text:
The New Breadwinners
Women now account for half of all jobs, with sweeping consequences
for our nation's economy, society, and future prosperity
For a brief moment in American history, women during World War II accounted for more than one-third of the U.S. workforce as men streamed into the armed forces to defeat our fascist enemies.1 This phenomenal transformation of the U.S. economy was brief but its influence was enduring. So many Americans can share "Rosie the Riveter" stories akin to President Obama's memories of tales about his grandmother working in an arms manufacturing plant while his grandfather served in Europe with General George Patton.
Today, the movement of women into the labor force is not just enduring but certifiably revolutionary—perhaps the greatest social transformation of our time. Women are more likely to work outside the home and their earnings are more important to family well-being than ever before in our nation's history. This transformation changes everything. At the most profound level, it changes the rules of what it means to be a woman—and what it means to be a man. Women are now increasingly sharing the role of breadwinner, as well as the role of caregiver, with the men in their lives. Even so, we have yet to come to terms with what it means to live in a nation where both men and women typically work outside the home and what we need to do to make this new reality workable for families who have child care and elder care responsibilities through most of their working lives.
Indeed, the transformation in how women spend their days affects nearly every aspect of our daily lives. As women move into the labor force, their earnings are increasingly important to families and women more and more become the major breadwinner—even though women continue to be paid 23 cents less than men for every dollar earned in our economy.2 Nearly 4 in 10 mothers (39.3 percent) are primary breadwinners, bringing home the majority of the family's earnings, and nearly two-thirds (62.8 percent) are breadwinners or co-breadwinners, bringing home at least a quarter of the family's earnings. What's more, women are now much more likely to head families on their own.
Most women today are providing for their
families by working outside the home—and still earning
less than men—while providing more than their fair share
of caregiving responsibilities at home.
These gains are by no means an unqualified victory for women in the workforce and in society, or for their families. Most women today are providing for their families by working outside the home—and still earning less than men—while providing more than their fair share of caregiving responsibilities inside the home, an increasingly impossible task. At home, families cope with this day-to-day time squeeze in a variety of unsatisfactory ways. In most families today, there's no one who stays at home all day and so there's no one with the time to prepare dinner, be home when the kids get back from school, or deal with the little things of everyday life, such as accepting a UPS package or getting the refrigerator repaired. Instead of having Mom at home keeping her eye on the children after school, families face the challenge of watching over their latchkey kids from afar and worry about what their teenagers are doing after school.
Yet the flip side is this: The presence of women is now commonplace in all kinds of workplaces and many are in positions of authority. Millions of workers now have a female boss and the more collaborative management styles that many women bring to the workplace are improving the bottom line. Increasingly, businesses are recognizing that most of their labor force has some kind of family care responsibility, and therefore are creating flexible workplace policies to deal with this reality. Many of the fastest-growing jobs replace the work women used to do for free in the home. The demand for home health aides, child care workers, and food service workers, for instance, has increased sharply.
Social patterns also are changing, and rapidly so. With women now half of all workers on U.S. payrolls, there is no longer a standard timeline for marriage and raising a family—if women even choose to marry or have children. The assisted reproductive technologies industry has blossomed as women—especially professional women—invest in their careers and delay motherhood into their 30s and 40s. And the share of women who are unmarried has skyrocketed: 40 percent of women over age 25 are now unmarried and a record 40 percent of children born in 2007 had an unmarried mother.3 While divorce rates have fallen, many women delay and some never even enter marriage.
This transformation also boasts profound implications for communities around the nation. In schools and religious and community organizations, women are now less available to volunteer during the work week and have less time to devote to leading community organizations. The transformation affects our health care system, too, since health care providers have to cope with the fact that there is not likely to be someone to provide free, at-home care for a recovering patient.
And it affects our quality of life. Many retail stores, restaurants, and consumer support lines are now open 24 hours a day, seven days a week, which meets the needs of families with 9-to-5 work hours. But this has meant that millions of other families—disproportionately immigrants and lower-income families—have workers employed during nonstandard hours, affecting their marriages and their ability to access child care and other supports not generally available at nonstandard times.
Quite simply, as women go to work, everything changes. Yet, we, as a nation, have not yet digested what this all means and what changes are still to be made. But change we must, especially as the current recession amplifies and accelerates these trends throughout our economy and society. The Great Recession led to massive job losses, especially within male-dominated industries. Since the recession began in December 2007, men have accounted for three out of every four jobs lost (73.6 percent)4 and now 2 million wives are supporting their families while their unemployed husbands seek work.5
Women now, for the first time, make up half (49.9 percent as of July 2009) of all workers on U.S. payrolls. This is a dramatic change from just over a generation ago: In 1969, women made up only a third of the workforce (35.3 percent).6
Many American women have always worked, of course, but as more women joined the ranks of the employed and laws prohibiting outright discrimination came into effect, a wider array of opportunities opened up to women. By 2008, a working mother is no longer revolutionary and is in fact now common: Only one in five families with children (20.7 percent) are the traditional male breadwinner, female homemaker, compared to 44.7 percent in 1975.7 That year, 4 in 10 mothers with a child under age 6 (39.6 percent) worked outside the home, but by 2008, that share had risen to two-thirds (64.3 percent).8
To understand what it means for women to become breadwinners, this chapter focuses on who's gone to work, where women are working, why they are working, and what this means for the economic well-being of women and their families. While women have made great strides and are now more likely to be economically responsible for themselves and their families, there is still a long way to go. Equity in the workplace has not yet been achieved, even as families need women's equality now more than ever.
Women's earnings making all the difference
One thing is very clear: The added earnings of women have made all the difference for families. There are more women living alone and raising children on their own, and within married-couple families, women's earnings have become more important.
Consider first the dramatic rise in women raising children on their own. Between 1973 and 2006, the share of all families headed by an unmarried woman rose to one in five, or 18.4 percent, from 1 in 10 (10 percent).9 These families rely almost exclusively on a woman's wage. Only 4 in 10 custodial mothers (41.7 percent) receive any child support and only half (47.3 percent) of those awarded child support actually receive their full award.10 Further, the incomes of families headed by unmarried women have not kept pace with those of dual-earner families. Between 1973 and 2006, families headed by a single woman saw their incomes rise by 25.5 percent, while dual-earner families saw their incomes rise by 37.1 percent.11
While single women bring home the bacon for their families, wives' earnings are typically no longer ancillary to the family's budget. Since the early 1970s, it has been the earnings of wives that have made the difference between families seeing no income growth and some income growth (see Figure 1). Today, married-couple families with a wife who doesn't work have inflation-adjusted incomes that are no higher than similar families in the early 1970s. Researchers Katherine Bradbury and Jane Katz at the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston found that families in which wives worked, worked longer hours, or had higher pay compared to families without such wives were more likely to move up the income ladder or maintain their position rather than fall down the ladder.12
Compared to their parents and grandparents, today's families put in more hours at work, but see fewer gains. They increasingly need two incomes just to cover the basics—the mortgage, the car, and health insurance.13 This is a sharp reversal from the period after World War II through the early 1970s when both families with a wife in paid employment and those without saw their incomes rise year after year and both at about the same pace.
Clearly, the days of Ozzie and Harriet are long gone. Within married-couple families, the typical working wife now brings home 42.2 percent of her family's earnings.14 And women increasingly are the primary breadwinners. In 2008, nearly 4 in 10 mothers (39.3 percent) were the primary breadwinner in their family—either because they were a single, working parent or because they earned as much as or more than their spouse. An additional quarter (24.0 percent) of mothers are co-breadwinners—that is, a working wife bringing home at least 25 percent of her family's total earnings (see Figure 2 and Table 1). 15
Women are becoming breadwinners among all kinds of married-couple families, by income, education, and race. Specifically:
By income
By education
By race
And, of course, lesbian couples have always relied on the earnings of just women. Recent research shows that lesbian families are more likely than heterosexual couples to end up in poverty.16 Since women on average earn less than men, lesbian couples have two lower-paid earners, and are doubly discriminated against because of continued heterosexist employment discrimination, on top of the discrimination that lesbians experience as women, mothers, or people of color.
Where women work matters
Part of the reason that women's earnings have become more important to family well-being is that women are now found in all kinds of jobs. Equal opportunity legislation made it possible for women to take nearly any job. But even though women now constitute half of all workers, they do not make up half of every kind of job. Continued sex segregation in employment is one of the primary factors explaining the wage gap between men and women.
Table 2 lists the top 20 occupations for men and women in 2008. The list tends to confirm gendered stereotypes about who does what and documents that many of the jobs most commonly held by women (and men!) require little or no higher education. The most common occupations for women are secretaries and administrative assistants, nurses, and schoolteachers. Of the top 20 jobs for women, only nurses and schoolteachers required advanced degrees. Men most commonly work as drivers, managers, and retail supervisors.
This table also confirms that men and women continue to work in highly segregated workplaces. There are only four occupations that appear on the list of the 20 most commonly held jobs for both men and women: retail salesperson (2.5 percent of women and 2.0 percent of men), first-line supervisors of retail stores (2.3 percent of women and 2.6 percent of men), all other managers (1.9 percent of women and 2.9 percent of men), and cooks (1.1 percent of women and 1.5 percent of men). This is only slight progress from a few generations ago. In 1979, half of women (51.7 percent) were employed in just 20 occupations, while the top 20 occupations employed 40.6 percent of men.17
Even though sex segregation continues to define the U.S. workplace, there has been some progress in women entering nontraditional fields. Women now constitute just over a third of engineers (35.9 percent in 2008) and lawyers and judges (36.5 percent), under a third of physicians and surgeons (31.8 percent), and nearly 4 in 10 managers (38.2 percent). Still, women remain the dominant workers in traditional female occupations, making up 97.8 percent of all preschool and kindergarten teachers, 97.3 percent of dental hygienists, 96.3 percent of all secretaries and administrative assistants, and 95.5 percent of all child care workers. And men still dominate in construction and building trades, making up 97.5 percent of all construction and extraction workers and 96.1 percent of all installation, repair, and maintenance jobs.18
Looking forward, the Bureau of Labor Statistics' projection of future job growth shows a pattern that is similar to the jobs of today. Figure 4 shows that over the next decade, the occupations projected to have the largest number of new jobs are in services. Many have a caring aspect to them, such as nursing or home health aides, that replace the work that women historically did without pay in the home in the decades before women entered the labor force in great numbers. Most of these jobs require little higher education and most pay low wages (see Table 3). Currently, these occupations tend to be dominated by women, who make up more than two-thirds of the employees in all but five of the 15 occupations with largest projected job growth.
Why women work
Women becoming breadwinners is the direct result of more women seeking employment in the first place. But as women became a larger share of those employed and took advantage of economic opportunities opening up to them, more of them have begun to be a family's lead earner. The trend toward more women working occurred among all kinds of women, although it is the women in the middle and top of income distribution in our country as well as mothers (both married and single) who have seen the starkest changes in their employment patterns over the past half-century.
But why did women enter employment in great numbers? Was it the desire to be a career woman that pulled so many women into the labor force? Was it the increase in women remaining (or becoming) unmarried that pushed women to believe that they needed to be bringing in their own incomes? The answer is a little of both. Women are in the labor force because they need to be, but also because many want to work and are taking advantage of expanded opportunities.
For starters, the world changed and technology marched forward in ways that freed women from work inside the home and from some of the constraints of biology. The post-World War II years saw technological improvements that reduced the time necessary for home production (although some research shows that this only upped the cleanliness standards).19 And the introduction of the pill and, more importantly, its increased availability for single women, gave women the opportunity to invest in their education and their careers because they were able to plan when they would have their children.20
As a result of the women's movement—alongside structural changes in the economy away from manufacturing toward services that disproportionately employ women—women fanned out into a variety of occupations that had hitherto been closed to them.
At the same time, the rules changed. Even as late as the early 1970s, women were kept out of jobs by "marriage employment bans" or were fired upon telling their boss they were pregnant. Representative Carolyn Maloney of New York tells her story this way: In the early 1970s, when she asked her human resources office about its maternity leave policy, she was told there was no policy since "most women just leave."21 The Civil Rights Act of 1964 made it illegal to fire a woman once she married and the Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978 made it illegal to fire a woman just because she was pregnant; but neither required that a women be granted maternity leave.
These rules didn't change on their own. The women's movement helped women pursue jobs outside the home and become economically independent, including in "men's" jobs. They fought for—and won—landmark pieces of legislation that created real progress in reducing gender discrimination and helping millions of women break through the glass ceiling. As a result of their efforts—alongside structural changes in the economy away from manufacturing toward services that disproportionately employ women—women fanned out into a variety of occupations that had hitherto been closed to them.
During the 1980s, married middle-income and upper-income women rapidly entered the job market. This was at least partially attributable to the fact that for middle- and upper-income women, the career opportunities that opened up were more appealing than traditional female jobs. Furthermore, as women increased their educational attainment, they were able to enter jobs with higher career paths. Economists Chinhui Juhn and Kevin Murphy confirmed through econometric analysis that over the 1970s and 1980s changes in women's wages—that is, increases in women's own economic opportunities—led women into the labor market,22 and economists Francine Blau and Lawrence Kahn found that this trend continued through 2000.23
On top of this, middle- and upper-income women's families could afford to replace their household labor by employing nannies, placing their children in high-quality child care, or hiring other household help, which lower-income families could not do. Without public support for working families, lower-income families continue to disproportionately rely on the unpaid work of women to address the problems of how to care for children, the aged, or infirm.
Without public support for working families, lower-income families continue to disproportionately rely on the unpaid work of women to address the problems of how to care for children, the aged, or infirm.
But it wasn't just these wealthier, better-educated women who entered the workforce in droves in recent decades. In the mid-1990s, policy changes also led more low-income women to seek employment. Welfare reform required low-income mothers to be employed, while other policies, such as the rise in the minimum wage, the expansion of the Earned Income Tax Credit, the increased funding for the Child Care Development Block Grant, and the introduction of the State Child Health Insurance Program, encouraged them to do so by boosting the take-home pay of those working at low-wage jobs. These pieces of legislation were passed in the middle of the strongest labor market in decades—especially for low-wage work—and were followed by sharp increases in the employment of unmarried mothers.
Today, women are likely to work outside the home regardless of their status as mothers. In the early 1980s, mothers had employment rates that were about 20 percentage points lower than non-mothers, all else equal. But the pull of children keeping women out of the workplace has grown weaker over time, leveling off in the 2000s at about 12 percentage points—just over half as large as just a few decades ago. This means that mothers are now about 12 percentage points less likely to work than nonmothers, all else equal.28
Many women have always worked
The news today is that women make up half of all workers, but it's always been the case that some women have worked outside the home. The remarkable changes in women's employment gloss over the reality that for some groups of women, becoming a breadwinner is nothing new.
African American women have historically been more likely than other racial and ethnic groups to work outside the home. In 1920, the labor force participation rate of black women was 38.9 percent, twice as large as any other racial or ethnic group except Japanese women, of whom 25.9 percent worked.24 But as the 20th century marched forward, women of all racial groups began working in greater numbers. By 2007, labor force participation rates had risen to nearly 60 percent in all racial groups of women—African Americans the highest at 61.1 percent, white women next at 59 percent, followed by Asians at 58.6 percent and Hispanics at 56.5 percent.25
A century ago, a substantial percentage of employed women worked as domestics in other people's homes and this was fairly consistent across racial and ethnic groups. In 1900, among working women, about a third of Asians and whites and a higher share (43.5 percent) of African Americans held private household service jobs.26 While many women have fanned out into a much larger array of occupations, recent immigrant women—mostly from Mexico and Central America—are now those most likely to do domestic labor.27 These jobs tend not only to have low wages, but they are often "under the table" and do not provide workers with the same level of unemployment and Social Security benefits as other kinds of work.
It is important to note, though, that not every woman has gone into paid employment and one in five families with children have a stay-at-home mother and breadwinner father. But even among women at home today, the overwhelming majority will work outside the home at some point in their lives.29 Still, most workers do not have any workplace flexibility, nearly half do not have the right to a paid sick day to care for an ill child or family member, and most do not have access to paid family leave.
Which women work
Not all women seek to work in the same way or to the same degree over their working lives for obviously very different and very personal reasons. But there are patterns evident among different groups of working women, among them of course those women who have always worked (see box "Many women have always worked"). Let's examine several of those patterns.
