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GPSOLO October/November 2007
Medical Evidence in Litigation
The need to obtain and correctly use medical records is not limited to the personal injury lawyer or the medical malpractice attorney. Recently, one of my colleagues, who is an estate lawyer, successfully used medical records to prove that a transfer of real estate was invalid owing to the medical incompetence of one of the parties involved. In another example, a tax attorney used medical records to prove that his client lacked the mental capacity for fraud. And yet another colleague, an entertainment lawyer, successfully used medical records to disprove an insurance company's claim that his client was well aware of a disqualifying medical condition. No matter what area of law you practice, the time will come when the ability to obtain and use medical records will be crucial for the representation of your client.
Obtaining Medical Records
Once you have determined that a person's medical history and medical records may be useful for your case, the first thing you must do is acquire a complete copy of the records.
If the person whose records you are trying to obtain is your client, the process is fairly easy. The client, or the client's relatives, will be able to tell you which health care organizations (e.g., hospitals, doctors' offices, clinics, etc.) provided the treatment, and you can proceed to obtain those records in a relatively informal matter. If the records belong to an adversary or a non-party, however, you will need to rely on a court proceeding to obtain the information or obtain it through regular discovery in the lawsuit or pre-suit disclosure.
Regardless of whose records you are trying to obtain, you must submit a form that complies with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA). Under HIPAA patients and their legal and authorized representatives are entitled to review medical records pertaining to their own medical treatment. I normally prefer to have my clients attempt to obtain their own medical records because requests from patients themselves do not set off all the bells and whistles at the health care organizations that a letter from an attorney does. Once you have rung that bell, you will need to deal with excruciating delays and the possibility that defensive entries will now be made in the records.
Believe it or not, I have found that health care organizations still will ask for a HIPAA form even when it is the patients themselves requesting information. Most bar associations have, in cooperation with the medical community, agreed upon standard HIPAA authorization forms. For example, in New York State, the approved HIPAA form can be found in the supreme court section of www.courts.state.ny.us/attorneys/forms.shtml.
Every request for the release of medical records must follow certain guidelines:
1. The request should be written on letterhead stationery if it is a request from an attorney, or it must contain the complete name and address of the patient if the request comes directly from the patient.
2. The request should include the patient's signature; if the patient is deceased, incompetent, or a minor, a legally appropriate individual, such as the parent, estate administrator, or legal guardian, should sign.
3. The authorizing signature should be validated with the stamp of a current notary or commissioner of deeds. Although your HIPPA form may not require such notarization, I recommend it in order to avoid having your request rejected. Some states require that the notary have a raised seal on the document.
4. The request should include a special release form (compliant with any state and federal requirements) for patients being treated for psychiatric illness or alcohol or drug abuse or for any patient whose medical records document any HIV- or AIDS-related information. The HIPAA form approved by the New York State Bar specifically has a checkoff for those items, and failure to initial them will result in the provider excluding them from the record.
Don't limit your requests to hospitals. In many jurisdictions, doctors' practices keep copies of medical records for as long as six years. Also, be sure to send an appropriate request for medical records to the insurance carriers who paid for treatment.
The best resource for getting medical records and evaluating them is an experienced nurse paralegal or nurse attorney. There are also resource guides and websites available for the general practitioner; for a list, see "Ready Resources" on page 54.
Processing the Responses
For each health care provider, set up a folder to store a copy of your request for records and a copy of the previously executed HIPAA form. Organizing your documentation this way will make life a lot easier when the responses come back—most record responses will include medical records from other medical providers that became part of their own records.
When you receive a response, you must review the record for completeness. Pay particular attention to the presence or absence of certain items that may be relevant to your case, such as a typed operative report or a pertinent laboratory report. If anything essential is missing, contact the medical provider. It may be possible that some items have been misplaced or not yet found. In such cases you should determine whether the provider's particular medical departments have maintained a log of tests performed and the results.
A typical medical record might have the following components (this is not an all-inclusive list): history and physical; physician's progress notes; physician's order sheets; nurse's notes (general and special care unit); graphic and flow sheets (pulse, temperature, respiration [PTR], intake and outtake [I&O], activities at daily rhythm [ADL]); medication records; nursing care plan; laboratory transfusion and X-ray reports; surgery documents; consultations; emergency department records; records of special health care disciplines (e.g., physical therapy); consent forms; discharge summaries; and autopsy reports.
Many health care organizations do not consider certain clinical and miscellaneous documents to be part of the medical record, and you must specifically ask for them if they are important to your case. The clinical documents that are often not considered part of the medical record, unless specifically asked for, are listed below in alphabetical order:
Cardiac catheter laboratory technician records.
Cardiothoracic surgery (bypass) pumps records.
Dialysis flow sheets.
Epidemiology logs.
Fetal monitoring strips.
Hospital bylaws.
Implantable devices.
Incident/occurrence report forms. These reports contain details regarding the who, what, when, and where of an occurrence and are a valuable source of information.
Needle and sponge count. These counts are performed by the scrub and circulating nurses. It is important to review the count when a case involves a retained foreign body.
Nursing administration's report. This report contains information on patients who are very sick or who have special problems. Information from the nursing administration's report sheet may supplement occurrence reports or the information contained in the patient's medical record.
Nursing assignment records. This information is useful in supplementing the nurse's notes or progress notes to identify the nurses caring for a patient on a particular day.
On-call schedules.
Operating room circulating slips. These forms contain the names of individuals present during a surgical procedure. Sometimes people are there who shouldn't be present.
Other departments' records. These other departments might include social services, occupational therapy, physical therapy, pharmacy, and anesthesia.
Patient data logs. Some departments maintain logs or computerized databases that include the names of all individuals whom they have treated. These departments usually are operating room, delivery room, emergency department, outpatient clinics, radiology department, cardiac catheterization department, laboratory, blood bank, and donor bank.
Private-duty nursing logs. These logs can help identify a private-duty nurse for an interview. They are often missed by the hospital when they do their investigation.
Psychiatry flow sheets. Most psychiatric units use some form of flow sheets to monitor patient activity throughout the day. Patients who are at risk for suicide or for going "absent without leave" are monitored frequently by the staff to verify their presence on the unit. Usually the staff performs these types of patient checks anywhere from every 15 minutes to once an hour. These flow sheets may not be kept for a long period of time; therefore, it is important that they be requested immediately.
Health care organizations also maintain various miscellaneous documents that are not related directly to clinical treatment of the patient. These records are:
Biological engineering records. The biological engineeringdepartment maintains records of maintenance and equipment repairs throughout the hospital, as well as work orders and request logs. Such records are helpful when you are investigating a patient or non-patient injury that involves equipment-related occurrences.
Contracts and agreements. Organizations maintain many different contracts and agreements with outside parties, vendors, and groups such as physician groups, HMOs, and other health care organizations. These documents often contain a helpful "hold harmless" clause.
Crises management records and reports. These documents detail extraordinary events such as fires and natural disasters.
Medical staff bylaws. These generally outline the duties and responsibilities of the medical staff and the requirements for maintaining medical staff privileges.
Patient bills.
Physician credentialing files.
Root cause analyses. An institution known as the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) requires all accredited health care organizations to identify, report, and respond to serious patient occurrences. They call such occurrences "sentinel events." All health care organizations must complete a root cause analysis of such an event. The root cause analysis may be a good source of information for the attorney. Check your local laws, however, to see if you are permitted to obtain copies of these documents. Some institutions attempt to identify them as privileged "quality improvement" documents rather than "incident reports" in order to prevent attorneys from obtaining them. Often the institution arguably waives such a privilege by giving the document wider distribution than should be permitted under their statute. Keep this in mind at the deposition or interview when you ask a medical provider what documents he or she has reviewed.
Training/assessment files. These files are generally kept in a nursing department and may also serve for other clinical specialties. The files contain educational programs, the names of individuals who have completed them successfully, and which procedures they have the credentials to perform.
