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The 19th World Cup football (soccer) tournament began on June 11, 2010, in Johannesburg as host country South Africa tied Mexico in the event's opening contest. Sixty-three games later, on July 11 in Soccer City Stadium in Johannesburg, a new World Cup champion was crowned, as Spain defeated the Netherlands 1–0 in extra time. Germany finished in third place for the second straight World Cup, beating Uruguay 3–2.
The 2010 World Cup marked the first time that the world's most popular sporting competition was played on the African continent. In the 2004 Fédération Internationale de Football (FIFA) balloting to determine the 2010 host country, South Africa (which had narrowly lost out to Germany for the right to host the 2006 World Cup) was selected over bids from Morocco, Egypt, and Libya. To mark this momentous event, Britannica is pleased to present a selection of information on the World Cup and South Africa, including a survey of the World Cup field, a tournament schedule, an overview of the World Cup venues, sections on notable football players past and present, a brief history of the World Cup and international football, coverage of the 2006 World Cup, surveys of South Africa's sporting and artistic cultures, and a timeline of significant events in the country's history.
2010 World Cup Overview
The 2010 World Cup Field
The field of the 2010 World Cup is provided in the table.
|2010 World Cup Field
|Group A
|South Africa
• Previous World Cup appearances: 2
• Best finish: first round (1998 and 2002)
• FIFA world ranking: 83
• How they qualified: host country
• Previous World Cup appearances: 13
• Best finish: quarterfinals (1970 and 1986)
• FIFA world ranking: 17
• How they qualified: second place in CONCACAF (Confederation of North, Central American and Caribbean Association Football) qualifying play
• Previous World Cup appearances: 10
• Best finish: champions (1930 and 1950)
• FIFA world ranking: 16
• How they qualified: fifth place in CONMEBOL (Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol) qualifying play; won a play-off against Costa Rica, the fourth-place team in CONCACAF
• Previous World Cup appearances: 12
• Best finish: champions (1998)
• FIFA world ranking: 9
• How they qualified: second place in UEFA (Union of European Football Associations) Group Seven qualifying play; won a play-off against Ireland, the second-place team in UEFA Group Eight
|Group B
• Previous World Cup appearances: 14
• Best finish: champions (1978 and 1986)
• FIFA world ranking: 7
• How they qualified: fourth place in CONMEBOL qualifying play
• Previous World Cup appearances: 3
• Best finish: second round (1994 and 1998)
• FIFA world ranking: 21
• How they qualified: first place in CAF (Confédération Africaine de Football) Group B qualifying play
|South Korea
• Previous World Cup appearances: 7
• Best finish: fourth place (2002)
• FIFA world ranking: 47
• How they qualified: first place in AFC (Asian Football Confederation) Group B qualifying play
• Previous World Cup appearances: 1
• Best finish: first round (1994)
• FIFA world ranking: 13
• How they qualified: second place in UEFA Group Two qualifying play; won a play-off against Ukraine, the second-place team in UEFA Group Six
|Group C
• Previous World Cup appearances: 12
• Best finish: champions (1966)
• FIFA world ranking: 8
• How they qualified: first place in UEFA Group Six qualifying play
|United States
• Previous World Cup appearances: 8
• Best finish: third place (1930)
• FIFA world ranking: 14
• How they qualified: first place in CONCACAF qualifying play
• Previous World Cup appearances: 2
• Best finish: first round (1982 and 1986)
• FIFA world ranking: 30
• How they qualified: first place in CAF Group C qualifying play
• Previous World Cup appearances: 1
• Best finish: first round (2002)
• FIFA world ranking: 25
• How they qualified: second place in UEFA Group Three qualifying play; won a play-off against Russia, the second-place team in UEFA Group Four
|Group D
• Previous World Cup appearances: 16
• Best finish: champions (1954, 1974, and 1990)
• FIFA world ranking: 6
• How they qualified: first place in UEFA Group Four qualifying play
• Previous World Cup appearances: 2
• Best finish: second round (2006)
• FIFA world ranking: 20
• How they qualified: first place in AFC Group A qualifying play
• Previous World Cup appearances: 0
• Best finish: N/A
• FIFA world ranking: 15
• How they qualified: first place in UEFA Group Seven qualifying play
• Previous World Cup appearances: 1
• Best finish: second round (2006)
• FIFA world ranking: 32
• How they qualified: first place in CAF Group D qualifying play
|Group E
• Previous World Cup appearances: 8
• Best finish: runners-up (1974 and 1978)
• FIFA world ranking: 4
• How they qualified: first place in UEFA Group Nine qualifying play
• Previous World Cup appearances: 3
• Best finish: quarterfinals (1998)
• FIFA world ranking: 36
• How they qualified: first place in UEFA Group One qualifying play
• Previous World Cup appearances: 3
• Best finish: second round (2002)
• FIFA world ranking: 45
• How they qualified: second place in AFC Group A qualifying play
• Previous World Cup appearances: 5
• Best finish: quarterfinals (1990)
• FIFA world ranking: 19
• How they qualified: first place in CAF Group A qualifying play
|Group F
• Previous World Cup appearances: 16
• Best finish: champions (1934, 1938, 1982, and 2006)
• FIFA world ranking: 5
• How they qualified: first place in UEFA Group Eight qualifying play
• Previous World Cup appearances: 7
• Best finish: second round (1986, 1998, and 2002)
• FIFA world ranking: 31
• How they qualified: third place in CONMEBOL qualifying play
|New Zealand
• Previous World Cup appearances: 1
• Best finish: first round (1982)
• FIFA world ranking: 78
• How they qualified: first place in OFC (Oceania Football Confederation) qualifying play; won a play-off against Bahrain, the fifth-place team in AFC
• Previous World Cup appearances: 0
• Best finish: N/A
• FIFA world ranking: 34
• How they qualified: first place in UEFA Group Three qualifying play
|Group G
• Previous World Cup appearances: 18
• Best finish: champions (1958, 1962, 1970, 1994, and 2002)
• FIFA world ranking: 1
• How they qualified: first place in CONMEBOL qualifying play
|North Korea
• Previous World Cup appearances: 1
• Best finish: quarterfinals (1966)
• FIFA world ranking: 105
• How they qualified: second place in AFC Group B qualifying play
|Côte d'Ivoire
• Previous World Cup appearances: 1
• Best finish: first round (2006)
• FIFA world ranking: 27
• How they qualified: first place in CAF Group E qualifying play
• Previous World Cup appearances: 4
• Best finish: third place (1966)
• FIFA world ranking: 3
• How they qualified: second place in UEFA Group One qualifying play; won a play-off against Bosnia-Herzegovina, the second-place team in UEFA Group Five
|Group H
• Previous World Cup appearances: 12
• Best finish: fourth place (1950)
• FIFA world ranking: 2
• How they qualified: first place in UEFA Group Five qualifying play
• Previous World Cup appearances: 8
• Best finish: quarterfinals (1934, 1938, and 1954)
• FIFA world ranking: 24
• How they qualified: first place in UEFA Group Two qualifying play
• Previous World Cup appearances: 1
• Best finish: first round (1982)
• FIFA world ranking: 38
• How they qualified: third place in CONCACAF qualifying play
• Previous World Cup appearances: 7
• Best finish: third place (1962)
• FIFA world ranking: 18
• How they qualified: second place in CONMEBOL qualifying play
Group Stage Standings
|2010 World Cup group stage standings
|* Goal differential
|** Qualified for the second round
|Group A
|South Africa
|Group B
|South Korea**
|Group C
|United States**
|Group D
|Group E
|Group F
|New Zealand
|Group G
|Côte d'Ivoire
|North Korea
|Group H
Schedule and Results
Group Stage
- Group A
- June 11: South Africa 1, Mexico 1
- June 11: Uruguay 0, France 0
- June 16: Uruguay 3, South Africa 0
- June 17: Mexico 2, France 0
- June 22: Uruguay 1, Mexico 0
- June 22: South Africa 2, France 1
- Group B
- June 12: Argentina 1, Nigeria 0
- June 12: South Korea 2, Greece 0
- June 17: Greece 2, Nigeria 1
- June 17: Argentina 4, South Korea 1
- June 22: Nigeria 2, South Korea 2
- June 22: Argentina 2, Greece 0
- Group C
- June 12: England 1, United States 1
- June 13: Slovenia 1, Algeria 0
- June 18: Slovenia 2, United States 2
- June 18: England 0, Algeria 0
- June 23: England 1, Slovenia 0
- June 23: United States 1, Algeria 0
- Group D
- June 13: Germany 4, Australia 0
- June 13: Ghana 1, Serbia 0
- June 18: Serbia 1, Germany 0
- June 19: Ghana 1, Australia 1
- June 23: Germany 1, Ghana 0
- June 23: Australia 2, Serbia 1
- Group E
- June 14: Netherlands 2, Denmark 0
- June 14: Japan 1, Cameroon 0
- June 19: Netherlands 1, Japan 0
- June 19: Denmark 2, Cameroon 1
- June 24: Japan 3, Denmark 1
- June 24: Netherlands 2, Cameroon 1
- Group F
- June 14: Italy 1, Paraguay 1
- June 15: New Zealand 1, Slovakia 1
- June 20: Paraguay 2, Slovakia 0
- June 20: Italy 1, New Zealand 1
- June 24: Slovakia 3, Italy 2
- June 24: Paraguay 0, New Zealand 0
- Group G
- June 15: Côte d'Ivoire 0, Portugal 0
- June 15: Brazil 2, North Korea 1
- June 20: Brazil 3, Côte d'Ivoire 1
- June 21: Portugal 7, North Korea 0
- June 25: Portugal 0, Brazil 0
- June 25: Côte d'Ivoire 3, North Korea 0
- Group H
- June 16: Chile 1, Honduras 0
- June 16: Switzerland 1, Spain 0
- June 21: Chile 1, Switzerland 0
- June 21: Spain 2, Honduras 0
- June 25: Spain 2, Chile 1
- June 25: Switzerland 0, Honduras 0
Knockout Stage
- Round of 16
- June 26: Uruguay 2, South Korea 1
- June 26: Ghana 2, United States 1
- June 27: Germany 4, England 1
- June 27: Argentina 3, Mexico 1
- June 28: Netherlands 2, Slovakia 1
- June 28: Brazil 3, Chile 0
- June 29: Paraguay 0, Japan 0 (Paraguay wins on penalty kicks, 5–3)
- June 29: Spain 1, Portugal 0
- Quarterfinals
- July 2: Netherlands 2, Brazil 1
- July 2: Uruguay 1, Ghana 1 (Uruguay wins on penalty kicks, 4–2)
- July 3: Germany 4, Argentina 0
- July 3: Spain 1, Paraguay 0
- Semifinals
- July 6: Netherlands 3, Uruguay 2
- July 7: Spain 1, Germany 0
- Third-place Match
- July 10: Germany 3, Uruguay 2
- Final
- July 11: Spain 1, Netherlands 0
World Cup Venues
The 2010 World Cup venues are provided in the table.
