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Senate Holds Confirmation Hearing For Trump's Religious Ambassador Nominee
Senate Holds Confirmation Hearing For Trump's Religious Ambassador Nominee
President Trump nominated Kansas Gov. Sam Brownback to be ambassador at large for international religious freedom. Brownback is a Christian conservative, but says he would advocate for all faiths.
Religious freedom worldwide has long been a bipartisan cause. Some Democrats, though, are not comfortable with President Trump's choice to represent that cause, Kansas Governor Sam Brownback. NPR's Tom Gjelten reports.
TOM GJELTEN, BYLINE: Sam Brownback is in many ways an ideal choice to be the lead U.S. diplomat on religious freedom issues. As a U.S. senator, he worked with Democrats to enact the law creating the ambassador position. And in his opening statement before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, he laid out a forceful summary of what a religious freedom ambassador should tell people.
SAM BROWNBACK: This is a fundamental right that you have - to do with your own soul what you choose. This is your right. You need to be able to do it without interference by government or groups. This is a right that we will stand up and defend wherever you are, whoever you are, whatever you believe or no belief at all. We will stand for you.
GJELTEN: The challenge for Brownback is that as a conservative governor, he has taken some religious positions that, to his critics, have compromised his commitment to human rights. He signed a bill that barred courts from considering Islamic law, disregarding objections that it was anti-Muslim. He issued an executive order rescinding some LGBT rights. Brownback is also a fierce opponent of abortion. New Hampshire Democrat Jeanne Shaheen wondered whether Brownback could see a religious freedom argument being used to justify anti-abortion measures.
JEANNE SHAHEEN: How do you address that for women who have been denied access to health care, women who are victims of rape and incest who are not able to access abortion services? Why is that OK in the name of religious freedom for certain individuals?
GJELTEN: Brownback said that as ambassador, he would stay focused internationally on those challenges to religious freedom that liberals and conservatives alike see as worrisome.
BROWNBACK: This one is so critical and difficult as it is without trying to venture into the difficult abortion debate or other debates domestically and to focus this on international in the places that we agree upon.
GJELTEN: Brownback's hearing was relatively short, and there's no indication his confirmation is in danger. Tom Gjelten, NPR News, Washington.
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Environmental Impacts of Cellulosic Feedstock Production: A Case Study of a Cornbelt Aquifer
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Other versions of this item:
- Moon, Jin-Young & Apland, Jeffrey & Folle, Solomon & Mulla, David, 2014. "Environmental Impacts of Cellulosic Feedstock Production: A Case Study of a Cornbelt Aquifer," Staff Papers 164139, University of Minnesota, Department of Applied Economics.
References listed on IDEAS
- Rabotyagov, Sergey S. & Campbell, Todd & Jha, Manoj & Gassman, Philip W. & Arnold, Jeffrey G. & Kurkalova, Lyubov A. & Secchi, Silvia & Feng, Hongli & Kling, Catherine L., 2010. "Least Cost Control of Agricultural Nutrient Contributions to the Gulf of Mexico Hypoxic Zone," Staff General Research Papers Archive 31319, Iowa State University, Department of Economics.
- Spreen, Thomas H., 2006.
"Price Endogenous Mathematical Programming Models and Trade Analysis,"
Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics,
Southern Agricultural Economics Association, vol. 38(02), August.
- Spreen, Thomas H., 2006. "Price Endogenous Mathematical Programming Models and Trade Analysis," Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics, Cambridge University Press, vol. 38(02), pages 249-253, August.
- Egbendewe-Mondzozo, Aklesso & Swinton, Scott M. & Izaurralde, R. Cesar & Manowitz, David H. & Zhang, Xuesong, 2010. "Biomass Supply from Alternative Cellulosic Crops and Crop Residues: A Preliminary Spatial Bioeconomic Modeling Approach," Staff Papers 98277, Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics.
- Xiaoguang Chen & Hayri Önal, 2012. "Modeling Agricultural Supply Response Using Mathematical Programming and Crop Mixes," American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, vol. 94(3), pages 674-686.
- Smith, David J. & Schulman, Candi & Current, Dean & Easter, K. William, 2011. "Willingness of Agricultural Landowners to Supply Perennial Energy Crops," 2011 Annual Meeting, July 24-26, 2011, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 103930, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association.
- Secchi, Silvia & Gassman, Philip W. & Jha, Manoj K. & Kurkalova, Lyubov A. & Kling, Catherine L., 2008. "The Water Quality Effects of Corn Ethanol vs Switchgrass Based Biofuels in the Midwest," Environmental and Rural Development Impacts Conference, October 15-16, 2008, St. Louis, Missouri 53498, Farm Foundation, Transition to a Bio Economy Conferences.
- Ribaudo, Marc & Delgado, Jorge & Hansen, LeRoy T. & Livingston, Michael J. & Mosheim, Roberto & Williamson, James M., 2011. "Nitrogen in Agricultural Systems: Implications for Conservation Policy," Economic Research Report 118022, United States Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service.
- Malcolm, Scott A., 2008. "Weaning Off Corn: Crop Residues and the Transition to Cellulosic Ethanol," Environmental and Rural Development Impacts Conference, October 15-16, 2008, St. Louis, Missouri 53500, Farm Foundation, Transition to a Bio Economy Conferences.
- J.B. (Hans) Opschoor, 2009. "Sustainability," Chapters,in: Handbook of Economics and Ethics, chapter 69 Edward Elgar Publishing.
- Ribaudo, Marc O. & Heimlich, Ralph & Claassen, Roger & Peters, Mark, 2001. "Least-cost management of nonpoint source pollution: source reduction versus interception strategies for controlling nitrogen loss in the Mississippi Basin," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 37(2), pages 183-197, May.
More about this item
KeywordsCrop Production/Industries; Environmental Economics and Policy; Land Economics/Use; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy;
NEP fieldsThis paper has been announced in the following NEP Reports:
- NEP-AGR-2012-06-25 (Agricultural Economics)
- NEP-ALL-2012-06-25 (All new papers)
- NEP-ENV-2012-06-25 (Environmental Economics)
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Home > Current Events > looking for Ryan Ellsworth
looking for Ryan Ellsworth
August 16, 2011 Leave a comment Go to comments
I'm looking for Ryan Ellsworth, former assistant pastor at Calvary Santa Fe. I have heard that he has started a new church in the Santa Fe/Albuquerque area, but I've had no luck finding any clues as to where it is or when it meets. Any information appreciated, etc.
Categories: Current Events
August 25, 2011 at 5:02 pm
You are so concerned with the business of every othe church in the area – might I ask where you attend?
September 18, 2011 at 8:15 am
He is currently the Pastor of City of Faith Christian Fellowship. http://www.cityoffaithsf.org/


