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JNPATQ89 2 remaining Summer Solstice - Paper Piecing Pattern by Judy NiemeyerUS $19.95
Finished Size - 58" x 58"Judy and Bradley Niemeyer designed Summer Solstice for foundation paper piecing, traditional piecing and curved piecing. This quilt brings together two simple techniques - Lone star and New York beauty. A collection of fabrics designed by Hoffman of California fabrics was used to make the quilt. 'Summer Solstice' foundation paper piecing designed by Judy Niemeyer, finished quilt size is about 58" x 58".
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TechFlash delivers technology news and trends from your city and beyond.
The enterprise world is up in arms over Mozilla's new Firefox development cycle -- and some harsh words from Mozilla -- and Microsoft is using this as an opportunity to talk up the benefits of switching to Internet Explorer.
Mozilla released version 5 of its Firefox browser this week, three months after it shipped Firefox 4 and it plans to continue this pace. The company is planning updates every six weeks and -- more importantly -- dropping support for older versions when the new ones come out.
This works great for consumers, who can easily and happily upgrade their browser to the newest version but, as ZDNet's Ed Bott points out, it doesn't work out so well for the enterprise sector. Corporate clients need and want stability because of the time and costs involved with deploying a major browser update.
Mike Kaply, a business consultant who specializes in customizing Firefox for enterprises, wrote a blog post about the new development cycle:
"As person involved in the corporate deployment of Firefox, I think (the rapid release cycle) a really bad idea. Companies simply can't turn around major browser updates in six weeks (and each one of these is a major update). With security releases, there was a reasonable expectation that web applications wouldn't break as a result of changes. With these releases, there is no such expectation. So a full test cycle needs to be run with every release. By the time this cycle is completed and the browser is piloted and deployed, another version of Firefox would already be released so they'd already be behind. And in the mean time, all of their browsers will be insecure, because all security updates are rolled into the major versions."
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Plymouth Argyle boss is determined to nurture talented Tyler Harvey
MANAGER Carl Fletcher knows there will be high expectations on 17-year-old striker Tyler Harvey after he scored on his full debut for Argyle against Torquay United on Boxing Day.
The Pilgrims apprentice netted a 90th-minute equaliser as the Devon derby ended in a 1-1 draw.
Not surprisingly, all the headlines were about Harvey after the game but Fletcher is confident he can take the attention in his stride.
The Argyle manager believes Harvey is in a good environment to continue his development as a player of considerable potential.
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Fletcher told Herald Sport: "In football at any level you have to manage fans' expectations.
"He's still only 17 so let's not get carried away. He has come in and done well in his first game.
"We will look after him. We have got good experienced lads in the changing room that keep his feet on the ground and will help him along.
"He kind of epitomised the whole team's performance against Torquay. It was great he came in and did well, but there were a lot of guys out there who did well."
Harvey made his full debut for Argyle in the Devon derby after two previous substitute appearances.
Fletcher was not surprised Harvey scored against Torquay or that he put in such a good all-round performance.
He said: "It was a case of getting someone out there who would do well for the team. That's why we went with Tyler.
"We knew he would make an impact with his enthusiasm and his workrate, and with his quality on the ball.
"He has been a regular scorer for the youth team so we had no doubts he would get chances and he took one of them."
Argyle captain Darren Purse – 18 years older than Harvey at the age of 35 – was very complimentary about the promising striker from Oreston.
He tweeted: "Congratulations to @tylerharvey_ on making his full debut & scoring too. Thoroughly deserved MOTM (man-of-the-match) as well. #goingtobeatopplayer."
Harvey has already agreed a professional contract at Argyle for when he comes to the end of his two-year apprenticeship in the summer.
He is one of a trio of talented Plymouth-born teenagers who have already made a mark at their hometown club.
Midfielder Luke Young, 19, and 18-year-old striker Matt Lecointe have also shown a lot of promise for the future.
All three of them are former Ivybridge Community College students.
Fletcher said: "We want to bring the young players through and we want them to do well for the club."
Another graduate of Argyle's youth set-up is defender Curtis Nelson, who arrived at Home Park at the age of 16 after being released by Stoke City.
He has gone on to make 81 first team appearances for the Pilgrims even though he is not 20 until May.
Fletcher believes it is important for Argyle, as a focal point of the local community, to give local talent a chance to shine.
He said: "I think it's great the local lads have come through the youth team. Nelse wasn't born here but has come through that direction.
"That's pleasing from our point of view. They are doing well and it shows promise for the future.
"They also know what this club means to people and the history of the club.
"Where we are at financially, we just can't go out and spend loads of money on players so you have got to produce your own."
Nelson has performed consistently for Argyle this season, either in the centre of defence or at right-back.
Fletcher has been pleased with the progress made by the former England under-18 international.
"He's doing well," said Fletcher. "He has got a lot of assets to his game.
"He's very athletic and good in the air so he's a threat in both boxes. He has got this long throw as well.