Historically, married women were less likely than unmarried women to work outside the home, not just because of tradition but also due to legally sanctioned discrimination by employers that kept wives out of the workplace. In 1963, 37 percent of wives were in the labor force, compared to 65.5 percent of unmarried women.30 Since the mid- to late 1990s, however, labor force participation rates for married women have remained relatively stable, while rising for unmarried women: By 2008, 70.0 percent of wives and 72.5 percent of unmarried women were in the labor force during the year. The recession may lead more women—especially wives—to seek employment in 2009 and beyond as men face high numbers of layoffs and have difficulty finding new jobs.31
Mothers have typically been less likely than nonmothers to work outside the home. Since the late 1990s, the employment rates of unmarried mothers have begun to converge with those of women without children, but the employment rates of married mothers continue to be far below that of other women.32
Education also traditionally affects employment patterns. The highest educated women have always been more likely than other women to work, even once they became mothers. In 1963, 62.2 percent of college-educated women were in the labor force, compared to 46.5 percent of those with a high school degree. By 2008, among women with a college degree, 80.7 percent were in the labor force, compared to 73.2 percent of those with some college, 67.6 percent of those with a high school diploma, and 47.0 percent of those without. Highly educated women continue to have high labor-force participation rates even once they become mothers: 77.9 percent in 2008.33
The march toward greater employment has occurred at both ends of the age distribution. The recession is pulling older women into employment, either because their husbands have lost their jobs or because they are concerned about their retirement security. With falling home values alongside falling pension values and companies abdicating their responsibilities to their pensioners, many older women will need to work longer than in recent decades.34 We are already seeing this in the data as the unemployment rate among workers 55 and over is at post-World War II historic highs.35
Historically, married women were less likely than unmarried women
to work outside the home, not just because of tradition but also
due to legally sanctioned discrimination by employers
that kept wives out of the workplace.
As more women—especially professional and upper-middle-class women—have taken jobs outside the home in recent decades, the need for domestic labor both inside the home, as well as labor reproducing what women used to do, such as preparing meals, has increased.36 Demand for domestic labor rose in the halcyon days of the late 1990s and 2000s, but as the Great Recession works its way through the economy, many middle-class and professional families will no longer be able to afford this luxury and we may see changes in the labor patterns of recent immigrant workers.
Should all women work?
The increase in women's labor force participation has made it near-impossible to say that particular groups of women can't work just because they're women or because they have children. Even so, there have been long-simmering debates over whether women should work outside the home—or even if they really want to. The reality is that mothers have taken up paid employment in great—and ever rising—numbers, yet the public discourse often remains mired in controversy over whether mothers should work, rarely appreciating the ship-has-sailed reality that most simply just go to work each day.
Two recent examples of this kind of discourse are the debate over welfare reform in the mid-1990s and the opt-out debate of the mid-2000s. The first pitted stay-at-home poor single mothers against employed mothers in blue-collar families by insisting that poor mothers should also be employed. The second was over whether professional women should stay home with their children and whether or not they were "opting out" in the early- to middle-2000s. Both debates helped define the cultural divides that the Great Recession may well put to rest simply because more and more women want to work and need to work. But both debates are worth a quick review for what they reveal about our society today.
The federal welfare program was established in 1935 as a part of the Social Security Act to provide cash assistance to widowed mothers. At that time, the expectation was that a widow could not support her family on her own. Fast forward to the early 1990s and we enter a world where a nearly a quarter of children were being raised by single mothers and most married-couple families were struggling to figure out how to have both mom and dad in the labor force and make it all work at home.37 By the time President Clinton said in 1992 that he would "end welfare as we know it," there was no longer consensus that an unmarried mother should receive cash assistance.
Those pushing for the end of welfare often couched their arguments in ways that were designed to appeal to working middle-income and lower-middle-income families who were struggling to make ends meet and facing the stresses—the "time bind," the "second shift"—that accompany dual-earner families. Never mind that women in both types of families faced similar problems, among them the lack of affordable child care and low wages.
The rhetoric, though, had a perverse element of truth. Even though both groups needed assistance, only poor families could qualify for admittedly meager benefits and Medicaid or child care subsidies, while working families qualified for little to none of these kinds of benefits and were left to do it all on their own.38 Of course, such rhetoric was also about marshaling resentment of the poor to push social policy down to the lowest (assistance-free) common denominator rather than appealing to a more aspirational and unifying higher standard for all families.
In the end, the 1996 welfare reform package included carrots and sticks designed to encourage single mothers to avoid cash assistance and instead rely on their earnings. But welfare reform did not address the more fundamental policy gap. Poor, working- and middle-class families alike are struggling to cope with the challenges of being unable to afford a stay-at-home parent yet are unable to afford decent alternatives to pay for care for their children or ailing family members. And this gap leaves them with little to no workplace flexibility to give their day-to-day lives some much-needed sanity. Welfare reform offered some of these kinds of benefits to very low-income families, but the low-income cut-offs—and five-year waiting periods for immigrant families—mean that millions of working families are ineligible, even though they cannot afford these kinds of services at market rates.39
A decade later, this culture debate over whether women should work turned to the other end of the income spectrum. Was it really possible—or desirable—for a woman to be both a professional and a mother? A spate of news articles claimed that professional women were opting out of employment in favor of motherhood. The message from this media maelstrom was that women couldn't be professionals and mothers, and what's more, they did not want to.
Mothers have taken up paid employment in great—and ever rising—numbers, yet the public discourse often remains mired in controversy over whether mothers should work, rarely appreciating the ship-has-sailed reality that most simply just go to work each day.
But just as with the welfare reform debates, reality did not confirm this tale. The overwhelming majority of professional mothers do work, more so than any other mothers, and there is no evidence that they were opting out in favor of motherhood.40 There is evidence, however, that many have been pushed out by inflexible workplaces.
While the headlines were that highly educated women were choosing motherhood over work, the stories themselves told a tale of workplaces that were hostile toward working mothers and pushed them out of employment. In an analysis of the opt-out media maelstrom, Joan Williams, director of the Center for WorkLife Law, and her colleagues found that the claim that it's the "pull of family life" rather than the push of inflexible jobs is not even evident in the quotes journalists took from mothers who left their jobs to be full-time mothers.41 Their findings are consistent with the research of sociologists Pamela Stone and Meg Lovejoy, who interviewed professional women who had left the labor force and found that nearly all—86 percent—reported workplace factors such as inflexible jobs as a critical reason they left their jobs.42 This sounds more like pushed out, rather than opted out.
Just as importantly, there is absolutely no empirical evidence that women were increasingly not employed because they had children at home. The fact is that over the 2000s, the share of women—both mothers and nonmothers—and men with jobs flattened. But the evidence pointed toward the weak economic recovery of the early 2000s leading to a lack of job gains among all kinds of workers—moms and nonmoms alike—rather than a story of mothers increasingly dropping out because of the pull of motherhood.43
Quite simply, the opt-out trend was no trend at all. Like the debate over welfare reform, the opt-out story glossed over reality. Indeed, much of this hysteria seemed grounded in the neo-traditional romanticized yearnings such as those found in Judd Apatow's movie comedies, where women fulfill raunchy male sexual desires of the post-women's lib era while also being resigned to the economic status of the pre-women's lib era. Or conversely, in arch-feminist overreactions to these same yearnings, rather than a measured examination of empirical trends.
Equal opportunity, unequal outcomes
Although women may make up half of all workers, they have by no means achieved equality in the workplace. The typical full-time, full-year woman worker brings home 77 cents on the dollar, compared to her male colleagues. And, for specific groups of women—such as women of color or disabled workers—the gap with respect to the wages of white men is larger than for white women. And undocumented immigrant workers often fail to receive even minimum wage, as employment practices for these populations go under the radar.
Much of the gap is attributable to the fact that men and women work in different jobs, but a significant chunk (41.1 percent!) cannot be explained by characteristics of women or their jobs. Over time, the gender gap has narrowed—it was 59 cents on the dollar in the early 1970s—but the pace of convergence has slowed to a crawl in recent years.44 The most significant compression in the gender pay gap occurred during the 1980s, but this was because men's wages fell, rather than because women's wages rose.
The upshot? Even though there may be 18 million cracks in the glass ceiling, it remains firmly in place for millions of U.S. women.
Economists Francine Blau and Lawrence Kahn do a detailed analysis of what accounts for the gender pay gap, which in their data is 20.3 percent. Figure 6 shows that of that gap, 10.5 percent can be explained by differences between men and women in their work experience, which captures time out of the labor force for caregiving or any other activity. Almost half of the gap (49.3 percent) can be explained by the kinds of jobs women and men hold in terms of industry and occupation, another 2.4 percent can be explained by race, and another 3.5 percent can be explained by men's greater likelihood of being in a union. When combined with the positive effects of women's educational attainment, which closes the gap by 6.7 percent, this leaves 41.1 percent of the wage gap as "unexplainable."
The segregation of men and women into different jobs explains the single-largest portion of the gender pay gap (49.3 percent). This may seem innocuous, but in reality, many jobs that women have historically held by women are underpaid, relative to men's jobs that require similar levels of skill. Bowling Green State University political scientist Ellen Frankel Paul, for example, points out that zookeepers—a traditionally male job—earn more than workers caring for children—a traditionally female job.45 It's not that zookeepers have a much higher level of skills than child care workers, but that our society values these jobs differently and this is a choice we make. Women's jobs have been systemically undervalued for so long, we think it's natural, but in fact this is an ongoing legacy of past discrimination.
A woman who goes to the same kind of school, gets the same grades,
has the same major, makes the same kind of job and has the same
personal characteristics as her male colleague earns 5 percent
less the first year out of school.
Differences in men's and women's work histories explain the second largest chunk—10.5 percent—of the gender wage gap. It's important to note, however, that the gender pay gap emerges as soon as women graduate, at a point in their lives when differences in work experience between them and their male colleagues should not play a large role in determining pay. The American Association of University Women examined the pay gap between college-educated men and women and found that a woman who goes to the same kind of school, gets the same grades, has the same major, takes the same kind of job with similar workplace flexibility perks, and has the same personal characteristics—such as marital status, race, and number of children—as her male colleague earns 5 percent less the first year out of school.46 Ten years later, even if she keeps pace with the men around her, this research found that she'll earn 12 percent less. This gap is not about the "choices" a woman makes, as the model compares men and women who have made nearly identical choices.
How do we explain the "unexplained gap" to young women? After all, as women have taken their careers more seriously they have worked hard to get more education and that is paying off in terms of narrowing the gender pay gap, even if it hasn't fully eliminated it. Women now are more likely than men to graduate from high school as well as college, even though among women ages 25 to 45, it remains the case that only a quarter have a college degree, and this is similar for men as well.47
Then there's the "maternal wall." New research focuses on the role of motherhood in accounting for at least some—if not most—of the unexplained pay gap. In groundbreaking work, Cornell University sociologists Shelley Correll, Stephen Benard, and In Paik used a laboratory experiment to find out whether being a mother means being paid less, all else equal. Study participants evaluated application materials for a pair of job candidates that were explicitly equally qualified—equal levels of education and work experience at similarly ranked schools—but one person was identified as a parent and the other was not.48
Their findings are astonishing: Even though the job candidates identified as mothers had the same credentials as the nonmothers, they were perceived to be less competent, less promotable, less likely to be recommended for management, less likely to be recommended for hire, and had lower recommended starting salaries. The job candidates identified as fathers were not penalized in the same way, and often saw a boost. Study participants also held mothers to higher standards than all men and women without children by requiring a higher score on a management exam and significantly fewer times of being late to work before being considered hirable or promotable.
Job candidates identified as mothers were perceived to be
less competent, less promotable,less likely to be recommended
for management,
less likely to be recommended for hire
and had lower
recommended starting salaries.
This research confirms prior work on the motherhood pay penalty. Sociologists Michele Budig at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, and Paula England at Stanford University found that interruptions from work, working part time, and decreased seniority/experience explain no more than about one-third of the gap in pay between women with and without children, and that "mother-friendly" job characteristics explained very little of the gap. They conclude that two-thirds of the wage gap between mothers and nonmothers must be either because employed mothers are less productive at work or because of discrimination against mothers.49
What's more, the gender pay gap accumulates over time. The Institute for Women's Policy Research examined worker's employment and earnings data and found that, over a 15-year period, prime-age women workers earn 38 percent of what men earn.50 Jessica Arons, director of the Women's Health and Rights program at the Center for American Progress, summed up the cumulative impact of the gender pay gap over a 40-year period—the "career wage gap"—and found that women lose an average of $434,000 in income. The pay gap accumulates for a variety of reasons, but chief among them are that pay raises are typically given as a percent of current salary, leaving women further behind each year, and an employer will typically ask a job applicant for a salary history when determining his or her starting salary, which limits women's upward mobility.51
But the pay gap is not entirely the fault of employers. Women make decisions that have an impact on how much they earn. The kinds of jobs women seek and what kinds of educational credentials they acquire affect future earnings. One study found that 95 percent of the gender differential in starting salaries can be explained by differences in college majors, with women continuing to be more likely to major in humanities.52
The pay gap accumulates for a variety of reasons, but chief among them are that pay raises are typically given as a percent of current salary, leaving women further behind each year.
Even so, within occupations, women are typically paid less than their male colleagues.53 And, at least some of the wage gap between men and women, and between mothers and nonmothers, is attributable to women taking on greater parenting responsibilities and working fewer hours. Women are more than twice as likely as men to be employed part time and since few jobs offer part-time work, the part-time jobs available tend to pay less than comparable full-time jobs.54 But the reality is that this cannot fully explain the gap in pay.
And if time away from employment for caregiving is important to explaining the gender pay gap, how do we as a society intend to deal with the new reality of working women? As more women work, more families do not have a stay-at-home caretaker, which means that both men and women workers are now more likely to balance a job with care responsibilities—either for a child or for an elderly or ill family member—and more are concerned about caregiver discrimination.
Takin' it to the max
One way, of course, is for families to keep on doing what they're doing. But is there a limit to how many hours women and men can put into the paid labor force and still maintain some sanity at home?
Women have gone to work in greater numbers, even as the world they worked in and lived in didn't change. The typical middle-class family puts in 568 more hours at work each year compared to the late 1970s,55 which leaves less time to spend with children, clean the house, make a home-cooked meal, or plan a vacation. No wonder so many families report feeling stressed. And the recession only makes this worse as families increasingly worry about job losses or hour or wage cuts, on top of everything else.56
Inside the home, men continue to do less (usually much less) of the housework and care work than their wives—even though the number of hours they devote to work around the house has risen—and many businesses continue to act as though every worker has a stay-at-home spouse who can cope with all of life's little (and big) emergencies. Yet remarkably, amid this rising double duty mothers have not reduced their hours of parenting. Between 1985 and 2000, mothers spent an average of four more hours at a paid job and five more hours parenting. Mothers are spending less time on housework, volunteering, and on themselves. Fathers also are spending more time with their children: While fathers spent two more hours at their job, they spent four more hours parenting.57
Many families, especially those in lower-paid employment, have turned to "tag-team parenting" to make it all work. Parents work alternate shifts so that someone can always be home with the children. Lower-income families are more likely than higher-income families to have this kind of schedule. Some of it is driven by the kinds of jobs they have available to them—shift work is far less common among middle-class or professional jobs than in manufacturing and retail—and some of it is a way to keep child care costs low and care for their children themselves. And some professionals, such as academics or consultants, also "tag team," often for the very same reasons.58
But there may be a limit to how much more women can—or will be able to—work outside the home. Most important, the United States does not have a well-developed basket of policies to help families who have no one at home to provide care. And these are not just challenges for women. The 2008 National Study of the Changing Workforce reports that the majority of fathers (59 percent) in dual-earner couples report experiencing "some or a lot" of work/family conflict, as do 45 percent of mothers.59 Clearly, we need to find a new way of addressing how families provide care.
Where do we go from here?
As men lose their jobs with frightening frequency amid the recession, women's employment is even more important to family well-being—in millions of families, women are now the "primary breadwinner." Recognizing this is the key piece to understanding how this social transformation is affecting nearly every aspect of our lives—from how we work to how we play to how we care for one another. Understanding that as women have gone to work, everything has changed is the first step. Identifying what we need to do to reshape the institutions around us is the next step. Then we can begin to take the necessary actions to readjust our policies and practices.
The policy implications vary from issue to issue, but the conclusions are clear: We need to rethink our assumptions about families and about work and focus our policies—at all levels—to address this new reality. Clearly, we aren't going back to a time when women were available full time to be their families' unpaid caretakers, so we need to find another way forward.
© 2009 The Shriver Report | About Us | Privacy
The Shriver Report is a product of Maria Shriver and the Center for American Progress.
For more research on women and the economy, go to americanprogress.org/women
Photo credits from left: Lou Bopp, StockShop; Matt Eich, Aurora Photos; Lyndie Benson; Davis Factor, CORBIS; Dana Spaeth, Getty Images


