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Some things last the test of time. That includes the rich, 500-year-old Jesuit heritage upon which the College was founded.
What's the best way to learn about life at Le Moyne? Explore, investigate and discover our beautiful campus for yourself.
Submit your application for undergraduate, graduate or continuing education programs today.
Put your mind to work – for yourself, for your future, and for your world.
Everything you experience teaches you something about yourself and the world around you. Savor as many as possible.
Your gift to Le Moyne today is an investment in countless tomorrows.
By understanding what has happened in the past, business organizations can better predict the future and make decisions that will benefit the organization and their customers.
Business organizations of the 21st century maintain large databases with information about their customers, supply chain and competitors. These organizations strive to establish a competitive advantage by using this data to make better decisions.
In the YouTube video above, IBM describes business analytics as "turning information into insight and developing conclusive fact-based strategies to gain that competitive edge."
The insights gained through quantitative analysis allows a company to uncover lucrative business opportunities, obtain necessary information to retain customers or improve research, or inject certainty and predictability into the decision-making process.
Thus, the ability to analyze and interpret information extracted from the data to make sound managerial decision is a skill-set increasingly desired by employers.
The business analytics major introduces students to quantitative modeling and analysis. Students learn methods and techniques in the context of diagnosing and solving problems from different disciplines of business. Classes are held in a computer lab to provide hands-on real-world experience in the art of modeling and analytics.
Because of the interdisciplinary nature of the major, many students elect to pursue a dual major in business analytics and either finance, marketing, or information systems.
If you would like to learn more about the courses offered within the business analytics program, please visit the Le Moyne College catalog.
Our business analytics students have gone on to work with companies such as Bank of New York Mellon, Citigroup, Dot Foods Inc., Eaton's Crouse Hinds, KS&R, Lockheed Martin, Mohawk Global Trade Advisors, Pinckney Hugo Group, Raymour & Flanigan, and St. Joseph's Hospital.
Read what some of our recent graduates have to say about our program and how it has helped them in their careers.
The business analytics program at Le Moyne strives to distinguish itself by making sustainability and corporate social responsibility a common theme in all our business analytics, statistics and operations management courses.
Corporate leaders are placing an increased emphasis on sustainability and social responsibility because their customers and other key stakeholders demand it. More importantly, though, is that the viability of these corporations depends upon it. The once singular emphasis on profits has been supplanted by the triple bottom line: profits, people, and the planet – the 3P's of sustainability.
IBM's Vice President for Energy and Environment Rich Lechner opines that even though new technologies will be important in creating a sustainable enterprise, the most immediate and long reaching gains will come through business analytics and optimization. Business analytics and optimization are the very essence of our program, and they create an opportunity for us to engage our students in deep and critical thought about issues that matter to them, their future, and the stewardship of the planet.
For example, in the introductory business analytics course, student teams manage mock fishing fleets and compete against each other to catch fish so as maximize their profits. Competitive profit-maximizing strategies will inevitably result in an over-fishing, leading to the depletion of the fish population and a loss of business and livelihood. However, a collaborative fishing strategy where all teams agree to fish up to a certain level will result in greater profits and more importantly, a sustainable fishing industry in which the teams can continue fishing in perpetuity. This simulation exercise enables each participant to directly experience the results of myopic growth in profits without any concern for the environmental consequences until it is too late.
Students will still continue to learn the same analytical techniques that we have taught for many years. However, by emphasizing sustainable management practices for a better world through tangible examples, we will meet the desires and needs of our students: they want to contribute to the world. Sustainability and social responsibility are two avenues by which our students can make a difference, and we are confident that our current and future plans align to help them do just that.
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Friday, 1 January 2010
one hundred and seventy one
Posted by Elena Iezzi at 06:01
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This is the online exhibition for the 10,000 foxes collection. Post your drawing of a fox to 134 Hounslow road, Twickenham TW2 7HB (ENGLAND) or email me firstname.lastname@example.com. join the Facebook group at www.facebook.com search: 10,000 foxes.

subset: commoncrawl


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Moore: Cowboys' CB Claiborne has some catching up to do
Cowboys' No. 1 pick's first practice shows how far he has to go to get into football shape
IRVING — Three months after he became the first defensive player taken in the draft, 90 days after the commissioner read his name, Morris Claiborne lined up for his first practice with the Cowboys.
There was obvious rust. Sweat poured down the cornerback's face Wednesday morning as he met the media to assess his performance.
"I feel pretty good with the plays," Claiborne said. "It's the conditioning.
"You can go out and run 1,000 laps, but when you come back and play football you're still not going to be in football shape. So it's going to take some time to get used to that.
"We've got these three days here, so hopefully when everyone reports I'll be good."
Claiborne is out to make up for lost time. Wrist surgery to repair a tendon kept the LSU star from taking part in the Cowboys off-season practices, although he did attend all 12 practices and often stood on the field behind the play to watch it unfold.
Coach Jason Garrett said it was critical that the cornerback agree to contract terms for this three-day session before the full team departs to training camp in Oxnard, which explains why the club was willing to concede the off-set language in his deal to get it done.
"I don't think there was any doubt on either side that he was going to be here for Day One," Garrett said. "Like everybody, he was a little bit rusty. But that is what this time is for.
"It's hard to estimate how behind he is. He is a rookie trying to play in the NFL. This is his first practice."
Claiborne agreed Monday to a four-year contract worth just under $16.4 million. He celebrated that evening by eating wings with his brother Brandon.
Morris paid. He didn't eat as much as he wanted because he knew he had conditioning tests the next day.
Claiborne found himself lying in bed Tuesday night, unable to sleep, thinking about his first practice. He got up at 6 a.m.
The Cowboys have Claiborne working on the right side, which is what he did at LSU. He returned kickoffs in college. The Cowboys gave him a chance to field some punts Wednesday.
He dropped two in a row and bobbled a third before coming up with a clean catch.
"You've just got to read that ball," Claiborne said. "That ball will tell you different stories. You've just got to focus on it and read it and worry about the sun. It will trick you sometimes."
But the Cowboys didn't select Claiborne with the sixth pick in the draft to return punts. They drafted him to upgrade a faulty secondary.
The corner was fluid. He was also aggressive. He caught the ball well and didn't appear to favor his left wrist, which has been fitted with a brace he will wear this season.
Garrett wasted no time testing Claiborne. On the first play of seven-on-seven drills, Tim Benford, a rookie free agent out of Tennessee Tech, took the first-rounder deep. Benford got behind Claiborne but couldn't catch the pass as it fell incomplete.
Welcome to the NFL.
"I figured they were going to come after me," Claiborne said. "I got a little behind on it, but the corner from the other side came over and gave me some good help.
"I don't put pressure on myself. There's enough of that already, so I don't try to put any undo pressure on myself. I'm not perfect by any stretch of the imagination. I know I've got some work to do."
Work that began in earnest on Wednesday.
"He is a smart guy," Garrett said. "He understands football. You see that right away. You see that in his interaction with our coaches and players in meetings.
"It's fun to see that out there today on the practice field."
Follow David Moore on Twitter @DavidMooreDMN


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Kale, Pineapple, and Chia Smoothie
We borrowed this recipe from Dr. Alejandro Junger's book "Clean." We were drawn to this smoothie recipe because of its ingredient of chia seeds. We absolutely love chia seeds, and can't speak highly enough of its medicinal and nutritional values.
Here's some information about the value of each ingredient:
Kale: One portion provides you with 192% of your daily dose of Vitamin A. It's also high in manganese, iron, copper, calcium, and B Vitamins.
Pineapple: High in Bromelain, which is useful as an anti-inflammatory. Also offers high amounts of Vitamin A and C.
Chia Seeds: A superfood that's high in protein and omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. They're great for athletes, because they absorb the water we drink, holding it in our system longer.
|Pineapple chunks
|1/2 cup
|Lacinto or dinosaur kale
|2 leaves
|Soaked chia seeds
|2 teaspons
|Pure water
|1 cup
|Agave syrup
|1-2 teaspoons
|1/2 cup
1. Soak chia seeds for a few hours in pure water. This will activate the enzymes, but this is not essential.
2. Look for the darkest-green kale with long leaves. If lacinto or dinosaur is not available, use any kale you can find.
3. Blend all ingredients together until smooth.
Servings: 1


