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Genetically modified organism
A genetically modified organism (GMO) is any organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques (i.e. genetically engineered organism). GMOs are the source of medicines and genetically modified foods and are also widely used in scientific research and to produce other goods.The term GMO is very close to the technical legal term, 'living modified organism', defined in the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, which regulates international trade in living GMOs (specifically, "any living organism that possesses a novel combination of genetic material obtained through the use of modern biotechnology").
A more specifically defined type of GMO is a "Transgenic Organism". This is an organism whose genetic makeup has been altered by the addition of genetic material from another, unrelated organism. This should not be confused with the more general way in which "GMO" is used to classify genetically altered organisms, as typically GMOs are organisms whose genetic makeup has been altered without the addition of genetic material from an unrelated organism.
The first genetically modified mouse was in 1981,[1] the first plant was produced in 1983 [2] and the first genetically modified human (modified mitochondrial DNA) was born on July 21, 1997.[3]
- 1 Production
- 2 History
- 3 Uses
- 3.1 Microbes
- 3.2 Plants
- 3.3 Mammals
- 3.4 Fish
- 3.5 Invertebrates
- 4 Regulation
- 5 Controversy
- 6 See also
- 7 References
- 8 External links
Genetic modification involves the mutation, insertion, or deletion of genes. Inserted genes usually come from a different species in a form of horizontal gene-transfer. In nature this can occur when exogenous DNA penetrates the cell membrane for any reason. To do this artificially may require:
- attaching the genes to a virus
- physically inserting the extra DNA into the nucleus of the intended host with a very small syringe
- with the use of electroporation (that is, introducing DNA from one organism into the cell of another by use of an electric pulse)
- with very small particles fired from a gene gun.[4][5][6]
Other methods exploit natural forms of gene transfer, such as the ability of Agrobacterium to transfer genetic material to plants,[7] or the ability of lentiviruses to transfer genes to animal cells.[8]
Humans have domesticated plants and animals since around 12,000 BCE, using selective breeding or artificial selection (as contrasted with natural selection).[9]:25 The process of selective breeding, in which organisms with desired traits (and thus with the desired genes) are used to breed the next generation and organisms lacking the trait are not bred, is a precursor to the modern concept of genetic modification.[10]:1[11]:1 When nucleic acid sequences are combined in a laboratory, the resulting DNA is called recombinant DNA.[12] Recombinant DNA may contain oligonucleotides from the same or similar species, in which case it is called "cisgenic", or may contain oligonucleotides from different organisms that could not naturally interbreed, in which case it is called "transgenic".[13] Recombinant DNA may also contain synthetic sequences.
The first recombinant DNA molecules were produced by Paul Berg in 1972.[14][15] Genetic engineering, the direct manipulation of genes using biotechnology, was first accomplished by Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen in 1973.[16] Whereas selective breeding depends on naturally occurring genetic variation within a population or species, genetic engineering can involve the intentional introduction of genes from different species. Advances have allowed scientists to manipulate, remove, and add genes to a variety of different organisms to induce a range of different traits. From 1976 the technology became commercialized, with companies producing and selling genetically modified foods and medicines.
GMOs are used in biological and medical research, production of pharmaceutical drugs,[17] experimental medicine (e.g. gene therapy), and agriculture (e.g. golden rice, resistance to herbicides). The term "genetically modified organism" does not always imply, but can include, targeted insertions of genes from one species into another. For example, a gene from a jellyfish, encoding a fluorescent protein called GFP, or green fluorescent protein, can be physically linked and thus co-expressed with mammalian genes to identify the location of the protein encoded by the GFP-tagged gene in the mammalian cell. Such methods are useful tools for biologists in many areas of research, including those who study the mechanisms of human and other diseases or fundamental biological processes in eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells.
Bacteria were the first organisms to be modified in the laboratory, due to the relative ease of modifying their genetics.[18]
They continue to be important model organisms for experiments in genetic engineering. In the field of synthetic biology, they have been used to test various synthetic approaches, from synthesizing genomes to creating novel nucleotides.[19][20][21]
These organisms are now used for several purposes, and are particularly important in producing large amounts of pure human proteins for use in medicine.[22]
Genetically modified bacteria are used to produce the protein insulin to treat diabetes.[23] Similar bacteria have been used to produce biofuels,[24] clotting factors to treat haemophilia,[25] and human growth hormone to treat various forms of dwarfism.[26][27]
In addition, various genetically engineered micro-organisms are routinely used as sources of enzymes for the manufacture of a variety of processed foods. These include alpha-amylase from bacteria, which converts starch to simple sugars, chymosin from bacteria or fungi, which clots milk protein for cheese making, and pectinesterase from fungi, which improves fruit juice clarity.[28]
Transgenic plants
Transgenic plants have been engineered for scientific research, to create new colours in plants, and to create different crops.
In research, plants are engineered to help discover the functions of certain genes. One way to do this is to knock out the gene of interest and see what phenotype develops. Another strategy is to attach the gene to a strong promoter and see what happens when it is over expressed. A common technique used to find out where the gene is expressed is to attach it to GUS or a similar reporter gene that allows visualisation of the location.[29]'
After thirteen years of collaborative research, an Australian company – Florigene, and a Japanese company – Suntory, created a blue rose (actually lavender or mauve) in 2004.[30] The genetic engineering involved three alterations – adding two genes, and interfering with another. One of the added genes was for the blue plant pigment delphinidin cloned from the pansy.[31] The researchers then used RNA interference (RNAi) technology to depress all color production by endogenous genes by blocking a crucial protein in color production, called dihydroflavonol 4-reductase) (DFR), and adding a variant of that protein that would not be blocked by the RNAi but that would allow the delphinidin to work.[31] The roses are sold in Japan, the United States, and Canada.[32][33] Florigene has also created and sells lavender-colored carnations that are genetically engineered in a similar way.[31]
Simple plants and plant cells have been genetically engineered for production of biopharmaceuticals in bioreactors as opposed to cultivating plants in open fields. Work has been done with duckweed Lemna minor,[34] the algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii[35] and the moss Physcomitrella patens.[36][37] An Israeli company, Protalix, has developed a method to produce therapeutics in cultured transgenic carrot and tobacco cells.[38] Protalix and its partner, Pfizer, received FDA approval to market its drug Elelyso, a treatment for Gaucher's disease, in 2012.[39]
Genetically modified crops
Genetically modified crops (GM crops, or biotech crops) are plants used in agriculture, the DNA of which has been modified using genetic engineering techniques. In most cases the aim is to introduce a new trait to the plant which does not occur naturally in the species. Examples in food crops include resistance to certain pests, diseases, or environmental conditions, reduction of spoilage, or resistance to chemical treatments (e.g. resistance to a herbicide), or improving the nutrient profile of the crop. Examples in non-food crops include production of pharmaceutical agents, biofuels, and other industrially useful goods, as well as for bioremediation.[40]
Farmers have widely adopted GM technology. Between 1996 and 2013, the total surface area of land cultivated with GM crops increased by a factor of 100, from 17,000 square kilometers (4,200,000 acres) to 1,750,000 km2 (432 million acres).[40] 10% of the world's croplands were planted with GM crops in 2010.[41] In the US, by 2014, 94% of the planted area of soybeans, 96% of cotton and 93% of corn were genetically modified varieties.[42] In recent years GM crops expanded rapidly in developing countries. In 2013 approximately 18 million farmers grew 54% of worldwide GM crops in developing countries.[40]
For discussions of issues about GM crops and GM food, see the Controversies section below and the article on genetically modified food controversies.
Cisgenic plants
Cisgenesis, sometimes also called intragenesis, is a product designation for a category of genetically engineered plants. A variety of classification schemes have been proposed[43] that order genetically modified organisms based on the nature of introduced genotypical changes rather than the process of genetic engineering.
While some genetically modified plants are developed by the introduction of a gene originating from distant, sexually incompatible species into the host genome, cisgenic plants contain genes that have been isolated either directly from the host species or from sexually compatible species. The new genes are introduced using recombinant DNA methods and gene transfer. Some scientists hope that the approval process of cisgenic plants might be simpler than that of proper transgenics,[44] but it remains to be seen.[45]
Genetically modified mammals are an important category of genetically modified organisms.[46] Ralph L. Brinster and Richard Palmiter developed the techniques responsible for transgenic mice, rats, rabbits, sheep, and pigs in the early 1980s, and established many of the first transgenic models of human disease, including the first carcinoma caused by a transgene. The process of genetically engineering animals is a slow, tedious, and expensive process. However, new technologies are making genetic modifications easier and more precise.[47]
The first transgenic (genetically modified) animal was produced by injecting DNA into mouse embryos then implanting the embryos in female mice.[48]
Genetically modified animals currently being developed can be placed into six different broad classes based on the intended purpose of the genetic modification:
- to research human diseases (for example, to develop animal models for these diseases);
- to produce industrial or consumer products (fibres for multiple uses);
- to produce products intended for human therapeutic use (pharmaceutical products or tissue for implantation);
- to enrich or enhance the animals' interactions with humans (hypo-allergenic pets);
- to enhance production or food quality traits (faster growing fish, pigs that digest food more efficiently);
- to improve animal health (disease resistance)[49]
Research use
Transgenic animals are used as experimental models to perform phenotypic and for testing in biomedical research.[50]
Genetically modified (genetically engineered) animals are becoming more vital to the discovery and development of cures and treatments for many serious diseases. By altering the DNA or transferring DNA to an animal, we can develop certain proteins that may be used in medical treatment. Stable expressions of human proteins have been developed in many animals, including sheep, pigs, and rats. Human-alpha-1-antitrypsin,[51] which has been tested in sheep and is used in treating humans with this deficiency and transgenic pigs with human-histo-compatibility have been studied in the hopes that the organs will be suitable for transplant with less chances of rejection.
Scientists have genetically engineered several organisms, including some mammals, to include green fluorescent protein (GFP), first observed in the jellyfish, Aequorea victoria in 1962, for medical research purposes (Chalfie, Shimoura, and Tsien were awarded the Nobel prize in Chemistry in 2008 for the discovery and development of GFP [52]). For example, fluorescent pigs have been bred to study human organ transplants (xenotransplantation), regenerating ocular photoreceptor cells, and other topics.[53] In 2011 a Japanese-American team created green-fluorescent cats to find therapies for HIV/AIDS and other diseases[54] as feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is related to HIV.[55]
In 2009, scientists in Japan announced that they had successfully transferred a gene into a primate species (marmosets) and produced a stable line of breeding transgenic primates for the first time.[56][57] Their first research target for these marmosets was Parkinson's disease, but they were also considering amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Huntington's disease.[58]