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MAN Diesel & Turbo is to supply eight engines for the diesel-electric propulsion of two cruise ship newbuildings to Fincantieri Cantieri Navali Italiani S.p.A.
The European Investment Bank (EIB) has granted a EUR 150 million loan to Wärtsilä to finance the company's research, development and innovation (RDI) activities in several European countries.
The 2014 Torsional Vibration Symposium, organized by the Vibration Association, is scheduled for May 21-23 in Salzburg Congress, Austria. The event aims to gather
Military history teaches that the future is largely unpredictable, presenting those responsible for the defense of undersea security with a spectrum of challenges.
Atlas Elektronik U.K. Ltd. (AEUK) confirmed that that their Cerberus Mod2 Diver Detection Sonar has now successfully completed its Factory Acceptance Testing (FAT) at their premises in the U.
Minister for Defense Stephen Smith today welcomed HMAS Toowoomba home from a six-month deployment to the Middle East Area of Operations (MEAO). Minister Smith


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text:
Just started a side business (Philadelphia Salvage) to supply my main business (The Stock Group) with material (and also have some fun).
It's retail so I need to accept credit cards and was going through that whole process. A friend has been using Square to run the daily books and process credit cards all on their Xoom.
I just set it up on my HTC Evo (sprint) and it took about 20 min to do it and I can take credit cards, email the client a receipt with a photo of what they bought. It does the tax for me, deposits the next day. All for 2.75% on all cards, no transaction fees.
I just need to pick a tablet for the office to leave there. Not sure which direction I'm going on that...
Love it! Just wanted to let people know about this if they need to process CC for anything. You can e-mail with questions if you have any.


