text:
Construct ipkg packages (for developers)
- 1 Overview
- 2 Building an .ipk package - using ipkg-utils
- 3 Building an .ipk - using ipkg-mk on top of ipkg-build
- 4 Package structure / prototype directory structure
- 4.1 Overview
- 4.2 CONTROL Data
- 4.2.1 CONTROL/control file (mandatory)
- 4.2.2 Scripts
- 4.3 Package Data Directories
- 4.4 Converting the prototype structure to the package
- 5 The package-build environment
- 6 Sample CONTROL/control files
- 7 Automating the packaging with make
- 8 Feeds
This article explains how to build an ipkg package. It is intended for software developers and package maintainers.
Two methods are described
- The classic way, using ipkg-build from the ipkg-utils collection, and
- using a wrapper tool ipkg-mk around ipkg-build
In addition, reference information on the package format and files is provided, as well as information on setting up an own feed.
Building an .ipk package - using ipkg-utils
.ipk packages can be built using the tools contained in ipkg-utils. You may download ipkg-utils from the downloads area or from the ipkg-utils home page. To ensure compatibility, packages which are to be submitted to the official LinkStationWiki ipkg feed should be built using the version of ipkg-utils available from the downloads area.
Most of the tools contained in ipkg-utils, such as ipkg-build, are shell scripts. Please note, however, that some of the tools require Python. Non of them comes with any documentation. From studying the source code it has been concluded that ipkg-utils contains the following tools:
- ipkg-accept-incoming
- Used for managing the handhelds.org feed (copies uploaded packages to the actual feed and triggers the re-building of the feed's package index).
- ipkg-build
- Builds a package from a prepared directory structure. This is the most important tool. It can run stand-alone and is a shell script.
- ipkg-buildpackage
- Builds a package from a source tarball.
- ipkg-compare-indexes
- Compares two Package index files of two different feed directories. For each different .ipk package version the packages' contents is also compared with ipkg-diff. Requires Python.
- ipkg-compare-versions
- compares version numbers?
- ipkg-deb-build
- build a Debian file format .ipk from a directory
- ipkg-deb-unbuild
- Unpacks (but not installs) a Debian file format .ipk
- ipkg-diff
- Compares two .ipk files
- ipkg-extract-file
- extracts a single file from an .ipk package
- ipkg-ipk
- Retired. Replaced by ipkg-build
- ipkg-link
- Links (and unlinks) ipkg meta data from some non-volatile storrage (e.g. flash memory) to the current file system. Probably only useful on systems where packages are installed in flash ram.
- ipkg-make-familiar
- ('familiar' is a handhelds.org distribution for the iPAQ).
- ipkg-make-index
- Used for generating the meta-data needed for providing a feed. The script generates the necessary index files from a list of .ipkg packages. Requires Python.
- ipkg-show-deps
- Shows package dependencies, requires Python
- ipkg-unbuild
- Unpacks (but not installs) a package back into a directory structure.
- ipkg-update-index
- Used for providing the index files of a feed. Requires Python.
- ipkg-upload
- Uploads packages to the handhelds.org feed (don't use it to supply LS packages to handhelds.org, since handhelds.org doesn't distribute LS packages)
Using ipkg-build from ipkg-utils
The normal but tedious method for building an .ipk is to use ipkg-build. You must start by compiling the software package, either directly on the LinkStation or using the Projects/CrossToolchains cross-compilation toolchain(s). ipkg-build requires several things in order to properly build an .ipk:
- A special meta-data file named control (more on this in the Packge structure section)
- The input files must be structured in directories exactly as they should appear when installed. Which is a tedious task. See ipkg-mk below for an alternative.
- The owner, group, and access permissions of the input files must be configured as they should appear when installed
Build System | In other context a build system is the software system, e.g. a Makefile system, for building some software. Here we use the term to indentify the computer and environment where the software and packages are constructed.
We will call this directory structure the prototype structure for the purpose of this document. The system (LinkStation) on which you want to install packages will be called the target system. The system on which you build the software and the package will be called the build system.
The user and group ownership as well as the access modes of all files, directories, devices, etc. in the prototype structure need to be set up exactly as they should later appear on the target system. ipkg-build allows to force all files to have the same user and group ownership (-o and -g option), but this does not help if files in the package should have different ownership (e.g. if some should belong to root, while others should belong to bin).
This procedure of setting up a prototype directory structure is rather inconvenient and error prone. Also - this is a prinicple limitation of the used format - everything which can not be archived by GNU tar or which can not be set up on the build system can't be packed. For example, if an installed file should belong to a group abc, but if there is no group abc on the build system, then the prototype can't be set up as desired. Either the build system first has to be changed (the group added, with exactly the group number as needed on the target system), or some post-install script to fix this after installation has to be added to the package. There is little chance to set up the prototype directory structure of a non-trivial package without root access on the build system. This is a severe disadvantage of ipkg, for example in a corporate environment, where getting root access is in general verboten.
Also, files accidentally left in the prototype directory do end up in the package and are installed, even if they were not intended for deployment at all. The only exception are backup files ending with '~', since ipkg-build can clean them up before packaging.
ipkg-mk (described below) is a tool to gain more control over the building of a package, than with ipkg-build. However, ipkg-mk can't fix the problem of having to have root access to build non-trivial packages. It also does not fix the problem of missing user or group definitions on the build system.
Fixing ipkg-build v1.7
ipkg-build in the ipkg-utils-1.7 has a minor bug when a tar archive is used as the outer wrapper (-c option). In this case ipkg-build does not observer the -o and -g options on the files wraped by the outer wrapper (it does observe them for the files in the inner wrapper). This can be fixed by changing line 240 from
( cd $tmp_dir && tar -zcf $pkg_file ./debian-binary ./data.tar.gz ./control.tar.gz ))
( cd $tmp_dir && tar =]%red%$ogargs%black%[= -zcf $pkg_file ./debian-binary ./data.tar.gz ./control.tar.gz )
ipkg-build also has a bug when the -o and -g options are used in the order -g group -o owner instead of -o owner -g group. In case of -g group -o owner the group setting is not observed. The bug is in the getopts case handling, but since it can be circumvented by using the options in the right order no patch has been developed.
The parsing of the '-C' (uppercase 'C') option is also faulty.
Building an .ipk - using ipkg-mk on top of ipkg-build
ipkg-mk is a script which takes a prototype package description as input, spools (creates) the necessary prototype directory structure, and use ipkg-build to construct a package from the spooled prototype directory structure.
The tool's prototype description format is a variant of the Unix System V Release 4 (SVR4) package management's prototype description format. By relying on an explicite prototype description file it is possible to
- gain more control over the package structure (explicite descriptions instead of implicite file attributes in some directory structure),
- to have the package structure in one place (instead of having to analyse a directory structure), and to
- be able to version-control the package structure (since the prototype description file can and should be placed under version control).
ipkg-mk does not fix some of the principle problems of the ipkg package format. For example, it does not fix the problem of having to have root rights. In fact, ipkg-mk requires to be executed by root.
ipkg-mk comes with documentation (man pages) describing the input format in detail. Users familiar with building SVR4 packages should feel at home.
Obtaining and installing ipkg-mk
To build a package with ipkg-mk, ipkg-mk itself and ipkg-build need to be installed. You should also be able to format man pages in order to read the documentation. Desktop Linux versions do come with man by default. If you build on the LS you might want to install a package like awf (a formater) and awman (a man clone using awf).
