеалогического древа. И я являюсь его двоюродной внучкой, а мой отец Клокун Виктор Петрович двоюродным племянником. К сожалению, мой отец умер от рака в 2009 г. А еще когда Игорь Иванович приезжал к нам в гости нас с папой сфотографировал на фоне старого дома, и сказала такие слова: "я не прощаюсь, а говорю допобачення". И обещал, что направит нам фотографии, к сожалению, мы их так и не получили.
Жаль, что у нас так и не получилось свидеться. Да Игорь Иванович был и остается Великим человеком. Хотелось бы увидится с его дочерьми (со слов Игорь Ивановича у него их две). Если есть возможность передайте данное письмо его дочерям. Вот такая была встреча у нас. Заранее огромное спасибо. |
He was a diligent and dedicated scholar and a great nurturer of the scholarship of others and of scholarship as a whole. Polymathic, interdisciplinary, but with a strong though not insistent core sense of the importance of Byzantine culture to the world, he was a toweringly admirable example.
Sa svetima upokoj, Hriste,
dušu sluge tvoga Ihora, gde nema bolesti ni muke ni uzdisanja, no gde je život večni. Večnaja pamjat! |
Professor Ševčenko was a member of the Board of Directors of the American Associates of the Saint Catherine Foundation from 2000. He was an astute contributor to board deliberations in New York, always quick to share his considerable knowledge of Saint Catherine's Monastery and its manuscripts, and a lively and urbane presence at fundraising events around the world. He will be greatly missed by all at the foundation and monastery.
In honour of our friend and colleague, the American Associates announce the establishment of the Ševčenko Fund for the conservation of the Glagolitic and other Slavonic manuscripts at Saint Catherine's, which Ihor Ševčenko long studied and loved so well. |
As my teacher at Columbia University, Professor Sevcenko opened up for me new horizons by introducing me to the study of Byzantine manuscripts,bringing to my attention unpublished sources of the 14th century and guiding me in the edition and translation of such sources.
I am deeply grateful for the privilege of studying with him; for the benefit of his sustained interest in my work and for the friendship and hospitality that he and Nancy so generously extended to me through the years. I treasure the memories and extend my heartfelt sympathy to the family. |
I am sorry to have missed attending the memorial service in his honor. I feel fortunate to have met him and heard him speak at various events attended by scholars on various events sponsored by the Harvard Ukrainian Institute. I am impressed at how many publications he produced, and the breath of people around the world who have written in to share their memories of him. How much he contributed to the world!
The Editorial Board of Oxford Studies in Byzantium, of which Ihor Sevcenko was a valued member, wishes to express its deep sorrow over news of his death. His advice in scholarly matters will be greatly missed
I worked with Professor Sevcenko for 25 years as his secretary/assistant in Harvard's Department of the Classics. He was a powerful presence, larger than life, commanding in his humor, warmth, and humanity; his sharp intellect and breadth of knowledge; his witty observations about people, events, politics, life; his generosity of spirit, always bringing us gifts when he returned from overseas; and his unfailing kindness and gentleness with my miniature poodle and office-mate, Raffi, who was fiercely devoted to his Uncle Ihor. His light was very bright and far-reaching. We are the richer for his friendship.
Odszedł znakomity historyk – znawca dziejów Bizancjum. Dorobek Jego nie został jeszcze dostatecznie przyswojony w Polsce, a szkoda. Nie przeczytamy Jego nowych prac, nowych ustaleń. Ale nie tylko bizantynistyka światowa poniosła stratę. Straciliśmy przyjaciela Polski, żywo zainteresowanego problemami Europy Środkowej. Zaprawdę był to jeden z ostatnich obywateli Rzeczypospolitej Trojga Narodów. Pozostanie w naszej pomięci.
Ho avuto il privilegio di conoscere Ihor Sevcenko a Washington, dove a Dumbarton Oaks riceveva con tanta simpatia, partecipazione e dottrina i Fellows del vicino Center for Hellenic Studies. La sua straordinaria personalità si rivelava non solo nella sua sterminata erudizione, ma nel calore affettivo, nella versatilità degli interessi culturali, nel cosmopolitismo delle sue relazioni, nell'umanità aperta e curiosa, capace di mettere a suo agio ogni interlocutore. Nell'impressionante padronanza di tante lingue e culture diverse (con nessun collega nella mia vita ho potuto parlare in sei diversi idiomi) si rispecchiava l'eccezionalità e la grandezza incommensurabile dello studioso e dell'uomo. Egli continua a vivere nel profondo del cuore di tutti quelli che l'hanno incontrato.
