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When most bikers are dreaming about riding their motorcycles but can't because of icy or snowy road conditions, one set of bikers ride. Not only do they ride, but they race.
In a sleepy beach resort town in France, in a town called Le Touquet, once a year the town hosts a beach race for motorcycle. Called the "Le Touquet Enduropale", the date is always the first weekend in February, typically when France is at its coldest.
Braving icy cold weather, sea and often strong winds, 1100 motorcycles start the race at the same time. 1100 motorcycles thundering along the first part of the race, a 7.5 kilometer long stretch of deep sandy beach, alternated with sea water pockets. The first biker to reach the first curve wins the holeshot, and a purse of €1500. The motorcycle reach speeds of 200 kph (120 mph) in the sand, and usually the holeshot is won by professionals who have adapted a streetbike to the deep sand. These professionals are not expected to finish the race, since their street racebikes are not meant to be able to race the rest of the circuit.
After the holeshot curve, there is a narrow hill which the riders need to take. Already on its own, the narrow but steep hill with very deep sand is a difficult obstacle to take, but in the first lap, you are competing with 1100 other bikers, most have never ridden in deep sand before. So the traffic jam is so enormous that when the first riders have done a complete lap of the 15 kilometers long circuit (which takes about 10-15 minutes), they often have to wait a few minutes for the traffic to clear. It's an assured obstacle entertainment.
What makes the race the most interesting to watch are the professionals, often big names like David Knight, Cyril Despres (this year's Dakar winner) and others, needing not to compete with all the curves, hills, jumps and other man-made obstacles, but needing to circumnavigate the Sunday riders. These Sunday riders have often never raced a motorcycle on a beach before, and since it requires a tremendous physical effort, they stop on the circuit to catch their breath, or, as often is the case, crash and fall from their bike. The professionals need to speed past these obstacles at high speeds, sidestepping a fallen rider.
The race is free to the public, and you can see some 300,000 spectators amassed alongside the dunes to see this incredible race.
Competitors and spectators come from all over the world for this race, and during the weekend the village of Le Touquet is turned into one big motorcycle party. With motorcycle shops setting up tents selling you bikerwares, to hot food and drink sold anywhere, live music blasting everywhere, it's a bit like Sturgis, but in the winter. People pitch up their tents everywhere or just sleep in the streets.
The beach race was dreamt up by Thierry Sabine, the same person who dreamed up the famous Dakar race. For years, famous races like the Dakar and the bicycle race the Tour de France, and the Touquet Enduro were run by the same person and organization, ASO. It is only recently that the Le Touquet Enduropale is run by the French motorcycle federation.
The 2012 edition was won by Jean-Claude Mousse on a Yamaha.
If you are ever in Europe during the first week of February, it's one event you would have to put in your agenda to see.
Click here to see the Le Touquet web site.


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Investar Bank plans to acquire the $107 million asset First Community Bank in Hammond, the banks said Monday.
Terms of the deal were not disclosed.
First Community has a location in Hammond and one in Mandeville, which will lift Investar to a total of nine locations in southeast Louisiana and strengthen its presence in the New Orleans area.
Investar already has two branches in Baton Rouge and one each in Denham Springs, Port Allen, Prairieville, Mandeville and Metairie.
Investar said it is awaiting regulatory approval for a 10th location, which will be in Lafayette.
Investar, which had total assets of $375 million on Dec. 31, said the First Community acquisition is expected to close in the second quarter following regulators' approval. The bank said no jobs are expected to be eliminated as part of the transaction.
First Community's Mandeville location will be part of Investar's New Orleans-area franchise. Investar entered the market recently with an office at 500 Veterans Blvd. in Metairie and one at 2929 Highway 190 in Mandeville.
"The northshore of Lake Pontchartrain and all of New Orleans are important regions for Investar Bank," said John D'Angelo, president and CEO.
Stephen E. Wessel is Investar's New Orleans regional president.
Cordell H. White, who is CEO of First Community, will serve as Investar Bank regional president for Livingston and Tangipahoa parishes.
Investar said First Community customers will see no changes in their banking services.

subset: commoncrawl


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Red Oak Manor
Harlem, GA 30814
Stay at this quaint five-room bed and breakfast hotel reminiscent of grandma's house. Family-oriented Sunday lunch is a speciality in the restaurant, as are strolls down Main Street to the many shops. We welcome guests with true Southern hospitality. Join us for breakfast and lunch Monday through Saturday, Friday evening dinner, an evening stay, or that special party. We host events from casual get-togethers to formal weddings and everything in between. Call for reservations and to check event space availability.
Info & Amenities
Hours of Operation
Sunday: 6:30AM - 2:00PM
Monday: 6:30AM - 2:00PM
Tuesday: 6:30AM - 2:00PM
Wednesday: 6:30AM - 2:00PM
Thursday: 6:30AM - 2:00PM
Friday: 6:30AM - 2:00PM
Saturday: 11:00AM - 2:00PM
Average Nightly Rate
Call for Rates
Facility Amenities
Free Parking
Meeting Space Available
Party Facilities
Restaurant on Site
General Information
Room Amenities
Room Service
Room Information
Number of Rooms (Total): 5


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Personalised Photo Fridge Magnets
Show Off Those Favourite Family Moments! Only $10 for Eight 68 x 68mm Personalised Fridge Magnets. Display School Photos, Birthday Photos, Wedding Photos, Christening Photos and More. Perfect Gift Idea for Parents and Grandparents! Valued at $20
- Highlights
- Fine Print
- Company
Don't let your photos get grubby on the fridge - print your favourite pics onto personalised fridge magnets!
You'll receive eight 68 x 68mm magnets featuring eight of your favourite photos from birthdays, holidays, weddings, school photos or anything from the family album
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Online redemption must be completed by 9 July 2014
Please note a flat rate shipping fee of $6.95 per voucher is payable at checkout at www.magnapix.com.au
Members can purchase multiple vouchers for themselves and multiple as gifts for different recipients
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Please allow up to two weeks for delivery from the date of redemption. Please allow more time for delivery to regional areas
Your product will be delivered to you by the supplier of the product. The estimated delivery time for this product has been provided by the supplier
Not valid in conjunction with any other offer and not redeemable for cash
Please ensure you address is correct. Incorrect addresses will incur a re-delivery fee
Redemption instructions can be found on your voucher