Reviewing the Records
When you have got what you believe to be complete copies of the medical record, read through the record in its entirety. At some point during your review, you may need to research an unfamiliar subject or contact the appropriate medical specialist. (See "Deciphering Medical Specialties" on page 26 of this issue.)
As an attorney, you should review the record for your own purposes and for your adversary's purposes. Identify the people involved in the occurrence and make a list of questions to ask each person who might be interviewed. Scrutinize every word that describes the details of the occurrence; writing in the margins, identify inflammatory or angry notes and discrepancies in notes.
At some point in the litigation you will be entitled to look at the original documents; at this time look for any alterations or questionable entries, missing pages, scratching out, writing over, and the use of different-colored inks and correction fluid.
Everyone has his or her own organizational system and preparation process. The following methods have been recommended by professional medical review investigators and are useful when an attorney or the nurse attorney/nurse paralegal is reviewing medical records.
• Photocopy the records so notes can be written on the copy.
• Alternatively, use self-stick notes to make comments on individual pages; do not write on the record itself.
• Use paper clips to divide the records.
• Number the progress note pages on the copy if that has not already been done.
• Pull the photocopied chart apart and put it into organized sections so that different sections can be easily cross-referenced (such as doctor orders and laboratory reports).
• Mark pages with important names, dates, and any other information that would be referred to during interviews or depositions.
• Create a time line.
Reorganizing the Records
Now that you have reviewed the files and are ready to proceed to depositions, make sure to reorganize your medical records. With respect to hospital records, organize each hospitalization individually by date of admissions. For multiple admissions to different facilities, organize them by facility. Use a binder and medical records tabs. When you are dealing with records from a physician's office, organize them similar to hospital records, if possible. Look at the new patient history form that each doctor should have filled out for each new patient.
Separate out the progress notes and the correspondence and medical records excerpts from other providers and billers. Often there are hints that something went wrong with the production of the records, requiring you to look at the originals. Look in particular for: notes written on the same date but with different ink or different slant to the handwriting; change or difference in the alignment of the notes; writing that is crowded around other entries; words that are written over, under, or around original entries; billings that don't match the treatment records; records that don't make sense chronologically.
Using the Records
Prepare an outline for what you want to do with the medical records. In the case of a medical malpractice or personal injury lawsuit, insist that the original records be provided at the actual deposition. Most jurisdictions only provide for the provisions of copies prior to the deposition. Alterations to the records are not always obvious in a photocopy. Be sure to compare your copies to the originals.
When conducting a deposition of medical providers, be sure to ask them if they believe the record to be complete and accurate. Also ask them what medical records they have reviewed in preparation for the deposition, as this often leads to a new line for investigation or perhaps a waiver of privilege. Don't forget to ask medical practitioners whether they maintain copies of the medical records.
After you have conducted depositions and are ready to go to trial, you now must ensure that you can get these medical records admitted. Each jurisdiction has its own particular rules, but generally you must meet the following requirements to get a medical record or a portion of a medical record admitted:
• The record must be an original copy or, if not, a certified copy of the original.
• The record must be a complete and accurate copy and must be certified as such.
• The use of the record must not be barred by privilege—in other words, you already should have obtained a waiver of this privilege.
Be sure to serve the custodian with a subpoena duces tecum. As a rule, courts don't allow attorneys simply to walk in with their own set of medical records and offer them up for admission. This may happen should the attorneys, as a matter of courtesy, stipulate to the admissibility of records; don't count on it, however. Even if you and the other attorney agree to it, the judge may not allow it.
In my particular jurisdiction in the state of New York, a subpoena that is served on a hospital must be so ordered by the court. The resulting records will be returned to court with the hospital's certification that the records are admissible according to New York State rules. I have found as a matter of practice that it is best to provide the appropriate certification forms with your subpoena so the records keepers fill those out in addition to their own particular institutional forms. You'd be surprised how many hospital certifications do not comply with the statutory rules for the certification of admissibility of medical records. Also keep in mind that many jurisdictions distinguish between the admissibility of medical records produced by a hospital and those produced by a private medical provider's office.
Many jurisdictions require the custodian of the records of a doctor's office to come in and testify that these records are kept in the ordinary course of business in order to get them in under the business record exception rule. Again, this particular rule is often done away with by stipulation of counsel that they will agree to the admission of medical records from a doctor's office and that subpoena will not require the actual records keeper to appear. This professional courtesy with respect to doctors' offices is generally encouraged by the trial judges.
Most jurisdictions require the following foundation for the admissibility of hospital records: The record must be a regular form of entry kept in the regular course of business of a hospital; the particular entry must be made in the usual course of business; the entry must be made close in time to the fact that it purports to record. Surprisingly, most hospital certifications are deficient in some respect.
Keep in mind that objections may be made to particular parts of a hospital record if the entry in a hospital record is not relevant to diagnosis and treatment. Because the following portions of hospital records are relevant to treatment, arguments can be made that they are admissible: dates of admission and discharge, symptoms, past medical history, present complaints, diagnosis, prognosis, treatment, history if relevant to the diagnosis and treatment, conclusions constituting the opinions of experts (e.g., a doctor's statement that a patient is malingering), nurses' notes, progress notes, lab reports, X-ray reports, and entries of observations or admissions indicating consumption of alcohol. Statements of non-expert opinions not based on observation are not admissible, nor are letters and data obtained from third persons admissible as part of hospital records.
Depending on your jurisdiction, you may also need to check whether or not a medical record is considered hearsay in itself or whether you have to establish a foundation for hearsay exceptions. In most jurisdictions, a statement made for the purpose of getting medical treatment is considered an exception to hearsay. In federal court under rule 803(4) and 803(3), even a statement made to persons other than those immediately able to render medical assistance will be admissable if it was made for the purposes of obtaining medical diagnosis and treatment.
For example, a statement made by a child to police officers as to how her mother was injured and whose mother was unconscious at the time and needed medical treatment was considered admissible under the rule 803(4) exception. Likewise a statement in the patient's medical history portion of a medical record made by the patient or someone attempting to obtain medical treatment on the patient's behalf is considered admissible despite the rule against hearsay.
However, be cautioned that when nursing notes or other medical records contain observations on the patient's mental state, consciousness, or intoxication or admissions against interest by the patient, many jurisdictions require that the nurse or medical professional who entered the notes be available to testify in court as to the circumstances surrounding that entry. Therefore, when you want to use such an entry at trial, be prepared to identify and subpoena the person who made the entry.
X-rays, MRIs, CAT scans, and other diagnostic tests and films often have their own statutory rules for admission, and many hospitals will tell you they don't consider them to be part of the medical chart or record. Check your local rules for the actual foundation requiring such materials to be admitted. For example, in my jurisdiction it is required that the X-ray or diagnostic films must have the names of the patient, the doctor, and the facility that conducted the test, as well as the date thereof on the actual film. Additionally, many local rules including those of my jurisdiction and the federal court permit you to have such films and such diagnostic tests admitted as evidence without bringing in the actual person who took the films or certification, provided you serve a copy of your intent to admit such films at trial on your adversary and permit him or her the statutory time to examine said films in your office.
Parting Advice
Below are some final caveats with respect to medical records:
Be aware of the "subject to connection" admonition, which many judges impose on medical records that you think have been admitted at trial.
Despite your diligent efforts, you may find that many medical documents and many impressive narrative reports and diagnostic tools will not go to the jury because you have failed to introduce the proper testimony of a competent medical expert to explain them to a jury.
When your case is over and the time for appeals has run, don't forget to send letters to the providers revoking the HIPPA or other medical authorizations you gave on your client's behalf. When your record retention requirements have been fulfilled, be sure to properly dispose of these records. We shred ours in the office.
Ultimately, the use of medical records in your practice can be time consuming and expensive, but if done properly you and your client will realize it was more than worth the effort.
Brian McCaffrey is a trial attorney whose practice focuses on defending medical institutions and medical professionals in Medicare/Medicaid fraud, medical malpractice, and employment cases. He is a founding member of Leffler Marcus & McCaffrey LLC in New York City and may be reached at email@example.com.


