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When Google announced at the end of September that Hummingbird had been live for a month or so, many questioned how such a significant change could have happened without it having been detected earlier.
Amit Singhal, Head of Google's ranking team, talked about Hummingbird being the first time a completely new algorithm had been implemented since 2001 and that it impacted 90% of search queries.
However, the visible impact of this algorithm change has been less significant than many recent algorithm updates, such as the May 2012 Penguin update.
Immediate repercussions weren't as big as expected
There seems to be a contrast between the severity of the change as stated by Google and its repercussions within the search results.
This leads us to conclude that although Hummingbird is a significant move, it is an upgrade in capabilities and that we will see the full impact of this change over the coming months and years.
What will Hummingbird allow Google to do?
Hummingbird allows Google to understand user intent more closely, with greater understanding of words like 'how' 'why', 'where' and ''when', as well as the user intent that sits behind these word.
In combination, this helps Google deal with more complex, long-tail queries. This will allow Google to handle voice activated search queries more effectively, to keep up with their rising popularity on mobile devices (including Google Glass).
Having a better understanding of search query phrasing and the results users are looking for allows Google to make more use of its 'answer engine', the Knowledge Graph.
Why did Google launch Hummingbird?
Google needed to make this change to ensure its Search product is robust at answering users' conversational-based queries in the mobile space, following its long-term mobile push.
In 2013, Google's mobile initiatives included the launch of AdWords Enhanced Campaigns, Google Now on iOS and the redesign of the search results using the ubiquitous card layout.
This algorithm change to Hummingbird will support the mobile offering by allowing people to be more conversational with their search queries.
Google has made no secret of the fact it desires to become an answer engine, answering users' questions rather than providing a list of URLs and I wrote about this trend on Econsultancy a year and a half ago.
Hummingbird makes greater use of the Knowledge Graph to provide content and increase the amount of time (and number of clicks) within Google.
What does Hummingbird mean for the future of SEO?
1. Natural language queries
- Conversational search: With Google providing users with better search results to long tail 'conversational search' queries, this will likely encourage users to make longer search queries and use voice activated search more frequently.
Decline of the short tail: As users make more conversational search queries, the volume in the short tail will fall and SEO will become more about providing users with the right meaningful content as opposed to optimising existing content for high volume driving keywords.
Matt Cutts, Head of Web Spam at Google, noted that: "the future is about things, not [keyword] strings".
Content rather than keywords: In late 2012, Google stopped SEO tool providers, like SEMrush and RavenTools, from using organic ranking metrics alongside data pulled from the AdWords API.
Further to this, Google began redirecting all users to SSL encrypted pages in September 2012, preventing Analytics from tracking keyword data.
Not only is Google actively pushing the SEO community away from relying on keywords, but the expansion of pronoun capabilities in the algorithm will stop users typing them as frequently too (e.g. Google will understand a search of 'how old is he' or 'how tall is it' after a specific search for a person or landmark).
Greater fragmentation: SEOs will need to rely on device data to help determine intent (e.g. mobile users being more likely to look for local/nearby stores, desktop users potentially more likely to be at work etc.).
One individual user may potentially move from mobile to tablet to desktop in the length of a single commute.
2. Improved search functionality
Websites must compete with the SERPs themselves: Google's increased functionality means users will be less likely to click through to third-party pages unless it offers new information.
Previously, a search for 'movies starring chevy chase' would likely cause users to quickly click through to IMDB. Now, a visually-appealing list of movies that can be sorted by age or popularity appears, letting users explore each one without leaving Google. Similar functionality now even exists for a comparative search, such as "foul play vs caddyshack".
Popular searches will become even more popular: Google also displays results for searches with no definitive answers. For example, 'surrealist authors' or 'best presidents', based on who is 'frequently mentioned on the web'.
Once users are accustomed to clicking on these images rather than reviewing an external website and searching on their own, the most frequently high listing terms are the ones that will receive the most clicks, exponentially.
Users will still search for opinions and other details: Even if Google's Knowledge Graph framework is more widely adopted, people will always want more information and supporting opinions.
A search for "popular bands 2013" may reveal a list of names to explore, but users will still need to click through to other sites for music samples or album reviews. Offering content that Google cannot replicate will be more crucial as the SERPs start containing more information.
3. Socialising of search
Google answers the questions you'd have asked on Facebook: The Hummingbird algorithm update is another step in 'socialising search' by attempting to answer the questions users may have otherwise simply asked their friends and peers on social networks.
Competitors have offered similar functionality, most notable in Facebook's Graph Search and Apple's Siri, so Google is aware it needs a robust platform in place to meet this demand.
Importance of social content and conversations continues to grow: Generating relevant conversations will become more significant, with a brand's networks, audiences and influencers playing a major factor in its website's ranking in the SERPs (especially with the predicted up-weighting of Author Rank).
With this in mind, combining SEO and Social efforts will be critical in the planning and delivery of effective online strategies.
While we haven't seen Hummingbird drastically change the SERPs, there are some clear implications and the industry should take note.
SEO campaigns should focus on the delivery of excellent content, optimising this for a breadth of long tail semantically-related keywords and ensuring the content is accessible cross devices.
Importantly, the success of SEO campaigns can no longer be based simply upon the ranking of short tail keywords. Instead, content performance needs to be assessed within the whole of the search ecosystem.
As Google's answers to users' questions improves, more people will turn to Google; as such, we continue to encourage our clients to no longer consider Search as an optional channel within the media mix but to consider Search at the outset of campaigns.
With Google evolving into more of an 'answer engine', brands need to consider how they can influence the answers that Google gives users by creating authoritative and useful content.
Comments (24)
It is a good news that Google new hummingbird update has make the web more spam free. Giving importance to on page and PPC is a good sign
A comprehensive summation. It's early days for Hummingbird. I've seen some strange Google results and for short tail and more competitive terms it appears that Bing is producing more stable and, some times, more relevant results. I imagine Google are working on this.
@RedCubeDigital Good to read you're happy with the Hummingbird update! ;)
@DavidBurdon Thanks David. Agreed, it's definitely early days for Hummingbird. The Bing team will be happy you prefer their short tail results, but we will see the short tail results in Google better as more knowledge graph type content is fed into them...
If that means Google is giving small companies a fair chance without letting larger taking control of most search traffic, so much the better.
Yes , the hummingbird algorithm is extraordinary. It giving preference to the relevancy, and hurt the seo rankings who is applied spamming techniques especially spam backlinks.
" this will likely encourage users to make longer search queries and use voice activated search more frequently."
I would imagine that with the rise of mobile technology voice activated search is only getting more and more prevalent. And when you can just talk to search your search query will sound like how you talk! Why limit yourself to a few keywords when you can just speak your thoughts aloud?
Great article! If fact, your points are right on the money for Hummingbirds implications for SEO campaigns: Content is still king. When it comes right down to it, the more focused the campaign, the more likely it will succeed, especially if competition is low.
The case for producing great content just keeps getting better...
Great overview...
The algorithm might seem different but its still very much about what has been preached over the years.i.e Serve your customers with relevant content and answers their question as quickly and clearly as possible. It expands the use of the knowledge graph to help answer complex questions.
Google is looking to separate top content from all the rest and make sure that the information it provides users is indeed what they want. Google also seems to be trying to foster the end of keyword-focused content and instead bring attention to specific user questions and the intent of users as they search the Web.
A few best practices
1. Target long-tail phrases rather than just keywords to prepare for more semantic search.
2. Structure your website content to clearly and concisely answer all of the questions your users may have. (Hint: see how I formatted this post.)
3. Literally answer the "5 Ws" (Who, What, Where, When, and Why) and don't forget "How" about any product or service you present.
Great article David, and one which I agree with. Semantic search has always been on the horizon even going back years, from a search perspective it's the utopia of search.
However this is still going to be a long way off because for semantic search for truly work websites and their content need to be structured to take advantage of the semantic algorithm. The websites that follow the approach that Jerry mentioned in the last comment, coupled with a semantic technical structure will be the ones best placed to take advantage of the search environment over the forthcoming years as it continues to evolve.
From Google's perspective they want to keep users within the Google environment (David - you mentioned Google showing movie details like IMDB) because ultimately it means that they can command increased ad revenue, although they have to be careful not to go down a content publisher route like Yahoo, and lose focus on their key product which is search.
It has never been a better time to be a good copywriter :)
Agree with David Burdon - I'm seeing some very odd results - far fewer exact match long string results and then alternative searches that I've found quite irrelevant. This is all in the long tail though, but as an advanced user I'm finding this change very disappointing as I've always used Google as a discovery engine for niche stuff. It could indeed play into Bing's hands nicely. Shame
I think the fact that Google brings up George Bush when searching for 'Best Presidents' speaks a little for itself. Being a little crude of course, but it is still early days and difficult to draw many conclusions.
Very interested to see how it all develops, not too keen on the idea of voice recognition for search myself but hey that's just me.
I'm unlikely to move to another search engine unless things go very down hill with Google and I'd bet that would be the likely scenario for many.
We are entering a new age where the reliance is no longer on search but rather on the customers needs.
It will be no longer possible to look at historical data and then create content to match this. Now we must think like our customers do and deliver content that is appealing and relevant.
I have already seen some major changes in some of the sites i manage. Some sites which previously would not rank for even long tail searches are now appearing on page one in preference to large sites with much higher Domain and page authorities.
I think the lesson for SEO's is: stop being SEO's and reinvent themselves as marketers. A number of the smarter ones have done this already!
It seems to me that customer intimacy is now the key and understanding your customers needs and pain points. In house teams are probably best positioned for this and we may see a shift from agencies and back to in house teams. What do you think?
Oh!! This post took hell out of me because : there isnot any post detailed than this before so my thought for this is great , thanks for the post , really appreciated....
Interesting article and comments!
I think Google's push towards longer tail searches in interesting, but short tail will always exist, no matter how much they try to push users towards conversational search and long tail keywords. The browser vs. buyer mindset won't change - browsers will always first search for short tail keywords before perhaps using longer tail keywords to narrow their search once in the buyer mindset.
It's important to have presence in both of these
I have nothing against this update. In fact I am glad that Google finally figured out how to filter spam. Even though everyone is back at zero, those who really make an effort to product good and quality content for their market now have a greater chance to be noticed. Good stuff!
I think this update actually helps websites like mine that offer tax, estate and trust articles that are jammed filled with technical ideas and strategies. I have never engaged in SEO writing but just provided articles that could help my readers. This update would seem to help me and others who write from such perspective. Do you agree?
Hummingbird algorithm update by the google is a clear sign that the google is trying to interact directly with people using its various service like finding solution for their problem whenever we try to find something most of our sentence starts with interrogative words or phrase in that way google is focusing on providing better service to the people through its search result and also it targeting the mobile device user as now a day internet connectivity on mobile device is very easy and efficient so most of the people using mobile device for searching their query, which also provide the voice search option and supports google's voice search application so this algorithm starting a new trend in SEO.
New updates and changes always increase the quality of product and services. Yahoo and Google lastly worked out the way to separate out spam. With this new updates the browser will now search for best and qualitative keywords.
google continues realing update but at the end it is the same things, sites with poor content but thousands of backlinks are on the top pages as always, what google really wants is that small business spend money on adwords.
Coming of hummingbird's update, I'm sure most of the websites started using schema.org standards to enhance their onsite architecture and highlight the best snippets in SERPs.
Yes, I agree with marck. I believe google want small companies to advertise on google. I dont believe with Hummingbirds. It still show the site that have many backlinks on the first page, especially if you dare to advertise with adwords, your business/site will always serve on the first page. :(