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Summer Reading Suggestions by Zanne Macdonald
From Wiki
Article in Adult Fiction and Adult Nonfiction and Personal Picks categories.
- Bel Canto by Ann Patchett.
- During a hostage takeover in an unnamed South American country, birthday party guests and terrorists intermingle with interesting and often unpredictable results.
- The Book Thief by Markus Zusak.
- Death tells about a young German girl during World War II as she steals books, tells tales, and sustains her family and neighbors as they all encounter the horrors of war.
- A Pigeon and a Boy by Shalev, Meir; translated from the Hebrew by Evan Fallenberg.
- The setting jumps from Israel's 1948 War of Independence to the present with the stories of 2 young men, one a carrier pigeon handler who dies of war wounds and the other an Israeli tour guide specializing in bird-watching trips. Their love stories develop and intertwine as we learn about the various interesting characters portrayed.
- The Devil in the White City: murder, magic, and madness at the fair that changed America by Erik Larson.
- The fascination of this nonfiction book is in the details about the 1893 Chicago World's Fair and the simultaneous serial killings that occur. Many colorful characters cross the pages; among them are: Buffalo Bill Cody, Susan B. Anthony, and Thomas Edison. We see Chicago as she tries to shed her stockyard image to emerge as a cosmopolitan urban center.
- The Housekeeper and the Professor by Yoko Ogawa; translated by Stephen Snyder.
- This gentle book quietly moves through the combined stories of a brilliant mathematician whose memory lasts only 80 minutes due to a car accident injury, his housekeeper, and her son. The interaction is like a delicate dance as relationships develop each time they are all together within the mathematician's 80 minutes .
- Last Night I Dreamed of Peace : the diary of Dang Thuy Tram by Dang Thuy Tram ; translated by Andrew X. Pham.
- In 1968, Dang Thuy Tram was 24 years old when she volunteered as a doctor for the Viet Cong. The entries in her diary cover the horrors of Vietnam War's battlefields and hospitals until she is killed by American troops 2 years later. The diary also tells of the hopes, loves, and longings of a 24 year old woman. Very poignant.
- The Year of Magical Thinking by Joan Didion.
- At the death of her husband, fellow writer John Gregory Dunne, from a massive heart attack on December 30, 2003, the writer realized that ""marriage is not only time: it is also, paradoxically, the denial of time. For forty years I saw myself through John's eyes. I did not age." She writes of her mourning while she continued to think her husband was "about to return and need his shoes." Wonderful insights for those who are or will be in mourning – that would be all of us.
- The Pillars of the Earth by Ken Follett.
- The Middle Ages is the era that Follett deals with here. Through his fiction we learn what is was like to live in 12th Century England as king or peasant. At the center of this story is building of an imposing church, a foil to show what all people of those times had to face: violence, hunger, treachery, and fear, as they held higher aspirations.
- A Tale Of Love And Darkness by Amos Oz.
- The Israeli Oz is an amazing writer. His autobiography covers pre Israel Palestine, the Zionist movement in Israel, and the 1948 Revolution. Through his family connections and experiences, he is uniquely qualified to express his love and concern for all the people of Israel, Arab and Jews alike. His writing style is lyrical as he tells of difficult history.
- Things I've Been Silent About: Memories by Azar Nafisi.
- This book shows us Iran through the eyes of a young girl as she grows up privileged in Teheran, but this privilege does not come with security. Her mother, an Iranian parliament member, is a narcissist and emotionally abusive to her daughter. Her father, a mayor of Teheran, protects her but ends up disappointing her. This is a fascinating look at Iran, a country that the US must deal with in Middle East affairs.


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If [attorneys] took action and implemented operational systems and properly marketed their own firm, investing in themselves could provide far greater returns with less risk.
Coral Gables, FL (PRWEB) January 25, 2013
The legal management and marketing advisory service for solo law practices How To Manage A Small Law Firm, announced that it will be holding the next Quarter Sales Meeting on the weekend of January 25-27, at the Biltmore Hotel in Coral Gables, Florida. During the event, founder RJon Robins will show members how their existing solo law practices do not need to be limited at $250,000 a year, and can grow to produce the desired return on investment they might be looking to get from other businesses, by implementing proven efficient management tactics.
In a recent NY Times article, Margorie Grossberg, a partner at Major, Lindsey & Africa, stated her observations of an increasing number of associates choosing entrepreneurship. "In the past, associates found if they worked really hard and did the right things, they made partner, but that's not necessarily the case anymore. The odds are a lot slimmer, and it's also not as coveted as it once was." These lawyers want more control over their futures, Ms. Grossberg said, and they do not want to wait until they become partner to reach their financial goals.
According to the National Association for Law Placement, 5.7 percent of new law school graduates are seeking self-employment since 2010. RJon Robins says that while most new lawyers do not understand the important elements needed for growth, from his interactions with other attorneys while speaking across the country, in 2012 he saw others become very successful, but then decide to re-invest their profit into other areas, such as real estate, effectively limiting the growth of their own law practice.
Robins says that often attorneys making $250,000 a year are so overworked and lost when it comes to running their own law firm, that they are more confident investing on what other CEO's and businessmen can deliver. He says: "If they took action and implemented operational systems and properly marketed their own firm, investing in themselves could provide far greater returns with less risk."
Founder RJon Robins is passionate about leading solo law firms to work efficiently while consistently increasing revenue and quality of life. "My goal is to show attorneys how they can not only succeed in their own area of expertise, but also how they can trust themselves and their own firms to systematically produce astounding results, like I have seen happen."
Attorney-member Kyle Walker credits his firm's initial growth to the information gathered from a previous How to Manage A Small Law Firm session. "The presentation was very impactful towards my goals of starting my own firm. The ideas allowed me to critically think about business planning. He [RJon Robins] did a great job at delivering comprehensive concepts and case studies to help me understand how I can successfully run a very profitable law firm," said Walker.
Lawyers attending the January Quarterly Meeting next January 25th-27th, will be introduced to a brand-new program, specifically designed for firms annually grossing $0-$250,000. The program will include tactics to take those businesses to the next level.
Besides sharing their personal and professional experiences as well as offering feedback to fellow-attorneys, participants can also expect to: gain knowledge on ways to improve client services, increase recurring business referrals, reduce risks, and discover how happy lawyers make more money. More information on How To Manage A Small Law Firm and how to register for the upcoming event can be found at http://www.HowToManageASmallLawFirm.com.
About How To Manage A Small Law Firm:
Founded by RJon Robins, a member of The Florida Bar since 1998 and the first and only lawyer to ever serve as a Law Practice Management Advisor with The Florida Bar Law Office Management Assistance, the legal management and marketing advisory service currently has 100+ members. How To Manage A Small Law Firm helps attorneys across the country with virtually every aspect of starting, marketing, managing, buying and even selling a successful and sustainable small law firm. Further information is available at http://www.HowToManageASmallLawFirm.com


