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This section surveys the history of the Belgian territories after 1579. For information concerning the period prior to that date, see Low Countries, history of.
After the Burgundian regime in the Low Countries (1363–1477), the southern provinces (whose area roughly encompassed that of present-day Belgium and Luxembourg) as well as the northern provinces (whose area roughly corresponded to that of the present-day Kingdom of The Netherlands) had dynastic links with the Austrian Habsburgs and then with Spain and the Austrian Habsburgs together. Later, as a consequence of revolt in 1567, the southern provinces became subject to Spain (1579), then to the Austrian Habsburgs (1713), to France (1795), and finally in 1815 to the Kingdom of The Netherlands. While Luxembourg remained linked to The Netherlands until 1867, Belgium's union with The Netherlands ended with the 1830 revolution. Belgian nationality is generally considered to date from this event. Throughout the long period of foreign rule, the southern part of the Low Countries generally preserved its institutions and traditions, and only for a short interval, under the First French Republic and Napoleon, could integration with an alien system be enforced.
The Burgundian period, from Philip II (the Bold) to Charles the Bold, was one of political prestige and economic and artistic splendour. The "Great Dukes of the West," as the Burgundian princes were called, were effectively considered national sovereigns, their domains extending from the Zuiderzee to the Somme. The urban and other textile industries, which had developed in the Belgian territories since the 12th century, became under the Burgundians the economic mainstay of northwestern Europe.
The death of Charles the Bold (1477) and the marriage of his daughter Mary to the archduke Maximilian of Austria proved fatal to the independence of the Low Countries by bringing them increasingly under the sway of the Habsburg dynasty. Mary and Maximilian's grandson Charles became king of Spain as Charles I in 1516 and Holy Roman emperor as Charles V in 1519. In Brussels on Oct. 25, 1555, Charles V abdicated the Netherlands to his son, who in January 1556 assumed the throne of Spain as Philip II.
Under Spanish rule, discontent increased in the Netherlands and revolution broke out in 1567, but the union between the south and the north could not be maintained after the first years of conflict.
The formation of the Union of Arras (Jan. 6, 1579) by the conservative Catholic provinces of Artois and Hainaut (fearing the dominance of more urban, more commercial, and therefore more progressive provinces) enabled the Spanish commander Alessandro Farnese to resume war against the rebellious Protestants. William I (of Orange) emerged as the leader of the latter group, supported by the Union of Utrecht (Jan. 23, 1579), and rallied the numerous provinces that opposed a return to Spanish rule. After a series of sieges, however, Farnese made himself master of many towns in the southern part of the country and finally, on Aug. 17, 1585, recaptured Antwerp, which had closed its gates to rebels and government forces alike. Antwerp's surrender incited the still resisting northern provinces to close the Schelde River to foreign shipping. From this time onward, the whole of the southern part of the Netherlands once more recognized Philip II as its sovereign. In 1598 Philip II granted the sovereignty of the Netherlands to his daughter Isabella Clara Eugenia and her husband, Archduke Albert VII of Austria.
The United Provinces of the north, also known as the Dutch Republic, were never recovered, and in 1609 Albert was even forced to join them in a 12-year truce. He died in 1621, the same year that the war was resumed. Isabella was, from that time on, nothing more than a governor-general. During the resumed course of the war (1621–48), the region to the east of the Meuse, northern Brabant, and Zeeland were lost. Philip IV of Spain agreed to the new northern boundary of the Spanish Netherlands in the Peace of Westphalia (1648). Hostilities between France and Spain persisted, marked by further losses of territory on the southern border (Artois in 1640 and parts of Flanders in the later 17th century).
The government of the Spanish Netherlands, though not independent, enjoyed a large degree of autonomy. A governor-general, usually a member of the Spanish royal family, represented the king in Brussels. Local leaders held most positions on the three councils that assisted the governor (the Council of State, the Privy Council, and the Council of Finances). The president of the Privy Council became a kind of prime minister; although holders of this office did not hesitate to show independence of Madrid in order to protect their interests, they remained supporters of absolutism, regularly asserting the authority of the royal government at the expense of regional and local rights. After 1664 the Council of Finances, under its chief official, the treasurer-general, began to function as a sort of ministry of economic affairs. The councils exercised considerable autonomy domestically. With respect to foreign policy, however, they were controlled less by the governor-general than by a Spanish official in Brussels called the secretary of state and war. In Madrid there was a council of state for the Netherlands made up of natives of the Belgian provinces.
The bishopric of Liège (in present-day eastern Belgium) was ruled as a separate principality by its prince-bishops, as had been the case since the Middle Ages. During the revolt against Spain, Liège maintained a strict neutrality and continued to do so through most of the 17th and 18th centuries. Its institutional development paralleled that of the neighbouring regions.
The most important of various representative bodies in the Spanish Netherlands were the provincial estates or assemblies. Their authority to levy and collect taxes enabled them to ensure that a considerable portion of the revenue was spent within the country. A permanent deputation drawn from the estates supervised public works. The States General, consisting of delegates from all the provincial estates, had enjoyed great influence before and during the revolt against Spain. From that time their role diminished, and after 1632 the States General no longer met. Regionalism, deep-rooted in the provinces during the 16th century, gave way in the 17th century to a wider unity. The aristocratic provincial governors revolted against the government's centralizing policy in the early 1630s but were forced to flee the country for lack of urban support. By 1700 only Hainaut, Luxembourg, Namur, Limburg, and south Gelderland, all of which had proved their loyalty, still had provincial governors.
The supreme authority in judicial matters was the Great Council of Malines, founded in 1504. This body, however, had to defend its jurisdiction against the encroachments of the Privy Council. The provincial courts of justice were the councils of Flanders, Brabant, Namur, Luxembourg, southern Gelderland, Hainaut, and Artois (until 1659). The unique autonomy of the Council of Brabant had been granted by the king in conformity with the provincial liberties of that region. Nevertheless, after 1603 the king was represented in Brabant by financial officials under a procurer-general. In addition to their judicial duties, all these magistrates had increasing administrative functions.
Nearly constant warfare made the administration of the country increasingly difficult. Foreign troops manned the fortresses of Antwerp, Ghent, Ostend, and Charleroi, and other armed forces were raised locally. Government finances, weakened by the loss of revenues from the northern provinces, suffered still further from the enormous military expenditures.
The revolt against Spain in 1567 and the military campaigns it provoked in the following years were detrimental to industrial activity in the southern provinces. Moreover, the Spanish reconquest of the territory caused a major emigration of merchants and skilled artisans. Amsterdam replaced Antwerp as the chief trading centre of Europe. Many towns facing industrial decline reacted by restructuring their economic bases. Antwerp fostered new enterprises in silk weaving, diamond processing, and the production of fine linen, furniture, and lace; in addition, it resuscitated many old export products, such as musical instruments, tapestries, embroidery, and brass. Although English competition had crippled the Flemish woolen industry, Ghent developed a specialization in luxury fabrics, and Brugge in cloth for everyday use.
From the end of the 16th century on, import and export duties provided a new source of revenue. Taxes on foreign trade originated from permits allowing commerce with the rebellious United Provinces of the north. By the middle of the 17th century, these taxes had become real customs tariffs. The financial problems of the government also made the sale of public offices a common practice.
The commercial revitalization of the southern Low Countries, particularly of Antwerp, was gradual, but it no doubt partly explains the flourishing artistic life during the period. This was chiefly evident in the works of the Flemish school of 17th-century painters—among them Peter Paul Rubens, Anthony Van Dyck, and Jacob Jordaens. The ongoing Counter-Reformation stimulated demand for art in the triumphant Baroque style. Rubens, court painter to Isabella and Archduke Albert, made Antwerp one of the cultural capitals of Europe. In the area of scholarship, the Bollandists, a group of Antwerp Jesuits, made valuable contributions to historical methodology.
The Peace of Westphalia (1648), which ended the Eighty Years' War between Spain and the Dutch and the German phase of the Thirty Years' War, stimulated economic competition between the countries of northern Europe. As a result, Flemish textile manufacture once again shifted from the towns to the countryside, where production costs were lower. In addition, the burgeoning bureaucracies and new mercantilist policies of rival capitals attracted many Flemish artisans. Emerging fashions abroad, particularly the Enlightenment Classicism and colonial exoticism of France and England, were soon to overtake the Baroque style of the Spanish Netherlands.
In 1700 the Spanish Habsburg dynasty died out with Charles II, and a new conflict with France arose. By the Treaty of Utrecht (1713), ending the War of the Spanish Succession, the territory comprising present-day Belgium and Luxembourg (the independent principality of Liège not included) passed under the sovereignty of the Holy Roman emperor Charles VI, head of the Austrian branch of the house of Habsburg.
Under the Austrians, as under the Spanish Habsburgs, the southern Netherlands enjoyed political autonomy. The Austrian government initially modernized the Spanish institutions internally by introducing a new working spirit and more efficient administrative methods. To a greater degree than under Spanish rule, appointments to public offices depended upon competence and dedication. Apart from attempting to subject the provinces and the class-ridden society to absolute imperial power, the Austrian government focused in particular on rationalizing public finances at all levels, on the formation of a dynamic, well-documented bureaucracy, and on the improvement of the country's infrastructure.
Emperor Charles VI attempted to relieve the economic distress in the southern Netherlands by founding the Ostend Company (1722) to trade with Asia, but England and the United Provinces forced him after a few years to abandon the project. At the death of Charles VI in 1740, the southern Netherlands passed to his daughter Maria Theresa. The War of the Austrian Succession, however, resulted in a new French occupation in 1744. Austrian rule was restored by the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748).
The regime of the empress Maria Theresa of Austria enjoyed popularity as the economic situation began to improve again toward the middle of the 18th century. As in contemporary England, an increase in agricultural productivity stimulated a population increase, especially in rural areas. This, in turn, spurred the development of various industries. The agricultural transformation occurred mainly on the small farms of Flanders; one of its main features was the spread of potato cultivation, which added an important element to the diet of the rural population. In addition, in the French-speaking part of the country, a number of landed proprietors invested in mining enterprises, notably in the area between the Sambre and the Meuse rivers, which belonged to the principality of Liège. In the southern Netherlands, urban merchants and manufacturers had more in common with the rural landowning class than was usual in continental European countries in the 18th century. As in the case of Britain, this created an atmosphere favourable to the development of industrial capitalism. During this period Ghent, Antwerp, and Tournai had factories with more than 100 workers; wages, however, were poor. Verviers, in the principality of Liège, was an important centre for woolen manufactures, Ghent for cotton goods.
After 1750 the influence of the Enlightenment permeated government policy in the domains of demography, social relief, employment, public health, education, religion, culture, and art, mainly at the expense of the Roman Catholic Church. Religious suppression and administrative reforms, sponsored by Maria Theresa's son and successor, the emperor Joseph II, caused great dissatisfaction among the upper classes. The Austrian government was no longer inclined to maintain the remnants of feudal privilege. Reforms deepened to include replacement of the traditional provinces and their aristocracies by districts and newly appointed intendants. The proposal to suppress simultaneously the central councils and the provincial courts of justice constituted a clear threat to provincial autonomy. The governor-general of the Austrian Netherlands was reluctant to enforce the edicts involved, but other leading members of the administration, including the emperor's minister plenipotentiary, insisted upon the abolishment of the traditional bodies.
In 1789, stirred by the outbreak of revolution in neighbouring France, conservatives led by Henri van der Noot and progressives led by Jean-François Vonck united in opposition to the emperor and defeated an Austrian force at Turnhout. After their common victory, conservatives and progressives came into conflict. The conservatives, or Statists, in the end gained the upper hand and made a triumphant entry into Brussels. This "Brabant Revolution" (so called because most of its leaders came from Brabant) had widespread support in the towns. The peasants, on the other hand, had little in common with the middle-class revolutionaries and generally supported the Austrians. Thus, when Leopold II, successor to Joseph II, decided to reestablish imperial authority in 1790, he encountered no opposition from the mass of the people. On Dec. 2, 1790, imperial troops reoccupied Brussels. The discontented Statists now looked to revolutionary France for support, but enthusiasm waned when it became clear that a French military victory was the prelude to annexation. On Oct. 1, 1795, the French National Convention voted to annex the southern Netherlands and the principality of Liège, where a revolution against the prince-bishop had prepared the country for assimilation into the French Republic. Thenceforth, the territory of Liège was amalgamated with the Belgian provinces.
Under French rule there was no autonomy as there had been under the Spanish and Austrian regimes. The administration was centralized, aristocratic privileges abolished, and the church persecuted. Military conscription measures provoked a peasants' revolt (1798–99), but repression was extremely harsh. Under the Napoleonic consulate and empire (1799–1814), the position of the clergy was regulated by a concordat with the papacy. Further changes included introduction of the French civil code and the decimal metric system and the reopening of the Schelde River to maritime traffic to and from the harbour of Antwerp.
The period of the Napoleonic empire may be considered the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in Belgium. Only at the very end of the 18th century, with the prospects of a wider market and under Napoleon's encouragement, did mechanization (i.e., the Industrial Revolution in its strictest sense) begin in the textile sector. Mechanization quickly made Ghent, with its cotton mills, and Verviers, with its woolen industry, the leading textile centres of the country. The coal and metal industries of Hainaut (under French rule, the département of Jemappes) and Liège also flourished. From the beginning of the 18th century, the coal industry had expanded production with the help of the Newcomen pump and systematically extended its export markets to France (see Thomas Newcomen). Annexation of the Belgian provinces by France opened the market still further, hastening the modernization process in which Belgium already led the continent.
After the defeat of Napoleon, the Allied powers were determined not to leave the Belgian territories in the hands of France. Under the influence of Great Britain, it was decided that the territories would be united in a single state with the old republic of the United Provinces, thus to constitute a better barrier against French expansion than that of 1715. The Kingdom of The Netherlands, the existence of which was confirmed by the Congress of Vienna (June 1815), was thus established for the convenience of Europe, regardless of the wishes of the Belgians and the Dutch. Prince William of Orange ascended the throne on March 16, 1815, under the title William I; he was crowned September 27.
The two parts of The Netherlands, which had been one country until the 16th century and were now reunited, had developed in markedly different ways during the two intervening centuries. The north was commercial and the south increasingly industrial; the north was Protestant and Flemish- (Dutch-) speaking and the south Roman Catholic and partly French-speaking (the elite was entirely French-speaking). Under the Dutch house of Orange, the north was to be predominant. Dutch, sometimes called Netherlandic, became the official language of the new kingdom; moreover, the fundamental law gave Belgium and Holland the same number of representatives in the States General, in spite of the fact that the population of Belgium was nearly twice that of the former United Provinces. Belgian representatives, members of the nobility, rejected the constitution, but it was promulgated by the king over their objections.
William I encouraged the industrialization of the south, commissioning the construction of new roads and canals and the establishment of new commercial and financial companies; he also extended subsidies to promising industrial enterprises, frequently from his own private fortune. In the beginning, the favourable economic situation reinforced the king's popularity among the middle class. The mechanized textile industries of Ghent and Verviers continued their progress, while the modern coal mines and forges of Liège and Hainaut prospered. Antwerp's role as an international port was expanding rapidly.
King William I also created three state universities: Ghent and Liège, which were new, and Louvain, which he put under state control to remove it from Catholic influence. Secular academies (athénées) were established at the secondary level, and state inspection was mandated for church-controlled schools. An attempt to interfere with the curriculum of the training schools for priests (1825) brought clerical dissatisfaction with the government to its height. In an effort to disengage the Protestant monarch from the religious affairs of the south, the clergy and traditional Catholic elite began clamouring for freedom of religion, education, and association. This remarkable shift in mentality within the ranks of the southern conservatives was welcomed by the more progressive merchants, who in their turn had grown more critical toward the north and the king's policy.
After 1821 the conflicting interests of north and south also created an economic split. The commercial north, having little industry, desired more free trade; the industrial south sought greater tariff protection in order to compete against falling British export prices. The king's unwillingness to increase protection gave the industrialists a grievance against the government. Progressives and clericals now joined forces. Both groups wanted to curtail the personal power of the king in favour of a true parliamentary system, based on an expanded range of civil and political rights. In this new climate, Unionism came into being in 1827, merging young Catholics and liberals in the south into a strong antigovernment coalition. The king agreed to make concessions regarding matters of religion and language but refused to relinquish his ultimate authority. This refusal generated the "Belgian Revolution" of August–September 1830, in the tracks of the July Revolution in Paris the same year.
The revolutionaries at first demanded separate administrations for the northern and southern Netherlands. The actions of the radical patriots in Liège, however, soon aggravated the situation. The unyielding attitude of the king now led to a complete break. On September 25 a provisional Belgian government was established, and on October 4 it proclaimed the country's independence, a move reaffirmed by the newly elected National Congress on November 10. William I prepared for war, but on December 20 the great powers intervened, imposing an armistice on both sides. On Jan. 20, 1831, an international conference in London (under the influence of the new liberal governments in France and Britain) recognized Belgium as an independent, neutral state, its neutrality to be guaranteed by the European powers.
The National Congress had decided that Belgium should be a monarchy, but finding a king proved difficult. In the end, Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg, who was related to the British royal family and who became engaged to the daughter of the French king, was acceptable to both Britain and France. On July 21, 1831, Leopold ascended the throne, promising to support the liberal constitution, which gave the greater part of the governing power to a parliament elected by property owners. Some days later, the Dutch army invaded Belgium. The Belgians, who had no regular army, were defeated, but the London Conference agreed to intervention by the French army, which forced the Dutch to withdraw. The conference then decided to divide the provinces of Limburg and Luxembourg, assigning part to Belgium and part to The Netherlands. William I refused to accept this settlement. The Belgians, therefore, continued to occupy Dutch Limburg and Luxembourg until William finally relented in 1838. The eastern half of Luxembourg became the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, while the western half became a Belgian province. In 1839 the Dutch government officially recognized Belgium in its borders of 1838.
In the short run, the revolution had a detrimental effect on the economy. Separation from the north resulted in the sudden loss of the large Dutch market, including the colonies. The Schelde River remained closed until 1839. The Belgian government addressed the crisis by launching a vigorous policy of internal investment. In 1835 it inaugurated a railroad line between Brussels and Malines, the first to operate on the continent. The Antwerp-Cologne line, completed in 1843, opened great prospects for the Belgo-German transit trade. In 1844 a favourable trade agreement between Belgium and the German Zollverein ("Customs Union") completed this strategy.
Private participation in the development program was encouraged. In the case of railroads, for example, the government restricted itself to the construction of main lines as an incentive for private enterprise to provide the secondary network. The modernization of the infrastructure, in turn, created a climate conducive to industrial investment. Belgian banks played a decisive role in the response, in particular the Société Générale, founded in 1822 by King William I, and the Banque de Belgique, founded in 1835 by Belgian liberals. Both companies provided extensive financing for the new mechanized sectors, especially those of the Walloon heavy industry. Converting these enterprises into limited companies, the banks sold shares to the public while holding enough shares in their own or their subsidiaries' portfolios to retain control. Through this and other measures, including extension of long- and short-term credit to developing companies and the establishment of savings banks to augment resources, the Brussels banks created a new type of financial organization, the industrial banking system, which would soon be imitated by the French, the Germans, and later the English-speaking world.
While the Walloon industrial economy expanded rapidly with the infusion of capital, the mechanized textile industry in Flanders remained less dynamic. The Brussels banks exhibited little interest in this industry in the region because it was splintered over many small family enterprises. Moreover, the Ghent cotton industry faced the formidable competition of the British, and Flemish woolen producers had lost the advantage to those of Verviers and northern France. The mechanized linen mills fared better but precipitated, along with their British counterparts, a disastrous decline in the traditional linen industry based on cottage spinning and weaving throughout rural Flanders. The crisis reached a climax with the famine of 1844–46, when poor grain harvests coincided with a potato blight. The deep impoverishment of the Flemish countryside retarded the full modernization of the region until the beginning of the 20th century.
After 1839, the Unionist coalition that had consolidated the revolution showed signs of falling apart. The progressives, especially, were unhappy with the growing influence of the Roman Catholic Church and with the government, which increasingly enacted the personal policy of the monarch. In 1846 middle-class anticlericals laid the foundation for a national liberal party independent of the Unionist movement, aiming in particular at the curtailment of the church's growing social position. Later, a Roman Catholic conservative party took shape in opposition. Thus, one of the ideological polarities of modern Belgian politics was born.