text:
NETGEAR for
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The ProSECURE® UTM series of all-in-one next-generation firewalls combine an advanced application firewall with best-of-breed enterprise-strength security technologies such as anti-virus, anti-spam, Web filtering, and intrusion prevention (IPS) to protect businesses against today's application, Web, email, and network threats. This gives business owners and IT admins greater visibility and control over their network and protects their businesses from threats that would otherwise bypass traditional firewalls.
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NETGEAR ProSAFE® business-class VPN Firewalls are ideal for remote/branch offices and telecommuters and deliver full secure network access between headquarter locations, remote/branch offices and telecommuters. ProSAFE® firewalls deliver Stateful Packet Inspection (SPI), Virtual Private Network (VPN), Network Address Translation (NAT), AES and 3DES Encryption, Denial of Service (DoS) protection and more.
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Today's distributed mobile workforce requires secure remote access to corporate network resources. NETGEAR ProSAFE® VPN Client is the simple, manageable, and completely secure solution with robust encryption and broad support across multiple connection types and Microsoft® Windows® operating platforms. The ProSAFE® VPN client provides easy setup and seamless compatibility with the full line of NETGEAR ProSAFE® VPN Firewalls, ProSECURE® UTM next-gen firewalls, as well as compatibility with IPsec VPN solutions from other leading manufacturers.
VPN Software Series
Marketing Automation Platform