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Print the individual resources that you want to share with your GSA, or download our entire packet of resources in one click.
Are you ready to take your GSA activism to the next level? Then it's time to run a campaign to Change Your School! Learn what you can do to fight slurs, increase LGBTQ visibility, take down the gender binary system and more!
Type a few key words into the Search Box above and click Go. If you still can't find what you're looking for, email us (email@example.com).


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Cary woman charged with DUI in crash
A Cary woman was driving under the influence with a child in her car when it crashed Monday afternoon in an unincorporated area near Woodstock, police say.
McHenry County Sheriff's officers responded to the crash on the 4600 block of Dean Street at 2:40 p.m. A black 2008 Mazda driven by Andrea M. Kief, 29, of the 7300 block of Cove Drive, was southbound on Dean Street north of Route 176, police said, when it crossed the northbound lane of traffic and went into the ditch on the east side of the roadway. The car struck a culvert, causing it to flip and then hit a tree. The juvenile in the car was taken to Centegra Hospital Woodstock as a precaution and later released. Kief did not seek medical attention.
Kief was charged with failure to reduce speed, endangering the life of a child, DUI, possession of cannabis and possession of drug paraphernalia.
She remains in the McHenry County Jail on a $4,500 bond. Her next court appearance is at 1:30 p.m. Nov. 20.


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Thursday, November 14, 2013
Momma just may be watching ... or reading
Last month I had an interesting conversation with a friend. We talked about missing vital clues during the first blush of genealogy research. Linda shared how she missed hints in those early days.
Thinking about this spurred me to backtrack over my records. Guilty! Seems I glossed over some interesting items.
What did I find? My great grandmother, Marie Liska was from Bohemia! On the 1910 United States Federal Census her native language is "Bohemian".
I knew of this heritage on my mother's side of the family. Now on my father's too! That makes me double Bohemian! Is there such a term?
Later that evening I shared my discovery on Facebook. I received posts of congratulations and helpful hints. Lisa Alzo, The Accidental Genealogist, suggested I join the Czechoslovak Genealogical Society International.
After looking at the website I posted "would be a great birthday present!"
The next day my mother did just that! She paid for a two year subscription. This daughter is doing the genealogy happy dance!
Never know when your momma is watching ... or reading.
Thank you, Mom!
Posted by Deb Ruth at 4:10 AM
4 comments:
How wonderful Deb!!ReplyDelete
I know! Momma gets this genealogy thing! :)
Hi Deb,ReplyDelete
I don't know if you're aware of it, but there's a blog called "Czech Genealogy for Beginners," dedicated to researching Czechs back in Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia. It hasn't been updated since April but has some incredibly helpful genealogical and cultural information. The author is a professional genealogist who lives Bohemia but the blog is written in English, with some material also translated into German and Latin (such as listings of Bohemian first names, occupations, etc.).
Hope it helps!Replies
Thank you for stopping by and leaving excellent information! Have checked out (pun intended) the site you recommended. Great stuff!
Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)


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- One of the biggest stories in food business news last week was the announced closing of Hostess brands, owner of Twinkies, Devil Dogs, and Wonder Bread among other products. The company's closing will result in the loss of 18,500 jobs from bakeries and distribution centers across the country. A central tension in this case was between the Teamsters and Bakers Unions, who disagreed on the terms of a new contract being negotiated soon before Hostess' announced bankruptcy. The company had about $2.5 billion in annual sales and produced 500 million Twinkies annually. Industry experts are certain that the brands owned by Hostess will be bought by other companies. So don't fret - Twinkies will be around for a while yet.
- Iconic writer and activist Wendell Berry wrote a piece for the Atlantic exploring the idea of returning four-fifths of our agricultural land to pasture. Letting the land rest and planting cover crops is a means of restoring nutrients to the soil and improving productivity during the months that the land is being cultivated. Additionally, more pasture land would greatly increase the resources available to pasture-raised animals, reducing the need for raising animals in cruel and unsanitary conditions. This idealistic vision is one part of Berry's appeal for a 50-year, rather than a 5-year farm bill.
- A new report from the Union of Concerned Scientists makes a case for why the USDA should encourage the development of organic dairy farms. Organic dairies are better for the environment and for animals, and also generate income for their local food economies. UCS recommends that the USDA change its requirements that farmers pool dairy prices to ensure a fair income for all dairy farmers - this system, while ideally equitable, doesn't take into account the price and labor differences between conventional and organic dairies.
- A series of papers in Choices, a food and agriculture magazine, explores possible policy solutions to address food deserts. Authors examined what socioeconomic factors are predictors of food deserts, as well as the impact of changing the nutritional requirements the Women, Infants, and Children program. A third paper looked at the results of adding a mobile fruit and vegetable stand to a neighborhood in Detroit. That study found that residents responded to the same "economic stimuli" as those in a control (non-food desert) neighborhood, and that income was the largest determinant of fruit and vegetable purchase. Not ground-breaking data, but it implies that fixing food deserts will take more than just adding a fruit and vegetable retailer.
- The New York Post reported that Oprah is headed into the organic food industry. The newspaper found a handful of patent applications including the brand names "Oprah's Organics," "Oprah's Harvest," and "Oprah's Farm." Oprah's representation has not confirmed that the billionaire talk-show host is headed into the food arena. But if she did decide to channel some of her significant fortune into organic producers, it could mean big growth for sustainable farmers.
About the Author: A student in Providence, Rhode Island, Leah Douglas loves learning about, talking about, reading about, and consuming food. Her work has also been featured in Rhode Island Monthly Magazine.
This post may contain links to Amazon or other partners; your purchases via these links can benefit Serious Eats. Read more about our affiliate linking policy.