So, currently the installation of ipkg-mk on the LS with OpenLink requires some manual work:
- (Only on pre OpenLink 0.60) Follow the manual ipkg installation instructions to obtain, install and update the ipkg client itself.
- Download the [| ipkg-utils], extract the ipkg-build script out of the archive and place it in /usr/bin.
- Install the awf formater (needed for viewing the documentation). This can already be done via ipkg:
ipkg install http://people.freenet.de/lsnix/LinkStation/awf_0.1-1_all.ipk
- Install the [aw]man package (for formating and viewing manual pages):
ipkg install http://people.freenet.de/lsnix/LinkStation/awman_0.1-1_all.ipk
- And finally (phew ...) install @@ipkg-mk@@:
ipkg install http://people.freenet.de/lsnix/LinkStation/ipkg-mk_0.2-1_all.ipk
To read the ipkg-mk documentation you can now type:
man ipkg-mk man ipkg-prototype
And to view the documentation for the formater and the man page viewer you can type:
man awf man man man -s 7 man man ms
To speed up man, create a user and group 'man', set up cat directories and view the man pages once as root. This will create cached preformated versions which view much faster.
Build a package
Once the environment is set up, the following steps can be performed to build a package with ipkg-mk:
- Create a control file
- In case the package needs them, create pre/post installation scripts ([pre|post][inst|rm])
- Build the software you want to package, e.g. using make(1)
- Create a prototype file, which describes the desired package layout (see below for an example)
- Run ipkg-mk with the prototype file as input. This should best be automated with a build rule in a Makefile.
If you build directly on the LS, specify the -c option to ipkg-mk to use tar instead of ar for the outer wrapper of the package, since the LS' busybox ar can't create archives.
The result should be the desired package. #ProtoExample prototype files are rather simple. As an example, the following is the prototype file which is used to pack ipkg-mk v0.1-1 itself into an .ipk package:
# CONTROL files i control i copyright i preinst
# The binary d none /usr 755 bin bin d none /usr/bin 755 bin bin f none /usr/bin/ipkg-mk 555 bin bin
# Documentation d none /usr/man 755 bin bin d none /usr/man/man1 755 bin bin d none /usr/man/man4 755 bin bin f none /usr/man/man1/ipkg-mk.1 444 bin bin f none /usr/man/man4/ipkg-prototype.4 444 bin bin
See the ipkt-prototype(4) man page for more details of the format.
In order to create a raw prototype file (which needs further manual editing) from an existing directory structure, a tool called ipkg-proto is available. It can be installed via ipkg:
ipkg install http://people.freenet.de/lsnix/LinkStation/ipkg-proto_0.1-1_all.ipk
The tool comes with an own man page, which can be viewed if a man command is installed as
man ipkg-proto
The tool can e.g. be run on an existing directory (/lib in the example) as it follows
$ ipkg-proto /usr f none /lib/ld-2.3.2.so 755 root root s none /lib/ld.so.1=ld-2.3.2.so f none /lib/libBrokenLocale-2.3.2.so 644 root root s none /lib/libBrokenLocale.so.1=libBrokenLocale-2.3.2.so f none /lib/libSegFault.so 644 root root f none /lib/libanl-2.3.2.so 644 root root s none /lib/libanl.so.1=libanl-2.3.2.so f none /lib/libc-2.3.2.so 755 root root s none /lib/libc.so.6=libc-2.3.2.so s none /lib/libcom_err.so.2=libcom_err.so.2.0 ...
Package structure / prototype directory structure
The data (files etc.) which should become part of the package must be arranged in the prototype directory structure so they can be packed with ipkg-build. For the sake of this document we will call the top-level directory of the prototype directoy structure ./spool. Building such a directory structure with a tool will be called spooling (ipkg-mk is such a spooling tool). If no such a tool is available, the prototype directory structure needs to be set up manually.
CONTROL Data
Below the spool directory needs to be a CONTROL directory (can also be called DEBIAN) with a couple of optional and required files:
./spool/ -+- CONTROL/ -+- control # manadatory - package description | +- preinst # optional - pre-install script | +- postinst # optional - post-install script | +- prerm # optional - pre-remove script | +- postrm # optional - post-remove script | +- conffiles # optional - list of volatile config files +- <package data dirs/>
All files in the CONTROL directory need to be readable. Scripts also need to be executable (mode 555 or better). It is possible to place additional, non-standard files in the CONTROL directory. For example the directory is a nice place for a copyright file - which then e.g. can be displayed by a simple preinst file at the beginning of an installation.
CONTROL/control file (mandatory)
Provisioning of a control file for an ipkg package is mandatory. The control file is an ASCII text file, consisting of key/value pairs, one per line. A key and a its value are separated by a column and a space ': '.
A couple of keys within a control file are mandatory, while others are optional. In addition, it is possible to introduce own keys. Such own keys are ignored by the ipkg client. However, since it is e.g. possible to read the control file from within a pre/post install/remove script, such keys can be used for package-specific configuration. Another usage for own keys is to add packaging information, like information from a version control system. It is recommended to name all such own keys starting with 'X-' to ensure they don't clash with predefined keys.
The control file needs to be placed in the CONTROL directory of the spool directory with read permissions. A clause like
i control
i control=source-of-the-control-file
in a prototype file for ipkg-mk will ensure this.
Mandatory information
This section lists the mandatory information (keys), which need to be provided in a control file. However, the list, particular the key descriptions, is likely to be slightly incorrect. The information has been taken from handhelds.org, and ammanded with real-world experience. Figuring out the exact meaning and purpose of a key will require some further study of the ipkg-cl source code.
Required entries in the control file are:
- Package:
- Name of the package. The name must match the regular expression [a-z0-9.+-]\+. Please note that uppercase letters are not permitted. Thus, e.g. package names like myNewSoftware are not permitted.
- Version:
- Version number, in the form [:epoch] version [-fam frevision] [-revision]]
- epoch
- A timestamp, seconds since the epoch (details unknown)
- version
- should indicate the version number of the packaged software, and must at least consist of one digit and match the regular expression [a-zA-Z0-9.+]\+. Please note that letters (uppercase and lowercase) are permitted as part of the version "number".
- frevision
- Optional familiar revision ? -fam[0-9]\+ handhelds.org is unclear about the exact meaning of this component of the version information. familiar is a distribution for he iPAQ.
- revision
- Optional, indicates the package build revision. It should be incremented each time the same software is re-packaged. If version is stepped, revision can be reset. -[0-9]\+
- Architecture:
- Architecture name. Possible names are:
- all
- Indicates a processor/architecture independent package, like documentation or shell scripts.
- noarch
- No particular architecture specified.
- mipsel
- MIPSel architecture (LinkStation II with MIPSel CPU)
- powerpc
- PowerPC architecture (LinkStation I with PowerPC CPU)
- arm
- indicates software for an ARM processor (There is no ARM processor in the Buffalo LS product family. Valid names for HG, TS need to be determined)
- Maintainer:
- Typically the name and e-mail address of the maintainer of the package, the package builder (not neccessarily the author of the software)
- Section:
- (exact meaning needs to be clarified)
- admin
- ?
- base
- ?
- comm
- Some communication program?
- editors
- Some editor?
- extras
- ?
- graphics
- ?
- libs
- Libraries?
- misc
- ?