subset: commoncrawl


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In All This Talk Of Pinterest And Copyright, The Fact That It's Driving Massive Traffic Seems Important
from the and-they-want-to-cut-this-off dept
For all the concerns about how Pinterest is infringing on various sites and copyright holders, the reality appears to be that it drives so much traffic that it's difficult to understand why people are complaining:
Beginning this summer, Pinterest became the top social referrer for marthastewartweddings.com and marthastewart.com, sending more traffic to both properties than Facebook and Twitter combined. Pinterest is on track to become the second highest traffic driver (after Google) to Cooking Light's website, up 6,000% from just six months ago. The social bookmarking site already drives three times the amount of traffic to Cooking Light compared to Facebook.In other words, as we've seen time and time again, it appears that, for those who are willing to embrace the new technology and service (rather than freak out) there are tons of opportunities. Unfortunately history tells us that more will continue to freak out before they realize this.
Elsewhere, Pinterest is the fourth largest source of traffic for Country Living, up 150% from August to the end of January, and accounts for 3% of all referrals. It was the ninth largest traffic source for both Elle Decor and House Beautiful last month, both of which have seen triple-digit percentage increases in referrals over the last six months, and was among the top 10 referral sites for Self magazine.


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Chorizo from Potes
Which area of Spain is it typical?
- Autonomous region: Cantabria
It stands out for the characteristic smoky taste due to the use of oak wood during the 25-day production process that combines ventilation with smoking.
The origins of this spicy sausage are quite old. There is documentation of the Roman praises of this product. The ingredients used to make it are lean pork, pork fat, salt, pepper, paprika, garlic. oregano and thyme. Of note in the production process is that it is cured in a natural environment and it is smoked with oak wood for 25 days, which gives it a characteristic and rich flavour. It is presented in a horseshoe shape ('sarta'), each unit tied to another with a single string. It may be consumed naturally, fried or in stews.
More information
Product information
- Type of product: Meat
- Season: Year-round.
- Origin: The production area is the town and township of Potes, Cantabria.
- To drink with it: Chorizo from Potes is delicious with fresh non-crianza red wines.
- Recipes: Mountain stew (pork, beans and potatoes)
Nutritional information
- Energy: High
- Cholesterol: High
- Comments: Rich in lipides.


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John McCain's Rib Recipe--in the CrockPot
Day 307.
Did you know that John McCain had a famous rib recipe? I had no idea, but was excited to see a post on BlogHer listing the ingredients.
These are the most simple ribs I've ever made, and they are good. Really good.
Obama's chili is coming up tomorrow!
The Ingredients.
--4 lbs of ribs (I used beef, but you can certainly use PORK)
--2 T garlic powder
--2 T kosher salt
--2 T black pepper
--3 lemons, juiced
The Directions.
I used a 6.5 qt crockpot. 4 lbs of ribs fit comfortably, but I maybe could have squeezed in another pound.
Cut the ribs to fit your crockpot. In a small bowl, combine the dry spices.
Rub the rack of ribs with the dry mixture, covering all sides of the ribs. Put them into your crockpot. If you have extra seasoning, pour on top.
Squeeze the lemons (use one of those hand-held juicer things, to make sure all the juice gets out) on top of the ribs.
Cover and cook on low for 7-10 hours, or on high for about 5. The meat will be more tender if you cook it on low.
Serve with corn on the cob and baked potatoes.
The Verdict.
I've never made ribs in the crockpot with a dry rub before. I was nervous that they'd get awfully tough and burn. I couldn't have been farther from the truth. The meat was flavorful, tender, and juicy. The lemon gave a neat tartness I've never had with ribs before. The kids ate the meat, and there were happy noises at the table. They've asked me to make this again.
pst. as an FYI, I'm not going to post any comments with a political slant. ;-0


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The idea of fcking in public places makes me extremely crazy! The fear of being noticed excites me the most. The only thing I need is a partner. Any volunteers?


text:
Jazz concert will feature Prentiss and Oden
The Adams State University Big Band will play big band favorites, Broadway classics, and hot salsa during the Fall Jazz Concert at 7 p.m. Thursday, Nov. 15, in Richardson Hall Auditorium. The concert will feature vocalist Angela Prentiss (pictured) and clarinetist Chelsea Oden. The event will include 68 West performing songs by Eric Clapton, Freddie Mercury, Gerald Jackson, and Manning Sherwin.
For more information call the Music Department at 719-587-7621.