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NEW YORK — Miguel Gonzalez is enjoying the Baltimore Orioles' October attire.
After spending more than seven years bouncing around the minor leagues and recovering from injuries, he's not letting a thing get past him during his first playoff experience.
"The postseason sweater. That's what all the pitchers and most of the guys were wearing," Gonzalez said. "It was a great feeling. Got the chills. Got the adrenaline going, even though I wasn't playing."
Now the rookie right-hander is taking off his sweater and getting ready to pitch Wednesday night in Game 3 of the AL division series against the New York Yankees. The best-of-five matchup is tied at 1.
Gonzalez (9-4) will have a chance to put these unflappable Birds one win from their first trip to the AL championship series since 1997. He goes against Hiroki Kuroda (16-11) of the Yankees.
The 28-year-old Gonzalez has gone from being released by the Red Sox in December to perhaps the Orioles' most consistent pitcher down the stretch, finishing 6-2 with a 2.79 ERA since Aug. 10. During that run he held the Yankees in check for seven brilliant shutout innings and took a two-hitter into the seventh inning against the Blue Jays on the next-to-last-day of the season, helping lock up a wild-card spot.
"Miguel has put himself in a position to contribute, and he's a great story about perseverance and just a strong will to succeed. He cares about winning. It's not about himself, it's about impacting the game on the four days he doesn't pitch, his teammates," manager Buck Showalter said. "He's always got a smile on his face, and he's a guy that's not going to wither from the competition, that's not going to have anxiety about things, he trusts himself and he trusts his teammates behind him. He's been fun to watch."
The Mexican-born Gonzalez sat out the 2008 and '09 seasons because of a knee injury and Tommy John surgery. He was 0-7 with a 5.40 ERA in Boston's system last year before being released in December. He signed with the Orioles during spring training and was called up from Triple-A Norfolk on May 29. He made his first start July 6, then won at Yankee Stadium at the end of the month.
"He's a great example to pitchers not only with our team but in the organization about pitching instead of throwing," Showalter said. "He's a guy that understands the art of pitching."
With a sneaky fastball and good command of the strike zone, Gonzalez poses a tough test for the Yankees. He's 2-0 with a 2.63 ERA in two starts in the Bronx this season, striking out 17 and walking only one in 13.2 innings.
Nick Swisher, Robinson Cano, Mark Teixeira and Curtis Granderson are a combined 0 for 21 with 12 strikeouts against him. Alex Rodriguez, who is 1 for 9 with five Ks this series, has never faced Gonzalez.
After watching teammates Jason Hammel and Wie-Yin Chen shut down the Yankees' powerful lineup in the first two games of the series, Gonzalez doesn't plan on doing anything different at Yankee Stadium, where the Orioles are 6-3 this season.
"I think I'm just going to stay within myself and make good pitches and get guys out," Gonzalez said, "and try to get them as fast as possible."


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Jerad Wheeler, an officer with the DeKalb County Police Department in Georgia, is guilty of kicking a woman in the stomach— a woman who was nine months pregnant, according to Altanta's WSB-TV news.
Wheeler responded to a call about domestic dispute over child custody, which involved the brother of Raven Dozier, the pregnant woman. Wheeler allegedly kicked Dozier in the stomach after she became upset over her brother being tased by the officer. Wheeler also charged her with obstruction of a police officer, but luckily, that charged was dropped after Dozier was arrested and taken to the county jail—who refused to accept her once they saw she was pregnant.
Plus: Pregnant Woman Loses Custody of Daughter After Forgetting to Pay for $5 Sandwich
Wheeler argues that Dozier was being aggressive, and as a result he used the type of kick he was taught to do at the police academy. The officer also argues that it was dark and Dozier's clothing made it difficult to tell that she was pregnant. His supervisors approved the police report, saying Wheeler followed procedure.
Despite bruising left behind by the kick, Dozier had an emergency C-section two weeks after the incident and gave birth to a healthy baby boy named Levi. But Dozier isn't finished yet; she wants justice: "I believe that something should be done. Men go to jail every day for hitting women and it's not OK just because he is a police officer," Dozier told WSB-TV.
Plus: Police Officer: Pregnant Woman Should've "Waddled Faster" to Expired Meter
Do you think the officer was just doing his job? How do you think this case should be resolved?


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2- Does dreaming serve a purpose?
I actually very recently had a nightmare which helped point a few things I was doing wrong in waking life by exploiting each thing and making something disastrous come out of it.
It served a very good purpose of opening my eyes to my mistakes that I was actually enforcing in my waking life, believing they were helpful at the time.