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Catherine Hammon (née Chibnall) left Wells in 1989 to pursue a career in the law, via Exeter University, a year in France at the Université d'Aix-Marseille III, and law school in Guildford.
She has spent most of her career in the City of London at the international law firm Ashurst LLP and is a specialist in competition law and merger control. These days, she no longer works directly on client transactions but is responsible for knowhow, training and related client support.
Outside the office, Catherine spends most of her time looking after her toddler son and/or supporting her extremely sporty husband as he cycles up mountains and competes in marathons and duathlons (run-bike-run). She occasionally fits in a bit of yoga or gentle cycling herself and loves cooking for friends and family.
Catherine is delighted to be heading up the Wellensian Connections initiative, which aims to match the experience and knowledge of the OW network to the questions of school leavers both as they leave Wells and as they go about their careers going forwards.


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About Us
WKW Associates represents manufacturers and suppliers of telecommunications, cable television, and electrical power products and equipment. Formed in 2002, we strive to provide outstanding sales, product support, and training for telecommunications equipment and solutions. With over 400 years of combined experience in the industry, WKW is able to provide our manufacturers and customers with:
- Industry knowledge and contacts
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WKW Associates is a rapidly growing sales representation company with many contacts and focused representation for customers located in the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic areas of the United States. We are continuously expanding our product offering as well as our market presence.


text:
Floyd Rose - International Series ISOT2 Features dual Floyd Rose designed signature custom humbuckers and a Floyd Rose 1000 Series tremolo system. A lightweight basswood body with a quilted Maple top on selected models, 25 1/2" scale, bolt-on maple neck with a dual-action truss rod, fast Rosewood fingerboard and Pro RockGear strap locks. Available in Black, Black Cherry, Transparent Black, Transparent Blue, Vintage Sunburst, 3-Tone Burst and White.
We also make a version of the ISO2 with a pick guard. Available in Transparent Black and 3-Tone Burst, comes with Pro Rockgear straplocks.