Bizantynistyka (polska, amerykańska, ukraińska) światowa poniosła bardzo bolesną stratę. Odszedł historyk rzetelny i entuzjastyczne zaangażowany w badania historyczne, zabierając bezpowrotnie swe niewypowiedziane myśli, sugestie, propozycje rozwiązań, swe niedokończone lub niepojęte prace, które mogłyby wzbogacić nasze postrzeganie przeszłości Bizancjum. Obok bizantynistyki poświęcił sporo uwagi problemom ukraińskiej historii i kultury oraz jej kontaktów z kulturą bizantyńską. Przez swoje otwarcie na problemy Europy Środkowo - Wschodniej był zarazem ostatnim obywatelem Rzeczpospolitej - Jerzym Niemiryczem XX stulecia.
If there is such a thing as a "Doktor-Uncle," that's how I will remember Ihor Sevcenko. Our first acquaintance goes back to his visit in 1986 to Oxford, where I was a graduate student working under the direction of his great friend Cyril Mango. He took an interest in a small 13th-century project on which I was working and generously and patiently shared his erudition and enthusiasm for all things Byzantine. Since then, his kindness, concern, and encouragement meant a lot, oftentimes offered with a gentle sense of humor, and always with elegance and grace.
My sincere condolences to all who mourn his loss, especially his family. There will never be another like him and he will be fondly remembered. |
Ihor Ševčenko introduced me to Byzantine Studies between 1973 and 1977 when I was an undergraduate at Harvard University. I will never forget the seminars in Widener D, attended mostly by graduate students except for Jeffrey Featherstone and myself. I was completely out of my depth, but felt welcomed and encouraged. Professor Ševčenko also supervised my undergraduate dissertation (a translation and commentary of the Life of Michael the Synkellos). I remember that he came to the viva dressed in his plaid shirt, probably in order to put me at ease. In fact he also supported me throughout the ordeal while the other professor grilled me-- I will never forget his encouragement on that occasion.
Ihor Ševčenko will be greatly missed by Byzantinists, Slavists, and medievalists worldwide. He belonged to a generation of scholars who were expected to know everything and nearly did. But above all, as so many of these contributions suggest, he was fun, kind and charming -- even if he could be intimidating at times! He would be greatly pleased, I think, at this wonderful online collection of obituaries, photos, and remembrances from friends. What a wonderful idea and how well executed! I send my deepest sympathy and best wishes to all of Ihor's family and loved ones. |
British Byzantinists were greatly saddened to learn of the death of our friend and colleague Prof. Ihor Sevcenko. We will all greatly miss his towering (in every sense!) presence at our Spring Symposia, his enthusiasm, his sense of humour and his great learning. We send our heartfelt sympathy to his family.
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Tri-Tronics Trashbreaker G3 EXP Training Collar with Tracer Light
The Trashbreaker G3 EXP is a simple and effective way to train your dog to stop chasing the wrong game. A white Tracer Light is included in this model. If you run a pack of hounds or need control of several dogs, choose the Trashbreaker G3 EXP, field expandable to handle up to 6 dogs. Color coded transmitter controls give you easy one-button control of each dog.
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text: Conveniently located off of I-76 in between I-71 and I-77. Five story hotel with interior corridors. Ample parking for large vehicles. Meeting Space up to 200 people. Restaurants and shopping within walking distance. The Galaxy Restaurant located adjacent to the hotel features formal dining, sports bar/patio, cafe market, wine bar and banquet space up to 500 people. Free continental breakfast served daily from 6 a.m. to 10 a.m. Front desk staffed 24 hours. Free wireless Internet throughout the building. Room service provided by the Galaxy Restaurant.


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Northview believes serving is important.
Whether you serve inside or outside the walls of Northview, we believe that volunteering is an important part of growing spiritually. Some people enjoy holding babies in our children's ministry. Others serve meals to the homeless in our city.
It is all important. So much so that we want to make it as easy for you to serve as possible.
If you are interested in serving in the community, our Good Neighbor web site can help connect you to local projects happening around the community.
If you want to get involved within the walls of Northview, we have many volunteer opportunties as well.
Just browse through. Feel free to contact us if you need more information or are ready to get involved!


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Newegg.com - A great place to buy computers, computer parts, electronics, software, accessories, and DVDs online. With great prices, fast shipping, and top-rated customer service - once you know, you Newegg.