Producing human therapeutics
Within the field known as pharming, intensive research has been conducted to develop transgenic animals that produce biotherapeutics.[59] On 6 February 2009, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved the first human biological drug produced from such an animal, a goat. The drug, ATryn, is an anticoagulant which reduces the probability of blood clots during surgery or childbirth. It is extracted from the goat's milk.[60]
Production or food quality traits
In 2006, a pig was engineered to produce omega-3 fatty acids through the expression of a roundworm gene.[61]
Enviropig was a genetically enhanced line of Yorkshire pigs in Canada created with the capability of digesting plant phosphorus more efficiently than conventional Yorkshire pigs. The project ended in 2012.[62][63] These pigs produced the enzyme phytase, which breaks down the indigestible phosphorus, in their saliva. The enzyme was introduced into the pig chromosome by pronuclear microinjection. With this enzyme, the animal is able to digest cereal grain phosphorus.[62][64] The use of these pigs would reduce the potential of water pollution since they excrete from 30 to 70.7% less phosphorus in manure depending upon the age and diet.[62][64] The lower concentrations of phosphorus in surface runoff reduces algal growth, because phosphorus is the limiting nutrient for algae.[62] Because algae consume large amounts of oxygen, it can result in dead zones for fish.
In 2011, Chinese scientists generated dairy cows genetically engineered with genes from human beings to produce milk that would be the same as human breast milk.[65] This could potentially benefit mothers who cannot produce breast milk but want their children to have breast milk rather than formula. Aside from milk production, the researchers claim these transgenic cows to be identical to regular cows.[66] Two months later scientists from Argentina presented Rosita, a transgenic cow incorporating two human genes, to produce milk with similar properties as human breast milk.[67] In 2012, researchers from New Zealand also developed a genetically engineered cow that produced allergy-free milk.[68]
Goats have been genetically engineered to produce milk with strong spiderweb-like silk proteins in their milk.[69]
Human gene therapy
Gene therapy,[70] uses genetically modified viruses to deliver genes that can cure disease in humans. Although gene therapy is still relatively new, it has had some successes. It has been used to treat genetic disorders such as severe combined immunodeficiency,[71] and Leber's congenital amaurosis.[72] Treatments are also being developed for a range of other currently incurable diseases, such as cystic fibrosis,[73] sickle cell anemia,[74] Parkinson's disease,[75][76] cancer,[77][78][79] diabetes,[80] heart disease[81] and muscular dystrophy.[82]
Genetically modified fish are used for scientific research and as pets, and are being considered for use as food and as aquatic pollution sensors.
GM fish are widely used in basic research in genetics and development. Two species of fish, zebrafish and medaka, are most commonly modified because they have optically clear chorions (membranes in the egg), rapidly develop, and the 1-cell embryo is easy to see and microinject with transgenic DNA.[83]
The GloFish is a patented[84] brand of genetically modified (GM) fluorescent zebrafish with bright red, green, and orange fluorescent color. Although not originally developed for the ornamental fish trade, it became the first genetically modified animal to become publicly available as a pet when it was introduced for sale in 2003.[85] They were quickly banned for sale in California.[86]
GM fish have been developed with promoters driving an over-production of "all fish" growth hormone for use in the aquaculture industry to increase the speed of development and potentially reduce fishing pressure on wild stocks. This has resulted in dramatic growth enhancement in several species, including salmon,[87] trout[88] and tilapia.[89] AquaBounty Technologies, a biotechnology company working on bringing a GM salmon to market, claims that their GM AquAdvantage salmon can mature in half the time as wild salmon.[90] AquaBounty applied for regulatory approval to market their GM salmon in the US, and was approved in November 2015.[91] On 25 November 2013 Canada approved commercial scale production and export of GM Salmon eggs but they are not approved for human consumption in Canada.[92]
Several academic groups have been developing GM zebrafish to detect aquatic pollution. The lab that originated the GloFish discussed above originally developed them to change color in the presence of pollutants, to be used as environmental sensors.[93][94] A lab at University of Cincinnati has been developing GM zebrafish for the same purpose,[95][96] as has a lab at Tulane University.[97]
Recent research on pain in fish has resulted in concerns being raised that genetic-modifications induced for scientific research may have detrimental effects on the welfare of fish.[98]
Fruit flies
In biological research, transgenic fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) are model organisms used to study the effects of genetic changes on development.[99] Fruit flies are often preferred over other animals due to their short life cycle, low maintenance requirements, and relatively simple genome compared to many vertebrates.
In 2010, scientists created "malaria-resistant mosquitoes" in the laboratory.[100][101][102] The World Health Organization estimated that malaria killed almost one million people in 2008.[103] Genetically modified male mosquitoes containing a lethal gene have been developed to combat the spread of dengue fever.[104] Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, the single most important carrier of dengue fever, were reduced by 80% in a 2010 trial of these GM mosquitoes in the Cayman Islands.[105][106] Between 50 and 100 million people are affected by dengue fever every year and 40,000 people die from it.[107]
A strain of Pectinophora gossypiella (Pink bollworm) has been genetically engineered to express a red fluorescent protein. This allows researchers to monitor bollworms that have been sterilized by radiation and released to reduce bollworm infestation. The strain has been field tested for over three years and has been approved for release.[107][108][109]
Cnidarians such as Hydra and the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis have become attractive model organisms to study the evolution of immunity and certain developmental processes. An important technical breakthrough was the development of procedures for generation of stably transgenic hydras and sea anemones by embryo microinjection.[110]
The regulation of genetic engineering concerns the approaches taken by governments to assess and manage the risks associated with the use of genetic engineering technology and the development and release of genetically modified organisms (GMO), including genetically modified crops and genetically modified fish. There are differences in the regulation of GMOs between countries, with some of the most marked differences occurring between the USA and Europe.[111] Regulation varies in a given country depending on the intended use of the products of the genetic engineering. For example, a crop not intended for food use is generally not reviewed by authorities responsible for food safety.[112] The European Union differentiates between approval for cultivation within the EU and approval for import and processing. While only a few GMOs have been approved for cultivation in the EU a number of GMOs have been approved for import and processing.[113] The cultivation of GMOs has triggered a debate about coexistence of GM and nonGM crops. Depending on the coexistence regulations, incentives for cultivation of GM crops differ.[114]
There is controversy over GMOs, especially with regard to their use in producing food. The dispute involves buyers, biotechnology companies, governmental regulators, non-governmental organizations, and scientists. The key areas of controversy related to GMO food are whether GM food should be labeled, the role of government regulators, the effect of GM crops on health and the environment, the effect on pesticide resistance, the impact of GM crops for farmers, and the role of GM crops in feeding the world population. In 2014, sales of products which had been labeled as non-GMO grew 30 percent to $1.1 billion.[115]
There is a general scientific agreement that food from genetically modified crops is not inherently riskier to human health than conventional food.[116][117][118][119] No reports of ill effects have been proven in the human population from ingesting GM food.[116][120][121][122] Although labeling of GMO products in the marketplace is required in many countries, it is not required in the United States and no distinction between marketed GMO and non-GMO foods is recognized by the US FDA. In a May 2014 article in The Economist it was argued that, while GM foods could potentially help feed 842 million malnourished people globally, laws such as those being considered by Vermont's governor, Peter Shumlin, to require labeling of foods containing genetically modified ingredients, could have the unintended consequence of interrupting the benign process of spreading GM technologies to impoverished countries that suffer with food security problems.[116]
The Organic Consumers Association, and the Union of Concerned Scientists,[123][124][125][126][127] and Greenpeace stated that risks have not been adequately identified and managed, and they have questioned the objectivity of regulatory authorities. Some health groups say there are unanswered questions regarding the potential long-term impact on human health from food derived from GMOs, and propose mandatory labeling[128][129] or a moratorium on such products.[130][131][132] Concerns include contamination of the non-genetically modified food supply,[133][134] effects of GMOs on the environment and nature,[130][132] the rigor of the regulatory process,[131][135] and consolidation of control of the food supply in companies that make and sell GMOs.[130]
See also
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- ↑ Cyranoski, D. (2009). "Marmoset model takes centre stage". Nature. 459 (7246): 492–492. PMID 19478751. doi:10.1038/459492a.
- ↑ Louis-Marie Houdebine (2009) "Production of Pharmaceutical by transgenic animals". Comparative Immunology, Microbiology & Infectious Diseases 32(2): 107–121 [4]
- ↑ Britt Erickson, 10 February 2009, for Chemical & Engineering News. FDA Approves Drug From Transgenic Goat Milk Accessed 6 October 2012
- ↑ Lai L, et al. (2006). "Generation of cloned transgenic pigs rich in omega-3 fatty acids" (PDF). Nature Biotechnology. 24 (4): 435–436. PMC 2976610 . PMID 16565727. doi:10.1038/nbt1198. Retrieved 2009-03-29.
- ↑ 62.0 62.1 62.2 62.3 Guelph(2010). Enviropig. Canada:
- ↑ Schimdt, Sarah. "Genetically engineered pigs killed after funding ends", Postmedia News, 22 June 2012. Accessed 31 July 2012.
- ↑ 64.0 64.1 Canada. "Enviropig — Environmental Benefits | University of Guelph". Uoguelph.ca. Retrieved 8 March 2010.
- ↑ Gray,Richard(2011). "Genetically modified cows produce 'human' milk"
- ↑ Classical Medicine Journal (14 April 2010). "Genetically modified cows producing human milk.".
- ↑ Yapp, Robin (11 June 2011). "Scientists create cow that produces 'human' milk". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 15 June 2012.
- ↑ Jabed, A.; Wagner, S.; McCracken, J.; Wells, D. N.; Laible, G. (2012). "Targeted microRNA expression in dairy cattle directs production of -lactoglobulin-free, high-casein milk". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 109 (42): 16811–16816. Bibcode:2012PNAS..10916811J. doi:10.1073/pnas.1210057109.
- ↑ Zyga, Lisa(2010). "Scientist bred goats that produce spider silk".
- ↑ Selkirk SM (October 2004). "Gene therapy in clinical medicine". Postgrad Med J. 80 (948): 560–70. PMC 1743106 . PMID 15466989. doi:10.1136/pgmj.2003.017764.
- ↑ Cavazzana-Calvo M, Fischer A (June 2007). "Gene therapy for severe combined immunodeficiency: are we there yet?". J. Clin. Invest. 117 (6): 1456–65. PMC 1878528 . PMID 17549248. doi:10.1172/JCI30953.
- ↑ Richards, Sabrina (6 November 2012) "Gene therapy arrives in Europe" The Scientist, Retrieved 15 April 2013
- ↑ Rosenecker J, Huth S, Rudolph C (October 2006). "Gene therapy for cystic fibrosis lung disease: current status and future perspectives". Current Opinion in Molecular Therapeutics. 8 (5): 439–45. PMID 17078386.
- ↑ Persons DA, Nienhuis AW (July 2003). "Gene therapy for the hemoglobin disorders". Curr. Hematol. Rep. 2 (4): 348–55. PMID 12901333.
- ↑ Lewitt, P. A.; Rezai, A. R.; Leehey, M. A.; Ojemann, S. G.; Flaherty, A. W.; Eskandar, E. N.; Kostyk, S. K.; Thomas, K.; Sarkar, A.; Siddiqui, M. S.; Tatter, S. B.; Schwalb, J. M.; Poston, K. L.; Henderson, J. M.; Kurlan, R. M.; Richard, I. H.; Van Meter, L.; Sapan, C. V.; During, M. J.; Kaplitt, M. G.; Feigin, A. (2011). "AAV2-GAD gene therapy for advanced Parkinson's disease: A double-blind, sham-surgery controlled, randomised trial". The Lancet Neurology. 10 (4): 309–319. PMID 21419704. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(11)70039-4.