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The New Kenan Master Plan
Related Links
The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill boasts a campus that is at once historic and vibrant. Located at the heart of that campus is a true landmark - beautiful Kenan Stadium. Kenan Stadium has served the University community for more than 80 years, providing a venue for Carolina Football, graduation ceremonies, concerts, high school championships, and much more. It has been a destination for hundreds of thousands of visitors each year who come to gather amidst the trees of Kenan Woods.
Since its construction in 1927, Kenan Stadium has been modified several times to meet the changing needs of the University and its fans. A significant, multi-phase renovation of the stadium is currently underway. Detailed analysis, thorough discussion and comprehensive planning have resulted in a Master Plan to make Kenan Stadium the best on-campus stadium in the country, and to preserve its beautiful setting on the Chapel Hill campus.
The Master Plan for the renovation of Kenan Stadium was shaped by six guiding principles:
- Keep Kenan Stadium a modern facility.
- Integrate Kenan Stadium with the overall look and feel of the campus.
- Enhance the fan experience.
- Provide a new Student-Athlete Academic Center.
- Provide Carolina Football with facilities needed for success.
- Generate revenue to ensure the future of Carolina's broad-based athletics program.
The comprehensive Master Plan for Kenan Stadium calls for a complete renovation of the stadium in multiple phases. The phases are as follows:
- Phase I - West End Zone ... This phase was completed in August 2009. The renovation included a fifth floor addition (recruiting and media space) along with remodeling of existing offices and team spaces in the Kenan Football Center.
- Phase II - East End Zone ... The campaign for this phase is currently underway. The phase consisted of the construction of the Loudermilk Center for Excellence and The Blue Zone.
- Future Phases - North & South Sides ... These phases will be analyzed at future dates as costs are determined and funding opportunities are available. Currently, there is no specific timeline for these phases.
The overall Master Plan calls for a finished product that includes renovations or new construction for:
- Renovation and addition to the Kenan Football Center
- 360-degree stadium exterior architecture for campus integration
- Renovation of existing stadium infrastructure
- New Student-Athlete Academic Center
- Premium Seating - Suites & Club Seats
- East End Zone enclosure
- Landscaping & reforestation of the Kenan Woods
- New and improved restrooms
- Improved and more efficient concessions
- Wider and more convenient concourses
- Easier entry & exit
Carolina Athletics provides an important means of bringing people to Chapel Hill - offering opportunities for Carolina faithful to grow their relationship with the University, the state and the town. The events that bring thousands to Kenan Stadium annually showcase the University and campus, and make Kenan Stadium an invaluable resource for building important University relationships. Continue that relationship today ... and be a part of the new Kenan Stadium!


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A neighbor and friend of mine asked me to make a hat to photograph her niece in for Christmas. She showed me a picture online of what she had in mind, so I created this for her. It turned out really cute, so I wanted to share the pattern. This is about a 0-3 month size, but I'm sure it'd be easy to make larger by increasing the hook size and/or making a couple extra increase rows.
This is my first crochet pattern I've written, so I apologize if it's not as clear as it should be. If you have any questions, please let me know and I'd be happy to help!
1 skein Sugar 'n' Cream cotton for main color (MC) (or any worsted weight yarn)
small amount of contrasting color (CC)
G hook (4.5 mm)
tapestry needle for weaving in ends
sl st- slip stitch
sc- single crochet
hdc- half-double crochet
dc- double crochet
st- stitch
ch- chain
HAT: The hat is worked from the top down. Earflaps are added seamlessly. Then the CC is worked around the whole hat.
Using MC, ch 2. (Or you can do a magic ring--here is a tutorial for that. I like to do the magic ring, but it's hard to write out, so I wrote the pattern without using the magic ring)
6 sc into the second ch from hook, and join with a sl st to first sc.
Ch 1 (counts as sc here and throughout), sc in same st, 2 sc in each sc around. Join with a sl st to first sc. (12 sc)
Ch1, sc in same st, sc in next, *2 sc in next, sc in next*--Repeat between *'s around. Join with sl st. (18 sc)
Ch1, sc in same st, sc in next two sts, *2 sc in next, sc in next two sts* --Repeat between *'s around. Join with sl st. (24 sc)
Ch1, sc in same st, sc in next three sts, *2 sc in next, sc in next three sts* --Repeat between *'s around. Join with sl st. (30 sc)
Continue rounds in this manner, increasing by 6 sc in each round, until you have 60 sc.
Ch 1, sc in each sc around, join with a slip stitch. Repeat this round until you have a total of 24 rounds (counting from the very first round at the top of the hat). Finish off and break yarn.
I've put the stitch counts here to center the earflaps, but this doesn't have to be exact. You just want to have the "seam" in the back, and the earflaps centered on each side. You can just eyeball it if you don't want to count out the stitches. You should have 16 sts between earflaps (in front and back)
Hold hat right side up, with the "seam" facing you. Count about 6 sts (doesn't have to be exact--you're just trying to make the seam in the back of the hat, with the ear flaps on either side) to the right of the seam. Flip hat over, and join MC yarn with a sc at that stitch.
Sc 13 more sts across, for a total of 14. Turn.
Ch1, skip first sc, sc in each sc across. (13 sts) Turn.
Repeat this last row until you have just 1 sc. Finish off.
Holding hat upside down, count 16 sts to the left of earflap #1. Join yarn, and work second earflap as you did for the first. Finish off.
Using CC, join with sc in back of hat (where the "seam" is).
Sc around the hat until you get to the bottom of an earflap. Ch18, then sc in second ch from hook. Sc in each ch up to the earflap, and continue to sc around hat. (Work the second earflap the same way). Join to first sc in back of hat, and finish off. Weave in ends.
You can leave the hat how it is, or if you'd like to add the flower, here is how I made the flower:
Using CC, ch 3.
Rnd 1: Work 12 dc in second chain from hook, and join to first sc with a sl st.
Rnd 2: Working in FRONT LOOPS ONLY, *3 hdc in next st, then sl st in next st*, around. This will form 5 little "petals".
Rnd 3: Then, working in BACK LOOPS ONLY from round 1, *work 5 dc in next st, sl st in next st*, around. This will form 5 larger petals behind the small ones.
Finish off and sew onto the hat.
(Copyright notice: This pattern may not be sold or republished without my written permission. You may post links to the pattern, but may not reproduce the pattern. Thanks for understanding!)


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Colombian superstar Shakira and her soccer star boyfriend Gerard Pique have introduced their unborn son to the world - by posting the tot's ultrasound photo online.
The Hips Don't Lie hitmaker confirmed she is expecting her first child in September (12) and she has been using her Twitter.com blog to keep followers updated about her journey to motherhood.
Last month (Nov12), the singer shared a snap of the parents-to-be snuggling, with her baby bump on display, and now Shakira's partner has shared their most intimate image yet, uploading a shot of their unborn boy to photo sharing website WhoSay.com.
The accompanying caption reads: "His first pic (sic)! #excited #cute".
Shakira began dating sportsman Pique in 2011 after splitting from her longtime boyfriend, Antonio de la Rua.
De la Rua recently filed a $100 million suit against his ex amid allegations she failed to honor their business partnership after their romance ended.


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The sky really is falling, Universe Today reports:
According to recent research by climate scientists in New Zealand, global cloud heights have dropped. Researchers reported a decreasing trend in average global cloud heights from 2000 to 2010, based on data gathered by the Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) on NASA's Terra satellite. The change over the ten-year span was about 100 to 130 feet.
"This is the first time we have been able to accurately measure changes in global cloud height and, it provides just a hint that something quite important might be going on," said lead researcher Professor Roger Davies.
Latest posts by JacobSloan (see all)
- For Sale: Poveglia, The Haunted Italian Island With A Chilling History - Apr 20, 2014
- Lab Is Missing 2,000 Vials Of The Deadly SARS Virus - Apr 19, 2014
- Essential Vitamin B3 May Have Arrived From Space On Meteorites - Apr 18, 2014


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MEXICO CITY (AP) — Construction of a monument that Mexico City residents say resembles a giant cream-filled wafer was soured by overspending, inflated prices and building code violations, an audit has found.
Formally known as the Pillar of Light, the 104-meter (343-foot) high structure on the capital's emblematic Reforma Avenue was supposed to cost around $35 million, instead tax payers shelled out $100 million, according to the report released Wednesday by the audit unit of Congress.
The audit found that Mexico's anti-corruption agency failed to oversee spending and ignored costly errors during its construction.
Previous comments by federal officials and contractors had revealed that the monument's construction was plagued with wrongdoings and overspending. But the audit also found that the Public Administration Department, the anti-corruption watchdog, ignored violations of construction codes and full compliance with spending regulations.
The monument, which is made of a series of columns sandwiched by panels of quartz backlit by LED lights, was built to commemorate the bicentennial of Mexican independence. It was meant as a gleaming symbol of hope and inspiration in a country beset by drug violence.
But its construction became a topic of debate in Mexico and it is now commonly known as "suavicrema," a cream-filled cookie with a gridded surface. The tower has also earned nicknames like "the Monument of Shame" and "the Monument of Mexican Dependence."
It was scheduled to be inaugurated on Sept. 15, 2010, but was finished a year-and-a-half late and was not well-received by many Mexicans who saw little of Mexico in it.
The construction company brought stainless-steel columns from Italy, quartz panels from Brazil and a specialized lighting system made by a German-owned company.
The audit concluded that the construction company inflated steel prices and overspent on the quartz and it lied on the actual weight of the tower to justify more expenses.
"They made decisions without the proper coordination and full compliance with regulations," the report said.
The audit also found the committee that oversaw the work signed a contract for an incomplete project that contained errors, including having to dig deeper than it had been established in the beginning.
The management company Triple I Services could not be reached by The Associated Press Wednesday.
A spokesman for the Public Administration Department said it would not comment on the report because it referred to faults by the previous administration of President Felipe Calderon, who left office on Dec. 1.
"Those audits belong to the past six-year term. Right now, the department has nothing to say about it," said spokesman Emilio Estrada.
Adriana Gomez Licon is on Twitter http://twitter.com/agomezlicon