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I am going to Umrah inshallah. My question is what is a women to do if she gets her period? I pray this will not happen, but what parts of the Umrah can she perform?
Praise be to Allaah.
If a woman who has her period enters ihraam, she should do everything that other pilgrims do in Hajj or 'Umrah, apart from performing Tawaaf around the Ka'bah.
She should delay Tawaaf until she is clean (when her period ends).
Shaykh 'Abd al-Kareem al-Khudayr
She can make dhikr, make du'aa', recite the Talbiyah and do good deeds. And Allaah knows best.

subset: commoncrawl


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It doesn't get more glamorous than this at Cannes! The annual amfAR Cinema Against Aids Gala is traditionally the biggest red carpet event of the Cannes Film Festival, and the turnout at last night's 20th anniversary of the event didn't disappoint. Olivia Palermo (in Roberto Cavalli), Jessica Chastain (in Saint Laurent), Heidi Klum (in Marchesa), and Rosie Huntington-Whiteley (in Dior), all came for the festivities to raise awareness and funds for amfAR, The Foundation for AIDS Research, which is dedicated to research, prevention, and education for the disease. The night included dinner, dancing, and, as a special treat, a live fashion show sponsored by the World Gold Council's LoveGold initiative where 38 models walked the runway in glittering gold designs for The Ultimate Gold Collection Fashion Show. Click to see the red carpet fashion moments.
• The Best Instagram Photos of Cannes
• Cannes Film Festival 2013 Fashion Photos
• The Most Memorable Looks At Cannes
• Vote For The Most Popular Cannes Dress


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Calling a bit of BS on UX
Expanding on your UX capabilities is impressive—but not at the expense of building memorable brand images.
This just in. My friend Jason, the digital back-end/front-end designer/programmer has just added a new slash to his title. UX expert. Cool.
Now, how you get to be an instant expert in a field that was invented yesterday is a bit unclear, but Jason tells me that every site he's ever seen is woefully lacking in UX. For the uninitiated, UX stands for user experience design. Still not clear? OK, so let's turn to a source with credibility that equals Jason's—Wiikipedia:
User Experience Design (UXD or UED) is a broad term used to explain all aspects of a person's experience with the system including the interface, graphics, industrial design, physical interaction, and the manual. It also refers to the application of user-centered design practices to generate cohesive, predictive and desirable designs based on holistic consideration of users' experience. In most cases, User Experience design fully encompasses traditional Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) design and extends it by addressing all aspects of a product or service as perceived by users.
Crystal clear now, right? OK, we make fun a little. Of course, UX is important. But there seems to be a bandwagon aspect to it that is somewhat bothersome to marketing folks who have spent considerable effort building strong brand images.
Keeping the brand in UX
So, a brief look at Jason's UX-inspired sites reveals a lot of white space—nice. Logically organized navigation—impressive. Big bold infographics that help drive the "experience" forward—check. Uniformity with other UX sites so that there becomes one big universal understanding of what good UX looks like—um, apparently.
There's only one thing missing. A brand. Remember that, Jason? That magically individual thing that makes your clients' brand experiences different and more memorable than everyone else's?
As we rush to create UX compatible sites that utilize the latest in HCI, let's cut down on the BS, but not forget the BX. Brand experience.


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Information for construction contractors. Become prequalified to work on projects and view, research and bid on upcoming construction projects.
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Find out how to become prequalified, research seasonal contract opportunities and other general MassDOT business opportunities and practices.
Find lists of materials acceptable for use on MassDOT projects, learn how to apply for a new product approval, or identify fabricators approved to supply metal bridge and highway components for MassDOT projects.
Information about local aid to cities and towns. Find out how much each town receives in Chapter 90 funding, read about PWED and STRAP grants, research traffic counts, geodetic control points, layout plans and other municipal information.
MassDOT issues a variety of permits, including those for oversized/overweight vehicles, billboards, road access and litter programs. Visit our permits and road access pages to find out if you need a permit, to download application forms or to apply on line.
Information about seasonal opportunities at MassDOT. Become a snow & ice vendor or sell your home-grown produce at one of our 18 service plazas throughout Massachusetts.
MassDOT posts most of its manuals, publications and forms on its website.


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"Booba", Sergey Gorobets, 2014, Ukraina
7th June 2018, 14:51
"A Crimson Man", sc-fi fantasy short film, Mike Pappa, 2017, USA
9th August 2018, 22:45
Factory Fifteen, London, United Kingdom
21st June 2017, 19:47
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Seven out of 10 bales that U.S. cotton growers produce this year will wind up in a garment made overseas.
As few as six years ago, U.S. textile mills used 11.3 million bales of the U.S. crop, while consuming 7.5 million bales of foreign-grown lint. The 2003 projection shows an about-face of the statistic. U.S. cotton will account for 7.5 million domestically while 10.8 million bales could go to foreign mills. The domestic use numbers could go lower, experts say.
Speaking to a group of cotton producers in Raleigh, N.C., J. Berrye Worsham, president and CEO of Cotton Incorporated, said the dynamic suggests, "We have to be more aggressive overseas."
He points to a strong dollar since 1997 as one of the primary causes of the decimation of the U.S. textile industry. More than 100 mills have gone out of business in the last two years, the most recent being Pillowtex.
"Ten years ago, two-thirds of our cotton was consumed by U.S. textile mills. More and more our program is looking at textile mills in other countries," Worsham says.
"We have to recognize that the U.S. market has changed," Worsham says. "Twenty years ago we would work with textile mills and go up to the manufacturer and retail. Today, the power is with the retailer.
"Cotton Incorporated has found that taking our service farther downstream and bringing the retailer into discussions about the new technology that can help them come up with new products benefits the industry as a whole," Worsham says. "We're still calling on our textile mills, but we have to recognize that the domestic industry is just going to absorb so much cotton."
Worsham cites examples such as working with retailers on stain-protection garments and with foreign mills on using the EFS System.
The new dynamic involves making the use of U.S. cotton in foreign mills a perquisite to using the EFS System developed by Cotton Incorporated, says Charles Chewning, Cotton Incorporated's vice president of Fiber Management research.
The EFS system was developed in the late 1970s to provide the HVI data to define the quality of the U.S. crop. EFS software is unique to the U.S. crop, and provides on-line weekly updates of the crop quality. The USDA system currently operates data on 230 High Volume Instrument lines. This data helps build purchase and maintain a consistent mix of cotton quality.
Outside the U.S., mills use the ring system predominately as opposed to the open-end spinning. The ring system requires lower micronaire numbers. The quality that will be required for international markets will eventually mean U.S. growers will be required to produce lower micronaire, Chewning says.
At the core of the change is, "What we pay in an hour, Mexico pays its labor in a day. What Mexico pays in an hour Pakistan pays in a day."


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Ten Years of Animal Liberation
Modern Meat: Antibiotics, Hormones, and the Pharmaceutical Farm
Farm Animals: Husbandry, Behavior, and Veterinary Practice
Of Mice, Models, and Men: A Critical Evaluation of Animal Research
Victims of Science: The Use of Animals in Research
Man and Mouse: Animals in Medical Research
All That Dwell Therein: Animal Rights and Environmental Ethics
The Case for Animal Rights
Animals and Why They Matter: A Journey Around the Species Barrier
Rights, Killing, and Suffering: Moral Vegetarianism and Applied Ethics
Interests and Rights: The Case Against Animals
The rise of the animal liberation movement, in the view of a number of commentators, is to be traced back to the publication of my essay "Animal Liberation" in these pages just over a decade ago. That essay was followed by the book of the same title, which was also published by The New York Review.1 What has happened, in theory and in practice, in the intervening years?
The essential aim of the essay and the books was to show, on a rational and philosophical level, that nonhuman animals are an oppressed group. We treat them as if they were things to be used as we please, rather than as beings with lives of their own to live. In both the essay and the book, I singled out two practices as involving the largest and yet least known forms of animal exploitation: animal experimentation and factory farming. To see whether the animal liberation movement has made any practical difference, then, we must look at what has happened since to both practices.