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First Ruby code
January 3, 2006 at 10:07 pm Leave a comment
Ok, I cannot do much with Ruby now, so I've decided just to run ruby.exe and play with it for a bit. There were a couple of methods I learned from the interactive tutorial I did, and just for fun I entered this:
k = [1, 10, 5]
I have to say, this is really cool. (If you did not finish the tutorial – first line defines the array, second line presents a sorted array, third presents a sorted and reversed array, the last – an array converted to a string). As Ruby is an object-oriented language, everything is done using methods, and this is the most intuitive implementation of methods I have ever seen.
An ability to get the instant response to your line of code is also something that I missed with PHP, when I would spend several minutes to find stupid errors, when if I had an instant console, I would be able to catch them much easier.
Now I need to read up on Ruby methods and will probably take some time watching video presentations of Ruby on Rails.
Entry filed under: Uncategorized.
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The Absurd Times Obama Announces Fourth Reich
Obama Announces Fourth Reich
I honestly do not know how to take Obama's remarks to the General Assembly, so I'll play a bit first.
See, I did not see his speech nor hear it. I did hear the one from Brazil where she simply tore into the United States for subverting any vestige of democracy through its NSA activity. This was no surprise to any of us, but apparently it was news to her. Anyway, I suspect she knew all along, but Snowden brought it out into the open and that let all hell break loose.
We were so angry at people finding out what they should have known all along that we forced the President of Bolivia to land in Austria while we searched his plane for Snowden. We want to get ahold of him, lock him up, arrest him, and punish him. Things are quite different from the days of the Pentagon Papers and Daniel Ellsberg. Then you had the far left President, Richard M. Nixon's legal system, so Ellsberg did not go to prison. Today things are different.
Well, apparently, right after that, Obama got up and gave his speech. Now in all the discussion afterwards, never once did I hear any reference to his announcement of a Fourth Reich, or his blunt, open, statement that the U.S. whill do whatever it wants to any country it wants, anytime, if it decides to and that is all there is to it. Fuck your stupid ideas about some sort of United Nations and so-called International Law. International law is what we say it is and screw you if you don't like it.
No, really, that is pretty much what he said. Jeremy Scahill was able to explain it a bit better and the interview with him is below. There was actually much more leading up to it, but this is too overwhelming to be buried in a maze of print. Here it is:
The Empire President: Jeremy Scahill on Obama's "Neo-Con" Doctrine of Military Force in U.N. Speech
In an address to the United Nations General Assembly, President Obama openly embraced an aggressive military doctrine backed by previous administrations on using armed force beyond the international norm of self-defense. Obama told the world that the United States is prepared to use its military to defend what he called "our core interests" in the Middle East: U.S. access to oil. "[Obama] basically came out and said the U.S. is an imperialist nation and we're going to do whatever we need to do to conquer areas [and] take resources from people around the world," says independent journalist Jeremy Scahill. "It's a really naked declaration of imperialism … When we look back at Obama's legacy, this is going to have been a very significant period in U.S. history where the ideals of very radical right-wing forces were solidified. President Obama has been a forceful, fierce defender of empire."
This is a rush transcript. Copy may not be in its final form.
AMYGOODMAN: That is the great Somali-Canadian rapper, K'naan. This is Democracy Now!, democracynow.org, The War and Peace Report. I am Amy Goodman with Nermeen Shaikh.
NERMEENSHAIKH: I want to turn back to President Obama's address at the U.N. General Assembly. During a speech Obama told the world the US is prepared to use its military to defend what he termed "our core interests in the Middle East," that is US access to oil.
PRESIDENTOBAMA: The United States of America is prepared to use all elements of our power, including military force, to secure our core interests in the region. We will confront external aggression our allies and partners, as we did in the Gulf War. We will ensure the free flow of energy from the region to the world.
NERMEENSHAIKH: That was President Obama speaking yesterday at the U.N. General assembly. Jeremy, your response to what Obama said in his speech.
JEREMYSCAHILL: During this section of the speech my jaw sort of hit the floor. He basically came out and said the United States is an imperialist nation and we are going to do whatever we need to conquer areas to take resources from around the world. I mean, it was a really naked sort of declaration of imperialism, and I don't use that word lightly, but it really is. I mean, he pushed back against the Russians when he came out and said I believe America is an exceptional nation. He then defended the Gulf War and basically said that the motivation behind it was about oil and said we are going to continue to take such actions in pursuit of securing natural resources for ourselves and our allies. I mean, this was a pretty incredible and bold declaration he was making, especially given the way that he has tried to portray himself around the world. On the other hand, you know, remember what happened right before Obama took the stage is that the president of Brazil got up, and she herself is a former political prisoner who was abused and targeted in a different lifetime, and she gets up and just blasts the United States over the NSA spy program around the world.
AMYGOODMAN: We have President Dilma Rousseff in her address to the U.N. General Assembly.
PRESIDENTDILMAROUSSEFF: We are a democratic country, surrounded by democratic, peaceful countries that respect international law. We have been living in peace with our neighbors for more than 140 years. Like so many other Latin Americans, I, myself, fought on a first-hand basis against arbitrary behavior and censorship, and I could therefore not possibly fail to uncompromisingly defend individuals' rights to privacy and my country's sovereignty.
AMYGOODMAN: That is the Brazilian president openly criticizing U.S. spying on her government, the news that just broke from the Edward Snowden releases that was released by Globo Newspaper in Brazil by Glenn Greenwald, U.S. journalist who lives in Brazil. Jeremy, you are headed down there for the opening of your film, "Dirty Wars" this week.
JEREMYSCAHILL: I was there when this story was breaking. It is a major, major scandal in Brazil. It was such a major scandal that the president canceled her state dinner with President Obama. This was not just like sitting in the Oval Office or something. This is a thing where they create a huge menu and they invite all these people and it was meant to sort of secure this relationship of these 2 huge western hemisphere powers. Brazil is a rising power in the western hemisphere and this was to be a very important moment in the history of relations between the U.S. and Brazil and for the Brazilians to cancel it just shows you the severity of this scandal. I mean, all around the world right now in the aftermath of the Wiki leaks, cables being revealed, now you have the Edward Snowden documents. People around the world have access to documentation that in some cases is bolstering what people already thought was going on, but in other cases it is revealing the extent of dirty tricks that the United States is playing on other nations around the world, not to mention its own citizens.
We are at this moment where President Obama appears at the U.N. and only made passing reference really to the NSA scandal. My understanding is that he was in the car when the President of Brazil was speaking and I don't know if he heard her speech or not. Maybe they already had access to it because they are all up in her e-mails; but at the end of the day you have this democratic president who won the Nobel Peace Prize who then goes and stands in front of the United Nations and basically stakes out a neo-con vision of American foreign policy and owns it and kind of wraps it in this cloak of democratic legitimacy. I think when we look back at Obama's legacy, this is going to have been a very significant period in U.S. history where the ideals of very sort of radical right wing forces were solidified and continued under Mr. Constitutional Law Professor, Nobel Peace Prize Winner. It is really kind of devastating what is going on right now and I think if you take the long view of it or you step back and look at it and don't just see the tress but look at the forest, President Obama has been a forceful, fierce defending of empire and I think that is going to be the enduring legacy of his presidency is that he was an empire president.
AMYGOODMAN: We also just had the latest news out of Pakistan of a drone strike. The drone strikes that are continuing?
JEREMYSCAHILL: Both in Yemen and in Pakistan the U.S. is continuing forward with its not so covert war and I think, remember President Obama in May gave this big speech at the National Defense University where he owned the fact that they had killed 4 American citizens and then asserted that the United States is going to continue to do this, this is going to go on and on. This isn't stopping any time soon.
AMYGOODMAN: Jeremy Scahill, we want to thank you for being with us, National Security Correspondent for The Nation, correspondent also for Democracy Now!, producer and writer of the documentary film "Dirty Wars: The War is a Battlefield" and also the book by the same name. This weekend the films has its South American premiere at the Rio International Film Festival in Brazil where Jeremy Scahill with joint Glenn Greenwald for a discussion afterwards. On October 15 "Dirty Wars" will be released in the United States via Netflix and Itunes as well as on DVD.


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My husband is great at math. Well, he's great at a lot of things, math being one of them. He can easily calculate things in his head. That's the way his brain works. [My brain does not work that way.] It's one of his gifts.
I am always thinking of story ideas. That's how my brain works. I'm starting to view it as a gift. I've had a desire in recent months to do more writing, to act on some of these story ideas. I didn't know what I'd do with them, though. Would I just write some stuff and store it on my computer in case it could be used in the future? Should I look for some publication that wants a writer? What are my motives? When do I really think I'll spend time writing in my *abundance* of free time?
Then, a light bulb came on in my brain … I could blog! I've been blogging on our family site for several months now, but I'm slow. Another aspect of my brain function. I already have the family site, but I feel like these story ideas don't fit there. So, I'm starting blog number two. Several years ago, when I first heard about blogging my initial thought was, "Really? Have we become a society that is so self-centered that we think the whole world wants to hear our opinions?" LOL! Oh the comedy! Now I have two blogs.
I hope I'm not so arrogant to believe that everyone is dying to hear what goes on in my brain. You're welcome to never come back here. The thing is, I can't get this writing thing out of my head. When I left a former job in the news industry, my former boss gave me a pen. It was symbolic. "Keep writing," she said. So, here I go. I'm using my "pen."