The first Liberal government came to power in 1847 and withstood the revolutionary shock wave that rocked Europe the following year (see Revolutions of 1848). Electoral reforms, hastened by international circumstances, secured the long-standing political dominance of the Liberal urban bourgeoisie.
The Liberal governments broadened the free-trade policy in order to promote industrialization and commercial expansion and lifted a number of fiscal hindrances on internal trade. The great Liberal reformer Walthère Frère-Orban took special measures to reinforce Belgium's economic infrastructure: in 1850 he founded a central issuing bank (the National Bank of Belgium), in 1860 a public cooperative bank for municipal finances (the Communal Credit), and five years later a public savings bank (the General Savings Bank). By 1863 the prosperity of the country permitted redemption of The Netherlands' right to levy charges on ships entering the Schelde estuary, a right enacted in 1839. The port of Antwerp was the great beneficiary, able to compete strongly with Rotterdam (Neth.) and Hamburg. Favourable trade agreements with France, Britain, and The Netherlands further stimulated the Belgian export and transit trade. The importation of grain was also fully liberalized, without noticeable objection from the agrarian pressure groups, as the prices of grain, rent, and land remained quite high until the 1870s.
On the political scene, the growing social influence of the church became a matter of passionate public debate. As the controversy mounted, the respective attitudes became more and more radicalized. Among the Liberals, anticlericalism frequently evolved into antireligiosity; among the Catholics, the defense of the church increasingly became a means to acquire political power. The Liberals, controlling the government, managed to curtail the church's influence in such crucial domains as public charity and public education. The church successively lost its influence in the state secondary schools and in the state universities. When the Liberal government eliminated religious education from public primary schools, the so-called School War erupted. This conflict strengthened the Catholics in their distrust of the state and prompted the development of a state-independent Catholic school network, which met with great success. The School War precipitated a conservative landslide in the elections of 1884, which gave the Catholics a majority in both chambers of the parliament.
Aside from the education controversy, the biggest factor in the Liberals' defeat was probably their advocacy of free trade, which was favoured by manufacturers but exposed farmers to ruinous foreign competition. In the early 1880s, when the Belgian market was flooded with American grain, the Catholic Party became the champion of the rural classes by promising to protect agriculture. It also espoused the cause of the nascent Flemish movement that sought to expand opportunities for Flemish-speaking Belgians in a country until then dominated by a French-speaking upper bourgeoisie.
The last years of the 19th century and the first of the 20th were years of social tension. In 1886 there was a disturbance among workers in Liège, followed by unrest in other industrial areas. The Catholic government of Auguste-Marie-François Beernaert suppressed this movement harshly, but, beginning in 1889, a series of laws were passed regulating workers' housing, limiting labour by women and children, and providing workmen's compensation. Because of the system of electoral property qualifications, the working class did not have the right to vote until after the legislature revised the constitution in 1890; in 1893 universal suffrage was adopted for men age 25 and over. Though the effect of this law was weakened by giving a plural vote to electors fulfilling certain conditions of income, age, and education and to heads of families, it resulted in the election of the first Socialist deputies to the legislature. The Equality Law of 1898 made Flemish an official language, on a par with French. Social legislation benefited from the improving economic climate of the 1890s. The Flemish provinces were now fully engaged in the Industrial Revolution, the mechanization process having penetrated into the textile industries of the small towns and villages.
Belgian industry, dominated by powerful financial groups, began to assume worldwide importance and was active in Asia and Latin America, as well as in Europe. In Africa, King Leopold II acquired the Congo Free State as a personal possession in 1885. While employing brutal methods to suppress rebellion, Leopold's regime forced the Congolese to work in mines and to gather rubber, palm oil, and ivory for export. The completion in 1898 of the Matadi-Léopoldville (now Kinshasa) railroad, which facilitated access to the interior of the Congo River basin, prompted Belgian banks to push for annexation by the Belgian government. Mounting international indignation over Leopold's harsh rule of the Congo Free State eventually forced the king to hand over his control to the Belgian parliament in 1908.
The rivalry between France and Germany in the period 1870–1914 constituted a continuous danger to neutral Belgium. King Leopold II and his successor, King Albert I, sought vigorously to strengthen the Belgian armed forces but met resistance from the Belgian Catholic Party governments, which reflected the antimilitaristic sentiments of their grassroots constituency. In 1909 the army recruitment system, which until then had favoured the wealthy by allowing them to hire substitutes for military service, was finally reformed.
As international tensions heightened during the summer of 1914, Germany made plans to besiege France by crossing Luxembourg and Belgium, despite their neutrality. The two countries refused free passage to the German troops and were invaded on August 2 and August 4, respectively. The Belgian army retired behind the Yser (IJzer) River in the west of Flanders and held this position until 1918. During the war, the Belgian government sat at Le Havre, France, while King Albert I, as commander in chief of the army, remained with his troops in unoccupied Belgium. In 1916 the Belgian Catholic Party government was enlarged to include some Socialists and Liberals. Germany attempted to profit from Flemish-Walloon antagonism in Belgium by supporting the Flemish Activists, a radical nationalist group that accepted the German offer of assistance. Most Flemings, however, were resolutely hostile to collaboration with the enemy and refused to recognize either the Council of Flanders, founded during the occupation, or the University of Ghent, changed during the occupation from a French-language to a Flemish-language institution. (Shortly after liberation, the Belgian government made the State University of Ghent partially and then, in 1930, completely Flemish.) (See also World War I.)
The Treaty of Versailles (1919), ending World War I, abolished Belgium's obligatory neutrality and returned the cantons of Eupen and Malmédy to its territory. In 1920 a treaty of military assistance was signed with France. In 1921 an economic union was concluded with Luxembourg that tied the currencies of Belgium and Luxembourg together. Belgium's eastern frontier was guaranteed by the Pact of Locarno (1925). In Africa, Belgium received the mandate for Ruanda-Urundi, a part of German East Africa that Belgian colonial forces had occupied during World War I.
On the domestic front, political democratization and trade unionism, as well as social legislation and the Flemish movement, gathered momentum in postwar Belgium. Upon their return to Brussels in November 1918, the king and his government announced the introduction of absolute universal suffrage for all men over the age of 21, implying the abandonment of plural voting. The first elections held following this reform ended the Catholic domination of Belgian politics. Coalition governments, mostly Catholic-Liberal, were the rule in the interwar period. However, the Socialist Party, which had emerged during the social democracy movement of the late 19th century, became increasingly prominent. The anti-Bolshevist climate of the time, nonetheless, resulted in a persisting aversion to socialism among the middle class. The Belgian Socialists and the Liberals both opposed woman suffrage, regarding it as most advantageous to the Belgian Catholic Party. (Only in 1948 did Belgian women gain the right to vote in national elections.) Within the Belgian Catholic Party, the centre of gravity shifted during the interwar period from the old conservative camp to the Christian Democratic wing as Christian trade unionism experienced a significant upsurge. Both Christian Democrats and Socialists stimulated social legislation, especially during the years of Socialist participation in the government.
The Belgian economy of the interwar period faced serious difficulties. The war had caused a loss of 16 to 20 percent of the national wealth; not only had parts of the country been seriously damaged by combat, but the Germans had largely dismantled the Walloon heavy industry. Moreover, many Belgian investors had lost their capital in Russia, which had been transformed by revolution into the Soviet Union. Reconstruction proved difficult for other reasons as well. Germany was delinquent and inadequate in its payment of war reparations mandated by the Treaty of Versailles. The National Bank of Belgium, in an effort to redress the shortfall, advanced on behalf of the Belgian government the money needed for reconstruction. In so doing, however, the bank increased still further the money supply and the government's already massive short-term debt, which had originated from the conversion into Belgian francs of the German marks circulating in Belgium at war's end. Under such circumstances, inflation was inevitable. Soaring exchange rates generated an acute flight of capital and an imbalance of payments. Inflation also eroded the increase in real wages, which the Socialists and Christian Democrats had been able to obtain in the democratization euphoria of the immediate postwar years.
The government, which had originally hoped to restore the gold standard at its prewar parity level, soon realized that such a policy had become impossible. Increasing monetary and financial instability and fear of hyperinflation with possibly dangerous social consequences led to the formation in 1925 of a national union government, intent on restoring the gold standard but at a more realistic parity level. The reform failed, precipitating the fall of the government in March 1926. The subsequent Catholic-Liberal coalition government succeeded in restoring the gold standard on Oct. 22, 1926, at 20 percent of its prewar level. Belgian capital returned to the country, and, because of the franc's undervaluation, much foreign capital flowed in as well. Belgian companies, infused with fresh capital, began to invest again outside Belgium, under the leadership of the mixed banks. The discovery of rich mineral deposits in the Belgian Congo made colonial development schemes increasingly attractive. Large-scale investments in southeastern and south-central Europe partly replaced the lost Russian accounts. Owing to the franc's undervaluation, the export industries in Flanders and Wallonia also were booming. The overall prosperity generated speculative excesses, particularly on the Brussels Exchange, which was now an important capital market.
The perceived neglect of and discrimination against Flemish soldiers at the Yser front during the war, coupled with the lack of official response to postwar Flemish demands, caused a marked shift to the right among many Flemings. In 1930 the Belgian government acquiesced somewhat to the pressure, making Flanders and Wallonia legally unilingual regions, with only Brussels and its surroundings remaining bilingual. The arrangement left the linguistic borders unfixed, the government's hope being that the Frenchification of central Belgium would continue and allow eventually for enlargement of the French-speaking region.
The Belgian economy was, of course, jolted by the stock market crash of 1929 in the United States, but Britain's decision two years later to abandon the gold standard and allow the pound to float affected the country much more severely. Still traumatized by the experience of the 1920s, the Belgian government decided to maintain the gold parity of 1926, which left the franc seriously overvalued as the pound sterling and dollar fell. Belgian exports declined sharply, as did business profits and investments, while unemployment soared, heightening the atmosphere of social unrest. Only in March 1935 would the government abandon its policy of maintaining the franc at its 1926 level; the gold value of the franc was devalued by 28 percent.
With the onset of the Great Depression, the Socialist Party advocated a program of economic planning in accordance with the ideas of the socialist theorist Hendrik de Man. At the same time, there emerged two Belgian parties: a strictly Flemish party that enjoyed little success and the broader-based Rexists under the leadership of Léon Degrelle. The latter party won 21 seats, more than 10 percent of the chamber, in the elections of 1936. Strikes broke out in the same year and led the tripartite government of Paul van Zeeland to establish paid holidays for workers and a 40-hour workweek for miners. Also in 1936, the first National Labour Convention marked the starting point of an institutionalized dialogue between the so-called social partners (employers, trade unions, and government).
Meanwhile, King Leopold III, who succeeded his father, Albert I, in 1934, faced an increasingly tense international situation. Leopold advocated a policy of neutrality aimed at keeping Belgium from the seemingly inevitable conflict. Although this policy was approved by the parliament, Belgium, in its determination to resist all aggression, constructed a line of defense from Namur to Antwerp.
On May 10, 1940, Germany invaded Belgium, Luxembourg, and The Netherlands. The Netherlands capitulated after 6 days, Belgium after 18. France, which along with Britain had sent troops to Belgium, had to lay down arms three weeks later. The British troops, covered by the Belgian army, retreated from Dunkirk, France, in particularly dramatic circumstances. The Belgian government fled the country, first to France, in hopes of being able to return to occupied Belgium, and later to London. King Leopold III, commander in chief of the army, refused to follow the government and was taken prisoner by the Germans and confined to his palace at Laeken. The four years of ensuing Nazi occupation were distinguished by a growing resistance organization. When the Allied forces reached Belgium on Sept. 3, 1944, the Belgian underground army was able to prevent the destruction of the port of Antwerp, which served as the most important continental provisioning point for Allied troops for the remainder of the war. (See also World War II.)
Because of the limited extent of its war damage, estimated at only 8 percent of the national wealth, and the implementation of a vigorous government policy, Belgium experienced a remarkable economic resurgence in the early postwar years. Monetary reform kept inflation under control, and liberalization of the domestic economy quickly returned the market mechanisms to the centre of the industrial, agricultural, and commercial activities. In the climate of recovery, social legislation won the support of both unions and employers.
The investigation of wartime economic and especially political collaboration with Germany resulted in large-scale purges and the detention of many citizens. The extreme rightist parties disappeared from the political scene. The Communist Party, having identified very early with the resistance movement, experienced a short-lived growth, taking part in coalition governments between 1944 and 1947; the anticommunist reflex during the Cold War brought this interlude to an end.
Despite the economic revival, political stability deteriorated, notably over the "royal question." In 1944, at the time of the Allied offensive, the Germans had transferred King Leopold III to Austria, where he was held until 1945. The government, upon returning to Brussels in early September 1944, conferred the regency on the king's brother, Prince Charles. After the war Leopold remained in exile in Switzerland until the "royal question" could be resolved. Generally speaking, the Flemish were the king's partisans and the Walloons his opponents. The Christian Democrats favoured the king's return, while the Socialists and Liberals opposed it. In 1950 a referendum showed that nearly 58 percent of the voters approved of the return of the sovereign, but the king's arrival that year signaled virtual civil war in the Walloon country. In August 1950 Leopold appointed his eldest son, Prince Baudouin, to rule temporarily in his place. In July 1951 he abdicated, and Baudouin officially assumed the title of king.
The composition of the government continued to fluctuate, although from the 1950s onward the Christian Democrats maintained a continuous presence, often in coalition with the Socialists. Various nationalist parties emerged—a Flemish one in 1954 and two French-language parties in the 1960s. Eventually the three traditional parties—the Social Christians, the Liberals, and the Socialists—each split along linguistic lines, rendering the political decision-making process increasingly complicated.
The policy of the postwar Belgian governments, apart from the "royal question" settled in 1951, was dominated by five major issues: consolidation of the mixed economy, the ideological controversy concerning education, the process of decolonization, the matter of language and regional autonomy, and Belgium's role in the new postwar supranational organizations. In 1948 Belgium joined with The Netherlands and Luxembourg in the Benelux Economic Union, which had been conceived in 1944 in London. The country became a signatory of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1949 and three years later joined the European Coal and Steel Community. In 1957 Belgium signed the Treaties of Rome, which it had helped to formulate, becoming a member of both the European Economic Community (later the European Community, now embedded in the European Union) and the European Atomic Energy Community.
During the late 1950s, growing opposition to colonial rule in the Belgian Congo led to large-scale demonstrations in Léopoldville. The Belgian government accelerated the process of political emancipation of its colonies, granting independence to the Congo (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo) in June 1960 and to Ruanda-Urundi (now the countries of Rwanda and Burundi) in July 1962.
The education controversy became critical once again in the second half of the 1950s. The Socialist-Liberal coalition simultaneously cut subsidies to private (mainly Catholic) secondary schools and promoted a major extension of the state's secondary education system. After the defeat of the Socialists and Liberals in the 1958 election, a "School Pact" was signed under the initiative of the new Social Christian prime minister, Gaston Eyskens. This compromise measure, which authorized extension of the state secondary schools while guaranteeing conditional state subsidies for their private counterparts, marked the onset of an enduring ideological pacification in the country.
Following the "miracle recovery" of the late 1940s, Belgium's economic surge subsided. The consolidation of the mixed economy, aimed at linking economic growth with a more equitable distribution of income and with an increase in the supply of public goods and social benefits, had been successful, but at the cost of rising wages and a heavier tax burden. Continued reliance on the aging Walloon heavy industry, coupled with a declining investment rate, seriously compromised the competitive power of the Belgian economy, reducing its growth rate to a level near that of Britain's.
Participation in the European customs union from 1958 gradually reversed the unfavourable economic trend by enlarging the market for Belgian products. An explicit expansion policy by the government was also a contributing factor. Prime Minister Eyskens reformed the state finances and launched an active policy of regional economic development in 1959. The Flemish sector, unencumbered by the rigid industrial structure that characterized Wallonia, attracted foreign investment on a large scale from the United States, from Belgium's European Community partners, and subsequently from Japan. Meanwhile, it was generous state subsidies that kept Walloon heavy industry alive.
The growing economic disparity between the two regions intensified dissatisfaction with the unitary state system. The Flemings opposed subsidizing an ailing regional economy that lacked any prospect of structural industrial reform. The Walloons, in turn, feared that the more numerous and prosperous Flemings would soon dominate the state. Linguistic and economic tensions were now inextricable. As a consequence of massive strikes in Wallonia in early 1961, an immovable linguistic border was defined by an act of parliament in 1962–63, and a new special arrangement was elaborated for the bilingual area around Brussels.
After tensions led to the division of the still bilingual University of Louvain into a Flemish-speaking campus on Flemish territory and a French-speaking campus on Walloon territory in 1969–70, a slow but definitive process of federalization got under way. The parliament accorded cultural autonomy to the Flemish and Walloon regions in 1971. A revision of the constitution nine years later allowed for the creation of an independent administration within each region. Another revision of the constitution in 1988–89 extended regional autonomy to encompass the economy and education. It also gave the bilingual metropolitan area of Brussels the status of a third independent region with its own administration and changed Belgium explicitly into a federal state. This transformation was finalized with the St. Michael's Agreement (September 1992), which also called for the division of Brabant into two provinces (Flemish Brabant and Walloon Brabant).
The acceleration of the federalization process during the 1980s was influenced to a large extent by economic factors. The oil crises of 1973 and 1979–80 and the ensuing world recession stunned Belgium's decidedly open economy. A coalition government formed in 1981 by the Liberals and the Social Christians pursued a program of restrictive monetarism and structural reform: the Belgian franc was devalued (1982), and the increase in the money supply was brought under control by cutting public services and by ending governmental subsidies to the old industries. Within three years Belgian industry had regained its competitiveness, owing to a combination of government policy, improvement in the world economy, and the dynamism of Europe as it moved toward a more complete economic unification.
King Baudouin, who played a role in maintaining national unity by pacifying the contentious Flemish- and French-speaking communities, died on July 31, 1993. He was succeeded by his brother, Albert II. During the 1990s, Belgium continued to struggle with its so-called language problem. Struggles over the nature and form of power devolution to language regions and communities attracted significant attention, and the federalization of so many aspects of Belgian political and social life promoted linguistic regionalism. Some even began to question whether Belgium can or should remain a single state.
At the same time, Belgium's immigrant population grew during the 1990s—bolstered by an influx of refugees, first from unrest in Bosnia and then from that in Kosovo. There was evidence of growing social tension related to this influx, and during the early 1990s anti-immigrant groups gained greater support—only to see that support fade somewhat by the end of the decade. Indeed, in 2000 the Belgian government offered an amnesty to illegal immigrants who had resided in Belgium for a minimum number of years. Moreover, in 2006 a large demonstration against racism in Antwerp, prompted by the murder in May of a Malian nanny and a Belgian toddler, revealed the dedication of many Belgians to a multicultural society.
Several laws passed in the early 21st century further reflected reformist attitudes. Gay marriage became legal; same-sex couples were permitted to adopt children; the private use of cannabis was decriminalized; and euthanasia was legalized.
The central role of Belgium (particularly Brussels) in the European unity project became more apparent, with massive urban renewal projects initiated in Brussels to make room for the expanding European Union administrative corps. Brussels increasingly has assumed the role of administrative "Capital of Europe," giving that city a special role in international affairs and providing an antidote to the growing internal fragmentation of Belgium itself. In the process, Belgians tended to define their interests increasingly in international terms.
In 2007 the continued existence of a federalized Belgium was called into question after the Flemish Christian Democrats, victors in the June parliamentary elections, failed to form a governing coalition. After six months of political deadlock that threatened to end in the breakup of the country, King Albert II asked caretaker prime minister Guy Verhofstadt, head of the defeated Flemish Liberals and Democrats, to form an interim government. A new coalition government, made up of five French- and Flemish-speaking parties and led by the Flemish Christian Democrat Yves Leterme, finally took power in March 2008. Leterme pledged to increase the governmental powers of the country's regions but was met with resistance from French-speaking parties, who saw the reforms as more beneficial to Flanders than to Wallonia. In July of that year Leterme offered to step down as prime minister, but the king rejected the resignation. Political turmoil—fueled by allegations of the government's questionable involvement in the bailout and sale of the Belgian portion of a financial firm—continued through the end of 2008. In December the five-party governing coalition collapsed, and Leterme resignedLeterme resigned, and a fellow Flemish Christian Democrat, Herman Van Rompuy, replaced him as prime minister.