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Know What to Expect
I was fully prepared to take care of an infant. I had faithfully read all the latest books, attended newborn care classes, and stocked the nursery with clippers, soaps, cotton balls, and ointments. When my baby came home, I knew how to give baths, trim tiny nails, and burp like a pro. But when I endured a six-week-long period, peed when I laughed, and found my hair falling out in clumps, I gazed in the mirror at the zit-covered, flabby ghost of my former self and wondered, "What on earth happened to me and when will the old me come back?"
Although the discharge notes from the hospital briefly outline postpartum care for mothers, and a few baby books toss in a quick chapter for new moms, most of the available literature focuses exclusively on the baby and assumes that once you're not pregnant anymore, you're back to your old self. Wrong! Wrong! Wrong! The first three months postpartum are a time of tremendous physical upheaval in a woman's body, and every woman should know what to expect.
Lochia: When Will I Stop Bleeding?
The area in your womb where the placenta was attached to the wall of your uterus is chock full of blood vessels. Immediately following the birth of a baby, the uterus begins a process called involution where it shrinks to its normal size. This shrinking of the uterus and uterine blood vessels causes bloody discharge known as lochia. While lochia tends to be bright red for the first few days, it generally tapers off to a paler color over the course of two to six weeks. As with a normal menstrual period, the uterus also sloughs off its lining as part of the lochia, so seeing bits of tissue or small blood clots isn't uncommon or cause for alarm. You should call your doctor if your bleeding is bright red for more than a few days or doesn't seem to decrease over time, if you pass a clot bigger than a large grape, if your lochia has a foul smell (the odor should resemble menstrual blood), or if you feel dizzy or faint. These symptoms could indicate excessive bleeding or an infection. As always, when in doubt, check it out!
The Linea Nigra: When Will That Line On My Belly Disappear?
Ancient wisdom goes that fair-skinned women get stretch marks and darker-skinned women get the line. As a woman of Italian ancestry, my olive skin handled all that stretching with nary a mark, but five months after the birth of my last child, I still looked like someone drew a stripe down my abdomen with a brown magic marker. The dark line—linea nigra—is caused by the same pregnancy hormones that cause your nipples and labia to darken during gestation. It usually fades over time, but unfortunately doesn't always disappear entirely. Consider it a badge of motherhood!
Stretch Marks: When Will They Go Away?
The good news is that unlike the linea nigra, it is possible to get rid of stretch marks. The bad news is that it takes a doctor, a surgical procedure, and a bit of money to do it. On the positive side, marks that initially appear red or purplish often fade to light silver of flesh tone and are barely noticeable. Don't fall for creams or other products that claim they can erase stretch marks; only weight loss and time will help them fade.
And on the topic of stretching and bellies, don't freak out when you first check on your tummy after delivery and find a wiggly, jiggly midsection. Your belly expanded quite a bit to accommodate your growing baby, but things will get better (and firmer) with time. Doing sit-ups and crunches in your recovery room is not necessary!
Postpartum Alopecia: Why Is My Hair Falling Out?
The answer to almost any pregnancy question is usually the same … hormones. Those pesky chemicals are responsible for your hair falling out too. Normally about three-fourths of your hair is in the growth phase and one quarter is in resting or shedding phase. When you become pregnant, a larger percentage of hair enters the growth phase—so many women enjoy nine months of thick, lustrous hair. Once the baby's born, your hormones shift into reverse and send higher than normal numbers of hair into the shedding phase, leaving some people with sparse, stringy hair and bald spots. Not all women suffer from this new-mom malady, and some only lose a few extra strands while others clog the shower drain. Postpartum hair loss generally occurs around three months after delivery and can last until six months. By the time your baby celebrates his first birthday your hair should be back to its former glory.
Sleep Deprivation: Why Can't I Think Straight?
Sleep deprivation is a common form of torture used on prisoners of war. In fact, humans can only survive for about a week without any sleep. While new parents won't keel over from frequently interrupted slumber, they will certainly suffer from the physical effects of sleep loss which include confusion, irritability, lack of concentration, reduced decision-making skills, and loss of emotional control. Lack of sleep also impairs your immune system, making you more susceptible to illness and often leads to an increased appetite and weight gain. Does any of this sound familiar? The only solution is to get more sleep any way you can: hire sitters, go to bed earlier, sleep when the baby sleeps and let the housework wait another day … or two … or more.
Skin Changes: Why Do I Have Pimples?
If you've heard it once, you've heard it a thousand times … hormones! Those same hormones that wreaked havoc with your skin in high school are back with a vengeance. Add in lack of sleep (necessary for skin cells to replenish themselves), zero time for facials, moisturizing or showering for that matter, and you've got a recipe for zits. The good news is that your hormones will settle down in a few weeks (although breastfeeding moms may experience more break-outs when they wean), and the older your munchkin gets, the more time you'll have to take care of yourself. For now, take solace in the fact that absolutely nobody is looking at you while you're holding that adorable baby in your arms!
Engorgement: How Do I Get My Breasts to Calm Down?
Although most breastfeeding moms know that their breasts will swell considerably when their milk comes in, few are prepared for the actual feeling of engorgement or what to do when it really hurts. Your breasts usually feel fine for the first few days when they are only producing colostrum. But around the third day after delivery, they suddenly fill with milk and fluid, often becoming tight, hard, and enormous. The quickest way to get relief is to nurse the baby frequently and for as long as she wants to eat. Since some babies are slow to get the hang of nursing and others are still sleeping off the trauma of delivery, a breast pump can be a lifesaver. Pump just enough milk to feel normal again, because if you pump too much and too frequently, your body will continue to create excess milk to meet the pump's "demand" and you'll defeat the purpose.
Soft Breasts: Where Did All My Milk Go?
While most women are forewarned about engorgement, few are tipped off to the fact that their breasts will suddenly deflate at six weeks postpartum. It takes about that long for your body to figure out your infant's nursing needs and adjust to making milk at the appropriate times. With milk coming in at regular intervals, moms don't have that bursting-your-buttons feeling anymore, leading some to erroneously believe that they're not making enough milk. Couple the feeling of soft breasts with the fact that most babies have a big growth spurt at six weeks and seem constantly hungry, and you've got legions of nursing mothers running for the formula to take up the imaginary slack. The answer here is to trust your body—your baby is hungrier because he's growing, so just feed him when he asks and your breasts will make more milk to meet the demand.
Stress Incontinence: Why Am I Dribbling?
It's pretty simple; your hips, pelvis, and bladder were stretched, shoved, and rearranged to make room for that baby, and it will take some time for them to settle back into their rightful positions. While they slowly migrate back into place you may find yourself tinkling a little bit whenever you cough, sneeze, or laugh. Kegel exercises are your best bet for firming up the muscles that control your bladder, but it can take six to twelve weeks to see results from Kegels. Until then, just wear a panty liner or other absorbent protection and things should dry up somewhere between a few weeks to a couple of months down the line.
Sweating: Why Am I Soaking the Sheets Each Night?
Sweating is one of your body's methods of getting rid of excess pregnancy fluid. While most moms experience night sweats, it is also common for lactating mothers to sweat between their breasts at any time. This is because breasts are basically modified sweat glands, so when a nursing woman's breasts are working overtime to create milk, the sweat glands around them work hard too. There's no way to stop the sweating, so just wear cool, absorbent clothes to bed and stuff a cloth diaper (which happens to make a handy burp cloth!) between your breasts. The dampness should subside by the end of the first month.
Surviving: Hang In There!
The bottom line is that in about three months the quirkiest postpartum effects will have passed, and by six months you should feel like a close representation of your old self. Until then, behave as though you were still pregnant; take care of yourself, eat nutritious foods, dress comfortably, and get as much sleep as you possibly can. Take heart in the fact that you're in the homestretch and already holding the best prize of all.