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The high growth (hg) mutation increases body size in mice by 30–50%. Given the complexity of the genetic regulation of animal growth, it is likely that the effect of this major locus is mediated by other quantitative trait loci (QTL) with smaller effects within a web of gene interactions. In this article, we extend our functional mapping model to characterize modifier QTL that interact with the hg locus during ontogenetic growth. Our model is derived within the maximum-likelihood context, incorporated by mathematical aspects of growth laws and implemented with the EM algorithm. In an F2 population founded by a congenic high growth (HG) line and non-HG line, a highly additive effect due to the hg gene was detected on growth trajectories. Three QTL located on chromosomes 2 and X were identified to trigger significant additive and/or dominant effects on the process of growth. The most significant finding made from our model is that these QTL interact with the hg locus to affect the shapes of the growth process. Our model provides a powerful means for understanding the genetic architecture and regulation of growth rate and body size in mammals.
THE high growth (hg) gene is a spontaneous mutation that results in a 30–50% increase in postnatal body growth in mice (Bradford and Famula 1984). Earlier physiological studies suggest that the increase of growth efficiency by the hg locus stems from increased energy metabolism without altering overall body composition (Calvert et al. 1985, 1986). Using an interval-mapping approach (Lander and Botstein 1989), Horvat and Medrano (1995) have localized the hg locus near Dl0Mit41 on the distal half of mouse chromosome 10 in both female and male F2 populations. These authors further found that the hg phenotype is the result of a 500-kb deletion in chromosome 10 that includes three genes, suppressor of cytokine signaling-2 (Socs2), CASP2 and RIPH1 domain containing adaptor with death domain (Raidd/cradd), and viral encoded semaphorin receptor (Vespr or Plexin C1) (Wong et al. 2002). The HG phenotype results from the lack of expression of Socs2 (Horvat and Medrano 2001), which regulates growth hormone signal transduction.
Given the genetic complexity of growth, it is unlikely that the hg gene triggers a marked effect on growth rate and body size with no mediation by environment and other loci. As observed by Corva and Medrano (2000), for example, the nutritional environment confounds the expression of the hg effect on the high growth phenotype in mice. To identify modifiers of the hg locus, Corva et al. (2001) developed an F2 population segregating for hg to examine interactions between hg and other growth genes. They identified a significant quantitative trait locus (QTL), Q2Ucd2, located on chromosome 2, affecting weight gain from 2–9 weeks. This QTL accounts for 10.4% of the phenotypic variance in the homozygous hg/hg mice and also exerts effects on carcass ash and protein and femur length.
Comparing two F2 subpopulations, one homozygous for the mutant allele (hg/hg) and the other homozygous for the wild-type allele (+/+), Corva et al. (2001) detected a growth QTL that was expressed differently between the two subpopulations and, therefore, thought to interact with the hg locus. Such an hg background-dependent QTL identified from single-trait mapping makes it worthwhile to perform more thorough QTL analyses for ontogenetic growth using functional mapping (Ma et al. 2002; Wu et al. 2004a,b,c; Zhao et al. 2004). Functional mapping that integrates mathematical aspects of growth laws into a mapping framework can localize dynamic QTL responsible for the biological process of a trait measured at a finite number of time points and provide biologically meaningful results about QTL detection. By estimating the parameters that determine shape and function of a particular biological process, rather than directly estimating gene effects at all possible points during the entire time course, functional mapping strikingly reduces the number of parameters to be estimated and, hence, displays increased statistical power to detect hidden QTL for growth processes.
The motivation of this article is to develop a statistical model for detecting QTL that interact with the hg locus to influence the growth process within the context of functional mapping. Unlike single time point analyses by Corva et al. (2001), this model provides a quantitative and testable framework for studying the interplay between epistasis and growth pattern. Also, unlike our earlier interaction model for a pair of unknown QTL (Wu et al. 2004a), this model attempts to detect epistasis between modifier QTL and a known gene on the genome, which is supposed to provide better estimates of the QTL locations. Although motivated to solve a practical problem in mouse QTL mapping (Corva et al. 2001), we have developed a general epistasis-detecting model that can be used to unveil the genetic secrets of growth trajectories for other species.
Background and problem:
The hg mutation has been introgressed into the C57BL/6J (C57) background through nine backcrosses to create congenic line C57BL/6J-hg/hg (HG). A mapping population was founded by mating smaller CAST/EiJ (CAST) males to HG females, which produced a total of 75 F1 and 1132 F2 mice (Corva et al. 2001). To test the segregation of hg in the mapping population, these F2 mice were genotyped by using D10Mit41 on chromosome 10, detected to be linked with hg and D10Mit69, a marker that maps within the hg deletion (Horvat and Medrano 1995). Mice homozygous for HG alleles at D10Mit41 and without a PCR amplification product for D10Mit69 (indicating homozygosity for the hg deletion) were thought to be homozygous for the mutant allele (expressed as hg/hg). On the other hand, mice homozygous for CAST alleles at D10Mit41 and amplifying for D10Mit69 were regarded as being homozygous for the wide-type allele (expressed as +/+). It was found that there were 274 +/+ mice, 596 +/hg mice, and 262 hg/hg mice in the F2 cross, which conforms to Mendelian segregation ratios.
Our hypothesis is that there exist particular QTL for body growth that are expressed differently among the three hg-typical genotypes. Such QTL are thought to be modifiers that epistatically modulate the effects of hg. Below, we modify our functional mapping model (Ma et al. 2002; Wu et al. 2004a,c) to detect QTL modifiers that display epistatic effects with the hg locus on growth trajectories.
The likelihood function:
Suppose there are n mice for the F2, which is composed of three subpopulations for the hg gene with size nj (j = 2 for genotype hg/hg, 1 for genotype hg/+, and 0 for genotype +/+). Assume that a QTL for growth curves or trajectories is segregating to form three genotypes, expressed by k (k = 2 for QQ, 1 for Qq, and 0 for qq), with alleles Q from the HG parent and q from the CAST parent. Consider a genetic linkage map constructed for the F2 using molecular markers. The foundation of interval QTL mapping is laid on the mixture model in which each F2 individual is assumed to arise from one and only one of the possible QTL genotypes within known genotypes of two markers that bracket the QTL (Lander and Botstein 1989). The frequencies of each QTL genotype within marker interval genotypes, i.e., the conditional QTL genotype probabilities given markers (see Table 1), are embedded within the mixture model to reflect the genomic position of the QTL within the marker interval.
Let ϖk(j)|i be the conditional probability of a joint hg-QTL genotype for individual i given a marker genotype. The likelihood function of growth data, y, measured at T different time points for the hg gene and putative QTL is written as(1)(2)where ϖ is the parameter for QTL position contained in the matrix of the QTL conditional probability, u contains the genotypic mean vector for different hg-QTL genotypes, and Σ is the residual covariance matrix within hg-QTL genotypes. Equation 1 can be converted to Equation 2 because for each individual the hg genotype is known and, thus, the product of the likelihood over different individuals is made among three different hg genotypes. In Equation 2, nine joint hg-QTL genotypes in the mixture model for a given individual i can be simply expressed by three QTL genotypes separately for three hg genotypes. For this reason, ϖk(j)|i can be expressed by ϖk|i. We assume that the residual covariance matrix is different among the hg genotypes but the same within different QTL genotypes (see Equation 2).
The conditional probability ϖk|i can be differently calculated when the QTL and hg are located at different marker intervals and when they are located next to each other. In the former case, ϖk|i's have the same form for each of the three hg genotypes (see Table 1). In the latter case, ϖk|i's have different forms for different hg genotypes, but they still can be obtained from Table 1 by treating the hg gene as a marker. The choice of one of the two flanking markers Mℓ and Mℓ+1 in Table 1 as the hg gene depends on the left or right side of the hg gene at which the QTL is located.
In the mixture model of Equation 2, the multivariate normal distribution of hg-QTL genotype jk for growth traits measured for individual i in each subpopulation k is expressed aswhere yi(j) = [yi(j)(1),…, yi(j)(T)] is a vector of subpopulation-specific observation measured at T time points, and uk(j) = [uk(j)(1),…, uk(j)(T)] is a vector of expected values for genotype jk at different points. At a particular time t, the relationship between the observation and expected genotypic value can be described by a linear regression model,where xij is the indicator variable denoted as 1 if a QTL genotype k is considered for subject i and 0 otherwise; and ei(j)(t) is the residual error that is i.i.d. normal with the mean of zero and the variance of . The errors at two different time points, t1 and t2, are correlated with the covariance of covj(t1, t2). These (co)variances compose a (T × T) matrix Σj.
Modeling the mean vector and (co)variance matrix:
The estimation of the mean vector uk(j) and the (co)variance matrix Σj is statistically difficult because they involve too many unknown parameters given a possible sample size. Also, such direct estimation does not take into account the biological principles of growth and development. We incorporate the universal growth law, as described by a logistic equation, into the estimation process of the likelihood function (Equation 2). Thus, the mean value of hg-QTL genotype jk at time t is expressed by(3)where the growth parameter set describes the asymptotic growth, initial growth, and relative growth rate, respectively. With this growth equation, we need only estimate the growth parameters, rather than estimate genotypic values at every point, to detect genotypic differences in growth. This can significantly reduce the number of unknown parameters to be estimated, especially when the number of time points is large. Moreover, the statistical significance of a QTL and its interaction with the hg gene can be tested by comparing these growth parameters among the three different QTL genotypes across different subpopulations.
Similarly, the covariance matrix can be structured with an appropriate model. Statistical analysis of longitudinal data has established a number of structural models that capture most of the information contained in the matrix (Diggle et al. 2002). Here, we use a first-order autoregressive [AR(1)] model to model the structure of the matrix, which is based on two assumptions, first, the variance σ2 is constant over time, and, second, the correlation decays in a proportion of ρ purely with time interval. With the AR(1) model, we need only estimate instead of all elements in the matrix. The advantage of such a matrix-structuring model is to reduce the number of unknown parameters, without losing the information of the matrix. Many other structural models may be more advantageous over the stationary AR(1) model, but the choice of an optimal model in a particular situation should be based on statistical tests, as described in Kirkpatrick and Heckman (1989), Pletcher and Geyer (1999), Zimmerman and Nunez-Anton (2001), and Pletcher and Jaffrezic (2002).
Computational algorithms:
As classified above, the unknown parameters that build up the likelihood function (Equation 2) include the curve parameters, matrix-structuring parameters, and the QTL genotype frequencies specified by QTL position measured in terms of the recombination fractions (r1 or r2) between the QTL and its flanking markers (see Table 1). Arrayed by , these unknowns can be estimated through differentiating the log-likelihood function of Equation 2 with respect to each unknown, setting the derivative equal to zero, and solving the log-likelihood equations. This estimation process can be implemented with the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm (Dempster et al. 1977) as described below.
The log-likelihood function of growth and marker data () for subpopulation k based on Equation 1 is given bywith the derivative with respect to any element Ωlwhere we define(4)which could be thought of as a posterior probability that progeny i with a particular marker genotype has QTL genotype j. We then implement the EM algorithm with the expanded parameter set {Ω, Π}, where Π = {Πk|i}. Conditional on Π (the E step; Equation 4), we solve for(5)to get the estimates of Ω (the M step; Equation 5). The estimates are then used to update Π, and the process is repeated between Equations 4 and 5 until convergence. The values at convergence are the maximum-likelihood estimates (MLEs) of Ω. The iterative expressions of estimating Ω from the previous step were given in Ma et al. (2002) and Wu et al. (2002, 2004b). In Wu et al. (2002), approximate estimates of the samplings errors from Fisher's information matrices were given.
As usual, the QTL position parameter can be viewed as a known parameter because a putative QTL can be searched at every 1 or 2 cM on a map interval bracketed by two markers throughout the entire linkage map. The amount of support for a QTL at a particular map position is often displayed graphically through the use of likelihood maps or profiles, which plot the likelihood-ratio test statistic as a function of map position of the putative QTL.
Hypothesis tests:
Different from traditional mapping approaches, our functional mapping for longitudinal traits allows for the tests of a number of biologically meaningful hypotheses (Wu et al. 2004a). These hypothesis tests can be a global test for the existence of significant QTL, a local test for the genetic effect on growth at a particular time point, a regional test for the overall effect of QTL on a particular period of growth process, or an interaction test for the change of QTL expression across times. These tests at different levels can be formulated to test the effects of QTL × hg interaction on the shape of growth.