- ↑ Gallaher, James "Gene therapy 'treats' Parkinson's disease" BBC News Health, 17 March 2011. Retrieved 24 April 2011
- ↑ Urbina, Zachary (12 February 2013) "Genetically Engineered Virus Fights Liver Cancer" United Academics, Retrieved 15 February 2013
- ↑ "Treatment for Leukemia Is Showing Early Promise". The New York Times. Associated Press. 11 August 2011. p. A15. Retrieved 21 January 2013.
- ↑ Coghlan, Andy (26 March 2013) "Gene therapy cures leukaemia in eight days" The New Scientist, Retrieved 15 April 2013
- ↑ Staff (13 February 2013) "Gene therapy cures diabetic dogs" New Scientist, Retrieved 15 February 2013
- ↑ (30 April 2013) "New gene therapy trial gives hope to people with heart failure" British Heart Foundation, Retrieved 5 May 2013
- ↑ Foster K, Foster H, Dickson JG (December 2006). "Gene therapy progress and prospects: Duchenne muscular dystrophy". Gene Ther. 13 (24): 1677–85. PMID 17066097. doi:10.1038/sj.gt.3302877.
- ↑ Hackett, P. B., Ekker, S. E. and Essner, J. J. (2004) Applications of transposable elements in fish for transgenesis and functional genomics. Fish Development and Genetics (Z. Gong and V. Korzh, eds.) World Scientific, Inc., Chapter 16, 532–580.
- ↑ Published PCT Application WO2000049150 "Chimeric Gene Constructs for Generation of Fluorescent Transgenic Ornamental Fish". National University of Singapore [5]
- ↑ Eric Hallerman "Glofish, The First GM Animal Commercialized: Profits amid Controversy". June, 2004. Accessed 3 September 2012.[6]
- ↑ Schuchat, S. (17 December 2003). "Why GloFish won't glow in California". San Francisco Chronicle.
- ↑ Shao Jun Du et al. (1992) "Growth Enhancement in Transgenic Atlantic Salmon by the Use of an 'All Fish' Chimeric Growth Hormone Gene Construct". Nature Biotechnology 10, 176–181 [7]
- ↑ Devlin RF et al. (2001) "Growth of domesticated transgenic fish". Nature 409, 781–782 [8]
- ↑ Rahman MA et al. (2001) "Growth and nutritional trials on transgenic Nile tilapia containing an exogenous fish growth hormone gene". Journal of Fish Biology 59(1):62–78 [9]
- ↑ Pollack, Andrew (December 21, 2012). "Engineered Fish Moves a Step Closer to Approval". The New York Times.
- ↑ http://www.fda.gov/ForConsumers/ConsumerUpdates/ucm472487.htm. Missing or empty
- ↑ Goldenberg, Suzanne (25 November 2013). "Canada approves production of GM salmon eggs on commercial scale". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
- ↑ National University of Singapore Enterprise webpage Archived July 5, 2014 at the Wayback Machine
- ↑ "Zebra Fish as Pollution Indicators" Page last modified on 31 July 2001. Accessed October 2012
- ↑ Carvan MJ et al. (2000) "Transgenic zebrafish as sentinels for aquatic pollution". Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2000;919:133–47 [10]
- ↑ Nebert DW et al. (2002) "Use of Reporter Genes and Vertebrate DNA Motifs in Transgenic Zebrafish as Sentinels for Assessing Aquatic Pollution". Environmental Health Perspectives 110(1):A15 | January 2002 [11]
- ↑ Mattingly CJ et al. (2001) "Green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a marker of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) function in developing zebrafish (Danio rerio)". Environ Health Perspect. 2001 Aug;109(8):845–9 [12]
- ↑ Huntingford, F.A., Adams, C., Braithwaite, V.A., Kadri, S., Pottinger, T.G., Sandøe, P. and Turnbull, J.F. (2006). "Review paper: Current issues in fish welfare" (PDF). Journal of Fish Biology. 68 (2): 332–372. doi:10.1111/j.0022-1112.2006.001046.x.
- ↑ "Online Education Kit: 1981-82: First Transgenic Mice and Fruit Flies". genome.gov.
- ↑ Gallagher, James "GM mosquitoes offer malaria hope" BBC News, Health, 20 April 2011. Retrieved 22 April 2011
- ↑ Corby-Harris, V.; Drexler, A.; Watkins De Jong, L.; Antonova, Y.; Pakpour, N.; Ziegler, R.; Ramberg, F.; Lewis, E. E.; Brown, J. M.; Luckhart, S.; Riehle, M. A. (2010). Vernick, Kenneth D., ed. "Activation of Akt Signaling Reduces the Prevalence and Intensity of Malaria Parasite Infection and Lifespan in Anopheles stephensi Mosquitoes". PLoS Pathogens. 6 (7): e1001003. PMC 2904800 . PMID 20664791. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1001003.
- ↑ Windbichler, N.; Menichelli, M.; Papathanos, P. A.; Thyme, S. B.; Li, H.; Ulge, U. Y.; Hovde, B. T.; Baker, D.; Monnat Jr, R. J.; Burt, A.; Crisanti, A. (2011). "A synthetic homing endonuclease-based gene drive system in the human malaria mosquito". Nature. 473 (7346): 212–215. Bibcode:2011Natur.473..212W. PMC 3093433 . PMID 21508956. doi:10.1038/nature09937.
- ↑ World Health Organization, Malaria, Key Facts Retrieved 22 April 2011
- ↑ Wise De Valdez, M. R.; Nimmo, D.; Betz, J.; Gong, H. -F.; James, A. A.; Alphey, L.; Black, W. C. (2011). "Genetic elimination of dengue vector mosquitoes". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 108 (12): 4772–4775. Bibcode:2011PNAS..108.4772W. doi:10.1073/pnas.1019295108.
- ↑ Harris, A. F.; Nimmo, D.; McKemey, A. R.; Kelly, N.; Scaife, S.; Donnelly, C. A.; Beech, C.; Petrie, W. D.; Alphey, L. (2011). "Field performance of engineered male mosquitoes". Nature Biotechnology. 29 (11): 1034–1037. PMID 22037376. doi:10.1038/nbt.2019.
- ↑ Staff (March 2011) "Cayman demonstrates RIDL potential" Oxitec Newsletter, March 2011. Retrieved 20 September 2011
- ↑ 107.0 107.1 Nicholls, Henry (14 September 2011) "Swarm troopers: Mutant armies waging war in the wild" The New Scientist. Retrieved 20 September 2011
- ↑ Staff Pink Bollworm Oxitec, Retrieved 17 August 2014
- ↑ Walters, M.; et al. (2012). "Field longevity of a fluorescent protein marker in an engineered strain of the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders)". PLoS ONE. 7 (6): e38547. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...738547W. PMID 22693645. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0038547.
- ↑ Wittlieb J, Khalturin K, Lohmann JU, Anton-Erxleben F and Bosch TCG (2006). "Transgenic Hydra allow in vivo tracking of individual stem cells during morphogenesis". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103 (16): 6208–6211. Bibcode:2006PNAS..103.6208W. PMC 1458856 . PMID 16556723. doi:10.1073/pnas.0510163103.
- ↑ Gaskell, G.; Bauer, M. W.; Durant, J.; Allum, N. C. (1999). "Worlds Apart? The Reception of Genetically Modified Foods in Europe and the U.S". Science. 285 (5426): 384–387. PMID 10411496. doi:10.1126/science.285.5426.384.
- ↑ "The History and Future of GM Potatoes". PotatoPro.com.
- ↑ Wesseler, J. and N. Kalaitzandonakes (2011): "Present and Future EU GMO policy". In Arie Oskam, Gerrit Meesters and Huib Silvis (eds.), EU Policy for Agriculture, Food and Rural Areas. Second Edition, pp. 23–323 – 23-332. Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers
- ↑ Beckmann, V., C. Soregaroli, J. Wesseler (2011): "Coexistence of genetically modified (GM) and non-modified (non GM) crops: Are the two main property rights regimes equivalent with respect to the coexistence value?" In Genetically modified food and global welfare edited by Colin Carter, GianCarlo Moschini and Ian Sheldon, pp 201–224. Volume 10 in Frontiers of Economics and Globalization Series. Bingley, UK: Emerald Group Publishing
- ↑ Smithonian (2015). "Some Brands Are Labeling Products "GMO-free" Even if They Don't Have Genes".
- ↑ 116.0 116.1 116.2 "Vermont v science", The Economist, Montpelier, 411 (8886), pp. 25–26, 10 May 2014
- ↑ American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Board of Directors (2012). Statement by the AAAS Board of Directors On Labeling of Genetically Modified Foods, and associated Press release: Legally Mandating GM Food Labels Could Mislead and Falsely Alarm Consumers
- ↑ A decade of EU-funded GMO research (2001–2010) (PDF). Directorate-General for Research and Innovation. Biotechnologies, Agriculture, Food. European Union. 2010. ISBN 978-92-79-16344-9. doi:10.2777/97784.
"The main conclusion to be drawn from the efforts of more than 130 research projects, covering a period of more than 25 years of research, and involving more than 500 independent research groups, is that biotechnology, and in particular GMOs, are not per se more risky than e.g. conventional plant breeding technologies." (p. 16)
- ↑ Ronald, Pamela (2011). "Plant genetics, sustainable agriculture and global food security". Genetics. 188 (1): 11–20. PMC 3120150 . PMID 21546547. doi:10.1534/genetics.111.128553.
- ↑ American Medical Association (2012). "Report 2 of the Council on Science and Public Health: Labeling of Bioengineered Foods" "Bioengineered foods have been consumed for close to 20 years, and during that time, no overt consequences on human health have been reported and/or substantiated in the peer-reviewed literature." (first page)
- ↑ United States Institute of Medicine and National Research Council (2004). "Safety of Genetically Engineered Foods: Approaches to Assessing Unintended Health Effects". National Academies Press. Free full-text. National Academies Press. pp R9-10: "In contrast to adverse health effects that have been associated with some traditional food production methods, similar serious health effects have not been identified as a result of genetic engineering techniques used in food production. This may be because developers of bioengineered organisms perform extensive compositional analyses to determine that each phenotype is desirable and to ensure that unintended changes have not occurred in key components of food."
- ↑ Key S, Ma JK, Drake PM (June 2008). "Genetically modified plants and human health". J R Soc Med. 101 (6): 290–8. PMC 2408621 . PMID 18515776. doi:10.1258/jrsm.2008.070372.
pp 292-293. "Foods derived from GM crops have been consumed by hundreds of millions of people across the world for more than 15 years, with no reported ill effects (or legal cases related to human health), despite many of the consumers coming from that most litigious of countries, the USA."
- ↑ Nathanael Johnson for Grist. Jul 8, 2013 The genetically modified food debate: Where do we begin?
- ↑ JoAnna Wendel for the Genetic Literacy Project. 10 September 2013 Scientists, journalists and farmers join lively GMO forum
- ↑ Keith Kloor for Discover Magazine's CollideAScape 22 August 2014 On Double Standards and the Union of Concerned Scientists
- ↑ Union of Concerned Scientists. Alternatives to Genetic Engineering. Page source description: "Biotechnology companies produce genetically engineered crops to control insects and weeds and to manufacture pharmaceuticals and other chemicals. The Union of Concerned Scientists works to strengthen the federal oversight needed to prevent such products from contaminating our food supply."
- ↑ Emily Marden, Risk and Regulation: U.S. Regulatory Policy on Genetically Modified Food and Agriculture 44 B.C.L. Rev. 733 (2003). Quote: "By the late 1990s, public awareness of GM foods reached a critical level and a number of public interest groups emerged to focus on the issue. One of the early groups to focus on the issue was Mothers for Natural Law ("MFNL"), an Iowa based organization that aimed to ban GM foods from the market....The Union of Concerned Scientists ("UCS"), an alliance of 50,000 citizens and scientists, has been another prominent voice on the issue.... As the pace of GM products entering the market increased in the 1990s, UCS became a vocal critic of what it saw as the agency's collusion with industry and failure to fully take account of allergenicity and other safety issues."
- ↑ British Medical Association Board of Science and Education (2004). "Genetically modified food and health: A second interim statement". March.
- ↑ Public Health Association of Australia (2007) "Genetically Modified Foods" PHAA AGM 2007 Archived 20 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine
- ↑ 130.0 130.1 130.2 Canadian Association of Physicians for the Environment (2013) "Statement on Genetically Modified Organisms in the Environment and the Marketplace". October 2013
- ↑ 131.0 131.1 Irish Doctors' Environmental Association "IDEA Position on Genetically Modified Foods". Retrieved 3/25/14
- ↑ 132.0 132.1 PR Newswire "Genetically Modified Maize: Doctors' Chamber Warns of 'Unpredictable Results' to Humans". 11 November 2013
- ↑ Chartered Institute of Environmental Health (2006) "Proposals for managing the coexistence of GM, conventional and organic crops Response to the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs consultation paper". October 2006
- ↑ Paull, John (2015) GMOs and organic agriculture: Six lessons from Australia, Agriculture & Forestry, 61(1): 7-14.
- ↑ American Medical Association (2012). "Report 2 of the Council on Science and Public Health: Labeling of Bioengineered Foods". "To better detect potential harms of bioengineered foods, the Council believes that pre-market safety assessment should shift from a voluntary notification process to a mandatory requirement." page 7
External links
- Everything you wanted to know about GM organisms — Provided by New Scientist.
- Transgenic Organism Research
- International Society for Transgenic Technologies (ISTT)
- GMO-Compass: Information on genetically modified organisms
- Co-Extra: Research on co-existence and traceability of GM and non-GM supply chains
- ISAAA Knowledge Center: Information on genetically modified organisms