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You are here
Position Statement 72: Violence: Community Mental Health Response
Despite the fact that most people with serious mental illnesses are never violent, and 95-97% of gun violence is not caused by a mental illness,[1] the involvement of people with acute mental illnesses in recent incidents of mass gun violence has become a significant issue in American society, and a considered response is needed. Gallup polling data from January, 2013 showed that 48% of adult Americans blame the mental health system "a great deal" for mass shootings in the United States. When there is an incident of mass gun violence, as has become tragically common in America, mental illness is routinely discussed as a likely cause, and the rights and liberties of the up to 25% of Americans with mental health conditions are placed in jeopardy.[2] We are particularly concerned by efforts to increase involuntary treatment and to create a national data base of persons with mental health conditions.
Although people with mental health conditions are only slightly more likely than anyone else to commit violence, readily available, community-based, integrated, high-quality, evidence-based, culturally and linguistically competent preventive and therapeutic services and supports for mental and substance use conditions offer the greatest promise of preventing violent behavior of anyone experiencing a mental health crisis.[3] Mental Health America (MHA) is committed to the development of public policies and allocation of public resources to foster access to preventive as well as therapeutic services that can both prevent violence and reduce the fear of violence. Public policy must also work to prevent the violent victimization of persons with mental health and substance use conditions, particularly those who are homeless or incarcerated in jails and prisons.
MHA has decided not to take a position on gun control because it is not part of MHA's core mission and is an issue on which MHA affiliates and advocates may not agree. But the fact that so many people now identify serious gun violence as proof of mental illness, without any further justification, and the media's over-reporting of every possible link, has made the public and media reaction to gun violence the most significant current source of stigma against people with mental illness.
Many MHA affiliates will prefer to remain neutral on gun control issues, and MHA will remain neutral in deference to them and to the need to welcome people of different views to the mental health movement. But in areas where the politics permit it, some MHA affiliates, weighing the pros and cons, are deciding to speak out, and MHA supports diverse efforts to assist in reining in the scourge of suicide and gun violence that threatens all Americans. Gun violence and the reaction to it threaten our national health and well-being, stigmatize all Americans recovering from mental illnesses, and re-traumatize individuals, families, and communities that have been victims of gun violence. Additionally, guns play a disproportionately large role in suicides, an issue of great concern to MHA and its affiliates.[4]
It is essential to remind the public and policy makers as each event of mass violence galvanizes their attention that mental health conditions are largely unrelated to increased risk of violent behavior. MHA's efforts to reduce stigma must include a more sophisticated response to incidents of mass violence because those incidents are a threat to rational recovery-oriented treatment policies and at the same time provide an opportunity to plead for needed treatment resources. As aptly stated by the current leading experts on violence and mental illness, Jeffrey Swanson and Beth McGinty, both of whom consulted in the development of this position statement (but bear no responsibility for its content), "… stakeholders … face the difficult prospect of debunking the public perception that 'the mentally ill are dangerous,' while attempting to leverage that very perception to build support for (much-needed) public funding to improve the mental health care system in the United States—and to achieve this goal without also spawning crisis-driven laws that might overreach in restricting the rights and invading the privacy of people with mental illnesses."[5] This dilemma requires a nuanced communications strategy.
We live in a violent society. Rates of homicide and other violent death in the United States dramatically exceed those of other industrialized, high-income nations.[6] Our toxic environment of racial and ethnic discrimination and conflict, abuse of women, children, elders, and the weaker members of our society, and the decline of community and family connections, are among the root causes of violence in the United States.[7] Diagnosable mental health conditions are not.
Unfortunately, public attitudes often associate mental health conditions with increased risk of violence.[8] These attitudes are ill-informed and ignore several important distinctions.
- Considering mental health conditions as a singular phenomenon makes no more sense than collapsing distinctions between general health conditions. [example omitted] We must be more precise in our language when discussing mental health conditions.
- While untreated or undertreated mental health conditions, when accompanied by untreated or undertreated substance use conditions, may be associated with an increased risk of violence, this does not justify discrimination against people with mental health conditions as a class. Our growing understanding of mental illnesses and our dedication to humanitarian principles have led our society to reject confinement as the means of addressing mental health conditions, and to embrace community-based treatment. We must not abandon these values in response to isolated incidents linking mental illness and violent acts.
- People today have a greater understanding of mental health and substance use conditions than did earlier generations, including an increased awareness of the role of stress and brain chemistry as causative factors in some conditions. Nevertheless, evidence suggests that public attitudes toward people with mental health conditions reflect enormous fear and prejudice. 1996 and 2006 nationally representative surveys indicated that over 60% of respondents felt that a person with schizophrenia was likely to be violent.[9]
- A 2013 national public opinion survey conducted after the Newtown tragedy found that 46% of Americans believed that persons with a serious mental illness were "far more dangerous than the general population"[10]
- The Surgeon General's Report on Mental Health[11] concluded that the contribution of mental health conditions to violence in our society is very small. The greatest risk of violence is from individuals who have an untreated or undertreated substance use disorder either solely or in combination with a mental health condition.[12] Successful treatment ameliorates the risk of violence. Engaging persons in evidence-based care so that they fully participate and implement a meaningful treatment plan is the key to successful treatment.
- Most people with serious mental illness are never violent, and 95-97% of gun violence is NOT caused by a mental illness.[13]
- Persons with severe mental illnesses are much more likely to be victims rather than perpetrators of violence. The word "violence" has its roots in the Latin violare, which means "to violate;" and people with mental health conditions are often violated, but are rarely violent themselves.[14] Continuing public perceptions linking violence and mental illness frustrates access to care and undergirds an "us versus them" attitude that further marginalizes persons labeled with mental illnesses. [15]
