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1 FluidizationandDryingofBiomassParticlesinaPulsedFluidizedBedwithVibrationDeningJiaa,OcéaneCatharyb,JianghongPenga,XiaotaoBia*,C.JimLima,ShahabSokhansanja,c,YupingLiudandRuixuWangaĂŶĚƚƐƵƐŚŝdƐƵƚƐƵŵŝĚa. Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, the University of British Columbia, 2360 EastMall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canadab. The École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées, 828, Boulevard des Maréchaux,92120, Palaiseau Cedex, Francec. Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USAd. Collaborative Research Center for Energy Engineering, Institute of Industrial Science, TheUniversity of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, JapanAbstract Fluidization of biomass particles has been tested in a pulsed fluidized bed with vibration in the absence of inert bed materials. Results indicate that pulsation is capable of overcoming the cohesive nature of biomass introduced by strong interparticle forces. The gas-solid flow behavior in the pulsed fluidized bed up to 6.7 Hz of pulsation has been analyzed. As the pulsation frequency increases, regular bubble patterns are formed. Drying tests have been carried out to obtain the optimum operating condition for future pulsed fluidized bed dryer and torrefier in terms of good gas-solid contact and high heat and mass transfer rates. The effect of flow rate, temperature, pulsation frequency and vibration intensity has been investigated. While higher temperature and flow rate are favored in drying, there exists a sweet spot for pulsation frequency between 1 Hz and 2 Hz where gas-solid contact is enhanced. Both constant rate drying and falling rate drying are present in the drying. 2 I. IntroductionBiomass as a sustainable energy source has regained its popularity during the past decade, mainly attributable to the surging energy demand, supply shortage of fossil fuels, mitigation of greenhouse gases and the increasing environmental awareness among the public. The total energy supplied from biomass reached approximately 55.6×1018 J in 2013. The international trade of biomass has continued to grow considerably due to higher demand, particularly for biofuels and wood pellets. Global production and transport of wood pellets already exceeded 23.6 million tonnes in 2013, a 13% increase compared to 2012 [1]. Despite the global prosperity and popularity of biomass, one of the major issues that hinders its further application is high moisture content. Biomass from various sources generally contains high concentrations of water, which could be either free or chemically bounded. Sawdust directly obtained from sawmill contains over 60% of water, while in general it should be controlled under 13% as high moisture levels normally lead to energy losses, higher risks of mold formation during storage and decreased efficiency and increased emission in combustion. Studies have also shown that for biomass pelletization the ideal moisture content ranges from 5% to 15% on dry basis [2]. There is no surprise that drying being an essential step for many biomass related operations such as pelletization. Research by Mani et al. [3] discovered that the cost of drying (capital and operation) alone could take up to 20% of the entire pelletization process while hammer mill and pellet mill combined share less than 10%. The energy consumption of biomass drying is approximately 2500 - 3000 MJ/tonne, whereas the grinding and pelletizing requires only 400 MJ/tonne. Therefore, in order to optimize pelletization in terms of process efficiency, energy consumption and product quality, not only it is obvious but also highly effective to focus on drying. Considering the current scale of operation for pelletization (900,000 tonnes of pellets per year from sustainably managed forests [1]), even a small improvement in drying efficiency would significantly alter the outlook. Compared to traditional biomass dryers (rotary drum dryer, conveyer belt dryer, etc.) fluidized bed offers excellent heat and mass transfer rates, uniform temperature distribution. However, the unconventional nature of biomass particles such as irregular shape, low bulk density and wide particle distribution has made biomass fluidization quite problematic [4]. The surface moisture on biomass materials increases the inter-particle forces dramatically [5], at times bigger than the particle weight, which could lead to channeling, gas bypassing and eventually defluidization. Previous researchers introduced inert particles such as sand to the system to assist biomass particles in fluidizing [6-9]. However it increases ash content in biomass product due to attrition of inert materials, posing serious threats to biomass-powered boilers and turbines 3 that may as a result encounter corrosion, sintering, and slagging, which will require additional maintenance for the removal of deposits and even unscheduled shutdowns [10]. Therefore, fluidized bed dryers without the need of inert particles are greatly favored. Previous study by Liu et al [11] showed the potential of fluidized bed drying of biomass without the aid of inert bed materials. Sawdust was dried in a 50 mm ID fluidized bed, the same one used by Li et al [12], acceptable gas-solid contact was achieved by a novel distributor with vertically inclined orifices designed to increase radial particle movement. Drying rate curves consisted of multiple peaks that were directly tied to the hydrodynamics, as the drying rate will drop when the occasional channeling and gas bypassing occur. Besides relying on new distributors and higher flow rates, pulsation and vibration are commonly used in granulation, coating and drying of agricultural products [13-27]. Pulsed fluidized beds, in which the gas flow rate shifts periodically with time have been proven effective in transforming random and chaotic bubble behavior into regular and ordered patterns, improving the fluidization quality of coarse particles greatly [28]. Similar to many mechanical systems, the behavior of pulsation is strongly linked its frequency. Based on one-dimensional particle motions in incompressible fluid, Molerus interpreted the effect of vibration on the stabilization of particle fluidization, and confirmed that 50 Hz was very effective in reducing gas bypassing [29]. Similarly, Massimilla et al. examined three types of pulsed fluidization at different pulsation frequencies [30], namely the intermittent fluidization at low frequencies (1.2 ~ 2.7 Hz), piston-like fluidization at medium frequencies (2.7 ~ 4.8 Hz) as well as an apparently 'normal' fluidization at high frequencies (> 4.8 Hz). The piston-like behavior was not observed in experiments carried out by Wong and Baird [31]. A mathematical model was proposed offering approximate prediction of the natural frequency of the fluidized bed, around which the pulsation was most effective. DEM simulation by Wang and Rhodes [19, 32] confirmed the 3 ~ 10 Hz frequency register to be most successful in ameliorating gas-solid interaction. Periodically formed horizontal gas channels were spotted where they quickly gave rise to regular bubbles, and moved up to the surface of the bubbling bed. Vibrated fluidized beds bring mechanical vibration energy into conventional fluidized beds to improve the fluidization quality of sticky and cohesive particles and to reduce the consumption of drying medium. Gupta and Mujumdar [33] discussed the hydrodynamics and heat transfer properties in vibrated fluidized beds and derived a power-type correlation for bed pressure drop at minimum fluidization velocity between vibrated and conventional fluidized bed. The promotion of heat and mass transfer rates in vibrated bed was verified by Eccles and Mujumdar [34], where the bed-to-surface heat transfer coefficient was measured in a vertically vibrated fluidized bed. By modifying the diffusion term in the conservation equations for drying, Stakiü and Uroševiü successfully simulated drying of fine grains in both fixed and vibrated fluidized beds. Simulation results were then compared with corresponding experiments [14]. The numerical model 4 proposed was able to predict the drying performance in vibrated fluidized beds. It was also found that vibrated beds had a shorter residence time and more uniform temperature distribution. To further the study of Liu and Li [11, 12], reduce the gas consumption during drying, and better understand the relationship between drying and hydrodynamics of the fluidized bed, a pulsed fluidized bed dryer with optional vibration capabilities was designed. Multiple parameters including flow rate, temperature, pulsation frequency and vibration intensity have been investigated. Drying rate was adopted as an indicator for dryer performance, the goal is to gauge said parameters to obtain good gas-solid contact and fast heat and mass transfer, which are crucial to the design and scale-up of biomass dryers. II. ExperimentalSetupExperimental set-up of the Pulsed fluidized bed with vibration (PVFB) is depicted in Fig 1. The fluidized bed column was made of Plexiglas with a rectangular cross-section (15 cm ൈ10 cm, and a height of 1.0 m). It was installed on a vibrating base (Eriez 48A, Eriez Manufacture Co., USA). The vibrating base had a constant frequency of 60 Hz with adjustable amplitude. It was adjustable on a scale from 0 to 100%, corresponding to 0 to 0.381 mm of displacement. The drying medium was high-pressure building air. After being regulated by a pressure regulator (AR-40-N04H-Z, SMC, USA), the gas line branched out into two streams. Both streams were equipped with a rotameter (FL6212-V and FL6213-V respectively, Omega, Canada) with needle valve to monitor and control the flow rate individually. The first stream was the pulsed stream, on which a solenoid valve (8210G034-120/60, ASCO Valve, USA) was installed. The open/closed state of the valve was controlled by a computer program. In order to reduce the oscillation of the rotameter readings caused by pulsation, a surge tank was placed between the solenoid valve and the rotameter. The presence of the surge tank could also maintain a stable supply of drying air during operation. The second stream was the steady stream where the flow rate of air was maintained constant. Purpose of this stream was to provide a stable amount of gas to keep the bed mobilized. The two streams merged before entering the inline gas heater (AHP-7561, Omega, Canada) controlled by a temperature controller (CN4316, Omega, Canada) so that drying temperature could be regulated. A perforated aluminum plate with 1/8'' holes and 40% open area was used as gas distributor. A filter bag was installed at the exit of the column to retain the fines. Figure 1. Schematic drawing of the vibrated fluidized bed with pulsed gas flow Along the height of the column, there were six ports for temperature, relative humidity and pressure measurements. The first one was located 25 mm above the gas distributor, and the others were 102 mm 5 apart. Port 1 