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The Windows Phone 7 Marketplace is growing and growing at a pace. With it quite some way behind the iTunes App Store and the Android Market for the while, there's plenty of sunlight for the developers to send in their software seedlings and let them soak it all up. The good news is that it's not just a case of aping all the other photography apps out there that already exist on other platforms and, after a little dig around the stalls, Pocket-lint has found some real crackers and original ideas on how we should be taking pictures with our mobile phones.
So, if you're into your cameras and your Microsoft software, then here are the very best photography apps for Windows Phone 7.
Photo Stylist - Free (LG only)
Photo Stylist is a Windows Phone 7 app from LG and, if you happen to own an LG Optimus 7 or 7Q, then you can pick it up for free from the LG apps store. Otherwise, you're not going to be privy to it, which is rather a shame as it's a pretty good photo filter app. Photo Stylist works entirely in post-production. So, you just take a photo as normal and then open up the application where you're presented with a bunch of different effects and sliding scales to adjust how heavy you want the filter to be. You can vignette, make pop art, accent, smooth, soft focus, colour tint and just burn to make them look old as well. Once you're done tinkering, you save and keep forever. Naturally, you can use Photo Sylist in conjunction with the LG Panorama Shot app, which stitches a photo together for you and the added Intelligent Shot settings that LG has embedded into the WP7 camera software.
Apict (Instant Camera) - £0.79
Apict is a good example of a photography app we've already seen work well on other mobile platforms. It's a kitsch-ifier. As part of the title in parentheses suggests, it turns your shots into polaroid-style instantmatic white bordered shots - only digital versions, of course. The app only works in post-production and is fairly limited on what it lets you do. The only options you get are the cropping of your shots, and after it will automatically vignette the corners, filter the colour and stick on the border. It's early days, so there's no picture rotate or share button as yet, but expect these features to be ironed out pretty quickly.
Colorize - £0.99
Colorize is a very smart little photo editing app that concentrates on one small facet of post-production - colour. You didn't guess that, did you? Upload a photo to Colorize and the first thing the app does is suck all of the colour out of it and present you with a black and white version of your shot. All you do then, is start using your finger as some kind of magic colouring in pen. Anywhere you swipe on the screen will automatically get its colour back. To make this easier you can pinch and zoom in and out of the photo at will as well as change the size of the brush. What's more, there's also some silent, clever software involved that automatically detects edges in the picture so that you don't colour in objects you don't mean too. In other words, it stops it from getting too fiddly. The results are that you can get some rather stylish shots with just one or two subjects picked out in their natural colour. It's all very French cinema.
PhotoCube 3D - £0.79
There are a lot of image viewer apps waiting to snatch your cash on Windows Phone 7 and, with the viewer that comes with the software being perfectly good in the first place, it does make you wonder why it's worth bothering. However, if you are insistent on trying something other, then at least go for an app that really makes an effort. PhotoCube 3D organises your shots into a 3D rendered cube with photos on all six sides which you can spin about to your heart's content. It might not be revolutionary, it might serve little function, but it's a strangely addictive way to pass the time.
Touchnote Postcard - Free
Touchnote is an excellent service for Windows Phone 7 users that allows you to send postcards made out of your phone pictures, and all without having to turn on a printer, pick up a pen or even lick a stamp. All the magic takes place up there in the cloud somewhere. You just choose your snap and how you'd like it cropped, fill in the address, type a message, sign with your finger on the touchscreen and then hit send. The Touchnote pixies will then deliver your picture-based epistle to wherever you like within 5 days or so. Sadly, although the app comes free, the postcards don't. Each one costs you £1.99. On the plus side, the very fact you download the software gives you two free ones, so well worth checking out.
Pictures Lab - £1.99
Not everyone has an LG and so not everyone can do their photo filtering for nothing. So, if you've got to pay for such an app, the smart way to go is with Pictures Lab at just £1.99. In much the same way, you select a photo from your camera roll and then apply one of 21 different effects which include familiar settings like Lomo and Vintage, as well as selecting by print date with typical looks from 1953, 1972 and 1985. Most interestingly, there are three filters named Hipster, Hipstreme and Red Hipster which, funnily enough, give the shots the look of a certain popular iPhone photography app. Whichever you go for, you get a couple of slider bars to play with to make sure your final product is just how you want it. Hit save and then it's yours forever, just like that.
Picture Frame - Free
Picture Frame is one of the simpler apps you'll find on Windows Phone 7 and it's essentially a screensaver. The app's developer, luvfone, will probably not appreciate the description, but anyone who's owned a Mac will find the concept of an application that slowly pans across the images on your device before fading into another rather familiar. Although it's simple, what it does for your phone is a little more profound. From something sitting in your pocket or just flat on your desk you can dock the thing - or at least prop it up - and turn it into a photo frame for all your colleagues to see your lovely family and holiday shots as they drudge past your cubicle. Fortunately, you can select which albums you want to be displayed just in case you think the fetish party shots aren't "work appropriate". Can't imagine why.
Ztitch - £0.79
Panorama shots are usually a pretty standard affair. While many of them will differ in the way you create them - assisted, stitched, sweep or using ghost images - the result is normally varying quality versions of the same things - namely a long, thin, flat picture. So, if you're bored of all that, then make sure to check out the antidote in the form of Ztitch on Windows Phone. Ztitch gives you a 3D rendered version of a panorama in a style rather reminiscent of Microsoft Photosynth. The idea is that you take the shots first, all from the same spot, and then you can drag and drop them on top of each other in a fairly simple way. The only real limitation of the app is that you have to view your 3D panorama's by opening the app again, and it's not the world's best for that given that there's a vertical menu in the way. However, given it's all early days, there's no reason to believe that it's not something a few updates can't sort out.
Flickr Manager - Free
Like the name suggests, this is an app for Flickr users to, well, use Flickr. To call it a manager is probably to do it a bit of a disservice though. Yes, you can manage your Flickr account. You can add comments, shots from your camera roll, view your snaps and delete them too, but you can also browse everyone else's pictures just as you can on the full version of the website. In fact, there's not really anything you can do on the big Flickr that you can't on Flickr Manager. More than all that though, FM is just a really good viewer as well, and the integration into the Windows Phone 7 style is done very nicely. It actually adds a lot more class to what is quite an ageing online template. Well worth having on your handset.
PicLocker - £0.79
This app isn't for everybody, but if you're the kind of person who has pictures they might want to hide - we're not suggesting what they might be or who you might wish to conceal them from - then this 79p piece of software will certainly offer peace of mind - peace of mind with 256-bit military grade encryption as it happens. Beyond the coding, it's a pretty straight forward app. You create folders that only you can access with a password and import images into them. The idea being that if someone else picks up your handset, they won't see that one of you completely naked being led around the room with a snooker ball strapped in your mouth. Sorry, we said we wouldn't suggest stuff, didn't we?
What are your favourite photography apps for Windows Phone 7? What have we missed? Let us know in the comments.


text:
Vintage Stan Getz Quartet Live
A good friend sent me a link to a historic and incredible video featuring a live performance of the Stan Getz Quartet from 1965 or 66 featuring Gary Burton, Steve Swallow and Roy Haynes. It was shot for a BBC series titled Jazz Goes To College. Read more