|2010 World Cup Venues
Stadium: Free State Stadium
Capacity: 45,000
Year completed: 1952 (renovated 2008)
|Cape Town
Stadium: Cape Town Stadium
Capacity: 68,000
Year completed: 2009
Stadium: Moses Mabhida Stadium
Capacity: 70,000
Year completed: 2009
|Johannesburg (Ellis Park)
Stadium: Ellis Park Stadium (Coca-Cola Park)
Capacity: 62,000
Year completed: 1982
|Johannesburg (Soccer City)
Stadium: Soccer City Stadium
Capacity: 94,000
Year completed: 1989 (renovated 2009)
Stadium: Mbombela Stadium
Capacity: 46,000
Year completed: 2009
Stadium: Peter Mokaba Stadium
Capacity: 46,000
Year completed: 2010
|Port Elizabeth
Stadium: Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium
Capacity: 48,000
Year completed: 2009
Stadium: Loftus Versfeld Stadium
Capacity: 50,000
Year completed: 1906 (renovated 2008)
Stadium: Royal Bafokeng Stadium
Capacity: 42,000
Year completed: 1999 (renovated 2010)
Players to Watch in the 2010 World Cup
The table lists some noteworthy football players who are participating in the 2010 World Cup.
|Notable players of the 2010 World Cup
|Fabio Cannavaro
Country: Italy
Club team: Juventus FC (Italy)
Position: defender
Birth date: Sept. 13, 1973
Height: 5 ft 9 in. (1.75 m)
Weight: 165 lb (74.8 kg)
|Landon Donovan
Country: United States
Club team: Los Angeles Galaxy (U.S.)
Position: midfielder
Birth date: March 4, 1982
Height: 5 ft 8 in. (1.73 m)
Weight: 158 lb (71.7 kg)
|Didier Drogba
Country: Côte d'Ivoire
Club team: Chelsea FC (Eng.)
Position: forward
Birth date: March 11, 1978
Height: 6 ft 2 in. (1.88 m)
Weight: 185 lb (83.9 kg)
|Samuel Eto'o
Country: Cameroon
Club team: Inter Milan (Italy)
Position: forward
Birth date: March 10, 1981
Height: 5 ft 11 in. (1.80 m)
Weight: 165 lb (74.8 kg)
|Steven Gerrard
Country: England
Club team: Liverpool FC (Eng.)
Position: midfielder
Birth date: May 30, 1980
Height: 6 ft 1 in. (1.85 m)
Weight: 176 lb (79.8 kg)
|Thierry Henry
Country: France
Club team: FC Barcelona (Spain)
Position: forward
Birth date: Aug. 17, 1977
Height: 6 ft 1 in. (1.85 m)
Weight: 183 lb (83.0 kg)
Country: Brazil
Club team: Real Madrid (Spain)
Position: midfielder
Birth date: April 22, 1982
Height: 6 ft 1 in. (1.85 m)
Weight: 161 lb (73.0 kg)
|Lionel Messi
Country: Argentina
Club team: FC Barcelona (Spain)
Position: forward
Birth date: June 24, 1987
Height: 5 ft 7 in. (1.70 m)
Weight: 148 lb (67.1 kg)
|Cristiano Ronaldo
Country: Portugal
Club team: Real Madrid (Spain)
Position: forward
Birth date: Feb. 5, 1985
Height: 6 ft 1 in. (1.85 m)
Weight: 165 lb (74.8 kg)
|Wayne Rooney
Country: England
Club team: Manchester United (Eng.)
Position: forward
Birth date: Oct. 24, 1985
Height: 5 ft 10 in. (1.78 m)
Weight: 175 lb (79.4 kg)
Country: Spain
Club team: FC Barcelona (Spain)
Position: midfielder
Birth date: Jan. 25, 1980
Height: 5 ft 6 in. (1.68 m)
Weight: 146 lb (66.2 kg)
World Cup History
About the World Cup
Formally known as the "FIFA World Cup," the World Cup is the name of both the quadrennial event itself and the trophy awarded to its winner. The first competition for the cup was organized in 1930 by the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) and was won by Uruguay, the host country. Held every four years since that time, except during World War II, the competition consists of international sectional tournaments leading to a final elimination event made up of 32 national teams. Unlike Olympic football, World Cup teams are not limited to players of a certain age or amateur status, so the competition serves more nearly as a contest between the world's best players. Referees are selected from lists that are submitted by all the national associations.
The trophy cup awarded from 1930 to 1970 was the Jules Rimet Trophy, named for the Frenchman who proposed the tournament. This cup was permanently awarded in 1970 to then three-time winner Brazil (1958, 1962, and 1970), and a new trophy called the FIFA World Cup was put up for competition. Many other sports have organized "World Cup" competitions.
World Cup Results
The table provides the results of the World Cup championship games.
|*Won after extra time (AET).
|**Won on penalty kicks.
|West Germany
|West Germany
|West Germany
|West Germany
|West Germany
|West Germany
The History of International Football Organizations
By the early 20th century, football had spread from Britain across Europe, but it was in need of international organization. A solution was found in 1904, when representatives from the football associations of Belgium, Denmark, France, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland founded the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA).
Although Englishman Daniel Woolfall was elected FIFA president in 1906 and all the home nations (England, Scotland, Ireland, and Wales) were admitted as members by 1911, British football associations were disdainful of the new body. FIFA members accepted British control over the rules of football via the International Board, which had been established by the home nations in 1882. Nevertheless, in 1920 the British associations resigned their FIFA memberships after failing to persuade other members that Germany, Austria, and Hungary should be expelled following World War I. The British associations rejoined FIFA in 1924 but soon after insisted upon a very rigid definition of amateurism, notably for Olympic football. Other countries again failed to follow their lead, and the British resigned once more in 1928, remaining outside FIFA until 1946. Even after FIFA had established the World Cup championship, British insouciance toward the international game continued. Without membership in FIFA, the British national teams were not invited to the first three competitions (1930, 1934, and 1938). For the next competition, held in 1950, FIFA ruled that the two best finishers in the British home nations tournament would qualify for World Cup play; England won, but Scotland (which finished second) chose not to compete for the World Cup.
Despite sometimes fractious international relations, football continued to rise in popularity. It made its official Olympic debut at the London Games in 1908, and it has since been played in each of the Summer Games (except for the 1932 Games in Los Angeles). FIFA also grew steadily—especially in the latter half of the 20th century, when it strengthened its standing as the game's global authority and regulator of competition. Guinea became FIFA's 100th member in 1961; at the turn of the 21st century, more than 200 countries were registered FIFA members—more than the number of countries that belong to the United Nations.
The World Cup finals remain football's premier tournament, but other important tournaments have emerged under FIFA guidance. Two different tournaments for young players began in 1977 and 1985, and these became, respectively, the World Youth Championship (for those age 20 and younger) and the Under-17 World Championship. Futsal, the world indoor, five-a-side championship, started in 1989, and two years later the first women's World Cup was played in China. In 1992 FIFA opened the Olympic football tournament to players under age 23, and four years later the first women's Olympic football tournament was held. The World Club Championship debuted in Brazil in 2000. The Under-19 Women's World Championship was inaugurated in 2002.