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Charge against wife dismissed
A Taft man arrested on auto theft charges last month will be sentenced on May 7 after he pleaded no contest to one felony count.
Manuel Gutierrez entered the plea on Tuesday to taking a vehicle without the owner's permission in Taft branch of Kern County Superior Court.
Gutierrez, 40, and his wife, Abigail, 38, were arrested by Kern County Sheriff's deputies on March 29.
Deputies were alerted to the theft by the victim, who saw his car drive past him on the 200 block of Harrison Street.
The victim followed and led deputies to the Courtyard Terrace Apartments a couple of blocks away.
They found the Gutierrez's and arrested them.
Charges against Abigail Gutierrez were dismissed.
The couple is still being held without bail pending an April 16 court appearance on a charge of violating their post-release supervision for prior convictions.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
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The Ball Puzzle - Brass
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|Disassemble and Reassemble the Puzzle
|Level 7 - Challenging
|Charles Perry
|Other Wire / Metal Puzzles
|1 1/2 in x 1 1/2 in x 1 1/2 in / 3.7 cm x 3.7 cm x 3.7 cm
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This puzzle is made by the famous sculptor Charles O. Perry. This puzzle is good enough to leave sitting as an art piece on your coffee table and also challenging enough to cause people to think.
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On Wednesday August 12th MadnessR wrote,
This is a very simple puzzle, but more than that, it completes my collection of metal puzzles. A beautiful, heavy, well crafted puzzle. Now I wish I could get my hands on O. Perry's other puzzle "Zen".