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SEDL / Journals / Geotechnical Testing Journal (GTJ) / Citation Page
Click here to download this paper now for $25 PDF (740K) View License Agreement
ISSN: 1945-7545 CODEN: GTJODJ Published Online: 24 January 2013 Page Count: 8
Effect of Pre-Shear Stress Path on Nonlinear Shear Stiffness Degradation of Cohesive Soils Choo, Jinhyun Graduate Student, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford Univ., Standford, CAJung, Young-Hoon Associate Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Kyung Hee Univ., Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-doCho, Wanjei Assistant Professor, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Dankook Univ., Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-doChung, Choong-Ki Professor, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National Univ., Gwanak-gu, Seoul (Received 16 June 2012; accepted 27 November 2012)
The nonlinear degradation of soil stiffness from very small to small strain is a key consideration for reliable prediction of ground behavior and its interactions with structures under dynamic excitation and working load conditions. Despite high sensitiveness of stiffness measurement to testing conditions, the effect of the pre-shear stress path on the stiffness degradation has not been properly discussed. Here we investigate the effect of pre-shear stress path on nonlinear shear stiffness degradation of cohesive soils. Reconstituted kaolinite specimens were consolidated to be the overconsolidation ratio (OCR) = 1, 2, and 4 along K0 and isotropic stress paths. The shear stiffness degradations of the specimens during undrained shear were measured using on-specimen linear variable differential transformers (LVDTs). Experimental results show that the pre-stress stress path has a strong influence on the degree of shear stiffness degradation at different OCRs. This influence is interpreted within the context of the rotation angle of shear stress path, which provides a good qualitative explanation of the inconsistent observations in the literature.
Keywords: stiffness, triaxial test, pre-shear stress path, cohesive soils
Paper ID: GTJ20120116 DOI: 10.1520/GTJ20120116 ASTM International is a member of CrossRef.


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With a wealth of attractions and adventures, Costa Rica is one of the hottest vacation destinations in the Americas. Whether you want relaxation or excitement, you'll find it. Stroll leisurely on the beach or zip through the treetops on a canopy tour. Explore urban San Jose or incredible national parks with unspoiled wilderness. Choose the Caribbean Coast or the Central Pacific Coast. Lounge beside an infinity pool or battle a billfish. Seek out exuberant nightlife or take in the lush tropical scenery. Go golfing, snorkeling, volcano viewing, river rafting, sea kayaking, mountain biking, or horseback riding. Stay in a luxurious resort or a rustic wooden cabin . . . a Mediterranean villa or an Ecolodge tent. This friendly guide clues you in, with:

The lowdown on how to get to Costa Rica and how to get around after you arrive
Details on San Jose and the Central Valley; the Guanacaste area, Costa Rica's "Gold Coast"; the Manuel Antonio area, the most popular ecotourism destination; the Monteverde area with its misty cloud forests; and the rest of the country
Suggested itineraries to help you make the most of your time
A "Quick Concierge" section with key phone numbers, Web addresses, and other handy how-to's for traveling in Costa Rica

 Like every For Dummies travel guide, Costa Rica For Dummies, 3rd Edition includes:

Down-to-earth trip-planning advice
What you shouldn't miss — and what you can skip
The best hotels and restaurants for every budget
Lots of detailed maps

Part I: Introducing Costa Rica.
Chapter 1: Discovering the Best of Costa Rica.
Chapter 2: Digging Deeper into Costa Rica.
Chapter 3: Deciding Where and When to Go.
Chapter 4: Following an Itinerary: Five Great Options.
Part II: Planning Your Trip to Costa Rica.
Chapter 5: Managing Your Money.
Chapter 6: Getting to Costa Rica.
Chapter 7: Getting Around Costa Rica.
Chapter 8: Booking Your Accommodations.
Chapter 9: Catering to Special Travel Needs or Interests.
Chapter 10: Taking Care of the Remaining Details.
Part III: San José and the Central Valley.
Chapter 11: Settling into San José.
Chapter 12: Exploring San José.
Part IV: Guanacaste and Environs.
Chapter 13: Going for Gold in Guanacaste.
Chapter 14: Exploring Guanacaste.
Part V: Manuel Antonio and Environs.
Chapter 15: Enjoying Magnificent Manuel Antonio.
Chapter 16: Living the Lush Life on the Central Pacific Coast.
Part VI: Monteverde and Environs.
Chapter 17: Visiting the Cloud Forests of Monteverde.
Chapter 18: La Fortuna and the Arenal Area.
Part VII: Touring the Rest of Costa Rica.
Chapter 19: Seeking Solitude in Southern Nicoya.
Chapter 20: Exploring Southern Costa Rica.
Chapter 21: Chilling on Costa Rica's Caribbean Coast.
Part VIII: The Part of Tens.
Chapter 22: Ten Myths about Costa Rica.
Chapter 23: Ten Costa Rican Moments.
Appendix: Quick Concierge.
Series: Dummies Travel
Number Of Pages: 408
Published: 2nd November 2009
Dimensions (cm): 21.5 x 14.3
x 2.3
Weight (kg): 0.432


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Hi Forum,
So I've got a new HDD (Segate Momentus 5400.6 500GB OEM PS3 compatible 2.5" HDD) that i'd like to update my 120GB PS3 Slim (OFW 4.30) with.
I've got all the backup done and downloaded the update (OFW 4.31) onto a USB, so i am ready for the switch.
My question is once i upgrade the HDD with 4.31 off the USB, if i experience any problems with the new HDD, can i just revert back to my old one by swapping them out, or will the console complain because the HDDs will have different firmwares?
Thanks in advance.
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Welcome to the Studio of Deborah Boily
DEBORAH BOILY is an international performer, vocal and speech coach and voice teacher. Deborah performs regularly for private events in and out of Texas, is a headliner on exclusive cruises and performs her Cabaret shows all over the country and world. Click here to learn more about Deborah, the performer. She is also a recording artist of 4 CDs and the author of a manual on teaching French with her French song CDs. For the past 12 years Deborah has been making a name for herself as a vocal & performance coach working with young singers whose passion is to perform, with students preparing for auditions and performances, and with Executives and Business professionals looking for help with their speaking requirements. Please feel free to peruse these pages and get familiar with Deborah Boily's personal philosophy about singing, how she teaches and what results a student will see in working with her. Studio offerings are: private on-going lessons, individual coaching sessions for audition and performance readiness, group and Master classes. |
May 2013 Remember, notes don't float up high in the air above your head. The note comes from your body and how you are using it. When you try to "reach" for a high note, you are working against yourself. Stretching the neck upwards is only putting stress on your vocal folds (chords). If you stand tall, breathe in deeply to your "bottom" or abdominal wall, and keep your focus on that space when you go to sing, the note will be free and relaxed thus creating a lovely sound. It takes time to get used to and to trust this but it's the key to healthy sound. April 2013 Relaxation and focus are essential to having a good lesson and a good practice session. If you are impatient and trying to get a new technique by beating it to death, by trying over and over in a frenzy, forget it! It won't happen. Remember, effective 'control' comes from your set up and posture, not in the execution. Control your preparation to sing and let go mentally when you let your sound go physically.. March 2013 Rehearsal creates confidence. I see so many people think that they don't have to rehearse a song or they wait until the last minute to learn it and think the performance will be great. NOT true. The more you explore your music not only technically i.e. notes and rhythms and breath marks, but emotionally too, the better. What is going on for the character? Ask the who, what, when, where questions for your character and most of all the WHY....what is their motivation to be revealing this information? Once you decide what it is, go there with them and feel it. Make it authentic and as real for you as you can. This takes going over the song again and again until you are totally intimate with it. The payoff is self-fulfillment and an audience who has been moved to laughter or tears and loves what you have shared with them. February 2013 When you plan for an audition, plan to do the best work you can and show them who you are. That is your goal and all you can control. Getting the role is icing on the cake, but the real self satisfaction comes from focusing on doing a great audition. Then when you do, you'll be proud of yourself, winning the role or not. January 2013 This is a performance tip. When you are on stage and are a bundle of nerves, the one thing that will ground you and keep you focused is to stay in the moment. Be in the "right now" of your song, the story, the words that you are using to tell that story, go to the place your character would go and stay there in the truth of what they are feeling. This will help you disspell all the extraneous thoughts coming through to distract you. December 2012 The most important aspect of healthy singing is in knowing how to breathe. It may sound really dumb and simple, but taking the time and giving respect to your breathe creates the foundation of a beautiful sound. Without it, you create tight and uncomfortable feelings in your throat, chest area and whole body. What you feel is what an audience will hear: tightness, strain and unappealing sound. The more relaxed and deep your breath is, the more relaxed and deep your sound will be and hence, very pleasing to the listeners' ears. November 2012 Get used to the idea that you do not have to "do" things to your self or voice when singing a song. When you try to help, you get in the way of the organic process of breathe, exhale and sound production which we call singing. Let the controls go and trust your body to know what to do. Need more on this? Contact me!! To receive these tips and for a free assessment lesson ($125 value) go to FACEBOOK and opt in. |


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1. | newpy | ||
Newport cigarette. Often the term "Newpy" is used by people who are super stoned, and want a "ciggy". Stoned kid-1."Dawg, Im fiending, lemme get a newpy!"
Any sober person-"What the fucks a newpy" Stoner Kid 2- "A newport you idiot" |
2. | newpy | ||
a newport ciggarette yo guard let me get a pk of newpys