RESEARCH EVIDENCE: MHA believes that the public must be reminded, as each sensationalized incident of violence is thrust into public view, that the vast majority of people with mental health conditions are not violent, and most violence is caused by other factors, not by psychopathology. A landmark 2009 study by Elbogen et al. published in the Archives of General Psychiatry[16] found that mental illness alone is not an adequate basis for a prediction of dangerousness. As stated in the abstract, "bivariate analyses showed that the incidence of violence was higher for people with severe mental illness, but only significantly so for those with co-occurring substance abuse and/or dependence. Multivariate analyses revealed that severe mental illness alone did not predict future violence; it was associated instead with historical (past violence, juvenile detention, physical abuse, parental arrest record), clinical (substance abuse, perceived threats), dispositional (age, sex, income), and contextual (recent divorce, unemployment, victimization) factors."
However, a 2012 study used a more rigorous methodological approach in challenging Elbogen's analysis. Consistent with prior studies, Van Dorn and colleagues found that serious mental illness was associated with a small but statistically significant heightened risk of violence: "Those with serious mental illness, irrespective of substance abuse status, were significantly more likely to be violent than those with no mental or substance use disorders. This finding held in both bivariate and multivariable models. Those with comorbid mental and substance use disorders had the highest risk of violence. Historical and current conditions were also associated with violence, including childhood abuse and neglect, household antisocial behavior, binge drinking and stressful life events." The study concluded that: "there is a statistically significant, yet modest relationship between serious mental illness … and violence, and a stronger relationship between serious mental illness with substance use disorder and violence."[17]
MHA believes that risk of violence is in fact slightly higher among persons with mental illness than among persons without mental illness. Among small subgroups of persons with serious mental illness, such as those experiencing first-episode psychosis or during the period surrounding inpatient psychiatric hospitalization, rates of violence toward others are elevated compared to rates in the overall U.S. population. And mental illness is a significant cause of suicide.
Of course, whatever the statistics may show, some people with serious mental illnesses are violent, but so are many more people with a record of past violence, juvenile detention, physical abuse as a child, or with a parental arrest record. Similarly, substance abuse, young age, male sex, low income, a recent divorce, unemployment, and victimization predispose people to violence. With the exception of past violence, which the criminal justice system addresses to some extent, no one advocates state intervention against any of these other groups. Why then single out people with mental illness or a civil commitment in their background?
STIGMA: Nevertheless, there is a widespread, profoundly troubling misconception that people with mental health conditions are inherently violent and this perception may be getting more rather than less prevalent.[18] Ironically, there is little understanding of the extent to which many people with mental health conditions are victims of violence and experience repeated trauma.
The ridicule, bullying, shunning, and other demeaning behaviors to which people with mental and substance use conditions are subjected are a form of violence and violate human dignity.
Society's passive acquiescence in the ignorance and discrimination surrounding mental and substance use conditions is fundamentally at odds with deep-rooted values that would foster every individual's opportunity to fully realize his or her potential. Such behavior, when directed at children and youth, can have a devastating and profound impact with tragic consequences.
People with severe mental illnesses can be easy prey to violence. Some live a marginalized existence as a result of mental illness and subsequent loss of income and assets, and may become targets of opportunity for theft, mugging, and rape. Incarceration of large numbers of people with mental and substance use conditions in county jails and state penitentiaries subjects them to violent victimization. And the plight of thousands of individuals in every major U.S. city who are both homeless and have a mental health and/or substance use condition is exacerbated by a high incidence of violent acts against them.
MHA encourages people with mental and substance use conditions to enter and remain in treatment as often as necessary to sustain their recovery. MHA supports the development of accessible and acceptable treatment strategies that engage people in care, using science-based approaches that provide effective and ongoing treatment for persons in need. MHA advocates confidentiality as the prerequisite for all effective mental health treatment. MHA opposes the use of intimidation, sanctions and compulsion that can deter full participation in treatment for mental health conditions.
DUTY TO WARN: MHA recognizes that the evolution of tort law in the Unites States since Tarasoff v. Regents has made it clear that treating mental health professionals have a duty to take reasonable steps to protect potential victims of violence when they have knowledge of a credible and imminent threat of violence toward a particular victim.[19] MHA supports state laws that codify this duty, recognizing that the duty to protect potential victims supersedes even the duty to guard patient confidentiality when necessary to prevent an imminent act of violence. However, care must be taken that these laws do not deter candor or promote overprediction of dangerousness.
PUBLIC POLICY HAS BEEN MISGUIDED: Media sensationalization of violence, and especially graphic coverage of isolated instances of mass gun violence that involve persons with mental health conditions, tend to rekindle deep-seated fears and stereotypes. In such an inflammatory environment, the contagion of fear can infect policymakers and lead to ill-considered public policy.
For example, in response to highly publicized tragic incidents, Congress in 2007 passed legislation aimed at including in a national criminal database names and identifying information on persons who had been involuntarily treated for mental health conditions, as a means of enforcing a ban on their purchasing firearms. While well intended, these statutes confuse a temporary state of dangerousness with a persistent trait of dangerousness. They focus on a tiny proportion of individuals who are involuntarily treated, ignoring persons with similar circumstances who enter treatment voluntarily. They have no effect on people who are treated voluntarily or who remain untreated. And they devote considerable public resources that could be much more effectively allocated to expanding well-proven treatment programs. In fact, many states have ignored the mandate to submit names to the list, and lax procedures have made removal of names from the list very easy.[20]
Likewise, making it easier to commit people for involuntary mental health treatment will do little or nothing to prevent violent acts. It will only scare people from seeking help voluntarily and fail to increase the number who are committed. The premise that we can predict or prevent violent acts is unsupported. Even in the case of severe mental illnesses, mental health professionals possess no special knowledge or ability to predict future dangerous behavior.[21]