"His energy and enthusiasm to do well is pleasing. That's all you want from your players. The young lads have been pretty consistent this season."


text:
Kiowa people
Three Kiowa men, 1898 |
Total population |
12,000 (2011)[1] |
Regions with significant populations |
United States, ( Oklahoma) |
Languages |
Religion |
Christianity, Native American Church, traditional tribal religion |
The Kiowa /ˈkaɪ.ɵwə/ are a nation of American Indians of the Great Plains. They migrated from western Montana southward into the Rocky Mountains in Colorado in the 17th and 18th centuries,[2] and finally into the Southern Plains by the early 19th century.[3]
In 1867, the Kiowa moved to a reservation in southwestern Oklahoma. Today they are federally recognized as Kiowa Tribe of Oklahoma, with 12,000 members.[1] They are headquartered in Carnegie, Oklahoma.[1] The Kiowa language is still spoken today and considered part of the Kiowa Tanoan language family.[4]
Contents |
Kiowa call themselves Ka'igwu, meaning "Principal People."[2] Ancient names were Kwu-da and Tep-da, relating to the myth pulling or coming out of a hollow log until a pregnant woman got stuck. Later, they called themselves Kom-pa-bianta for "people with large tipi flaps", before they met Southern Plains tribes or before they met white men. Another explanation of their name "Kiowa" originated after their migration through what the Kiowa refer to as "The Mountains of the Kiowa" (Kaui-kope) in the present eastern edge of Glacier National Park, Montana, just south of the border with Canada.
The mountain pass they came through was populated heavily by grizzly bear Kgyi-yo and Blackfoot people. Other tribes who encountered the Kiowa used sign language to describe them by holding two straight fingers near the lower outside edge of the eye and moving these fingers back past the ear. This corresponded to the ancient Kiowa hairstyle cut horizontally from the lower outside edge of the eyes to the back of their ears. This was a functional practice to keep their hair from getting tangled as an arrow was let loose from a bow string. George Catlin painted Kiowa warriors with this hairstyle.
The Kiowa language is a member of the Kiowa-Tanoan language family. The relationship was first proposed by Smithsonian linguist John P. Harrington in 1910, and was definitively established in 1967.[5] Parker McKenzie, born 1897, was a noted authority on the Kiowa language, learning English only when he began school. He worked with John P. Harrington on the Kiowa language. He went on to discuss the etymology of words and insights of how the Kiowa language changed to incorporate new items of material culture. McKenzie's letters are in the National Anthropological Archives on pronunciation and grammar of the Kiowa language.[6]
The Kiowa Tribe of Oklahoma is headquartered in Carnegie, Oklahoma. Their tribal jurisdictional area includes Caddo, Comanche, Cotton, Grady, Kiowa, Tillman, and Washita Counties. Enrollment in the tribe requires a minimum blood quantum of 1/4 Kiowa descent.[1]
Their current business committee is as follows.
- Chairman: Ronald "Dawes" Twohatchet
- Vice-Chairman: Amber Toppah
- Secretary: Charlotte Bointy
- Treasurer: June Artichoker
- Committeemen: Steven Smith
- Committeeman: Alva D. Tsoodle
- Committeeman: Ricky Horse[7]
Economic development[edit]
The Kiowa Tribe issues its own vehicle tags. The tribe owns one smoke shop and two casinos,[1] the Kiowa Red River Casino, Morningstar Steakhouse and Grill, Morningstar Buffet, and The Winner's Circle restaurant in Devol, Oklahoma,[8] and Kiowa Bingo near Carnegie, Oklahoma.[9]
Traditional culture[edit]
The Kiowa were patrilineal with a chiefdom living in semi-sedentary structures. They were hunters and gatherers, meaning they did not live in one area long enough to grow plants or crops, but did trade with sedentary tribes that grew crops. The Kiowas migrated with the American bison because it was their main food source along with an abundant supply of antelope, deer, wild berries, wild fruit, turkeys and other wild game. Dogs dragged travois and rawhide parfleche that contained camping goods for short moves that were for long periods of time. With the introduction of the horse the Kiowa revolutionized their economy and when they arrived on the Plains they were a fully mounted warrior nation. The horses were acquired from Spanish rancherias south of the Rio Grande.
The new Kiowa and Plains Apache homeland lay in the southwestern plains adjacent to the Arkansas River in southeastern Colorado and western Kansas and the Red River drainage of the Texas Panhandle and western Oklahoma.[3] The Kiowas had a well structured tribal government like most tribes on the Northern Plains. They had a yearly Sun Dance gathering and a chieftain who was considered to be the leader of the entire tribe. There were warrior societies and religious societies that made up the Kiowa society. Kiowa government was democratic. The ideal personality of the Kiowas was that of the young fearless warrior. The entire tribe was structured around this individual. The warrior was the ideal to which young men aspired. Because of these factors, the Kiowa was of utmost importance in the history of the Southern Plains.[10]
The women gain prestige through the achievements of their husbands, sons, and fathers or through their own achievements in the arts. Kiowa women tanned, skin-sewed, quilled, painted geometric designs on parfleche and later beaded hides.[11] The Kiowa women took care of the camp while the men were away. They gathered and prepared food for winter months and participated in events.