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Step up to the SAPPHIRE Radeon HD 7870 VGA card for a new level of gaming experience in the latest FPS, RTS, MMORGP and RACING titles. It's based on the cutting-edge 28nm GCN architecture and built around 1536 Stream Processors and 2GB/256-bit GDDR5 memory that deliver reality-redefining visuals with stunning picture quality and environmental interaction. This card has latest GDDR5 memory clocked at 6000MHz effective, and runs with a core clock speed of 925 MHz which with PowerTune Dynamic Boost rises to 975 MHz on the engine. High quality heatpipe with dual powerful yet slient fans delivers exceptional thermal performance you can rely on even during extreme load condition. Versatile output configuration of HDMI, 2x mini-DisplayPort and DVI offers flexible connection to one or multiple displays.
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Excellent offering from AMDPros: Sits between the reference 7950 and Boost model performance wise. Runs Bioshock infinite and Metro Last Light on ultra. Cons: I get some coil wine from this card but it only when frame rates go above 200FPS. ie menu screens and logo intros. Did you find this review helpful? |
Pros: Great card for the price, currently i am running two in crossfire and getting really good FPS. It is able to keep up on my 32" samsung 5760x1080 eyefinity display . Cons: cards run a little hot under max loads, both are rocking about 80°C, which ends up making my room pretty toasty. Other Thoughts: If you plan on going water cooling, look at waterblocks first. then decided if you want to go full cover or universal. Did you find this review helpful? |
Pros: Runs pretty smooth. Cons: Fans on card point towards the bottom of my tower (my mobo is mouted on the right wall, looking from the front). Makes for poor air flow. Did you find this review helpful? |
Best bang for buck as of May 2013Pros: Tahiti LE core nearly maxes out all modern games in 1080p. Card is flawless. Fit and finish superior to powercolor unit. Cons: A bit long, so be sure to measure for clearance. 1 out of 1 people found this review helpful. Did you? |
Amazing card, best in price range!Pros: This card is absolutley the best card you can get in this price range. Uses the GPU from the 7900 series (Tahiti) so it will outperform all other 7870's that have the Pitcarin GPU. Unfortunatly as I am writing this they are disco on Newegg but they are still available around the web, but get this before its gone forever. (or until AMD releases another batch of Tahitit LE's) Cons: None, mine doesnt have the coil whine that some others have complained about, its very quiet actually. Even if it wasnt it honestly wouldnt bother me because this card would still be worth it, its that good of a deal!! Other Thoughts: If you can still sind this card around the web and you were looking at 7800 series cards then GET THIS before you cant get it anymore Did you find this review helpful? |
Needs Better CoolingPros: Good hi end card for the price. Running two in Crossfire and able to run SWtOR at 127FPS and STO at 90FPS. Cons: Stability. The card does not like to come out of sleep mode very well in a dual monitor setup, usually ends up with me resetting the computer. Other Thoughts: Will be looking in to water cooling so that I can place both cards in dedicated PCIe x16 slots. Did you find this review helpful? |
Would have been greatPros: Played any game that I threw at it at max settings on my new 27 inches screen. Cons: Thing is, I could only play game with it and even then it glitched a little. The real problem was when I tried to do anything else with it, be it youtube or twitch, I would get extreme artifacting followed by a system crash. When it wasn't a blue screen of death it would be a simple reboot. Minus one egg there. The other egg loss is that it probably won't be available for a very long time again. Other Thoughts: Amazing card, so frustrated that I got a bad egg, no pun intended. Thankfully, I will get a refund. Did you find this review helpful? |
Worth it if you can get itPros: Built on the 7950 pcb (tahiti)**************** Cons: None really reasonably priced with allot of power Did you find this review helpful? |
Good value for performancePros: Under full load my temps read 63C and fan at 60% at default clocks. Using Sapphire TRIXX mainly for fan control. Cons: Because of the card length I had to move my SSD to the lower bay, but I already knew that when I bought it. The back of the card sags a bit due to weight, so I zip-tied the ends of the card to keep it level (it's more for aesthetics than necessity). Other Thoughts: AMD Phenom II X4 970 OC @ 4.0 GHz Did you find this review helpful? |
Fast, Strong, Warm and a Little LoudPros: -Faster than regular 7870. Can run any game so far at high-ultra settings Cons: -The current drivers were no good for me- the card suffered from tons of stuttering. Installing the beta drivers solved that, and now it runs beautifully. Other Thoughts: I didn't buy it from Newegg, but I figured the review is helpful regardless 1 out of 1 people found this review helpful. Did you? |
"While I bought this card from another retailer, I think it should be known what this card is actually running under the hood, ..."— 2/2/2013
"I purchased 2 of these for a crossfire setup.— Dmartin95 1/28/2013
Number one pro for me is the wicked high frame rates I'm getting. ..."