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Susan Mathis and her husband, Dale, are authors of Countdown for Couples: Preparing for the Adventure of Marriage and The ReMarriage Adventure: Preparing for a Lifetime of Love & Happiness. Susan is the founding editor of Thriving Family magazine, the former editor or editorial director of 12 unique Focus on the Family publications including the Focus on the Family magazine and the Focus on Your Child newsletters. She has also written hundreds of articles and columns for magazines and newspapers. Dale and Susan have worked with couples in premarital counseling and have been mentors and facilitators for the Woodmen Valley Chapel Premarital class.
Beginning married life together can be thrilling, but also traumatic. With a good understanding of how you'll work together as a team, it'll be more of the former and less of the latter.
Helping young adults mature in Christ and prepare for marriage and family. Learn more
© Focus on the Family 1998-2018

subset: commoncrawl


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SuperTux is a classic 2D jump'n'run sidescroller game in a style similar to the original Super Mario games.
You play as the penguin Tux on dangerous journeys through sometimes difficult icy and snowy lands and later through a forest world.
Collect coins and powerups, stomp one of the many enemies, burn them with fire balls or freeze them with ice balls and try to run to the exit alive as you advance through each level. Some levels even have their own little unique surprises.
SuperTux features a main story and a large number of extra levels. If those aren't enough, even more level sets can be downloaded in-game as add-ons.