One change is that animal experimentation is no longer a little-known form of animal exploitation. Ten years ago there were long-established antivivisection organizations which had kept alive a tradition of concern for laboratory animals; but their followers were widely regarded as irrelevant cranks, and their effect on curbing the use of laboratory animals was nil. When some of these organizations were founded, more than a century ago, the number of animals used each year in the United States was in the hundreds; it has since risen to somewhere between 60 and 100 million. Ten years ago, there was not a single recorded instance of an experiment on animals being discontinued because of the activities of those opposed to animal experimentation.
As far as farm animals were concerned, the situation was even more depressing. There simply were no organizations interested in the fact that hundreds of millions of factory farm animals are, every moment of the day, denied such elementary freedoms as the space to walk a few steps, to turn around, and even to stretch their limbs.
The animal liberation movement has yet to have an effect on the conditions of American farm animals. Here the United States lags behind other countries. In Europe and Australia there is now considerable public concern about the confinement of laying hens in small wire cages, and of pigs and veal calves in stalls so small they cannot walk a single step or even turn around. Switzerland has passed legislation to phase out the cage system for hens; the West German state of Hesse recently announced that it would follow suit; in Britain a House of Commons agriculture committee recommended the same step. Throughout Western Europe and Australia, "free range eggs" from unconfined hens are widely available in health food stores, and consumers understand the difference. Yet Americans buying their eggs at the supermarket still seem wholly unaware of the fact that the hens who laid them live crammed five…
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|Trey Stewart
The Lost and Damned
|Full Name
|Trey Stewart
|Date of Birth
|Place of Birth
|North Holland, Liberty City
|Date of Death
|2008 (Can be killed instead of Dwayne)
|Age at Death
|Liberty City
|Main Affiliations
North Holland Hustlers
Dwayne Forge
Elizabeta Torres
Trunchez Brothers
Niko Bellic
Johnny Klebitz
Yusuf Amir
Huntley Sport
|Drugs Trade
|Voiced by
|Postell Pringle
Trey Stewart, notably known as Playboy X, is a character in the HD Universe appering in Grand Theft Auto IV and The Lost and Damned. He is the head of the North Holland Hustlers, which is an African American crack cocaine ring in northern Algonquin, Liberty City.
Dwayne Forge's tutelage
Trey Stewart was born in 1983 in North Holland, where he probably lived his whole life. He was once very book smart as a child (in later years he would become sorely uneducated), but when he was 8 or 9 he became close to the neighborhood's biggest drug lord, Dwayne Forge, who took him in like a son and taught him how to sell drugs. Dwayne was arrested in early 1994, when Trey was about 10, and Dwayne had reserved a penthouse in Northwood for him, as he became leader of the North Holland Hustlers. This is likely when he gained the nickname "Playboy X", as the building is located on Xenotime Street (Playboy refers to it as "X" in Blow Your Cover). Playboy was a small-time dealer, also robbing people, for some time before taking over the gang and bringing it to new heights. In 1999, when Playboy was 16, he was arrested for dealing crack cocaine. Considering he was only 16 he most likely spent his time in a juvenile court for some time.
Leadership of the gang
Under Playboy's leadership and rejecting Dwayne's old-fashioned views, the empire went from being exclusively about drugs to expanding into other realms of business, even legitimate. Still having the most success in drug sales, he became friends with Elizabeta Torres and monitored all drug deals in the city. After 2004, he stopped visiting Dwayne in prison.
Eventually he was introduced to Niko Bellic through a heroin deal and the two began a business relationship. Playboy X also makes a brief appearance in The Lost and Damned where Johnny Klebitz refuses to meet Playboy during the party.
Expanding into other businesses, Playboy even dreamed of leaving crime behind entirely to become a legitimate real estate developer and "see my name in big, gold letters!". He also explains his resolve to give money to poor young blacks and schools after he's wealthy to atone for selling drugs to children (although his penthouse and luxury car insinuate that he's already quite wealthy). He sought to win over Yusuf Amir, a billionaire developer from Dubai. Amir was under intense pressure to cooperate with the Mafia, who had shut down his construction site under the guise of a union strike in order to extort funds from him. X believed he could maneuver himself into Amir's favor by employing Niko Bellic to dispatch the mob gunmen besieging the site. Niko cleared out the site in the Playboy X mission "Deconstruction for Beginners", but Amir was unresponsive. Instead of rewarding X with shares in lucrative construction contracts, he permanently closed down the construction site in memory of those who had died. It is revealed in The Ballad of Gay Tony mission "For the Man Who Has Everything" that Amir continued construction on the soon-to-be Amir Towers. In the original GTA IV, Yusuf's publicist tells news reporters that he was disturbed and saddened by the union massacre; TBOGT reveals that Yusuf was indifferent or perhaps didn't even know what happened, when he nonchalantly tells Luis "I've had some problems with union fucks on the site. Sometimes that shit just goes away".
Dwayne's release from prison and The Holland Play
Eventually Dwayne Forge is released from prison and tensions rise between him and X almost immediately. Playboy ignores Forge and attempts to distance himself from his former mentor, leaving Forge feeling bitter, heartbroken and betrayed. Playboy is still the Boss of the North Holland Hustlers, as eventually Forge retakes his former base of operations, the Triangle Strip Club, from associates of Playboy's, the Trunchez Brothers. Playboy is furious and it is clear that the bad blood between the former partners is going to come to a head.
Playboy X has a private conversation with Niko, claiming that Forge is talking behind his back and attempting to usurp leadership from him, even though he claims he offered half of the business to Forge. Though apparently very saddened by having to kill his mentor, he offers Niko $25,000 to kill Dwayne. Subsequently, Niko is also hired by Dwayne to kill PBX after word hits the street that there is a contract out on him.
If Niko chooses to kill Dwayne, Playboy has a change of heart, upset that his "father figure" was killed. Probably in denial, he blames Niko's cold-heartedness for the betrayal and although he pays Niko the $25,000 as agreed and wishes him the best, he severs all ties from Bellic and cannot be friends with him knowing he killed Dwayne. Later, his answering machine even claims that "you don't know what you got until it's gone."
If Niko chooses to kill Playboy, he shoots his way through Playboy's penthouse and corners him in an alleyway where his gun jams (occasionally it fires a shot when dropped, which is only a glitch but very funny nonetheless). Playboy's last words, defenseless and pleading for his life, are "I was an example to all the kids, man! You can't take that away from me!". Niko then tells Playboy "You didn't change the game, the game changed you" before shooting him in the throat, killing him instantly. Many players choose this path, as it coincides with Niko's moral code, is more challenging than killing Dwayne and brings much more rewards; Dwayne awards you Playboy's penthouse (which he reveals he had the deed to all along), and you gain Playboy's unique yellow Patriot and Dwayne becomes Niko's friend, which eventually offers the perk of calling in Backup, his special ability. Because of this, this ending is extremely likely to be canon. The apartment's wardrobe even includes the GTA III outfit which was worn by Claude, which can be found in Niko's wardrobe (only in Playboy X's Apartment), and in the "... The Holland Play" is the earliest point in the game to obtain a Desert Eagle if you choose to assassinate Playboy X, as he drops it when killed.
Mission appearances
- Blow Your Cover
- Deconstruction for Beginners (boss)
- Photo Shoot (boss)
- The Holland Play (boss, can be killed)
- The Lost and Damned
Murders committed
- Multiple members of the Messina Crime Family - (hires Niko Bellic to clear out a construction site to get in Yusuf Amir's good graces)
- Marlon Bridges - (hires Niko Bellic to kill him for claiming Playboy was a rat)
- Dwayne Forge - (hires Niko Bellic to kill him for fear he'll turn on him, the player can chose to kill Playboy X instead)
LCPD Database record
Surname: Stewart
First Name: Trey "Playboy X"
Age: 25
Place of Birth: North Holland, Liberty City
Affiliations: Known Associate of Dwayne Forge
Criminal Record:
- 1999 - Possession Controlled Substance: Crack Cocaine
Wanted For: Burglary
- AKA Playboy X
- Part of Dwayne Forge's crack cocaine dealing operation.