Testing whether specific QTL exist to affect growth trajectories is a first step toward the understanding of the genetic architecture of growth and development. The genetic control over entire growth processes can be tested by formulating the following hypotheses:(6)The H0 states that there are no QTL affecting growth trajectories and the three genotypic curves in each subpopulation overlap (the reduced model), whereas the H1 proposes that such QTL do exist (the full model). The test statistic for testing the hypotheses in Equation 6 is calculated as the log-likelihood ratio of the reduced to the full model,(7)where and denote the MLEs of the unknown parameters under H0 and H1, respectively. The LR is asymptotically χ2-distributed with 18 d.f. An empirical approach for determining the critical threshold is based on permutation tests, as advocated by Churchill and Doerge (1994). By repeatedly shuffling the relationships between marker genotypes and phenotypes, a series of the maximum log-likelihood ratios are calculated, from the distribution of which the critical threshold is determined.
After a significant QTL is detected, the next test is about the interaction effect between this QTL and hg on growth. We use the area under curve (Ak(j)) as a criterion for this QTL × hg interaction test, expressed asIn this case, the null hypothesis for testing QTL × hg interaction can be formulated asi.e., the difference between the areas under curves of different QTL genotypes is set equal for the three hg genotypes.
In addition to testing overall genetic effects on growth trajectories, our model allows for the tests of the additive and dominant effects as well as the interaction effects between the QTL and hg locus. Let a1 and a2 be the additive effects of the hg and QTL; d1 and d2 be the dominant effect of the hg and QTL; and I, J, K, and L be the additive × additive, additive × dominant, dominant × additive, and dominant × dominant epistatic effects between the loci (Lynch and Walsh 1998). We tabulate Ak(j) in terms of their genetic compositions as where A is the overall mean. Hypothesis tests for these genetic effects are formulated with constraintsfor the additive genetic effects of the hg and QTL, respectively,for the dominant genetic effects of the hg and QTL, respectively, andfor the additive × additive, additive × dominant, dominant × additive, and dominant × dominant genetic effect interactions between the hg and QTL, respectively.
To detect QTL modifiers, we need to genotype and phenotype F2 mice from each of the three hg genotypes hg/hg, hg/+, and +/+. However, the animal material available to our QTL analysis contains only two subpopulations hg/hg and +/+ developed by Corva et al. (2001) with a two-step approach as follows: In the first step, a linkage map covering the 19 autosomes and one sex chromosome (X) was constructed with 83 molecular markers for 262 hg/hg mice from the F2 cross. A simple analysis of variance approach was used to detect significant markers associated with growth rate and body weight. In the second step, the most significant markers genotyped in the hg/hg subpopulation were also typed for the 274 +/+ mice from the same F2 population. These genotyped markers were found to be located at chromosomes 1, 2, 4, 9, and X (Corva et al. 2001), with which a common linkage map that integrates the two subpopulations was constructed.
Both the hg/hg and +/+ subpopulations were phenotyped for body weight on a weekly basis from 2 to 9 weeks of age. However, about one-third of the mice from each subpopulation were measured only at weeks 3, 6, and 9. Although our original model was designed for the same measurement schedule for all subjects (Ma et al. 2002), a recent model has been derived to handle subject-dependent measurement schedules with a reasonable convergence rate (Hou et al. 2005). Data for body weights at different ages were corrected for the effects of dam, litter, sex, and parity.
The logistic curve described by Equation 3 was used to fit the growth trajectory for each mouse, using nonlinear least-squares approaches. Statistical tests indicate a good fitness at the significance level P < 0.001. There is a substantial difference in growth pattern between the two F2 subpopulations, hg/hg and +/+ (Figure 1). On average, these two subpopulations are similar from birth to age 3 weeks, but after 3 weeks the hg/hg mice display much greater growth (Figure 1B) than do the +/+ mice (Figure 1A). Substantial variation in growth curve among different animals in each subpopulation suggests that specific QTL may be involved in shaping developmental trajectories.
Our mapping model is employed to search for growth QTL through a genome-wide scanning approach. Figure 2 illustrates the profile of the log-likelihood ratio (LR) test statistics throughout the common linkage map for the two subpopulations. The "genome-wide" critical threshold value throughout the common linkage map at the α = 0.01 significance level was estimated as 155.2 on the basis of 1000 permutation tests. According to this criterion, two separate QTL each corresponding to a peak of the LR profile were detected on chromosome X. We also computed the chromosome-wide critical thresholds with the LR peaks of individual chromosomes. A few distinct peaks on chromosome 2 may carry multiple QTL according to this criterion. On the basis of earlier studies with the same mapping material, the locations of these suggestive QTL (Figure 2) contain important QTL for many growth-related traits (Corva et al. 2001). For this reason, we perform an in-depth hypothesis test for the QTL located at the highest peak (Figure 2), as for the two QTL on chromosome X.
The three growth curves each determined by a genotype at each of these significant QTL are drawn separately for the hg/hg and +/+ mice (Figure 3), using the MLEs of curve parameters (; Table 2) from our model. As expected, the hg locus displays a striking (additive) effect on growth trajectories (Table 3). The growth trajectories of the same QTL genotype are different between the two subpopulations, suggesting that the genetic expression of QTL is affected by genetic background. In general, the three detected QTL start to exert their effects on growth in both subpopulations when the mice are 3 weeks of age (Figure 4). After this age, the QTL effects tend to increase with age.
We further tested the QTL effects and how they interact with the hg locus to affect growth trajectories. On the basis of the hypothesis test given in Equation 7 and others, we calculated the LR values for the additive and dominant effects of the QTL and its interaction effects with hg for all three QTL (Table 3). The QTL detected on chromosome 2 has highly significant additive and dominant effects on growth trajectories, operating in a dominant gene action manner as shown by small differences between genotypes Qq and QQ in both subpopulations (see Figure 3). This QTL also displays significant additive × additive and additive × dominant epistatic effects with the hg locus.
Located on the same chromosome, the two QTL detected on chromosome X exhibit different modes of gene action for growth. The first QTL at 3 cM from the first marker has a nonsignificant additive effect but highly significant dominant effect (Table 3; Figure 3B). When interacting with the hg gene, however, this dominant QTL displays an inverse pattern, i.e., with a significant additive × additive but nonsignificant additive × dominant epistatic effects (Table 3). The second QTL at 37 cM from the first marker seems to act in a partial dominant manner (Figure 3C), with both types of epistatic effects being significant (Table 3). Except for the first QTL on chromosome X with a nonsignificant additive effect, the favorable allele at the other QTL that contribute to greater growth originates from the HG parent.
Because only two hg genotypes are included, we cannot estimate all the QTL-hg epistatic effects. The dynamic changes of different types of genetic effects for the hg and QTL across ages that can be estimated arefor the additive genetic effect of the hg locus,for the additive genetic effect of the QTL,for the dominant genetic effect of the QTL,for the additive × additive genetic effect, andfor the additive × dominant genetic effect between hg and QTL. All these age-dependent changes of genetic effects are illustrated in Figure 4. The additive effect (a1) of the hg locus increases rapidly with age, and so do the additive (a2) and/or dominant effects (d2) of the QTL, but with a lesser extent. The interaction effects (I and J) between the QTL and hg are quite stable over age, contributing to a significant part of the genetic variation throughout growth ontogeny.
Traditional quantitative genetic theory proposes that genetic variation in a quantitative trait is due to polygenes each with a small effect on the phenotype and being sensitive to the environment (Lynch and Walsh 1998). Although this theory has led to substantial successes in the explanation of quantitative variation, it has been challenged by recent discoveries of QTL based on polymorphic markers. According to these QTL mapping results, a quantitative trait may be governed by unequally sized loci with a few having larger effects than many others (Mackay 2001). A 30–50% increase of body size in mice caused by the hg mutation (Bradford and Famula 1984) provides excellent evidence for the inclusion of a major gene in the genetic control of a quantitative trait.
As part of the complex network of genetic control, the expression of the hg locus should not be independent of the genetic background (Corva et al. 2001). It thus is of great interest to identify individual QTL that interact with the hg locus using mapping approaches. The identification of such QTL can improve our understanding of the interactions between pathways of signal transduction involved in the regulation of growth. This information can then be transferred to the development of techniques targeted to manipulate these growth-regulating pathways in mammals.
In this article, we have presented a statistical model for detecting interacting QTL involved in the regulation of growth through the hg locus. This model is the extension of our functional mapping approach (Ma et al. 2002; Wu et al. 2004a; Zhao et al. 2004) proposed to shed light on the genetic architecture of growth by incorporating its underlying developmental principles (von Bertalanffy 1957; Rice 1997; West et al. 2001) and the statistical methods for growth analysis (Diggle et al. 2002). A QTL is thought to be epistatic with the hg gene if its expression depends on the genetic background containing segregating hg. The extended model has power to estimate the differences in the gene action of a QTL expressed in different hg genotypes. Corva et al. (2001) constructed a segregating F2 population using a congenic hg/hg line and a wild-type inbred line. Molecular markers at genomic regions that may contain QTL for growth rate and body size were genotyped to construct a common linkage map for two F2 subpopulations, hg/hg and +/+. Thus, by estimating and testing the genetic effects of a QTL in these two different subpopulations, we can determine how the QTL, as a modifier, influences the expression of the hg/hg gene.
Our model has successfully detected three QTL that interact with the hg gene to govern the shape of growth trajectories. These detected QTL on chromosomes 2 and X affect growth curves with different modes of gene action. The estimation for the location of the QTL on chromosome 2 is broadly in agreement with that by previous QTL mapping based on a single-trait analysis (Corva et al. 2001), although our analysis is more informative in terms of age-dependent changes of QTL effects and the detection of epistasis in the genetic control of growth traits. The epistasis between the detected QTL and the hg locus is relatively small, relative to their main effects, but is thought to play a significant role in shaping growth processes. As illustrated by Figure 4, there are different patterns for the change of different genetic effects across ages. The additive effect of the hg locus increases rapidly with age, and so do the additive and/or dominant effects of the QTL, but to a lesser extent. The interaction effects between the QTL and hg are quite stable over age, contributing a significant part of the genetic variation throughout growth ontogeny.
The genetic control of body size across age has been observed in mice by both quantitative genetic (Cheverud 1984; Atchley and Zhu 1997) and QTL mapping approaches (Cheverud et al. 1996; Vaughn et al. 1999). It is suggested that the formation of such age-specific patterns is regulated by different genetic mechanisms. Falconer et al. (1978) speculated two general physiological mechanisms that determine the increase in body size in mice, but these mechanisms appear to act at different life stages (Atchley and Zhu 1997). This has been confirmed by QTL mapping of mouse growth traits in that early and late growth in mice were affected by distinct QTL, mapping to separate chromosome locations (Cheverud et al. 1996; Vaughn et al. 1999). In other animals, Carlborg et al. (2003) found that epistasis is important for early growth when the foundation for rapid growth is set by the development of internal organs, but less important for later growth involving the main deposition of body tissues. Our model has the capacity to quantify the patterns of the age-dependent change of genetic effects and, thus, to gain more insights into the interplay between gene action and development in developmental biological research.
In this study, we have reported only on the additive effect of the hg gene as well as its additive-related epistatic effects with other QTL detected by molecular markers. An F2 subpopulation heterozygous for the mutant and wild-type alleles that would allow estimation of effects due to dominance was not available. Using the available material, we have found three QTL on chromosomes 2 and X that interact with the hg locus to affect the shapes of the growth process. These genetic interactions are thought to play an important role in mediating the expression of the hg gene. Our model is fit by one modifier QTL, but it can be readily extended to include more modifiers that interact with each other and with the hg gene. The involvement of more QTL in the model can better reflect a practical situation in which there is a web of interacting genes in trait control (Segre et al. 2005). Although the available genetic data from Corva et al. (2001) were not subject to a multi-QTL analysis because of their low coverage of the mouse genome (including only chromosomes 1, 2, 4, 9, and X), our model derived in this article provides a powerful tool to shed light on the genetic architecture and regulation of growth rate and body size in mammals.
We thank the two anonymous referees for their constructive comments on the article. This work is partially supported by National Institutes of Health grant DK52514 to J.M.C. and by an Outstanding Young Investigators award (no. 30128017) of the National Natural Science Foundation of China and the University of Florida Research Opportunity Fund (no. 02050259) to R.W. The publication of this article is approved as journal series R-09205 by the Florida Agricultural Experiment Station.
Communicating editor: J. B. Walsh
- Received December 20, 2004.
- Accepted May 18, 2005.
- Copyright © 2005 by the Genetics Society of America