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Visit our newsroom for our latest press releases, multimedia gallery and stories from your community.Read more about Newsroom
We are investing in the safe, reliable delivery of natural gas for today and tomorrow.Read more about Safety
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I had so much "fun" with viewstate last weekend.
I'm developing a site that has a master page Master.aspx and a few child pages (Page1.aspx, ..., pageN.aspx).
Now when rendering HTML that is displayed an ASP.NE rendering engine first reads the child page
then takes the master page and incorporates it's contorls into the child page control hierarchy so the
child page actually becomes the overall master. A master page is treated as a user control, after all it
is derived from UserControl class. All this happens on the pre Init part of the Page creation.
So now comes in the viewstate. I won't be going into what viewstate is because i'm assuming you're familiar vith it.
However if you're not i'd go and read this article.
Now ASP.Net 2.0 also has a control viewstate along with the page viewstate.
This is good because you can disable the viewstate on specific controls and they won't get viewstated :)
So if you enable a page's viewstate and disable it on some controls, those controls won't be viewstated.
That's great, if you ask me.
Naturaly i thought it works in the other way too. Man was I wrong. :(
My specific scenario is this:
I have a master page on which i have a TextBox, a DropDownList and a Button. It's a standard search thingie.
type in a search text choose a search option (all words, exact phrase, etc) press the button and voilá.
The search results would be shown on the child page.
Only on the button's OnClick server event i couldn't get the selected value of the DropDownList or the text of the TextBox.
I checked the viewstate of the master page it was enabled and so was on the search involved controls.
I never even thought to look at the child page which had it's viewstate disabled.
Enabling it did the trick and i could happily search my database.
But a question arises:
If i can enable a page viewstate and disable the contorl viewstate,
I want to be able to disable the page viewstate and enable certain controls' viewstates and
those controls would be viewstated.
Am i the only one to whom this would make sense?
There's probably a reason for this and if someone can shed some light i'd be gratefull.
Print | posted on Friday, September 29, 2006 6:03 PM |
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text:
College of Arts & Humanities
The live music that will inspire audiences and artwork during "The Gospel Show: An Evening of Making Art Through Spiritual Music" at 6 p.m. Saturday, March 20, at Lander University's Josephine B. Abney Cultural Center, will be provided by Lander administration, faculty, staff, students and alumni, as well as Greenwood community members. Cast members include, front row, from left: Ric Standridge, Upstate artist and performer; Olgethia Louden, Lander Class of 1983 and 2003; Tanisha Tolliver of Greer; Brandon Williams of Charleston; Steven Galloway of Anderson; Haley Shelton of Greenwood; and Tyree Scott, kneeling, of Greenwood. Back row, from left, are: Dr. Daniel Ball, Lander President; Nicholas Dickerson of Denmark; Lila Noonkester, chair of Lander's Department of Music; Evan Boney of Greenwood; Haylee Smith of Florence; and William Chelton of Columbia.
On any given summer night in 1960s Simpsonville, S.C., the joyful sounds of music and the laughter of children as they danced across the kitchen floor could be heard seeping through the open windows and the screen door of the Standridge home. The 12-inch LPs on the turntable spun to life the unforgettable voices of Elvis Presley, Ray Charles and Brook Benton while the hot and humid atmosphere of the south faded into darkness.
For one of these children, Ric Standridge, it was during nights like these that sparks of inspiration emerged that would later influence his career as an artist. "Music is a powerful motivator for me," he said. "It can shape the entire feel of a painting."
On Saturday, March 20, Standridge will be on stage at Lander University in Greenwood, S.C., bringing his newest creations to life in "The Gospel Show: An Evening of Making Art Through Spiritual Music." A catered reception and silent auction of Standridge's work will also take place at Lander just prior to the show's start.
A spectacular fusion of art and soulful music, The Gospel Show is the latest in the line of Standridge's popular art-and-music performances. As the melodies surround him on stage, Standridge is inspired by the powerful emotions behind the songs - emotions that influence the selection of colors, images and themes that appear on his canvases.
Paintings created during The Gospel Show will be auctioned off at the conclusion of the performance, with proceeds going to create an art and music scholarship at Lander in memory of Standridge's mother, Adell Standridge, paying tribute to the woman who was his first - and greatest - inspiration.
"The music and this show are an homage to that wonderful woman who raised me and who adopted me when I was only two days old," Standridge said. "She lived 98 long, hard and wonderful years. And she, as I used to tell her, was as tough as that Georgia clay she was raised in."
Standridge, who attended Lander in the 1970s, said the The Gospel Show is also his way of giving back to the university that helped shape his career as an artist.
"The Adell Standridge Art and Music Scholarship will be a significant addition to Lander's scholarship program," said Adam Taylor, Lander vice president for University Advancement. "It will help countless future artists and musicians receive a great education, and those students will go on to enrich our lives and communities, just as Ric has done."
During The Gospel Show, audiences will find their own source of enrichment, not only in the works that Standridge will create, but in the musical performances that will accompany his paintings.
Standridge explained that every song for The Gospel Show is meaningful, but one song, "Peace in the Valley," was his mother's favorite. "'Peace in the Valley' was her anthem. It's what she put on to make herself feel good. It's what she put on when she felt a little low."
The song also carries special meaning for the person who will be performing it during The Gospel Show, Lander President Dr. Daniel Ball. "I learned this song from an uncle of mine who was a musician," he said. "He was more of a guitar player than a singer, but he instilled in me a love for this song that continues to this day."
Along with Dr. Ball, the live music that will inspire Standridge's paintings will be provided by Lander faculty, staff, students and alumni, as well as Greenwood community members. One of those performers is Louise Robinson, who is involved with musical activities at Lander and throughout the Greenwood community. "I love music and sharing it with others," she said.
Robinson will perform several pieces, including "Do Lord Remember Me," "Let it Be" and, with the Mt. Moriah Baptist Church Adams Ensemble, a sequence featuring three songs "Wade in the Water," " Little Wooden Church" and "Down by the River to Pray"
"It's a sequence of songs dealing with baptism and rebirth, and I think it's going to be a very moving set," said Robinson. "The three songs all fit together well with what we will be doing on stage to show the significance of being dipped in the water and rising to do better things."
Former Greenwood assistant chief of police Michael Butler will also be joining the cast, along with other performers from Lander and the community. Featured community performers are: Darius Greene and Norris Turner. Featured Lander faculty and student performers are: Evan Boney of Greenwood; Ryan Davis of Duncan; Nicholas Dickerson of Denmark; Stephanie Haje of Simpsonville; Myra Shaffer, Lander adjunct instructor of theatre and Greenwood-Lander Performing Arts executive director; Tanisha Tolliver of Greer and Brandon Williams of Charleston. Vocalists will be accompanied by Dr. Lila Noonkester, chair of Lander's Department of Music, piano; William Chelton of Columbia, bass; Steven Galloway of Anderson, piano and saxophone; and Durrell Jules of Columbia, drums.
Other Lander students, faculty and alums, and community members, as well as the Lander Brass Ensemble, under the direction of Lander assistant professor of music Dr. Reed Gallo, will complete the cast.
"The Gospel Show: An Evening of Making Art Through Spiritual Music" is schedule for 6 p.m. Saturday, March 20, in Lander University's Josephine B. Abney Cultural Center. Tickets for the show, silent auction and reception are $40 per person or $75 per couple. They can be purchased through the Lander President's Office at 864-388-8300, through the Peace Center at 864-467-3000 or online at www.peacecenter.org. For information, visit www.lander.edu/thegospelshow.