- Assumed control after Forge's conviction.
- Believed to have run the business with advice from Forge in prison.
- Reported that Stewart stopped visiting Forge at the penitentiary in 2004.
- Now believed to be head of a cocaine distribution network in North Holland.
- Some attempts to move into legitimate business interests.
- If the player chooses to kill Playboy X, his profile on the online police database does not change to list him as deceased, but the in-car computer does list him as such.
- Playboy X is a big fan of hip-hop and will respond positively if The Classics 104.1 or Beat 102.7 radio stations turn on in the car.
- lf the player chooses to kill Playboy X he will flee into an alleyway and will point his Desert Eagle gun towards the player, eventually finding that it isn't loaded. However, when he drops the gun it may go off and ironically injure Niko.
- On the back of Playboy X's sweater, 8-Ball's business logo can be seen. This is particularly ironic, considering he also has Claude's clothes in his penthouse.
- You can skip chasing Playboy X (when the player chooses to kill Playbox X) and just kill the guys protecting him and aim at then window and while doing that also aim at Playbox X with any handgun and suddenly you will see that the cutscene of Playbox X dying from Niko appears and the desert eagle which is dropped by Playbox X it has ammo and can be picked up. A demonstration of the trick can be seen here.
- The LCPD database states that Playboy X is aged 25 in 2008, which would mean he was born around 1983. This means when he was caught for possession of cocaine in 1999, he was 16. But before that, Dwayne Forge went to prison in 1994, which makes Playboy X only 11 years old at the time he became the leader of the gang.


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By Dael Bryan on January 16 2018 12:39:53
Keep an upholstered ottoman 18 inches from a sofa or chair, so you can easily put up your feet, and make sure the height is consistent with the surrounding seats. If you get a tufted ottoman, consider the depth of the tufts — especially if you expect to eat on it. Crumbs will find their way into the tufting and are not always easy to get out. Round coffee tables aid circulation, especially where there are many available seats, as in this example. If not every seat can reach the table, make sure there's another surface at hand. Using a vintage object for a coffee table adds a bit of history — a story — to a room, and is one of my favorite things to do. Make sure the piece is stable and all the connections are secure. If you need to refinish the piece, ask the vendor precisely what it's made from, as this will help in the refinishing process. Another consideration is how it will sit on your floor or rug, and if it will damage those surfaces. Splintered table legs or rusty metal bases can scratch or stain the flooring. Secondhand stores sometimes leave those areas unrefinished, so be sure to check.
On the other hand, perhaps you want your space to look cozier (and you need some storage). Stash baskets, trunks and old suitcases under simple legged coffee tables to ground spaces that are otherwise too open. Solid tabletops usually have a very square corner. If you have little kids or the circulation is tight, allow extra space at the ends so it's easier to get around the corners without hitting your shins. Go for color with an upholstered coffee table, as it will draw people to the surrounding sofas and chairs. Top it with a tray to hold books and other items. Choose your fabric wisely, since people may want to put up their feet (and shoes). Outdoor fabrics can be smart; steer clear of linen and fabrics with high amounts of rayon or viscose. Take a swatch home and test it out with dirt, red wine or whatever you think your coffee table will encounter, to make sure your fabric choice can handle it all.
Sculptural wood coffee tables tell their own story and can add a natural element and warmth to a room with multiple upholstered pieces. Sealers and, of course, coasters can help protect the surface from water damage. Sometimes a coffee table that isn't the standard height or width is exactly what a room needs. In this instance a very low coffee table creates a crisp horizontal plane in the foreground, offsetting the long horizontal line of the credenza in the background. A higher table would have blocked the view of the credenza and competed with it; the varying heights add interest.
A coffee table does a lot of work. It needs to hold books, magazines, drinks, food — even games on game night. You might want to put your feet up on it, or the kids might need a place for coloring. Plus it's usually smack dab in the middle of the room, where you can't miss it — so make sure it's a good one.
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House Call: Marie's Memphis Apartment
Name: Marie
Location: Memphis
Marie sent us an email with some shots of her colorful apartment - just the sunshine we needed in the middle of January! She says, I live in Midtown Place Apartments in Memphis TN and I have acquired an interest for interior decoration...
I am in undergraduate school at Memphis College of Art and am majoring in Illustration. Apartment Therapy is a site I visit on a daily basis for inspiration and tips so I've hoped that I could contribute to that with images of my apartment. Enjoy!
Thanks, Marie!
We've had amazing response to our Apartment Therapy House Tour Submission Form that we launched last month. While we will work with homeowners of our favorite homes to feature full tours, we will also share the best as House Calls — short, quick tours of readers' homes. Submit your home here.


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Unisys to decimate workforce after poor Q3
Come in number ten, your time is up
Unisys admitted a dismal third quarter yesterday and promptly promised Wall St it would dump 10 per cent of its workers over the next year.
The company said hammering down its headcount would cost $250m to $300m over the course of 2006, but would result in an analyst-pleasing $250m of savings on an annual basis by the end of 2007.
Revenues in the quarter ending September 30 were $1.39bn, down from $1.45bn a year ago. Operating losses were $76.2m compared to last year's $38m shortfall, while net loss was $54.3m, compared to a $25.2m profit a year ago.
The revenue shortfall was entirely down to the firm's technology business, which saw revenues slump from $298.6m a year ago to $213.1m.
Unisys said the Q3 numbers reflected weakness in its high-end server business, while its services business saw lower than expected revenues, under-utilization of personnel and higher implementation costs in project business and "continuing issues" in two challenging outsourcing operations.
Unisys's current workforce is around 36,000. A year ago it announced plans to cut 1,400 staff.®


text:
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Fall into Fun with Autumn Printables for 3rd Grade
Jump into fall with these festive autumn printables! From leaves changing colors and the pumpkin patch to fall resolutions, your 3rd grader will get into the seasonal spirit with these worksheets that explore puzzles, writing, science and more.Download All (6)
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Autumn MazeDownload Worksheet More info
Get lost in this pumpkin patch maze! Celebrate the fall season with this colorful puzzler, perfect for the car ride to the pumpkin patch.
Nature SketchbookDownload Worksheet More info
Celebrate the fall season with this nature sketchbook, perfect for any lover of the outdoors!
Why Do Leaves Change Color?Download Worksheet More info
Ever wonder what makes the leaves change colors in the fall? Find out with this fascinating life science worksheet.
Fall Word SearchDownload Worksheet More info
The leaves are changing color and falling from the trees. Fall is in the air! Your child can rake up knowledge by searching for words related to autumn.
Autumn DecorationsDownload Worksheet More info
Decorate for the fall season with this fun paper craft! You and your child can color in these leaves and string them into a fall leaves banner.
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It's never too early to make a resolution! Celebrate the autumn season by creating a lovely tree full of healthy goals and resolutions.
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text:
Day One in DC: Industry bends FDA's ear on social media
Thursday's testimony addressed four questions: for what online communications should manufacturers, packagers, or distributors be accountable; how companies can fulfill regulatory requirements in Internet and social media in light of space limitations and real-time tools; what parameters should apply to the posting of corrective information on sites controlled by third parties; and when the use of links is appropriate.
Eli Lilly's Michele Sharp spoke for many manufacturers when she said, "Frankly, to date, Lilly has avoided significant interaction with healthcare professionals and patients about our products in social-media forums—largely because of a lack of clarity in understanding FDA's expectations as to how we could participate and comply with FDA requirements."
Sharp, who is senior director, US regulatory affairs at Lilly, went on to note the deluge of misinformation online about prescription drugs—a common thread running through the morning's testimony, with industry advocates saying, more or less, "Hey, we're not the bad guys here."