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No community wants a toxic waste dump in its backyard or untreated sewage running through its streets. But they do not enjoy equal ability to fend off such health dangers. Affluent communities can afford protracted, costly and often successful legal battles; poorer communities, in the U.S. and around the world, too often find themselves powerless to do much of anything.
What can be and is being done about unequal protections from environmental harm was the subject of a Feb. 23 symposium, "Environmental Justice: Hearing Communities through the Economic Din," sponsored by The Catholic University of America, Columbus School of Law.
Presented and moderated at the National Press Club by Alexandra Dapolito Dunn, (left) lecturer-in-law at Catholic University, the roundtable discussion was co-sponsored by The D.C. Bar Environment, Energy and Natural Resources Section; the Environmental Law Institute; the Women's Council on Energy and the Environment; and the ABA Section of Environment, Energy, and Resources.
"We want a country where no subpopulation bears a disproportionate share of environmental risks and burdens," said Dunn at the program's open. "Once your eyes are opened to the needs and challenges of communities in developing nations, you can't ever think about environmental justice in the same way."
All of the program's four panelists acknowledged that while concepts of environmental justice have advanced in the U.S. and around the world, implementation often lags far behind.
In the U.S., the EPA has produced Plan EJ 2014, a comprehensive framework or "toolbox" that offers methods, mechanisms, and systems that support environmental justice analysis, technical assistance, and community work.
"This document dispels any notion that federal environmental laws and environmental justice are mutually exclusive priorities," said Scott Fulton (left), General Counsel, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Yet environmental justice, the speakers conceded, eludes a settled definition. It means different things to different cultures, nations, and communities.
That's why regulators need flexibility in their response options, noted Susan Parker Bodine (below left), a partner, Barnes & Thornburg LLP, and formerly the EPA's assistant administrator of the Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response.
"Rulemaking is the most difficult challenge for environmental justice because rules are of general applicability. It's not site specific. Rules apply nationally," she said.
Globally, the picture is mixed, according to Carole Excell, senior associate with the World Resources Institute. The adoption of the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development in 1992 indicated a universal acceptance of the idea that the public's voice must be heard in issues of environmental justice.
"All around the world there are environmental courts," Excell (left) explained. "But these standards do not make access to justice available for communities living in poverty. "They're still not delivering access to the poor."
In short, the discussants concluded, a great deal of work lies ahead, both in America and abroad, to ensure that people lacking wealth or connections are able to shield themselves from environmental threats as well.
"Maybe with what we heard today, we can open a few more eyes," Dunn concluded.
The program was the second in Catholic University law school's 2011-2012 "Critical Insights in the Law and Law Practice" lecture series. Two more are scheduled at the National Press Club this spring: in April, "Current Pension Topics under ERISA," and in May, "Religious Liberty under President Obama."


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The Mayo Clinic on Monday announced that Rep. Jesse Jackson Jr. has bipolar disorder, the clearest indication so far of what's kept the veteran South Side lawmaker on medical leave and out of the public eye for more than two months.
But Jackson's family, staff members and the clinic would not discuss a timetable on the congressman's return to work or specifics of his treatment. Jackson, 47, is up for re-election Nov. 6.


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Senate OKs 80/20 plan on health insurance
LANSING, Mich. — Public employees would be required to pay at least 20 percent of their health insurance premiums under legislation approved by the state Senate, while a separate bill would curtail automatic teacher wage increases once a contract has expired, according to media reports.
Sen. Mark Jansen, R-Gaines Township, said the insurance contribution would bring public-sector cost sharing in line with the private sector, where workers often pay more than 20 percent of their health insurance premium, according to Mlive. The arrangement, which also would apply to legislators, would save public employers more than $500 million annually, the report said.
Employee contributions in school districts currently vary from zero to more than 20 percent, the report said. The legislation would allow county and municipal employers to exempt themselves from the 80-20 requirement with a two-thirds vote of the governing board, according to Mlive.
Sen. John Gleason, D-Flushing, called the move a power grab that attacks the collective bargaining rights of teachers and other public employees, Mlive reported.
In related news, teachers would no longer receive automatic "step increases" under the terms of expired contracts and also would no longer be able to bargain retroactive pay increases under legislation that Gov. Rick Snyder is expected to sign, The Muskegon Chronicle reported.
The proposed law is intended to speed up negotiations on expired contracts, the report said. It also would require employees to pay any increased costs for health insurance during the time period between when a collective bargaining agreement expires and a new contract is settled.
The Muskegon Chronicle, "Teacher 'step increases,' retroactive wages curtailed in bill headed for Gov. Snyder," May 18, 2011
Mlive.com, "Michigan Senate passes bill requiring public workers to pay 20 percent of health insurance premiums," May 18, 2011
MichiganVotes, "2011 Senate Bill 7 - Mandate 20 percent government employee health benefit contribution," Jan. 19, 2011
MichiganVotes, "House Bill 4152 - Limit certain automatic government union employee pay hikes," Jan. 26, 2011


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(AFP) Lady Gaga is streaming her new album a week early after leaks, but she hinted Wednesday at an out-of-this-world publicity splash with its official launch–a concert in space.
The multi-platinum-selling pop diva's third album, "Artpop," went up without warning on iTunes after a trickle of leaks in recent days on the Internet. The first official release was Wednesday in Japan.
But the rarely subtle singer gave fans another reason to wait for the album's official international launch on Sunday. Us Weekly magazine reported that Lady Gaga would become the first singer to perform in outer space.
"Find out if the rumors are true. 11.10 LIVE from ARTPOP's album launch," she teased on Twitter.
The magazine said that Lady Gaga plans a month of special vocal training to perform in early 2015 aboard the Virgin Galactic, the passenger spaceplane being launched by British billionaire Richard Branson to popularize space tourism.
Lady Gaga will perform one song on the spaceship during the Zero G Colony high-tech festival in New Mexico, the magazine said.
In "Artpop," Lady Gaga returns to the danceable synthpop of her massively successful 2008 debut album "The Fame" after experimenting with other styles on her second album, "Born This Way."
She had initially appealed to her fans to stop early leaks of the new album's first single, "Applause."
In an interview published in Britain's Daily Mail, Lady Gaga said that the album examined the relationship between music and pop culture, aiming for the opposite effect of iconic pop artist Andy Warhol.
"The intention of the album was to put art culture into pop music, a reverse of Warhol. Instead of putting pop onto the canvas, we wanted to put the art onto the soup can," she said in the interview.
Last month, fellow pop singer Katy Perry similarly released her new album, "Prism," after leaks.


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President Barack Obama's trip to Mexico this week had Jay Leno ruminating on two of his favorite political topics: Obama's lack of skill in economics and the immigration issue. The president is traveling to Mexico to talk about the North American economy and immigration with Mexican leadership, which promoted the Tonight Show host to say that Obama "actually has to leave the country" to tout any economic successes. Leno also compared talking immigration in Mexico to touting same-sex marriage in San Francisco.
Iranian president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad is also in the news, with a report that he was arrested for trying to expose election corruption . Late Night's Jimmy Fallon took an opportunity to bag on Iran, saying Ahmadinejad's bail was set at the unreasonable sum of "like 200 goats."
Stephen Colbert jumped on Barack Obama's recent comments about closing the detention facilities at Guantánamo Bay. With hunger strikes ongoing, Colbert mentioned Mahatma Gandhi's fame in the arena, using the word "nip slip" as a punchline.
Fast forward to 4:00 to see Colbert's use of syphilis as a metaphor for collective American ignorance on Guantánamo.