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We have been talking so much about Missouri, Indiana and North Carolina that it would also seem that Barack Obama's electoral fortunes depend on these highly competitive states. If that were true, we would be in for quite an unpredictable Election Day indeed.
Unfortunately for McCain, a sweep of those states - even if we add Florida, Ohio, Georgia to his column - would get him no closer to the fundamental challenge he faces if he wants to reach 270 electoral votes: closing the gap in Pennsylvania, Colorado, Nevada and Virginia.
As it is looking increasingly unlikely that McCain can save Colorado given the huge share of the electorate that has already voted, all Obama needs is to hold on to Pennsylvania. The battle of Pennsylvania is sometimes portrayed as a sign McCain is still on the offensive, but this is the ultimate defensive move dictated by the need to survive.
Even if McCain can tap into the discontent of culturally conservative Democratic voters and somehow prove all Pennsylvania polls wrong, he would still face an uphill climb as he would also have to win one of Colorado, Nevada and Virginia - all states that are currently rated likely Obama. This is certainly not an easy proposal, especially in the two Southwestern states in which Obama has already locked in big majorities in early voting. And a McCain comeback in Pennsylvania would not necessarily mean that he has closed the gap in Virginia since the electoral coalitions Obama needs to assemble to win both states are different enough.
All of this suggests that Pennsylvania and Virginia are the states to watch tomorrow night, as it is difficult to imagine - though still technically possible - that Obama loses the election if he wins either of those states.
None of this is to underestimate the importance of Florida and Ohio: Both states lean ever so slightly towards the Democratic nominee, and a win in either state would surely guarantee him an electoral college majority. (The same is true in any of the other competitive red states, and the Obama organization is so dominant in some of them that for him to win there but not in other states would not surprise me.) But saying that the election's fate is in the hands of Florida, Ohio or in states other than Pennsylvania, Virginia, Colorado and Nevada would be overstating McCain's chances of survival.
Since the first presidential ratings I posted on June 4th, there has been an unmistakable shift towards Obama. Of the nine states that were then rated toss-ups (CO, MI, NV, NH, NM, OH, PA, VA and WI), eight are now in the likely Obama column and one in the lean Obama column; all states that were rated lean McCain are now toss-ups, and all states that were rated lean Obama are now likely Obama. And the GOP base has significantly eroded: Of the eight states that were listed as likely McCain, four are now toss-ups - as would Alaska have been had McCain not picked Sarah Palin as his running-mate.
Without further delay, here are the thirteenth presidential ratings (states whose ratings have been changed towards Obama are colored blue, those whose ratings have been changed towards McCain are colored red):
- Safe McCain: Alabama, Alaska, Idaho, Kansas, Kentucky, Mississippi, Nebraska (at large + 3rd congressional district), Oklahoma, Utah, Tennessee, Texas, Wyoming (99 EVs)
- Likely McCain: Arkansas, Louisiana, Nebraska's 1st district, South Carolina, South Dakota, West Virginia (29 EVs)
- Lean McCain: Arizona, Nebraska's 2nd district (11 EVs)
- Toss-up: Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Missouri, Montana, North Carolina, North Dakota (85 EV)
- Lean Obama: Ohio (20 EVs)
- Likely Obama: Colorado, Iowa, Maine (at-large + 1st district + 2nd district), Michigan, Minnesota, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Mexico, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Wisconsin (96 EVs)
- Safe Obama: California, Connecticut, DC, Delaware, Hawaii, Illinois, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, Oregon, Rhode Island, Vermont, Washington (185 EVs)
This gives us the following map and totals:
- Safe + Likely Obama: 286 electoral votes
- Safe + Likely + Lean Obama: 311
- Toss-up: 85
- Safe + Likely + Lean McCain: 142
- Safe + Likely McCain: 128
I will naturally not attempt to provide an explanation for every single one of these ratings and will concentrate instead on those that have shifted over the past week:
Arizona, likely McCain to lean McCain: This seemingly last-minute development was a long time coming: Arizona polls have shown a surprisingly tight race for months, and McCain's first signs of vulnerability came when he failed to break 50% in the state's primary on Super Tuesday. But no one really believed that McCain's home state could possibly be that competitive and, despite some occasional noise about an optimistic state Democratic Party, the Obama campaign did not make a move. Until this week, that is, when a big wave of polls showing McCain's lead within the margin of error forced Obama into action; his campaign bought air time in Arizona and mobilized state volunteers.
It's hard to think of a scenario in which Arizona is the decisive state, but at the very least, Arizona's yearning to be a battleground state is a very good sign for Democrats in future presidential elections, and it will pay dividends at the House level, where Democrats are poised to pick up one to two seats after the two they won over in 2006.
Georgia, lean McCain to toss-up: It's hard to believe that we are thinking of Georgia as a battleground state - let alone as a toss-up - but until Republicans prove that they are enthusiastic enough to actually vote, they are facing a catastrophe in the state: More than half of the electorate cast an early ballot, and African-Americans make up 35% of those voters - up from the 25% they represented in 2004. If strong Republican and white turnout on Tuesday does not push that number south to 30-31%, Barack Obama will be ideally placed for a (somewhat unexpected) pick-up. His campaign had invested in the state throughout the summer but went dark in mid-September, in the aftermath of the GOP convention; they are now back, airing at least one of ad tying McCain to President Bush.
Louisiana, safe McCain to likely McCain: Merely mentioning this state in the context of presidential politics would have been unthinkable just a month ago, but in the current climate an upset cannot be ruled out in any states that have a history of voting Democratic. Of course, Louisiana's situation is complicated by the post-Katrina migrations, and no one truly knows whether the African-American population is large enough for a Democrat to pull off victory in a competitive race here. Mary Landrieu's fate is, of course, far more dependent on this question than Obama's.
Nevada, toss-up to likely Obama: Different forces have conspired to make Nevada look like a likely Obama pick-up. For one, he dominates among Hispanics by margins that Al Gore and John Kerry would be jealous of, as well as among the West's independent voters, who have always been one of his strongest constituencies. Polls released over the past 10 days by CNN/Time, Suffolk, Research 2000 show Obama has jumped to a commanding lead that rivals his advantage in Colorado. As if this was not enough, early voting is looking very promising for Obama. In Clark County and Washoe County, which together account for 87% of registered voters, the gap between Democratic and Republican early voters is far larger than that of the electorate at large; if conservatives do not vote at a far higher pace, the GOP could not only lose the state at the presidential level but also one or both of its House seats.
New Hampshire, lean Obama to likely Obama: I am weary of underestimating McCain in this state, but all polls have shown a very clear trend towards the Democrat over the past few weeks, who now leads by double-digits in most polls. The UNH/WMUR, surely the most trusted poll in the state, just released its final survey showing Obama leading by 11% and holding a big lead among independents. Who knew New Hampshire independents would prove McCain's undoing?
New Jersey, likely Obama to safe Obama: Once upon a time, Republicans believed that the September 11th effect would swing the Garden State their way, and Bush made a lot of progress in this state between 2000 and 2004. How times have changed, as Obama has now seized a dominant lead in nearly all of the state's polling. New Jersey typically flirts with Republicans for a while before giving itself to a Democrat reluctantly, but even that pattern hasn't really held true this year, as McCain only came close to making the state competitive in the immediate aftermath of the Republican convention.
South Carolina, safe McCain to likely McCain: Just as in Louisiana, an Obama victory in South Carolina would mean that the Democratic nominee is on his way to an electoral college landslide of well above 400 EVs. But if Obama clinches a 10% win in the popular vote, it's not inconceivable that states like South Carolina would fall in his column. A recent Mason-Dixon poll showed McCain leading by only 6% in a state Bush carried by 17%. The boost in African-American turnout that we have been seeing in other states' early voting could help Obama close the gap by a few more points.
Washington, likely Obama to safe Obama: Just as he believed he could put the Northeast in play, John McCain once had ambitions in the Pacific Northwest. But Barack Obama's uncommon strength among the region's independents (evidenced by the fact that this was the one region in which Obama ran consistently ahead of Hillary Clinton in general election polls) undercut McCain's potential; also helping Obama is the fact that blue-collar voters in the West are less resistant, making it easier for him to unify the Democratic base. The result is an impressive lead that would have made Al Gore jealous. The main question in this state is whether Obama's margin of victory is big enough to guarantee that Gregoire survives.
West Virginia, lean McCain to likely McCain: The site of Hillary Clinton's greatest triumph was the most unlikely of states for Barack Obama to score an upset; the state is filled with blue-collar white Democrats who have not voted for a Democratic presidential candidate for more than a decade. But a wave of polls in late September and early October showed a highly competitive contest, and Obama (presumably not sure of what to do with the millions he had in the bank) decided to invest in the state's airwaves. However, Obama has been unable to make more progress over the past few weeks, and most polls that have been released over the past three weeks have McCain solidifying his position and holding a lead that hovers around the 10% mark. Obama was not even able to force McCain to spend time playing defense here. That said, that the state even got on the list of potential battleground states is a testament to how much the economic crisis transformed the presidential race.
History of Campaign Diaries' electoral ratings:
- November 2nd: +169 Obama (311-142)
- October 27th: +149 Obama (306-157)
- October 20th: + 153 Obama (313-160)
- October 12th: + 150 Obama (313-163)
- September 27th: + 55 Obama (239-174)
- September 20th: +6 Obama (222-216)
- August 31st: + 16 Obama (243-227)
- August 20th: + 14 Obama (238-224)
- July 30th: + 38 Obama (238-200)
- July 16th: +28 Obama (255-227)
- July 2rd: +11 Obama (238-227)
- June 18th: +22 Obama (238-216)
- June 4th: +20 McCain (227-207)


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The Charge of Aiai at Palikū Theatre
WCCʻs Hawaiian Youth Theatre performance based on the Maui moolelo KūulakaiWindward Community College
Windward Community College
Nicolas Logue, 236-9138
Theatre Instructor, Humanities
Windward Community College's Theatre 260–Dramatic Production students present The Charge of 'Ai'ai February 14 through 23 at Palikū Theatre, a tale for the keiki about the myths, legends and heroes of Hawai'i, and good fun for the whole family.
The Charge of 'Ai'ai performed by WCC Theatre 260 students
Dates and Times:
Friday, February 14 & 21, 7:30 p.m.
Saturday, February 15 & 22, 7:30 p.m.
Sunday, February 16 & 23, 4:00 p.m.
Tickets: $10 Students with valid ID/Senior/Military; $15 General
To Purchase Tickets: etickethawaii.com or call 235-7310 to charge by phone.
The Charge of 'Ai'ai is the first Hawaiian Youth Theatre production at Windward CC based on the Maui mo'olelo Ku'ukakai, and weaves a magical and heartfelt tale of a father's legacy to his son, a terrible battle with a mighty eel, and the inception of fishing in Hawai'i. Written by Moses Goods, Storyteller and Cultural Educator at the Bishop Museum and directed by Windward CC Theatre Instructor Nicolas Logue.
For more information about The Charge of 'Ai'ai, or to learn more about Theatre 260 and other theatre classes offered at Windward Community College, contact Theatre Instructor Nicolas Logue at 236-9138 or go online to windward.hawaii.edu.
For more information, visit: http://paliku.com


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Gay Teen Creates Early Detection Cancer Test
A gay teenager is changing the world now that he's managed to create a non-invasive test for pancreatic cancer that can provide early detection and help ensure survival for those that are diagnosed!
The London Evening Standard writes:
Jack Andraka discovered a near-100 per cent accurate test for pancreatic cancer that diagnoses early enough to ensure an almost 100 per cent chance of survival. In context: only 5.5 per cent of those diagnosed currently survive for five years. Andraka's test, 400 times more sensitive, 168 times faster and 26,000 times cheaper than today's, will revolutionize that. It can also be applied to ovarian and lung cancer.
Jack, now 16, is certainly not average. His light bulb idea occurred while reading an article on carbon nanotubes in a journal he'd smuggled into biology class under his hoodie. He recognized that nanotubes could suspend a protein, which, when coated on strips of filter paper, could cheaply and reliably test for pancreatic cancer (the disease killed both a family member, and his hero, Steve Jobs). "Just after I had my 'eureka' moment," he says, "the teacher stormed over and confiscated the journal."
He wrote to 200 professors begging to develop his theory. All but one rejected him. Dr Anirban Maitra, at the Sol Goldman Institute at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine in Baltimore was prepared to take the risk. "Because of the laws on child labor, I was 'a volunteer' and snuck into the lab through a back door," says Andraka.
The potential of his discovery is huge: "You can switch the antibody to detect all kinds of diseases: HIV and Aids, Alzheimer's, heart disease," he explains.
The Standard asks:
Has he ever been in trouble? Drink? Girls? "I'm gay, so no. And I wouldn't know where to find alcohol."
This kid is made of win--and he's humble too! "I wouldn't call myself smart," he says. "I know people who are way smarter. But ... I guess it's how you use information. It's about creativity rather than facts. I'm a creative thinker. My parents never told me answers. They told me how to think, not what to think. I disagree with our bulimic education system: learning by rote and then puking up all the facts in an exam."
Check out Jack's full story, here!
What other major breakthroughs will come from the next generation of gay youth?