FIFA membership is open to all national associations. They must accept FIFA's authority, observe the laws of football, and possess a suitable football infrastructure (i.e., facilities and internal organization). FIFA statutes require members to form continental confederations. The first of these, the Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol (commonly known as CONMEBOL), was founded in South America in 1916. In 1954 the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) and the Asian Football Confederation (AFC) were established. Africa's governing body, the Confédération Africaine de Football (CAF), was founded in 1957. The Confederation of North, Central American and Caribbean Association Football (CONCACAF) followed four years later. The Oceania Football Confederation (OFC) appeared in 1966. These confederations may organize their own club, international, and youth tournaments, elect representatives to FIFA's Executive Committee, and promote football in their specific continents as they see fit. In turn, all football players, agents, leagues, national associations, and confederations must recognize the authority of FIFA's Arbitration Tribunal for Football, which effectively functions as football's supreme court in serious disputes.
Until the early 1970s, control of FIFA (and thus of world football) was firmly in the hands of northern Europeans. Under the presidencies of the Englishmen Arthur Drewry (1955–61) and Stanley Rous (1961–74), FIFA adopted a rather conservative, patrician relationship to the national and continental bodies. It survived on modest income from the World Cup finals, and relatively little was done to promote football in less-developed countries or to explore the game's business potential within the West's booming economy. FIFA's leadership was more concerned with matters of regulation, such as confirming amateur status for Olympic competition or banning those associated with illegal transfers of players with existing contracts. For example, Colombia (1951–54) and Australia (1960–63) were suspended temporarily from FIFA after permitting clubs to recruit players who had broken contracts elsewhere in the world.)
Growing African and Asian membership within FIFA undermined European control. In 1974 Brazilian João Havelange was elected president, gaining large support from less-developed countries. Under Havelange, FIFA was transformed from an international gentlemen's club into a global corporation: billion-dollar television deals and partnerships with major transnational corporations were established during the 1980s and '90s. While some earnings were reinvested through FIFA development projects—primarily in Asia, Africa, and Central America—the biggest political reward for less-developed countries has been the expansion of the World Cup finals to include more countries from outside Europe and South America.
Greater professionalization of sports also forced FIFA to intercede in new areas as a governing body and competition regulator. The use of performance-enhancing drugs by teams and individual players had been suspected since at least the 1930s. FIFA introduced drug tests in 1966, and occasionally drug users were uncovered, such as Willie Johnston of Scotland at the 1978 World Cup finals. But FIFA regulations were tightened in the 1980s after the sharp rise in offenses among Olympic athletes, the appearance of new drugs such as the steroid nandrolone, and the use of drugs by stars such as Argentina's Diego Maradona in 1994. While FIFA has authorized lengthy worldwide bans of players who fail drug tests, discrepancies remain between countries and confederations over the intensity of testing and the legal status of specific drugs.
As the sport moved into the 21st century, FIFA came under pressure to respond to some of the major consequences of globalization for international football. Since the election of Switzerland's Sepp Blatter as president in 1998, the political bargaining and wrangling among world football's officials have gained greater media exposure and public attention. Direct conflicts of interest among football's various groups have also arisen: players, agents, television networks, competition sponsors, clubs, national bodies, continental associations, and FIFA all have divergent views regarding the staging of football tournaments and the distribution of football's income. Regulation of player representatives and transfers is also problematic. In UEFA countries, players move freely when not under contract. On other continents, notably Africa and Central and South America, players tend to be tied into long-term contracts with clubs that can control their entire careers. FIFA now requires all agents to be licensed and to pass written examinations held by national associations, but there is little global consistency regarding the control of agent powers. In Europe, agents have played a key role in promoting wage inflation and higher player mobility. In Latin America, players are often partially "owned" by agents who may decide on whether transfers proceed. In parts of Africa, some European agents have been compared to slave traders in the way that they exercise authoritarian control over players and profit hugely from transfer fees to Western leagues with little thought for their clients' well-being. In this way, the ever-widening inequalities between developed and less-developed countries are reflected in the uneven growth and variable regulations of world football.Richard C. Giulianotti Jack Rollin Bernard Joy
Stars from Past World Cups
From the very first World Cup, the event has featured standout individual performances: at the 1930 World Cup, Guillermo Stábile of Argentina scored an extraordinary eight goals in four matches to become the tournament's first breakout star. As the World Cup evolved into the single most popular international sporting event, the impact of the tournament's stars on global sporting culture grew even larger. Most of the all-time football greats made their names on the World Cup stage, including nigh-unbeatable goalkeeper Lev Yashin, "total footballer" Johan Cruyff, the fiery Diego Maradona, and Pelé, probably the greatest player to ever set foot on the pitch.
The following list names a few of the superstars who made an indelible impact on football history through their play in the World Cup.
- Franz Beckenbauer (West Germany)
- Sir Bobby Charlton (England)
- Johan Cruyff (Netherlands)
- Oliver Kahn (Germany)
- Diego Maradona (Argentina)
- Roger Milla (Cameroon)
- Pelé (Brazil)
- Ronaldo (Brazil)
- Lev Yashin (U.S.S.R.)
- Zinedine Zidane (France)
2006 World Cup: A Look Back
On July 9, 2006, a crowd of 69,000 spectators at the Olympic Stadium in Berlin and an estimated television audience of one billion association football (soccer) fans watched Italy beat France 5–3 on penalties after the FIFA World Cup final had ended 1–1 in overtime. The latter minutes of the match were marred by a controversial incident. After persistent and personal verbal abuse from the Italian defender Marco Materazzi, French captain Zinedine Zidane, who was playing in the last competitive match of his career, deliberately head-butted his opponent and was sent off with a red card by the referee. Surprisingly, Zidane was awarded the Golden Ball as the best player in the finals. FIFA later imposed fines and suspensions on both Materazzi and Zidane, who agreed to community service in lieu of his three-game suspension.
Ironically, both players had been the game's only goal scorers. Zidane opened the scoring in the seventh minute with a penalty goal after French midfielder Florent Malouda had fallen from the slightest contact with Materazzi. Zidane chipped in the ball delicately off the crossbar to thwart Gianluigi Buffon in the Italian goal. Italy replied in the 19th minute when Materazzi powered in a headed goal from the corner kick by Andrea Pirlo. While Italy had more possession of the ball in the first half, the experienced French team subsequently gained control of midfield. Both teams were cautious, using just one striker, but whereas France was able to support Thierry Henry, Luca Toni at the point of the Italian attack became an isolated figure. Despite injuries to Patrick Vieira and Henry and Zidane's dismissal, France appeared the more likely to win, but it was not to be. Fabio Cannavaro, the inspirational Italian captain and centre-back who was appearing in his 100th international, was the standout in defense.
In an undistinguished tournament, FIFA's crackdown on lunging tackles and simulation (diving) by players brought a record 346 yellow and 28 red cards. There were no major upsets in the group stage, though Ghana qualified at the expense of the Czech Republic and the U.S., and Australia similarly advanced over Croatia. Argentina, effective and fluently attractive, underestimated the Germans in their quarterfinal match, assuming that victory was assured before losing the penalty shoot-out. Argentina did achieve the finest executed goal of the tournament in its 6–0 game against Serbia and Montenegro: nine players, 24 passes, and one goal in 57 seconds.
One of the most disappointing aspects of the tournament was the indifferent form shown by World Cup holder Brazil and, particularly, Brazil's Ronaldinho, the reigning European and World Footballer of the Year, though teammate Ronaldo registered his 15th career goal in World Cup finals to overtake Gerd Müller of Germany. Brazil shared the Fair Play Award with Spain.
The most entertaining match was the semifinal in which Italy scored twice in overtime to overcome Germany, which finished in third place with its 3–1 defeat of Portugal. Germany also scored the most goals (14) and had the leading marksman in Golden Shoe winner Miroslav Klose with five goals. Goal scoring generally was weak—the average of 2.30 was the second lowest ever, after 1990. Attendance for the matches, however, averaged 52,416, the third best to date.Jack Rollin
South Africa in Brief
South Africa is the southernmost country on the African continent. It is renowned for its varied topography, great natural beauty, and cultural diversity, all of which have made the country a favoured destination for travellers since the legal ending of apartheid (Afrikaans: "apartness," or racial separation) in 1994.
South Africa's remoteness—it lies thousands of miles distant from major African cities such as Lagos and Cairo and more than 6,000 miles (10,000 km) away from most of Europe, North America, and eastern Asia, where its major trading partners are located—helped reinforce the official system of apartheid for a large part of the 20th century. With that system, the government, controlled by the minority white population, enforced segregation between government-defined races in housing, education, and virtually all spheres of life, creating in effect three nations: one of whites (consisting of peoples primarily of British and Dutch [Boer] ancestry, who struggled for generations to gain political supremacy, a struggle that reached its violent apex with the South African War of 1899–1902); one of indigenous black Africans; and one of "Coloureds" (people of mixed ancestry) and ethnic Asians (Indians, Malays, Filipinos, and Chinese). The apartheid regime was disdained and even vehemently opposed by much of the world community, and by the mid-1980s South Africa found itself among the world's pariah states, the subject of economic and cultural boycotts that affected almost every aspect of life. During this era the South African poet Mongane Wally Serote remarked:
There is an intense need for self-expression among the oppressed in our country. When I say self-expression I don't mean people saying something about themselves. I mean people making history consciously….We neglect the creativity that has made the people able to survive extreme exploitation and oppression. People have survived extreme racism. It means our people have been creative about their lives.