and 5 were used to obtain pressure drop across the bed, through a pressure transducer (PX164-010D5V, Omega, Canada). The absolute pressure of the windbox (PX142-005D5V, Omega, Canada) and the column (PX163-005BD5V, Omega, Canada) were also monitored. Temperature in the windbox, dense phase and freeboard were measured by T-type thermocouples. Temperature and relative humidity of the gas phase at both inlet and outlet of the fluidized bed column were constantly monitored and recorded by humidity indicators (HMI41 at inlet, HMT335 at outlet, Vaisala, Finland). The analog signals of the pressure, temperature and the relative humidity were captured by data acquisition devices, so that they could be processed, visualized, and saved through Labview software (Version 2014, National Instrument, USA) on a PC. Labview was also used to control the solenoid valve through a digital output channel. The specific devices used and sampling rate of the signals are listed in Table 1 below. A high-speed camera (1280ൈ720 pixel, f/2.2 aperture, 240 frames per second) was mounted in front of the Plexiglas column to capture the transient behavior of the fluidized bed. Table 1. Summary of Data Acquisition Device and Acquired Signals Biomass material used in this study was generously donated by Tolko Industries Ltd (Vernon, Canada), specifically Douglas fir and pine sawdust. Switchgrass was also used. The raw material came in the forms of particles with very high moisture content. They were passed through a 3.5 mm sieve to get rid of larger particles unsuitable for fluidization. Particle size distribution after sieving are shown in Fig. 2. The Douglas fir sawdust has more fines, while pine contains more coarse particles (1.7 mm ~ 3.5 mm). Other basic properties including Sauter diameter, bulk and true densities, as well as sphericity are listed in Table 2. True density was measured by a multi-pycnometer (Quantachrome Instruments Co. Florida, USA), and sphericity was measured by an image processing software developed in this group. To investigate suitable operating parameters for biomass drying in terms of flow rate, pulsation frequency and duty cycle, vibration intensity, air temperature etc., batch runs of drying test were conducted in the PVFB. 200 g of samples were placed into the fluidized bed and dried for 30 min. Since the moisture content at the inlet and outlet were constantly monitored, combined with known flow rate, pressure and temperature, the drying rate Rw was obtained, (Y )w out indwR M Ydt (1) where M is the mass flow rate, Yout and Yin are the specific humidity, which is the ratio of mass of water vapor to mass of dry air, calculated by, 6 0.622( )sspYp p (2) ps is the water vapor saturation pressure, obtained from the Wagner-Pruss equation [35], 1.5 363.5 4 7.5647.096ln( ) ( 7.85951783 1.84408259 11.786649722.064 1022.6807411 15.9618719 1.80122502 )spTQ Q QQ Q Q u (3) in which 1647.096TQ (4) Figure 2. Particle Size Distribution of Bed Materials T is the air temperature in Kelvin. Besides the instantaneous drying rate that could be calculated directly in Labview with equations provided above, at the end of each drying test a small sample of biomass particles was also collected. Together with the wet particles, the moisture content of all samples were determined according to the ASTM D4442-07 standard by heating the samples at 103 °C for 24 h in a precision oven. The sample moisture content (dry basis, w% d.b.) is calculated by . 100%wet dryd bdrym mXm u (5) where mwet and mdry are the weight of moisture of the sawdust samples before and after drying. Final moisture content of biomass samples are normalized so that results from different experiments can be better compared. The normalized final moisture content Ȥ is defined as the ratio of final moisture content to initial moisture content, 100%oXXF u (6) with Xo being the initial moisture content in a sample. Similarly, the drying efficiency Ș, or the efficiency of water removal could be defined as, 100%ooX XXK u (7) 7 III. ExperimentalResults1. Hydrodynamicsinfluidizedbeddryer[Pressure Fluctuations] In the case of pulsed fluidized bed with biomass particles, the relatively chaotic nature of the bed is structured by the pulsed gas flow as external excitation [28]. Distinct 'Flow-On' and 'Flow-Off' period could be observed at 0.33 Hz. As can be seen from Fig. 3(a) each 'On' period starts with a dominant peak of bed pressure drop (marked with letter A), corresponding to the onset of gas flow immediately after the solenoid valve was switched open. The major peak is followed by a decaying oscillation (B - C). The uprising gas bubbles mixing with falling particles may have contributed to the oscillatory pressure profile from point B to C. At the end of each 'On' period there is also a brief pressure recovery (C – D) caused by falling particles compressing the gas phase in the plenum chamber. The bed remained stationary during 'Off' period due to the lack of gas supply, the pressure profile flatlines (D - E). Similar pattern could be seen at 1 Hz in Fig. 3(b), with F representing the dominant peak and G – H the pressure oscillation. It should be noted that at lower pulsation frequencies, the intensity of the pulsation is greater, which leads to longer period of decaying oscillations. Five or more peaks can be identified during the decaying oscillation at 0.33Hz, while only one is observed at the relatively low-intensity 3 Hz. As the pulsation frequency keeps increasing, particles will be carried up by gas phase from the next cycle before reaching the bottom of the fluidized bed. Consequently, the pressure goes up before it could start oscillating, which explains the disappearance of decaying oscillation altogether at 6.67 Hz, as illustrated in Fig. 3(d). Figure 3. Pressure Fluctuations in PVFB at Various Pulsation Frequencies [Gas-solid Behavior] Typical flow behavior of the pulsed fluidized bed at various pulsation frequencies are shown in Fig. 4. Average gas velocities in all experiments were kept constant and high enough to avoid severe channeling and gas bypassing. At the lower end of pulsation frequency investigated in this work such as 0.33 Hz, the bed was fluidized intermittently due to prolonged 'On' and 'Off' period in each pulsation cycle. The bed remained stationary during the 'Off' period while sufficiently high pressure has built up in the surge tank. As soon as the solenoid valve was opened, pressurized gas stored in the surge tank would be quickly discharged into the fluidized bed. Chains of slugs were formed above the distributor, as can been in the yellow rectangle of Fig. 4 (A1). The frequency of slug formation is identical to the pulsation frequency. 8 Slugs quickly rose to the top of the bed via a few channels (A2), while the remaining gas in this cycle kept mixing with biomass particles (A3). The high intensity of gas pulsation at 0.33 Hz was powerful enough to lift the entire bed, therefore the amplitude of bed expansion reached maximum with heavy elucidation. A large amount of fines was collected in the bag filter. As the pressure of the gas phase diminished and solenoid valve closed, particles eventually fell back to the bed (A4), which remained stationary until the next cycle. The interval between two gas injections became shorter at 1 Hz. The horizontal layer of slugs (B1) quickly evolved into gas channels that zigzagged up the bed, as is shown in Fig. 4 (B2) and (B3). The bed expanded slightly less due to reduced pressure build-up and gas velocity. No regular bubble pattern could be seen at this frequency due to the cohesiveness of particles and high intensity of pulsation. However, at 3 Hz the horizontal slugs (C1) quickly gave rise to large bubbles (circled in Fig. 4 C2 and C3). The 'Off' period disappeared as the pulsation frequency exceeded the natural frequency of the fluidized bed, particles were lifted up again before it could reach the bottom of the bed. This is consistent with the disappearance of decaying pressure oscillation shown in Fig. 3 (c). At 6.67 Hz, the peak instantaneous gas velocity in each pulsation cycle is much smaller than that of 0.33 Hz. There will be more resistance from particles to form bubbles. The combined effect of faster gas renewal and less excessive gas available to form bubbles led to the reduction in bubble size and bed expansion. Shown in Fig. 4 (D1), slugs formed at 6.67 Hz quickly disappeared and split into regular bubbles (circled in Fig. 4 D2, D3). The pulsed fluidized bed at this frequency behaves like a conventional fluidized bed if the biomass particles were able to be fluidized under similar conditions. Figure 4. Typical Fluid Behavior of the Bed at Various Pulsation Frequencies, A1-A4 Pulsation frequency = 0.33Hz, B1-B4 1Hz, C1-C4 3Hz, D1-D4 6.67Hz Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) were also performed on the pressure signals. Similar to a conventional fluidized bed where the power spectrum of pressure drops reflects bubble frequency, including bubble formation, splitting and coalescence, the dominant frequency in pulsed fluidized bed corresponds to the pulsation frequency, as shown in Fig. 6. Peaks are more distinct for the pulsed fluidized bed, and several orders of magnitude higher than that of a conventional fluidized bed. The appearance of overtones of the dominant frequency could be attributed to the decaying pressure oscillation, and the fact the pressure fluctuations in pulsed fluidized bed are not perfect sinusoids. [Effect of Moisture Content on Hydrodynamics] The hydrodynamics of the PVFB ties closely to the moisture content of biomass particles. Water will form bridges between particles, introducing capillary liquid bridge force into the system, which is consisted of 9 two major components, the surface tension force and the force caused by the pressure difference outside and inside the bridge. As the particles are being dried in the system, moisture is consistently being removed. The liquid bridge force will change as a result, which affects the hydrodynamics of the fluidized bed dramatically. The relationship between moisture content and pressure fluctuations is especially important. Fig. 6 presents the time-averaged standard deviation of pressure fluctuations at various pulsation frequencies during drying process. Similar to conventional fluidized beds, the standard deviation of pressure fluctuations is mainly associated with bubble size. It is obvious that 0.33 Hz exhibits the highest amplitude of pressure fluctuations, and it decreases with increasing pulsation frequency. This goes along with visual observations obtained during the drying tests. At lower pulsation frequencies, larger voids and bed expansion were observed. The standard deviation also decreases during drying, indicating the bubble size reduces as the particles are being dried. This may have been caused by the breaking down of liquid bridges between particles as the thin film of water being evaporated, and the inhibition of bubbles splitting from such forces are weakened. Figure 5. Spectrum Analysis of Pressure Fluctuations at Various Pulsation Frequencies Figure 6. Standard Deviation of Pressure Fluctuation at Various Pulsation Frequencies 2. DryingintheVibratedFluidizedBedwithPulsedGasFlow[Effect of Flow Rate] Flow rate has a direct impact on drying. Unlike conventional fluidized beds, pulsed fluidized beds could be operated at an average gas velocity lower than the minimum fluidization velocity. Successful fluidization behaver was observed at / 0.9mfU U combined with a low pulsation frequency such as 0.33 Hz or 0.5 Hz. As the pulsation frequency increases, higher flow rate is required to maintain good gas-solid contact. 