- net
- Networking tool/program?
- text
- Text editor / text processing program?
- web
- Web server, web pages, tools?
- x11
- X11 or X11 program?
- Priority:
- (meaning needs to be clarified). Normally optional should be used.
- required
- A requred package (what's the difference to the Essential entry?)
- standard
- which standard?
- important
- ?
- optional
- An optional package
- extra
- ?
- Description:
- A textual description of the package contents. Should be limited to 80 chars per line. Lines can be continued on the next line, which then has to start with a space. Empty lines are indicated by a single '.' after the space.
- Source:
- A URL or a list of filenames pointing to the source code. (mandatory, but not mentioned at handhelds.org)
Optional Information
In addition to the mandatory information, at least the following keys are recognized by ipkg.
- Depends:
- Dependencies on other packages. A comma separated list of package names (Can names with versions be specified here, or just names?)
While Depends: is documented, there are a lot of undocuented parameters, to. Many of these are not supposed to be used in a package control file. They are used internally in ipkg's package database - which happens to use an enhanced version of the control file:
- Filename:
- ?
- MD5sum:
- ? (lowercase 's')
- MD5Sum:
- ? (uppercase 's')
- Size:
- ?
- Installed-Size:
- ?
- Installed-Time:
- ?
- Essential:
- Flag, argument yes
- Status:
- Internally used only? Three space-separated arguments: want flag status
- want
- unknown, install, deinstall, purge
- flag
- ok, reinstreq, hold, replace, noprune, prefer, obsolete, user
- status
- not-installed, unpacked, half-configured, installed, half-installed, config-files, post-inst-failed, removal-failed
- Conffiles:
- ? List of name/md5sum pairs
- Provides:
- ?
- Pre-Depends:
- ?
- Recommends:
- ?
- Suggests:
- ?
- Conflicts:
- ?
- Replaces:
- ?
Things common to all CONTROL Scripts
- All CONTROL scripts are optional
- A script, if it exists, should return 0 on success. The only exception is preinst. A non-zero return value from preinst will abort the installation. (what happens if the other scripts return a non-zero value?)
- All scripts are allowed to assume that they are connected to a terminal. Which means for example, that all scripts are allowed to interact with the user, asking for data, and expecting a response.
However, user interaction should be avoided if possible to simplify package handling and automated installation.
- The environment variable PKG_ROOT is set to the root of the package installation (-d/est ipkg command line argument or dest entry in /etc/ipkg.conf). This allows to access package contents in the installed, or to-be-installed, location.
- All CONTROL files (scripts, data files, additional non-standard files) are extracted to the same temporary directory. Therefore it is possible to find other CONTROL files from within a script by obtainig the temporary directory as:
controlDir=`dirname "$0"`
- All scripts are called with one or more arguments indicating the actual reason for why the script is called. This can be used to only provide one single script (under different symbolic names), which dispatches the actual operation according to the command line argument. This makes sense if all scripts would contain a lot of duplicated code. However prerm and postrm us the same argument and can't be distinguished just from the argument:
case "$1" in update) ... ;; install) ... ;; configure) ... ;; remove) script=`basename "$0"` if [ "$script" 0 "prerm" ] ; then ... else ... fi ;; *) # unknown error ;; esac
CONTROL/preinst Script (optional)
This script, if it exists, is called by ipkg with one of the following arguments before the actual installation:
- upgrade oldversion: Indicates that this is an upgrade of the existing version oldversion.
- install version: Indicates that this is an installation of version version which contains volatile config files.
- install:Indicates a 'normal' installation (no config files).
Things which make sense to program in the script are:
- Display of a copyright message
- Display of a license, possibly with a request to accept the license
- Backup of some data which will be overwritten by the package
- Creation of package-exclusive resources. E.g. package-specifc users or groups.
If the script returns a non-zero exit status then the installation of the package is aborted.
CONTROL/postinst Script (optional)
If the script exists it is called with the argument configure after the installation of the package, or when
ipkg configure packagename
was run.
CONTROL/prerm Script (optional)
If the script exists it is called with the argument remove prior to removal of the package.
Example of things which can (should) be implemented here are:
- Stopping of any related processes, before the binaries are removed
- Unloading modules (if relevant)
- Backup of user-created data or other valuable data
CONTROL/postrm Script (optional)
If exists, called with the argument remove after the removal of the package.
Things which can/should be implemented here:
- Restoring of files backed-up prior to the installation of the package.
- Removal of resources allocated specifically for the package (e.g. users or groups created just for the package), or directories exclusively used by the package.
CONTROL/conffiles file (optional)
conffiles contains a list of configuration files (one per line), which are part of the package. A file mentioned in conffiles is not just removed/overriden by a new package installation. Instead the user is asked about what to do with the existing file.
Package Data Directories
The package data directories hold the actual files which should be installed on the target system:
./spool/ -+- CONTROL/ --- <control files> | +- <package data dirs/>
The structure of the package data directories must match the stucture of the files as intended on the target system. For example, if an application consisting of a binary, a man page, a shared library and a configuration file should be installed, the structure might look like:
./spool/ -+- CONTROL/ --- <control files> +- usr/ -+- bin/ --- app | +- lib/ -+- libapp.so.1.0 | | +- libapp.so.1 -> libapp.so.1.0 | | +- libapp.so -> libapp.so.1 | +- man/ --- man1/ --- app.1 +- etc/ --- app.conf
Note: -> indicates a symbolic link
The above structure is just an example. It should not be blindly copied for a real-world package. Instead the package layout, and thus the structure on the target system should be carefully planed. Things to consider include:
- Should the application files be distributed into the global bin, man, lib directories (as shown in the example), or should the application files be kept in an own subdirectory structure (/opt/<app>/[bin|lib|man|etc])?
- Which user and group ownerships should the files get?
- Which file access modes should the files get?
Particularly, security issues should be considered here.
All this has already to be set up in the prototype directory structure. For example the ./spool/usr/bin/app application in the example should already be set to be readable and executable (e.g. mode 555) and to user:group bin:bin in the prototype directory structure.
Manually setting up the prototype directory structure is a tedious task. It should best be automated with some add-hock script or a dedicated tool like ipkg-mk, integrated into a make-based build system.
Converting the prototype structure to the package
The above described directory structure is converted into the package. You don't have to assemble the package manually (e.g. ipkg-build does it for you), but it is helpful to know the structure of a package when something doesn't work.
The structure is as it follows. The exact format is not specified anywhere, but the following is known to work.
- The files in the CONTROL directory are packed into a gziped tar archive called control.tar.gz
- All other files and directories are packed into a gziped tar archive called data.tar.gz
- control.tar.gz and data.tar.gz, plus a file called debian-binary, are either packed in yet another tar file, or in an ar file. This is called the outer wrapper and forms the final .ipk package. The suffix .ipk is used intead of that of a gziped tar archive (.tar.gz) or an ar archive (.a).
<pkg-name>.ipk -+- control.tar.gz <- <control files> +- data.tar.gz <- <package data dirs> +- debian-binary <- "2.0"
debian-binary just contains the text 2.0, to indicate the package is also compatible with the debin package management format 2.0. The file is ignored by ipkg.
If the package contains special files like character or block special files (devices) then data.tar.gz needs to be packed with a version of tar which can pack such special files. GNU tar is such a version. Many tar's of classic Unix systems can't do this.