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It looks like you're new here. If you want to get involved, click one of these buttons!
Hi Tiffany I read your comments and I have a few questions for you to think about.
According to your comments you have not met and are planning to meet in 2014 have you concidered that this may be a scammer?
Have you been asked to send him money or items? Have you been asked to pay for his (and daughter's) flight to you? If he has asked for any of this then he is a scammer. Hopefully you have not sent any money to him yet.
Tiffany perhaps no-one asked this yet of you but what is the reason he wants to move his child away from her mother? That would mean she wont be able to have access with her child most parents don't like to just willingly give that up. But this is a questionable thing to keep in mind because if he can do that with this child remember he can do the same with you just as fast. I appologize in advance but its more true than you may realize as I dealt with a second spouses group and have seen this be an issue not just accross a city but accross countries too.
I'm not understanding another part of this but maybe someone could explain how the country you are visiting how the hotel would know if you are legally married or not? Do you have to show a marriage licence? Most people don't carry it around with them. It just got me curious to ask.
Sorry Tiffany the question had to be asked because there are way too many stories similar to yours that have all ended in being scammed. Hope you understand.
Good luck and I hope you are one of the lucky ones. Be cautious and careful.
Let us know how it goes with your progress.


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| This talk page is for discussing the F620 article.
This includes commenting on the article, questioning whether it is correct, or adding suggestions for improvements
Questions about GTA games, not about the wiki page itself, should be asked at Community:Questions.Remember to always add your signature to the end of your comments/replies using four tildes:
Does anyone know the manufacturer of the F620?.KebbBone 03:00, November 1, 2009 (UTC)
i thik it's dewbauchee but i don't have the game so i don't know. Grandtheftautodude 20:10, November 2, 2009 (UTC)
Could it be that the car is based on a Ferrari F599, explaining the name F620? Because I see some lines of the F599 in the car.
to reply to the comment of the person who forgot the tildes, The F620 is NOT based on the ferrarri 559 GTB Fiorano the F620 is DEFINETLY based on the Mazerati GranTurismo I have excellent car knowledge so you can trust me on this :-)Andrew nicholson 17:28, November 10, 2009 (UTC)
I've got excellent car knownledge to, but what I mean, the name did me thinking of the F599 and some lines on the car look like that on the F620 and I don't find it looking that much on a Gran Turismo, but that's an opinion :). Hearv94
There are two billboards in Star Junction, one near the BAWSAQ building on Burlesque and the other just across the street on Denver-Exeter Ave., that have the F620 on it. The F620's manufacturer is stated as Ocelot, which suggests that it is the GTA analog of Jaguar since both names are species of the cat family. Gsu eagle 31049 04:03, November 17, 2009 (UTC)
Do you have a screenshot of the billboard? KebbBone 06:19, November 17, 2009 (UTC)
The police radio calls it a Dewbauchee Aaa11 01:31, November 28, 2009 (UTC)
--Ghanaru 03:41, November 29, 2009 (UTC)i thought F620 was Alpha.. coz it looks like it.. or maybe itz the new version?
the grills look like they are derived from a bmw z4 Candymanyyyy 00:07, April 18, 2010 (UTC)
The body is probably based on the GranTurismo with the tail lamps off of an XK, but the fascia is 100% Quattroporte / Szebrine 17:05, June 29, 2010 (UTC)
The grille of the Quattroporte doesn't look as bold as the F620's which I think is more like a GranTurismo (lower, wider, concave). Do you mean it is more like the Quattroporte because the front isn't as aggressively styled (headlights/curves/etc.)? It's kinda ambiguous for me.--Thescarydude 19:49, June 30, 2010 (UTC)
Yeah I see your point. For me, it was the headlamps which look very similar to Quattroporte on first glance, but on second, it looks like GranTurismo cover with Quattroporte projector layout. / Szebrine 03:33, July 19, 2010 (UTC)
Back to what I said on November 10th The F620 is based on a Maserati Grand Turismo Definetly. If no-one believes me about my car knowlege that I mentioned on November 10th then give me a car test and I will get it correct anyone interested.Andrew nicholson 17:24, July 23, 2010 (UTC)


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Mr. David Almand
SKyTeach Master Teacher
Office: ST 114
Phone: 270-745-2335
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
After 27 years in the public schools, Mr. Almand joined the SKyTeach program as a Master Teacher. He earned B.A. and M.S. degrees in Mathematics -- as well as Rank I Certification in School Administration -- from WKU in the early 1980's, then spent his entire "first career" with the Simpson County Schools in Franklin, KY. During that time, he served as a middle school math teacher (4 years), high school math teacher (12 years), building-level administrator (7 years), and district-level administrator (4 years) before retiring in 2008. From 1985 through 2008, he also taught evening classes for WKU's Department of Mathematics.
When not engaged in academic pursuits, David enjoys traveling (with Hawaii and the Pacific Northwest being his two favorite destinations) and most any sporting event. He officiated high school football for 35 years, and continues to be involved in officiating as a replay official for the Sun Belt Conference, and a scout for the National Football League. He has also kept the game clock for WKU Men's Basketball games since 1985, and is a proud season ticket holder (and long-suffering fan!) of the NFL's Cleveland Browns.
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Check out reviews left by other students or leave your own review. You could win a free scholarship.Add your Review
Thaise from West Miami, FL
Reviewer is A current student here.
1 out of 1 people found this review useful. 1 of 3
Categories Comments Food and Dining
Food can be bought in the university, it is affordable and there are a variety of things to choose from.
Dorm Life
The university does not have dorms, students live off-campus.
Academic Rigor
The only problem I see is that the university opens at 10 in the morning and sometimes when I have classes at 8 a.m I cannot use the library or go to any office such as financial aid because they are closed at that time. Also, I have recently noticed that the electricity goes off in the school and professors cannot use the computers which are sometimes very slow.
Tips for prospective students
Do not be afraid to talk to your professors and advisers, use them as your resources because they have experience in the field and are well educated individuals. Also, make sure to study for exams and complete all assignments on time.
In three sentences
This is a small university which makes it great. The students and professors know each other because the classes have a small number of students. The students are free to ask questions and receive immediate responses from the professors and classmates.
Carmen from Miami, FL
Reviewer is A current student here.
1 out of 1 people found this review useful. 2 of 3
Categories Comments Bang for the buck
Before attending CAU, I was in a public College where some of my classes had 37-40 students. In this school, all my classes have been 17 students max. It's great for anyone who likes smaller classrooms because you do get to participate a lot more!
What to do for fun
Join their student council!
Food and Dining
They have a small cafe with different menu options daily. The prices are fairly cheap and the selection is great. They offer anything from fruits, cheeses and smoothies, to soups pizza and sandwiches.
Dorm Life
They currently do not offer dorms.
Tips for prospective students
The classes are a lot smaller than a public University, but keep in mind this means it is more expensive. Make sure this school meets your expectations as far as what you want out of your college experience.
In three sentences
This private University feels like a tight-knit community where everyone is more than happy to help you and guide you. They offer a lot of courses and have classes available at different times of the day for working students. A great choice in Miami and they are accredited.
Darielys from Miami, FL
Reviewer is A current student here.
1 out of 1 people found this review useful. 3 of 3
Categories Comments Campus Safety
There is always a security guard on duty and all cameras are effective.
Greek Life
There still is no greek life being such a small campus but it has been taken into consideration for the future.
Clubs and Activities
There are psi chi, student council, several other national honor societies and neuropsychology club.
Great for these types of students
The career oriented with a focus on being proactive instead of the college party life.
Share any unusual traditions or locations on campus
There are always holiday events and celebrations for all occasions.
Bang for the buck
As a student you get your educations worth out of it. classes are fairly inexpensive compared to others and you have school services like library, computer lab and printing without an extra fee.
What to do for fun
There are numerous events on campus held monthly by the student council and outside volunteering opportunities. As well as monthly presentations and clubs to join.
Food and Dining
Small and friendly cafeteria in the university building with healthy and nutritious foods.
Dorm Life
The only negative aspect is that CAU is a commuter school but considering opening dorms for a future date.
Academic Rigor
High academic standards with professors who are not easy but you learn from them.
Tips for prospective students
Great choice of private school if goal and career oriented.
In three sentences
A small and family oriented school. It has Friendly and professional staff with professors working in the field. As well as APA accredited


text: Bajaj Auto has an insatiable appetite for KTM, and the Indian company has slowly been gobbling up KTM stock, and now is just under a 40% shareholder in the Austrian motorcycle company. With Cross Industries AG holding 51% of the company in its control, the Austrians have made it clear that they will not give up majority control of KTM, especially to the Indian automotive company. However, analysts are predicting Bajaj could take its partnership with KTM to its limit, purchasing up to 49% of the company's stock.