1.2Umf was found to be sufficient for pulsations of 3 ~ 6.67 Hz. Fig. 7 depicts the efficiency of fluidized bed dryer at different gas flow rates. Since 200 g of Douglas fir samples with the same initial moisture content were placed in to the fluidized bed before each run, a low final moisture content, or X/Xo would suggest faster drying and subsequently better gas-solid contact. Certain experiments were repeated three times, and good repeatability was obtained. Higher average gas velocity seems to lead to higher drying efficiency. For 0.5 Hz and 3 Hz pulsation, as the average superficial gas velocity increases from 1.5Umf to 2Umf , the normalized final moisture content Ȥ decreased by 8.4% and 13.8% respectively. In addition, it appears that for dryers that is being operated at a moderate flow rate (1.3Umf Ud < 1.9Umf ), higher pulsation frequency is favored. 10 In the case of very low ( < 1.2Umf ) or very high ( t 1.9Umf ) flow rates, a lower pulsation frequency is preferred. Figure 7. Effect of Flow Rate on the Final Moisture Content of Douglas Fir Sawdust after 30 min of Drying [Effect of Pulsation Frequency] As a crucial parameter in pulsed fluidized beds, the impact of pulsation frequency on drying has been investigated and is given in Fig. 8. Due to the limitations of the solenoid valve, the maximum pulsation frequency investigated in this study was 6.67 Hz. Since the velocity profile at various pulsation frequencies are different, it is important that the average gas velocities be kept the same to ensure the comparability of the results. Two average gas velocities were studied, 0.8 mfU U and 1.3Umf . Figure 8. Effect of Pulsation Frequency on the Final Moisture Content of Douglas Fir Sawdust after 30 min of Drying With the relatively high gas velocity of 1.3Umf , the bed could be successfully fluidized at a wider range of pulsation frequencies compared to 0.8Umf, from 0.33 Hz to 6.67 Hz, without severe channeling or gas bypassing that could hinder the drying process. An increase in drying efficiency is observed with increasing pulsation frequency, as the final moisture content in biomass sample drops from 19.3% at 0.33 Hz to 14.5% at 6.67 Hz. For 0.8 mfU U channeling was observed at approximately 3.5 Hz and above. Gas phase bypasses the particles and travels through the channels with minimum gas-solid contact, which explains the dramatic decrease in drying efficiency at 3.3 Hz and 5 Hz. No channeling was observed below this frequency, as the pulsation was strong enough to overcome the cohesiveness of biomass particles. However, the prolonged 'Off' period of 0.33 Hz and below hindered drying, causing the final moisture content in biomass samples to increase slightly, from 22.4% at 0.75 Hz to 25.3% at 0.33 Hz. This makes 1 ~ 3 Hz among the most effective frequencies for drying, a sweet spot for the operation of pulsed fluidized bed dryer under such conditions. [Effect of Vibration Intensity] Similar drying tests were carried out to verify the contribution of vibration to the fluidization of biomass particles. Two gas velocities were used, with the amplitude of vibration set to 0%, 25%, 75%, 50% and 11 100%. Similar to previous tests, final moisture content of biomass samples after 30 min of drying was also chosen as an indicator of fluidization quality. Figure 9. Effect of Vibration Intensity on Drying, Douglas Fir Sawdust under 1 Hz Pulsation Frequency It is obvious that biomass dries faster at the higher gas velocity of 1.3 mfU U compared to 0.8Umf, as Shown in Fig. 9. A minimum 17.8% of difference in normalized final moisture content could be seen between the two gas flow rates. At 0.8Umf, a reduction in channeling and gas bypassing was observed in the fluidized bed immediately after the vibration was turned on. Even a low vibration intensity of 25% is sufficient to break up the cohesive forces between biomass particles, consequently the final moisture content decreases by 7% compared to the case where no vibration was applied. Higher amplitudes yielded only marginal improvement. In the case of 1.3Umf where pulsation is capable of overcoming the inter-particles forces, the contribution of vibration is less obvious. Less than 2% improvement in drying efficiency suggests that pulsation alone should be enough to handle biomass particles, provided that suitable operating conditions are implemented. [Effect of Temperature] Biomass materials, in which the initial moisture content is high and the final moisture content requirement is notably strict, drying times are normally long, and the temperature of drying medium becomes important. Series of drying test were conducted at different air temperatures. Limited by the Plexiglas column, temperatures up to 50 Ԩwere tested. The fluidized bed column was pre-heated to designated temperatures for 30 min prior to any drying tests. Despite the pulsating nature of the gas flow, temperature of the inlet air could be controlled within 0.5 Ԩ. Fig. 10 demonstrates the effect of temperature on drying of Douglas fir sawdust at various pulsation frequencies. All three curves possesses similar trends, as higher temperature does promote dying rate. One third of the experiments were repeated three times to ensure credibility of the results, the standard errors were less than 1 %. For 0.33 Hz, the final moisture content of Douglas fir samples after 30 min of drying decreased from 44.2 % to 10.4% as the temperature rises from 20 ԨͷͲԨǡconsequently the drying efficiency improves by 33.8%. At 1 Hz and 3 Hz, the normalized final moisture content decreased by 24% and 21% respectively. In the case of drying porous particles, temperature affects both external and internal conditions of drying. Higher temperature will speed up the evaporation of free water on the surfaces of biomass particles, which leads to faster drying in constant rate period. In the falling rate period where heat conduction from the surface to the core of a particle is important, higher gas temperature will increase the temperature gradient between particle surface and core, leading to faster 12 transfer of bound water from core to surface and evaporation at the surface. Little difference in final moisture content can be found for 1 Hz and 3 Hzpulsation at 50 Ԩ, indicating that gas velocity/external mass transfer may have become the rate-controlling step here. Figure 10. Effect of Temperature on the Drying of Douglas Fir Sawdust at Various Pulsation Frequencies, U/Umf=1.25 3. DryingMechanismsTypical drying curves for all three biomass species including Douglas fir, pine and switchgrass are shown in Fig. 11(a). Since fresh wet particles are placed into the fluidized bed dryer prior to each run, it is inevitable that the surface moisture on the wet particles evaporate and saturate the freeboard. Therefore, the decline of drying rate during the first 5 min of drying is most likely caused by incoming dry air diluting the humid air in the freeboard. The constant rate drying is finally revealed after the initial system response, with the relative humidity of the exhaust gas remaining constant. It is represented by the horizontal section on the drying curve. At this stage, a thin film of water covers the surface of particles, on which the evaporation mainly takes place. The rate of drying is limited by the evaporation of water, which could be characterized as a heat-transfer limited process, only to be influenced by external conditions such as temperature, humidity and flow rate of the drying air. Figure 11. Typical Drying Curves of Three Biomass Species (a) Drying Rate vs. Time (b) Bed Temperature vs. Time Bed temperature remains constant in during constant rate drying. However, as drying proceeds, dry spots appear on the surface of particles once critical moisture content is reached. Although drying rate per unit wet area remains the same, a reduction in wet areas causes the drying rate to decline. As the surface of the particles completely dries out, surface temperature increases dramatically. Drying becomes a mass-transfer limited process that is mainly driven by the concentration gradient between the core and surface of the particles. Temperature profiles during drying are illustrated in Fig. 11(b), in which three distinct areas could be seen, representing two drying mechanisms. The initial temperature drop is most likely caused by the higher temperature of the sample (room temperature, 25 Ԩ) than the drying air (20 Ԩ), and heat taken away by evaporation. 13 IV. DiscussionAs proven in the previous section, one of the advantages of pulsed fluidized bed is that it could be operated below minimum fluidization velocity with reasonable heat and mass transfer rates to carry out biomass drying, which could benefit the process economically by reducing the consumption of drying medium. Demonstrated in Fig. 8 that operating the fluidized bed at 0.8 mfU U with 0.75 Hz pulsation, the remaining moisture content in the biomass sample after 30 min of drying is only 5% higher than of 1.3Umf with the same frequency. Further increase or decrease of pulsation frequency actually reduces the drying efficiency at 0.8 mfU U , while for 1.3 mfU U the drying efficiency monotonically increases. A possible explanation is provided in Fig. 12, which demonstrates two velocity profiles in the pulsed fluidized bed, mfU U and mfU U! , corresponding to the velocities used in the drying experiments. Though theoretically the velocity profile should be square waves, in reality due to the actuation time of the solenoid valve (less than 1 second) they are closer to sinusoidal waves. The gas phase is only capable of lifting the biomass particles when it possesses enough momentum, i.e. when instantaneous gas velocity is higher than minimum fluidization velocity ( mfU U! ). Fortunately, in each pulsation cycle there should be a portion of time that satisfies this condition. These portions are marked as 'fluidized zones' in Fig. 12, the duration of which depend on the pulsation frequency and the average flow rate. Fig. 12 (a) represents a typical scenario wheremfU U! . Of the two frequencies portrayed in this figure, 1.5 Hz has a larger portion of gas velocity under Umf in each cycle compared to 4.5 Hz, which suggests that increasing the pulsation frequency from 1.5 Hz to 4.5 Hz will yield a larger fluidized zone, i.e. a larger portion of time in each pulsation cycle where the gas phase is strong enough