Socio-political organization[edit]
The Kiowa men lived in the families of their wives extended families, which merged to become a band (topadoga). These bands were led by a chief, the Topadok'i. The Kiowa had two political subdivisions (particularly with regard to their relationship with the Comanche):
- To-kinah-yup ('Men of the Cold', 'northern Kiowa', lived along the Arkansas River and the Kansas border)
- Gwa-kelega ('southern Kiowa', lived in the Llano Estacado (Staked Plains), Oklahoma Panhandle and Texas Panhandle, allies of the Comanche).
Kiowa bands within the tipi ring during the annual Sun Dance:
- Kâtá ('Biters', often called Arikara, most powerful and largest Kiowa band)
- Kogui ('Elks Band')
- Kaigwa ('Kiowa Proper')
- Kinep or Khe-ate ('Big Shields')
- Semat ('Stealers', name by which the Kiowa called their allies, the Kiowa Apache)
- Soy-hay-talpupé ('Blue Boys') or Pahy-dome-gaw ('Under-the-Sun-Men')
During the Sun Dance, some bands had a special obligation which was traditionally defined:
The Kâtá had the traditional right (duty or task) to supply the Kiowa during the Sun Dance with enough bison meat and other means. This band was particularly wealthy in horses, tipis and other goods. One of the famous Kiowa chiefs, Dohäsan, was a member of this band.
The Kogui were responsible for conducting the war ceremonies during the Sun Dance. Many famous families and leaders because of their military exploits and bravery, like Ad-da-te ('Islandman'), Satanta, Big Bow, and others belonged to this band.
The Kaigwu were the guardians of the Sacred or Medicine bundle (Tai-mé, Taimay) and the holy lance. Therefore they were very respected by the other groups and enjoyed a special prestige.
The Kinep or Khe-ate were often called 'Sun Dance Shields' because during the dance they observed police duties and ensured security.
The Semat were allowed to participate equally, but had no specific duties and obligations during the Sun Dance.
The Soy-hay-talpupé were often called Montalyui ('Black Boys'). Like the Semat, they had no specific duties or responsibilities.[citation needed]
Kiowa calendars[edit]
The Kiowa people told James Mooney that the first calendar keeper in their tribe was Little Bluff, or Tohausan, who was the principal chief of the tribe from 1833 to 1866. Mooney also worked with two other calendar keepers, Settan, or Little Bear, and Ankopaingyadete, In the Middle of Many Tracks, commonly known as Anko. Other Plains tribes kept pictorial records, known as "winter counts", however the Kiowa calendar system is unique recording two events for each year, offering a finer-grained record of the passage of time and twice as many entries for any given period. Silver Horn (1860–1940), or Haungooah, was the most highly esteemed artist of the Kiowa tribe in the 19th and 20th century and a respected religious leader in his later years.[12]
After A'date famous Kiowa leaders were Dohäsan (Tauhawsin, Over-Hanging Butte, alias Little Mountain, alias Little Bluff); Satank (Set-ankea, Sitting Bear), Guipago (Gui-pah-gho, Lone Wolf The Elder, alias Guibayhawgu, Rescued From Wolves), Satanta (Set-tainte, White Bear), Tene-angopte (Kicking Bird), Zepko-ete (Big Bow), Set-imkia (Stumbling Bear), Manyi-ten (Woman's Heart), Napawat (No Mocassin), Mamanti (Walking-above), Tsen-tainte (White Horse), Ado-ete (Big Tree).[13]
Dohasan, who is also known as Touhason,[14] is considered by many to be the greatest Kiowa Chief (1805–1866), who unified and ruled the Kiowa for 30 years. He signed several treaties, including the Fort Atkinson Treaty of July 27, 1852 and the Little Arkansas Treaty of 1865.[14] Guipago became the head chief of the Kiowa when Dohosan (Little Bluff) named him as his successor to become the Principal Chief of the Kiowa people. Guipago and Satanta, along with old Satank, led the warring faction of the Kiowa nation, while Tene-angopte led the peaceful party.[13]
In 1871 Satank, Satanta and Big Tree were accused, arrested, transported, and confined at Fort Richardson, Texas, after being convicted by a "cowboy jury" in the Trial of Satanta and Big Tree in Jacksboro, Texas, for participating in the Warren Wagon Train Raid; Satank was killed during the transfer to Huntsville: along the way to Fort Richardson, with a knife, he killed a soldier and was shot in an escape attempt by accompanying cavalry troops near Fort Sill, Indian Territory. In some documents Big Tree is translated as Addo-etta (Big Tree).[13]
In September 1872 Guipago met Satanta and Ado-ete as a condition to accept to go to Washington and meet President Grant to talk about peace, and, after many difficulties, he got the two captives' release in September 1873. Guipago, Satanta, Set-imkia, Zepko-ete, Manyi-ten, Mamanti, Tsen-tainte and Ado-ete led Kiowa warriors during the "Buffalo war" along the Red River, together with the Comanche allies, in the summer (June–September) 1874, and surrendered after Palo Duro Canyon fight. Tene-angopte had to choose 26 Kiowa chiefs and warriors to be deported to Fort Marion, Florida; Satanta was sent back to Huntsville, while Guipago, Manyi-ten, Mamanti and Tsen-tainte were chosen to be deported to Fort Marion.[13] Tene-angopte, damned by the "medicine-man" Mamanti, died in May 1875; Satanta committed suicide at Huntsville in October 1878; Guipago, having fallen sick because of malaria, was jailed in Fort Sill, where he died in 1879.