All in all the package structure is relative simple. It should even be possible to create such a package manually in case of emergency.. There are indications that slight variants, e.g. using uncompressed, instead of compressed tar files also work.
The package-build environment
this should probably become an own page - hey, this is a wiki :-)
Setting up your package build-environment directly on the LS
This paragraph is currently a stub.
Feel free to add content to it.
stub Hints
If you build packages on the LS be aware that the LS comes with the busybox ar archive program. That program is not capable of creating archives, it can just extract files from them. Therefore, the normal ipkg-build program will fail on the LS, unless you do one of the following:
- Use the -c (lowercase 'c', not the uppercase 'C' option). This tells ipkg-build (and imkg-mk) to wrap the package up in a gziped tar file instead of an ar file. This is the easiest way to fix the problem, and the recommended way. gziped tar files are allowed as ipk files. In fact, for some time this was the default wrapper instead of ar.
- Install a complete ar
Setting up your cross-package build-environment on Unix/Linux
stub - need the GNU version of tar and GNU gzip on a standard Unix system. Linux of course already comes with them
Setting up your cross-package build-environment on Windows
You need a Unix-like environment, like [| Cygwin], since the build tools are shell scripts and use other Unix tools like tar, gzip, and ar. Of course, you also need a cross-compilation environment to first build the software you want to package.
Once you have set up your cygwin environment you can follow the procedures for cross-package building under Unix/Linux.
Sample CONTROL/control files
A sample architecture-independen ipkg CONTROL/control file
Architecture independent packages are packages which e.g. control scripts which run on "any" architecture or documentation which is not architecture specific.
Package: sample-pkg-name Section: base Priority: optional Version: 1.0.1-3 Architecture: all Maintainer: email@example.com Source: http://origin.of.the.sourcecode.of.the.software Depends: list,of,other,packages Description: Description of the software
A sample PPC ipkg CONTROL/control file
This paragraph is currently a stub.
Feel free to add content to it.
A sample MIPSel ipkg CONTROL/control file
This paragraph is currently a stub.
Feel free to add content to it.
A sample TeraStation ipkg CONTROL/control file
This paragraph is currently a stub.
Feel free to add content to it.
Automating the packaging with make
First of all, you should of course obtain a version of make(1). It is provided via the LinkStationWiki feed. So, if you have a working ipkg client setup, make can be installed with:
ipkg install make
The package does not contain documentation. Since the make in the package is actually a GNU make, you can find an online version of the documentation at [[1]]. If you have never worked with make it is highly recommended to study the documentation intensively (also, O'Reilly offers an nice book about GNU make).
make uses so called makefiles as input. The following is an example for a Makefile using ipkg-build to buld a package. Note the long and tedious setup of the portotype directory in the $(IPK) rule:
NAME = my-pkg# VERSION = 1.0-1# ARCH = all# IPK = $(NAME)_$(VERSION)_$(ARCH).ipk
CONTROL_FILES = control preinst # contents of the CONTROL dir DATA_FILES = the application files
default: $(IPK)
# # Construct the control file on the fly, so data in this Makefile # and in the control file match # control: control.tmpl rm -f $@ echo "Package: $(NAME)" > $@ || { rm -f $@; exit 1; } echo "Version: $(VERSION)" >> $@ || { rm -f $@; exit 1; } echo "Architecture: $(ARCH)" >> $@ || { rm -f $@; exit 1; } cat control.tmpl >> $@ || { rm -f $@; exit 1; }
clean:: rm -f control
# # Build package # $(IPK): $(CONTROL_FILES) $(DATA_FILES) Makefile rm -f $@ rm -rf /tmp/pkg$(NAME) # # construct prototype structure # mkdir /tmp/pkg$(NAME) mkdir /tmp/pkg$(NAME)/CONTROL cp $(CONTROL_FILES) /tmp/pkg$(NAME)/CONTROL mkdir -p /tmp/pkg$(NAME)/usr/bin mkdir -p /tmp/pkg$(NAME)/usr/lib mkdir -p /tmp/pkg$(NAME)/usr/man/man1 cp some-files /tmp/pkg$(NAME)/usr/bin ... ... # # finally build the package # ipkg-build -c -o root -g root /tmp/pkg$(NAME) rm -rf /tmp/pkg$(NAME)
clean:: rm -f $(IPK)
The following is a version of the $(IPK) build rule using ipkg-mk. The other rules can remain the same. The package layout is now declared in the prototype file instead of coded into the Makefile:
$(IPK): $(CONTROL_FILES) $(DATA_FILES) Makefile prototype rm -f $@ ipkg-mk -c
clean:: rm -f $(IPK)
Obviously, the Makefile can be much shorter using ipkg-mk.
Once you have packaged your software, you might want to consider to make it available to others by providing it via a feed. You can either try to submit it to an existing feed (recommendet), or you could set up your own feed. Both alternatives are discussed in the following sections.
Submitting your package
There is no standard mechanism to submit a package to a particular feed. Each feed operator has set up his/her own mechnism and rules. Articles/GeneralIpkgFeeds contains a list of known feeds and pointers to the operators' submission guidelines.
Setting up your own Feed
Before seting up an own feed, consider instead to submit it to an existing feed. Also, consider that operating a useful feed requires resources and regular maintenance.
Setting up an own feed is rather simple. Actually, people often operate several feeds, e.g. a stable and an unstable feed, and feeds for different CPU architectures at the same time. Setting up a feed works as it follows:
- First some ftp or web space is needed.
- All .ipk files for one feed should go into one directory on that ftp or web space. Typically for a LinkStation feed the directory name should be that of the particular processor architecture, e.g. mipsel, or ppc.
- Further it is common to provide a stable feed for trusted and tried packages, and an unstable feed for less tested (freshly uploaded) packages.
- For each feed an index file called Packages needs to be created from the .ipk packages (it can also be gziped and called Packages.gz). The file contains the control information from each package in a feed. The script ipkg-make-index from the ipkg-utils can be used to build this meta-data.
- Announce the feed, so people can add the feed to their /etc/ipkg.conf configuration file.
Typically, an unstable feed is supposed to contain packages which have not been verified at all, or not extensively verified. A stable feed should contain only verified packages. Package verification should include some security check.


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subset: commoncrawl


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Mobile Learning (mlearning) is the hottest trend happening within the learning world today. Communication tools such as Twitter and Facebook have changed the way we look at the world of social media and learning. Methods and concepts of Mobile Learning are evolving so fast that even the learning community is having a hard time keeping up with the rapid changes. Learning through mobile devices has gradually grown from distant learning to E learning and now we are beginning to explore the possibilities of Mobile Learning.
Mobile Learning is still in its development stage and is at this time defined mainly by what handheld tools you use for learning. For example, mobile learning is sometimes abbreviated as mlearning, this is a type of education that occurs through mobile learning devices, such as handheld and mobile technologies and its hardware, through the use of portable electronic devices or wireless devices like cell phones, smartphones, IPods, personal digital assistants (PDAs), and wireless laptop computers. It is also defined as any learning that occurs when not at a fixed, predetermined location. There are obviously definitions and concepts that have not been discovered yet because we are still at the early stages of using mobile learning and its devices.