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The influx of foreign players into the Premier League is often talked about negatively.
Some people say it's the reason why English young players aren't making it and subsequently why the national team often fails. On the other hand, it's argued that managers are always under pressure, so don't have the time to risk playing a youngster over experienced players from abroad because the game is so cut-throat these days that a string of bad results can cost a manager his job.
While both points are interesting, I'd like to look at just the positives for now. Here's my selection of the greatest African Premier League starting XI. In an odd 3-4-3 formation:
Goalkeeper: Bruce Grobbelaar
I struggled for a keeper, but Bruce Grobbelaar kept a young, emerging David James out of the Liverpool first team for a couple of seasons at the start of the Premier League.
He was known for his athleticism, as well as his personality. But ultimately, he won a lot of trophies at Liverpool and is easily the greatest African goalkeeper in English football history.
Defence: Kolo Toure
There's a reason Touré has played for Arsenal, Manchester City and now Liverpool. He is a rock-steady defender who is unbeatable on his day. Strong, quick and good on the ball; he is the modern defender. In only his second season in England he formed a formidable partnership with Sol Campbell which led to the Gunners going unbeaten all season.
Defence: Lucas Radebe
Radebe is a Premier League legend. When Nelson Mandela calls you his hero, you've done something right. His tenure as captain of Leeds United corresponded with a successful patch in the club's recent history. This included several top four finishes, one of which resulted in a Champions league semi-final.
He rejected offers to join Manchester United, AC Milan and AS Roma which spawned Sir Alex Ferguson to say 'Everyone should be interested in Lucas'. A very high recommendation indeed.
Defence: Christopher Samba
Samba is a beast of a man. He was occasionally deployed as a striker by Sam Allardyce when both were a Blackburn, due to his dominating presence in the air.
However, it was his performances at the back which earned him the justified links to bigger clubs.
He was Blackburn's stand out player during his time there - an absolute monster that strikers had no chance against. Being from the mould of an old school, physical centre-half meant he slotted in perfectly in England.
However, after an unsuccessful spell at QPR last season, which saw the club relegated, Samba has returned to Anzhi.
Midfield: Michael Essien
Essien, during his first few seasons at Chelsea, was the best central midfield player in the world, in my opinion.
He was often nominated for the Ballon d'Or, African Player of the Year and other accolades, all of which were justified. He was very strong, energetic and tough in the tackle, nicknamed 'the bison' by adoring fans.
His arrival came at a good time and he was the perfect replacement for Claude Makelele as a workhorse, tightening a midfield. However, Essien was also comfortable on the ball, scoring a few wonderful goals too. A truly classy player who stood out at that time.
Midfield: Jay-Jay Okocha
In 2002, if somebody had told you that PSG's multi-million pound signing had joined a Premier League club, you probably wouldn't have guessed it was Bolton Wanderers.
The skilful Nigerian instantly became a fan favourite at The Reebok. With his step-overs, skills and moments of genius, he was a class above. He was more than just a novelty trickster though.
After being named Bolton's captain, he led them to the League Cup Final in 2004. He was widely adored and will always be regarded as the man so good, they named him twice.
Midfield: Steven Pienaar
Pienaar has been a very consistent player since he joined the Premier League from Borussia Dortmund. Initially signed on loan by Everton, he impressed so much that they signed him permanently.
He is a skilful winger who can operate on either flank. He is also very hard-working which is why he's a fan favourite at Goodison. He was named Everton's player of the year in 09/10 due to several stand out performances.
These performances also resulted in interest from other clubs. Offers were made by Chelsea and Tottenham; the latter sealing the deal.
But an injury hit time at White Hart Lane meant he soon returned to Everton in January 2012, where he recaptured his form and finished the season with Everton's most assists despite only playing 14 games.
Midfield: Yaya Toure
Touré, brother of Kolo, was instrumental in re-shaping the Premier League.
His man of the match performance in the 2011 FA Cup semi-final against Manchester United led Man City to their first major trophy in 34 years.
The following season, the African Player of the Year was arguably City's best player and, along with other candidates (Kompany, Silva, Agüero), he helped Manchester City to win the Premier League on a thrilling final day.
Initially deployed as a defensive midfielder, his greatest performances have come when he's been allowed attacking freedom. Usually this was at the expense of Nigel De Jong or Gareth Barry.
His immense physicality coupled with his great passing ability meant he could change a game from defence to attack in an instant. He is a truly world class player.
Forward: Emmanuel Adebayor
Unlike a lot of players in this team, Adebayor is not really a fan favourite. His sometimes lethargic style and off the pitch personality can hinder how he is perceived.
Nonetheless, he is a very good player and this is proven by how many good clubs have taken a punt on him. Spells at Arsenal, Man City, Spurs and even Real Madrid have all allowed for a few reminders of why he is good.
A series High scoring league campaigns at Arsenal, City and Spurs respectively show he can produce when given the chance. Not only was he a good scorer of goals, but he was a scorer of good goals too, broadcasting his good technique on numerous occasions. As they say, he has very good feet for a big man.
Forward: Tony Yeboah
The second Leeds player to make the team is Yeboah. A cult hero in the Premier League famed for his corkers. To this day, goals scored in his trademark fashion are still called 'Yeboahs' which is testament to his class.
Although he only had two full seasons at Leeds, he managed to knock up an impressive 32 goals in the 59 games in that time. Injuries and a change of manager at Leeds meant Yeboah was sold, however he is immortalised in the Premier League. It's got to be Tony Yeboah.
Forward: Didier Drogba
Drogba is undoubtedly the best African player the Premier League has ever seen.
Unplayable on his day, he is a machine with the skills to match. Inside or outside of the box, left foot, right foot, header, penalty, free kick, league game, cup game, derby, top of the table clash, final, he's done it all.
It's not very often you can say this but in this instance, £24 million was a bargain. He had an incredible ability whereby he'd shine in the biggest games, which in my opinion makes you world class. Nation aside, I think he was the greatest striker of his generation.
At his peak he could've walked into any team in the world. It's a shame the Premier League didn't have him for longer, because he could've gone down as the best in Premier League history.
Player for player, that's a very good side. It may not do too well in an actual game due to my tactical ignorance but each player is worthy of his place.
There are several notable omissions though, and I'm afraid these players will have to be content with a place on the bench.
Shaun Bartlett, Mark Fish, Didier Zokora, Alex Song and Freddie Kanouté are good examples of other African greats from the Premier League. Many more have gone unnamed; such is the cruel yet fun nature of picking merely XI.
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It's killing me too, I'm damn near going to give it away if the home is right.
It's a good home...I would love it, and pet it, and call it "George" :lol:
Jay's gonna come smack me down and I will have killed Greg's thread if I post it here. How about I go post it in the FS section
For drivers using motors in the 400HP range it's recommended that you have at least 1 season of driving experience in the dunes driving a car with 300HP or less before using something as powerful as our 400-450HP package. 400HP can be a handful to drive, especially for the newbie driver in the dunes. It's very important to get some experience under your belt before you buy something this powerful.
good idea. now back to the soon to be OD green monster bug. :mrgreen:
Man, that's a project! I also vote for the OD Green, without knowing what OD stands for. I'd vote for any green.Ben
I vote for rattle-can urban camo...
I was thinking of building a baja... I wonder if I can build a reliable turbo-charged AC 2000cc or bolt on a centrifugal with blow thru carbs.
Thats a huge project there man. If anyone can do it, its you.2lbs of dirt? Thats weight reduction right there. Now you're getting somewhere. :lol:
If you need some "non-vital component" welding done and willing to let an amatuer hone his skill, let me know.
I'm assuming you'll be working on the interior first.Ben