The sculptor of the Indian Head nickel, James Earle Fraser, is reported to have said that Chief Big Tree (Adoeette) was one of his models for the U.S. coin that was minted from 1913 through 1938.[15]
Indian wars[edit]
Plains tribes fought for territory of hunting grounds against other tribes. In the early spring of 1790 at the place that would become Las Vegas, New Mexico, a Kiowa party led by war leader Guikate, made an offer of peace to a Comanche party while both were visiting the home of a mutual friend of both tribes. This led to a later meeting between Guikate and the head chief of the Nokoni Comanche. The two groups made an alliance to share the same hunting grounds and entered into a mutual defense pact and became the dominant inhabitants of the Southern Plains. From that time on the Comanche and Kiowa hunted, traveled, and made war together. An additional group the Plains Apache (Kiowa-Apache), affiliated with the Kiowa at this time.
In closing years of the 18th century and in the first quarter of the 19th century the Kiowa feared little from European neighbors. Kiowa ranged north of the Wichita Mountains. The Kiowa and Comanche controlled a vast expanse of territory from the Arkansas River to the Brazos River. The enemies of the Kiowa were usually the enemies of the Comanche. To the east there was warfare with the Osage and Pawnee. In the early 18th century the Cheyenne and Arapaho began camping on the Arkansas River and new warfare broke out. In the south of the Kiowa and Comanche were Caddoan speakers, but the Kiowa and Comanche were friendly toward these bands. The Comanche were at war with the Apache of the Rio Grande region.[10]
They warred with the Cheyenne and Arapaho, Pawnee, Sac & Fox and Osages. They traded with the Wichita south along Red River and with Mescalero Apache and New Mexicans to the southwest. After 1840 the Kiowa with their former enemies the Cheyenne, as well as their allies the Comanche and the Apache fought and raided the Eastern natives moving into the Indian Territory.[16]
Transition period[edit]
The years from 1873 to 1878 marked a drastic change in Kiowa lifestyle. In June 1874, the Kiowa, along with a group of Comanche and Cheyenne warriors, made their last protest against the invasion of the white man in the Battle of Adobe Walls in Texas, which proved futile to the Indians. In 1877 the first homes for the Indian chiefs and initiated a plan to employ Indians at the Agency. Thirty Indians were hired to form the first police force on the Reservation.[17]
The Kiowa agreed to settle on a reservation in southwestern Oklahoma. Some bands of Kiowas remained at large until 1875. Some of the Lipan Apache and Mescalero Apache bands with some Comanche in their company held out in northern Mexico until the early 1880s, when Mexican and U.S. Army forces drove them onto reservations or into extinction. By the Treaty of Medicine Lodge in 1867 the Kiowas settled in Western Oklahoma and Kansas.[18]
They were forced to move south of the Washita River to the Red River and Western Oklahoma with the Comanches and the Kiowa Apache Tribe. The reservation period lasted from 1868 to 1906. The transition from the free life of Plains people to a restricted life of the reservation was more difficult for some families than others.[18] The 1890 Census showed 1,598 Comanche at the Fort Sill reservation, which they shared with 1,140 Kiowa and 326 Kiowa Apache.[19]
An agreement made with the Cherokee Commission signed by 456 adult male Kiowa, Comanche, and Kiowa-Apache on Sept. 28, 1892, cleared the way for the opening of the country to white settlers. The agreement provided for an allotment of 160 acres (65 ha) to every individual in the tribes and for the sale of the reservation lands (2,488,893 acres or 1,007,219 ha) to the United States – was to go into effect immediately upon ratification by Congress, even though the Medicine Lodge treaty of 1867 had guaranteed Indian possession of the reservation until 1898. The Indian signers wanted their names stricken but it was too late. A'piatan, as the leader, went to Washington to protest. Chief Lone Wolf (the Younger) immediately file proceedings against the act in the Supreme Court, but the Court decided against him on June 26, 1901.[20]
Agents were assigned to the Kiowa people. 1873 the first school among the Kiowa was established by Quaker Thomas C. Battey. In 1877 the federal government built the first homes for the Indian chiefs and a plan was to employ Indians so 30 Indians were hired to form the first police force on the reservation. 1879 the agency was moved from Ft. Sill to Anadarko.[21] Since 1968 the Kiowa have been governed by the Kiowa Tribal Council, which preside over business related to health, education, and economic and industrial development programs.[22]