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McMinnville firefighters battle residential structure blaze
McMinnville firefighters responded early Wednesday evening to a fully involved residential structure fire southwest of town at 21185 S.W. Eagle Point Way, off Peavine Road.
The two-story home was a total loss, according to McMinnville Fire Division Chief Debbie McDermott. She said flames had consumed about three-quarters of the 1,200-1,400-square-foot home by the time the first crew arrived. The home, that McDermott said was probably built in the 1970s, was located off the road.
There was no one home at the time. McDermott said a dog was seen running around in the area of the home when the first crew reached the scene.
Equipment and personnel from the Amity Fire District also responded.
The Yamhill County Fire Investigation Team was on scene this morning in an effort to determine a cause.
More information will be posted when it becomes available.


text:
Contact Us:
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1600 Clifton Rd
Atlanta, GA 30333
24 Hours/Every Day
- email@example.com
Public Health Assessment
Air Pathway Evaluation,
Isla de Vieques Bombing Range,
Vieques, Puerto Rico
To print this report, please select the "Print Friendly View" option in left hand menu and use your browsers print function or the "Print Page" option on the right side of the page. You may also print individual sections of the report by navigating to a section using the left hand menu and following the same steps above.
August 26, 2003
Prepared by:
Federal Facilities Assessment Branch
Division of Health Assessment and Consultation
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
Appendix A: Comparison Values
|Cancer Risk Evaluation Guide, a highly conservative value that would be expected to cause no more than one excess cancer in a million persons exposed over time.
|Environmental Media Evaluation Guide, a media-specific comparison value that is used to select contaminants of concern. Levels below the EMEG are not expected to cause adverse noncarcinogenic health effects. These have been developed for acute exposure scenarios (EMEG-a), intermediate exposure scenarios (EMEG-i), and chronic exposure scenarios (EMEG-c).
|National Ambient Air Quality Standard, an ambient air concentration that EPA has established to characterize air quality. The standards are health-based and were designed to be protective of many sensitive populations, such as people with asthma and children. The standards have been developed only for a small subset of pollutants, and the averaging time and statistical interpretations of the standards vary among the regulated pollutants.
|Risk-based Concentration, a contaminant concentration that is not expected to cause adverse health effects over long-term exposure. These have been developed for both cancer outcomes (RBC-C) and noncancer outcomes (RBC-N).
|Recommended Exposure Level, an air concentration that the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) recommends should not be exceeded. RELs are designed primarily for occupational settings and exposures. The RELs used in this PHA are all based on 8-hour time weighted average exposures.
|Reference Concentration, an ambient air concentration developed by EPA that people, including sensitive subpopulations, likely can be exposed to continuously over a lifetime without developing adverse noncancer health effects. RfCs typically have uncertainty factors built into them to account for any perceived limitations in the data on which they are based.
Appendix B: ATSDR Glossary of Environmental Health Terms
- Acute Exposure:
- Contact with a chemical that happens once or only for a limited period of time. ATSDR defines acute exposures as those that might last up to 14 days.
- Adverse Health Effect:
- A change in body function or the structures of cells that can lead to disease or health problems.
- The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. ATSDR is a federal health agency in Atlanta, Georgia that deals with hazardous substance and waste site issues. ATSDR gives people information about harmful chemicals in their environment and tells people how to protect themselves from coming into contact with chemicals.
- Background Level:
- An average or expected amount of a chemical in a specific environment. Or, amounts of chemicals that occur naturally in a specific-environment.
- Biota:
- Used in public health, things that humans would eat - including animals, fish and plants.
- Chronic Exposure:
- A contact with a substance or chemical that happens over a long period of time. ATSDR considers exposures of more than one year to be chronic.
- Completed Exposure Pathway:
- See Exposure Pathway.
- Comparison Value (CVs):
- Concentrations or the amount of substances in air, water, food, and soil that are unlikely, upon exposure, to cause adverse health effects. Comparison values are used by health assessors to select which substances and environmental media (air, water, food and soil) need additional evaluation while health concerns or effects are investigated.
- Concern:
- A belief or worry that chemicals in the environment might cause harm to people.
- Concentration:
- How much or the amount of a substance present in a certain amount of soil, water, air, or food.
- Contaminant:
- See Environmental Contaminant.
- Dose:
- The amount of a substance to which a person may be exposed, usually on a daily basis. Dose is often explained as "amount of substance(s) per body weight per day."
- Dose / Response:
- The relationship between the amount of exposure (dose) and the change in body function or health that result.
- Duration:
- The amount of time (days, months, years) that a person is exposed to a chemical.
- Environmental Contaminant:
- A substance (chemical) that gets into a system (person, animal, or the environment) in amounts higher than that found in Background Level, or what would be expected.
- Environmental Media:
- Usually refers to the air, water, and soil in which chemcials of interest are found. Sometimes refers to the plants and animals that are eaten by humans. Environmental Media is the second part of an Exposure Pathway.
- Exposure:
- Coming into contact with a chemical substance.(For the three ways people can come in contact with substances, see Route of Exposure.)
- Exposure Pathway:
- A description of the way that a chemical moves from its source (where it began) to where and how people can come into contact with (or get exposed to) the chemical.
ATSDR defines an exposure pathway as having 5 parts:
- Source of Contamination,
- Environmental Media and Transport Mechanism,
- Point of Exposure,
- Route of Exposure, and
- Receptor Population.
When all 5 parts of an exposure pathway are present, it is called a Completed Exposure Pathway. Each of these 5 terms is defined in this Glossary.
- Frequency:
- How often a person is exposed to a chemical over time; for example, every day, once a week, twice a month.
- Health Effect:
- ATSDR deals only with Adverse Health Effects (see definition in this Glossary).
- Indeterminate Public Health Hazard:
- The category is used in Public Health Assessment documents for sites where important information is lacking (missing or has not yet been gathered) about site-related chemical exposures.
- Inhalation:
- Breathing. It is a way a chemical can enter your body (See Route of Exposure).
- No Apparent Public Health Hazard:
- The category is used in ATSDR's Public Health Assessment documents for sites where exposure to site-related chemicals may have occurred in the past or is still occurring but the exposures are not at levels expected to cause adverse health effects.
- No Public Health Hazard:
- The category is used in ATSDR's Public Health Assessment documents for sites where there is evidence of an absence of exposure to site-related chemicals.
- Public Health Assessment. A report or document that looks at chemicals at a hazardous waste site and tells if people could be harmed from coming into contact with those chemicals. The PHA also tells if possible further public health actions are needed.
- Plume:
- A line or column of air or water containing chemicals moving from the source to areas further away. A plume can be a column or clouds of smoke from a chimney or contaminated underground water sources or contaminated surface water (such as lakes, ponds and streams).
- Point of Exposure:
- The place where someone can come into contact with a contaminated environmental medium (air, water, food or soil). For examples:
the area of a playground that has contaminated dirt, a contaminated spring used for drinking water, the location where fruits or vegetables are grown in contaminated soil, or the backyard area where someone might breathe contaminated air.
- Public Health Hazard:
- The category is used in PHAs for sites that have certain physical features or evidence of chronic, site-related chemical exposure that could result in adverse health effects.
- Public Health Hazard Criteria:
- PHA categories given to a site which tell whether people could be harmed by conditions present at the site. Each are defined in the Glossary. The categories are:
- Urgent Public Health Hazard
- Public Health Hazard
- Indeterminate Public Health Hazard
- No Apparent Public Health Hazard
- No Public Health Hazard
- Route of Exposure:
- The way a chemical can get into a person's body. There are three exposure routes:
- breathing (also called inhalation),
- eating or drinking (also called ingestion), and
- or getting something on the skin (also called dermal contact).
- Source (of Contamination):
- The place where a chemical comes from, such as a landfill, pond, creek, incinerator, tank, or drum. Contaminant source is the first part of an Exposure Pathway.
- Urgent Public Health Hazard:
- This category is used in ATSDR's Public Health Assessment documents for sites that have certain physical features or evidence of short-term (less than 1 year), site-related chemical exposure that could result in adverse health effects and require quick intervention to stop people from being exposed.
Appendix C: Review of Air Sampling Studies
Air sampling results are measurements of the levels of air contamination that people might actually breathe. These are critical elements to this PHA, because they are direct measures of exposure point concentrations and do not involve the inherent uncertainties of modeling studies. ATSDR invested considerable effort in obtaining all ambient air monitoring data that might be relevant to air quality issues in Vieques.
This appendix presents ATSDR's review of all air sampling studies identified for this site. The reviews that follow present key information on the studies, such as number and locations of sampling stations, sampling frequencies, number of samples collected, pollutants measured, and comparisons of measured concentrations to health-based comparison values. Section V of this PHA indicates how ATSDR interpreted the air sampling data when reaching its conclusions for this site.
C.1 Review of PREQB's 2000-2001 Ambient Air Monitoring Data
Starting in July, 2000, PREQB has been collecting ambient air samples every sixth day at two locations on Vieques, and daily sampling has occurred during some of the Navy's past military training exercises. According to EPA's Aerometric Information Retrieval System (AIRS), the sampling location listed as "Ed. Defensa Civil Isabel II" (in Isabel Segunda) collected data through March 2002 and the other sampling location listed as "Esc. Juanita Rivera Albert La Esperanza" (in Esperanza) collected data through December 2002, and possibly continues to do so. These locations are shown in Figure 6.
Both sampling locations are equipped with two hi-vol gravimetric sampling devices, one to collect 24-hour average PM10 samples, the other to collect 24-hour average TSP samples. PREQB is using an EPA Reference Method to measure the concentrations of PM10. These methods have been shown to generate highly accurate and precise data when operated according to the specifications outlined in the EPA Reference Method and the manufacturer's user manual. All data that PREQB has collected at these stations are reviewed for quality before being submitted to EPA's AIRS database. ATSDR has learned from verbal communications with PREQB that the air samples have also been analyzed for concentrations of metals. ATSDR has requested access to PREQB's sampling results for metals (ATSDR 2001d), but has not yet received copies of the data.
For several reasons, ATSDR believes the data collected by PREQB are of a known and high quality. First, the PM10 measurements were made using EPA-approved reference method sampling devices, and the TSP measurements were made using widely-used methods. Second, PREQB's monitoring network throughout the Commonwealth follows a quality assurance plan and EPA's reference method, which includes requirements for periodic flow and calibration checks. Finally, all data collected by PREQB must be reviewed for quality before being submitted to AIRS. ATSDR has visited both of PREQB's monitoring stations on Vieques and did not identify any circumstances that would cause the devices to measure concentrations much lower than actual ambient conditions (e.g., the devices were not under the drip lines of trees).
At the time this report was written, sampling results from PREQB's monitors are available from July 2000 to December 2002. This time frame includes several military training exercises that involved use of practice bombs. Overall, 51 valid samples were collected during these exercises. Table C-1 summarizes the sampling results for both PM10 and TSP concentrations. The table indicates that the average and maximum ambient air concentrations of PM10 are lower than EPA's current health-based National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) and the average and maximum ambient air concentrations of TSP are lower than EPA's former NAAQS for this pollutant.
C.2 Review of ATSDR's 2001 Vieques Air Monitoring Program
In late May, 2001, the Navy officially announced plans to conduct military training exercises on Vieques starting on June 18, 2001. Given the residents' health concerns about exposures to air contaminants during bombing exercises and the fact that no metals sampling had ever been conducted during such exercises, ATSDR coordinated an air sampling project that lasted throughout much of the scheduled exercises. Due to the limited time available to plan for this project and the fact that no previous sampling had occurred for the contaminants being considered (i.e., metals and explosives), the sampling program was designed to be an initial survey of air quality impacts that might result from the use of practice bombs.
The "Vieques Air Monitoring Program" involved contributions from ATSDR, the Navy, and contractors to both parties (ERG 2001). In general, contractors to the Navy were responsible for collecting samples, and contractors to ATSDR were responsible for analyzing them in the laboratory. All sampling took place during the military training exercises the Navy conducted in June, 2001. This program was conducted to characterize air concentrations of three classes of contaminants: PM10 (through both continuous and integrated measures), metals, and explosives and selected decomposition products. Key findings from the four different types of sampling that took place follow:
- Continuous PM10 sampling. Continuous PM10 sampling devices were operated at two locations during the VAMP. One device malfunctioned during the program, and the other reported an average PM10 concentration of 26.0 µg/m3 over roughly 1 week of operation. The continuous measurements were made with a field surveying tool.