Other definitions that relate to the mobile technologies
Distance education: Educational situation in which the instructor and students are separated by time, location, or both. Education or training courses are delivered to remote locations via synchronous or asynchronous means of instruction, including written correspondence, text, graphics, audio- and videotape, CD-ROM, online learning, audio- and videoconferencing, interactive TV, and FAX. Distance education does not preclude the use of the traditional classroom. The definition of distance education is broader than and entails the definition of e-learning.
Distance learning: The desired outcome of distance education. The two terms are often used interchangeably.
The Differences between Mobile Learning and E Learning
Distance education: Educational situation in which the instructor and students are separated by time, location, or both. Education or training courses are delivered to remote locations via synchronous or asynchronous means of instruction, including written correspondence, text, graphics, audio- and videotape, CD-ROM, online learning, audio- and videoconferencing, interactive TV, and FAX. Distance education does not preclude the use of the traditional classroom. The definition of distance education is broader than and entails the definition of e-learning.
Distance learning: The desired outcome of distance education. The two terms are often used interchangeably.
The Differences between Mobile Learning and E Learning
One question often asked when someone is introduced to mobile learning is what is the difference between Mobile Learning and E Learning? The main difference is connectivity, expense and location of the learning. The distinction between mobile learning and e learning is a very gray area. A user of eLearning tends to use a tethered (connected to something) style of learning with the intent of learning something or acquiring a specific knowledge or skill. E learning, on the other hand, offers learning in a formal and structured manner. Mobile learning is described mostly as untethered informal or opportunistic such as private, situational, and unstructured. In many cases mobile learning is used to support e-learning. Mobile learning is less restrictive because it allows learning to occur anywhere and anytime.
Solve Problem
Most Mobile Learning is done through handheld or wireless devices, this allows Federal employees' the workplace flexibility of working anywhere and at any time they wish as long as they meet the deadlines and get the expected results from their work. It also allows for managing a mobile workforce like those who work under Telework Enhancement Act which defines mobile Telework as a work flexibility arrangement under which an employee performs (the ) duties and responsibilities of such employees position from an approved worksite other than the location from which the employee would otherwise work (mobile) and, likewise, if an employee decides to take an online course, webinar, simulcast, satellite broadcast, and view it through their smart phones, listen on their cell phones, PDAs, or other wireless devices. It could save the Federal government money and time.
As federal employees one question proposed as to whether an employee is covered by the training policies and regulations while using mobile learning at all times of the day. Most of the training policies address issues related to this type of training, Those same policies and regulations that addresses distance learning also applies to mobile learning.
Stay Current
The following agencies are currently using or are planning on using some type of mobile Learning within their agency:
· Defense Acquisition University (DAU) - DAU has assembled a group of Faculty and Staff to develop a strategy, experiment with different delivery options, and to ultimately ensure that the University provides the workforce resources that are available at their point of need. Mobile-ready information, performance support tools and learning resources are one channel to accomplish this goal. More information about this effort can be found at the following link: https://myclass.dau.mil/bbcswebdav/institution/Modules/Mobile/General/Presentations/Mobile_exec_23Aug2011.pdf
· Department of Commerce - Thinking strategically about the fast-paced lives of their SES corps, the Department of Commerce decided to pilot a mobile learning initiative using a number of popular content providers, including Harvard Business, Book Abstract, and Skillsoft. The requirements were that the content must be downloadable, web-based, and able to be received by any mobile device. The framework for the pilot at the Department Commerce included using a mobile-accessible online self-assessment tool, which was used to facilitate a one-on-one coaching session with an I/O Psychologist where feedback was presented to the executive as well as recommendations for career development. Executives used this information to fill out their EDPs and select online/mobile learning content from the three providers. In January 2011, the pilot was run with 30 SES members and received a great deal of positive feedback. The pilot was evaluated mid-way through the program and at the end of the program so that lessons learned could be captured. Commerce expects to roll out the full program agency wide in early 2012.
· Foreign Service Institute (FSI) - The Foreign Service Institute (FSI) is the primary training institution for the Department of State and the U.S. foreign affairs community. FSI is a designated Federal E-Gov E-Training provider and is an Information Systems Security Line of Business Shared Services Center. FSI has developed over 250 E-Learning courses/resources, standalone and mentored, which are designed to promote successful performance in each assignment, to ease the adjustment to other countries and culture, and to enhance the leadership and management capabilities of the U.S. foreign affairs community. Topics include language and culture, leadership and management, security, technology, economics, public diplomacy, area studies, consular topics, and tradecraft. FSI has undertaken a modest mobile pilot training and learning program and has just designed and deployed two mobile resources: Dari Express Mobile and Pashto Express Mobile. These products are designed as stand-alone resources for the specific foreign affairs audience. The Express Mobile resources in the Dari and Pashto languages were designed to repurpose content from the existing mentored Dari and Pashto custom E-Learning courses into a mobile tool that is accessible at any time. Each resource serves as a point-of-need reference tool and consists of lessons in a video- or audio-cast format which require 20-40 minutes to complete and contain key topical vocabulary and phrases in the target language. FSI is reviewing other materials and courses to determine what addition mobile resources we might provide to our target audience.
Find Opportunities
Many opportunities have not been established like some type of synergy between mobile learning and e learning. Now there are many surveys available through different websites, webinars, and universities that can respond to your most frequently asked questions. However, the benefits found in these surveys can be summed up to:
· Improved engagement of employees and employers.
· Improved communications between learner,
employers and staff.
· Improved learner progress
· Improved learner achievement
· Improved staff motivation
Below are some of the websites that will help with the understanding of what mobile learning is and types of devices used for mobile learning.
Mobile Learning Tools: https://sites.google.com/a/adlnet.gov/mobile-learning-guide/mobile-learning-tools
Blackboard Mobile Learn - http://www.blackboard.com/Platforms/Mobile/Products/Mobile-Learn.aspx
The Biggest Paradigm Shift in the History of Customer Support and Service - https://secure.citrixonline.com/commerce
Other Tools and Resources:
Information for Mobile Learning Practitioners - http://www.adlnet.gov/capabilities/mobile-learning/mobile-learning-guide
Mobile-Learning-Anywhere-Anytime, By David Wentworth from i4cp | May 6, 2011, Issue 523 http://www.i4cp.com/trendwatchers/2011/05/06/mobile-learning-anywhere-anytime-
Mobilizing technology for learning Modernizing education and training http://www.moleshare.org.uk/molehole/7032BFB756/100103.pdf
Resources on Mobile Learning - http://www.astd.org/LC/2009/0409_mobilelearning.htm
Goggle Mobilizer - https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/oboidcglhhomiockniojcalimciglkeb
The Learning Guild - http://www.elearningguild.com/research/archives/index.cfm?id=117&action=viewonly
Attewell, J., & Savill-Smith, C. (Eds.) (2003). Learning with Mobile Devices: Research and Development. MLEARN '03 Book of Pages. London: Learning and Skills Development Agency.
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Nina is one hot milf. She gets totally naked and shows you her goods. Nina has a mature sexy body drives men wild. Her favorite hobby is hobby is to hang around the house naked Check out all the hardcore vids of Nina has in MILFHunter.com's archives.
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Make the most of your experience with a My Mohawk account. You can save favorite items, create a Flooring Pass for easy shopping, and request an appointment online.