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I ran across a couple pictures today of the Kelsey B Jones of yesteryear. Scary thought. The Kelsey B Jones of 20 years ago. Don't worry, these were the cute pictures before the crazy hair, awkward pre-teen body days.
Looking at that little innocent blonde girl with a huge grin, I had to ask myself:
"Did she know at 4 years old what she would become 20 years later?"
Of course she didn't. The 4-year-old me wasn't thinking past her 5th birthday, starting Kindergarten and which dress she could wear the next day. (Right?! There was a short phase in my life when all I wanted to wear were dresses… That ended!) She was shy, loving, a little lippy, funny, curious, and had the whole world in her backyard.
Did she know about how challenging some of her teenage days would be (especially those awkward years)? Did she understand how important her family, friends, teachers and random encounters with strangers were going to be in her life? Did she know yet that her plans of marrying a prince and living in a castle weren't going to happen?
Did she know that her life would come with experiencing loss, extreme joy, tears, laughter, embarrassment, love and confusion? Did this painfully shy little girl know she'd develop a passion for politics, animals, helping other humans, and communication?
Did she know she'd one day hate herself, judge herself, and not want to look at herself in a mirror without crying? Did she know how incredibly freeing it would be to experience what it means to truly love herself and allow others to love her? Did she know that she was going to meet some of the greatest, most caring and loving people in the world in her high school and college years? Did she know then that her parents (and sister) were going to show her unconditional love even when she was extremely sarcastic, unloving, and withdrawn?
Did she know then how much her heavenly father loved her, knew her, and had a (perfect) plan for her life? Did she know that he had mapped out every single person to put in her path, shape her journey, and draw her closer to him? Did she realize then that in 20 years, her relationship with her creator would be the one stable, constant and most important thing in her life - something way deeper than the occasional Sunday School song or nightly prayer?
Short answer? No.
It's an interesting feeling to look back on that little girl and realize, "That's me."
I look back on 20 years and realize that it took all those experiences to bring me to where I am today. I'm happy. I'm healthy. I'm still shy at times, but more outgoing than I ever thought I'd be. I care deeply about people. I want to help them experience love - from other humans and from their heavenly father. I'm still young. I have a lot to live for. I have dreams. I have standards. I have an amazing life.
Dear 4 year old "Kels" - You had a reason to smile so big. You somehow knew that even through all the bad days, 20 years later, you'd have even more reasons to smile.
Now, as for the me of 20 years from now (44 year-old me), let's hope I can find a good picture to look back on with even more lessons and reasons to smile… :-)


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text:
Okay, so can I have a few minutes to freak out? Because this morning, my friend sent me an incredible text…. that NEIL FUCKING GAIMAN had retweeted a photoshoot my friends and I did for Fan Expo this year. We all love-LOVE- Sandman, and it was my dear friend Ira (Destruction), who pulled shit together and got us all together on a hotter than Hell Saturday in August to dress up like our favourite comic book characters.
LOTS of people thought we were silly, dressing up like kids would, but what the fuck do they know? We came together and we did it. We didn't get into the con (FanExpo is a notoriously poorly planned event every year we attend), so instead we went for some beers, went back to Ira and Todd's (Desire) place, and snapped these shoots (truth be told, there's like 150 picture in total, lots of them solos and recreations, but our favourites are right here).
I'm not big into cosplay. In fact, this was my first, which is convenient, because I am not a seamstress. But the energy we all felt that day was something I'd never had before in fandom. It was just us, acting like the characters we loved, having the best time ever. I'd been having a truly awful day, and these people just made me forget about everything and have FUN.
The fact that Neil saw these pictures, liked the effort we put into them…. that's just the cherry on top of the best ice cream sundae I've ever damn tasted.
(I'm Death, by the way! Death is the best, but I'm a little biased)
holyshit is that a boy dressed as Desire?
This is the best thing I have ever seen.
they are all the best
The Endless from Sandman!
ksdhgkjasdhgsadkjgsdgh I would love to be in a cosplay group of the Endless ; _ ;


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Starting another week off on a fashion note...Hope these April showers end soon :-)
A hoodie is always a winner for me but petit bateau uses the
most comfy fabric and really isn't that bad price wise.
When it comes to jeans for little ones, Baby Gap has been my staple.
These are on sale now and will keep your prince dry and chic
during those down pours.
When I first saw the Hunter boots for kids, I thought they were so cute I bought
one for my niece and god-daughter but couldn't see me putting
my son in a pair but these will keep your little man's feet dry and keep up with his
rough and tumbles.
NorthFace is the leader in out-door gear so, this was a no brainer.
In my If I Had a Girl Corner:
Pink and Ralph Lauren all over!


text:
Shanghaiist via BI:
Pushing against rumors that Huntsman was supporting the protesters, US embassy officials told the AFP his presence was "purely coincidental."In the 1:30" clip, a Chinese man in the crowd calls out to him, "Hey Mr Ambassador, what are you doing here?"
Huntsman responds, "I'm just here to look around."
The Chinese man asks, "You want to see China in chaos, don't you?"
"No, I don't," came the reply.
The Chinese man then turns around to everyone in the crowd and starts telling them that he is the US Ambassador, at which point Huntsman realises, uh oh, I'd better get myself out of here. Huntsman is then seen shuffling away, with his entourage in tow.
me stress again that he was with his family. They were on a family
outing and their presence there was coincidental," the official said.
Unfortunately, that hasn't stopped nationalist Chinese bloggers from using Huntsman's appearance to drum-up conspiracies of a U.S. plot to destabilize China. Here's a passage from a widely-distributed article published on the news site M4.CN (English translation):
It was not a coincidence that the U.S. ambassador was spotted at the venue during the same hour that the protests were supposedly planned to hold. He was there to applaud the protesters, take down notes of how the riot police will react, then return to his office and make a report on human rights violations in China, and then fax an urgent message to the White House on the need to covertly encourage the protesters to march on, chant slogans and call for regime change and other social benefits like was the case in Tunisia, Egypt, and now, Libya and Bahrain.
Yikes! Good luck clearing that one up, Jon.
Want to add to this story? Let us know in comments
or send an email to the author at
jhudson at theatlantic dot com.
You can share ideas for stories on the Open Wire.
John Hudson


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The music is great there. Suits all tastes. The people are very young though. It's on the beach. It's very crowded during summer.
you need to go to camping Solar in Chalupy to get there.
there's also another beach club called Surf Bay club but music is mainly bad disco. http://www.chalupy3.pl/
Dress Code: casual
Updated Apr 4, 2011
Address: Chalupy Solar camping Hel penninsula Poland
Phone: 0602-538-395
We went to a nightclub located right next to Hotel Riviera. It was a basement with some flashing lights and no people. When I say no people, I mean absolutely none! There wasn't even a DJ, just some CD's playing! Hel is a wonderful place to be with the people you love (whom you have to bring with you), but don't come here to make new friends, or party late into the night. This is simply not the place for it.
Written Dec 9, 2002
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because people speak English
Obaidah Mahajnah has not received any gifts yet
The next time you are interested in researching an English teacher and school it would be best to be honest with them. Especially when they are willing to work with your budget and prepare a special lesson that is just for you. If you make an appointment with a teacher even for a trial class the ethical and polite thing to do is let them know if you are not interested anymore. Just removing them from your contacts is quite rude and shows me that you were fishing with the least expensive lesson not the teach with the highest qualifications.
Please DON'T Plagiarize !
Never send money or personal information to other members
Report Member (FIRST, go to the page of the member you want to report, then click report member)
EC Moderators
Expector | Nadira | Vega
Nafis | Robbie | Junco
Ario | Heaven | Grace
EC Admin: Tara Benwell
EC Founder: Josef Essberger
© 2013 Created by Josef Essberger.


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More About KITCHENCAT
Visit My SparkPage
Send Me SparkMail
Recipes I've Shared:
My interpretation of a recipe from Dean Ornish's 'Eat More, Weigh Less'.. This helps satisfy my Mexican food cravings without breaking the nutritional bank!
I often skip the seperate spices in favor of using 1 1/2 to 2 T. good fresh curry powder. Then just add the garam masala, paprika, amchoor. If you don't have amchoor around, tamarind juice or more lemon juice will do just fine.


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Take heart in knowing you'll find a thoughtful, timeless treasure for dad that he will love at Neat Stuff Gifts. Choose from customized mugs, BBQ platters, picture frames, men's bathrobes and bath wraps, cuff links, money clips, duffels, men's accessories, and many other unique gifts for men. Each gift is made to order and personalized with his name or monogram. You can be sure that whatever you choose, it will be a Father's Day gift that's unforgettable.