- Hi-Vol PM10 sampling. 24-hour average integrated PM10 samples were collected using General Metal Works Model 1200 PM10 Samplers at six locations on and near Vieques (see Figure 6). The measured PM10 concentrations from the 49 samples ranged from 13.9 to 176.9 µg/m3, with the highest concentration occurring at a sampling location upwind (on a boat) from the Navy's bombing range. These measurements were found to be of questionable quality for several reasons. Though sampling was intended to follow specifications in EPA's reference method, site conditions prevented the field sampling team from adhering to some critical aspects of the method, particularly with regard to siting and sample duration. The deviations from the reference method, combined with poor precision of collocated samples and extremely poor agreement with the collocated continuous PM10 measurements, strongly suggest that the Hi-Vol PM10 sampling data from this program were of questionable quality. Placement of the sampling devices on dirt surfaces may have contributed to a positive bias in the measurements.
- Metals data. Every filter collected using the Hi-Vol PM10 sampling devices was analyzed for 18 metals. Most metals were detected in every sample. The metals detected at highest levels were magnesium, sodium, and aluminum. The quality of the measured metals concentrations depends both on the quality of the laboratory analysis and the quality of the field sampling. Multiple data quality indicators compiled by the analytical laboratory suggest that the filter analyses were both highly accurate and precise. As stated above, the Hi-Vol PM10 devices were not operated according to the EPA reference method. Because inaccuracy or imprecision in the Hi-Vol PM10 measurements also affects the accuracy and precision of the metals measurements, the metals sampling data from this program were also of questionable quality.
- Explosives and decomposition product data. Field sampling personnel collected four samples for explosives using sorbent cartridges. They returned the cartridges for analysis, but discarded, instead of returning to the laboratory, the sampling filters that collect particulate-bound contaminants. As a result, all measurements of explosives represent estimates of vapor-phase explosives only and do not characterize amounts of airborne particulate-bound explosives. Several data quality indicators suggested that the laboratory analyses of explosives samples were of a known and high quality. Of the 13 analytes considered, eight were not detected in any sample. Four analytes were detected at trace levels less than twice those found in blank samples; detections at these levels therefore cannot be considered significant. One analyte, nitrobenzene, was detected at trace levels (0.0019-0.0024 ppb) in three of the four samples. Additional sampling is needed to verify the presence of nitrobenzene and to characterize the total ambient air concentrations of particulate-phase and gas-phase explosive compounds.
Overall, the Vieques Air Monitoring Program had several unforeseen difficulties, which resulted in the organizers of the program concluding that all measurements are of questionable quality. Accordingly, ATSDR believes the utility of the sampling results is limited, and they should be viewed only as very rough indicators of air quality during a military training exercise using practice bombs. Given the data quality concerns, ATSDR did not consider these sampling results when evaluating air quality issues at Vieques. Nonetheless, ATSDR still recognizes the need for having high quality air sampling results during military training exercises involving practice bombs and has made a recommendation in this PHA (see Section IX) to ensure that this data gap is filled.
C.3 Review of Other Air Sampling Results Downloaded from EPA's AIRS Database
In the interest of being thorough, ATSDR not only downloaded ambient air monitoring data collected in Vieques from EPA's AIRS database, but also downloaded data collected from sampling stations near the east coast of the main island of Puerto Rico. ATSDR briefly reviewed these data to identify evidence of any potential regional air quality problems (i.e., elevated levels of air pollution that might exist throughout the area).
This query on AIRS identified two particulate sampling stations on the eastern shore of Puerto Rico, one in Fajardo and the other in Ceiba. Between the two stations, 1,780 particulate sampling observations were recorded, including concentrations of TSP, PM10, and PM2.5. However, none of the 24-hour average sampling results for these stations, or the corresponding annual averages that ATSDR computed, exceeded EPA's current or former health-based air quality standards. Moreover, ATSDR found no evidence suggesting that concentrations of particulate matter at these locations might be traced to a single source.
ATSDR realizes that the sampling results from Fajardo and Ceiba are of limited utility in this PHA, because the sampling locations in these cities are approximately 20 miles away from the residential areas of Vieques. The only conclusion that ATSDR draws from these results is that particulate emissions from the Navy bombing range do not appear to present health hazards at locations on the main island of Puerto Rico. This finding, however, provides no insights into levels of air pollution in the residential areas of Vieques.
C.4 1972 PREQB Air Sampling Study
Over the last 2 years, ATSDR has identified two documents indicating that PREQB conducted air sampling on Vieques in 1972 (Cruz Pérez 2000; TAMS 1979), but original documentation for this sampling effort apparently cannot be located. The two secondary references of this sampling project are reasonably consistent, implying that the information presented in these documents is correct. The following bulleted items summarize the information presented in the individual secondary references, after which ATSDR presents its interpretation of the sampling project.
- Information documented in "Cruz Pérez 2000." This reference is an article that is published in a magazine published by the College of Engineers and Surveyors of Puerto Rico. According to the article, the 1972 PREQB sampling project included placement of sampling devices at two locations, one in Isabel Segunda and the other in Esperanza. Sampling results presented in the article follow:
Sampling results presented Pollutant Range of Concentrations Measured Hydrocarbons (aldehydes) 2.74-40.00 µg/m3 Nitrogen dioxide Not detected-35.8 µg/m3 Ozone Not detected-29.0 µg/m3 Particulate matter 13.9-98.98 µg/m3 Sulfur dioxide Not detected in any sample
The article does not provide critical information ATSDR typically reviews when interpreting sampling results, such as the time (in what months) samples were collected, how many samples were collected, the averaging time of the samples, the exact locations of sampling stations, and the methods used to collect and analyze samples. Moreover, the article does not mention whether sampling took place during military training exercises. The article cited the following report as the original reference for the sampling data: "Vieques 1972, Survey of Natural Resources, EQB, 1972-1973." ATSDR has contacted several agencies in attempts to obtain this report, but none has been able to locate a copy.
- Information documented in "TAMS 1979." This reference is an environmental impact statement that a Navy contractor prepared in 1979, and it also documents a PREQB air sampling project taking place on Vieques in 1972. The report provides much more detailed information on the sampling project, such as noting the exact locations of the two sampling stations: one at Duteil School in Isabel Segunda and the other at Puerto Rico Aqueduct and Sewer Authority Pump Station No. 1 in Esperanza. The report also presents a specific time frame for this sampling project: August 3 to August 22, 1972. Further, the report presents a data summary identical with the one listed above, and provides the additional insight that the concentrations listed are 24-hour average observations. Unfortunately, this report also fails to document critical information ATSDR typically reviews when evaluating data, such as the frequency of sampling, the number of samples collected, the methods used to collect samples, and whether samples were collected during military training exercises. This report cites the following document as the primary reference of the 1972 sampling results: "Ecology and Environment, Inc., 1978." A more detailed citation is not provided.
- ATSDR's interpretation of these accounts. Given the similarity between the two accounts of the PREQB 1972 air sampling project, ATSDR assumes that this sampling did take place during August 1972 at the two locations specified in the TAMS report and that the concentrations listed above are the actual measurement results. ATSDR further assumes that the concentrations of "particulate matter" are actually concentrations of TSP. This assumption is based on the fact that EPA did not start regulating PM10 as a criteria pollutant until 1987 and the overwhelming majority of particulate sampling during the 1970s was for TSP, not PM10. Neither report specifies whether this sampling took place during military training exercises. Overall, ATSDR finds that the sampling results listed above are of unknown quality, because detailed information on the sampling methods and quality assurance is not available.
ATSDR encourages any individual with access to the original documentation and data from the PREQB 1972 sampling project to provide copies to the agency for review. Though the two accounts of the 1972 sampling project are similar, ATSDR always prefers to base important public health conclusions on primary, rather than secondary, references of environmental sampling studies.
C.5 1978 Air Sampling Study
ATSDR has identified two references suggesting that another air sampling project took place on Vieques in 1978, starting on May 16 and continuing through July (Cruz Pérez 2000; EPA 1999). However, original documentation of this sampling project has not been located. In this project, 11 valid samples were taken, all of which were reportedly "particulate matter" samples collected with a hi-vol device. The sampling is said to have taken place at two locations near water tanks while the Navy intermittently fired 105 mm cannons over a time frame of 8 hours (EPA 1999). It is not clear, however, if this level of ordnance usage occurred on a single day of the program or on every day of the program. According to an interview between EPA and the manager of the sampling project, a PREQB laboratory weighed the particulate filters collected by the hi-vol devices (EPA 1999).
No detailed results from this 1978 sampling are presented in either reference ATSDR obtained, other than suggesting that the measured particulate concentrations fell within the range (13.9-98.98 µg/m3) observed during the 1972 sampling (Cruz Pérez 2000). Overall, the account of the 1978 sampling at Vieques is incomplete. Most notably, detailed information on sampling locations, sampling frequency, measured concentrations, and quality assurance are not provided. The article cites the following document, which cannot be retrieved, as a reference of the 1978 sampling data: "Muestreo Especial de Vieques: 3 de Julio del 1978, Memorial Interno, Ing. Edgardo Soto, Junta de Calidad Ambiental."
In summary, ATSDR assumes the project occurred during an 8-hour intermittent exercise involving shelling with 102 mm ordnance and measured particulate matter concentrations were within the range 14-99 µg/m3. ATSDR again assumes that these concentrations are TSP and not PM10, given the year in which this sampling project occurred. Because no quality assurance data are available, ATSDR finds that the 1978 sampling results are of unknown quality.
C.6 Navy Air Sampling During the 1970s
The Navy's 1979 Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) for continued use of the bombing range documents results from a 2-month air sampling program (TAMS 1979). The EIS appears to be the primary reference for this sampling program, as the document does not cite other reports when presenting the program's results. According to the EIS, the sampling program started in July 1978 and ended 60 days later, in August 1978. Of these 60 days, 20 days of continuous sampling took place during military training exercises, and the remaining 40 days of sampling occurred when the bombing range was idle. This program involved three sampling locations, all within either the EMA or ATWTF. No information is provided on the sampling methods used or on data quality.
According to the EIS, the geometric mean TSP concentrations at the three sampling locations were 39.5 µg/m3, 40.2 µg/m3, and 35.4 µg/m3 (TAMS 1979). Moreover, the sampling program found that geometric mean TSP concentrations on days without bombing exercises were higher than the program-average geometric mean concentrations. The EIS infers from this trend that ". . . the effects of ordnance detonation have a negligible effect on 24-hour values of particulate levels" (TAMS 1979).
ATSDR has considered these sampling results in this PHA. However, ATSDR finds that the measured concentrations from this sampling effort are of an unknown quality, because no documentation can be found describing the sampling methods used or the quality assurance measures taken.
C.7 Reports that EPA Conducted Air Sampling on Vieques During the 1970s
ATSDR has identified two accounts of an EPA air sampling project that reportedly took place on Vieques in the 1970s (ViequesLibre 2001, ViequesWar 2001). According to one of these accounts, ". . .the US Environmental Protection Agency sampled Vieques' air and soil. After studying the samples, the EPA determined that the air has unhealthy levels of particulate matter and the ground has iron levels above normal" (ViequesLibre 2001). The account from the other source is nearly identical (ViequesWar 2001). However, neither account cites an EPA document where these findings are published or provides critical information ATSDR would need to interpret this sampling project, such as the number and locations of sampling stations, the sampling methods, and the measured air concentrations.
Given the implications of the quote cited above, ATSDR made several attempts to locate the primary sources of information on EPA's sampling. First, ATSDR downloaded all ambient air monitoring results for Vieques from EPA's Aerometric Information Retrieval System (AIRS)–an online clearinghouse of air sampling data. However, AIRS had no sampling records for Vieques from the 1970s. The absence of data from AIRS does not necessarily mean that samples were never collected, but EPA typically submits its sampling results for criteria pollutants to this system. Second, ATSDR contacted senior officials from EPA Region 2 and EPA's Caribbean Environmental Protection Division. Individuals from both offices had no knowledge of the agency ever conducting air sampling projects on Vieques. Third, ATSDR conducted a thorough review of the project files on the Vieques site at EPA Region 2, and found no information about past air sampling projects.
Therefore, based on the best information available, ATSDR has reason to believe that EPA never sampled air on Vieques in the 1970s. Because valid sampling data form the best basis for evaluating the public health implications of exposure to air pollution, ATSDR encourages any individuals with detailed information on past sampling projects to submit them to the agency for review.
|Sampling Results, by Location
|Isabel Segunda
|Summary Statistics for PM10 Sampling
|Number of samples
|Average concentration
|34.1 µg/m3
|23.5 µg/m3
|Range of concentrations
|14-79 µg/m3
|10-94 µg/m3
|Standard deviation
|12.9 µg/m3
|13.0 µg/m3
|Summary Statistics for TSP Sampling
|Number of samples
|Average concentration
|40.4 µg/m3
|34.0 µg/m3
|Range of concentrations
|17-163 µg/m3
|14-177 µg/m3
|Standard deviation
|20.3 µg/m3
|21.3 µg/m3
- Data downloaded from EPA's AIRS database.
- EPA's current health-based air quality standards for PM10 are: 150 µg/m3 for 24-hour average concentrations, and 50 µg/m3 for annual average concentrations. The maximum and average PM10 concentrations measured at both stations on Vieques are lower than their corresponding standards.
- EPA's former health-based air quality standards for TSP were: 260 µg/m3 for 24-hour average concentrations, and 75 µg/m3 for annual average concentrations. The maximum and average TSP concentrations measured at both stations on Vieques are lower than their corresponding standards.