to fluidize the particles. This explains the increasing water removal rate with increasing pulsation frequency at 1.3 mfU U . Situation is revered for mfU U when most of the gas flow in a pulsation cycle is too weak to overcome the cohesive forces in the fluidized bed, leaving most of the drying and gas-solid mixing done in the limited fluidized zones. A higher pulsation frequency simply becomes weaker, with less portions of gas velocity exceeding Umf in each cycle, which is consistently with the fact that only at lower pulsation frequencies could the bed be effectively fluidized at this flow rate. On the other side of the spectrum however, an extremely low pulsation frequency bring no benefits either. For instance, 0.33 Hz will leave the bed stationary for 3 seconds, providing enough time for the liquid bridges 14 to be formed again. This indicates that frequencies too high or too low are equally detrimental to the drying of biomass when mfU U . Based on the experimental results it seems that gas pulsation between 1 Hz and 3 Hz is most effective in improving the fluidization quality during biomass drying as the water removal efficiency is the highest among the frequencies investigated at a decent flow rate shown in Fig. 8. Interestingly this frequency register is close to the natural frequency of the system. Moreover, it has been adequately proven gas-solid fluidized beds could be characterized as a second-order mechanical vibration system, in which the pressure waves represent the output response of such a dynamic system to an external excitation [36], and the undamped natural frequency fn could be expressed as, 12n mfgfHS (8) where Hmf is the steady bed height of the fluidized bed. However due to particle wall friction and interparticle forces, the fluidized bed is mostly a damped system, specifically an underdamped system in which the damping factor ȗ is less than 1. The natural frequency could then be rewritten as, 2' 12n mfgfH]S (9) Simple calculation revealed that the natural frequency of the system studied in this work being f = 1.1 Hz ~ 2.6 Hz with damping factor reported in the literature of being 0.3. It should also be noted that the dominant frequency of the fluidized bed that is normally associated with the input excitation source such as bubble eruption, may not be the same as the natural frequency of the system. In the case of fluidized bed with pulsed gas flow, as shown in the spectrum analysis in Fig. 5, dominant frequency is the same as the pulsation frequency. As the dominant frequency of the system approaches its natural frequency, resonance will occur in the fluidized bed just like in a mechanical system. Higher amplitude of pressure fluctuation as well as improved gas-solid have been observed, which is one of the causes for the increase in drying efficiency. 15 V. ConclusionPulsed fluidized bed with optional assistance of vibration has proven to be successful in the fluidization of various biomass materials such as Douglas fir, pine and switchgrass. The biomass particles fluidized and dried in the system remained 'as received' except for a simple sieving process to eliminate extremely large branches and barks, proven pulsed fluidized bed a versatile and highly potential alternative to conventional biomass dryers and torrifiers. The gas-solid flow behavior at different pulsation frequencies were analyzed. By increasing the pulsation frequency, the intensity of the pulsation becomes weaker with less entrainment and bed expansion. The fluidized bed is only fluidized intermittently below 3 Hz with evident 'On' and 'Off' periods. Each 'On' period commences with a horizontal layer of slugs formed above the gas distributor that quickly give rise to gas channels when pulsation frequency is below 3 Hz. Large bubbles are formed at 3 Hz instead of channels, above which frequency regular bubble patterns could be observed. At even higher pulsation frequencies, the pulsed fluidized bed behaves similar to a conventional one. In order to find the optimum operating condition for future biomass drying and torrefaction reactors with the aim of reaching good gas-solid contact, high heat and mass transfer rates, various drying tests were performed. Results indicate that temperature and gas velocity played a significant role in biomass drying, as they both are able to boost the mass transfer rate from surface of the particles, to the drying medium. Higher temperature and flow rates usually lead to faster drying. Pulsation frequency on the other hand, being an external excitation to the fluidized bed that structures the chaotic motion of the fluidized bed into an ordered system, its influence on the hydrodynamics ties closely with the natural frequency, as well as the flow regime. Since within each pulsation cycle the useful part of the pulsed gas flow that could carry biomass particles is the one in which instantaneous gas velocity is higher than the minimum fluidization velocity, or the 'fluidized zone'. This fluidized zone in each cycle becomes smaller with increasing pulsation frequency and decreasing average flow rate, which generated the interesting results in Fig. 8 and elucidated in Fig. 12. However, pulsation frequency between 1 Hz and 3 Hz with the average gas velocity right below minimum fluidization velocity seems to be a good spot, offering comparable drying performance with drying test conducted at much higher gas flow rates. Vibration was found to be a useful in cohesive particle fluidization, especially when the extra acceleration brought by pulsation is not adequate to break up the interparticle forces. However, as pulsation is almost always sufficient in tackling the cohesive nature of biomass particles investigated, vibration should only be considered as an optional add-on. Drying characteristics during the 30 minutes drying process was also studied. Two major mechanisms were observed during the drying of all three species of biomass, namely the constant rate drying and falling rate 16 drying. However due to the placement of the humidity indicator, a system delay contributed to the decline in the drying curve prior to the constant rate drying section. Further investigation of the relationships between certain parameters during drying, for example drying rate vs. bed pressure fluctuation, or bed temperature vs. average cycle frequency is crucial, as it furthers the knowledge of the intricate relationships between hydrodynamics and drying. 17 Nomenclature nf Natural frequency of the fluidized bed, Hz 'nf Modified natural frequency of the fluidized bed, Hz g Gravitational acceleration, m/s2 Hmf Static bed height, m mwet Water content in wet biomass samples, g mdry Water content in dried biomass samples, g M Mass flow rate of drying air, g/s p Water vapor pressure, Pa ps Saturated water vapor pressure, Pa Rw Drying rate, g/s t Time, s T Temperature, K U Instantaneous gas velocity, m/s U Average gas velocity, m/s mfU Minimum fluidization velocity, m/s w Weight of the sample, g X Moisture content of biomass samples, dry basis Xo Initial moisture content of biomass samples, dry basis Y Specific humidity, g-water/kg-air Greek Letters Ș Drying efficiency Ȟ Simplified term, K-1 ȟ Damping factor Ȥ Normalized final moisture content 18 References [1] R. Secretariat, Renewables Global Status Report, REN21, Paris, 2014. [2] R. Renström, J. Berghel, Drying of Sawdust in an Atmospheric Pressure Spouted Bed Steam Dryer, Drying Technology, 20 (2002) 449. [3] S. Mani, S. Sokhansanj, X. Bi, A. Turhollow, Economics of Producing Fuel Pellets from Biomass, Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 22 (2006). [4] R. Legros, C. Alan Millington, R. Clift, Drying of tobacco particles in a mobilised bed, Drying Technology, 12 (1994) 517-543. [5] J.P.K. Seville, C.D. Willett, P.C. Knight, Interparticle forces in fluidisation: a review, Powder Technology, 113 (2000) 261-268. [6] S.M. Tasirin, I. Puspasari, A.W. Lun, P.V. Chai, W.T. Lee, Drying of kaffir lime leaves in a fluidized bed dryer with inert particles: Kinetics and quality determination, Industrial Crops and Products, 61 (2014) 193-201. [7] M.J.C. van der Stelt, H. Gerhauser, J.H.A. Kiel, K.J. Ptasinski, Biomass upgrading by torrefaction for the production of biofuels: A review, Biomass and Bioenergy, 35 (2011) 3748-3762. [8] H.J. Ciro-Velásquez, R.L. Cunha, F.C. Menegalli, Drying of Xanthan Gum Using a Two-Dimensional Spouted Fluidized Bed (2DSFB) with Inert Particles: Performance and Rheological Considerations, Drying Technology, 28 (2010) 389-401. [9] R. Moreno, G. Antolín, A. Reyes, Quality of Fluidisation for the Drying of Forestry Biomass Particles in a Fluidised Bed, Biosystems Engineering, 94 (2006) 47-56. [10] J.H. Turnbull, Use of biomass in electric power generation: the california experience, Biomass and Bioenergy, 4 (1993) 75-84. [11] Y. Liu, J. Peng, Y. Kansha, M. Ishizuka, A. Tsutsumi, D. Jia, X.T. Bi, C.J. Lim, S. Sokhansanj, Novel fluidized bed dryer for biomass drying, Fuel Processing Technology, 122 (2014) 170-175. [12] H. Li, X. Liu, R. Legros, X.T. Bi, C.J. Lim, S. Sokhansanj, Torrefaction of sawdust in a fluidized bed reactor, Bioresource technology, 103 (2012) 453-458. [13] C. Liu, L. Wang, P. Wu, F. Xiang, Size distribution in gas vibration bed and its application on grain drying, Powder Technology, 221 (2012) 192-198. [14] M. Stakiü, T. Uroševiü, Experimental study and simulation of vibrated fluidized bed drying, Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification, 50 (2011) 428-437. [15] F.C. Godoi, N.R. Pereira, S.C.S. Rocha, Analysis of the drying process of a biopolymer (poly-hydroxybutyrate) in rotating-pulsed fluidized bed, Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification, 50 (2011) 623-629. [16] L. Meili, R.V. Daleffe, M.C. Ferreira, J.T. Freire, Analysis of the Influence of Dimensionless Vibration Number on the Drying of Pastes in Vibrofluidized Beds, Drying Technology, 28 (2010) 402-411. [17] L.F.G. de Souza, M. Nitz, P.A. Lima, O.P. Taranto, Drying of Sodium Acetate in a Pulsed Fluid Bed Dryer, Chemical Engineering & Technology, 33 (2010) 2015-2020. [18] V. Bubnovich, C. Villarreal, A. Reyes, Computer Simulation of the Drying of Seeds and Vegetables in a Discontinuous Fluidized Bed, Numerical Heat Transfer: Part A -- Applications, 54 (2008) 255-278. [19] A. Akhavan, J.R. van Ommen, J. Nijenhuis, X.S. Wang, M.-O. Coppens, M.J. Rhodes, Improved Drying in a Pulsation-Assisted Fluidized Bed, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 48 (2008) 302-309. [20] A. Reyes, P. Moyano, J. Paz, Drying of Potato Slices in a Pulsed Fluidized Bed, Drying Technology, 25 (2007) 581-590. [21] M. Nitz, O.P. Taranto, Drying of beans in a pulsed fluid bed dryer: Drying kinetics, fluid-dynamic study and comparisons with conventional fluidization, Journal of Food Engineering, 80 (2007) 249-256. [22] A. Reyes, C. Campos, R. Vega, Drying of Turnip Seeds with Microwaves in Fixed and Pulsed Fluidized Beds, Drying Technology, 24 (2006) 1469-1480. [23] R.V. Daleffe, M.C. Ferreira, J.T. Freire, Drying of Pastes in Vibro-Fluidized Beds: Effects of the Amplitude and Frequency of Vibration, Drying Technology, 23 (2005) 1765-1781. 