Eventually forced to confront the untenable nature of ethnic separatism in a multicultural land, the South African government of F.W. de Klerk (1989–94) began to repeal apartheid laws. That process in turn set in motion a transition toward universal suffrage and a true electoral democracy, which culminated in the 1994 election of a government led by the black majority under the leadership of the long-imprisoned dissident Nelson Mandela.
South Africa has three cities that serve as capitals: Pretoria (executive), Cape Town (legislative), and Bloemfontein (judicial). Johannesburg, the largest urban area in the country and a centre of commerce, lies at the heart of the populous Gauteng province. Durban, a port on the Indian Ocean, is a major industrial centre. Port Elizabeth, which lies along the country's southern coast, is an important commercial, industrial, and cultural centre.
Today South Africa enjoys a relatively stable mixed economy that draws on its fertile agricultural lands, abundant mineral resources, tourist attractions, and highly evolved intellectual capital. Greater political equality and economic stability, however, do not necessarily mean social tranquility. In the early 21st century, South African society continued to face steep challenges: rising crime rates, ethnic tensions, great disparities in housing and educational opportunities, and the AIDS pandemic.
Country Profile
|Official Name:
|Republic of South Africa
|471,359 square miles (1,220,813 square km)
|Population (2009 est.):
|Official Languages:
|Afrikaans, English, Ndebele, Pedi, Sotho, Swati, Tsonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa, and Zulu
|Eastern Cape, Free State, Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, Mpumalanga, North West, Northern Cape, Western Cape.
|Capitals and Other Major Cities:
|Pretoria (executive), Cape Town (legislative), Bloemfontein (judicial); Johannesburg, Durban, Port Elizabeth.
|UNESCO World Heritage Sites:
|Fossil Hominid Sites of Sterkfontein, Swartkrans, Kromdraai, and Environs; iSimangaliso Wetland Park; Robben Island; uKhahlamba / Drakensberg Park; Mapungubwe Cultural Landscape; Cape Floral Region Protected Areas; Vredefort Dome; Richtersveld Cultural and Botanical Landscape
The arts
Blending Western traditions with African and Asian traditions, South Africa is a study in contrasts. It provides lessons in how cultures can sometimes blend, sometimes collide. Culture and the arts, which sometimes were forced into exile during the apartheid era, are now able to flourish in South Africa.
A century and a half of white domination in most of the country (more than three centuries in the Western Cape) and the great extent of its ties to the global market economy have profoundly transformed black culture in South Africa. The strongest links to traditional societies have been through the many languages embodying the country's cultural diversity, whose nuances of idiom and sensibility carry over into the arts. Traditional art forms such as dancing and textile weaving are used as vehicles of ethnic identity and are carefully preserved, while modern art forms from painting to literature have flourished in the years since the end of apartheid. Still, much of this has taken place through private initiatives because major institutional support for culture has been largely abandoned, especially for cultural projects perceived as elitist or European in orientation.
Rock and cave art attributable to the San, some of which is thought to be about 26,000 years old, has been found across much of Southern Africa. The greatest number of paintings, which primarily depict human figures and such animals as elands, elephants, cattle, and horses, have been found in the Drakensberg mountains (part of uKhahlamba/Drakensberg Park, designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 2000). Dated to 500 ce are the terra-cotta figures known as Lydenburg heads, named after the town in which they were discovered. Excavations at Bambandyanalo and Mapungubwe in the Limpopo River valley have found gold animal statues as well as a wealth of pottery and clay animal figurines. More recently, Zulu wooden statues, produced in the 19th century before the Anglo-Zulu War (1879), are further examples of South Africa's artistic history. Visual artists continue to create in traditional forms, but many contemporary artists—including Jane Alexander, Helen Sebidi, Willie Bester, and Bongiwe Dhlomo—employ Western techniques as well.
South African music is a fusion of various musical styles such as traditional indigenous music, jazz, Christian religious music, and forms of popular music from the United States. These combinations are evident in the music of such performers as the African Jazz Pioneers, Ladysmith Black Mambazo, Miriam Makeba, Hugh Masekela, and others. During the apartheid period, black and white musicians were segregated, although they still collaborated on occasion; a notable example is Johnny Clegg, a white South African who learned traditional Zulu music and formed the mixed-race bands Juluka and Savuka, both of which gained international followings. Township music, a lively form of music that flourished in the townships during the apartheid era, has also been popular within the country and abroad.
South African literature proved to be an important expression of resistance against apartheid throughout the 20th century. One of its best-known works is Alan Paton's novel Cry, the Beloved Country (1948), which drew world attention to the separatist system. Two decades later, literary resistance organized around journals and magazines, whose contributors were collectively known as the Sestigers ("Sixtyers," writers of the 1960s). Reacting against the National Party's increasingly authoritarian policies, the Sestigers grew in influence but soon divided into factions insisting on the need for violent revolution on the one hand and art for art's sake on the other. In the 1970s many books continued to criticize the apartheid regime, including André Brink's Kennis van die aand (1973; Looking on Darkness), Nadine Gordimer's Burger's Daughter (1979), and Breyten Breytenbach's In Africa Even the Flies Are Happy (1977). Also during this time, the government enacted the Publications Act of 1974, which expanded and strengthened existing censorship policies. Many authors went into exile; some did not return until the 1990s, while others remained abroad even after the end of apartheid. Brink, however, remained in South Africa and wrote, in Writing in a State of Siege (1983), about how unsuccessful the National Party had been in silencing South African writers:
For a very long time three different streams of literature ran their course: black, Afrikaans, and English. But during the last few years a new awareness of common identity as writers has arisen, creating a new sense of solidarity in a body of informed and articulate resistance to oppression.
Black literature
South Africa's various black cultures have rich oral traditions, including narrative, poetic, historical, and epic forms, which have changed and adapted as black life has changed. While there is a fear that classical forms of the oral traditions are at risk of being lost with the spread of literacy and recorded music, these oral traditions have exerted a major influence on the written literatures of South Africa, merging with literary influences from elsewhere in Africa, the Caribbean and the Americas, and Europe.
Such writers as Oliver Kgadime Matsepe (North Sotho), Thomas Mofolo (South Sotho), Guybon Sinxo (Xhosa), and B.W. Vilakazi (Zulu) have been more deeply influenced in their written work by the oral traditions of their cultures than by European forms. Other black writers, beginning in the 1930s with Solomon Plaatje and his historical novel Mhudi (1930), have explicitly used black oral history when writing in English. As literacy spread, a commercial press developed, primarily in English, that was aimed at a black audience and shaped new generations of writers. Notable were the contributors to the journal Drum, including Nat Nakasa, Can Themba, Bloke Modisane, and Lewis Nkosi, who vividly captured the rhythms of urban township life and the milieu of rising black ambitions for freedom. Government crackdowns in the 1960s crushed much of that spirit and forced Dennis Brutus, Ezekiel Mphahlele, Mazisi Kunene, and other writers into exile.
Afrikaans literature
The second stream, literature written in Afrikaans, has its origins in the culture and arts of the early Afrikaner nationalist movement. Beginning in the 1880s, the movement laid the foundation for the political nationalism that coalesced following British conquest and contributed to the ideology of apartheid. In the 1920s—through the secret organization called the Afrikaner-Broederbond and through cultural organizations—teachers, academics, Dutch Reformed Church ministers, writers, artists, and journalists began to develop a powerful, if also authoritarian, vision of an exclusive, divinely ordained national "racial" identity. That vision, promoted in literature, drama, music, and public commemorative sculpture and other forms of expression, became apartheid's official culture, asserting the paradoxical proposition that the other, non-Afrikaner cultures should develop along their own lines, in a manner prescribed by the state.
Writers of Afrikaans literature later explored more-universal themes—such as love, conflict, nature, and daily life—and, eventually, even opposition to apartheid. The first two decades of the 20th century were dominated by such poets as Jakob Daniel du Toit and C. Louis Leipoldt. The appearance of the Dertigers ("Thirtyers," poets of the 1930s), a group of talented poets including W.E.G. Louw, signified the new standard in Afrikaans literature. Prominent among the Sestigers, who followed decades later, were the novelists Etienne Leroux and Brink and the poet Breytenbach. Post-Sestigers writers of note include the poets Wilma Stockenström, Sheila Cussons, and Antjie Krog and the novelists Elsa Joubert, Karel Schoeman, and Etienne van Heerden.