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The Drowsy Chaperone (Don Ward)
Updated: 05/20/2013 - Two weekends left to catch one great show!
PIKES PEAK, CO - Nobuhiro Tajima did it! He finally broke the record he had been after for over a decade.
Tajima made the record-breaking run up Pikes Peak in 10:01 in his Suzuki Grand Vitara. The previous record of 10:04 was set by Rod Millen in 1994.
Tajima said he is thrilled with his new record but he now wants to return in 2008 to break the ten-minute barrier.
Click the below link for a complete listing of the results from the 2007 Pikes Peak International Hill Climb.
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powered by DisqusUpdated: 05/20/2013 - Two weekends left to catch one great show!
Updated: 05/14/2013 - I'm still focused on meeting my goal of doing a pull-up. And I'm almost there! But I'm always getting this question:
Updated: 04/17/2013 - Crossing the finish line is such an awesome moment. It's hard to imagine what it has been like for the runners in Boston.
Updated: 04/09/2013 - Admittedly, there are days that I just don't feel like working out. But then I met Viola. And if she can make working out a priority at 99, then none of us have any excuses! Here's how she's living a FIT LIFE:
Updated: 04/05/2013 - A look back at that amazing Rockies home opener, 20 years ago! Were you there?


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That is such a sweet blogger of you :)
Your comments make me so happy! Thanks for stopping by and sharing your thoughts with me.P.S. - Are you a no-reply comment blogger? It makes me sad when I can't respond to your awesome comments. To change this, go to your profile and check "show my e-mail address". That's it!


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Lawsuit was filed by Alec Loorz and other young climate change activists
No 495 Posted by fw, June 5, 2012
District Court Dismisses Children's Climate Suit Brought Under Federal Public Trust Doctrine, by Shelley Welton, June 1, 2012, Columbia University, Climate Law Blog, Center for Climate Change Law.
The lawsuit of Alec L. and several other young climate change activists was dismissed by the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia today. In Alec L. et al. v. Lisa P. Jackson et al., 11-cv-02235 (D.D.C. 2012), five teenagers and children joined the groups Kids vs. Global Warming and WildEarth Guardians to sue several federal agency heads for failure to adequately address global warming.
The plaintiffs proceeded on the theory that the atmosphere is a commonly shared public resource that defendants, as agency heads, have a duty to protect under the public trust doctrine. As relief, plaintiffs asked for an injunction directing the named federal agencies to "take all necessary actions to enable carbon dioxide emissions to peak by 2012 and decline by at least six percent per year beginning in 2013" (Slip. Op. at 5). Defendants and intervenors argued in a motion to dismiss that plaintiffs failed to state a federal claim for relief.
The district court's opinion rejects plaintiffs' federal public trust doctrine claim. Relying on the recent Supreme Court decision PPL Montana, LLC v. Montana, 565 U.S. —-, 132 S. Ct. 1213 (2012), the opinion holds that the public trust doctrine is a matter of state, not federal, law. It also explains that even if the public trust doctrine were a federal common law claim, such a claim has been displaced in this case by the Clean Air Act (as was similarly held in the 2011 Supreme Court case American Electric Power Co. v. Connecticut, 131 S. Ct. 2527).
Finally, the opinion expresses what has become familiar judicial skepticism with federal courts developing new law (as opposed to applying existing statutes) in the complicated arena of regulating carbon dioxide emissions. This skepticism may be warranted, but after years of inaction by the elected branches of government, it is no wonder that these young plaintiffs are exploring all possible avenues (including, perhaps, an appeal?).
- Youth turn to legal action as means to power, as means to hold leaders accountable for climate change inaction, May 8, 2011. "Here, in his own words, Alec Loorz explains why he is suing the US government 'for making decisions that threaten our right to a safe and healthy planet.'"
- Mary C. Wood, creator of road map for citizens to bring lawsuits against government, May 8, 2011. "The atmospheric trust litigation part is a road map for citizens to bring suit against their government, (whether) city, state, or federal, to enforce the fiduciary obligation. We still have three branches of government in this country, last time I checked. But the courts have been passive observers to this monumental destruction that now threatens, literally, the future of human civilization and our children. The courts … must provide a check against runaway politicization by the other two branches. They have been on the sidelines in climate crisis. So this atmospheric trust litigation puts the courts as the appropriate enforcers of governments' basic duty."