19 [24] Z. Li, N. Kobayashi, S. Deguchi, M. Hasatani, Investigation on the Drying Kinetics in a Pulsed Fluidized Bed, JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OF JAPAN, 37 (2004) 1179-1182. [25] T. Kudra, Z. Gawrzynski, R. Glaser, J. Stanislawski, M. Poirier, DRYING OF PULP AND PAPER SLUDGE IN A PULSED FLUID BED DRYER, Drying Technology, 20 (2002) 917-933. [26] Z. Gawrzynski, R. Glaser, Drying in a Pulsed-Fluid Bed with Relocated Gas Stream, Drying Technology, 14 (1996) 1121-1172. [27] M. Hasatani, Y. Itaya, K. Miura, DRYING OF GRANULAR MATERIALS IN AN INCLINED VIBRATED FLUIDIZED BED BY COMBINED RADIATIVE AND ONVECTIVE HEATING, Drying Technology, 9 (1991) 349-366. [28] M.-O. Coppens, J.R. van Ommen, Structuring chaotic fluidized beds, Chemical Engineering Journal, 96 (2003) 117-124. [29] A.A.H. Drinkenburg, Proceedings of the International Symposium on Fluidization, June 6-9, 1967, Eindhoven, Netherlands University Press, 1967. [30] G.V. L. Massimilla, G. Raso, A study on pulsating gas fluidization of beds of particles, in: Chemical Engineering Progress Symposium Series, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, 1966, pp. 63. [31] H.W. Wong, M.H.I. Baird, Fluidisation in a pulsed gas flow, The Chemical Engineering Journal, 2 (1971) 104-113. [32] X.S. Wang, M.J. Rhodes, Pulsed fluidization—a DEM study of a fascinating phenomenon, Powder Technology, 159 (2005) 142-149. [33] R. Gupta, A.S. Mujumdar, Aerodynamics of a vibrated fluid bed, The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering, 58 (1980) 332-338. [34] E.R.A. Eccles, A.S. Mujumdar, CYLINDER-TO-BED HEAT TRANSFER IN AERATED VIBRATED BEDS OF SMALL PARTICLES, Drying Technology, 10 (1992) 139-164. [35] W. Wagner, A. Pruss, International Equations for the Saturation Properties of Ordinary Water Substance. Revised According to the International Temperature Scale of 1990. Addendum to J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 16, 893 (1987), Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data, 22 (1993) 783-787. [36] B. Hao, H.T. Bi, Forced bed mass oscillations in gas–solid fluidized beds, Powder Technology, 149 (2005) 51-60. `V2 V3V4FL1 FL2VS1HighFlowBuildingAirTCR2HT1VibratorFilteredGasOutletV5V1 BallvalveV2,V3 NeedlevalveV4 SolenoidvalveV5 ThreeͲwayvalvePR1 PressureregulatorFL1FL2 RotameterVS1 SurgetankTC TemperaturecontrollerP1ͲP3 PressuretransducerT1ͲT3 TͲtypethermocoupleHT1 InlinegasheaterR1,R2 HumidityandtemperatureprobeV1PR1P1DAQR1T3T2T1P3P2123456CameraFigure 1. Schematic drawing of the vibrated fluidized bed with pulsed gas flow Figure 2. Particle Size Distribution of Bed Materials Figure 3. Pressure Fluctuations in PVFB at Various Pulsation Frequencies Figure 4. Typical Fluid Behavior of the Bed at Various Pulsation Frequencies, A1-A4 Pulsation frequency = 0.33Hz, B1-B4 1Hz, C1-C4 3Hz, D1-D4 6.67Hz Figure 5. Spectrum Analysis of Pressure Fluctuations at Various Pulsation Frequencies Figure 6. Standard Deviation of Pressure Fluctuation at Various Pulsation Frequencies Figure 7. Effect of Flow Rate on the Final Moisture Content of Douglas Fir Sawdust after 30 min of Drying Figure 8. Effect of Pulsation Frequency on the Final Moisture Content of Douglas Fir Sawdust after 30 min of Drying Figure 9. Effect of Vibration Intensity on Drying, Douglas Fir Sawdust under 1 Hz Pulsation Frequency Figure 10. Effect of Temperature on the Drying of Douglas Fir Sawdust at Various Pulsation Frequencies, U/Umf=1.25 Figure 11. Typical Drying Curves of Three Biomass Species (a) Drying Rate vs. Time (b) Bed Temperature vs. Time Figure 12. Schematic Drawing of the Pulsations at Different Frequencies and Flow Rates Table 1. Summary of Data Acquisition Device and Acquired Signals SignalName Sensor/Actuator DAQModel SamplingRatePressure PressureTransducer MCDASͲ08PCI 400HzTemperature TͲtypethermocouple NI9214incDAQͲ9171 20HzRelativehumiditywithtemperature Vaisalahumidityprobes NIUSBͲ6008 10HzDigitalControl SolenoidValve NIUSBͲ6009 100Hz Table 2. Basic Properties of Biomass Particles BiomassSpecies BulkDensity(xx%,d.b),kg/m3 TrueDensity,kg/m3 SauterDiameter,mm SphericityDouglasͲfir 164 1375 1.449 0.42Pine 139 1242 1.469 0.43Switchgrass 184 1446 0.755 0.65
UBC Faculty Research and Publications
Fluidization and Drying of Biomass Particles in a Pulsed Fluidized Bed with Vibration Jia, Dening; Cathary, Océane; Peng, Jianghong; Bi, Xiaotao; Lim, C. Jim; Sokhansanj, Shahab; Liu, Yuping; Wang, Ruixu; Tsutsumi, Atsushi, 1956- Oct 31, 2015
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Equus Compute Solutions Unveils High-Performance Video Surveillance Workstation
To 3D Print or Not to 3D Print? New Evaluation System Will Help Answer Manufacturing Industry Question
SME Recognizes Additive Manufacturing Vision, Ability and Leadership
The Dassault Systèmes U.S. Foundation Provides Grant to Base 11 to Develop Engineering Talent
Manufacturing analytics to enable analysis of machine vision data and database access
ShapeGrabber Launches Faster, More Accurate 3D Scanhead
Analog Devices' Single Chip, Multi-Protocol Switch Reduces Size and Power of Deterministic Ethernet for Intelligent Factory Applications
Materials bend as they "breathe" under high temperatures
Rapid Composites™ Presents Bullray™ VTOL/UAS at XPONENTIAL 2017 and SOFIC 2017
GE Additive Customers Secure $20 Million in Equipment Financing From GE Capital Since Q1 2017 Launch
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New Mentor FloTHERM XT release simulates complex geometries with ease, speed and accuracy
Valuechain Acquires Calibration Technology Business to Enhance Industry 4.0 Offering
SME Education Foundation Honors Manufacturing Students with More Than $620,000 in Scholarships
Walk This Way: 3D Printing Drives New Advancements in Foot Orthotics
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1-1 of 1 results for New Haven Transportation Equipmentnext prev
101 East 125th St
Harlem , NY 10027
MTA - Metro-North Railroad
The Metropolitan Transportation Authority is North America's largest transportation network, serving a population of 15.1 million people in the 5,000-square-mile area fanning out from New York City through Long... more
Additional listings from search results for 'Transportation Equipment':
1795 Boston Post Rd # A
Guilford, CT 06437
Guilford Sporting Goods
We now specialize in Custom Team and League Uniforms and supplies for all Sports Stop in and see how we can uniform your team from head to toe with are many different services we can offer, including on-line... more
1430 Boston Post Rd
Westbrook, CT 06498
The Stork Exchange
The Stork & Fashion Exchange is an upscale consignment store that has been voted "The Best Consignment Store" along the CT Shoreline for 2011, 2012 and 2013. You can expect to find better brands, excellent... more
10 Village Walk
Guliford, CT 06437
YOLO Laser Center & Med Spa
Why Yolo? Locally owned and operated by Medical Professionals Top of the line equipment to address all of your cosmetic needs Voted Best Med Spa Shorline Newspapers 2011 Readers Poll Voted Best Med Spa Shorline... more
61 Winthrop Rd
Chester, CT 06412
Chester Charter
Chester Air Charter serving the Northeast since 1958 with a fleet of 3 aircraft and 3 full time pilots. Chester Air Charter offers flight services as well as flight instruction. more
37 Riverview St.
Portland, CT 06480
J & S Marine Service
J&S Marine Service, located at 37 Riverview St in Portland on the Connecticut River, is your outboard and stern drive repair center for parts or advice on doing the job yourself. With 20 years in the marine... more
1529 Greenleaf
Bartlett, IL 60103
101 East 125th St
Harlem , NY 10027
MTA - Metro-North Railroad
The Metropolitan Transportation Authority is North America's largest transportation network, serving a population of 15.1 million people in the 5,000-square-mile area fanning out from New York City through Long... more
26 Channelside Dr
Old Saybrook, CT 06475
Lady Katharine Cruise Line
Lady Katharine Cruises was founded on a long standing tradition of appreciation and respect for the Connecticut River Valley and its rich history.Like Lady Katharine Cruises, "Mystique" has a proud background.... more
34 Riverside Drive
Clinton, CT 06413
Cedar Island Marina
Cedar Island Marina in Clinton, CT is "The Family Boating Resort". For yacht brokerage, see Peggy & George fr New England's finest selection of used boats. Buy new while prices are still low! more
400 Boston Post Rd
Old Saybrook, CT 06475
New England Power Equipment Inc
New England Power Equipment provides the latest and best in outdoor power equipment and service in Old Saybrook, Connecticut. We're happy to help you find either the perfect outdoor power equipment or the parts... more
1265 John Fitch Blvd
South Windsor, CT 06074
Better Air
Better Air professionals go above and beyond what is required in the air duct cleaning industry. Our certified and trained professionals provide HVAC system cleaning services that meet and exceed what is required... more
93 Glenwood Road
Clinton, CT 06413
50A King Spring Road Unit C PO Box 417
Windsor Locks, CT 06096
11 Business Park Drive
Branford, CT
2460 Dixwell Ave
Hamden, CT 06514
2514 Whitney Ave
Hamden, CT 06518
Generator Systems, LLC
Generator Systems, LLC manufactures electrical products in Hamden, CT. more
40 Long Hill Rd
Guilford, CT 06437
Clippers Long Hill
Clippers Long Hill is a boutique salon specializing in personal and individualized style for each client. Together our team promotes a culture of happiness for the stylist and the client. We are a CHEMICAL FREE... more
93 Glenwood Road
Clinton, CT 06413
Schumack Engineered Construction
Schumak Construction more
455 Boston Post Rd
Old Saybrook , CT 06475
Pop Weight Loss
It's our mission at Pop Weight Loss to show our clients how to incorporate proper nutrition and regular exercise into their daily lifestyle through individualized nutrition and behavior modification... more
61 Buttonball Rd
Old Lyme, CT 06371
Generators On Demand LLC
Generators On Demand: Problem Solved. The leaders in sales, service, renting, and leasing of generators throughout New England. more
Marvin Display Llc
Marvin Display Llc more
1999 Foxon Rd
North Branford, CT 06471
Dependable Heating & Cooling
Dependable Heating and Cooling, full service heating and cooling contractors, low cost oil, furnace, air conditioning cleaning and installations, 24 hour burner service. more
400 Saybrook Rd # 110
Middletown, CT 06457
Shoreline Surgical Associates
Shoreline Surgical Associates Angio Center is a medical specialist in Middletown, Connecticut. The SSA Angio Center specializes in the minimally-invasive treatment of peripheral vascular disease. Our... more


text:
Firebreather by Macklemore
Feat. Reignwolf
Released : 2017
Genre : Hip Hop
Got a Guns N Roses t-shirt, and never listened to the band
Just being honest, I just though that shit looked cool
Hold up, do you know who I am?