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SALT LAKE CITY — When it comes to sheer numbers and talent level, defensive linemen, running backs and quarterbacks are expected to headline Utah football's 2013 signing class.
The Utes have secured commitments to bolster each position.
"Those are probably the three areas we helped ourselves the most in," said Utah coach Kyle Whittingham, who added that it appears to be a very good group of recruits across the board.
"There's never any guarantees," he noted. "But I think we have certainly helped ourselves."
Although Whittingham was unable to discuss specifics until signed national letters of intent are actually received, the Utes anticipate signatures from several high-profile recruits on Wednesday.
The list includes mid-year signees — offensive lineman Andrew Albers (6-7, 310, Orange Coast Community College, Calif.); quarterback Brandon Cox (6-2, 185, Pasadena High School, Calif.); wide receiver Andre Lewis (6-4, 220, Diablo Valley Community College, Calif.); linebacker Uaea Masina (6-4, 200, Brighton High School); defensive back Davion Orphey (6-1, 185, Santa Ana Community College, Calif.); and tight end Gregory Reese (6-6, 246, Arizona Western Community College).
Utah's 2013 class will also include linebacker Tevita Bloomfield (6-1, 230, Hunter High School), who originally signed in 2011. Scholarships awarded to quarterback Adam Schulz and defensive back Tyler White also count toward this year's 25 signees.
The remaining 16 initial spots will be filled by players who opt not to grayshirt or push forward their eligibility. The pool of recruiting commitments (as compiled by www.utezone.com) includes:
- DEFENSIVE ENDS: Myron Aiava (6-5, 270, Westminster High School, Calif.); Sam Tevi (6-5, 255, Euless Trinity High School, Texas); Gaius Vaenuku (6-6, 260, Euless Trinity High School, Texas).
- DEFENSIVE TACKLES: Sese Ianu (6-3, 300, Golden West Community College, Calif.); Lowell Lotulelei (6-2, 290, Bingham High School).
- RUNNING BACKS: Devontae Booker (5-11, 195, American River Community College, Calif.); Troy McCormick (5-9, 175, Mayde Creek High School, Texas); Marcus Williams (5-11, 204, Durango High School, Nev.); Dre'Vian Young (5-10, 180, Nimitz High School, Texas).
- QUARTERBACK: Conner Manning (6-2, 195, El Toro High School, Calif.)
- DEFENSIVE BACKS: Tevin Carter (6-2, 220, Los Angeles Southwest College); Hipolito Corporan (6-1, 190, Westside High School, Texas); Marcellus Pippins (5-10, 175, El Cerrito High School, Calif.)
- OFFENSIVE LINEMEN: Chase Dominguez (6-5, 195, Lutheran High School, Calif.); Lo Falemaka (6-4, 230, Cottonwood High School); LeRoy Tanoai (6-4, 280, Notre Dame High School, Calif.); Salesi Uhatafe (6-5, 295, Euless Trinity High School, Texas).
- LINEBACKER: Filipo Mokofisi (6-3, 210, Woods Cross High School).
- WIDE RECEIVERS: Harrison Handley (6-6, 200, Alta High School); X'avier Shepherd (6-0, 175, Lakewood High School, Calif.)
- ATHLETES: Dominique Hatfield (5-11, 170, Crenshaw High School, Calif.); Clarence Smith (6-3, 215, Youngker High School, Ariz.).
On the other side of the things, the Utes are still in play for some good surprises.
"There always is a handful of guys who wait a little longer to decide. We'll see what happens with that," Whittingham said. "It's a situation where you just wait until the bitter end and find out what decision they make."
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- BYU, Utah and Utah State 2013 football...
- BYU, Utah and Utah State 2013 football...
- BYU basketball: Agustin Ambrosino leaves BYU...
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- High school baseball: 5A, 4A state... 56
- Hard work, dedication pay off for... 56
- BYU basketball: Dave Rose hoping Tyler... 28
- BYU basketball: Agustin Ambrosino... 27
- BYU, Utah and Utah State 2013 football... 23
- Bodyguards allegedly beat up 2 fans who... 19
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YouTube in under 60 seconds.
Make your own reel:
Making your own reels is easy.
Just Click this
to install the Chrome extension
Then, next time you're watching a video on YouTube, SnipReel will be there!
Making your own reels is easy.
Step 1: Enable bookmarks toolbar
Step 2: Drag this
to the toolbar
Then, next time you're watching a video on YouTube, click the SnipReel bookmark.
Big Jim talking video
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35 views
Some YouTube videos are too long.
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Watch other videos with SnipReel:
Hoover's Home Theater
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Use SnipReel on any YouTube Video
Drag this bookmarklet to your bookmarks and click it when you're watching a video on YouTube.


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Scott Hanna, Indonesia, and Timothy Juelson, Bismarck, N.D., were presented with Jamestown College's Young Alumni Medallion at Opening Convocation held Sept. 6. read more »
The Jamestown College Office of Admissions is hosting a Summer Preview Day for prospective students and their families from 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. on Monday, July 16 on the Jamestown College campus. The event is free.
Attendees will experience a campus tour, meet with students, faculty, coaches, and fine arts representatives as well as eat lunch and hear about campus life. read more »
Jamestown College students will be welcomed to the community at the fifthannual Community Block Party from 5 to 8 p.m. on Thursday, Aug. 30 along First Avenue in Jamestown. Everyone is invited to take part in the fun.
"This event introduces the community to the wonderful students who attend Jamestown College year after year," says Lisa Hicks, event co-chair. "It also helps promote relationships between the community and businesses." read more »
Jamestown College and the Jimmie Booster Club hosted the 26th annual Jimmie Scramble golf tournament Saturday, June 16th at the Jamestown Country Club.Despite battling floods for the last three years, the Club was in great condition to provide "flood free" golf for the Scramble.
The event started on Friday afternoon with the Jimmie Shoot-Out. The champions of the Shoot-Out were Scott Aune and Lee Erickson.
On Saturday, 32 teams of four brought a total of 128 participants to the Club. read more »
Jamestown College welcomed alumni back to the campus for the annual Alumni Days Reunion June 13th-15th.
Forty-four people attended the reunion. The class reunion years of 1952, 1962, 1972, and 1957 celebrated landmark years, but alumni from other class years attended as well. read more »
Annually, Jamestown College awards more than $7.25 million in institutional aid.
Examples of aid include:
About Us Campus Calendar Campus Map Employment Helpdesk Library MyJC Outlook Mail
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Jamestown, ND 58405
Fax: 1-701-253-4318
Admissions: 1-800-336-2554Email: email@example.com


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"I often wear this dress to parties or out to the theater as it is the versatile "little black dress" every girl needs! The fit is fabulous - hugging the bodice but flaring out from the waist, which is perfect for someone like me who has extra weight in her hips and thighs. The compliments are endless when I wear this dress, as if it were built just for me! Most often I hear "What a gorgeous dress! You look beautiful!" To me, IGIGI clothing is designed with the plus sized gal in mind - what will and will not compliment our curves. Additionally, the quality of the items cannot be beat and are built to last. I love my IGIGI dresses!!"


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I just launched a social news website and I am getting some visitors but not sign ups. The new site is a combination of a news outlet and Twitter/Facebook. I am trying to put the news on the same site as the user's friends to avoid users needing to share links, but rather using their posts to respond to the news.
Rather than a tweet saying "this is a great link" the post can just respond to the link itself, and automatically link back to the article within the site.
I could use some feedback with turning visitors into members.


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Playroom Art
Interactive & Educational Wall Decals
Wall Letters
Kids Chalkboards
Kids Cork Boards
Kids Magnetic Boards
Kids Fabric Memo Boards
DIY Kids Wall Murals
Growth Charts
Recess World Map Canvas Wall Art by BasicGrey The Recess World Map Canvas Wall Art by BasicGrey depicts a brightly colored world map. Make sure not to miss all the texture and pattern in on this map. Your child is sure to love learning geographic with this fun canvas wall art piece. This piece looks wonderful by itself or with other pieces from the Recess Collection. BasicGrey offers the most unique mix of storage and decor options for your child's room, but don't let their name fool you, their products are neither "basic� nor "grey". In fact their name, BasicGrey, comes from their goal as a company. This goal is to provide their customers with essential (basic) and blank-slate (grey) products that you can put your own spin on and use in a multitude of different ways! The BasicGrey line of products offers functional, forward-thinking designs that you are sure to love and use time after time to create a unique living space (free of clutter) for your child.
SIZE: 36" x 22"
Category: Art, Playroom Art


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News bites: Facebook to end user-voting system
Google CEO Larry Page pushed back against complaints from rivals and told Fortune in an interview that the search company has "tried to be very inclusive of people's data."
Google confirmed that service disruptions caused Gmail and some of its other Web products to go dark on Monday, Reuters reports.
Facebook will eliminate its user-voting system and start integrating Instagram data with the site after fewer than 30 percent of users voted on its proposed new changes, TechCrunch reports.
A new study finds that patent trolls are behind the bulk of patent infringement lawsuits in the U.S., CNET writes.