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- 200 ml cream
- 200 ml milk
- 50 gr (1.8 oz) honey
- 80 gr (2.8 oz) sugar
- 80 gr (2.8 oz) egg yolks
- 1 tsp cinnamon
Heat the cream, milk, honey and cinnamon almost until boiling point. In a bowl mix well the yolks and sugar. Slowly add the milk mixture to the yolks, always mixing so the yolks won't curdle. Transfer everything to the pan again and heat on low, always mixing, until it thickens and coats the back of a spoon but don't let it boil. Pass thru a sieve and cool completely (preferably in an ice bath). Churn only when it's fully chilled. I've served it in glasses that were dripped with honey before putting the ice cream.
Besides enjoying this wonderful ice cream I'm also enjoying a very short (but oh so well deserved) vacation. I have a friend over visiting from Spain and tomorrow I'll be the one going to Spain to spend a few days in my beloved Seville, my home away from home. Sorry if I'm slow commenting or answering emails, but I won't be around the computer much. I know you'll forgive me because when I come back I'll tell you all about my trip and I'll give you some more ice cream. Deal?


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Why we think it's a great listen: When it comes to author/narrator pairings, nobody tops James Lee Burke and Will Patton in the Robicheaux thrillers.
Beloved Burke hero Detective Dave Robicheaux here returns to New Iberia to solve a series of grisly murders. Seven young women in neighboring Jefferson Davis Parish have been brutally murdered. While the crimes have all the telltale signs of a serial killer, the death of Bernadette Latiolais, a high-school honor student, doesn't fit.
"God help me if I outlive James Lee Burke"
In the 10 years since his classic
Kitchen Confidential first alerted us to the idiosyncrasies and lurking perils of eating out, much has changed for the subculture of chefs and cooks, for the restaurant business and for Anthony Bourdain.
Medium Raw explores those changes, tracking Bourdain's strange and unexpected voyage from journeyman cook to globe-traveling professional eater and drinker, and even to fatherhood. Bourdain takes no prisoners as he dissects what he's seen.
"Surprisingly tender."
He is Spade, a powerful, mysterious vampire who has walked the earth for centuries and is now duty-bound to protect this endangered, alluring human—even if it means destroying his own kind. Denise may arouse his deepest hungers, but Spade knows he must fight his urge to have her as they face the nightmare together, because once the first crimson drop falls, they will both be lost.
The first book of
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"For Zombie Lovers"
For weeks, the immortal warrior Aeron has sensed an invisible female presence. An angel-demon-assassin has been sent to kill him. Or has she? Olivia claims she fell from the heavens, giving up immortality because she couldn't bear to harm him. But trusting - and falling for - Olivia will endanger them all. So how has this
mortal with the huge blue eyes already unleashed Aeron's darkest passion?
"Book 5 of the Lord of the Underworlds"
Shiver, Grace and Sam found each other. Now, in
Linger, they must fight to be together. Add to the mix a new wolf named Cole, and Isabelle, who already lost her brother to the wolves.
"Respectable Second Entry"
Popular conservative radio host Laura Ingraham discusses President Obama's first year in office. Informative and hugely entertaining,
The Obama Diaries will inspire both laughter and critical thinking about the future of the nation and the man currently at the helm.
"laura cracks me up"
On the day she was abducted, Annie O'Sullivan, a 32-year-old Realtor, had three goals: sell a house, forget about a recent argument with her mother, and be on time for dinner with her ever-patient boyfriend. The open house is slow, but when her last visitor pulls up in a van as she's about to leave, Annie thinks it just might be her lucky day after all.
"A singular voice; a horrendous story."
In this hilarious collection, you'll find essays like "Thoughts About My First Agent's Girlfriend's Vagina", wherein Olivia skewers what it's like to live in Hollywood. In "Sex: What You Can Do to Help Yourself Have More of It", she frankly gets down to the business of getting it on, including advice on how to appropriately wrap it and bag it.
In "What to Do When the Robots Invade (Yes, When!)" Olivia offers valuable information on...what to do when the robots invade!
"It's okay but felt a little cheated"
Robyn Carr's best-selling Virgin River series captivates fans with stories of young men and women given second chances at love in a small northern California town. Four years ago, Sean and Franci broke up when he refused to commit. Now vacationing in Virgin River, Sean is shocked to run across Franci again. He's grown up and wants to give things another shot, but she can't afford to have him break her heart again.
"Still the best"
Danny Wallace is a man. And a man is a very tricky thing to be these days. A toe-curling moment, a embarrassing faux-pas or a bewildering social situation is always just round the corner. As well as annoying his wife in a dream, getting stuck in a Vapour Room and being invited to a government task force meeting with TV's Jon Tickle, Danny's life is turned upside down by a huge surprise.


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Pricing includes dealer discount and rebates everyone qualifies for. We won't raise the price when you arrive at the dealership. However, you may qualify for additional incentives, therefore your price could be less than our advertised price. While every reasonable effort is made to ensure the accuracy of this information, we are not responsible for any errors or omissions contained on these pages. Price Difference may include Manufacturer incentives. Please see store for details. Please verify any information in question with Bergstrom Automotive. Prices do not include additional fees and costs of closing, including government fees and taxes, any finance charges, any dealer documentation fees, any emissions testing fees or other fees. All prices, specifications and availability subject to change without notice.
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McMinnville police arrest mother of 4-year-old Sheridan abuse victim
McMinnville police have arrested the mother of the 4-year-old Sheridan boy who was allegedly assaulted on two occasions by her boyfriend, Capt. Matt Scales said.
Brandy Lynn Robertson, 29, of 420 N.W. Evans St.,was charged with one count each of first-degree criminal mistreatment and recklessly endangering another person.
The criminal mistreatment charge is a Class C felony and the recklessly endangering charge a Class A misdemeanor.
She was booked into the Yamhill County Jail on $20,000 bail, and must post $2,000 to secure her release. She likely will be arraigned at 1:20 p.m. Monday in circuit court.
Police said the case stems from the incident in which Robertson's child sustained critical injuries. He was transported by Life Flight helicopter to Oregon Health & Science in Portland on New Year's Eve after sustaining a traumatic brain injury and numerous other traumatic injuries to his body, including seven broken ribs.
The boy has been moved out of the intensive care unit, according to police.
Robertson's boyfriend, Michael Shane Abo, 29, has been indicted by a grand jury on two counts each of first-degree assault and first-degree criminal mistreatment in connection with the case.
The former Yamhill County sheriff's deputy and Yamhill Police reserve officer is being held in the Washington County Jail in Hillsboro on $500,000 bail.
The mother and boy had recently moved into Abo's home in Sheridan. Robertson reportedly was not home when the injuries were inflicted on the boy. Abo told detectives the child fell down a stairwell. A doctor at OHSU said the boy's injuries were not consistent with falling down stairs, and described them as "blunt force trauma" injuries.
Anyone with information about the case is asked to contact Detective Hugo Cerda, at 503-434-7307.
See Tuesday's print edition for additional details.


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Zucchini season is in full swing and it is both plentiful and cheap so I have been taking full advantage of it by using it in plenty of recipes both old and new! This zucchini ricotta gnocchi is one of the new recipes that I have tried this year and I could not wait to share it with you! Gnocchi are Italian soft dumplings that are typically made with either potato or ricotta along with flour, eggs and cheese and it is often served like pasta in a sauce. One of my favourite variations of gnocchi in the fall is a
pumpkin gnocchi
and I could not help but wonder about a summer zucchini version.