Turn the block to Woodstock
Retire? Don't think that I could stop
Jet-ski the way I ride the beat
[?] I'ma die knowing that I did me
I got some words and I cannot let them die in me
This is arena status
Our bones end up in the ground, does it even matter?
Make some good music, get what you put in
Get out and go and leave the planet
Now what the hell did you think this is?
We born worth dying, in-between we live
Love, prosper, hands to the sky, catch a gospel
Roll the dice, nah, I ain't betting on tomorrow
Chain looking like Orion's belt
Jacket looking something like a lion pelt
Had to take a break and find myself
They put me in a box by myself
The same writers criticizing my rhymes
Are the same writers that I gentrify in Bed-Stuy
I can't even see the hate, I should probably check my eyes
I got 50,000 phones pointed at me in the sky
Between a rock and a hard place
Cold blunted with a stone face
Fire breather, fire breather
Born under a blood moon
But the sun is coming up soon
Fire breather, firebreather
Fire, fire, fire, fire, fire
Fire breather, fire breather
Fire, fire, fire, fire, fire
Fire breather, fire breather
What the fuck you think I'm doing it for?
Hungry like it's my rookie year, and I'm new to the sport
The game is tied up, they looking at you in the fourth
Do you take the shot or pass it, this is ten-thousand hours
And I'm working on my Master's, liabilities, and assets
And I'm showing up to practice, shooting early, getting baskets
There's no [?] to my style, I'm just a freckle-faced fuck
The animal in the jungle, running, hunting with the habit (Woo)
Abracadabra that [?] was magic
[?] want it, Madonna is on me dancing
I'm sorry mama, I got it, I know I should mind my manners
I'd probably go double-platinum if I could think of an ad-lib
I'm jazz Prince, I rap a lot
I grew up on Scarface, now Brad's my dog (Woo)
Irish goodbye, sayonara and we mobbing
Put the nail in the coffine, motherfucker, I'm on one
Between a rock and a hard place
Cold blunted with a stone face
Fire breather, fire breather
Born under a blood moon
But the sun is coming up soon
Fire breather, firebreather
Fire, fire, fire, fire, fire
Fire breather, fire breather
Fire, fire, fire, fire, fire
Fire breather, yeah, fire breather
Macklemore Lyrics
● Gemini (Album 2017)
1. Ain't Gonna Die Tonight
2. Glorious
3. Marmalade
4. Willy Wonka
5. Intentions
6. Good Old Days
7. Levitate
8. Firebreather
9. How To Play the Flute
10. Ten Million
11. Over It
12. Zara
13. Corner Store
14. Miracle
15. Church
16. Excavate
○ Listen to "Macklemore" Songs
● "Same Love "
[ Quotable ]
If I was gay, I would think hip-hop hates me
Have you read the YouTube comments lately?
"Man, that's gay" gets dropped on the daily
We've become so numb to what we're sayin'
Our culture founded from oppression
Yet we don't have acceptance for 'em
Call each other faggots behind the keys of a message board


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text:
I never would have thought that I'd be blogging from work. But hey, it aint a blocked site. I've done my task and this is my free time.
From my two weeks of being a trainee in this company, I have come to the conclusion that I am, as they say a fly on the wall; you know it's there but you just don't give much attention to it. I have no problem being just the fly on the wall, at least I get to observe everyone from where I am. However, it turns out I am in the wrong wall after all. I don't belong.
After all, those doubts and frustrations I had, long before I started being a trainee in this company were right. This isn't what I want to do in the long run. The people around me are aiming for excellence and perfection, and here I am literally seated nearest to a wall just satisfied with mediocre results. And from an outsider's point of view, my case is pretty much an alarming situation. No? HECK, I EVEN GOT THIS TIME TO BLOG! WAZZAP!
So what am I doing this for, really? I've read somewhere from ThoughtCatalog that midlife crisis is quite the common trend– that is to get a job, find his own place, be successful in the shortest possible time, satisfy parents with a success they can be proud of, and all of those other stuff. Right on the bullseye, midlife crisis it is. But really, I don't have an idea what I would do if I quit what I have now, so again I'll have to put up with it while I can.
Or maybe it's the thought of getting paid for whatever non-existent "special skill" that I have that's forcing me to wake up early in the morning just to be punctual. Boy, I have never been late (so far), and that's something the old me would never have achieved in the million years if he were just out there. And speaking of being just out there, I sure do miss the joys of being funemployed– just lazy days and oversleeping and lots of oversleeping.
Oh geez, I have gotten myself into this haywire and there are legal papers to prove that (eyerolls), so I'll just have to make it happen.
I'm just the curbside prophet and I can't put my hands in my pocket because that is a violation. (Yes, that's a violation in this office)


text:
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Elvin Morton "Bunky" Jellinek (15 August 1890 – 22 October 1963), E. Morton Jellinek, or most often, E. M. Jellinek, was a biostatistician, physiologist, and an alcoholism researcher. He was born in New York City and died at the desk of his study at Stanford University on 22 October 1963. He was fluent in nine languages and could communicate in four others. Addiction researcher Griffith Edwards holds that, in his opinion, Jellinek's The Disease Concept of Alcoholism was a work of outstanding scholarship based on a careful consideration of the available evidence.[1]
Jellinek studied biostatistics and physiology at the University of Berlin from 1908 to 1910. He then studied philosophy, philology, anthropology, and theology for two years at the Joseph Fourier University in Grenoble. He was also enrolled, apparently concurrently, at the University of Leipzig from 25 November 1911 to 29 July 1913, and from 22 November 1913 to 2 December 1914 for classes in languages, linguistics and cultural history.[2]
During the 1920s, he conducted research in Sierra Leone and at Tela, Honduras. In the 1930s he returned to the U.S.A. and worked at the Worcester State Hospital, Worcester, Massachusetts, from whence he was commissioned to conduct a study for the Research Council on Problems of Alcohol. The eventual outcome of his study was the 1942 book, Alcohol Addiction and Chronic Alcoholism.
From 1941 to 1952, he was Associate Professor of Applied Physiology at Yale University. In 1941 he was managing editor of the newly established Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol (now the Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs).[3] In 1952 he was engaged by the World Health Organization in Geneva as a consultant on alcoholism, and made significant contributions to the work of the alcoholism sub-committee of the W.H.O.'s Expert Committee on Mental Health.
Upon his retirement from the W.H.O. in the late 1950s, he returned to the USA. In 1958 he joined the Psychiatry Schools of both the University of Toronto and the University of Alberta, and in 1962, he moved to Stanford University in California, where he remained until his death.[4]
In 1849, the Swedish Physician Magnus Huss (1807–1890)[5] was the first to systematically classify the damage that was attributable to alcohol ingestion. Huss coined the term alcoholism and used it to label what he considered to be a chronic, relapsing disease.[6]
Jellinek coined the expression "the disease concept of alcoholism",[7] and significantly accelerated the movement towards the medicalization of drunkenness and alcohol habituation.
Jellinek's initial 1946 study was funded by Marty Mann[8] and R. Brinkley Smithers[9] (Falcone, 2003). It was based on a narrow, selective study of a hand-picked group of members of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) who had returned a self-reporting questionnaire.[10] Valverde opines that a biostatistician of Jellinek's eminence would have been only too well aware of the "unscientific status" of the "dubiously scientific data that had been collected by AA members".[11]
In his 1960 book he identified five different types of alcoholism, and defined them in terms of their abnormal physiological processes:
The "Jellinek curve"[14] is derived from this classification of Jellinek, and it was named out of respect for Jellinek's work.[15] Jellinek later completely dissociated himself from this chart's representations; however it is still known as the "Jellinek curve".
In post-war 1946, pharmaceutical chemicals were in short supply. A headache remedy manufacturer found that supplies of one of its remedy's three constituent chemicals was running out.
They asked Jellinek, then at Yale, to test whether the absence of that particular chemical would affect the drug's efficacy in any way. Jellinek set up a complex trial – with 199 subjects, divided randomly into four test groups – involving various permutations of the three drug constituents, with a placebo as a scientific control. Each group took a test remedy for two weeks. The trial lasted eight weeks, by the end of which each group had taken each test drugs, albeit in a different sequence. Over the entire population of 199 subjects, 120 of the subjects responded to the placebo, and 79 did not. The trial demonstrated that the chemical in question significantly contributed to the remedy's efficacy.
In the process of examining the data produced by his trial, Jellinek discovered that there was a significant difference in responses to the active chemicals between the 120 who had responded to the placebo and the 79 who did not. He (1946, p. 90) described the former group as being "reactors to placebo", and this seems to be the first time that anyone had spoken of either "placebo reactions" or "placebo responses".[16]


text:
Move over, Kepler-186f! A new exoplanet has stolen the spotlight! Dubbed the "Mega-Earth," Kepler-10c is a rocky planet similar to Earth but 17 times more massive. The finding was presented in a press conference today at the 224th meeting of the American Astronomical Society. Dimitar Sasselov, director of the Harvard Origins of Life Initiative, in a written statement said, "This is the Godzilla of Earths!"
Kepler-10c was discovered in 2011 by NASA's Kepler Space Telescope. Kepler finds planets by using the transit method, which involves looking for stars that dim when planets pass in front of them. By measuring the amount of dimming, astronomers can calculate the planet's physical size or diameter. Kepler, however, is unable to determine a planet's mass or composition.