Execs from J&J and Sanofi-Aventis also gave testimony and offered more specific thoughts on where FDA might draw the line on links, corporate responsibility for content and what might constitute adequate provision of risk information within space-limited formats like Twitter.
Google unveiled a proposed paid search format to replace the "one click rule" that FDA nixed with a flurry of April enforcement letters. Google's Mary Ann Belliveau and Amy Cowan said that since then, companies have been running two adjacent links—one branded, sans indication, and one unbranded. Clickthroughs have plummeted.
"We believe that before, they were more open and transparent," said Belliveau. "The ads clearly let users know they were for a prescription drug and users were more likely to visit the site and get important risk information."
Google proposes a format under which an abbreviated statement of major risks, 62 characters long, would run below the main text, alongside a second link that would take the user directly to risk information. For products carrying a boxed warning, this warning tag would read: "Click to see full safety and prescribing information, including boxed warning. More info."
Just who, if anyone, should be responsible for correcting misinformation was a topic of debate. Anecdotal evidence suggests that many companies are curtailing their involvement in social media for fear of unwittingly running afoul of FDA. Pitts said he knew of a company that ordered employees not to monitor social-media sites so as not to get entangled in hazy adverse-events reporting requirements.
Sixty-four percent of respondents in a WEGO Health survey of online health opinion leaders said that companies should be responsible for policing unauthorized versions of their content—even as 60% conceded that companies cannot reasonably keep up with all mentions of their content.
Diana Zuckerman of the National Research Center for Women and Families, the day's lone pharma critic, argued that because advertising online is so much cheaper than traditional consumer channels, the regulatory burden on marketers should be greater, with warning information granted equal space and placement to benefits.
Should a blog glow inaccurately about a company's product, Zuckerman said, the manufacturer should be required to request a correction, and should bear the burden of proof that the content was not influenced by commercial bias.
Zuckerman also said FDA should be monitoring and correcting misinformation or unbalanced information appearing on sites such as Drugs.com and Wikipedia entries on drugs that tend to place highly in searches. The additional staff required for that function could be funded through a user fee, she suggested. Sponsored links that are text links are much more effective than banner ads.
Many consumer groups could not be at the hearings, she said, because they're too busy with healthcare reform advocacy. Consumers Union will deliver testimony in today's morning session, dealing with questions around adverse-events reporting.
It seems unlikely that much in the way of formal policy change will come of the hearings soon, but many in attendance expressed jubilance that they were being heard. Mark Gaydos, of Sanofi-Aventis and the Social Media Working Group, said: "The fact that we're here at a two-day public hearing is proof of the recognition that industry should be engaged. It's just a question of how."
Matthew Arnold, MM&M's senior editor, will offer his insight and commentary in a roundup following today's testimony, as well.


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FOXBOROUGH, Mass. — Alfonzo Dennard watched himself on the video board as he raced 87 yards with an interception for a touchdown. He wanted to see if the star rookie who threw the pass might catch him.
The way the Patriots were playing — with their usual strong offense, big plays on defense and a touchdown on a punt return — there was no way Andrew Luck and the Colts could overtake them.
The Patriots, the NFL's highest-scoring team, equaled their single-game scoring record for points with a 59-24 win yesterday.
"The coaches want us to play aggressive," said Dennard, whose touchdown made it 45-17. "So that's what I was doing out there."
The first matchup between three-time Super Bowl winner Tom Brady and star rookie Luck was no match. Brady threw three touchdown passes. Luck threw three interceptions.
But Patriots tight end Rob Gronkowski left the field with about four minutes left in the game with what the team said was an arm injury. Comcast SportsNet New England reported X-rays showed Gronkowski had a broken arm. Neither the team nor Comcast SportsNet specified which arm was hurt.
Gronkowski caught two touchdown passes, giving him seven touchdown receptions in his last four games and 10 for the season. He finished the game with seven catches for 137 yards. The Patriots' other valuable tight end Aaron Hernandez missed his third straight game and sixth overall after spraining his right ankle.
The Patriots' much-maligned pass defense finally made major contributions as newcomer Aqib Talib returned another interception for a touchdown, covering 59 yards.
"We've got a lot of rookies out there so every week is a learning experience," Colts interim coach Bruce Arians said. "It was a bad learning experience."
The Patriots (7-3) won their fourth straight game and extended their lead in the AFC East to three games over the other three teams. The Colts (6-4) had their four-game winning streak stopped.
Now New England must hurry to prepare for its Thanksgiving night meeting with the Jets (4-6), who ended a three-game slide with a 27-13 win over the Rams.
"I don't think we're anywhere (near) where we need to be at this point," Brady said.
The Patriots' win was their most complete in a season in which they've averaged 35.8 points per game and lost their three games by a combined margin of four points.
They also scored on a 68-yard punt return by Julian Edelman three plays before Talib gave the Patriots the lead for good, 21-14.


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tk421 wrote:
NotContinuum wrote:
Hound of Cullen wrote:
rigeek wrote:
Fucking Searchy is back.
Fucking Searchy never went out of style.
I don't I ever want to think about fucking Searchy, no matter if it's in or out of style. *shiver*
With Searchy, you don't really have to think about it. Yes, he's that easy.
Yeah, but EAP said it's like throwing a hotdog down a hallway


text: Latest Video News Macron and Putin meet as French President concedes: "No major problem in the world can be solved without Russia" The two leaders met for the first time and their talks lasted almost three hours. Published 1 year ago on May 29, 2017 By Alex Christoforou 666 Views Share Tweet Russian President Vladimir Putin and French President Emmanuel Macron held a joint press conference after their meeting in Versailles. The two leaders discussed a key issues related to bilateral economic cooperation and geopolitical hot spots including Syria, Ukraine, Libya and the Korean Peninsula. The meeting between the two leaders lasted nearly three hours with Macron emphasizing that "Franco-Russian friendship" was at heart of his meeting with the Russian President. RT notes that President Macron admitted he has "some disagreements" with his Russian counterpart, but said that the two leaders discussed them openly in a frank exchange of views. The French president said that serious international problems cannot be resolved without Moscow, as he stressed the importance of the role Russia plays in the modern world. "No major problem in the world can be solved without Russia," he said during the press conference. He also said that France is interested in intensifying cooperation with Russia, particularly in resolving the Syrian crisis. The French leader went on to say that this issue demands "an inclusive political solution." Macron said that fighting Islamic State (IS, formerly ISIS/ISIL) remains an "absolute priority" for France and serves as one of the reasons for the reinforcement of cooperation with Russia. At the same time, he also said that the use of chemical weapons is a "red line" that should not be crossed, adding that the use of such weapons in Syria would trigger a "reprisal" from France. President Putin said that Russia and France are determined to cooperate in resolving the crises in Syria, Ukraine and the Korean Peninsula, as well as to fight terrorism together. The Russian leader added that he and Macron had particularly agreed to establish a working group on fighting terrorism. Macron welcomes Russian President Putin at France's Palace of Versailles… Related Topics:Vladimir PutinEmmanuel Macron Up Next Macron the boy says RT and Sputnik "behaved like deceitful propaganda" Don't Miss The end of the Western Alliance? Angela Merkel's colossal Munich blunder Advertisement You may like America the Punitive Why Russia will NOT fall victim to emerging markets financial crisis (Video) How Russia will respond to America's latest sanctions… (Video) Comments Latest The social media 'DEPLATFORM' end game: Self-censorship (Video) The Duran – News in Review – Episode 82. Published 11 hours ago on August 17, 2018 By Alex Christoforou Alex Jones' account was put in "read only" mode and will be blocked from posting on Twitter for seven days because of an offending tweet. Twitter declined to comment on the content that violated its policies. A Twitter spokesperson told CNN the content which prompted the suspension was a video published Tuesday in which Jones linked to within his tweet saying, "now is time to act on the enemy before they do a false flag". Twitter CEO Jack Dorsey last week defended Twitter's decision to not suspend Infowars and Alex Jones from the platform, claiming they had not violated Twitter policies. Dorsey refused to take down Alex Jones and his popular Infowars account, even as his Silicon Valley buddies over at Apple, Facebook, YouTube