Anglophone literature
The third stream, Anglophone literature, arose in the late 19th and the early 20th century with writers such as Olive Schreiner, an early feminist who is credited with writing the first great South African novel, The Story of an African Farm (1883), and Herman Charles Bosman, whose short stories chronicled the foibles of life on the veld. After World War II Paton, Gordimer (who later was awarded the 1991 Nobel Prize for Literature), and others produced what might be called a literature of the liberal conscience, combining sharp and critical social observation with meditation on the responsibilities and fates of individuals enmeshed in oppressive situations they lack the power to change.
Multicultural literature
During the 1970s there emerged in the arts powerful themes of national and multiracial, multilingual cultural patterns as writers and artists from all backgrounds concentrated on exploring and portraying the turmoil affecting South African society. Reaction to apartheid engendered a sense of black culture and history that drew inspiration from West and North African, Caribbean, and African American intellectual movements. The themes of black consciousness evident in the poetry and prose of urban writers such as Mothobi Mutloatse, Miriam Tlali, Mbulelo Mzamane, and Njabulo Ndebele and published in such periodicals as Staffrider were derived from the literary and oral traditions of black languages in South Africa and in literature by blacks in European languages.
For many decades, works with strong political themes or explicit sexuality were banned. Authors such as Breytenbach, Brink, Leroux, and Dan Roodt, whose works were banned, began exploring the cultural ground on which Afrikaners would need to make their way in a reconstructed and democratic South Africa.
The authors Adam Small and Alex La Guma wrote vividly in Afrikaans and English, respectively, of the effects of racial discrimination and of the complex and frequently violent nature of life in South Africa. Many black and white writers addressing these and other themes have received international recognition. Writers such as J.M. Coetzee (awarded the 2003 Nobel Prize for Literature), Sipho Sepamla, and Mongane Wally Serote joined such established figures as Mphahlele, Paton, Brink, and Leroux in bringing South African literary life to the wider world.
South African playwrights responded to the new cultural and political milieu with such innovations as multilingual plays. Support for the newer indigenous theatre came from independent and nonracial theatrical organizations, such as the Market Theatre in Johannesburg. Plays by Athol Fugard, Mbongeni Ngema, Fatima Dike, Zakes Mda, and Pieter-Dirk Uys have been performed worldwide.
Since the 1890s, when the medium was first introduced, film has been an important means of cultural expression for South African artists. The country's first major narrative film, The Kimberley Diamond Robbery, appeared in 1910. It was followed through the 1910s and '20s by several epics that rivaled the Hollywood productions of Cecil B. DeMille, notably I.W. Schlesinger's Symbol of Sacrifice (1918), which employed 25,000 Zulu warriors as extras to depict the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879.
As is the case with other arts, film has also been used as a means of political commentary, despite official censorship in the apartheid era. In the 1970s director Ross Devenish brought Fugard's highly political play Boesman and Lena (1973) to the screen, and Soweto-based playwright and filmmaker Gibson Kente directed How Long (Must We Suffer…)? (1976), the first major South African film made by a black artist. A Dry White Season (1989), based on a novel by Brink, used a largely American cast to bring the harsh reality of apartheid to an international audience. Other films that reached a wider audience include Afrikaner director Jamie Uys's The Gods Must Be Crazy (1980), Oliver Schmitz and Thomas Mogotlane's Mapantsula (1988), Manie van Rensburg's Taxi to Soweto (1991), Anant Singh and Darrell Roodt's Sarafina! (1992), and Gavin Hood's Tsotsi (2005), based on a novel by Fugard.
Sports and Recreation
South Africans avidly participate in sports and outdoor recreational activities. The country's national parks provide opportunities not only to view wildlife but also to pursue activities such as rock climbing and hiking. As with most other aspects of South African life, however, sports and recreational activities developed differently for whites and blacks. Whites played football (soccer), rugby, and cricket and enjoyed sports in world-class facilities, while blacks were restricted to such sports as football, boxing, and, secondarily, athletics (track and field); moreover, their facilities were poorly maintained and ill-equipped.
White South African athletes collected more than 50 Olympic medals from 1908 to 1960, but the country was suspended from the Olympic Games in 1964–92 because of its apartheid policies. During the transition from apartheid to democracy (1990–94), South Africa was readmitted to the Olympics, and a small, racially mixed Olympic team competed in the 1992 Summer Games. At the 1996 Summer Games, swimmer Penelope Heyns became the first South African Olympic gold medallist in the postapartheid era, and marathon runner Josia Thugwane earned the distinction of becoming the first black South African to claim a gold medal.
Other postapartheid sports teams have also done well. South Africa's rugby team, the Springboks, won the Rugby World Cup in 1995 and in 2007. The 1995 victory was particularly poignant, as the country's first black president, Nelson Mandela, and the captain of the predominantly white rugby team, François Pienaar, used the tournament as an opportunity to build support for the team among South Africans of all colours, providing them with a common goal to rally around as a step toward healing the racial divisions left by apartheid. When South Africa's national football team, affectionately nicknamed Bafana Bafana (Zulu for "The Boys"), returned to international competition, it won the 1996 African Cup of Nations at home, was runner-up to Egypt at the same competition in 1998, and qualified for its first World Cup finals in 1998. South Africa is hosting the 2010 World Cup, the first time that an African country has been selected to do so.
From Apartheid to Rainbow Nation: Key Historical Events in South Africa since 1910
South Africa is often referred to as the "rainbow nation," as its population is a mosaic of many different ethnic groups. Despite this multicultural nature, for most of the 20th century South Africa was ruled by the country's white minority, and its transformation to the nonracial democracy that exists today was long and arduous. Although legislated apartheid has ended, many of the entrenched social and economic effects of decades of inequality still remain in the 21st century. For greater detail, see South Africa: History.
- 1910
- The Union of South Africa comes into existence as a dominion within the British Commonwealth on May 31. It is formed by four former colonies under the South Africa Act of 1909, which put political power in the new country in the hands of an all-white union bicameral Parliament, effectively disenfranchising the nonwhite majority; the South Africa Act is unequivocally condemned by black South Africans.
- 1912
- The South African Native National Congress is formed. The organization will be renamed the African National Congress (ANC) in 1923.
- 1913
- The Natives Land Act prohibits black South Africans from buying or renting land outside of specially designated reserves, which make up less than one-tenth of the country.
- 1923
- The Native (Urban Areas) Act segregates urban residential space and creates "influx controls" to reduce access to cities by black South Africans.
- 1948
- The National Party comes to power in South Africa. Racially discriminatory practices, in place from the formation of the country and expanded over the decades, are further broadened and solidified under the party's policy of apartheid, which sanctions racial segregation and political and economic discrimination against nonwhites. The party will rule South Africa for more than 40 years.
- 1952
- ANC leaders Nelson Mandela and Oliver Tambo establish South Africa's first black law practice, specializing in cases resulting from the post-1948 apartheid legislation.
- Mandela plays an important role in launching a campaign of defiance against South Africa's pass laws, which require nonwhites to carry documents (known as passes, pass books, or reference books) authorizing their presence in areas that the government deemed "restricted" (i.e., generally reserved for the white population).
- 1959
- The Pan-Africanist Congress (PAC) is created by former ANC members who want to advocate solely for the rights of black South Africans, in contrast to the nonracial or multiracial policies of the ANC and other organizations.
- The 1959 Promotion of Bantu Self-Government Act relabels areas previously set aside for black South Africans as "homelands," or Bantustans, in which only specific ethnic groups have residence rights. Later, the Bantu Homelands Citizenship Act of 1970 will define blacks living throughout South Africa as legal citizens of the homelands designated for their particular ethnic groups—thereby stripping them of their South African citizenship and their few remaining civil and political rights. Between the 1960s and 1980s the white-dominated South African government will continuously remove black people still living in "white areas" and forcibly relocate them to the Bantustans.
- 1960
- During an anti-pass-law demonstration sponsored by the PAC, South African police open fire on a crowd at Sharpeville, a black township near Johannesburg, on March 21. About 69 black South Africans are killed and more than 180 are wounded, some 50 women and children among the victims. A state of emergency is later declared in South Africa and more than 11,000 people are detained. The PAC and ANC are outlawed on April 8.
- 1961
- Denied legal avenues for political change, the ANC forms a military wing, Umkhonto we Sizwe ("Spear of the Nation"), with Mandela as its head, to carry out acts of sabotage in South Africa as part of its campaign against apartheid.
- In the face of increasing criticism of its apartheid policy, the country withdraws from the Commonwealth, and the Republic of South Africa is proclaimed.
- Helen Suzman, a white South African legislator of the aggressively antiapartheid Progressive Party, is the only member of her party reelected to Parliament. From 1961 to 1974 she is the sole antiapartheid member of Parliament.
- ANC president Albert Luthuli is named the recipient of the 1960 Nobel Prize for Peace, in recognition of his nonviolent struggle against racial discrimination. He is the first African to be awarded the prize.
- 1962
- The South African Non-Racial Olympic Committee (SANROC) is formed and will lead efforts to establish an international boycott of South African sports. It will later establish itself in exile in London.
- FIFA suspends South Africa from international football competition; the suspension will be lifted in 1963.