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Latest news
Federated single sign-on to dominate by 2016
A well-executed single sign-on (SSO) strategy reduces password-related support incidents and provides users with improved convenience and more-efficient authentication processes, according to Gartner.
Oracle rushes out emergency Java patch
If you're still among the users who haven't disabled Java in their browsers or on their computer, be advised that Oracle has released a critical patch update for Java SE (Java 7 Update 13).
The privacy implications of Facebook Graph Search
While Graph Search is described as a way to allow people to make new connections, it's undeniably a powerful tool for unearthing a wealth information in a highly accessible manner. You could call it stalker's heaven.
Document shredding: the why and the how
Tim McBride serves as the Vice President and General Manager of Secure Destruction Services for Recall North America. In this interview he talks about the practice and requirements of document shredding, and the risks of doing it wrong.
Citadel Trojan used in unusual targeted attacks
McAfee researchers have spotted a group of cybercrooks that use the Citadel Trojan in targeted attacks aimed at specific individuals in organizations in Europe and Japan.
The rise of mobile advertising malware toolkits
In Q4 2012, FortiGuard Labs has highlighted malware samples that show four typical methods cybercriminals are using today to extract money from their victims. In addition, the report shows increasing activity in mobile malware variants of the Android Plankton ad kit as well as in hacktivist Web server vulnerability scanning.
The privacy cliff and how not to fall off it
Moving in opposite directions on protecting the future of consumer privacy online, the U.S. and Europe nevertheless are both heading toward the same cliffand dragging with them billions of dollars and Euros in e-commerce along with the confidence of consumers.
Fake Amazon Kindle receipt leads to persistent malware
Amazon customers buying e-books for their Kindle or other mobile devices should be careful with emails that seemingly containing receipts for their purchases, warns Webroot, as malware peddlers have once again started a spam campaign impersonating the e-commerce giant.
Japan holds first hacking contest backed by government
Despite being one of the greater world economies and being technologically advanced as few others, Japan has woken up to the reality of cyber crime relatively late.
None of the 100 largest e-commerce sites have fully implemented DNSSEC
The biggest brands in e-commerce are overlooking a critical security technology that could reduce the risk of identify theft and credit card fraud.
U.S. President to decide on pre-emptive cyberstrikes
As the moment when U.S. President Barack Obama will issue a cybersecurity executive order slowly draws near, other questions that affect the nation's cyber defense and offense options are discussed and answered in secret by legal review. Among these is the matter of who has the power of deciding whether a pre-emptive strike should be launched when there are indications that a major digital attack is to be unleashed against the nations' networks and infrastructures and war hasn't yet been declared.
Wireless Reconnaissance in Penetration Testing
Reconnaissance should always be the first stage of a cyber attack or penetration test, and the success of these attempts is usually closely tied with the quality of information gathered during this phase. This book gives insight into the information that can be gathered from radio traffic between a number of wireless devices used by the target, and how that information can come in handy.
Examining the Nap malicious downloader
FireEye researchers recently encountered a stealthy malware that employs extended sleep calls to evade automated analysis systems capturing its behavior. It further makes use of the fast flux technique in order to hide the identity of the attacker controlling it.
Nearly a third of all computers are infected with malware
PandaLabs released its annual security report which details an extremely interesting year of data theft, social networking attacks and cyber-warfare.
U.S. Federal Reserve admits being breached by Anonymous
U.S. Federal Reserve confirmed the breach of one of its internal websites by the hands of Anonymous hackers, but denied that the file containing personal information of over 4,000 U.S. bank executives the attackers made available for download contained passwords.
Researcher warns about critical flaw in D-Link routers
A security flaw in D-Link's DIR-300 and DIR-600 routers could allow remote attackers to inject execute arbitrary shell commands via a simple POST request without being authenticated to the device or by tricking the routers' owners into sending the request themselves, warns security researcher Michael Messner.
Whitehole exploit kit in the spotlight
The Blackhole exploit kit is, by far, the most most used one, and has pretty much cornered the market at the moment, but there are other kits out there looking to challenge its supremacy.
Massive Bamital click-fraud botnet shut down
Symantec and Microsoft have teamed up to take down the Bamital botnet, and are currently in the process of warning users infected with the Trojan on how to remove it from their computers.
EU proposes to make data breach disclosure mandatory
The European Commission has announced the launch of new proposals that include a requirement for EU member states to appoint an independent CERT and pivotally calls for each to create a national authority to whom companies, whose functions are critical to the economy, must report data breaches.
Critical flaw lets attackers control hospital, military buildings' systems
The vulnerability affects the Tridium Niagara AX Framework, and lets remote attackers access the system's configuration file that contains login credentials for operator work stations, through which the attackers can gain complete control of electricity and HVAC systems, elevators, surveillance cameras, electronic door locks and more.
Children turning into malicious code developers
AVG has found evidence that pre-teens are writing malware designed to steal login details from online gamers, both young and old.
Bogus cleaning apps on Google Play install backdoor on PCs
Malicious Android apps able to infect and set up a backdoor on PCs running pre-Windows 7 operating systems have been recently spotted by researchers of several security companies.
Learn by doing: Phishing and other online tests
Are you that person to whom everybody turns for advice on how to keep secure online? Point them towards online tests where they can learn and test their knowledge by themselves.
Twitter users hit with typo-squatting phishing campaign
In the wake of last week's compromise of 250,000 Twitter accounts comes another threat to Twitter users: phishing messages - both DMs and tweets - that lure in the curious by asking "Did you see this pic of you?"
Windows and OS X users under attack, update Flash now!
Adobe has pushed out an emergency Flash update that solves two critical vulnerabilities (CVE-2013-0633 and CVE-2013-0634) that are being actively exploited to target Windows and OS X users, and is urging users to implement it as soon as possible.
IT security jobs: What's in demand and how to meet it
Posted on 15 May 2013. | Let's say you want a career in information security, where do you start? What credentials do you need? What are employers looking for? Read on to find some answers.
Is Microsoft is reading your Skype communications?
Posted on 15 May 2013. | The question of whether Skype allows U.S. intelligence and law enforcement agencies to access the communications exchanged by its users has still not been adequately answered by Microsoft.
Internet Explorer best at blocking malware
Posted on 14 May 2013. | While Chromes malware download protection improved significantly, Internet Explorer 10 continues to outperform the other browsers with a block rate of 99.96%.
Researcher refuses to help Saudi telco to spy on people
Posted on 14 May 2013. | You would think that a Saudi Arabian telecom firm interested in monitoring its users' mobile communications would not be asking a well-known pro-privacy researcher for help, but you would be wrong.
Malicious browser extensions are hijacking Facebook accounts
Posted on 13 May 2013. | Facebook users - especially those in Brazil - are being targeted with malicious browser extensions trying to hijack Facebook profiles, warns Microsoft.
By subscribing to our early morning news update, you will receive a daily digest of the latest security news published on Help Net Security.
With over 500 issues so far, reading our newsletter every Monday morning will keep you up-to-date with security risks out there.


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Breaking News
Staff photo by Vernon Ogrodnek
Brenda Bass Janice and her husband, Rich Janice, of Atlantic City, sit surrounded by the things they had to throw out after Hurricane Sandy. Trumpets were one of the few things Brenda, a musician, saved.
Press photo by Ben Fogletto
Miguel Vasquez carries a pot of hot water for bathing to the second floor Saturday. The family has been without hot water since Hurricane Sandy struck on Oct. 29.
Press photo by Matthew Strabuk
Jared and Sarah Lenko take a break from cleaning out their soggy Ocean City house on Bay Avenue. 'We were always just waiting for something more to come,' she says.
Photo provided by Frank Dudo
Jennifer Moros' home in the Fortescue section of Downe Township, severely damaged by Sandy's flood and winds, will be fixed as the family did after the '62 storm.
Press photo by Matthew Strabuk
Most of Juan and Carolyn Fontanes' belongings were ruined by the hurricane.
By Dave Enscoe, Advertising Department More »
WASHINGTON — The U.S. economy added 175,000 jobs in May — a steady pace that shows strength in the face of tax increases and government spending cuts if not enough to reduce still-high unemployment. More »
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Which of these South Jersey boardwalks is your favorite for summer strolling and entertainment?
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We arrived in Andorra with a vague idea of a place in the mountains. What we found was stunning beauty, pride in place, and something we cannot put our finger on that makes us not want to leave.
There is a feel to a place that springs almost [...]
We spent nearly 12 hours underway, mostly windshield time in the car, driving from the tiny hilltop village of Pignona, Italy, in the hills above Levanto, to Andorra. We followed the freeways around the north shore of the Mediterranean, and cut inland as we approached Spain. We didn't know much [...] In the years that have passed since I lived with my Oma and went to school on Germany for a year and John spent his gap year after college vagabonding through Europe, things have changed on the visa front. Our tentative plan had us landing in Europe in February, and not leaving for Africa until [...] |
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How much this License cost ?.... for just shrinks then, again ?
How much this License cost ?.... for just shrinks then, again ?
... I'm The Dude, Playing the Dude,.. Disguised as Another Dude.
WANTED !!! Mego Ironman } Gloves , Belt Trading for SideShow Joes , Neca Predators Series 3-5 & Scout , and Monster High Holt Hyde.
I dunno how much it cost them, but I do know they are selling like hotcakes.
Apparently, the entire thing is shrunk from the 12" dolls, including the body. The shoulder construction is the same as the Mego 12" figures, which I feel is superior to the way Mego did the 8" figures. That is a pretty cool surprise..
I don't know what to think about the hair yet. I'm not convinced by the pics.
The heads look more or less like the original heads, although Paul's head looks elongated to me.
All in all, I think they look pretty good. It was a smart move to make direct repros of the original figures in 8" style. Now I'm looking forward to perhaps sculpted boots, strong likenesses, and different costume styles.
The pics of the prototype heads didn't look like exact shrinks. I remember Paul was missing the Captain's molded hair.
Here's the pics.
Figures Toy Company: Kiss Action Figures!
Last edited by Werewolf; Apr 22, '12 at 12:19 AM.
You are a bold and courageous person, afraid of nothing. High on a hill top near your home, there stands a dilapidated old mansion. Some say the place is haunted, but you don't believe in such myths. One dark and stormy night, a light appears in the topmost window in the tower of the old house. You decide to investigate... and you never return...
So, that sticky-outy pin keeps the arms from going into the torso? Nice. That always drove me nuts!
That final photo looks like still from an 80s music video. The dance move of the gold-headed guy is amazing.
Thanks for the comparison. I've got a set of the 8-inchers ordered.
Can't wait to get my hands on these, thanks for the in-depth review. Seems like the pros outweight the cons so that's very good to know.
I'm glad they're looks better than old CTVT bodies, can't wait to get my hands on these awesome KISS figs!!!
Last edited by GeneralApeGuy; Apr 24, '12 at 9:32 PM.
My idea to Restring Mego T-1 Bodies,try it out!
My Good Traders List: Buy/Sell/Trade
This is my favorite Planet of the Apes Collection!
Wow Pat; you wanted the best - and, well.... you're gonna get 'em.


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Log On Today - Fish On Tomorrow! ™
Hi Scott, I checked the Starfire downrigger rod that I have. It is an SF407, 8' length, 2 piece, for 4-8 lb line. It has the blue foam grip that goes to the butt of the rod. Like I said if you want it I suppose we could trade. Let me know and we can work out the details. I do like the action of the rod so I am assuming that yours is the same action. I don't really want anything that is heavier. If those daiwas were the Kokanee downrigger rods I would have been interested in one of those.