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In 2016 , the census tract with the highest Median Household Income in Paynesville, MN was Census Tract 110 with a value of $53,566 , followed by N/A and N/A, with respective values of N/A and N/A.
The following map shows all of the
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in Paynesville, MN colored by their Median Household Income .
13.9% of the population for whom poverty status is determined in Paynesville, MN ( 367 out of 2,640 people) live below the poverty line, a number that is approximately the same as the national average of 14% . The largest demographic living in poverty is Female 75+ , followed by Male < 5 and then Male 25-34 .
The Census Bureau uses a set of money income thresholds that vary by family size and composition to determine who classifies as impoverished. If a family's total income is less than the family's threshold than that family and every individual in it is considered to be living in poverty.
The most common racial or ethnic group living below the poverty line in Paynesville, MN is White , followed by Asian and American Indian .
From 2015 to 2016 , employment in Paynesville, MN grew at a rate of 17.1%, from 1,155 employees to 1,353 employees.
The most common job groups, by number of people living in Paynesville, MN, are Production Transportation , Sales Office , and Management, Business, Science, Arts . This chart illustrates the share breakdown of the primary jobs held by residents of Paynesville, MN.
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odporny, prężny…
çabuk iyileşen, kendini çabuk toparlayabilen…
способный быстро восстанавливаться…
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a form of entertainment, originally from Japan, in which recordings of the music but not the words of popular songs are played, so that people can sing the words themselves
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Bikes can be rented by several other private companies. Holland-Cycling.com provides a list of
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. Another list you will find at Rotterdam.nl . Rotterdam also joins Sterling Silver Lapis Cufflinks Bottega Veneta lja2UT
a new kind of bicycle-sharing system (see also Pink Acrylic Heart Sunglasses Pretty Little Thing qey14ye
If you have an
(see also under
"Tickets" at the beginning of this section
) bicycles can be rented at many train and metro stations and other central locations by the
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In the Netherlands churches are generally closed to visitors on Sundays.
Rotterdam has only seven windmills left. Of these, only De Ster and De Lelie are open to visitors on a regular basis. Other windmills are open to visitors when the mill is turning (easy enough to see), but there are some exceptions to this rule of thumb. A blue flag also indicates that the mill is open to visitors.
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is accepted at the city's museums.
Upcoming events and performances are listed on the VVV and Use-it websites. The larger events are well documented on the VVV site, for smaller venues check Use-it (under Calendar) for a very attractive and well updated listing of music, expositions, movies and parties that need checking out.
Twice a month the nl10 magazine is distributed around the city. You can take your free copy at a lot of locations (like bars, supermarkets, municipal offices). Besides some articles about interesting things going on in town it also has a large listing of upcoming gigs (in Dutch). Their website can also be handy.
Rotterdam plays host to a lot of events, a lot of them yearly ones. Besides these there are a lot smaller ones that can be very nice, so ask around and check the VVV website. A few of these yearly events to name:
For full listings of events check Rotterdam.info and Use-it .
There are two huge megacinemas in Rotterdam. The one in the city centre is called Pathé Schouwburgplein (at the Schouwburgplein), the other one is on the southside of the city. It's called Pathé De Kuip (next to the Feyenoord stadium De Kuip). In these cinemas you can see Hollywood movies and occasionally an arthouse movie.
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Juventus are reportedly considering making a surprise move for Real Madrid forward Cristiano Ronaldo this summer.
According to Tuttosport (h/t Alejandro Alcazar of Sport ), Los Blancos are ready to sell their star man. Ronaldo's agent, Jorge Mendes,is said to be looking to find a buyer for the Portugal captain.
It's suggested the Italian champions are "dreaming of Cristiano" and may be shock suitors for the player becauseMendes has strong links withJuventus' owners, the Agnelli family.
Here's a look at how the story was reported, per journalist Arjun Pradeep:
🇮🇹 📰 | Front page of TS: Juve's dream/obsession for UCL amp; FCA's economic strength, can see them go in for Cristiano Ronaldo. They have a rapport with Cr7's agent, Jorge Mendes, at the Juventus HQ, via Cancelo. Cr7 has said NO to renewing his contract with Real at €30m net. https://t.co/3Pim9zkTqh
It's suggested Ronaldo has turned down the offer of a contract extension at Real Madrid as the club are unwilling to meet his annual salary demands of €30 million (£27 million).
Tuttosport state that while there is a release clause worth €1 billion in the forward's current terms at the Santiago Bernabeu, a bid of €100 million (£87 million) may be enough to tempt Madrid into a sale.
It's added that there is excitement about the prospect of seeing Ronaldo in Serie A and belief that his influence could be key to a Bianconeri side that have finished as runners-up in two of the last four UEFA Champions League finals.
Ronaldo certainly has experience in getting over the line in that competition, winning the prize five times in his illustrious career. One triumph was with Manchester United in 2008, whereas in the last five years, the 33-year-old has helped Los Blancos become kings of Europe on four occasions.
As we can see courtesy of FansBet, the Madrid No. 7's goalscoring record in the competition is unrivalled:
Cristiano Ronaldo in the Champions League: Most goals Most braces Most hat-tricks Most group stage goals Most quarter-final goals Most semi-final goals Most final goals Most free-kicks Most penalties Most headers Most assists https://t.co/25paeD3dJs