On March 13, 1970 the Constitution and Bylaws of the Kiowa Tribe of Oklahoma, was ratified to voters of the Kiowa Tribe on May 23, 1970, which currently governs the Kiowa Tribe of Oklahoma.[23] A landmark decision and significant legal development occurred in 1998. In Kiowa Tribe of Oklahoma v Manufacturing Technologies, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that Indian tribes retain their sovereign immunity from suit without their consent even in off-reservation transactions where they do not waive that immunity.[24]
Over 4000 out of 12,500 Kiowa lived near the towns of Anadarko, Fort Cobb, and Carnegie, in Caddo and Kiowa counties, Oklahoma in the year 2000. Kiowas also reside in urban and suburban communities throughout the United States. World War II rekindled the Kiowa warrior spirit and urbanization and modernization occurred in the war's aftermath. Each year Kiowa veterans commemorate the warlike spirit of the 19th century leaders performed by the Kiowa Gourd Clan and Kiowa Black Leggings Warrior Society. Kiowa cultural identity and pride is apparent in their expressive culture and strong influence on the Gourd Dance and southern plains art.[22]
Documentation of the history and development of contemporary Kiowa art formulates one of the most unique records in Native American culture. As early as 1891, Kiowa artists were being commissioned to produce works for display at international expositions. The "Kiowa Five" were some of the earliest Native Americans to receive international recognition for their work in the fine art world. They influenced generations of Indian artists among the Kiowa, and other Plains tribes. Traditional craft skills are not lost among the Kiowa people today and the talented fine arts and crafts produced by Kiowa Indians helped the Oklahoma Indian Arts and Crafts Cooperative flourish over its 20 year existence.[21]
Ledger art and hide painting[edit]
Early Kiowa ledger artists were those held in captivity by the U.S. Army at Fort Marion in St. Augustine, Florida (1875–1878) at the conclusion of the Red River War, which also is known as the Southern Plains Indian War.[25] Ledger art emerges from the Plains hide painting tradition. These Fort Marion artists include Kiowas Etadleuh Doanmoe and Zotom, who was a prolific artist who he chronicled his experiences before and after becoming a captive at the fort. After his release from Fort Marion, Paul Zom-tiam (Zonetime, Koba) studied theology from 1878 until 1881, when he was ordained as a deacon in the Episcopal church.[26]
Kiowa Five[edit]
Following in Silver Horn's footsteps are the Kiowa Five, or, as they increasingly are known, the Kiowa Six. They are Spencer Asah, James Auchiah, Jack Hokeah, Stephen Mopope, Lois Bougetah Smoky, and Monroe Tsatoke[27] Coming from the area around Anadarko, Oklahoma, these artists studied at the University of Oklahoma. Lois Smoky left the group in 1927, but James Auchiah took her place in the group. The Kiowa Five gained international recognition as fine artists by exhibiting their work in the 1928 International Art Congress in Czechoslovakia and then participated in the Venice Biennale in 1932.[28]
Painters and sculptors[edit]
Besides the Kiowa Five and Silver Horn, Kiowa painters active in the 20th and 21st centuries include Homer Buffalo, Charley Oheltoint, T. C. Cannon, Wilson Daingkau, Woody Big Bow, George Geionty, Bobby Hill (1933—1984), Harding Bigbow (1921–1997), Jim Tartsah, Mirac Creepingbear (1947—1990), Herman Toppah, Ernie Keahbone, C.E. Rowell, Dixon Palmer, Roland Whitehorse, Blackbear Bosin, Woody Big Bow (1914—1998), Parker Boyiddle (1947—2007), Dennis Belindo (1938—2009), Clifford Doyeto (1942—2010), Al Momaday, George Keahbone, Joe Lucero (Hobay), Ladonna Tsatoke Silverhorn, R.G. Geionty, Huzo Paddelty, Keri Ataumbi, David Williams, Micah Wesley, Thomas Poolaw, Tennyson Reid, Sherman Chaddlesone, Sharon Ahtone Harjo, Cruz McDaniels, Robert Redbird (b. 1939), Gus Hawziptaw, Gerald Darby, Lee Tsatoke, Jr., N. Scott Momaday, and Barthell Little Chief.
Bead artists[edit]
Noted Kiowa beadwork artists include Donna Jean Tsatoke, Alice Littleman, Nettie Standing, Marilyn Yeahquo, Edna Hokeah Pauahty, Leona Geimasaddle, Barry D. Belindo, Kiowa J. Taryole, Kathy Littlechief, Katherine Dickerson, Charlie Silverhorn, Paul McDaniels, Jr., Grace Tsontekoy, Richard Aitson, Judy Beaver, Vanessa Paukeigope Jennings, Leatrice Geimasaddle, and Teri Greeves.