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Procedures for the download and installation
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English | Spanish | German | French | Italian | Japanese | Dutch | Polish | Portuguese | Russian | Chinese
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OS X Snow Leopard v10.6.8
OS X Leopard v10.5.8
1.This driver does not have the Russian / Polish / Portuguese help files and readme ones.
2.[OS X v10.5 and 10.6]
When overwriting the old version, the version number of the driver displayed in [Options & supplies] of [Print & Fax] may not be updated.
In the [Print & Fax] window, click the "+" button to register the queue of the applicable driver again after clicking the "-" button to delete the queue of the applicable driver.
3.[OS X v10.5 and 10.6]
When printing using AirMac via USB cable, the print speed may become slow.
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Print time
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(Case 1) CUPS driver: Approx. 8 min.
(Case 2) CUPS driver: Approx. 5 min.
4.[OS X v10.5 and 10.6]
When ColorSync is selected in Color Matching, no operation can be performed in Color Options. All the items other than Sample Type are grayed out.


text:
I had this blog all figured out, I had it formatted and everything and then it was all ruined. We were going to preview all the local sports action this weekend as the NCMC track meet was to take place today and the NCMC boys tennis tournament was to take place tomorrow. KHS baseball also had games today and a tournament tomorrow. Some of that stuff may still happen but it isn't looking good right now as mother nature is having a hissy fit and everything is in limbo at the moment. Here is what we do know for sure.
The NCMC track meet scheduled for Friday has been moved to Monday when it will hopefully be warmer and not raining or sleeting or whatever it's doing. Kirksville has waited a long time to be able to host the NCMC track meet and the KHS track teams should come away with several individual titles as well as possible team titles. As mentioned before the KHS girls track team has a lot of talent and depth as well especially in the relays, hurdles, and field events. The relay teams are some of the best in the state as far as I'm concerned. They are also strong in most of the hurdle events and in several of the field events. They have won several major meets this year and could very well capture a conference title. The boys track team is also very talented with several of the athletes turning in excellent individual performances throughout the season.
The KHS boys tennis team will also be hosting the NCMC tennis tournament with that originally scheduled to take place on Saturday. However, that has been canceled and a makeup date has yet to be set. The Tigers have a lot of depth with a mix of veterans and young players and have performed very well as a team this year.
The KHS baseball team was scheduled to play Jefferson City today at North Park but that has also been canceled with no makeup date announced. They are also supposed to have two games tomorrow against different teams but I doubt that those take place either.
Neither rain, cold, sleet, or snow can stop the KHS girls soccer team as they continue to win impressively. The latest victims of the offensive onslaught was Canton as they were totally overmatched against this impressive group of young ladies. The KHS girls soccer team will be back in action next week as they prepare for postseason action as well.
The Truman State softball team are scheduled to begin play in the MIAA tournament this afternoon with a first round game against Missouri Western. The game is being played in Overland Park, KS and at last check is still on as it doesn't appear to be raining in Overland Park. It doesn't appear to be very warm either as the temperature at this writing was a balmy 37 degrees.
Mother nature is also playing havoc with the Kansas City Royals schedule as their game with the Tampa Bay Rays was rained out yesterday. They are set to begin a very cold series with the Chicago White Sox this evening.
The St. Louis Cardinals survived another bullpen adventure on Thursday and hung on to beat the Milwaukee Brewers for their third win in a row. The Cardinals built up a 6 to 0 lead before the bullpen once again struggled to hang onto the lead and the Cardinals were just barely able to hang on to win 6 to 5. I would expect another bullpen shakeup in the coming days as there are several pitchers in Triple A who have performed very well and are in line to be called up especially if things don't improve on the parent club. The Cardinals offense continues to sputter along as well as they did put up six runs but did that in one offensive outburst in the fourth inning and were silent for the rest of the night. Rookie Shelby Miller goes for his fourth win of the year tonight against the Brewers.
NASCAR is in Talladega this weekend for the Aarons 499, (can't they go one more mile, are fuel prices really that bad)? Denny Hamlin will return to action this weekend after missing several weeks with a back injury suffered in a crash earlier this season.
The St. Louis Blues scored the go ahead goal in the final seconds last night to go up 2 to 0 in their best of seven opening round playoff series with the Los Angeles Kings. The series now heads out west for game 3 tomorrow night. The Blues have played with incredible intensity the first two games and it may be difficult for them to maintain that level throughout the whole series but if they can then we could have a major upset on our hands as the Kings were considered one of the favorites to win the Stanley Cup.
One of the greatest spectacles in sports takes place on Saturday as the Kentucky Derby is run. Post time is at 5:25 which means I'll tune in at 5:24 in case it starts a minute early. Coverage starts at 3:00 for an event which starts at 5:25 and ends at 5:27.
We'll be back on Monday with a look back at all this weekend's sports action and a look ahead to everything set to take place next week. Please continue to check out this and all the other blogs on this Web site and please remember that your comments are always welcome.
Have a wonderful weekend!