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The person pictured on my profile is my beloved cousin EJ, we do not come from wealthy families and I feel very touched whenever I see him together with his father.
It was a few years ago when I overheard his guardian say "sorry if i can't give you all your wants, but i have to put your needs first, study hard and you'll get what you want when you are strong enough to stand without me."
It always pleases me to feel the heart warming connection between him and his father every time i see them together, I feel another page in my life's book being filled, genuinely.
I accompanied them once to the town fair and EJ was looking at the playthings on display, I could read what was on his mind but even I couldn't afford those things he craved.
The look on his sad face made me feel sorry for every Christmas I didn't give him a present, that day was on Christmas itself, I couldn't do anything but watch as he looked on, he gazed at the buyers in an almost mesmerized state.
His father took photos of him and I left shortly to buy some food, while on the way to the food stalls I kept thinking about the moments that children go through during their childhood and I looked back at mine, I couldn't remember much about mine but I was watching my cousin's childhood flashing before my eyes.
I imagined how the early stages of his life would affect his mentality when he grows older, I couldn't do anything so I decided to take EJ with me to one of the rides while his father went to the rest of our companions "how much money do you have?" I asked my cousin in a low tone, he opened his small palm to show me a few bills which he saved from the entire year, his allowance barely gave him anything to work with or save, I didn't want him to spend a year's savings on something lasting only a few moments so I decided to pay for his ride and just watch on.
I realized I had many chances to do so when I was a child and that old cliche' about not crying over spilled milk fit my want to give up a good ride perfectly, I kept in mind that at my age, i had no more need to to enjoy those things.
My way of making myself happier that night was if i made my cousin happy, fortunately, his father came to where we stood and payed for all three of us, that way i didn't have to sacrifice anything,with my good intention in mind.
I decided never to hesitate whenever I had good intentions, as for the action figures my cousin wanted, I decided to get him a chess set instead. but I always did say "my intentions do not waste away, you just have to wait a little bit longer." whenever i tell my cousin that, he never seems to let me down, cause his smile is just as sweet as when I first told him that. :)
Opening Prayer for a Children's Party
1 month ago