Paradoxically, making it easier to commit people to treatment will not lead to more commitments or more people getting care. A chronically underfunded mental health system, which has experienced $4.6 billion in state budget cuts since 2009, does not have the capacity to meet those needs. When Illinois lowered its standard to allow the commitment of virtually every person with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, commitments decreased because of the continued reduction in public and private inpatient beds.[22] Similarly, in Washington, a study of the state's lowered commitment standard revealed fewer voluntary admissions and a rapid increase in the revolving door of discharges and re-admissions.[23] In fact, the number of people who meet existing commitment standards in every state already exceeds the beds available for them.
It is highly unlikely we will increase the number of psychiatric beds. Nor should we. In fact, according to a recent analysis by the Bazelon Center for Mental Health Law, "there is a strikingly low (and not statistically significant) correlation between the number of psychiatric beds and the firearms murder rates in the 47 states for which reliable statistics were found. Low per capita numbers of public psychiatric hospital beds in states were not associated with higher rates of murder by firearms, and states with relatively greater numbers of beds were not associated with lower firearm murder rates. Furthermore, the 2007 data reflecting both public and private psychiatric beds show essentially zero correlation with firearm murders that year (Pearson's r (47)=-0.004, p=.489)."[24]
Rather than forcing more people into treatment, we should dedicate adequate resources toward prevention and early identification of emotional disturbances in children and fund cost-effective community-based interventions that work.
Given that only a tiny fraction of violent acts are perpetrated by persons with mental health conditions, efforts to bar such individuals from purchasing firearms or to increase preventive detention can have no meaningful impact on public safety. Such legislation wastes public resources, violates the civil liberties of the vast majority of people with mental illness who are not dangerous, powerfully reinforces the myth that links mental health conditions with violence, and further cements stigma in the public mind. Incapacitated people may need to be treated against their will, but the circumstances are appropriately limited and should not be expanded in response to the public's reaction to the horrific gun violence of Columbine, Tucson, Aurora, Newtown, and all of their predecessors and sequels. See MHA Position Statement 22 Involuntary Mental Health Treatment.[25]
Preventive services have been shown to increase resiliency (an individual's ability to deal with stress and conflict) and to increase protective factors which significantly reduce the likelihood of engagement in high risk behaviors. When an individual with mental illness experiences decompensation, crisis interventions like mental health first aid and crisis intervention teams can help an individual in crisis connect with appropriate professional, peer, social, and self-help care. Episodes of decompensation include a temporary worsening of symptoms, a loss of the ability to adapt to normal changes and stress, and difficulty with the normal activities of life. Trauma frequently causes mental health consequences, including decompensation. Social policies that minimize trauma and promote community connection and inclusion are essential, both for people in mental health crises and for the general population. The broader goal is to foster mental wellness in everyone. This policy focus is more likely to reduce violence than policies that discriminate against people with mental health conditions by singling them out as supposed causes of violence.
Call to Action
MHA calls for a national dialogue on violence and mental and substance use conditions, with an eye to dispelling myth, combating stigma, and laying a foundation for sound public policymaking to reduce the overall level of violence in the United States. We staunchly support public policy changes to dramatically improve access to readily available, comprehensive and integrated, high-quality, evidence-based, culturally and linguistically competent mental and substance use services and supports. These services and supports should include a preventive focus, to foster mental wellness and recovery from mental health conditions that may otherwise lead to violence or victimization. We further support the implementation of evidence based prevention programs to reduce the overall levels of violence and trauma. We oppose coercive and punitive measures against people with mental health and substance use conditions.
MHA calls on policymakers to support efforts (such as public education campaigns) to unravel myths associating persons with mental and substance use conditions and violence and to ensure effective treatment and supports for people with mental health and substance use conditions as well as the safety of these vulnerable individuals. Policymaking aimed at deterring violence should not single out people with mental and substance use conditions.[26] The most reliable predictor of violence is a history of violence or threats. MHA vigorously opposes efforts - in the name of public safety - to deny people rights or privileges, or otherwise discriminate against people on the basis of a mental health condition. Such efforts should be rejected as dangerously stigmatizing, making effective treatment more difficult, and as a violation of the civil liberties and human rights of people with mental health conditions.
Effective Period
The Mental Health America Board of Directors adopted this policy on September 13, 2014. It will remain in effect for a period of five (5) years and is reviewed as required by the Mental Health America Public Policy Committee.
Expiration: December 31, 2019
[1] A 1990 NIMH study showed that even if the elevated risk of violence in people with mental illness were reduced to the average risk in those without mental illness, an estimated 96% of the violence that currently occurs in the general population would continue to occur. Swanson, J.W., Holzer, C.E., Ganju, V.K., and Jono, R.T., "Violence and Psychiatric Disorder in the Community: Evidence from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area Surveys. Hosp Community Psychiatry 41:761–770 (1990).
[2] SAMHSA's published 1-year prevalence estimate from the combined 2011 and 2012 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health (NSDUHs) is that 18.2 percent of the adult population of the US had any diagnosable "mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder" in a year.