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Products >
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The gene for Living Colors AmCyan has been human codon-optimized to enhance its translation in mammalian cells, and adapted for higher solubility, brighter emission, and rapid chromophore maturation (8–12 hours). Because its excitation and emission spectra are distinct from our other fluorescent proteins, AmCyan1 can be used for multiplex applications.
Please see the product's Certificate of Analysis for information about storage conditions, product components, and technical specifications. Please see the Kit Components List to determine kit components. Certificates of Analysis and Kit Components Lists are located under the Documents tab.


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LEBANON, Maine — A man police say fled the scene of a personal injury accident here Saturday was found intoxicated and driving on three wheels in Berwick shortly after the head-on collision, according to State Police.
Alan Wilson, 31, of Berwick, is accused of crossing over the center line on Carl Broggi Highway around 6:15 p.m. Saturday and causing a head-on collision, before fleeing the scene of the accident.
The driver of the other vehicle, a 31-year-old Farmington woman, was transported to Frisbie Memorial Hospital for evaluation, and is now believed to be out of the hospital, said State Trooper Dave Coflesky on Tuesday. The three young children who were in the Jeep Wrangler she was driving were treated at the scene but did not need to be taken to the hospital.
Less than an hour after the crash, Berwick police located the vehicle Wilson was driving, using the description of the vehicle provided by a passerby and by the driver of the Jeep.
According to Coflesky, police found Wilson driving the Chevrolet Avalanche on three wheels in Berwick. The fourth wheel came off during the accident in Lebanon.
"He got far, I've never seen it," said Coflesky.
He said the icy conditions on Saturday may have contributed to Wilson being able to drive on three wheels. Wilson was also allegedly intoxicated at the time.
After being apprehended by police on Saturday, Wilson was charged with operating under the influence and leaving the scene of a personal injury accident, which are both Class D felonies. He was also charged with failure to report an accident by quickest means, a Class E misdemeanor.
Wilson was not injured in Saturday's accident, said Coflesky.
The Jeep Wrangler, which sustained heavy front-end damage, was towed from the scene Saturday.
The accident occurred near Stokewood Drive in Center Lebanon, on Carl Broggi Highway.
The Farmington woman was reportedly driving east on Carl Broggi Highway, while Wilson was driving west. The driver of the Jeep reported to police the accident happened fairly quickly.