I wanted the zucchini gnocchi to be nice and light so I decided to go with a ricotta base rather than a potato one and this had the added benefit of making things easier since you do not have to start by cooking the potatoes. The one problem that I foresaw was that zucchini contains a lot of water and that meant that you would need to use more flour and that meant the gnocchi would be heavier so I started things off by salting the shredded zucchini and squeezing out as much liquid as possible. To give the gnocchi even more summery flavour I added a fresh basil and a touch of lemon zest.
Although it take a bit of work, gnocchi is actually pretty easy to make. Once the gnocchi dough is mixed all you need to do is roll it out, cut it into small pieces, roll the pieces over a fork or gnocchi board for texture and then boil it before tossing it in your favourite sauce.
I cannot believe how wonderfully good this zucchini ricotta gnocchi is! It is so light and fluffy and full of summery flavours! In all honesty I could not stop eating it after it was cooked, before it even made it into the sauce! You could easily serve this gnocchi in a simple sauce like butter and parmesan but check back tomorrow to see what I served it in.
Zucchini Ricotta Gnocchi
A fresh light and summery zucchini ricotta gnocchi with fresh basil and a hint of lemon.
- 4 cups zucchini, grated
- 1 tablespoon salt
- 1/4 cup loosely packed basil, sliced (optional)
- 2 teaspoons lemon zest (optional)
- 1 1/2 cups ricotta
- 2 egg yolks
- 1/4 cup pecorino or parmigiano reggiano (parmesan), grated
- 1/4 teaspoon pepper
- 1 cup flour
- Mix the zucchini and salt, let drain in a colander for 20 minutes, place in tea towel and squeeze out as much liquid as possible.
- Mix the zucchini, basil, lemon, ricotta, egg, cheese and pepper and then mix in enough flour to form a dough that is not too sticky to work with.
- Divide the dough, roll into 1 inch thick strings, slice into 1 inch pieces and roll over gnocchi board or fork using enough flour that the dough does not stick to everything.
- Cook the gnocchi in boiling water until it floats, remove and enjoy in your favourite sauce.
Note: The trick to a nice light a fluffy gnocchi is to use as little flour as you can but the less flour that you use the more sticky the dough is and the harder it is to work with. Another problem with adding too little flour is that the gnocchi may fall apart when cooked. It is a good idea to test the gnocchi by cooking a couple, pulling them out as soon as they float in the boiling water, to make sure that they are holding together. The amount of moisture left in your zucchini and the different amounts of moisture in different batches of ricotta makes it difficult to pinpoint the exact amount of flour required for each batch of gnocchi so it is best to start with a little and keep adding until the dough gets tot he right consistency.


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One of my cravings during this pregnancy has been hot chocolate, so I was incredibly excited about this pack. I may not have much time once baby comes to pamper myself, but grabbing a cup of hot chocolate will be easier than ever with my Keurig machine. I simply pop a K-cup into the machine and my hot chocolate is ready in seconds.
Use the code, AM0010-3567, for 15% off Café Escapes and free standard shipping (within the U.S. with no minimum order) at www.GreenMountainCoffee.com, through February 16th. Be sure to check out facebook to learn more.
They also sent a few goodies from Birchbox® - An innovative, new way to try beauty products before you buy them. Birchbox provides its subscribers with monthly deliveries of samples from well-known beauty brands. It gets better because one of my readers will get a year long subscription to Birchbox! Every month they will receive 4-5 hand-picked beauty samples from the best brands around - from the luxe lines you covet to the new and niche companies you've yet to discover.
To enter, tell me what you do to pamper yourself. This is required and must be done before the extra entries count!
1- Subscribe to my blog via email.
2- Follow my blog via google friend.
3- For THREE extra entries, post about this giveaway on your blog and link it back to this post.
4- Follow twoofakind on twitter and tweet about this giveaway. You can Tweet once a day for an extra entry every day! You can copy and paste: #WIN a year subscription to Birchbox(Monthly Beauty Supplies) $100 ARV @twoofakind http://tinyurl.com/73u4j94
5- Include a link to this post in your facebook status letting your friends know you entered this giveaway. Leave your first and last name(or initial) in a comment below. If you tag me (@Dee Twofakind or @Two Of A Kind, Working On A Full House), I can actually see your status on facebook. You can do this 1x per day for an extra entry each day.
6- Place my Pink, Two Of A Kind, Working On A Full House button on the sidebar of your blog.
Contest ends at 11:59pm EST on February 20th when I will draw a winner at random. PLEASE leave your email address if it is not visible on your profile. I will notify the winner and they will have 48 hours to respond!
Open to US Only.
This was a sponsored post and honest opinions were used. The opinions are solely my own and may vary from others. Thank you to the company and/or pr agency who supplied the review and giveaway.


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Use chef pans to blanch vegetables or to simmer delicious sauces all day. Or choose Circulon pans for boiling pasta to a perfect al dente before tossing with zesty pesto sauce.
Circulon chef pans and cookware feature graceful cast stainless handles enhanced with rubberized grips for a comfortable and confident grip. These Circulon pans are metal utensil safe due to the innovative TOTAL® Food Release System of nonstick circles, which reduce surface abrasion. Our 4 quart pans are roomy enough for family-sized portions of broccoli. Or use 6 quart pans for generous batches of delicious Bolognese.
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The only item I needed to buy were chicken thighs-- which are much less expensive than the chicken breasts that I usually buy. Here we go:
splatter screen. It makes cleanup just a little nicer.) The most time-consuming part of this recipe, was searing the chicken in batches. Five pounds of chicken thighs is a lot!
Add the butter to the Dutch oven and melt over medium-high heat. Add the carrots, celery, onion, and 1/4 teaspoon salt and cook until softened, about 7 minutes.


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Lose Weight - Level 15
Workout Details
Equipment Type: Treadmill
Intensity Level: 5
Number of Workouts: 24
Whether you are looking to lose 5 lbs or 300, this program is perfect for you. Jillian Michaels will help guide you through your entire workout as you watch the pounds fall off.
- Total Distance: false
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Count on Circulon cookware to make kitchen time easier, efficient, and more enjoyable, for a well-rounded life.
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In stock
Large geometric tribal bangle of 2cm with 'Love it is' charm of 15mm, rose gold plated.
* All prices are VAT included but exclusive shipping costs
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Gail Collins joined The New York Times in 1995 as a member of the editorial board and later as an Op-Ed columnist. In 2001 she was appointed editorial page editor – the first woman to hold that post at The Times.
In 2007, she stepped down to finish her book: "When Everything Changed: The Amazing Journey of American Women from 1960 to the Present." She returned as a columnist in time to cover the 2008 presidential election.
Ms. Collins is also the author of "America's Women: Four Hundred Years of Dolls, Drudges, Helpmates and Heroines," and five other books: "When Everything Changed: The Amazing Journey of American Women from 1960 to the Present," "As Texas Goes: How the Lone Star State Hijacked the American Agenda," a biography of William Henry Harrison, "Scorpion Tongues: Gossip, Celebrity and American Politics," and "The Millennium Book," which she co-authored with her husband, Dan Collins. She is currently at work on a history of older women in America.
Before joining The Times, Ms. Collins was a columnist at New York Newsday, The New York Daily News, and a reporter for United Press International.
She is a graduate of Marquette University, and has a master's degree in government from the University of Massachusetts. Since 2013, Ms. Collins has been a member of the Pulitzer Prize Board. Her columns appear every Thursday and Saturday, and The Conversation, her weekly discussion with Arthur C. Brooks, appears every Wednesday.