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Much of eastern Canada is baking in dramatically high temperatures, a fact which underlines how climate change is set to affect the giant country, a leading environmental expert said Wednesday.
OTTAWA Much of eastern Canada is baking in dramatically high temperatures, a fact which underlines how climate change is set to affect the giant country, a leading environmental expert said Wednesday.
The temperature in the capital Ottawa hit 27.7 degrees Celsius (81.9 degrees) Tuesday, a full 12 degrees Celsius above the average for the time of year and 1.5 degrees above the previous record set in 1951.
The unusual heat affected much of the central province of Ontario, as well as Quebec to the east and the Atlantic provinces. Temperatures in the New Brunswick capital of Fredericton were set to hit 25 degrees Celsius Thursday, some 10 degrees warmer than normal.
"It takes a lot for me to shake my head about the weather, but the thing that stands out most in my mind about this, is the relentlessness of it. It started in June and it is here in October," said David Phillips, senior climatologist at Canada's federal environment ministry.
"June, July, August, September -- never have we been so warm in those four months here in Ontario and parts of Quebec," he told Reuters in an interview.
Ontario and Quebec together account for 60 percent of Canada's population of 33 million.
This year both Ottawa and Toronto -- Canada's largest city -- set records for the number of days during which the daytime temperature exceeded 30 degrees Celsius and the nighttime temperature was above 20 degrees.
A smog alert was declared in parts of Ontario Wednesday, the 52nd such warning this year. The previous record for smog days in Ontario was 28 in 2001.
Phillips said the unusually high temperatures were a sign of what future summers would be like and linked the phenomenon to climate change.
"When you take a look at the last 32 seasons in Canada -- so we're going back about eight years -- 30 of those have been warmer than normal. That is amazing... it's like staring us in the face. What more proof do you need?" he said.
"We clearly know the future is warmer, that our summers are going to be longer, they're going to be hotter."
Indeed, Phillips said warming winter temperatures were even more remarkable than those of the summer.
While the world had heated up by an average of 0.6 degrees in winter months over the last 120 years, the wintertime temperatures in Canada had increased by a full 2 degrees over just the last 60 years, Phillips said.
"The climate clearly in the second-coldest country of the world is beginning to change. Maybe we're going to begin to lose our reputation as the Great White North because we are warming up in all seasons," he said.
Canada is pipped only by Russia as the coldest country.
Still, not all of Canada was baking Wednesday. It was snowing in the prairie province of Manitoba, with some areas due to receive up to 30 cm (12 inches) of snow. Phillips said this was not unusual and predicted the snow would soon melt.
(With additional reporting by Roberta Rampton in Winnipeg)
Source: Reuters


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Bolivia: Small farmers work to leave a legacy
A few years ago, Juan had no land to farm, but now he works on 7 acres with others involved in Oxfam's partner, the Agroforestry Farmers' Association of the Amazon Region of Bolivia. Now the community wants to diversify and improve their production.
Juan Carlos Fernández Ardaya lives in Guayaramerín, a town at the Brazilian border in the northern Amazon region of Bolivia. It is half Brazilian, half Bolivian, as is almost everything in the vicinity: the trade, the food, and the families.
A few years ago he had no land to farm, but thanks to pressure from indigenous and peasant groups to get access to land, he now has 7 acres in the community Dos de Octubre. He works the land with his wife Iris and with other neighboring families involved in the Agroforestry Farmers' Association of the Amazon Region of Bolivia (APARAB).
It is an association because it connects people "with shared needs and in search for solutions." And it is an "Agroforestry" association because it encourages a mode of production inspired by forest life – mixing plants, restoring native species and diversifying both seeds and harvests.
Seven years after it was founded with support from Oxfam, APARAB brings together 300 families and manages a plant for cocoa processing and one for drying fruit. But that is not enough. "Now we need to improve the production process, the quality of our products, and particularly knowledge of the market because Brazil, the giant, is just next door." Is that an advantage or disadvantage? "Both," says Juan.
Battling the Brazilian giant
The neighboring country provides both basic goods and customers to the market of Guayaramerín. Every day thousands of Brazilians cross the river that separates the two nations in search for low prices.
But also coming from Brazil is fresh food, which competes with the small Bolivian production. As supply increases, prices plummet and producers such as Juan Carlos fail to sell their harvest of cassava, corn, and fruits such as acai and copoazú.
"The association is important: it helps us face these obstacles and produce more and better," explains Juan. "Having land was only the first step, now our vision is to develop and have quality of life." That's not an easy task. Seven years after its foundation, APARAB members face not only local challenges, such as improving the quality of their products, but global ones such as climate change and deforestation in the Amazon region - for them their home, for the planet a coveted air and fresh water reserve.
Leaving a legacy
That's why Oxfam and its allies in Bolivia focus on communities such as Dos de Octubre. What are the main objectives? Access to land, diversifying agricultural production, increasing revenue, improving the marketing of products, the recovery of the forest and above all, rediscovering other ways of seeing and living the world.
The most important thing, says Juan, is to change the mindset. "If our parents and grandparents had thought of tomorrow, of producing and improving the quality of life, my life and the life of other people would be different. So in my community we want to teach our children something different, and leave them a patch of forest and food. Our change ensures their future."
Oxfam has been working in Bolivia since 1988, to help develop a more diverse, productive and fair national economy, a more inclusive democracy, and an intercultural society. We work with and through local partners including civil society organizations, NGOs, networks and different levels of the Bolivian government.


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Fall Essentials
Updating your wardrobe can be an intimidating task, especially when the runways are jam-packed with an endless number of emerging trends and silhouettes! We'd never want you to waste your time wondering what to buy, so in today's episode of Ask A Stylist, we show you the season's best offerings and reveal the key pieces you need to freshen up your favorite basics. So join us as we work a little sartorial magic and share our fall essentials!