and Spotify were colluding to remove any sign of Jones or Infowars from their platforms… "We're going to hold Jones to the same standard we hold to every account, not taking one-off actions to make us feel good in the short term, and adding fuel to new conspiracy theories," Dorsey said in a tweet last week. He later added that it was critical that journalists "document, validate and refute" accounts like those of Mr. Jones, which "can often sensationalize issues and spread unsubstantiated rumors." According to Zerohedge, still after a CNN report identifying numerous past tweets from Infowars and Jones that did violate Twitter's rules, those posts were deleted. Tweets by Infowars and Jones deleted last week included posts attacking transgender and Muslim people; a claim that the 2012 shooting massacre at Sandy Hook Elementary School was a hoax perpetrated by "crisis actors"; and a video calling David Hogg, a survivor of the Parkland, Fla., high-school shooting, a Nazi. Dorsey finally caved overnight, with a "temporary suspension", which will likely become permanent upon Jones' next violation. Twitter's crackdown came more than a week after technology companies, including Apple, YouTube and Facebook removed content from Jones and his site, Infowars. As the WSJ notes, the actions against Infowars intensified a growing debate over what role tech companies play in policing controversial content on their platforms while they simultaneously support the principle of free speech. RT CrossTalk host Peter Lavelle and The Duran's Alex Christoforou examine the aggressive purge of conservative right, libertarian, and progressive accounts from Silicon Valley social media platforms, and how Alex Jones' was the first step towards driving so much fear into the population, that self censorship takes over and authoritarian rule over the Internet takes hold. Remember to Please Subscribe to The Duran's YouTube Channel. Via Zerohedge… In the latest media pit stop, Twitter CEO Jack Dorsey sat down with NBC News' Lester Holt, where he defended the company's decision to put Infowars' Alex Jones under a seven-day timeout over an offensive tweet linking to a video in which Jones encourages his audience to "act on the enemy before they do a false flag," and to get "battle rifles" ready. Dorsey said that despite calls to ban Jones last week amid a seemingly coordinated multi-platform blacklisting, he resisted until now. "We can't build a service that is subjective just to the whims of what we personally believe," Dorsey told Holt, while saying he believes a suspension can be an effect deterrent which can change user behaviors. "I feel any suspension, whether it be a permanent or a temporary one, makes someone think about their actions and their behaviors," Dorsey added – though he admitted he has no idea if Jones' timeout will result in any changes in behavior. Dorsey stated: "Whether it works within this case to change some of those behaviors and change some of those actions, I don't know. But this is consistent with how we enforce." Jones was banned or restricted from using the services of at least 10 tech companies this month, including Facebook and YouTube. Twitter had been the most high-profile holdout, until it announced on Tuesday that Jones was suspended from posting for seven days. Dorsey later clarified on Twitter that he was "speaking broadly about our range of enforcement actions" with regards to the company's use of timeouts. … in a follow-up question on weighing the importance of Twitter's rules versus its moral obligation, Dorsey said the company has "to put the safety of individuals first in every single thing that we do, and we need to enforce our rules and also evolve our rules around that." –NBC News Jack Dorsey said on Twitter. "I don't assume everyone will change their actions. Enforcement gets tougher with further reported violations." EXCLUSIVE: Twitter CEO @jack Dorsey on Alex Jones' "timeout": "Any suspension, whether it be a permanent one or a temporary one, makes someone think about their actions and behaviors."@lesterholtnbc has more tonight on @NBCNightlyNews. pic.twitter.com/QwUYjcYbAD — NBC Nightly News with Lester Holt (@NBCNightlyNews) August 15, 2018 To clarify: I was speaking broadly about our range of enforcement actions, when asked why we timeout functionality on Twitter. I don't assume everyone will change their actions. Enforcement gets tougher with further reported violations. https://t.co/HMHbL1D8hm — jack (@jack) August 15, 2018 We have some evidence to show this does work. It won't in every case. And we need to constantly evolve our enforcement actions. There will never be a perfect endpoint. — jack (@jack) August 15, 2018 Continue Reading Latest The Discarded Wisdom of America's Founders The great rule of conduct for us in regard to foreign nations is in extending our commercial relations, to have with them as little political connection as possible. Published 15 hours ago on August 17, 2018 By Eric Zuesse A good example of the discarded wisdom of America's Founders is George Washington's Farewell Address to the nation, delivered by him not orally but instead solely in printed form, published in Philadelphia by David C. Claypoole's American Daily Advertiser, on 19 September 1796, and distributed to the nation. The following extended excerpt from it is the most famous part of it, and is being blatantly raped by today's U.S. Government, and therefore it might indicate the necessity for a second American Revolution, this one to disown and throw out not Britain's Aristocracy, but America's aristocracy. America's Founders had done all they knew how to do to conquer Britain's aristocracy, and they embodied in our Constitution all that they knew in order to prevent any aristocracy ever from arising in this nation; but the Founders clearly had failed in this their dearest hope, because a domestic U.S. aristocracy has arisen here and destroyed American democracy, as this nation's Founders had feared, and as Washington in this document effectively affirms — and, by these words, proves — to have happened (they've taken over this country, in and by both of its Parties, and so we have here a profound and scathing, blistering, criticism of today's American Government): Observe good faith and justice towards all nations; cultivate peace and harmony with all. Religion and morality enjoin this conduct; and can it be, that good policy does not equally enjoin it? It will be worthy of a free, enlightened, and at no distant period, a great nation, to give to mankind the magnanimous and too novel example of a people always guided by an exalted justice and benevolence. Who can doubt that, in the course of time and things, the fruits of such a plan would richly repay any temporary advantages which might be lost by a steady adherence to it ? Can it be that Providence has not connected the permanent felicity of a nation with its virtue? The experiment, at least, is recommended by every sentiment which ennobles human nature. Alas! is it rendered impossible by its vices? In the execution of such a plan, nothing is more essential than that permanent, inveterate antipathies against particular nations, and passionate attachments for others, should be excluded; and that, in place of them, just and amicable feelings towards all should be cultivated. The nation which indulges towards another a habitual hatred or a habitual fondness is in some degree a slave. It is a slave to its animosity or to its affection, either of which is sufficient to lead it astray from its duty and its interest. Antipathy in one nation against another disposes each more readily to offer insult and injury, to lay hold of slight causes of umbrage, and to be haughty and intractable, when accidental or trifling occasions of dispute occur. Hence, frequent collisions, obstinate, envenomed, and bloody contests. The nation, prompted by ill-will and resentment, sometimes impels to war the government, contrary to the best calculations of policy. The government sometimes participates in the national propensity, and adopts through passion what reason would reject; at other times it makes the animosity of the nation subservient to projects of hostility instigated by pride, ambition, and other sinister and pernicious motives. The peace often, sometimes perhaps the liberty, of nations, has been the victim. So likewise, a passionate attachment of one nation for another produces a variety of evils. Sympathy for the favorite nation, facilitating the illusion of an imaginary common interest in cases where no real common interest exists, and infusing into one the enmities of the other, betrays the former into a participation in the quarrels and wars of the latter without adequate inducement or justification. It leads also to concessions to the favorite nation of privileges denied to others which is apt doubly to injure the nation making the concessions; by unnecessarily parting with what ought to have been retained, and by exciting jealousy, ill-will, and a disposition to retaliate, in the parties from whom equal privileges are withheld. And it gives to ambitious, corrupted, or deluded citizens (who devote themselves to the favorite nation), facility to betray or sacrifice the interests of their own country, without odium, sometimes even with popularity; gilding, with the appearances of a virtuous sense of obligation, a commendable deference for public opinion, or a laudable zeal for public good, the base or foolish compliances of ambition, corruption, or infatuation. As avenues to foreign influence in innumerable ways, such attachments are particularly alarming to the truly enlightened and independent patriot. How many opportunities do they afford to tamper with domestic factions, to practice the arts of seduction, to mislead public opinion, to influence or awe the public councils? Such an attachment of a small or weak towards a great and powerful nation dooms the former to be the satellite of the