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Dieter Zetsche, the chairman of the Daimler board, has warned against expecting "miracles" from Mercedes this season.
Last year, Mercedes started strong with Nico Rosberg winning the Chinese GP, however, as the campaign progressed they dropped off the pace and finished a distant fifth in the Constructors' Championship.
This year, the Brackley-based squad is hoping for better and has shown some encouraging signs during pre-season testing.
However, Zetsche was warned against setting high expectations.
"All these years the team has had great engines - perhaps the best in Formula One - and great riders so the cause of the lack of success was the uncompetitive chassis," he told F1news.ru
"The team has not been able to perform at a level consistent with the starts of Mercedes so a change in leadership was needed and we have two new and high qualified specialists - Toto Wolff and Niki Lauda.
"The immediate effect of this change will not see miracles expected in the upcoming season but after the transition to the new engines in 2014 we will have a chance to realise our goals."
As for rumours that Mercedes could withdraw from F1, Zetsche said: "There is no point in discussing this possibility.
"We would like to continue to use this excellent platform for the benefit of our company."
Any reproduction, publication or redistribution of this material without the written agreement of 365 Media Group is strictly forbidden.


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Daft Punk
Daft Punk artist page: interviews, features and/or performances archived at NPR Music
Interviews & Profiles
May 16, 2013 Hear the elusive electronic duo in conversation with All Things Considered's Audie Cornish.
November 29, 2010 Daft Punk and TRON: Legacy add up to a match made in cyber-heaven.
May 22, 2013 The French duo's new album, Random Access Memories, is a notable departure for the French duo.
More Stories
October 29, 2012 Dive into a continuous mix of house, techno and hardcore anthems from 1980s, '90s and 2000s.


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March 2000
Reference No. 2000-40-060
Executive Summary
The Internal Revenue Service's (IRS) Tax Forms and Publications Division is responsible for creating and improving federal tax forms. These tax forms should inform individual taxpayers of their federal tax obligations and enhance voluntary compliance by making it as easy as possible for taxpayers to accurately complete these forms. Burden and the complexity of tax law and/or tax forms have been two of the primary problems facing taxpayers in the federal tax system. These problems have been repeatedly reported to the Congress by the Taxpayer Advocate.
The IRS estimates that there are approximately 90 million individual taxpayers. Approximately 76 million of these taxpayers earn less than $50 thousand a year, and 25 million earn less than $10 thousand a year. Over 18 million of the individual taxpayers use a paid tax preparer because they need help with the preparation of their tax return.
Our audit objective was to determine if the IRS has an effective, efficient, economical, and well-controlled process to timely design and produce tax forms which minimize taxpayer burden while aiding individual taxpayers in accurately complying with tax laws. Our review focused on the primary IRS functions involved in the tax forms development process including: the Tax Forms and Publications Division, the Multimedia Production Division, the Submission Processing Division, and the Legislative Affairs Division.
The IRS has a process in place that timely produces tax forms for individual taxpayers. The Tax Forms and Publications Division creates tax forms, within the constraints of tax law complexity and internal IRS data processing barriers, that provide individual taxpayers with a reasonable opportunity to comply with federal income tax laws. Also within these constraints, the IRS has continually acted to reduce tax form complexity and burden.
Additionally, our review of six high-risk tax form issues shows that the IRS' process for the design and production of tax forms includes clear lines of responsibility and accountability, as well as reasonable supervisory oversight. The mission statements of the IRS functions involved with tax form development contain information relative to the effective and interrelated roles in timely producing quality tax forms.
In addition, our review identified that:
The Internal Revenue Service's Efforts to Decrease the Complexity of Tax Forms and to Reduce Taxpayer Burden Are Reasonable
The significant redesign and simplification of tax forms relating to the child tax credit and earned income credit, the solicitation of comments from IRS employees and professional groups and businesses, as well as other efforts have resulted, or could result after future revisions, in easier to read, less complex tax forms.
Additional Internal Revenue Service Procedural and Organizational Changes Could Further Reduce Tax Form Complexity and Taxpayer Burden
The IRS does not currently have a toll-free telephone number that would provide individual taxpayers with a convenient method to provide the IRS with tax form improvement comments. Although miscellaneous comments are received via the IRS' Internet site (Digital Daily), the IRS does not actively solicit tax form improvement comments through this method. In addition, individual taxpayer comments that were received through the Digital Daily were not properly controlled by the IRS' Multimedia Production Division.