Scientists at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics in Cambridge, Massachusetts have now pinned down the mass of Kepler-10c, which is 17 times that of the Earth. The exoplanet orbits a sunlike star that is about 560 light years away from Earth in the constellation Draco. Its sister planet, Kepler-10b, was the first rocky planet found beyond the solar system and has a remarkably fast, 20-hour orbit around its star.
Computer models predicted that the atmospheres of such massive planets would resemble those of Jupiter, Neptune, and other gas giants because these types of planets would have enough gravity to collect vast amounts of hydrogen and helium. However, upon closer inspection, Kepler-10c has been found to be a rocky planet. "Kepler-10c is a big problem for the theory," Sasselov told Discovery News.
So why exactly is Kepler-10c a terrestrial planet rather than a gas giant? This amateur scientist took to Twitter to find out!
Recent research conducted by astronomer Lars A. Buchhave (also presenting at AAS) and published in Nature proposes a correlation between the period of a planet (the length of time it takes to orbit its star) and the size at which a planet transitions from rocky to gaseous. This finding suggests that more mega-Earths will be found as astronomers extend their data to longer-period orbits. Additionally, Buchave's data shows that the farther a planet is from its star, the larger it can grow before accumulating a thick atmosphere and turning into a gas dwarf. Kepler-10c orbits its host star every forty-five days at a quarter of the average distance between the Sun and Earth, both of which may contribute to its unique size and composition. Furthermore, since a star and its planets form from the same disk of material, the metallicity, or metal content, of a star reflects the composition of its planets. Buchave explains,
"It seems that there is a 'sweet spot' of metallicity to get Earth-size planets, and it's about the same as the Sun. That makes sense because at lower metallicities you have fewer of the building blocks for planets, and at higher metallicities you tend to make gas giants instead."
The discovery of Kepler-10c also has profound implications for the history of the universe and the search for extraterrestrial life. The Kepler-10 system is about 11 billion years old, which means it formed less than 3 billion years after the Big Bang. The early universe only contained hydrogen and helium. Heavier elements needed to make rocky planets, like silicon and iron, had to be created in the first generations of stars. When those stars exploded, they scattered these crucial ingredients through space, which then could be incorporated into later generations of stars and planets.
This process was predicted to have taken billions of years. However, Kepler-10c shows that the universe was able to form such huge rocks even during the time when heavy elements were scarce. Therefore, very old star systems should not be dismissed in the search for habitable planets. Sasselov says,
"Finding Kepler-10c tells us that rocky planets could form much earlier than we thought. And if you can make rocks, you can make life."


text:
It is be.come.in.g clearer as we shift from Emotion.DNA of this month to the Physical.Destiny or the Perceptions we've held on to for too long… are going to be re.structured… for the purpose of making space for THY Presence energies to be.come the natural choice. This is a clear indication that Love is re.turn.in.g and…Read more Physical.Destiny of Perspectives and Perceptions
Activate Love with Imagination Wisdom
Our Emotions, when in LOVE are the most beautiful gift we for-give ourselves and others. Today Emotions are at their happiest in the Internal Kingdom, healed in Faith and now presented to LOVE and BE-LOVE … we are called to Love Emotion with Imagination, that's Wisdom! When Wisdom receives healed Emotions, Confidence is at HIS…Read more Activate Love with Imagination Wisdom
Practice Gratitude is Us with Forgiveness Imagination
Practice Gratitude is Us… is an internal job. We on the planet have been taught to focus on Eternal Light, Imagination, Forgiveness, Power, Faith, Love & Gratitude in the EXTERNAL. The KnewEarth begins with the INTERNAL, our Internal and Eternal Self. Vibrations are the DNA, therefore, with the energy shifts, unions, expansions, twin soul, twin…Read more Practice Gratitude is Us with Forgiveness Imagination


text:
Lisa Marie Cannon Mini Bio
Medical student Lisa Marie Cannon currently resides in California, where she is completing her medical degree. She is the sole owner and administrator of this health and fitness website. She hopes to become a pediatrician someday. To learn more about her, please continue on below.
Ever since I can remember, I've always wanted to be a doctor. When I was a little girl, my dolls were my beloved patients. I would pretend they were sick and I was their doctor. I was careful not to hurt them in any way as I checked them and gave them injections and such.
Whenever my mom or dad got the flu, I would be their nurse and doctor; bringing them their medicine and ordering them to stay in bed until they have fully recovered. It was always that way with me. I never wanted to be anything else.
Now that I'm away from home, my corgi pup is my constant companion—and willing patient whenever he got sick.
My life isn't all about medical school though. I know how important it is to spend time on me too so I make it a point to do things outside of school. I'm a movie buff so whenever my schedule (and budget) permits, I hit the theaters to watch what's currently playing. Back home, watching films on DVDs was fine but when I went to medical school, I made a conscious effort to watch movies in cinemas only—to separate my work space from my leisure space.
Here's another thing about me that surprises a lot of people: I'm a comic book nerd! I love all the classics: Spider-Man, Hulk, the X-Men, and Fantastic Four. My favorite of all is Spider-Man; his was the only comic book collection I brought with me to medical school.
I like traveling, too! Before I went to medical school, I used to travel a lot with my folks but lately, I haven't been able to do so because of my hectic schedule. I don't mind it all though because I'm working towards a very important title: Lisa Marie Cannon, MD.


text:
Tải bản đầy đủ
Ngoại Ngữ
Anh ngữ phổ thông
Unit 7 bài tập tiếng anh 8 đại lợi hằng nguyễn
Chào các bạn, hiện nay nhằm hỗ trợ cho việc giảng dạy và dễ dàng soạn bài giảng và in ấn, nên
mình đã đánh WORD (không phải file PDF) của các sách:
Bài tập Tiếng Anh 6 (Lưu Hoằng Trí)
Bài tập Tiếng Anh 6 (Vũ Thị Phượng)
Bài tập Tiếng Anh 7 (Lưu Hoằng Trí)
Bài tập Tiếng Anh 8 (Lưu Hoằng Trí)
Bài tập Tiếng Anh 8 (Đại Lợi – Hằng Nguyễn)
Bài tập Tiếng Anh 9 (Thí điểm – Lưu Hoằng Trí)
Bài tập Tiếng Anh 10 (Vũ Thị Phượng)
Giá của mỗi quyển là 50.000 đồng. Hi vọng các bạn ủng hộ để mình có thêm động lực
cho ra đời các bản word khác nữa nhé. Ngoài ra mình còn nhận đánh word các sách theo yêu cầu
của mỗi cá nhân nữa nhé.
Mọi thông tin liên hệ:
Gmail: firstname.lastname@example.com
Cảm ơn các bạn đã đọc. Mình xin tặng Unit 7 - Bài tập Tiếng Anh 8 (Đại Lợi – Hằng Nguyễn)
1. Put the stress of these words.
Example: eco'nomic
1. aquatic
6. logic
2. mechanic
7. identical
3. mechanical
8. public
4. scientific
9. Plastic
5. magical
10. political
11. politic
12. electrical
13. romantic
14. lyrical
15. authentic
2. Find the words that has different stress pattern in each line.
1. A. dramatic
B. rhythmic
C. angelic
2. A. affect
B. algae
C. billboard
3. A. political
B. electrical
C. identical
4. A. aquatic
B. radiation
C. pollution
5. A. industry
B. industrial
C. poison
D. romantic
D. cholera
D. politic
D. logical
D. poisonous
1. Name each type of pollution with its relevant words/phrases.
1. too much use of electric lights
2. caused by the smoke and harmful gases from vehicles and factories
3. The noise which is harmful to humans and animals. This includes the sound of
vehicles, loud speaker …
4. telephone towers, power lines, advertising billboards
5. radiation, land, air, water
6. lakes, rivers, oceans, groundwater, contamination
7. The water temperature in stream, rivers, lakes, or oceans change
8. Earth's surface, destroy, pesticides
2. Complete the table with appropriate verbs, nouns and adjectives.
to edit
editing/ edited
to annoy
to instruct
to interest
to choose
to heat
3. Complete the sentences, using the correct form of the words in brackets.
1. Walking alone late at night can be (danger)
2. The latest (edit)
of this book contains many illustrative pictures.
3. Her younger sister can be (annoy)
when she behaves haughtily.
4. You must read the (instruct)
carefully before you use the new oven.
5. We were taken aback at the (drama)
changes in our village; each home owns a computer
6. It is always (interest)
to watch the cubs at play.
7. My mother advised me to be careful in my (choose)
of friends.
8. The (hot)
makes everybody very drowsy during the lesson in class.
9. The couple came here at the special (invite)
of the prime minister.
10. Please (low)
the volume of your voice. I can even hear you from next door.
4. Choose the correct answers.
1. Many species of wildlife are becoming extinct,
the rainforests are being destroyed.
A. therefore
B. since
C. consequently
D. so
2. Hemp can be used to make paper,
it could reduce the need for logging.
A. consequently
B. due to
C. so
D. since
logging provides jobs and profits, the government is reluctant to control it.
A. so
B. Consequently
C. Since
D. Due to
4. Hemp was grown throughout history
its versatility; it can be used to make many different things.
A. due to
B. because
C. since
D. as a result
5. Hemp is related to the marijuana plant;
it is illegal in many countries.
A. so
B. due to
C. as a result
D. because
6. The polluted chemical waste was dumped into the ocean;
, the mass of fish died.
A. because
B. as
C. because of
D. consequently
7. It was guessed that the fish died
a powerful toxin in the sea water.
A. because of
B. because
C. since
D. as a result
8. Many species in BC are threatened
A. so
B. because
C. since
D. due to
9. Smoking can
heart disease.
A. lead to
B. create
C. causes
D. due to
10. Radioactive pollution is increasing
the increased use of radioactivity.
A. as
B. since
C. because of
D. because
5. Combine the sentences in each pair into a new sentence that shows a cause/ effect relationship.
Use cause and effect signal word or phrase given in brackets.