latter. Against the insidious wiles of foreign influence (I conjure you to believe me, fellow-citizens) the jealousy of a free people ought to be constantly awake, since history and experience prove that foreign influence is one of the most baneful foes of republican government. But that jealousy to be useful must be impartial; else it becomes the instrument of the very influence to be avoided, instead of a defense against it. Excessive partiality for one foreign nation and excessive dislike of another cause those whom they actuate to see danger only on one side, and serve to veil and even second the arts of influence on the other. Real patriots who may resist the intrigues of the favorite are liable to become suspected and odious, while its tools and dupes usurp the applause and confidence of the people, to surrender their interests. The great rule of conduct for us in regard to foreign nations is in extending our commercial relations, to have with them as little political connection as possible. So far as we have already formed engagements, let them be fulfilled with perfect good faith. Here let us stop. Europe has a set of primary interests which to us have none; or a very remote relation. Hence she must be engaged in frequent controversies, the causes of which are essentially foreign to our concerns. Hence, therefore, it must be unwise in us to implicate ourselves by artificial ties in the ordinary vicissitudes of her politics, or the ordinary combinations and collisions of her friendships or enmities. Our detached and distant situation invites and enables us to pursue a different course. If we remain one people under an efficient government, the period is not far off when we may defy material injury from external annoyance; when we may take such an attitude as will cause the neutrality we may at any time resolve upon to be scrupulously respected; when belligerent nations, under the impossibility of making acquisitions upon us, will not lightly hazard the giving us provocation; when we may choose peace or war, as our interest, guided by justice, shall counsel. Why forego the advantages of so peculiar a situation? Why quit our own to stand upon foreign ground? Why, by interweaving our destiny with that of any part of Europe, entangle our peace and prosperity in the toils of European ambition, rivalship, interest, humor or caprice? It is our true policy to steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world; so far, I mean, as we are now at liberty to do it; for let me not be understood as capable of patronizing infidelity to existing engagements. I hold the maxim no less applicable to public than to private affairs, that honesty is always the best policy. I repeat it, therefore, let those engagements be observed in their genuine sense. But, in my opinion, it is unnecessary and would be unwise to extend them. Taking care always to keep ourselves by suitable establishments on a respectable defensive posture, we may safely trust to temporary alliances for extraordinary emergencies. Harmony, liberal intercourse with all nations, are recommended by policy, humanity, and interest. But even our commercial policy should hold an equal and impartial hand; neither seeking nor granting exclusive favors or preferences; consulting the natural course of things; diffusing and diversifying by gentle means the streams of commerce, but forcing nothing; establishing (with powers so disposed, in order to give trade a stable course, to define the rights of our merchants, and to enable the government to support them) conventional rules of intercourse, the best that present circumstances and mutual opinion will permit, but temporary, and liable to be from time to time abandoned or varied, as experience and circumstances shall dictate; constantly keeping in view that it is folly in one nation to look for disinterested favors from another; that it must pay with a portion of its independence for whatever it may accept under that character; that, by such acceptance, it may place itself in the condition of having given equivalents for nominal favors, and yet of being reproached with ingratitude for not giving more. There can be no greater error than to expect or calculate upon real favors from nation to nation. It is an illusion, which experience must cure, which a just pride ought to discard. ————— Investigative historian Eric Zuesse is the author, most recently, of They're Not Even Close: The Democratic vs. Republican Economic Records, 1910-2010, and of CHRIST'S VENTRILOQUISTS: The Event that Created Christianity. Continue Reading Latest Bruce Ohr Texts, Emails Reveal Steele's Deep Ties to Obama DOJ, FBI There are indications that the FBI knew that Steele was in contact with the media before the bureau submitted the first FISA application. Published 15 hours ago on August 17, 2018 By The Duran Authored by Sara Carter via SaraCarter.com: A trove of emails and handwritten notes from Department of Justice official Bruce Ohr exposes the continuous contact and communication between the DOJ attorney and anti-Trump dossier author Christopher Steele, according to notes and documents obtained by SaraACarter.com. The emails and notes were written between 2016 and 2017. The notes and emails also reveal that Ohr was in communication with Glenn Simpson, the founder of the embattled research firm Fusion GPS, which was paid by the Hillary Clinton campaign and DNC to hire Steele. In one of Ohr's handwritten notes listed as "Law enforcement Sensitive" from May 10, 2017, he writes "Call with Chris," referencing Steele. He notes that Steele is "very concerned about Comey's firing, afraid they will be exposed." This call occurred months after FBI Director James Comey testified before the House Intelligence Committee and revealed for the first time that the FBI had an open counterintelligence investigation into President Donald Trump's campaign and alleged collusion with Russia. Steele is also extremely concerned about a letter sent from the Senate Judiciary Committee asking Comey for information on his involvement with Steele. Grassley sent 12 questions to Comey regarding the bureau and Steele's relationship and wanted all information on any agreements they had during the investigation into alleged Russia-Trump collusion. Grassley also wanted to know if the FBI ever verified any of the information in Steele's reports. In Ohr's notes from May 10, 2017, he goes onto write that Steele is concerned about a letter from the Senate Intelligence Committee, writing: "Asked them 3 questions: What info (information) did you give to the U.S. govt (government)? What was the scope of yr (your) investigation? Do you have any other info that would assist in our question?" SaraACarter.com first reported this week text messages between Steele and Ohr, revealing that Steele was anxious about Comey's testimony and was hoping that "important firewalls will hold" when Comey testified. Those text messages in March 2017 were shared only two days before Comey testified to lawmakers. The House Intelligence Committee revealed in their Russia report earlier this year that Steele–who was working for the FBI as a Confidential Human Source (CHS)–had shopped his dossier to numerous news outlets in the summer of 2016. According to the report, the FBI terminated Steele after discovering that he was leaking to news outlets, breaking a cardinal rule by the bureau to not reveal ongoing investigations and information to the media. However, there is growing concern that the FBI was well aware that Steele was in contact with media outlets about his dossier before the FBI applied to the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court for its first warrant in the fall of 2016 to conduct surveillance on former Trump campaign volunteer advisor, Carter Page. There are indications that the FBI knew that Steele was in contact with the media before the bureau submitted the first FISA application… "There are indications that the FBI knew that Steele was in contact with the media before the bureau submitted the first FISA application and that question needs to be resolved," said a congressional official with knowledge of the investigation. The documents from March 2017, reveal how concerned Steele is with Grassley's committee and the letter from the senator's office seeking answers from Steele on the dossier. In June 2017, Steele tells Ohr, "We are frustrated with how long this reengagement with the Bureau and Mueller is taking. Anything you can do to accelerate the process would be much appreciated. There are some new, perishable, operational opportunities which we do not want to miss out on." In October 2017, Steele notes that he is concerned about the stories in the media about the bureau delivering information to Congress "about my work and relationship with them. Very concerned about this. People's lives may be endangered." And in November 2017, Steele, who is trying to engage with Robert Mueller's Special Counsel, writes to Ohr saying, "we were wondering if there was any response to the questions I raised last week." Ohr responds by saying, "I have passed on the questions (apparently to the special counsel) but haven't gotten an answer yet." Steele then says, "I am presuming you've heard nothing back from your SC (special counsel) colleagues on the issues you kindly put to them from me. We have heard nothing from them either. To say this is disappointing would be an understatement! Certain people have been willing to risk everything to engage with them in an effort to help them reach the truth. Also, we remain in the dark as to what work has been briefed to Congress about us, our assets and previous work." Continue Reading JOIN OUR YOUTUBE CHANNEL Advertisement Your donations make all the difference. Together we can expose fake news lies and deliver truth. Amount to donate in USD$: 5 100 Waiting for PayPal...Validating payment information...Waiting for PayPal... 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