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1916 -- Carnegie begins its first "story hour" for children.
1917 -- Longmont raises $601 for a "books for soldiers" drive
1928 -- Children's section briefly dubbed "junior department" for "psychological reasons."
1934 -- Stones from the burned Denio Mill placed at the Carnegie
1942 -- Outdoor light switch installed, allowing air raid wardens to blacken the building if needed.
1945 -- Library closed for VJ Day.
1953 -- Longmont Women's Club adds a collection of record albums to the library.
1959 -- Overdue fines go up to 2 cents per day.
1966 -- Carnegie adds a drive-up book deposit window. The chute leads to the library's furnace room, one of the few spaces available in a library described as "bursting at the seams."
1968 -- First photocopier added. A three-day amnesty on overdues nets huge returns, including some books that had been due five years ago.
1972 -- Carnegie closes Aug. 7. A new library opens Aug. 16, well over budget.
1991 -- Bond issue approved, including new library. Debate over either moving or tearing down Carnegie continues until 1994.
bold text
Source: "Longmont Public Library 1907-2007; A Centennial History" by Robert Nyboer.
From its opening in 1913 to its close in 1972, the Carnegie was home to a growing collection of books, one that quickly consumed the small space available.
1914 -- 4,600 books
1930 -- 15,816 books
1940 -- 17,699 books
1950 -- 17,000 books
1960 -- 22,576 books
1970 -- 37,348 books
Source: "Longmont Public Library 1907-2007; A Centennial History" by Robert Nyboer.
LONGMONT -- It's not flashy. It's never been big. But for 59 years, it was THE library.
Now, as of today, it's the 100-year-old library.
That's right. Longmont's Carnegie Library has just finished its first century. And even though it hasn't been a library since the early 1970s, it's still an unmovable memory for many in the city.
"The Carnegie served well," said Bob Nyboer, the head of adult services for the Longmont Library and also its unofficial historian, who wrote a history of Longmont's libraries in 2007. His own office looks out on the simple sandstone-and-brick building, now home to The Longmont Channel.
Well, "simple" is one word. Others would say "plain."
"It's not one of my favorite Carnegies to look at," Nyboer admitted teasingly. "But the affection that a lot of people have for that building is quite obvious."
It would, at first, be a hard-won affection.
'The time will come'
Make no mistake. Longmont wanted a library. But getting there was a bit of a struggle. An early reading room, Library Hall, started with 300 books in 1871 and saw most of them gone in the first year. A follow-up effort by the Women's Christian Temperance Union in the 1880s was longer-lived, but continually struggled for funds.
"The time will come when a well-equipped public library will be considered nearly, if not quite, as necessary to the public interests of a town as good public schools," the Longmont Ledger argued in a 1905 editorial.
What was really wanted was a Carnegie, one of the many libraries endowed by industrialist millionaire Andrew Carnegie. And by 1907, the city even had a promise for one on decent terms -- Carnegie would pay for the building if the city would match 10 percent of the funds and acquire the land.
The land was the problem, Nyboer said. Not only was there a huge debate about whether to put the library in Thompson Park or in the downtown, but acquiring any land would mean a tax increase. And taxes were no more popular then than now.
"It failed by a vote of 225 to 75," Nyboer said. "They felt like a new library was an extravagance."
In the end, it took a private fund drive by the library board and the town's wealthier residents to raise the money. Carnegie sent $12,500 for the new building, which was dedicated Jan. 26 in a 90-minute ceremony and then opened on the 27th.
"They had over 200 visitors on that day," Nyboer said. "That was a lot for Longmont at the time. And a lot of people who voted down the tax increase for the library were probably some of the first visitors!"
That wasn't all that came in. The Carnegie Library was also given a portrait of George Washington and, oddly enough, a deer head by one of the town aldermen. The fate of the hunting trophy is unknown.
Tight quarters
Reading over a history of the library sees a lot of new additions: story hours, vinyl record collections, more and more books and magazines, even a bookmobile experiment in 1961. (Boulder County refused to pay to continue it, saying rural readers could easily get to a town library.) What didn't get added was space.
And space, in a library, is the most valuable thing of all.
"We had two offices," recalled Juanita Basey, who joined the library as a cataloger in 1969 and still works for the Longmont Library part-time. "One was tiny, about 10 by 10 at most, and had two desks. The other one was slightly bigger -- and it had everything else!"
By the 1960s, books were stored everywhere they could fit, including the coal bin, Nyboer noted. A drive-up book drop led into the furnace room. Basey had to do her cataloging work at a table in the public area; by that time, she said, there were shelves on top of the radiator.
When she started there, Basey recalled, the sex education books were kept in a separate section away from the main stacks. Not because of any public challenge, but because the shelves were already overflowing.
"I don't know who decided that that was the section that should move," she said, laughing. "But at the time, I remember thinking 'Oh, my gosh, I can't believe it!"
A push for a new library began in the 1960s and finally succeeded by 1972, though with severe cost overruns. Space would be eased for a while -- 22,000 square feet in the new building versus less than 4,900 in the Carnegie.
But by then, the Carnegie had become loved.
"It was used very heavily all the time," Basey recalled. "People were in and out constantly."
"How many Longmont children were introduced to reading in the confines of the old building?" Nyboer mused in his history of the Longmont library. "Many would bemoan the loss of the old building, but like the proverbial cat, the Carnegie would prove to have many lives."
Park place?
It was with the next library that the controversy came. In 1991, a $17 million bond issue for a new library and police station passed. And the architects designing the new library thought a small "pocket park" would make a perfect addition to the area.
One problem. It was planned for the site of the Carnegie.
"It was hot and heavy," remembered Leona Stoecker, who became mayor in 1993 when the clash had reached fever pitch.
A fight began that ran for more than two years. The City Council formally opposed making the Carnegie a historic site in 1992; a state board found it eligible anyway. An effort to vote it into landmark status and keep it for library purposes failed in 1993 by 62 votes. Proposals were made that ranged from the plausible (move the Carnegie to the park of the Prospect neighborhood) to the bizarre. Nyboer's personal favorite was the one that suggested making the building a dinosaur museum.
"It seemed so logical," Stoecker said of the Prospect pitch that she received. "We loved it and we wanted to preserve it, so we wanted to move it to Prospect. I don't know when the fireworks started -- before I got home?"
In February 1994, the fight finally reached a decision. Despite the potential cost of renovating the Carnegie -- the estimates at the time ranged from $42,000 to $500,000, Nyboer said -- the City Council voted 4-3 to restore the Carnegie and keep it where it was. Stoecker voted against; the votes in favor included councilmen Tom McCoy and Fred Wilson.
"It won't be demolished," McCoy said in a Feb. 16 Times-Call article. "Not with this council."
That led to renovation and eventually to having Longmont's public-access television station as a new tenant.
"We didn't want it to just sit there," Stoecker said "If you leave the building to sit, just deteriorating, you're not preserving anything. They (The Longmont Channel) just came along at the right time."
Hard-won at its start, the Carnegie had been hard-saved from its end.
But then, the Carnegie always was more than sandstone or even books. It had become memories. And those memories still get passed on by the longtime patrons, Nyboer said.
"I even get some of the folks who went to the Catholic school (St. John the Baptist, across the street) when they were little, that would come in and use the library," he said. "Still do."
He chuckled.
"A lot of things don't change."
Scott Rochat can be reached at firstname.lastname@example.com.


text:
Classic OperaClassic Opera is a specially-priced series which sees the welcome return to the catalogue of outstanding opera recordings from both Decca and Philips.
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3. Double-click the file to mount the Disk Image.
4. Double-click the mounted Disk Image.
5. Double-click .htm in the decompressed folder.
Mac OS X 10.2.8/10.3.9/10.4.11/10.5.8


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Kustomized Kids > Seasonal Designs > Halloween Designs > I'm The Trick (skull) > I'm The Trick (skull) T-Shirt
I'm The Trick Skull Perfect Halloween t-shirt or onesie for a baby, twins, toddler, infant, or kid of any size. Shirt or trick or treat bag makes a great gift as well. t-shirts for dogs, pets, puppy,
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Keyboard instruments > Piano, 4-hands
Ludwig van Beethoven
Works for Piano Four-hands
Editor: Hans Schmidt
80.00 $
Complete Edition, Abteilung VII, Band 1, paperbound
Pages: 93 (IX, 84), Size 32,5 x 25,5 cm
Order no. HN 4231 · ISMN 979-0-2018-4231-8
Musicians throughout the world are familiar with and treasure our blue Urtext editions – top quality editions of great classical compositions. Urtext and Henle are synonymous. The musician is offered a musical text which solely reflects the composer's intentions.
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- Piano Sonata D major op. 6
- March C major op. 45,1
- March E flat major op. 45,2
- March D major op. 45,3
- 8 Variations on a Theme by Waldstein C major WoO 67
- 6 Variations, Song with Variations D major WoO 74
- Appendix: 6 Variations, Song with Variations, early version D major WoO 74
- Appendix: Grand Fugue transcribed by the composer op. 134


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The first of the CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS series is out now and available in the Official My Chemical Romance Store individually or as part of the CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS Box Set. Digital downloads will be available in retailers like iTunes or Amazon.
Number Two featuring the tracks:
A-side: AMBULANCE
B-side: Gun.
Release Date: Black Friday, November 23, 2012.
Number Two is available for pre-order individually in the vinyl format or as part of the CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS Box Set the Official My Chemical Romance Store.
Also, two CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS t-shirts are available now.
Number One T-shirt
Number Two T-shirt


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Derek Lowe (4-5, 4.15) vs. Armando Galarraga (5-2, 3.70).
COMMENTS: Happy Friday the 13th! The luck o' the Dodgers could hardly be worse; in addition to being sans Furcal, they've been hapless and luckless. But it gets worse. Now the Dodgers are...gnomeless.
An effective Lowe (7-1 with a 1.82 ERA lifetime against the Tigers) will induce lots of grounders, so let's hope the defense doesn't muffuletta plays. What, you thought we were done with the sandwich puns? Ha ha, focaccia!