1. One effect of global warming is that sea levels are rising. The polar icecaps are melting. (because)
2. The global population has increased. There are much better levels of nutrition. (because of)
3. Nuclear explosions and detonations of nuclear weapons cause radioactive pollution. (lead to)
4. More and more roads are being built. Air pollution is rising. (as a consequence)
5. In the last ten years, many BC valleys have been clearcut. 142 species of salmon have become
extinct. (so)
6. The fish and other aquatic animals have died. The water is polluted. (due to)
6. Put in the correct prepositions in the blanks.
It is now almost certain that global warming has been directly caused (1)
man's use of
fossil fuels. This has led (2) an international debate about what we should do to reduce the negative
effects (3)
our actions and how we can make the planet safe for our children to live in. One
consequence (4)
this debate has been to improve the level of "green" education in schools and this
should result (5)
greater awareness of this difficult issue in the long term. However, in the short term
there still remains much to be done. The reason (6) this is that we need to address causes (7)
immediate problem.
7. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form of conditional sentence type 1.
1. If people (pollute)
the environment, a lot of animals (die)
2. If water (consist)
germs, people (get)
3. If the poles (melt)
, huge landmasses (be)
under water.
4. Many precious animals (disappear)
, if people (cut down)
5. If nuclear waste (throw)
away, it (be)
very dangerous.
6. If the emission of CO2 (continue)
at high rate, the climate (destroy)
7. We (save)
the trees If we (save)
8. If schools (teach)
about environmental problems, All students (know)
how to protect the environment.
9. If more people (travel)
by bike or bus, we (not have)
traffic jam.
10. If the government (fine)
heavily to the factories, they (not dump)
sewage into the ocean.
8. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form of conditional sentence type 2.
1. If I (be)
the president, I (pass)
harder regulations for using fertilizers in
2. If I (be)
you, I (not eat)
that genetically modified potatoes.
3. If big corporations (care)
more about the environment and less about their own pockets, the
pollution from factories (not increase)
so fast.
4. He (sort)
his trash, if he (be)
5. If the seas (pollute)
, maybe the population of whales (recover)
6. If I (not throw)
this can of Coke into the bushes, I (not know)
that Coke is poison for wild animals.
7. If the factories (not dump)
untreated waste into the ocean, fish (die)
8. What (do)
you if you (be)
9. If the air (not be)
dirty, the breathing problems (reduce)
10. If I (own)
a lonely island, I (build)
a huge house by the beach.
9. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form.
1. If you (send)
this letter now, she (receive)
it tomorrow.
2. Kate (go)
shopping if she (have)
time in the afternoon.
3. She (spend)
a year in the USA if it (be)
easier to get a green card.
4. If her boyfriend (phone/ not)
today, she (leave) him.
5. If you (go)
by bike more often, you (be/ not) so flabby.
6. If he (have)
more time, he (earn)
7. He (not buy)
so much clothes if he (not have)
8. If I (play)
the lottery yesterday, I (have) a chance to hit the jackpot.
9. If I (be) )
rich, my life (change)
10. I (invite) )
all my friends if I (have) )
a house by the beach.
10. Write conditional sentences type I or II for these situation.
l. People eat dirty food. They can be cancer.
2. A factory directly discharges a large volume of waste water into the Thi Vai River. The river is
3. Farmers use polluted water to water their plants. People eat these plants, they become sick with
diseases such as diarrhea, bacterial inflections even cancer.
4. Thermal pollution takes place. The water temperature in streams, rivers, lakes and oceans will
increase or decrease suddenly.
5. People live in radioactive pollution area. They can be skin cancer.
1. Work with partner and think about the effects of these situations.
1. What will happen if we breathe in toxic smoke?
2. What will happen if we dump rubbish into the sea? .
3. What will happen if we live near heavy traffic.
4. What will happen if the government can't think of any methods to solve the pollution problems?
2. Talk about this topic:
A river near your neighborhood is polluted seriously. Discuss with your friend and find out the
solutions to solve this problem.
Hint: You should find out the pollutants cause the river polluted then solve the causes
1. Read the text then choose the best answer.
In recent years the problem of environmental pollution has become a serious problem in big cities in our
country. So, what are reasons and possible measures for this problem?
Nowadays, we are living in a city with high population density, so domestic waste is the first reason.
Then many people's social consciousness is not high. In several areas, they throw rubbish on streets, canals
and rivers. It is easy for us to see rubbish of all kinds floating on the water. Moreover, uncultured people
even pee in the public place.
Now, let's come to other reasons. Our city is overloaded with vehicles that expel a lot of smoke and dust.
This contributes to the heat of the air, and causes pollution.
Besides that, in several places, trees have been cut down to have room for buildings, hotels, or
supermarkets. This makes the atmosphere in our city mug and stuffy.
New words:
muggy (adi) nồm ẩm, oi bức
stuffy (adi) ngột ngạt
1. What is not the reasons of environmental pollution?
A. high population density
B. smoke and dust from vehicles
C. domestic waste
D. the new drainage system
2. What is the first reason of environmental pollution?
A. domestic waste
B. smoke and dust from vehicles
C. population density
D. rubbish on streets
3. What is the synonym of the word "consciousness"?
A. awareness
B. unculture
C. unconsciousness
D. awakeness
4. Why vehicles cause air pollution?
A. Vehicles make the atmosphere in our city muggy and stuffy.
B. Because they expel a lot of smoke and dust.
C. Because they consume too much gasoline.
D. Because many people use motorbikes and cars nowadays.
5. How is the drain system in our city?
A. It's very modern.
B. It's downgrade.
C. It is new.
D. It is very old and downgrade
2. Read the text then decide these sentences are true or false.
Climate change
Climate change, also called global warming, refers to the rise in average surface temperatures on
Earth. An overwhelming scientific consensus maintains that climate change is due primarily to the
human use of fossil fuels, which releases carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the air. The
gases trap heat within the atmosphere, which can have a range of effects on ecosystems, including rising
sea levels, severe weather events, and droughts that render landscapes more susceptible to wildfires.
The green house effect
While other planets in Earth's solar system are either scorching hot or bitterly old, Earth's surface has
relatively mild, stable temperatures. Earth enjoys these temperatures because of its atmosphere, which is
the thin layer of gases that cloak and protect the planet. However, 97 percent of climate scientists agree
that humans have changed Earth's atmosphere in dramatic ways over the past two centuries, resulting in
global warming
The exchange of incoming and outgoing radiation that warms the Earth is often referred to as the
greenhouse effect because a greenhouse works in much the same way. Incoming UV radiation easily
passes through the glass walls of a greenhouse and is absorbed by the plants and hard surfaces inside.
Weaker IR radiation, however, has difficulty passing through the glass walls and is trapped inside, thus
warming the greenhouse. This effect lets tropical plants thrive inside a greenhouse, even during a cold
Consequences of global warming o
There are two major effects of global warming: the increase of temperature on the earth by about 3 0
to 50C (5.40 to 90 Fahrenheit) by the year 2100 are Rise of sea levels by at least 25 meters (82 feet) by
the year 2100. Other consequences are listed below:
Sea levels are rising due to thermal expansion of the ocean, in addition to melting of land ice.
Amounts and patterns of precipitation are changing.
The total annual power of hurricanes has already increased markedly since 1975 because their
average intensity and average duration have increased.
Changes in temperature and precipitation patterns increase the frequency, duration, and intensity
of other extreme weather events, such as floods, droughts heat waves, and tornadoes.
Higher or lower agricultural yields, further glacial retreat, reduced summer stream flows, species
Diseases like malaria are returning into areas where they have been extinguished earlier
Sources: Wikipedia | Time for change
Circle the correct answers.
l. Climate change is the rise in average surface temperatures on Earth.
a. true
b. false
2. Climate change observed in the last decades is natural.
a. true
b. false
3. Fossil fuels are burnt which releases carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the air.
a. true
b. false
4. Greenhouse effects have no impacts on our health.
a. true.
b. false
5. Earth's surface has relatively mild, stable temperatures while the others are not.
a. true
b. false.
6. UV radiation and IR radiation easily passes through the glass walls of a greenhouse and is trapped
inside causing greenhouse effect.
a. true
b. false
7. Sea levels are rising because of ice melt and thermal pollution.
a. true
b. false.
8. Global warming causes the increase of temperature on the earth and the rise of sea levels.
a. true
b. false
9. Humans have changed Earth's atmosphere in dramatic ways over the past twenty centuries.
a. true
b. false
10. Global warming can cause some diseases like malaria.
a. true
b. false
1. Underline the cause a highlight its effect in each of the following sentences.
1. Her computer stopped working due to a virus.
2. Environmental pollution mainly affects animal by causing harm to their living environment, making
it toxic for them to live.
3. The water is polluted, so the fish are dead.
4. As for animals, plants, and especially trees, can be destroyed by acid rains.
5. She set fire to the curtain first before the whole house burnt down.
6. Human activities have a negative effect on the ecosystem, destroying crucial layers of it and causing
an even more negative effect on the upper layers.
7. We can't see the stars at night because of too much light.
8. The fumes from motorbike, cars make people cough.
2. Work with partner, discuss the causes and effects of air pollution.
1. exhausted gases from vehicles
l. breathing problems
- ......................................................
- ......................................................
- ......................................................
- ......................................................
3. From the outline, write a paragraph from 80 to 100 words about causes or effects of air
Your writing:
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text:
This collection includes several life sciences and physical sciences titles that may be of interest to chemists – check out the full list!
The Journals Coordination Scheme of the University of Cambridge is delighted to announce a new subscription to the Oxford University Press Nesli2 Full Collection of online journals. With the exception of just a few titles published by OUP on behalf of scholarly societies that fall outside the Nesli2 collection, the University of Cambridge now has access online on and off campus to the majority of journals published by OUP. For a long while the seamless access to OUP's journals has been an obvious gap in our online collections, so it is a significant step forward for this access to be available now.
A full list of the titles in the collection is available here and all titles are included in the ejournals@cambridge A-Z and all articles from the journals can be searched in LibrarySearch+. MARC records for the journal titles will be included in Newton, LibrarySearch and LibrarySearch+ from the…
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