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Locus Online did published their annual April Fools news items, though, with news about space tourist Barry Malzberg, "adult" Star Wars novels, a new publisher for prolific writers, the lies in Jack Williamson's memoir, the SFWA Grandmaster Award, and corporate sponsorship of the World Fantasy Award.
Ed Champion posted a bunch of April 1 literary news, some of which even overlaps with certain of the Locus Online pieces -- "Harlan Ellison's Anger Lost" and "Joyce Carol Oates: 'I Will Write No More'", which should probably not be taken as an indication that Whime Press's hopes of publishing Oates's unpublished novels are dashed, because Oates has enough material stashed away to continue publishing two books a year for the next ten at least.
The new issue of SF Site is up, and includes some April Foolish fun by Jeff VanderMeer: "Lost Books Resurrected", with good news about the lost works of Milorad Pavic, Bruno Schultz, Alasdair Gray, Marcel Proust, Vladimir Nabokov, Cormac McCarthy and Angela Carter. The issue also contains a bizarre interview Jeff did with the folks at Payseur & Schmidt. Not related to April Fool's Day, though I expect some people wish it were, is my review of Gregory Frost's Attack of the Jazz Giants and Other Stories, in which I am curmudgeonly about short story collections in general and this one in particular.
And now for some links that I've been saving up and have nothing to do with April Fool's Day...
- Samuel Beckett's 100th birthday approaches, and lots of events are happening, and a gazillion articles have been pouring forth. The Irish Times has some good ones, including a story of Beckett and Buster Keaton in NY and John Banville on Beckett and visual art.
- TTA Press has put a PDF of Will McIntosh's fine story "Soft Apocalypse" online. This was one of my favorite Interzone stories from last year.
- A profile of Copper Canyon Press
- "I had never seen any of [Beckett's] later plays staged before, and their intense physicality -- the rigor not quite mortified poses of the bodies, the harshness of the lighting on the faces -- cannot even remotely be rendered by reading alone. Here, 'live' theatre regains its power precisely by subtracting the 'living' and the 'theatrical' -- the shrill mugging of theatre acting is replaced by the stasis of bodies assuming the unvitality of the catatonic."
- Alasdair Gray has a blog.
- Contemporary Indian writing: the end of exoticism? (via Amardeep Singh)
- Profanity (specifically, the F word)
- Gabriel Josipovici on Jorge Luis Borges


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