Although the instructions for individual income tax forms do solicit individual taxpayers to comment, this solicitation is not repeated on the documents most likely to be read by taxpayers - the tax forms themselves.
We also found that the IRS has not fully addressed known tax form preparation errors relating to the child tax credit and earned income credit during its redesign efforts. In addition, the IRS does not have adequate resources to fully implement tax form improvement suggestions, and to ensure changes made to forms based on legislation could be accepted for normal IRS processing. Further reductions to tax form complexity and taxpayer burden are hindered by management's acceptance and satisfaction with the current process to improve tax forms complexity. However, these suggestions and changes, if fully implemented, could result in the further reduction of tax form complexity and burden for the individual taxpayer.
The Internal Revenue Service Should Strengthen the System of Controls Over the Tax Forms Development Process to Ensure Compliance With Federal Internal Control Standards
Improved controls are needed over the recording and tracking of tax form action items relating to enacted legislation. Improved controls are also needed over tax form improvement comments received from the Digital Daily, professional organization telephone calls to the Tax Forms and Publications Division, and IRS employee testing of redesigned tax forms. Additionally, controls should be strengthened relative to the efficiency and accuracy of the IRS' management information systems used to track the status of the tax forms development and production process and the costs associated with changes to tax form printing contracts resulting from the IRS not timely providing the tax form to print contract vendors. These improvements are needed to ensure that the IRS is in compliance with the Standards For Internal Controls In The Federal Government. Internal controls would ensure that (1) programs achieve their intended results; (2) resources are used consistent with agency mission; (3) programs and resources are protected from waste, fraud, and mismanagement; (4) laws and regulations are followed; and (5) reliable and timely information is obtained, maintained, reported and used for decision making.
Summary of Recommendations
The IRS can improve the tax forms development and revision process by creating and/or improving procedures to enable individual taxpayers to conveniently provide tax form comments to the IRS (such as a toll-free telephone number). These procedures should be clearly detailed on the tax forms. The IRS should also develop a process to compile and use these comments to support informed business decisions regarding tax form development and to support legislative proposals that could result in the simplification of tax forms.
The IRS should ensure that known tax forms-related errors are adequately addressed during redesign efforts. In addition, the IRS should develop a proactive strategy to review the tax law and propose legislative changes that could result in the simplification of tax forms.
Furthermore, the IRS should ensure that adequate resources are available to implement tax form improvements and required legislative changes, and to ensure that adequate internal controls are in place to provide reasonable assurance relative to the efficiency and effectiveness of its tax forms development process. The IRS should also permanently implement key monitoring and oversight controls similar to those used to track the implementation of the IRS Restructuring and Reform Act of 1998.
Management's Response: We provided the IRS with a draft report on February 15, 2000, with a 30 calendar day response period. However, as of the date of this report, IRS management had not provided a response to the draft report.


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Good Deal: Google Music albums for $4.99, songs for $0.49
Google Music, which just launched last month, is having a sale with half a million albums for $4.99 and over 10 million tracks for $0.49 each. There are some real classics available too, such as Nirvana's Nevermind, Bob Marley's Legend, and Smash Mouth's All Star Smash Hits. (Hey, most of us lived through the '90s. Deal with it.) Unfortunately there's no way to quickly browse everything on sale, but outside of selections from Google Music's artist hub, Sony, and albums and tracks originally priced over $15 and $1.29 respectively, you'll find most everything else is discounted. We don't know how long the "blowout" will last, so go get your music on the cheap while the sale is still on.
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ADZ-N-ENZ Coupons and Deals
$23 for BYU or Utah Custom Bling Women's T-ShirtDescriptionUsher in the return of college football and the best rivalry around! With this deal, you get an adorable women's t-shirt, representing your team, with plenty of bling! Show your colors in time for the big game. Don't miss out on this limited time deal!Offer includes:$23 for BYU or Utah Bling Women's T-Shirt Pick your team & size at checkoutRestrictionsNot valid with other offers or promotions No cash value Item will ship in 1-2 weeks.FulfillmentSelect team and size Enter your shipipng address at checkout Your item will be shipped automatically with 2-3 weeks; your voucher is your receipt. For all status and shipping inquiries call 801-444-9596, or e-mail email@example.com.
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