- 1964
- Mandela, on trial for sabotage, treason, and violent conspiracy, is sentenced to life imprisonment on June 12. He spends the first 18 years of his sentence at the infamous Robben Island Prison.
- The International Olympic Committee (IOC) withdraws South Africa's invitation to participate in the Tokyo Olympic Games because of South Africa's apartheid policies.
- FIFA again suspends South Africa from international football competition.
- 1968
- More than 50 countries protest South Africa's proposed inclusion in the Mexico City Olympics, and the IOC withdraws South Africa's invitation to participate in the Games.
- 1970
- The IOC expels South Africa from Olympic competition.
- 1972
- The Black People's Convention, an umbrella organization of black consciousness groups, is established. Steve Biko is one of the founders.
- 1973
- The United Nations General Assembly denounces apartheid.
- 1976
- On June 16 the South African police open fire on thousands of black schoolchildren protesting an education policy in Soweto, an African township outside Johannesburg. A nationwide cycle of protest and brutal repression ensues over the next year.
- FIFA expels South Africa from international football competition.
- 1977
- Biko dies from injuries suffered while in police custody. He becomes an internationally known martyr for South African black nationalism.
- The United Nations Security Council votes unanimously to impose a mandatory embargo on the export of arms to South Africa.
- 1978
- P.W. Botha becomes prime minister. To appease foreign and domestic critics, his government introduces some reforms, including the repeal of the pass laws. However, the reforms stop short of making any real change in the distribution of power.
- 1982
- South African clergyman Allan Boesak persuades members of the World Alliance of Reformed Churches to declare apartheid a heresy and to suspend membership of the white South African churches. The next year he will help organize the United Democratic Front, a multiracial association of all manner of groups opposed to apartheid.
- 1983
- A new constitution is promulgated that creates separate parliamentary bodies for Asians (primarily Indians) and for Coloureds, two of the country's legally designated racial groups, but it also vests great powers in an executive president. Botha will be elected to this position the next year.
- 1984
- Bishop Desmond Tutu is awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his opposition to apartheid.
- 1986
- American public resentment of South Africa's racial policies is strong enough for the U.S. Congress to pass—over a presidential veto—the Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act, which bans new South African investments and loans, ends air links with the country, and prohibits the importation of many of its commodities. Other governments take similar actions.
- 1989
- F.W. de Klerk succeeds Botha as president. He commits himself to speeding up the reform process begun by his predecessor and initiates talks about a new postapartheid constitution with representatives of the country's four legally designated racial groups (white, black, Coloured, and Asian [primarily Indian]).
- 1990
- The South African government, led by de Klerk, releases Mandela from prison on February 11 and legalizes the ANC and other opposition parties.
- 1991
- Mandela is named president of the ANC; he negotiates with de Klerk to end apartheid and bring about a peaceful transition to nonracial democracy in South Africa.
- The IOC agrees to readmit South Africa to Olympic competition.
- 1992
- South Africa sends a racially mixed team to the Barcelona Olympic Games.
- FIFA readmits South Africa to international football competition.
- 1993
- Mandela and de Klerk are jointly awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace for their efforts to establish nonracial democracy in South Africa.
- A new nonracial interim constitution is adopted and will take effect in 1994.
- 1994
- South Africa's first elections by universal suffrage are held in April. The Mandela-led ANC is victorious, and Mandela is sworn in as president of the country's first multiethnic government on May 10.
- 1995
- Mandela establishes the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC), with Archbishop Tutu as the commission's chair, to investigate and possibly grant amnesty for human rights violations committed during the apartheid era. The TRC will release the first five volumes of its final report on Oct. 29, 1998, and the remaining two volumes on March 21, 2003. In all, the commission will have received more than 7,000 amnesty applications, held more than 2,500 amnesty hearings, and granted 1,500 amnesties.
- South Africa's rugby team, the Springboks, wins the Rugby World Cup.
- 1996
- At the Atlanta Olympic Games, swimmer Penelope Heyns becomes the first South African Olympic gold medallist in the postapartheid era, and marathon runner Josia Thugwane earns the distinction of becoming the first black South African to claim a gold medal.
- South Africa's national football team, Bafana Bafana (Zulu for "The Boys"), wins the African Cup of Nations tournament.
- A new South African constitution that enshrines the principles of human dignity, nonracialism and nonsexism, and the equality and advancement of human rights and freedoms is signed by Mandela on December 10; it will take effect in early 1997.
- 1999
- The ANC is again victorious in general elections; Thabo Mbeki, who replaced Mandela as president of the ANC in December 1997, becomes president of the country. He will begin a second term in 2004.
- 2007
- The Springboks win the Rugby World Cup.
- 2008
- Accused of interfering in a corruption case against Jacob Zuma, one of his rivals within the ANC, Mbeki resigns from the country's presidency in September. He is succeeded by Kgalema Motlanthe.
- 2009
- Zuma becomes president of South Africa after the ANC wins general elections.
- 2010
- South Africa hosts the 19th World Cup football tournament. It is the first time that the competition will take place on the African continent.


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After a few conversations back and forth on Twitter, it was decided that I should be the one to do a post about tips for farming the Critter Killer Squad achievement for your guild by killing 50,000 critters collectively. Completing this achievement gives your guild members access to the Armadillo Pup companion pet, though you do have one heck of a rep grind to do with your guild before you can actually purchase and summon him. The current PTR patch mentions he's purchasable at Revered once the patch goes live, but currently it's Exalted.
This isn't really a guide to show you how to do it, it's merely a list of tips to help you along the way. I'm going to point out the primary locations for where I did most of my grinding as well as things you can do to help you out in your own.
General Tips
Classy Killers
The first thing to consider if you're going to go on a critter farming spree is your class. If you don't have good AoE spells, or you're not able to "spam" your AoE spells, then you aren't really an ideal farmer. That doesn't mean you can't do it of course, only that you could do better if you were a different class. Which class is the best Critter farmer in the game? Mages followed by Priests.
Mages are the best critter farmers because they have a cheap AoE spell that you can spam (no cooldown) and several ways of getting their mana back quickly and easily. By taking the Arcane spec they can reduce the cooldown of their best mana return, Evocation, to every two minutes. By taking the Fire spec they gain access to two more AoE spells that can be cast instantly on a targeted location. And they can always conjure their own food for free if mana returns get stuck on cooldown.
Priests have a similarly useful AoE, but mana can become an issue after sustained periods without as many ways of generating it back.
You can also do a fair job with a Death Knight if you take the Frost Spec, allowing you to cast two Blood Boils, and two Howling Blasts to clear large numbers of critters. The drawback is that Howling Blast does require you to select a target which can be hard if you're having to click on some of these tiny critters. You can get around that either with a macro or by trying to click on other, larger targets to center it on. You can also use your "ice cubes" cooldown when it's up, allowing Frost Fever to kill them.
Critter Killer "SQUAD"
The next thing to consider is whether or not other people in your guild are willing to help you. Why is that important? Because just like loot in dungeons or raids, you get credit for the kills as long as you're in the area when they die. Credit in the case of critters is the kill count. What that means is that if you're in a group then everyone who is there and within "reward range" of the critters when they die all get credit for it.
So if you're in a group with another person for your guild then every critter killed counts as two critters because both of you are rewarded with a kill. If you're in a group of five, then every critter counts as five. And if you're in a 40 man raid, then every critter counts as 40 instead.
Remember, guild achievements aren't meant to be accomplished by a single individual, they're meant to be a group effort; that's why they're guild achievements. Get a group together for the areas you want to farm in and then go do them together. You can either send a large group, like the 40 man raid, to a single location, or you can do smaller parties or raids to several locations at once.
Uldum: the land of sheep, moths, lizards and scarabs.
This is where most of the people who got this achievement first did their thing. There are two locations on the map where two groups of sheep spawn which make it an excellent zone to grab a few, quick kills from. When the expansion was first released killing these sheep forced more sheep to instantly respawn, making it the single-best location in the game to farm the achievement. Once Blizzard caught on though, they took away the respawn rate and now they respawn about the same as any other critter, though maybe a tad slower.
Those little packs of sheep are still a great source of kills though, so I still enjoyed farming them even after the respawn nerf.
Anywhere that you find green growth in the zone can also be home to moths which count for the achievement as well. If you happen to be an herbalist or a skinner then you'll likely be farming these areas for your professions as well, and killing critters while you're in the middle of farming something else anyway is a great way to contribute to the guild without going out of your way. The sheep don't quite have enough time to respawn after a single path along the highest spawn points of Whiptail unless you manage to find several of the nodes and stop for moths along the way, but a double-path should have the big sheep packs back up for you.
If you're a miner then you'll often find along your mining paths here that there will be several groups of critters that spawn in groups of three and then spread out and "flee" when you get close to them. Drop down in the middle and fire off an AoE spell to grab your three kills and then return to your ore farming. Many of the ore nodes themselves are spawn points for these critters which you can use to some extent as a reference for a place to keep your eyes open for a node you're not aware of.