Kiowa-Cherokee author N. Scott Momaday won the 1969 Pulitzer Prize for his novel House Made of Dawn. Richard Aitson (Kiowa-Kiowa Apache) is a published poet. Other Kiowa authors include playwright Hanay Geiogamah, poet and filmmaker Gus Palmer, Jr., Alyce Sadongei, Marian Kaulaity Hansson, and Tocakut.
Musicians and composers[edit]
Kiowa music often is noted for its hymns that traditionally were accompanied by dance or played on the flute. Noted Kiowa composer of contemporary music include James Anquoe and noted for his contributions to Native American culture.[29] Contemporary Kiowa musicians include Cornel Pewewardy, Tom Mauchahty-Ware, and Terry Tsotigh.
Kiowa photographer Horace Poolaw (1906–1984) was one of the most prolific Native American photographers of his generation. He documented the Kiowa people living near his community in Mountain View, Oklahoma beginning the 1920s. His legacy is continued today by his grandson, Thomas Poolaw, a prominent Kiowa photographer and digital artist.[30]
Image gallery[edit]
Kiowa parfleche, ca. 1890, Oklahoma History Center -
Kiowa beaded moccasins, ca. 1920, OHS -
Detail of painting by Silver Horn (Kiowa), ca. 1880
Notable Kiowas[edit]
- Ahpeahtone (1856–1931), chief
- Richard Aitson (b. 1953), bead artist and poet
- Spencer Asah, painter, one of the Kiowa Six
- James Auchiah, painter, one of the Kiowa Six
- Big Bow, (1833–ca. 1900) war chief
- Blackbear Bosin (1921–1980), painter and sculptor
- T. C. Cannon, painter and print maker
- Cozad Singers, drum group and NAMMY winners
- Jesse Ed Davis (1944–1988), Kiowa–Muscogee Creek–Seminole guitarist
- Dohäsan (ca. 1785–1866), chief of Kata band and Principal Chief of the Kiowas, artist, calendar keeper
- Teri Greeves (b. 1970), bead artist
- Jack Hokeah, painter, one of the Kiowa Six
- Vanessa Paukeigope Jennings (b. 1952), bead artist, clothing and regalia maker
- Kicking Bird (1835–1875), war chief
- Lone Wolf (Kiowa), Gui-pah-gho, The Elder and Principal Chief
- Tom Mauchahty-Ware, musician and dancer
- Parker McKenzie (1897–1999), traditionalist and linguist
- N. Scott Momaday, Pulitzer Prize Winner, author, painter, and activist
- Stephen Mopope, painter, one of the Kiowa Six
- Betty Nixon, co-founder of the Mid-America All-Indian Center[14]
- Horace Poolaw (1906–1984), photographer
- Red Warbonnet (d. 1849), traditionalist
- Satanta (Set'tainte) (ca. 1820–1878), war chief
- Silver Horn (1860–1940), artist and calendar keeper
- Sitting Bear (Set-Tank, Set-Angia, called Satank) (ca. 1800—1871), warrior and medicine man
- Lois Smoky, bead artist and painter, one of the Kiowa Six
- Monroe Tsatoke, painter, one of the Kiowa Six
- White Horse (Tsen-tainte) (d. 1892), chief
- Chris Wondolowski, US professional soccer player
See also[edit]
- Gourd dance
- Koitsenko, Kiowa warrior society
- Plains hide painting
- ^ a b c d e 2011 Oklahoma Indian Nations Pocket Pictorial Directory. Oklahoma Indian Affairs Commission. 2011: 20. Retrieved 4 Jan 2012.
- ^ a b Pritzker 326
- ^ a b Kracht, Benjamin R. "Kiowa." Oklahoma History Society's Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. Retrieved 21 June 2012.
- ^ "Kiowa Tanoan." Ethnologue. Retrieved 21 June 2012.
- ^ Mithun, Marianne (2001). The Languages of Native North America (First paperback ed.). Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p. 441. ISBN 0-521-23228-7.
- ^ A Guide to the Kiowa Collections at the Smithsonian Institution by Merrill, Hansson, Greene and Reuss, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C., 1997.
- ^ "Kiowa Business Committee." Kiowa Tribe. (retrieved 26 August 2011)
- ^ "Kiowa Red River Casino." 500 Nations. Retrieved 4 Jan 2011.
- ^ "Kiowa Bingo." 500 Nations. Retrieved 4 Jan 2011.
- ^ a b A History and Culture of the Southern Plains Tribes with an Introduction to the Study of North American Indians by Dick Swift, Carnegie Public Schools, 1972
- ^ The Kiowa by U.S. Department of the Interior, Southern Plains Indian Museum, 1994
- '^ Greene, Candace S. One Hundred Summers: A Kiowa Calendar Record. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2008.