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Sure, it may be the city that never sleeps but not this weekend. I guess Irene is coming to town and people are getting ready for it. At Westside Market, scores of people have been lining up since this morning trying to get some last minute supplies of food and water. The MTA has been shut down as of 12 noon today and yes, it seems as though the city is getting ready to brace itself for the impending hurricane. This should be interesting. So far, I've experienced sunny skies, rain and now a storm, all this in the space of 3 days. I'm hoping my flight out on Monday morning doesn't get moved although it's starting to seem more and more likely that it just might be delayed. I guess I might be in this city a little longer than expected…
New York takes a nap
27 Saturday Aug 2011
Posted Trains and aeroplanesin


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These beautiful little birds can be seen all around the estate, including college grounds. They nest in woods and hedgerows where they build a luxury home for themselves and their offspring. They line the nest with up to 2,000 feathers and will fly between 600 - 700 miles searching for the best materials to camouflage it.
When the breeding season is over, they form small, sociable flocks of about ten birds, consisting of adults and their offspring. They search for food together and roost communally, huddling together for warmth.


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Am I crazy?
Can I just say I can't believe I just posted that? What on earth was I thinking!? Oh well, it's done now. The thought has struck me that people can now read that, anyone, in fact, and I almost deleted it, but…well…what's done is done, and if I was struck with some insane moment of too much honesty, I guess people will just have to deal with it. I'm going to go die from embarressment now.
Edit: 20 minutes later
I'm a big fat coward. I couldn't do it! I deleted it. Now everyone will wonder what it was I deleted. Oh well. Maybe some day I'll be brave enough.


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Listing Information
Available For Sale
Space Type:
Building SqFt:
Year Built:
Listing Information
Prime corner in downtown Bremerton at 4th & Pacific. Site is the high-profile NE corner. The "Amy Burnett Building" is for sale. There is one small tenant who has indicated their intention to leave. The building is anticipated to be (nearly) vacant for a buyer at or near time of sale closing. Seller requires a plaque or sign to be placed and remain on exterior of the building stating this to be the "Amy Burnett Building".
Listed by: Bradley Scott, Inc.
Properties with the CBA logo are listed by the Commercial Brokers Association.
Disclaimer: The information contained in this listing has not been verified by and should be verified by the buyer.


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The first driverless taxis in the world were launched Thursday in Singapore, Associated Press reports. They were created by the company nuTonomy and can be used for now only by certain clients in a restricted area of the city.
In recent years, several companies, including Google and Volvo tested autonomous cars on public roads, but nuTonomy claims it will be the first to offer such a service to the public. Representatives of the startup wish so to overcome Uber, which plans to offer in the near future autonomous vehicles to travelers in Pittsburgh.
"Quite frankly I think Uber is the Goliath and we need to show that our technology is working and getting to a level of maturity that is viable for the marketplace," Doug Parker, chief operating officer of nuTonomy, said in an interview Thursday. "We're in a technology race here and I think there are going to be a handful of winners."
According to representatives of nuTonomy, this special taxi service starts with six cars, but will reach by the end of the year a number of twelve. The company intends to have a fleet of taxis consists entirely of autonomous cars by 2018. The model could then be adopted in many cities in the world, in Asia, USA and Europe, according to the source.
For now, driverless taxis will operate in a residential and business area of about 6.5 square kilometers, and customers will have to have an invitation from nuTonomy in order to be allowed to use the service. Company representatives said that on the list there are already dozens of people and it will increase to several thousand in the coming months.
Pang Kin Keong, Singapore's transport secretary, who heads a government committee on autonomous driving, said: "We face constraints in land and manpower. We want to take advantage of self-driving technology to overcome such constraints, and in particular to introduce new mobility concepts which could bring about transformational improvements to public transport in Singapore."


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Welcome to Gateway! We love having you visit, and we hope that your experience is welcoming, practical, and encouraging. Here you'll find useful information that will help you get to know more about Gateway.
Our mission at Gateway is to lead people into a growing relationship with Jesus Christ. We believe that God created every single person for a specific purpose, and we want to help you find yours!
Gateway's earliest service provides a traditional atmosphere with a combination of classic hymns and contemporary music, simple media, and practical messages.
Gateway's modern services provide a more casual atmosphere with modern music, contemporary media, and practical messages.
We're so glad you've decided to visit! Below, you'll find a list of commonly asked questions – but if you're wondering about something else please don't hesitate to send an email or give us a call Mon-Thurs at (803) 732-0590.
How do I get there?
Gateway is located at 1651 Dutch Fork Road in Ballentine, SC. Check out the map to the left for more info.
What should I wear?
Gateway has a "Come as you are!" atmosphere. You will see some people dressed up, and some will be dressed casually. There are no expectations for what you wear other than we want you to be comfortable!
Sundays at 8:30, 9:45 & 11:00
Worship Center
1651 Dutch Fork Road
Irmo, SC 29063
If you're interested in learning more about Gateway and maybe even investigating what church membership means, "Gateway 101" is your first step.
During our time together, you'll meet the staff, learn how to get involved, and understand key truths of what we believe. This class is designed to be a conversational environment in which you'll discover more about the church and our mission. "Gateway 101" is held every other month on a Sunday at 11am. Click here to signup for the next session…
How do I get involved?
There are many ways to get involved. Here are three of them:
1) Come to a worship service on Sunday
2) Look into joining a small group
3) Find an opportunity to serve – here, near, or far


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...BUT I had a pretty frank conversation with my "Pet Detective." Now that Eleanor is missing too, the likelihood that "something" got Roxy increases, and that makes me sick. I asked her for some advice on how to better handle that worst case scenario - she said somethings that make dealing with it - and death in general - better. For example, dogs don't think like we do.They don't have the cognitive thought we do, so it's not like the horrifying scene that I picture in my mind, the one that turns my stomach, that makes me physically ill, that rips my heart out and makes me cry for her. It's sudden. Quick. and Humane. It's over before we know it and ultimately she wouldn't even have known. I have come to peace with this after three weeks because I still cant explain why NO ONE has seen her or why there have been no leads. And I know there are coyotes out there.
One the other hand, the day before Thanksgiving I had 4 people call me saying that they saw my exact dog. It had a collar on though. This doesn't make sense, how did she get to Lakeway. How did she get a collar? But 4 people said they saw her. And she is so unique looking, right?? I assume that someone would have picked her up and after 2 weeks put a collar on her. Then she got out. The calls stopped, so maybe they found her again.
So because that gives me hope - hope that those people have not seen my signs, I am trying one last time to find her. I am having 5,000 calls made into this area to drive up the awareness. I have to find her. I have to find my Roxy. That would be the best Christmas gift ever.
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Bryce Blum
An emerging field in sports industry is eSports (competitive gaming). As new fields emerge and grow, so too will the need for attorneys. Attorney Bryce Blum is a leader in eSports law. Attorney Blum graduated 3rd in his class from Trinity College and from George Washington Law School with honors. Attorney Blum is a co-founder of IME Law. This past week I had the opportunity to exchange emails with Attorney Blum about eSports.
For our readers that may not be too familiar with the subject, what is "eSports?"
Esports stands for electronic sports, which is the umbrella term for professional, competitive video gaming. Yes, that is a thing. And it's much, much bigger than you probably think. The final match of the 2015 League of Legends finals had 36 million viewers. To put that in context, that's more people than tuned in for the final game of the NBA Finals, Stanley Cup, or World Series.
Even though "sport" is in the term "eSport," there is the debate about whether video game competitions are a sport. Are eSports, a sport? Do you consider the competitors to be an athlete?
I've always found this debate to be a bit of a red herring. I don't consider eSports players athletes—they're not doing anything athletic, after all—but I also don't think that matters. Sports aren't inherently better than competitions. Baseball isn't better than poker simply because it's a "sport." I find baseball painfully boring, and certain eSports unbelievably engaging. That will remain true no matter what labels we put on the activities or their competitors.
How did you get where you are now through your experiences both in law school and once you graduated?
I started following eSports when I was in my first year of law school. As my interest in the industry grew, so too did the amount of time I spent thinking about eSports-related legal issues. When I started practicing at Foster Pepper (one of the largest firms in Seattle), I decided to write an article highlighting some of the issues I had spent a lot of time thinking about but never got to put on paper. I published that article on the League of Legends Subreddit* and it wound up hitting the front page. From there, everything snowballed—some major figures in the scene contacted me with specific issues and I helped out. I also kept writing articles since people seemed to enjoy them. The articles consistently did well on reddit and other social media fora, and more people noticed me and got in touch. Eventually, I decided it was time to leave Foster Pepper to co-found an entertainment boutique called IME Law. You can find more details about the types of clients I work with and representative matters on the firm's website.
Esports are incredibly popular in Korea (notorious for being the leader in video game competitions) and has been for the past 10+ years. Why has North America, specifically the US, just started to welcome this industry?
Gaming is huge in the US and is growing so rapidly, it was really only a matter of time before eSports would catch on. I think it's a basic part of human nature to want to watch others compete at the highest level in an activity they also enjoy. It's why I love watching basketball, football, poker and various eSports as well.
Korea also has about fourteen television channels dedicated to broadcasting esports, do you think the U.S. will ever accept esports to this degree? Will we ever see a true ESPN Esports channel?
It's probably inevitable. WME and Turner are running a Counter-Strike league that will air on TNT this summer, ESPN is broadcasting Heroes of the Dorm for the second year in a row, and other eSports TV deals are in the works as we speak. Eventually, TV broadcasting of eSports will be commonplace, but I doubt the industry will ever transition away from its primary focus on internet-based broadcasting. The living room is dying; so few people in our generation subscribe to cable TV, and it's only trending down. Esports are the perfect type of programming to reach a younger audience where it wants to consume media: online.
You mentioned internet-based broadcasting, websites such as Twitch and YouTube Gaming allow individuals to stream themselves playing a video game. Why aren't we seeing copyright claims against these streamers?
The terms of use for almost every popular game specifically grants users permission to broadcast themselves playing the game. It's free advertising for the games—publishers love streaming.
Finally, what do you see as current issues that have not received as much attention as the immigration issues**? What do you foresee becoming an issue as the industry grows?
There are too many to list. If you check out my whitepaper series, I dive into a few of them, and try to forecast what other new issues will arise as we continue to grow. Esports have only begun dealing with various IP issues, antitrust, unionization, and so much more. We have a fun and legally interesting future ahead of us.
We cannot thank Attorney Blum enough for taking the time to discuss the emerge eSport industry and his experience in the field. We wish Attorney Blum the best in his future endeavors.
All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form without the express written consent of the MULS Sports Law Society Blog (the "SLS Blog"). The opinions expressed by guests of the SLS Blog are their own, not ones expressed by the SLS Blog.
*Subreddit is a term used to describe a content specific board on the website Reddit.com (a social media forum). Topics range from sports to fitness to video games and many other areas. League of Legends is a video game which boast a highly competitive gaming market.
**Prior to this Question and Answer session, Attorney Blum wrote a very interesting article for ESPN's new eSports page which highlights the immigration issues League of Legends has been facing over the years. I asked Attorney Blum to speak these issues; however, to avoid oversimplifying the issue Attorney Blum has asked I link the ESPN article which can be found here.