I start my mining path just south of where the sheep spawn, at a point where I often find Pyrite nodes and then I run a path that takes me through both sheep spawn locations, up around where the Armadillo rare spawn is located, up into the western mountain ranges looping around the north side of the map all the way to the east where I also find several Pyrite nodes, and then I go back to the sheep spot. My mining path is significantly larger than my herb path, and the sheep have always respawned by the time I get back around.
You can also make a macro to "/target Strange Camel Statue" to search for the statue that gives you a chance at a camel mount. I haven't had any luck with that one myself yet, but I've been told that's the best way to find it since the statue can be targeted.
Zul'Gurub: The raid that once was, land of the eternal snakes.
In Zul'Gurub you're going to be killing snakes. Lots, and lots, and lots of snakes. Now, there aren't all that many snakes that are actually there, probably only 25-30 in this particular area, but killing them forces more to spawn and they also have a fast respawn rate on their own. The key to getting them to spawn a lot is to make sure that you kill all of them, and doing that requires you to know where all of them are.
Go to the area marked on the map. You'll find the section where the snake boss used to be located when ZG was still a raid instance. Now, back out of his room onto the main pathway that runs around the instance. There are 4 snakes that spawn right outside there; 2 are in line with the doorway and there is one slightly to both the left and right of the door. The doorway itself also has up to 3 snakes that can spawn inside it.
Now your objective is clear a ring around the entire area inside the snake bosses "room". So go in the door and start making a circle around the edge, spamming your AoE the whole time. I prefer to turn right and go around counter-clockwise, but that's just me. When you come around opposite the doorway to where the stairs are go on up and do the same thing there, spamming your AoE as you circle around the upper floor. Then go back down the stairs and finish your ring of the lower level by following it around and going back out the door.
From there it's just a simple matter of repeating everything you just did. If you don't kill all of the snakes then not all of them will respawn, that's why I have you kill the ones outside the door. You can't kill just the lower floor and outside the door, or the snakes will follow normal respawn rules. If you do take the time to get snake down in there then you'll have a constant supply of snakes to kill.
As you path around here you'll pick up on where all of the snakes are and get a feel for where you need to stand when you fire your AoE to kill the most snakes per cast, and you'll find just how close you need to get to the edges of the room. Once you've got a feel for it you'll be able to clear the place in no time and can probably develop a rhythm like I did where I didn't even have to look at the screen anymore because I knew how far to turn in each direction in sequence to get to where I was going.
ZG farming gets old pretty fast, but it is effective and it's your best source if you don't want to deal with respawn rates. If you're grinding the achievement with your guild you probably don't want to bring more than 2-3 other people with you to this place. While killing does force respawns, there's still a little bit of an actual respawn on the forced spawn as well which ends up giving you a slight delay followed by bursts of snakes in random places and it gets a little screwy.
Eastern Plaguelands
Eastern Plaguelands: Enough creepy crawlies to feed the entire goblin race for a decade.
Eastern Plaguelands is overall the best place for you to farm. It has more critters than any other location in the game now, and they all have a reasonable respawn rate of 3-5 minutes. The respawn timer kind of sucks, but the cave is large enough and there are enough critters in there to make up for it.
EPL comes with another side benefit though which helps with that respawn timer, and that's farming for the Mr. Grubbs companion pet. The whole point of killing these critters is to open up another pet, so don't try to tell me you're not in it for pets. ;)
If you don't already have Mr. Grubbs then go ahead and clear out the cave full of critters and then fly east and farm some mobs for a chance to get Mr. Grubbs. After a few minutes of grinding those, head back to the cave and kill some more, then grind Grubbs while you wait, and so on and so forth.
If you're going to grind this achievement with your guild then this is the best place to do it in groups.
Psynister's Psystem
I did a large portion of my guild's critter farming solo, mostly because I had no idea at the time that doing it in groups could multiply your kill count. If I had known that then we would have gotten it way sooner than we did.
I started off farming the sheep in Uldum, pre-nerf, and not expecting a nerf to come for a while I mostly took my time with them and only did a few thousand at a time before going off to do something else. I don't remember what our count was when the nerf hit, but I think it was around 10-12k at that point.
The nerf wasn't a big setback though because I had found a location that was even better. I was leveling a Worgen Fury Warrior to become PvP twink when I suddenly found myself in a tunnel/hallway absolutely full of critters. I remembered it from the Beta but I had completely forgotten that the area existed. The great thing about this place was that the critters actually attacked you which mean that my Warrior had a never ending supply of Rage along with a never ending supply of critters, and a wonderful spell to dump that Rage into that just happened to be an AoE.
I farmed the crap out of that hall until all of my non-BoA gear was broken. Once it broke I set off to find myself a repair vendor so I could make use of my enchanted Hand-Me-Downs again, but none of them existed in the phase I was in. Sadly, neither did a mailbox so I couldn't send the BoA's to a new Warrior. The grinding was still great, but slower after all of my gear was busted so I took a break there for a while as well. The following week this place was nerfed as well so that the critters don't count. Still, I'd managed over 20,000 kills there.
That left me with only a few options so I searched for other good places to go and stumbled onto the snakes in ZG. The good thing about them is that they do have an excellent respawn rate. The bad thing is, farming them kind of sucks with how spread out they are so you don't get as many kills in as short of a time. And because of the layout I actually got bored with it easier than I did the others. I only did maybe 500-1,000 there before I got bored and left.
I then went to try my luck in EPL which is where I decided to spend most of my remaining time farming it. The respawn rate isn't great, but the number of critters inside was fantastic. The respawn timer did make it boring pretty easily though, so again I only ended up with a little over 1,000 kills here at the time.
From there I left the achievement alone for a while at around 36,000 critters. From there I left it up to the rest of the guild for a while and we made decent progress from there. When I saw that we were within 5,000 of the achievement I went back to farming a bit more seriously and decided to beat the respawn timers by setting up a different toon in each of my three best farming locations and just relog each time I finished off an area. That worked for all of two cycles before I was killing them all too fast to really make it efficient. The DK in Uldum was doing good slaying sheep with Blood Boil and Howling Blast, but the Balance Druid kind of sucked in ZG with how much they were spread out and how much mana my non-cooldown AoE spells required to cast. The Mage was still slaying like crazy in EPL though, and eventually I just gave up on the rotation and stuck with Mage/EPL.
Quite a few members jumped in there at the end trying to finish off the achievement. At the very end, I saw two other people farming critters and only one of which was in a good spot (Uldum) for getting big numbers in a short amount of time. I'd worked so hard on the achievement though that I wasn't about to let someone else finish what I'd started so I jumped back on the Mage for one final push through that EPL tunnel. I went in with 200 critters left on the countdown and started in.
I saw the numbers drop quickly, and just as we hit 13 I saw someone else in my tunnel doing the same thing. If he had been flagged, and on the opposite faction, I'd have killed him with AoE spells a'blazing, but that was not the case. Luckily I'd been through that stinking cave so many times that I knew all of the twists and turns and I knew there was a side passage to his right…and apparently so did he.
But, he wasn't a mage.
/cast Blink
/cast Arcane Explosion (critter count: 3)
/cast Arcane Explosion (critter count: -7)
Now all I have to do is stop being such a friggin altoholic and focus on a single character long enough to get my rep high enough to buy the Armadillo. I'm not real big on companion pets, but still – I am a Texan, after all.


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Flight Lyon Gothenburg
Looking for affordable flights from Lyon to Gothenburg? Then have a look at our deals. Eurowings can fly you to Gothenburg (GOT) in February 2019 from just €99.99*.
Whether you want to take a holiday in Sweden or need to travel to Gothenburg for business, Eurowings will fly you safely and comfortably from France to your destination. We usually fly from Lyon to Gothenburg 7 times a week with a flight with connection. We're looking forward to welcoming you on board soon!
We recommend our SMART fare for your flight to Gothenburg. It includes the most popular additional services, such as meals on board and checked luggage. This means your flight from Lyon to Gothenburg will be a relaxed one. Simply select your desired month. The cheapest flight from Lyon to Gothenburg is priced at €99.99* in February 2019.
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here. Cut tips off asparagus spears and chop stalks into 1/2-inch pieces. Melt 1 1/2 tablespoons butter (I used a combo of olive oil and unsalted butter) in a Dutch oven over medium-high heat. Add asparagus tips and cook, stirring occasionally, until just tender, about 2 minutes. Set aside.
I always post a printable recipe card at the end of each recipe post. If you cannot view it, you might be using an older version of Internet Explorer. You should be able to view my recipe cards with Safari, Mozilla, Google Chrome and Internet Explorer. If you still can't view the recipe card, all of my recipes are stored on Key Ingredient, by clicking here. If you still can't figure out how to view the printable recipe card, please email me at firstname.lastname@example.com and I am happy to help.