- ^ a b c d WARREN WAGONTRAIN RAID | The Handbook of Texas Online| Texas State Historical Association (TSHA)
- ^ a b c Tanner, Beccy (2013-02-05). "Betty Nixon dies; helped found Mid-America All-Indian Center". Wichita Eagle. Retrieved 2013-02-09.
- ^ "Which Indian Really Modeled?" by Robert R. Van Ryzin, Numismatic News, 1990.
- ^ Kiowa History by Evans R. Satepauhoodle, TU, 2004
- ^ The Kiowa, U.S. Department of the Interior, Indian Arts and Crafts Board, Southern Plains Indian Museum and Crafts Center
- ^ a b Swift, Dick 1972
- ^ Texas Beyond History - The Passing of the Indian Era
- ^ Anadarko Daily News, Aug. 3 & 4, 1996
- ^ a b The Kiowa by U.S. Department of the Interior, Southern Plains Indian Museum,1994.
- ^ a b B.R.Kracht by Oklahoma Historical Society
- ^ Kiowa Tribe of Oklahoma, Constitution and Bylaws of the Kiowa Indian Tribe by the Kiowa Tribe, 1970
- ^ Walter Echo-Hawk, NARF Annual Report, 1998
- ^ Southern Plains Indian war
- ^ Viola 16
- ^ "About the Kiowa Five." Jacobson House Native Art Center. (retrieved 10 Nov 2010)
- ^ Dunn 240
- ^ The Kiowa by U.S. Department of Interior, Southern Plains Indian Museum, 1994.
- ^ "Urban 5 Show at USD." American Indian Journalism Institute. (retrieved 7 Oct 2010)
- ^ Native American Rights Fund. Visions for the Future: A Celebration of Young Native American Artists, Volume 1. Boulder, CO: Native American Rights Fund, 2007: 82. ISBN 978-1-55591-655-8.
- ^ "Native American Week Planned at UNM-Gallup." University of New Mexico Today. 8 November 2007 (retrieved 25 February 2010)
- Dunn, Dorothy. American Indian Painting of the Southwest and Plains Areas. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1968. ASIN B000X7A1T0.
- Greene, Candace S. Silver Horn: Master Illustrator of the Kiowas. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2001. ISBN 0-8061-3307-4.
- Pritzker, Barry M. A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. ISBN 978-0-19-513877-1.
- Viola, Herman (1998). Warrior Artists: Historic Cheyenne and Kiowa Indian Ledger Art Drawn By Making Medicine and Zotom. National Geographic Society. ISBN 0-7922-7370-2
Further reading[edit]
- Boyd, Maurice (1983). Kiowa Voices: Myths, Legends and Folktales. Texas Christian University Press. ISBN 0-912646-76-4.
- Corwin, Hugh (1958). The Kiowa Indians, their history and life stories.
- Hoig, Stan (2000). The Kiowas and the Legend of Kicking Bird. Boulder: The University Press of Colorado. ISBN 0-87081-564-4
- Mishkin, Bernard (1988). Rank and Warfare Among The Plains Indians. AMS Press. ISBN 0-404-62903-2.
- Nye, Colonel W.S. (1983). Carbine and Lance: The Story of Old Fort Sill. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-1856-3.
- Momaday, N. Scott (1977). The Way to Rainy Mountain. University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 0-8263-0436-2.
- Richardson, Jane (1988). Law & Status Among the Kiowa Indians (American Ethnological Society Monographs; No 1). AMS Press. ISBN 0-404-62901-6.
- US Department of the Interior (1974). "The Kiowa". Southern Plains Indian Museum and Crafts Center.
- Walter Echo-Hawk, In the Courts of the Conqueror: The 10 Worst Indian Law Cases Ever Decided (2010).