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One of the stars of A&E's "Duck Dynasty" said homosexuality is a sin and illogical.
Phil Robertson recently told GQ magazine: "It seems like, to me, a vagina — as a man — would be more desirable than a man's anus. That's just me," Robertson said. "I'm just thinking: There's more there. She's got more to offer. I mean, come on, dudes! You know what I'm saying? But hey, sin: It's not logical, my man. It's just not logical."
Robertson talked about how sin is becoming acceptable in America and the country needs to get back to its Christian values.
"Start with homosexual behavior and just morph out from there. Bestiality, sleeping around with this woman and that woman and that woman and those men," Robertson said. "Don't be deceived. Neither the adulterers, the idolaters, the male prostitutes, the homosexual offenders, the greedy, the drunkards, the slanderers, the swindlers — they won't inherit the kingdom of God. Don't deceive yourself. It's not right."
The patriarch of the Robertson family said it's all about Jesus.
"If you simply put your faith in Jesus coming down in flesh, through a human being, God becoming flesh living on the earth, dying on the cross for the sins of the world, being buried, and being raised from the dead — yours and mine and everybody else's problems will be solved. And the next time we see you, we will say: 'You are now a brother. Our brother.' So then we look at you totally different then," Robertson said.
Then, somehow, the 67-year-old said he doesn't judge others.
"We never, ever judge someone on who's going to heaven, hell. That's the Almighty's job," Robertson said. "We just love 'em, give 'em the good news about Jesus — whether they're homosexuals, drunks, terrorists. We let God sort 'em out later."
As one can imagine, GLAAD wasn't thrilled with Robertson's remarks.
"Phil and his family claim to be Christian, but Phil's lies about an entire community fly in the face of what true Christians believe," GLAAD spokesperson Wilson Cruz said in a statement. "He clearly knows nothing about gay people or the majority of Louisianans — and Americans — who support legal recognition for loving and committed gay and lesbian couples. Phil's decision to push vile and extreme stereotypes is a stain on A&E and his sponsors who now need to reexamine their ties to someone with such public disdain for LGBT people and families."


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TWIN FALLS, Idaho — After more than a year in the making, a new animal-care training program for dairy workers will begin this fall through a collaboration of University of Idaho Extension, the College of Southern Idaho and the Idaho Dairymen's Association.
The program, offering a series of two-day classroom and on-dairy sessions, will be available in Idaho's Magic and Treasure valleys and in eastern Idaho, and offers certification for dairy workers and the opportunity to apply the training toward college credits at CSI.
"The program is designed to provide what dairymen need as far as employees," said Willie Bokma, a Twin Falls County dairyman and a member of the program's advisory board.
It is meant to enhance the dairy workforce by providing training and certification for workers and prospective employees. The program can also provide workers interested in changing positions or new workers an opportunity to receive training and find out if they like a particular area of work.
Instructors cover all the bases when it comes to what is needed from dairy workers, including animal care, milking techniques, calf raising and feed identification.
"It's a win/win for dairy employees and dairy owners," said Mireille Chahine, UI Extension dairy specialist in Twin Falls.
If employees understand the how and why of management practices, they will more closely follow protocols and their work is going to be more efficient, she said.
The training could also reduce employee turnover and the time, frustration and expense that accompany it, Bokma said.
In addition to enhancing the dairy workforce, the program will help employees become more educated and give them skills and certification that can help with their immigration status, he said.
UI Extension has offered training programs in Spanish and English for dairy workers for many years. This program expands those efforts with the additional support from CSI and the Idaho Dairymen's Association. The existing training program will become more valuable through this collaborative effort, Chahine said.
"It would positively impact the dairy industry by adding to the knowledge base of the workers as they are trained and certified," Chahine said.
Workers who complete the training will earn certificates of completion. They also can earn college credits through CSI that can be applied toward a certificate.
Many workers are interested in continuing education and understanding the why behind what they do on the dairy, Chahine said.
The program is constructed in a series of classes, with each addressing a specific area of dairy management. Initially, the classes will be offered in Spanish, but can be offered in English if there is a demand. There is also a possibility in the future of delivering the program to niche groups of future employees such as refugees, she said.
An animal care training covering procedures, stockmanship, health and disease prevention, lameness and routine practices will be offered in the Magic Valley in October, eastern Idaho in November and the Treasure Valley in December. A feeder class on nutrition, ration mixing and feeding will also be held in the Magic Valley in October.
Milking training is set for January in the Magic Valley and will be offered in the spring in eastern Idaho and the Treasure Valley.
The program has been pilot tested with workers' knowledge showing significant improvement and with positive feedback from workers and dairy owners, Chahine said.
The cost for each training is $75 with lunch included on the first day. For more information or to register, contact Chahine at (208) 736-3600 or


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PC gamers looking to get a taste of the upcoming FPS Crysis 2 can now download the game's previously announced multiplayer demo. The demo can be grabbed from Shacknews right now.
Players can square off in six vs. six matches on two New York City-based maps. The first map, Skyline, pits players against each other on the rooftops and interiors of destroyed Manhattan skyscrappers while the second map, Pier 17, throws players in an open environment as they battle between limited cover.
The demo has two modes, a team deathmatch variant dubbed Team Instant Action and a control point gametype called Crash Site.
Though some sharp-eyed Shackers found the demo earlier tonight, the demo is now available for all to enjoy. Crysis 2 arrives on PC, Xbox 360, and PS3 on March 22.


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Every third Thursday of each month, Idaho Director of Athletics Dr. Rob Spear will post a new blog entry directed towards Vandal fans. Dr. Spear will use these monthly communiqués to set the record straight and talk to you – Vandal to Vandal..
An archive of previous blog entries can be accessed here.
July-August 2012
What a year it has been! This has easily been our most successful year since we have been a member of the Western Athletic Conference. From a competitive standpoint 14 of our 16 teams placed in the top third of conference standings which resulted in a second-place finish in the WAC's Commissioner's Cup.
Our three conference championships in women's cross country, men's indoor track and men's outdoor track led the way and were the most since we joined the WAC. The WAC awards its Commissioner's Cup to the school that performs the best in each of the conference's 19 men's and women's championships. Points are awarded in order of finish, equal to the number of teams that participate in each sport and are averaged between a team's regular season finish (if applicable) and its WAC championship finish. We also had our first ever Joe Kearny award winner when Andrew Blaser received the Joe Kearney awarded to the best male and female athlete in the WAC.
Academically we continue to excel with two of our student-athletes, Kayla Mortellaro and Markus Geiger, winning the Stan Bates award. It marks the second time in three years that Idaho student-athletes have swept the awards, which are named in honor of former WAC commissioner Stan Bates and recognizes the recipient's athletic, academic and community accomplishments. After its two honorees for 2011-12, Idaho now has eight total Stan Bates Award recipients, which is the most by any WAC school since the award was established in 1981. In addition, eight of our teams: men's and women's track & field; men's and women's cross country; men's and women's tennis; women's swimming and diving; and women's volleyball received team academic recognition. Speaking of volleyball it is the second consecutive year they were recognized by the American Volleyball Coaches Association for maintaining at least a 3.30 cumulative team grade-point average on a 4.0 scale. Volleyball was also recognized by the NCAA by receiving the Public Recognition Award, which is given each year to teams with Academic Progress Rates in the top 10 percent in each sport.
Individually this past year, 179 out of our 325 student-athletes were named to the All WAC Academic Team which represents 56 percent of student-athletes. To be considered for the honor, a student-athlete must have completed at least one year at the school, participated in at least 50 percent of his or her team's contests and hold a minimum 3.00 cumulative grade-point average.
Finally two of our student-athletes were named to the Academic All-American teams. Hannah Kiser was named to the Capital One Academic All-America Second Team and has a 4.0 cumulative grade-point average as a double-major in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology. Alyssa Charlston was honored as a third-team Capital One Academic All-American by the College Sports Information Directors of America (CoSIDA. Alyssa also maintains a 4.0 GPA in broadcasting and digital media.
Congratulations to our coaches and student-athletes who have made this a successful year.
Go Vandals!


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Recipes brought to you by Avanti Savoia
Visit us online at www.avantisavoia.com
Baked Acorn Squash with Apple Stuffing
Be the first to review this recipe.
(Recipe ID: 22)
Serves 2
Preparation time: 20 minutes; Cook time: 45 minutes
Source: Merry Thomas, M.S. R.D. L.D.
A natural pairing.
Items indicated with an astrisk (*) available for purchase in the Avanti Savoia store. See below to add these items to your cart.
- 1 Medium acorn squash
- 2 Small apples, unpeeled, diced
- 2 Tablespoons Diced celery
- 2 teaspoons Minced onion
- 1 teaspoon Margarine, melted
- 2 Tablespoons Water
- 1 Dash of salt *
- Preheat oven to 400 degrees Fahrenheit.
- Cut squash in half.
- Remove seeds.
- Place cut side down on baking sheet sprayed with vegetable pan spray.
- Combine apples, celery, and onion.
- Add margarine and water.
- Put in small baking dish, cover.
- Bake squash and apple stuffing for 45 minutes or until tender.
- Remove from oven.
- Salt squash.
- Fill with apple mixture.
Buy Ingredients
The following ingredients are available in the Avanti Savoia online store. Click the product name for more information.