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, Tisvildeleje
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A security deposit of DKK 950 per stay for incidentals needs to be paid to Sol og Strand before arrival. This deposit will be returned within 3 weeks after check-out, minus any deductions for energy consumption and any damage caused to the accommodation. Please note that the full amount of the reservation is due before arrival. Sol og Strand will send a confirmation with detailed payment information. After full payment is taken, the property's details, including the address and where to collect keys, will be emailed to you. Payment before arrival via bank transfer is required. The property will contact you after you book to provide instructions. Bed linens and towels are not included in the room rate. Guests can rent them at the property for an additional charge of DKK 95 per person or bring their own. Energy costs are not included in the price and will be charged according to guest use, upon departure.
Continue to the next page for a full description of the available rooms and their prices. Choose and book your room.


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Request for Public Comment: Determination in Section 301 Investigation Concerning Acts, Policies and Practices of Brazil With Respect to Protection and Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights
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- Publication Date:
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- Federal Register: January 28, 1994
- Docket No. 301-91
- Document Number:
- 94-2080
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I'm not really a jam maker, in fact I'm not even a jam eater. There's something about jam that doesn't convince me totally. I like to smell it, I like to use it in my sweets, I even like to look at it, I just don't really like to eat it. My mom on the other hand, pass her a jam jar and a spoon and she's a happy woman! This was for her.
Finding impossible to eat all the figs I have, making a jam was probably a clever option. To the figs I've added the classics cinnamon and lemon, but what made this jam a bit more interesting were some anise seeds that I decided to threw in at the last moment. It gave the jam an awesome flavour that had me (the non-jam eater) licking my fingers while testing for the consistency. Don't worry I washed them after!
- 1100 gr (2 lb 7 oz) figs (half peeled, half unpeeled)
- 500 (17.9 oz)gr sugar
- Lemon rind (1/2 lemon without the white)
- 1 stick cinnamon
- ½ tsp anise seeds
- 1 apple
I couldn't decide if I was going to use the figs peeled or unpeeled, so I did what my strange logic told me to do: use half of each. The weight in the recipe is from the figs allready cut and ready to go, so I'm gessing I started with about 1,5 kgs (3 lb 5 oz).
Wash the figs, cut the top and bottom of all and peel half of them. Cut in half and put in a pan. Add the sugar and mix well. Add the cinnamon stick, lemon rind, anise seeds and the apple washed and cut into chunks (with the skin and piths). Let cook for about 30 m at medium low heat, stearing often. You can leave yours with chunks but I chose to make it smooth by pureeing it with an inmersion blender. Keep cooking testing for consistency, placing a bit of jam in a plate, it will be ready when you can leave a clear trace with your finger. Makes 5 medium jars.
Is your toast ready?
Tomorrow the last fig recipe! Are you sad? Don't be, it's a really good one! Might even be my favourite!


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The Access Regulation (ZTL) of Castellina in Chianti covers part of the historic center.
During certain times no vehicles are allowed to enter the ZTL.
key: blue line is the boundary of the ZTL
Has signs similar to this, a banned vehicle sign with the requirements below:
If you need to enter the ZTL in Castellina in Chianti contact:
Polizia Municipale di Castellina in Chianti
Viale Rimembranza, 14
53011 Castellina in Chianti
tel. 0577-742341
fax 0577-742342
All vehicles.
Are enforced.
From 1 May to 31 October daily from 13:00 - 07:00.
There is currently no Italian national scheme, but regional as well as individual city schemes.
However, there is a mobile phone app that can tell you when you are about to drive into a camera enforced ZTL.
National exemptions for all ZTL:
Categories stated by law: public transport, vehicles for disabled people with a registered disabled persons badge.
Specific exemptions:
Resident's vehicles, private car park owners, public utilities, hotel guests, vehicles owned by shops or companies inside the ZTL, delivery goods, car sharing, home care, visiting doctors, night-time surveillance, artisans, funeral company, voluntary organizations.
Local exemptions:
We focus on our website on information for people from outside of town. There are also exemptions for local residents, businesses and other operators. Go to the website Accessibilita à centri storici for more detailed information, in Italian.
Tourists who have their hotel in the ZTL are advised to talk to the hotel about the ZTL, to avoid fines.
Special exemptions may be granted, if there is an important need to enter the ZTL when it is in operation. For example loading / unloading, couriers, commercial activities etc. Talk to the local police about it, contact details below.
Loading and unloading is allowed for vehicles from 13:00 - 07:00.
Zona a Traffico Limitato (ZTL) or Limitazioni della circolazione, the general name for all access regulation schemes, also used for LEZs.
For further information about this scheme go to this useful website.
Polizia Municipale di Castellina in Chianti
Viale Rimembranza, 14
53011 Castellina in Chianti
tel. 0577-742341
fax 0577-742342


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This is the 18th challenge in a weekly series from GeneaBloggers called 52 weeks of personal genealogy and history, suggested by Amy Coffin, that invite genealogists to record memories and insights about their own lives for future descendants. Week 18 – Weather.
Living in the UK I think that we have fairly "normal" weather. We don't have any real extremes although we do have the occasional localised flooding, heavy snowfalls and very hot and dry spells (which we have just had – certainly in Yorkshire).
When I was a child I remember my mother being particularly afraid of thunder and lightening. We haven't really talked about this but I do wonder if it's because my dad was struck by lightening when he was a young man. Whenever there was a thunderstorm my mum would often take us to sit at the top of the cellar steps to keep us out of harms way. Today, however, I love a good old storm with thunder and lightening. Jayne and I turn the lights out and watch the storm from the landing window or any other good vantage point.
My two most favourite seasons are summer and winter. I think that I can sometimes fall into the trap of believing that the summers and winters of my childhood were better than now. That is perhaps just a myth and I suspect wouldn't stand up to proper analysis – which I'm not going to do.
But what do I mean when I say that. Well people can often be heard suggesting that the summers in the 1950's and 1960's were much warmer. And that in winter the snow was around for much longer and it was deeper.
We haven't had a summer hosepipe ban for a good few years in my part of the UK and I can only recall two occasions when I haven't been able to get to work because of the snow – one of these was just this last winter. When we've had public transport disruption because of snow in recent years Jayne has trudged into work on foot – a journey of about five miles. But these times are few and far between.
Although not specifically weather related I wanted to mention one other phenomena – smog. Growing up in a northern industrial city this was a regular occurrence in the 1960's. Sometimes you could hardly see your hand in front of your face.
Here's a couple of photographs of the snow from this last winter.


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Photos: London Olympics opening ceremony
Photos: London Olympics opening ceremony
Fireworks lit the sky over the Olympic Stadium Friday during the opening ceremony for the 2012 Summer Olympics.
Performers took part in the opening ceremony.
The show was produced by Oscar-winning director Danny Boyle.
Great Britain's cyclist Bradley Wiggins, winner of this year's Tour de France, greeted spectators.
Members of the audience took photographs before the opening ceremony.
Media members took shelter from the rain.
Britain's Prince Charles and his wife Camila, Duchess of Cornwall, arrived for the show.
The Red Arrows flew over the Olympic Stadium in London.
Parts of the show portrayed Britain as a place of meadows and farms.
Some 15,000 volunteers took part in the spectacle.
The program mixed filmed sequences with live action.
Performers took part in the show.
The show included scenes from movies and popular children's literature.
Performers dressed as famed movie character Mary Poppins took flight during the show.
This sequence was meant to represent Britain's National Health Service.
Spectators waved Union Flags, commonly known as Union Jacks, during the ceremony.
A fan watched the opening ceremony.
The London 2012 Olympic Games run through August 12.
The show "was a wonderful contemporary spectacle of extraordinary tone, production, and entertainment," wrote the Globe's Chad Finn.
Members of the US delegation took part in the event.
Republican presidential hopeful Mitt Romney and his wife, Ann, waved during the festivities.
Fireworks illuminated the sky over the Olympic Stadium.
Up to 60,000 people watched the event in the Olympic Stadium.
Seven young athletes carried the torch during the ceremony.
The stems lit by the young athletes rose to form the Olympic cauldron.


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Master Class with Heather McHugh
Date and Time:
May 11, 2013 - 2:00PM to 6:00PM
Event Location:
Conference Room
Application Deadline EXTENDED to Friday, April 19
Heather McHugh is a poet, translator, and Milliman Writer-in-Residence at the University of Washington. Her volumes of poetry include Upgraded to Serious, Eyeshot, and Hinge & Sign: Poems 1968-1993. Her translations of Euripides appear in Cyclops. Her awards include a MacArthur Foundation genius award, numerous Pushcart Prizes, and a Guggenheim Foundation fellowship.
Event Sponsored By:
Poets House
Event Type:
Workshops, Master Classes and Residencies


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1) If required, registration is for individuals only. To register a group, please call (859)342-2665. Staff will be happy to assist you.
2) Library events may be photographed or videotaped for inclusion on the Library's website or social media sites. Notify Library staff if you prefer not to be photographed.
|Baby Time (ages birth - 18 months)
Event Type: Storytime
Date: 10/11/2017
Start Time: 9:30 AM
End Time: 10:30 AM
On-the-floor, interactive fun that encourages a love of books and begins to build six pre-reading skills through books, finger plays, songs and playtime.Library: Main Library Map to Main Library
Location: Family Activity Center