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If you are interested in attending the 2019 Beyond Paper Tigers Conference, a future mini-conference or a Trauma-Informed Training, please click here to join our conference and training email list.
Our community-building framework and 21 years' experience in capacity building is the essence of what created the platform for Paper Tigers. From its beginning, CRI focused on creating a community conversant in ACEs and Resilience, aiming to embed these principles into action through its multiple partners, agencies, and organizations. This focus, shared leadership, learning and reflection on results led to state and national recognition, partly fueled by the power of the story told in the documentary
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This long-term casting partner was found in
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. ESL then announced a trio of new shows that the duo would host: "The grass is always greener", "Map of the Month" and a continuation of MrBitter's old program "12 weeks with the pros", the last of which never came to fruition. The partnership seemed to do only good things for the casters as the were invited to more tournaments within Europe and even in the US. "BitterdaM", as they were now known, known as casted all of the high profile events in the 2011 season together as well as the European Blizzard Invitational and Lone Star Clash . As their popularity increased and they became a more cohesive duo this lead to concerns, voiced by Carmac, that they would inevitably find a better opportunity for work outside of the ESL. [ Citation needed ]
In March 2012, it was announced that he and MrBitter would be leaving Turtle Entertainment (ESL TV). Shortly after, announced that RotterdaM and MrBitter would be joining the casting crew for NASL Season 3 . Apart from casting the NASL tournaments, RotterdaM hosted a show called "Euro update" in which he continued to cover the recent news from the European StarCraft II scene for overseas viewers.
On Real Talk , mentioned that initially RotterdaM was unwilling to leave ESL TV when MrBitter was going to leave for NASL. MrBitter persuaded NASL to put more effort into getting RotterdaM as without him it would not be the big announcement NASL could have had. 2GD mentioned that RotterdaM left ESL TV on good terms.
On May 10, 2012, RotterdaM confirmed that he would participate in the open bracket of the 2012 MLG Spring Championship as a player.
On April 26, 2012, Serious Gaming disbanded its StarCraft II team and RotterdaM was left teamless. On May 18, announced that RotterdaM had joined ROOT Gaming , not as a caster, but as a player. With his move from Europe to North America, RotterdaM prioritised his casting career but was looking for a team to quench his competitive nature. RotterdaM sought to be an asset for the team, in particular in the team league region. He also began to regularly stream his practice games.
As a player he has periods in which he played a lot. He is known for always streaming while playing and being very interactive with his chat and fans. He even reached the level of Grandmaster a few times on the NA server as well as Master on the korean server. Confirming that he is a formidable player. He is especially known for his micro and disgusting protoss strategies. Like the 'Rotti-build', which is basically a tempest rush/contain against terran. Some of his fans claim that the 'disgusting' styles are a tribute to his insight in the game, being able to see inbalances, timings and abuse these. This also seen in his pvz where he uses a combo of dark templars and phoenixes. His achilles' heel seems to be late macro games as he tries to avoid these and focuses on timings and (semi) cheeses.


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Veal Chops with Sage
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Author Notes: This may also be made with pork chops. Look for nice fatty ones and brine them before cooking. —Amanda Hesser
Serves: 4
veal chops, with fat on the outer edge, about 3/4-inch thick, at room temperature
Sea salt
Freshly ground black pepper
tablespoons unsalted butter
tablespoon olive oil
large sage leaves
- Season the veal chops on one side with a generous amount of salt and pepper. Place a sauté pan large enough to fit the chops in a single layer. Cook over high heat for a minute or two. Add the butter and oil and heat until the foam subsides. Carefully lay the veal chops, seasoned side down, in the pan. Season the other side of the chops with salt and pepper, and sprinkle them with sage leaves, pushing a few down into the base of the pan. Let the chops cook for 2 to 3 minutes, until browned, then turn and cook on the other side for 2 minutes. Transfer to a plate and garnish with the browned sage leaves.
- This recipe is a Community Pick!
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Gail T. Morris, is NuuChahNulth FN, Ahousat Band. She started her career as the Title Vll Coordinator in the Edmonds School District #15 for six years and taught 5th grade for her practicum. She also worked for the Muckleshoot Indian Tribe at the Muckleshoot Tribal School where she taught fourth grade for four years. Here she was on the Leadership Team, Accreditation Team, PLC Leadership Team,Instructional Team Leader grades 3-5, Since Time Immemorial Tribal Sovereignty Curriculum Trainer, Culture and Language Leadership Team,and Middle School Co-ed Soccer Team Coach. Gail also worked at the Muckleshoot Tribal College as the Muckleshoot Occupational Skills Training (MOST) Instructor. She also participates in Tribal Journeys and travels with her canoe family on Vancouver Island, BC, and her adopted tribe Muckleshoot and their canoe family.
While in graduate school Boo was recruited by Seattle Public Schools. She has been an educator for Seattle Schools for over two decades. She is currently partnering with Chief Sealth International High School and Denny International Middle School as the classroom teacher for Title VII/Huchoosedah's, Native American Education Program. Huchoosedah is excited about this partnership and Boo is honored to do the work. She is passionate
about her students and believes in the art of teaching and the trans formative power of education. Boo ensures Identity Safety in her classes and promotes a commitment to academic excellence
I am descendant Seminole Nation of Oklahoma. I have had the privilege to work with multiple families in the SE Region, SW Region, Central Region,and NW Region of SPS I have helped a number of our high school students who were at risk of dropping out enroll at Interagency Academy that Seattle Public Schools in collaboration with some non-profit organizations offers. This is a fantastic programs that caters to all student's needs and encourages them every step of that way. If anyone knows or runs in to a family that is in need of support please get a hold of me and I will try to assist them in any way possible. My email is firstname.lastname@example.com, office phone is 206-252-9757, and my cell 253-350-1400 that is the best way to get in contact with me. Thank you for giving me the opportunity to serve our community.
My name is Richard Summers and I'm a fairly recent hire for our Huchoosedah program. I'm Kaigani Haida (Eagle/Frog) with my family coming from Prince of Wales Island-Hydaburg, Alaska. This year I'll be working exclusively with 6th through 12th grades as the Native Ed. Secondary Liaison. Being born in Seattle and raised through the Seattle Public School system, I believe I'm a good fit to help our Native students who may be struggling with academics and attendance because I've been there myself. Many of our students past and present haven't had anyone to check up on them, help them find tutoring help, advise them on college or just let them know that it's alright to fall down as long as we get back up again. I'm so thankful for this position because it gives me an opportunity to be that person, and make that difference. In 2002 I graduated from Cleveland High School and shortly after joined the United States Marine Corps. For four years I served in the U.S. and abroad as a Field Radio Operator with Marine Wing Communication Squadron-28. After the service I enrolled at North Seattle College and then transferred to the UW and majored in American Indian Studies. Along the way I've worked with youth for AmeriCorps, Seattle Parks and Rec, Denise Louie Education Center and the Seattle Indian Health Board. Native students drop out at higher rates than any others in the country which is unacceptable; I look forward to changing that.


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Overview and Observation:
As I indicated recently, markets are "influenced" by the U.S. Federal Reserve as well as geopolitical events. On Friday the jobs data prompted a "flight" from the relative safety of Treasuries and precious metals, to the risk asset of equities. Most commodities suffered losses tied to the "rush" to avoid missing the "equity boat." Our view, of course, is that the name on the side of the "boat" is Titanic and we warn once again about the "irrational exuberance" resulting from the "positively construed" jobs and "confidence" data. That data ignores the relevance of the weekly "jobs lost" figures of more than 340,000 or more as indicated by the first time unemployed applications. The jobless rate of 7.6% also ignores the "underemployed," those that have taken positions paying much less than the jobs they had lost, and the workers who left the job force in search of part time jobs or who tried to start their own home businesses. The "joy" associated with the jobs data ignores a number of factors that we feel will come into play as time goes on. Not the least of these factors are higher taxes, concern over the fiscal impact of "Obamacare" on businesses, a reduction in U.S. federal spending and the weakening global economies. Market extremes, in our 45 years of experience, dictate an equally dramatic correction will occur and we suggest our readers review their financial positions and make adjustments accordingly. Now for some actual information…
Interest Rates:
September Treasury bonds (CBOT:ZBU13) closed Friday at 132 15/32nds, down 3 and 3/32nds pushing yields to their highest level in nearly two years. Better than expected jobs data and the interpretation of the recent statements by Fed Chairman Bernanke prompted the sharp increase in yields. The Fed Chairman intimated that the bond purchase program might "taper off" later this year prompting ideas that the Fed views the economy as strengthening and reduced the need for additional easing. That, however, is not the case in our opinion. While the jobs "created" number of 195,000 for June exceeded estimates of around 165,000, the ongoing labor situation remains in flux. The unemployment rate remains at 7.6% and the Fed has already indicated the QE program would only be reduced when the rate declines to 6.5% or less. The broader unemployment rate, including those who have taken part time work and those who have given up looking for work increased in June to over 14%. The reported 4.3 million American workers who have been out of work for more than six months equates to more than a third of the overall unemployed. The U.S. GDP expanded a 1.8% annualized through March, down from the earlier estimate of 2.4% according to the Commerce Department. Also the economy is now expected to grow by 1.9% in 2013, down from last year's 2.2%. Treasury prices have lost 3.2% in May and June, the worst two-month performance since the first two months of 2009 when they lost 3.6%. The yield on the 10-year notes (CBOT:ZNU13) increased 18 basis points to 2.68% and is the basis for mortgage loans. The 30-year bond yield rose to 3.71% from earlier 3.49% and is also of concern for expansion through borrowings for mortgages, car loans and general credit. We continue to feel the reaction to the jobs data on Friday was overdone and we look for a return to a more normal assessment of the current situation and a correction from Friday's overdone condition as relates to Treasuries and equities.
Stock Indexes:
The Dow Jones Industrial Average (CBOT:DJU13) closed at 15,135.84, up 147.29 points on Friday or 0.98% tied to the better than expected nonfarm payrolls data. The S&P 500 (CME:SPU13) closed at 1,631.89, up 16.48 points or 1.02% while the Nasdaq (CME:NDU13) closed at 3.479.38, up 35.71 or 1.04% higher. With earnings season approaching we look for a return to normalcy with equities priced closer to values tied to price/earnings ratios and our expectation is for subdued numbers and the resulting selloff in equities we have been suggesting for some time. Our overall view of equity markets is negative and of late our projections have been joined by some influential market analysts. We once again suggest implementing strategic hedging programs for holders of large equity positions.