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Kiowa |
- Kiowa Tribe of Oklahoma, official website
- Kiowa, Oklahoma Historical Society
- Kiowa Drawings, National Museum of Natural History


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A place to discuss Encaustics, OilSticks and any thing Art
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Help!Hello everybody!! I am so happy to have found you! I have been trying to find the right complitment to my photography with mixed media for several months. I just recently discovered this thing they call Encaustics and seems to be the perfect match. (Still looking for my perfect match, but these two seem to be ideal together!) I have just returned from being out of the country and have 3 upcoming opencall deadlines by the end of this week and need assistance to avoid any further delays with trial and errors. Please please please help me with a list of instructions on this process as I need to start working on today and have done by Friday! |
Re: Help!Hi Jodi, |
Laura Moriarty Director of Exhibitions & Workshops R&F Handmade Paints firstname.lastname@example.com |
Re: Help!Hi Laura, |
Re: Help!Our next workshop in NYC will be 5/29-6/1, 2012, at Barbara Ellmann's studio. I highly recommend Barbara's classes, they are excellent and will give you all the info you need to begin working in encaustic. This workshop is not yet listed on our website, but if you would like me to hold a place for you, just email firstname.lastname@example.com (remind me of our conversation on the forum). |
Laura Moriarty Director of Exhibitions & Workshops R&F Handmade Paints email@example.com |
Re: Help!Will do Laura. Would you have any idea how much a class like this would cost? Thanks. |
Re: Help!$675 for a 4-day workshop, paints included, Jodi. |
Laura Moriarty Director of Exhibitions & Workshops R&F Handmade Paints email@example.com |
Re: Help!Unfortunately, that might be a bit steep for me right now to commit. I appreciate the offer to hold a place, but I'll have to get back to you on that one. |
Re: Help!Jodi - I'm also a photographer that has just gotten into encaustics, and I'm hooked. Not sure where you're located, but Binnie Birstein teaches an excellent one day intro into encaustics. Her studio is in Weston, CT and her class was well worth the price! |
Re: Help!Thank you very much!! I'm also taking online classes from Womackworkshops for a very reasonable price. I am sure all these other workshops are worth it, but I just don't have the money right now. Would love to see your work! Keep me posted on how it goes and I will do the same! |
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3406 NE 41ST AVE • Portland, ORMLS# 12575397
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What is a capsule hotel? >>Find Capsule Hotels
A capsule hotel is an aggregation of a lot of boxes, each of which fits for only one person laid down. Each box is piled up-side-down. This is a capsule hotel where people can sleep but can't stand up in the room. In othe words, specialty hotel for only sleeping.In Japan, where most people live outside Tokyo and commute by train every day, a capsule hotel has gained its popurarity, particularly for businesspersons who couldn't catch the last train (usually around 12:30am) due to extra work or people who hang out too late to catch the train.
Therefore, a capsule hotel is located close to train station in downtown Tokyo. As mentioned, capsule hotel is a tiny box inside which only one person can sleep. The box or space is called a capsule. A typical size of capsule is height 1.2m x length 1.2m x width 2m, and each of them are next to others like a honycomb. Another feature of a capsule is that it has no door. It has only curtain to cut off.
Only capsule there? No, because Japanese really love bath. So, you can take a bath, which is a kind of sento style. Since a capsule hotel is a kind of places for emergency of missing last train, you don't necessarily book in advance. (Of course, you might better book on Friday night.)
How much per a night at a capsule hotel?
One night costs from around 2,000yen to 4.000yen. Instead of being cheap, most of capsule hotels are not so clean. Don't expect something like a normal hotel. Again, this is the place to just sleep.Mainly only for male >>Find Capsule Hotels
Most of capsule hotels are only available for male. It's not discrimination but a commercial reason because Japanese women don't like to stay up too late until they miss the last train. If you are female, click here!! If you can't find a capsule hotel at where you want to (or have to) stay, internet cafe (manga kissa) is alternative, in which you can not sleep perfectly, but can take a nap on a comfortable chair.Amenity at a capsule hotel
Towel, nightwear, toothbrush, toothpaste are usually available for free. You can buy underware, sox, T-shirt, etc.Facility at a capsule hotel
In general, a capsule hotel has following facilities. Capsule, large public bath, changing room, locker room, sauna, canteen, TV, light and alarm clock are in the room. Can you imagine a TV is in a capsule.How to use a capsule hotel >>Find Capsule Hotels
Step 1: Take your shoes off
In most capsule hotels, there is a shoe locker at the entrance of a capsule hotel. Take your shoes off and put them in a locker and lock it. You are required to give your shoe locker key to a front desk.Step 2: Check-in
When you check-in, you are given a clothing locker key instead of a room key. Locker number is same as your capsule number. If necessary, you can buy underwears, a sox, etc at a front desk.Step 3: Changing your cloth
In your clothing locker, you can find a nightwear. So, take your clothing, put them in a locker and put nightwear on.Step 4: Enter public bath and/or sauna
There is a public bath instead of private bathtub or shower room. Wash your body, take a bath and relax at sauna. Towels are available at the exit of public bath. Also, rest room is common for everyone.Step 5: Go to your capsule
Go to your capsule. In your capsule, there is a set of futon, a pillow and a small TV. You can watch TV while you are lying. It is tiny, though. Other than that, what you can do is only sleeping.Step 6: Check out
A public bath is open anytime. You can take a bath or shower even before you leave. Brush your teeth at a bath room. Then, go to your locker and change your cloth back. Check-out time is usually at 10am.>>Find Capsule Hotels
>>Modern Tokyo Top Page


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For Women Who Want The Ballerific Life!
Guys in your area are only making 9 buck an hr damn
You need to move
Still Pretty Vahn said:
The cost of living is cheap here.... but the most any body makes is 12 dollars.... unless they have need on there job d fo..r ever... but even then 12 is usually the highest.. but of course that's just average workers I'm talking about... non salary...
Lol my city is pretty small too. Try having lunch at the hospital and maybe you will meet a Dr. Nice restaurants,charity events can also be a sure bet, do some volunteer work you can meet some people that way.
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