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WASHINGTON (AP) — CIA Director-designate John Brennan strongly defended anti-terror attacks by unmanned drones Thursday under close questioning at a protest-disrupted confirmation hearing. On a second controversial topic, he said that after years of reading classified intelligence reports he still does not know if waterboarding has yielded useful information.
Despite what he called a public misimpression, Brennan told the Senate Intelligence Committee that drone strikes are used only against targets planning to carry out attacks to hurt the United States, never as retribution for an earlier one. "Nothing could be further from the truth," he declared.
Referring to one American citizen killed by a drone in Yemen in 2011, he said the man, Anwar al-Alawki, had ties to at least three attacks planned or carried out on U.S. soil. They included the Ft. Hood, Texas, shooting that claimed 13 lives in 2009, a failed attempt to down a Detroit-bound airliner the same year and a thwarted plot to bomb cargo planes in 2010.
"He was intimately involved in activities to kill innocent men women and children, mostly Americans," Brennan said.
In a long afternoon in the witness chair, Brennan declined to say if he believes waterboarding amounts to torture, but he said firmly it is "something that is reprehensible and should never be done again."
Brennan, 57 and President Barack Obama's top anti-terrorism aide, won praise from several members of the committee as the day's proceedings drew to a close, a clear indication that barring an unexpected development, his confirmation as the nation's next head of the CIA is on track. The panel will meet in closed session next week to permit discussion of classified material.
Brennan bristled once during the day, when Sen. James Risch, R-Idaho, accused him of having leaked classified information in a telephone call with former government officials who were preparing to make television appearances.
"I disagree with that vehemently," the nominee shot back.
Brennan made repeated general pledges to increase the flow of information to members of the Senate panel, but he was less specific when it came to individual cases. Asked at one point whether he would provide a list of countries where the CIA has used lethal authority, he replied, "It would be my intention to do everything possible" to comply.
He said he had no second thoughts about having opposed a planned strike against Osama bin Laden in 1998, a few months before the bombings of two U.S. embassies. The plan was not "well-grounded," he said, adding that other intelligence officials also recommended against proceeding. Brennan was at the CIA at the time.
Brennan was questioned extensively about leaks to the media about an al-Qaida plot to detonate a new type of underwear bomb on a Western airline. He acknowledged trying to limit the damage to national security from the disclosures.
On May 7 of last year, The Associated Press reported that the CIA thwarted an ambitious plot by al-Qaida's affiliate in Yemen to destroy a U.S.-bound airliner, using a bomb with a sophisticated new design around the one-year anniversary of the killing of Osama bin Laden. The next day, the Los Angeles Times reported that the would-be bomber was cooperating with U.S. authorities.
During Thursday's hearing, Risch and Sen. Dan Coats of Indiana were among those who contended Brennan had inadvertently revealed that the U.S. had a spy inside Yemen's al-Qaida branch when, hours after the first AP report appeared, he told a group of media consultants that "there was no active threat during the bin Laden anniversary because ... we had inside control of the plot."
The hearing was interrupted repeatedly at its outset, including once before it had begun. Eventually, Sen. Dianne Feinstein, D-Calif., the panel's chairman, briefly ordered the proceedings halted and the room cleared so those re-entering could be screened to block obvious protesters.
Brennan is a veteran of more than three decades in intelligence work, and is currently serving as Obama's top counter-terrorism adviser in the White House. Any thought he had of becoming CIA director four years ago vanished amid questions about the role he played at the CIA when the Bush administration approved waterboarding and other forms of "enhanced interrogation" of suspected terrorists.
On the question of waterboarding, Brennan said that while serving as a deputy manager at the CIA during the Bush administration, he was told such interrogation methods produced "valuable information." Now, after reading a 300-page summary of a 6,000-page report on CIA interrogation and detention policies, he said he does "not know what the truth is."
The shouted protests centered on CIA drone strikes that have killed three American citizens and an unknown number of foreigners overseas.
It was a topic very much on the mind of the committee members who eventually will vote on Brennan's confirmation.
In the hours before the hearing began, Obama ordered that a classified paper outlining the legal rationale for striking at U.S. citizens abroad be made available for members of the House and Senate intelligence panels to read.
It was an attempt to clear the way for Brennan's approval, given hints from some lawmakers that they might hold up confirmation unless they had access to the material.
Sen. Ron Wyden, D-Ore., said he was encouraged when Obama called him on the telephone to inform him of his decision. But he said that when he went to read the material he became concerned the Department of Justice "is not following through" on the presidential commitment. Prodded to look into the matter, Brennan said he would.
Wyden made the drone strikes the main focus of his time to question Brennan, asking at one point what could be done "so that the American people are brought into this debate and have a full understanding of what rules" are for their use.
Brennan said the day's hearings were part of that effort, and he said he backs speeches by officials as a way to explain counter-terrorism programs. He said there is a "misimpression by the American people" who believe drone strikes are aimed at suspects in past attacks. Instead, he said, "we only take such actions as a last resort to save lives" when there is no other alternative in what officials believe is an imminent threat.
Fewer than 50 strikes took place during the Bush administration, while more than 360 strikes have been launched under Obama, according to the website The Long War Journal, which tracks the operations.
Administration officials say Brennan would further limit the use of drones by the CIA and leave the majority of strikes to the military. He signaled in his written answers that he would not seek to expand the CIA's paramilitary operations. In written responses to questions from the committee in advance of the hearing, Brennan wrote, "While the CIA needs to maintain a paramilitary capability ... the CIA should not be used, in my view, to carry out traditional military activities."
The CIA's drone strikes primarily focus on al-Qaida and Taliban targets in the tribal regions of Pakistan. The agency also carries out strikes in Yemen, where three American citizens with al-Qaida connections have been killed: al-Awlaki, his 16-year-old-son and Samir Khan.
Associated Press writers Julie Pace, Lara Jakes, Donna Cassata and David Espo contributed to this story
Follow Dozier on Twitter: http://twitter.com/KimberlyDozier


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Sponsored by Golf (women)
Luther finished in ninth place at the Wartburg Women's Fall Invite shooting a two-day total of 699. Fifteen teams played on the Par 72, Centennial Oaks Golf Course that measured 5,866 yards.
University of St. Thomas won the team title carding a 634. Grand View was second at 638, while Wartburg finished third at 639.
Luther was led by Laura Davis who finished in a four-way tie for 18th. Davis shot round of 83-81 for a 164. Completing Luther's top five was Isabelle Krough (T37 - 176), Madeline Petellin (T44 - 179), Hannah Hagarty (T56 - 184) and Annika Ring (T58 - 186).
The Norse will return to action Sept. 14-15 when they will play in the Division III Classic hosted by Carleton College. The two-day tournament will be played at The Jewel in Lake City, Minn.
Questions? Contact David Blanchard, post_to_results, 563-387-1586


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A spokesman for Redner's Warehouse Markets confirmed the grocery is eyeing Georgetown, but has yet to sign a lease.
A small wooden sign popped on the corner of North Dupont Boulevard and College Park Lane last month announcing that the Pennsylvania-based grocery chain Redner's Warehouse Markets would soon be opening a new location in Georgetown.
Corporate officials at Redner's confirmed last week that the company is looking to open a new location off of College Park Lane by mid-2014, but declined to comment further because they have yet to sign a lease.
Once that deal is brokered, the new grocery store would be a part of the larger Shops at College Park, an approximately 120,000-square-foot commercial development planned off of North Dupont Boulevard slated to include retail shops, office space and a medical arts pavilion.
Redner's Markets Inc. spokesman Eric White said the grocer is looking to build a location in Georgetown that would be roughly the same size as the 48,500-square-foot Redner's that opened in Milford last August, or the 48,000-square-foot Redner's in Camden that is scheduled to open in March.
Georgetown would be the grocery store's fifth location in Delaware and its second in Sussex County.
All four existing Delaware locations feature full-service delis, as well as fresh produce, meat, seafood and frozen food sections, a dairy aisle and beauty aids. Some of the employee-owned chain's most popular offerings include its regular, five-for$20 deal on meats and the Pump Perks fuel discount program, which offers a 10-cent per gallon savings on gasoline for each $100 spent at the grocery store.
Other amenities include $1 Redbox DVD rentals, Western Union money services, pre-paid/long distance phone and gift cards.
The Redner's locations in Milford and Camden also each have hired about 150 people to full- and part-time jobs.
Redner's is still working towards finalizing a lease for the property with the Onix Group, the Kennett Square-Pa. developer of the Shops of College Park.
In the meantime, representatives of the developer and the grocery chain are scheduled to make an informational presentation to the Georgetown Planning Commission on Feb. 20.
Dean Pletz, the vice president of real estate at the Onix Group, said his company is hoping to begin construction on the Shops of College Park in the summer.
It was not immediately clear, however, whether that timetable would be impacted by the recent federal indictment of Dover-based developer Mike Zimmerman, who is listed as the contact person on the sign advertising Redner's future Georgetown location.
Zimmerman, who also is working with the Onix Group and Redner's on the grocery store chain's Camden location, is facing charges of money laundering, conspiracy to commit bank fraud charges and making false statements to financial institutions in connection with $37 million in financing he received from the Wilmington Trust Company for a trio of unrelated development projects in Kent and Sussex counties.
Zimmerman, who has publicly denied guilt in the case, did not return multiple messages seeking comment.