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Home → Maine Agriculture & Natural Resources Education
Maine Agriculture & Natural Resources Education
If considering all services and production related to the food and fiber industry, agriculture constitutes nearly 20 percent of the national economy including more than $1 billion in Maine each year. Despite the industry's importance, including new, expanding fields such as biotechnology, agricultural issues and opportunities are often neglected.The Maine Department of Education strives to better foster understanding of agriculture among students of all ages and adult citizens.
Agriculture is an important component of Maine's history and culture, and can serve as an excellent hands-on learning tool for virtually all subject areas. Agriculture & Natural Resources Education may be accomplished at many secondary Career & Technical Education schools, in informal settings or at any K-12 school in conjunction with attainment of Maine's academic standards. At the middle and secondary levels, students studying areas related to agriculture and natural resources may qualify for membership and opportunities in the Maine FFA Association.
Doug Robertson, Education Specialist
Agriculture & Natural Resources, Maine FFA State Advisor
Maine Department of Education


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Sindiso & Dan on race, politics, faith, society ...
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For me, your smile is the most precious thing in this world. @j


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The Connecticut Cactus and Succulent Society was formed in 1979.
Maybe you're curious about Copiapoa. Perhaps you're wondering about Welwitschia. The Society is a very active club of enthusiasts.
No matter what your level of experience with cacti and other succulent plants, the Connecticut Cactus & Succulent Society is the place for you to meet new friends, learn new skills and find out about new plants, their habitats and how to grow them. Our club is made up of about 125 families and individuals that look forward to sharing their experiences of growing cacti and succulents.
Our Annual Show and Sale is renowned and everyone looks forward to our summer pot-luck picnic and December holiday party.
Membership Benefits:


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You have a variety of options for how your Giving Fund balance can be invested for growth, based on your desired risk tolerance and your time horizon for recommending grants to charities. You can make your investment selection when opening a Fund (see the "Open a Fund" link in the top right), or after you log in under the "Fund settings" section.
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The simplest option is to choose from one of our investment pools, which range from stable value with no risk of fluctuation in principal value, to very high risk with substantial exposure to market fluctuations. Therefore, you have the opportunity to experience gains and losses in value over time ... learn more
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text: George Seaman raised beagles for rabbit hunting in the woods of Pennsylvania. As noted in a previous column, George designed a dog pen with enclosures at one end and an elevated open area that afforded a place where they could "do their business." The meshed pen allowed the droppings to fall and collect on the ground below. Our snowball battles stretched between the Minnet and Sudano yards, criss-crossing George's property. The rules of engagement stressed no "foreign objects" could be injected into a snowball, such as stones or gravel. My brother Kevin abided by the rules but creatively inserted the frozen "do-do" from George's beagles into the snowball. His direct hit on Johnnie Cornelius' noggin' met with the delight of many. Johnnie wasn't a favorite in the neighborhood. Fastcast: Cloudy.


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Gaddafi offered Sarkozy $66 million to finance his 2007 campaign: report11:07 am - 04/29/2012
In late 2006, Libyan dictator Muammar Gaddafi offered nearly $66 million, or 50 million euros, to support the 2007 campaign of Nicolas Sarkozy, France's current president who is now facing almost certain defeat in a May 6 runoff vote, according to the investigative journalist website Mediapart.
The revelation, purportedly in an official Libyan document, comes a month after Sarkozy publicly rejected claims that his 2007 campaign had accepted funding from Gaddafi — with whom he had publicly carried on amicable relations even before emphatically winning the presidency five years ago.
An image of the Arab-language memo cited by Mediapart can be viewed here
According to the evening newspaper Le Monde, a Sarkozy spokeswoman today denounced the report as a diversionary tactic created by the campaign of Socialist rival François Hollande, the projected winner on May 6.
The Dec 10, 2006 document is signed by Moussa Koussa, Gaddafi's foreign intelligence chief, and, according to a French translation, reads in part:
"Reference is made by the liaison office of the people's general committee to the approval for supporting the electoral campaign of the candidate in the presidential elections, Mr. Nicolas Sarkozy, at an amount valued at 50 million euros…"
Mr. Koussa transmits the confirmed "agreement in principle on the above-referenced subject." But the note does not indicate whether the funds were ever transferred.
At contemporary rates, that amount would have equaled about $66 million. The Sarkozy campaign officially spent only 20 million euros, or about $26.4 million.
Polls forecast that Sarkozy will lose the May 6 election to Hollande by a margin of about 10 points.
+ CNN - Al Jazeera
Also, the sudden obsession Sarkozy had with Lybia in March 2011 seemed strange. We know that he always act hastily but... to the point to bypass his minister of foreign affairs ?


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I'm hoping you can help me with a problem I'm having with one of my company's IBM ThinkPad T20 notebooks. I can't start up the unit after a hibernation under Windows 2000. All of my efforts—pressing the power button, using a paperclip in the unit's reset button, pounding the notebook with my fist—have failed. This problem occurs regardless of whether the unit operates under battery power or AC power. How do I wake this system from its hibernation?
An IBM technician informs me that your problem isn't related to Win2K or hibernation but is the result of an overcharged capacitor inside the unit. To remedy the problem, first remove any batteries (i.e., the internal battery and the Ultrabay battery, if installed) from the unit. Next, you need to drain any remaining charge from the capacitor: With the batteries removed, hold the power button down for at least 90 seconds. The overcharge should completely drain, and you can then reconnect the batteries or AC power and turn on the unit.


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'Rock' chief says NH casino would replace revenue lost by charitable gaming
May 01. 2013 3:30PM
CONCORD _ Rockingham Park's president told state lawmakers Wednesday charitable gaming will suffer if casinos open in Massachusetts and the Granite State, but he stressed that under the New Hampshire gambling bill, the new casino would replace any lost revenue to charities.
"When casinos in Massachusetts open, they will have an impact on the charitable gaming in New Hampshire, particularly from Manchester south," Edward Callahan said at meeting of a gambling subcommittee investigating the "community impact" of opening a casino in the Granite State.
Callaghan, in addition to being president of Rockingham Venture, the owners and operator of Rockingham Park, is the sole owner of Rockingham Gaming LLC, the licensed operator for charitable games of chance at Rockingham and Seabrook parks.
Callahan said he anticipates that gambling in Massachusetts will reduce the charitable business in southern New Hampshire by 20 percent.
"The addition of a New Hampshire casino on the southern New Hampshire border would have a similar impact on charitable gaming from Concord south," Callahan said.
"The difference with a Massachusetts casino and no New Hampshire casino would be the revenue guarantees provided for in Senate Bill 152," the casino gambling bill for New Hampshire, said Callahan.
"Massachusetts will open up to four gaming facilities, with the Boston region and the western Massachusetts region providing the greatest impact on New Hampshire. This impact will cover a region in New Hampshire which provides up to 80 percent of the charitable gaming revenue."
But he said that if SB 152 passes, "the revenue guarantees provided could keep all the New Hampshire charities who conduct charitable games of chance, bingo and Lucky 7's with a revenue stream equal to that in 2012."
Callahan noted that some charitable gaming operators fear that with a casino in the state, they would be forced to close their doors and as a result not qualify for the revenue guarantees provided in the casino bill.
But he said that since the licensed casino facility would be required to provide charitable gaming space, "with the anticipated number of casino visits in the 4 million to 5 million range, I believe the revenue generated in that particular (charitable gaming) room would be three to four times greater than the revenue currently generated in the largest room in the state."
He said that if the operator of the casino facility and the charitable game operator provided dates to charities who were no longer invited to other facilities, "they would simply need to operate one day per year to qualify and in most cases would generate more revenue at that facility on one day that they currently do in 10."
He also suggested that a group of charities can join together and hire an operator to provide a facility for them, "as one day per year would allow them to continue to qualify" and "every currently operating charity would be able to continue to participate."
Callahan explained that if Rockingham were to be licensed to operate a casino, the casino floor would be divided by "attractive fencing" between the full-fledged casino and the charitable gaming casino.
Anyone between ages 18 and 21 would be directed to the charitable gaming casino, he said.


text:
Time for a thread for this I think. The studio has released some new screenshots and also opened up PC pre-orders. All money taken from pre-orders will go towards stretch goals.
I still think it doesn't look that great graphically, not that it needs to, but I'm puzzled by all the stories accompanying the screenshots say how pretty the game looks. I don't see it myself, they look detailed, but have this weird saturation going on.
Anyway if you wish to pre-order just click this link