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Follow @DaytimeRoyalty
|Hello, soap fans -- and welcome to Daytime Royalty!
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Bakewell Cream Baking Powder maiden voyage. The Sweet Dough Bakery Emulsion has become one of my favorite products for my baked goods. It smells like yellow cake mix dough. I think it gives a subtle "bakery store" flavor to my cookies and cakes. Before you email me that I didn't list all of the ingredients... just scroll to the very bottom of this post. You will find a printable recipe. So, here we go:
When cake has cooled, place cream cheese, sugar, vanilla, and salt in bowl of standing mixer fitted with whisk attachment. Whisk at medium-high speed until light and fluffy, 1 to 2 minutes, scraping down bowl with rubber spatula as needed. Reduce speed to low and add heavy cream in slow, steady stream; when almost fully combined, increase speed to medium-high and beat until mixture holds stiff peaks, 2 to 2 ½ minutes more, scraping bowl as needed (you should have about 4 ½ cups). NOTE: This tastes incredibly delicious!
Using large serrated knife, slice cake into three even layers. TIP: A rotating cake stand makes this a whole lot easier! The cake was very moist, by the way. I'm feeling very optimistic, right about now...
See that big cake spatula? No more worries of breaking the cake layer in half. Easy peasy! Now, it's time to put the cake together:
Pour one half of pureed berry mixture (about ¾ cup) in center, then spread to cover any exposed cake.


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Runner Runner
20th Century Fox
Be warned: while Runner Runner is set up to be a high-stakes thriller with Justin Timberlake gallivanting through Costa Rica, it's more of a lukewarm, predictable take on the old in-way-over-your-head story. The film promises to take us deep into the underworld of online poker, but settles on trying to pacify us with wealth, scantily clad women, and cliché one-liners like, At Princeton, you're either bred for it, or you bleed for it, and, The house always wins.
Runner Runner stars Timberlake as Princeton grad student Richie Furst who loses all of his tuition money in an online gambling scam. Backed up against the wall, Furst shows his thirst for money (and rash decision-making skills) and jets off to Costa Rica in search of Ivan Block (Ben Affleck), the charmingly sly ringleader of the online poker site. Once he's face to face with the infamous offshore entrepreneur, Furst gets a compelling (and suspicious) offer: he can either take the money that was swindled from him and go back to the U.S. or stay and work for Block and make millions of dollars. It takes all of three seconds for Furst to agree to the latter. What follows is a perfunctory 60 minutes of Timberlake having a passionless romance with Block's beautiful right-hand woman (Gemma Arterton), avoiding a cheeky F.B.I. agent (Anthony Mackie), blackmailing people he doesn't know, and making overall poor choices that make us wonder why we're even supposed to be rooting for this seemingly dimwitted protagonist who has so few redeeming qualities, if any at all.
Written by Brian Koppelman and David Levien, the duo that brought us the gambling flick Rounders in 1998, Runner Runner advertises countless thrills, but as soon as we think we're about to hit a climax or an Aha! moment, we're let down by unfulfilling (and often unnecessary) plot twists that director Brad Furman (The Lincoln Laywer) attempts to disguise with the glitzy Costa Rican lifestyle. Instead of one cohesive plotline, we're taken along a bumpy ride through an underdeveloped and disjointed story that would be better off with fewer ingredients. By having too many storylines that are never brought to completion, we're left confused by the vagueness of it all.
And when the plot starts to go downhill and we don't know where to turn, we look to the characters to save the day, but unfortunately, nearly none of them have any meat to them (except for Affleck, whose strong and convincing performance as immoral Block is comprised of his trademark charm and an emerging inner villain who wants to come out to play). Too bad Affleck's character doesn't get as much screentime as he deserves. Instead, we're left with Timberlake (who fails to convince the audience that he can play any other character than Justin Timberlake), the handful of supporting characters that are never flushed out, and poor Gemma Arterton, who plays a woman who lacks chemistry (which isn't entirely her fault) with both Timberlake and Affleck. Runner Runner makes us apathetic to both the characters and the plot, which leaves us feeling completely uninvested. For a film about gambling, an inherent game of risk and reward, Runner Runner takes little to no chances and ends up with a losing hand.
More:'Runner Runner' Justin Timberlake FeaturetteBen Affleck and Justin Timberlake to Star in Gambling ThrillerBen Affleck Gambles With His Career in 'Runner Runner' Trailer
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Lamp shade with elasticized Light Blue Linen cover.
You're the light of your baby's life, but your nursery needs light too. Shed some on the situation by giving your lamp base a stylish upgrade with this coordinating lamp shade. The easy to use clip-on style is ideal for most lamp bases (8" in height or taller), including candlestick lamps. All of our lamp shades measure 9.5 inches tall with 5 inch top diameter and 10 inch bottom diameter and feature an elasticized fabric cover which is removable.
Made in the USA by Carousel Designs.
Boy, Linen, Solid, Blue
Fabric Swatch
in stock
Colors and textures may vary slightly from as depicted on your monitor. Fabric swatches are a great way to "touch and feel" the product before placing an order.


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Our Price: £3.85 incl VAT
List price: £4.25
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Earn 4 Loyalty Points each
Valrhona have created a high quality white chocolate with the simplest of ingredients with this new chocolate bar. Pure white chocolate, delicately sugared revealing harmonious aromas of fresh milk and natural vanilla.
Since 1922 the vocation of Valrhona has been to create exceptional gourmet chocolate, while respecting the artisan's know-how and fine French taste. Dedicated to quality, Valrhona selects and purchases its cocoa beans directly from choice plantations, thus securing an exclusive supply of Grand Crus from South America, the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean. Valrhona was one of the first chocolatiers to describe their chocolate in a similar fashion to wine with the labelling of such creations as grand cru, single origin, single estate and even vintage chocolate. Valrhona is regarded as being amongst the best of the few French chocolate makers today creating their chocolate from bean to bar (cacaofevier).
Read more about Valrhona.
View all Valrhona chocolates
This product may contain traces of nuts, egg proteins, gluten and peanut.
Nutritional Facts:
Average nutritional values per 100g
Energy 2511KJ / 604kCal
Fat 44g of which saturated fat 26g
Carbohydrate 44g of which sugars 44g
Protein 8.2g
Salt 0.36g
Posted Sun 19 Oct 2014 10.48am by Sean
Fantastically creamy. Best white chocolate I've had. A must buy.
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Toscano Bianco, white chocolate barFrom £4.35
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Chocolat Madagascar, 34% white chocolate barFrom £4.85
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Each entry in POGO's SEC Revolving Door Database represents one post-employment disclosure statement notifying the SEC of a former employee's intent to represent an employer or client before the agency. Some employees have filed multiple statements.
ANALYSIS: See POGO's reports, blog posts, and other work on the SEC revolving door
METHODOLOGY: How POGO organized the information and assembled the database
Russell P. HodgeTweet
Former Division/Office: Chief Accountant
Former Regional Office: N/A
Former Title: Professional Accounting Fellow
New Employer: Ernst & Young
Represented Entity: Redacted (b)(4)
Issue: Accounting issues that may affect the financial reporting of [Redacted (b)(4)]
Date of Resignation: 06/10/05
Date of Statement: 04/26/06


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