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Where can you find fabulous restaurants, great entertainment, warm and friendly people, mile-high vistas, brilliant seasonal foliage, great hiking opportunities, and outdoor recreation in magnificent settings all in one place? In East Tennessee that I have delighted in calling my home for the last 30 years. I'm Jan Oglesbee and I treasure these mountains that I call home. In addition…View Profile
Hello, my name is David Balsbaugh. I'm originally from a small town in southeastern Ohio. I spent the early years of my life growing up on a small family farm, working with my father remodeling homes, doing real estate and enjoying the great outdoors. After serving in the military, I went to MidAmerica Nazarene University where I studied International Business…View Profile
My name is Corrina Ashe. I was born in Wurtzburg, Germany while my father was in the Army and raised in Georgia. Many years later I met husband while he was serving in the Army. We settled in East Tennessee over thirty years ago and started our family. My love for this beautiful area, as well as the people here…View Profile
Hello. My name is Cheryl Malagon. Originally from Indianapolis, Ind., I spent a lot of time growing up at my grandparents' farm in Amos, Ky. This is where my love of living in the country began. I moved to Florida at age 19, and obtained my master's degree from the University of South Florida. I worked in the probation field…View Profile


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Today was day 3 of P90X and waking up at 5am in the morning. My body is sore but manageable. I had a plan that I would wake up at 5:00 and workout from 5:30-6:30am. The kids will be sleeping, it will be nice and quiet.
What do they say about best laid plans? Oh ya…I remember… The creatures are waking up at 6am! They never wake up that early unless of course I am trying to workout. Sit down my child and watch mommy sweat like a pig and whisper under her breath new unique names for Tony Horton.
I am hoping to get to the gym 3x this week for my C25K. I hope the 8 hours of sleep this evening adds up to make tomorrow a productive day. If not I may just fall asleep into my shake.


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Well, that little test worked better than I'd ever expected! Thank you to Everybody who dropped by.
I make it 8 Circles and 9 Triangles (though a couple with square leanings - hmmm if a square leans I guess that makes it a rhombus...). 2 people abstaining, but thanks for saying Hi. I never thought that a simple question could produce such a varied response. I'm a circle person myself, but can't help being fascinated by triangles...
Thanks to those who tackled the 'I Have Never' question, too. Some intriguing ones to address in there. For example,
- as a European (and yes, some people in Britain do consider themselves Europeans), I'm conscious of people here who harp on about Americans never leaving the USA. However, "I Have Never left Europe". In fact, the furthest I've gone is Istanbul...
- "I Have Never broken a bone". Touch wood, I can agree to this. Nearest I ever got was going over my bike handlebars as a kid. I hit a knee-high wall head on (it's a long story).
- "I Have Never got a traffic ticket". I've had three in my time - two for speeding and one for parking in the wrong place. The parking one was rather unfortunate. I won a haircut in a raffle. Not knowing the area where the hairdresser's was, I parked just down the street. Blissfully unaware, I had a fancy trim, really happy that I'd saved myself £10. Emerging 1/2 an hour later, I just caught the traffic warden leaving me a £40 fine...
I'd love to respond to them all. Maybe I will if my comments dry up. Here's a teaser for today...
"I Have Never asked my parents where they met before."
On the phone with my mum, it turned out they met in a field in Oxfordshire - while attending an archeological dig. Dad was studying Chemistry at Oxford, Mum's cousin was running the dig. This struck me as odd. Why do I never do that sort of thing? Then I realised that Theatre is my equivalent I suppose.
So, the questions for today.
"Where did your parents meet?"
Failing that,
"Which is your favourite primary colour, Red, Blue or Yellow?"


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Animal Care Hospital, an AAHA accredited small animal practice in Cedar Rapids, Iowa is looking for a full-time associate veterinarian.
Our practice has enjoyed significant growth over the past several years and currently employs two full-time veterinarians and a staff of fifteen. Our care team is committed to creating a partnership with our clients, developing a special bond with their pets, and ensuring that each animal receives the best care possible. While we are strong advocates of preventative care, the nature of our practice also includes urgent care and sick pet workups, providing doctors and staff with a wide variety of cases for a stimulating and rewarding workday. Flexible scheduling and rotating weekends mean you also can enjoy a healthy work-life balance.
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Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Phone: (512) 452-4224
Fax: (512) 452-6633


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Tag Archives: Grandmother
"When you fall, don't get up empty handed. " — Unattributed My morning session with cryptograms is quite prolific with writing prompts. These quotes always make me stop and think. Most of them are long years of experience distilled into … Continue reading
Posted in Ambition, Progress, Society, Values, Work, Writing Tagged Choice, Consequences, Cryptograms, Experience, Fall, Grandmother, Question, WritingPrompts Leave a comment
One Ringy-Dingy
This has been the week of the telephone in my head. It began when a Facebook friend posted a picture of Lily Tomlin in her role as the telephone operator on Rowan and Martin's Laugh-In from decades ago. Then another … Continue reading
Posted in Family, Society Tagged Brother, Extra Board, Flood, Grandmother, Mount Rushmore, Navy, Physician, Railroad, Saratoga, Southern Lady, Stoic, Telephone, WWII 3 Comments


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Sarah: After approximately ten years of summers and Easters and long weekends spent at the southern end of Yorke Peninsula, I am now finally the happiest amateur naturalist alive. With my trusty A Guide to Squid, Cuttlefish and Octopuses of Australasia (thanks to redmap), I can finally identify the two species of cuttlefish 'bones' (actually internal shells used to aid buoyancy) that wash up on 'our beach' at Marion Bay.
The bone shown above – collected on the beach this afternoon, and photographed on my coffee table – are approximately 10 cms long. On the right is the bone from a Giant Australian Cuttlefish (Sepia apama), famous for its incredible colour and textural displays and mating aggregations in the waters of South Australia (although recent data suggest numbers are declining).
The bone on the left belongs to the Knifebone Cuttlefish (Sepia cultrata), a less common and deeper water species found in waters stretching from Queensland to Western Australia.
No longer will I wander the beaches in ignorance of these chalky cuttle remnants discarded on the high tide line.
Now I can sleep at night.