3A recent example is the 2011 Tucson tragedy involving Jared Lee Loughner, the accused attempted assassin of Rep. Gabrielle Giffords. There is no question that Mr. Loughner needed mental health counseling and that he did not get it. However, the only evidence at the time of the shootings was that Mr. Loughner had acted out bizarrely, but not violently, in class. So far as we know, he never made a threat of violence against anyone, even though threats against public officials are unfortunately common in contemporary American society. Although he made people nervous, Mr. Loughner was never deemed dangerous by anyone prior to the attempted assassination and was apparently never referred to the Pima County mental health system or the courts. As urged by this policy, assertive intervention by the mental health system could have stemmed the violence. But Pima County underwent a dramatic 45% reduction in public mental health treatment in 2010-2011, as local and state human services funding collapsed. This is an extreme case of a phenomenon experienced nationwide. Thus, the first lesson of the Tucson tragedy has to be to understand the impact on public safety of the inability of the underfunded community mental health system to follow up in cases like this. Defunding of human services has serious consequences for society, as well as for the people who lose essential supports. Although Mr. Loughner might have refused counseling even if it were offered, there is no evidence that sensitive outreach would have been ineffective, because it was never tried. There were inadequate resources to do so.
[4] Miles, et al., "Suicide Mortality in the United States: The Importance of Attending to Method in Understanding Population Level Disparities in the Burden of Suicide," Annual Review of Public Health 33:393-408 (2012).
[5] Swanson, J.W., McGinty, E.E., Fazel, S. and Mays, V.M., ",Mental Illness and Reduction of Gun Violence and Suicide: Bringing Epidemiologic Research to Policy, Annals of Epidemiology (in press) (2014). http://www.annalsofepidemiology.org/article/S1047-2797%2814%2900147-1/fulltext#sec10
[6] Krug E.G., Powell, K.E. & Dahlberg, L.L.. "Firearm Related Deaths in the United States and 35 Other High and Upper Middle Income Countries," International Journal of Epidemiology, 27(2), 214-221(1998); Milton, T., "Violence in a Violent Society," Journal of Public Health Policy 19(3):289-302 (1998). WHO, World Report on Violence and Health (Geneva 2002). http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/violence/world_report/en/full_en.pdf.
[7] Adverse Childhood Experiences Study: Bridging the Gap Between Childhood Trauma and Negative Consequences Later in Life. http://www.acestudy.org/.
[8] Link, B.G., Phelan, J.C., Bresnahan, M., Stueve, A & Pescosolido, B.A., "Public Conceptions of Mental Illness in 1950 and 1996: What is Mental Illness and is it to be Feared?" Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 41(2):188-207 (2000).
[9] Pescosolido, B.A., Martin, J.K., Long, J.S., Medina, T.R., Phelan, J.C., and Link, B.G., "A Disease Like any Other"? A Decade of Change In Public Reactions To Schizophrenia, Depression, and Alcohol Dependence," Am J Psychiatry 167:1321–1330 (2010).
[10] Barry, C.L., McGinty, E.E., Vernick, J.S., and Webster, D.W. "After Newtown–Public opinion on gun policy and mental illness," N Engl J Med. 368: 1077–1081 (2013).
[11] Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General. http://mentalhealth.samhsa.gov/cmhs/surgeongeneral/surgeongeneralrpt.asp.
[12] Steadman, H.J., Mulvey, E.P., Monahan, J., Robbins, P.C., Appelbaum, P.S., Grissom, T., Roth, L.H., & Silver, E. (1998). "Violence by People Discharged from Acute Psychiatric Inpatient Facilities and by Others in the Same Neighborhoods," Archives of General Psychiatry 55(5):393-401 (1998). Swanson, J.W., Swartz, M.S., Essock, S.M., Osher, F.C., Wagner, H.R., Goodman, L.A., Rosenberg, S.D. & Meador, K.G. The Social-Environmental Context of Violent Behavior in Persons Treated for Severe Mental Illness, .American Journal Of Public Health 92(9):1523-1531 (2002).
[13] Swanson, J.W., McGinty, E.E., et al., op. cit.
[14] Id.
[15] Easton, C.J., "The Role of Substance Abuse in Intimate Partner Violence," Psychiatric times, 25(1), 1-2 (2006). http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/showArticle.jhtml;jsessionid=ZFMPWLFYYHP3MQSNDLOSKH0CJUNN2JVN?articleID=177101044&pgno=2.
[16]Elbogen, E.B. & Johnson, S.C., "The Intricate Link Between Violence and Mental Disorder: Results From the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions," Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 66(2):152-161 (2009),. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2008.537. http://archpsyc.amaassn.org/cgi/content/full/66/2/152?maxtoshow=&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&resourcetype=HWCIT
[17] Van Dorn, R., Volavka, J & Johnson, N, " Mental Disorder and Violence: Is There a Relationship Beyond Substance Use?" Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 47:487–503(2012).
[18] National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Alcohol and Violence. NIH Publication 38 (1997).http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/aa38.htm.
[19] Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California, 17 Cal. 3d 425, 551 P.2d 334, 131 Cal. Rptr. 14 (Cal. 1976), was a case in which the Supreme Court of California held that mental health professionals have a duty to protect individuals who are being threatened with bodily harm by a patient. The original 1974 decision mandated warning the threatened individual, but a 1976 rehearing of the case by the California Supreme Court called for a "duty to protect" the intended victim. The professional may discharge the duty in several ways, including notifying police, warning the intended victim, and/or taking other reasonable steps to protect the threatened individual. It has been followed in many American jurisdictions.
[20] "Some With Histories of Mental Illness Petition to Get Their Gun Rights Back" By MICHAEL LUO New York Times July 2, 2011 http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/03/us/03guns.html) Thus, the law serves as another trap for the uninformed and unwary.
[21] Swanson, J.W., McGinty, E.E., et al., op. cit.
[22]"Illinois Statistics" Illinois Department of Humans Services, Office of Mental Health and Developmental Disabilities Fiscal Years 2008, 2009 and 2010: In re Torski, 395 Ill. App. 3d 1010, 918 N.E.2nd 1218 (2009).
[23] Durham & LaFond, "the Empirical Consequences and Policy Implications of Boradening the Statutory Criteria for Civil Commitment" 3 Yale Law & Policy Review 395(1985)
[24] Judge David L. Bazelon Center for Mental Health Law, The Relationship between the Availability of Psychiatric Hospital Beds, Murders Involving Firearms, and Incarceration Rates, Issued January 15, 2013. http://www.bazelon.org/portals/0/Archives/Statements%20&%20Releases/Relationship%20Between%20Psychiatric%20Hospital%20Beds%20and%20Firearm%20Murder1.15.13.pdf?utm_source=1.15.13+new+analysis+PR&utm_campaign=1.15.13new+analysis+PR&utm_medium=email
[26] MHA particularly opposes legislative efforts to respond to isolated incidents of violence by making involuntary treatment easier. That is because the overwhelming cause of violence among the small number of persons with mental health conditions who do become violent is our failure, due to lack of resources, to either offer these persons appropriate treatment or implement existing involuntary treatment laws. Such incidents of violence cannot be attributed to any supposed legal roadblocks to involuntary treatment.


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Google Joins the $800 Club; Number Four, for the Record
And you thought the $700 club was exclusive.
Shares of Google Inc. crossed the $800 mark this morning, a milestone that very few companies have ever achieved, and no tech firm. The move caps what has been a big change for the company: Yes, it's still dominant in search, its core market if you will, but it's not just a search-engine company anymore (and indeed, hasn't been for a while).
Only three other companies are in the club: Berkshire Hathaway's Class A shares ($151,185), Seaboard Corp. ($2,840), and NVR Inc ($1.025).


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