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Yes, I'm posting about it. It's a bit of a moot point for me, as I can't just pick it up as an impulse buy here in Korea, and I'm not going to order it online, but there are some good reviews of it out now.
Paladin in Citadel gives it a good, fair review here
Tim Brannan at The Other Side Blog also has a good review of it here.
Didn't think I'd buy it anyway, but they satisfied my curiousity. It does look like a good product to introduce completely new players to roleplaying, and for that purpose I hope it does sell well. Rising tides and all that. I can save that $20 plus international shipping for something else.
Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)


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I had mentioned in my earlier post "First Day of Spring 2013" that my yard and flower beds needed a major spring cleaning. The snow we had received on that first day of spring was long gone and the time was now: get out there and rake and prune!
With rake and snips in hand, I headed out to begin the process which would take days to complete. I walked around the property to survey what needed to be done and tried to figure out what order in which to tackle it. I looked at the dried hydrangea blossoms that needed to be trimmed, the ornamental grasses that needed to be cut down, the sedum which also needed to be cut to the ground and the beds and lawn that needed to be raked. And then I started seeing more… I saw the possibility of creating floral arrangements with the debris which otherwise would have made its way to the compost pile.
When fresh flowers are on sale at the grocer's, every now and then I buy some and enjoy the fresh pop of color they provide. But for the most part, my interior color scheme is subtle and soft. I looked at those beautiful soft tan hydrangea blossoms and imagined how gorgeous they would look as a centerpiece on the dining room table.
Raking the edge of the lawn where the ferns would start springing back to life in a few weeks, I noticed some of the stems with the seed pods were swept up by the rake along with the dried autumn leaves. I picked one up and looked closely at it and marveled at the beauty of the dark brown pods on the stem. I bent over and searched through the leaves, retrieving the fern pod stems one by one. I headed into the house and searched for a vase or vessel in which I could display these stems. I found an intricate antique copper pitcher on the mantle and placed the ferns within. Perfect!
Back outside to continue the process. Cutting down the sedum, I noticed that these spent flowers were also attractive. I put the best ones on the back stoop to save for another arrangement. Then I began cutting down the ornamental grasses. Some of the slender blades curled toward the tips. I set aside some of them as well as a few of the seed heads. I went into the kitchen and grabbed a copper vase off the counter and headed back outside. Sitting on the wooden bench, I placed my saved clippings within the copper vase. Voila! Another creation…perhaps it would work in the dining room with the brown transferware?
Hmmm….I wonder what else is out there?


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NCAAB Game Preview - Broncs underdogs vs Greyhounds at Loyola
Rider Broncs vs Loyola Greyhounds Odds
The Greyhounds will be trying to slam the Rider Broncs on Friday when the teams tip off at Reitz Arena in college betting action.
Loyola battles the Broncs, currently sitting with a 9-14 mark (10-7-1 ATS). The OVER/UNDER records, always important for totals bettors, are 4-11 for the Greyhounds and 13-4-1 for the Broncs.
View Rider vs Loyola Odds and Stats.
Betting Line:
If you're going with the Greyhounds in this one, they're listed as 7.5-point favorites on the NCAAB betting menu for Monday's contest.
Power Rankings / Prediction:
The Greyhounds sit at No. 159 in the current college hoops power poll here at Odds Shark, while the Broncs sit at No. 265 on the same chart. The computers running our scores simulations have concluded that the Greyhounds will win this game 74-67.
How They Match Up:
When it comes to rebounds, the visiting Broncs rank No. 238 in NCAA Division 1 with 33.7 per game. That compares with Loyola's No. 91 ranking in that category. The story is different when it comes to three-point shooting where Loyola is college basketball's No. 255-ranked team at 5.3 per game, while the Broncs rate No. 50 with 7.7 per game.
Defensively, Rider features the nation's No. 315-rated defense on the road, allowing 77.9 points per game. Loyola, meanwhile, comes in at No. 196 nationally in scoring at home.
In their last action, Rider was an 83-72 winner at home against Siena. They covered the 4.5-point spread as favorites. The Broncs grabbed an 83-72 win over the Saints on Sunday, behind an 18 -point effort from Jeff Jones at Alumni Gymnasium.
Loyola won its last outing, a 70-52 result against Canisius on January 29. They covered in that game as a 11-point favorite. Loyola earned a 70-52 victory over Canisius on Sunday, getting 17 points from Shane Walker at Koessler Center.
Rider Broncs Trends:
When playing on Friday are 4-6
Before playing Niagara are 5-5
After playing Siena are 5-5
After a win are 6-4
Loyola Greyhounds Trends:
When playing on Friday are 6-4
Before playing Saint Peter's are 6-4
After playing Canisius are 3-7
After a win are 7-3
A few Broncs at Greyhounds trends to consider:
Rider is 2-4 SU in its last 6 games when playing on the road against Loyola
Rider is 4-11 SU in its last 15 games on the road
The total has gone UNDER in 5 of Loyola's last 5 games
Loyola is 7-1 SU in its last 8 games
Loyola is 7-1 SU in its last 8 games at home
The total has gone UNDER in 5 of Loyola's last 6 games at home
Next up:
Rider home to Niagara, Sunday, February 5
Loyola at Saint Peter's, Sunday, February 5


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New Host, Old BlogApril 9, 2012
I'm toying with the idea of moving my blog from Posterous to WordPress, at some point I'll have to make a first post so why not now. The move comes as a result of a need for more functionality and a need for a wider reach. Posterous doesn't support java style widgets and that has been a wall for me that I've run into a few times. They also don't support certain formatting and the only answer I've ever gotten from them is that they are weighing options for some of these features. While they are busy weighing these options other blog hosts have had them for a very long time.
So, on to Mr. Frights. For those not familiar with me the whole point of the Mr. Frights online network is to entertain people. I prefer to do that by helping others promote their work in horror/Halloween and by producing some of that entertainment with a select group of contributors and participants. You'll find the bulk of what Mr. Frights is about over on the main website at www.mrfrights.com and on Facebook at www.facebook.com/frights. You'll also find Mr. Frights on Twitter @mrfrights and around the web at other message boards and social sites. You'll find me almost anywhere I can dig into in order to offer people a wider net to promote their horror fun to fans of the genre.
I am always looking to collaborate with others and creat new partnerships for cross promotion and to help get the word out about anything from photography, movies, books, and anything else horror or Halloween related. I regularly invite people to become contributors to Mr. Frights' Scary Stuff The Big Blog of Doom and Things through being a guest poster or a regular poster. I also have an extensive horror resource page on my website featuring links from all kinds of places – www.mrfrights.com/resources.html.
I also like to run contests, mostly things that get the fans involved in the horror they so love, and so I'm always seeking partners in this who would like to sponsor a contest by offering a prize. If you're interested in any of this I invite you to shoot me an email [mrfrights at gmail dot com] about your interests and proposals.
From here I'd just like to welcome you to Mr. Frights' haunted internet playground and I hope you enjoy it!
– Mr. Frights


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My youngest brother is a firefighter. Or I guess I have to say now he was a firefighter. The department recently forced him to resign. It's complicated, and I'm not going into the reasons here because they're not the point.
"I've been a firefighter my whole life," he said to me on the phone the other day, still reeling after his recent separation from a job he loved and worked at for 22 years.
He was a firefighter even before he really was one—that is, from the time he was a teenager, he worked as a volunteer for the county, assisting in any way they'd let him, learning from everything he saw and did. He learned to fight structure fires, save lives, respond to emergencies, and that became his life's work.
It's rare to find one's calling as early in life as he did, to be drawn to a specific line of work and to embark on what turns out to be a long career at such an early age. (He was 23.) I admire him—always have—and I'm sure that when the shock wears off, he'll be doing good work in the world again.
One thing not entirely in his favor as embarks on the next phase of his professional life is that he's a specialist, vocationally prepared for a very specific job. Like many who went after a particular, specialized line of work, he's under-prepared for this moment. So are human resource specialists who majored in Human Resources and accountants who majored in Accounting and a marketing manager who majored in Marketing.
We're told these days to prepare for a couple of career changes during our lifetimes. Not just job change, organizational change or changing of the guard but to be ready to change our careers, to overhaul our professional lives. More people are facing that today than probably ever before after losing their jobs, watching their companies go under or leave the country. Who's going to be ready to rally? People who are broadly educated, who can apply communication and analytical abilities to a variety of opportunities. People who are curious and active learners. People who study the humanities and social sciences.
Working life is getting longer in the U.S., where retirement is already an old-fashioned notion. I don't know anyone who plans to work 'til 65 and then take up gardening, living comfortably on a modest but adequate pension. There's far too much uncertainty for that sort of plan. Not only are pension funds few and far between, but social security is always in the crosshairs of some political shotgun, and I don't know about you but my 401K has been for quite a ride in the last few years.
That being the case, we'll all be working longer than we were perhaps planning to, so the prospect of changing careers may be appealing. Who wants to be an HR Specialist for 50 years? But if you graduate college as one, what else are you?
I know liberal arts students worry about their immediate job prospects. They tell me that all the time. But the long-term prospects are much better for those whose education prepare them for many challenges rather than just one.