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It appears to have been a clerical error, a very embarrassing clerical error, in a system that is still heavily reliant on the passage of paper.
"We let people down and we're going to fix this," Cook County Sheriff Tom Dart said Friday afternoon.
While the sheriff's police have some leads as to the possible whereabouts of this convicted killer, he remains at large.
"It was a clerical error," said Dart. "It appears at this point--I hate being definitive right now, because it has been less than 24 hours since we have been made aware that he was gone, and we spent most of the time looking for him, but our initial investigation appears to be a clerical error."
Robbins was convicted 10 years ago for a murder in Indianapolis. He was doing a 60-year prison sentence in Michigan City. Tuesday, he was driven from the prison to Chicago because of a 20-year-old outstanding criminal warrant in Cook County.
The intent was to clear the outstanding warrant from the books, so Robbins went to court in Chicago Wednesday. The warrant was formally quashed, the paperwork was carted out, and back to jail went Robbins, who should have been returned to Indiana, but what is seen in the jail is that the old Cook County charge had been dismissed, so Robbins, a convicted killer, was allowed to go free.
Robbins walked out in civilian clothing from Goodwill given to him by the jail. The state's attorney said there was no need to bring Robbins to Cook County in the first place.
"The sheriff's police and their extradition unit and fugitive warrant unit asked for us to bring him back, and they actually have the responsibility to bring him back," said Cook County State's Attorney Anita Alvarez, "and several days prior to him being brought here, one of our assistant state's attorneys told the Cook County sheriff's police that there was no need to bring him back because the case had been dismissed back in 2007."
Because no paperwork had gone back to the jail about Robbins coming from Indiana, all the people in the records room saw was that the guy's court case was dismissed.
So Robbins, like another 200 people every day, was release and he was released like the other 200, out the front door of the jail.
Robbins is considered dangerous. The FBI and Marshals Service are offering a combined reward of up to $10,000 for information that leads to the apprehension of Robbins.
The 44-year-old is 5'5", 190 pounds, with a tattoo on the right side of his neck that says "Nicole."


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The Tibesti Mountains, located mostly in Chad with the northern slopes extending into Libya, are captured in this Envisat image.
This range of inactive - with some potentially active - volcanoes in the central Sahara desert covers about 100 000 sq km. Home to the Toubou people today, the region is known for its ancient cave paintings, mostly dating from the fifth to the third millennium BC.
The isolated area with little vegetation is known as the 'mountains of hunger' because they can feed few people. Some plant life does exist, supporting populations of gazelle, Barbary sheep and cheetah. The mountains' highest peak is Emi Koussi - pictured here as a circular structure in the lower-right portion of the dark area. Standing over 3400 m high, it is the tallest mountain in Chad and in the Sahara.
The westernmost volcano is Tousside. Our satellite view shows the dark peak with lava flows extending to the left. The white depression to the southeast gets its colour from the accumulation of carbonate salts, creating a soda lake. There are a number of hot springs and geysers throughout the mountain range. Local people use the hot and warm springs for medical purposes.
Surrounding the Tibesti Mountains, the sands of the Sahara appear like orange, yellow and white brushstrokes. This image was acquired on 4 March by Envisat's MERIS instrument.
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The tuition rate does not include books, supplies, housing, meals, travel expenses, or health insurance. For more information regarding tuition rates, please consult Cornell University policy.
Cornell undergraduates seeking degrees in colleges other than Arts and Sciences: Please note that you will be transferred to the College of Arts and Sciences during FALCON. This means that all costs will be assessed according to Arts and Sciences rates.
Deposits and Payments:
A deposit of $500 is required within two weeks of acceptance. All deposits are strictly non-refundable, but are credited toward your tuition balance.
A deposit of $500, due July 1st, is required from students enrolled in the full-year (summer and academic-year) which is also credited toward the tuition balance.
All students attending FALCON must be enrolled through Cornell
University's College of Arts and Sciences.
For information about financial aid, please click here.


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Who are Dalits? & What is Untouchability?
Who are Dalits?
The word "Dalit" comes from the Sanskrit root dal- and means "broken, ground-down, downtrodden, or oppressed." Those previously known as Untouchables, Depressed Classes, and Harijans are today increasingly adopting the term "Dalit" as a name for themselves. "Dalit" refers to one's caste rather than class; it applies to members of those menial castes which have born the stigma of "untouchability" because of the extreme impurity and pollution connected with their traditional occupations. Dalits are 'outcastes' falling outside the traditional four-fold caste system consisting of the hereditary Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya, and Shudra classes; they are considered impure and polluting and are therefore physically and socially excluded and isolated from the rest of society.
Dalits represent a community of 170 million in India, constituting 17% of the population. One out of every six Indians is Dalit, yet due to their caste identity Dalits regularly face discrimination and violence which prevent them from enjoying the basic human rights and dignity promised to all citizens of India. Caste-based social organization extends beyond India, finding corollaries in Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and Bangladesh, as well as other countries outside of South Asia (see below). More than 260 million people worldwide suffer from this "hidden apartheid" of segregation, exclusion, and discrimination.
What is "Untouchability"?
India's Constitution abolished "untouchability," meaning that the dominant castes could no longer legally force Dalits to perform any "polluting" occupation. Yet sweeping, scavenging, and leatherwork are still the monopoly of the scheduled castes, whose members are threatened with physical abuse and social boycotts for refusing to perform demeaning tasks. Migration and the anonymity of the urban environment have in some cases resulted in upward occupational mobility among Dalits, but the majority continue to perform their traditional functions. A lack of training and education, as well as discrimination in seeking other forms of employment, has kept these traditions and their hereditary nature alive.
Types of Untouchability Practices & Discrimination
In the name of Untouchability, Dalits face nearly 140 forms of work & descent-based discrimination at the hands of the dominant castes. Here are a few:
• Prohibited from eating with other caste members
• Prohibited from marrying with other caste members
• Separate glasses for Dalits in village tea stalls
• Discriminatory seating arrangements and separate utensils in restaurants
• Segregation in seating and food arrangements in village functions and festivals
• Prohibited from entering into village temples
• Prohibited from wearing sandals or holding umbrellas in front of dominant caste members
• Devadasi system - the ritualized temple prostitution of Dalit women
• Prohibited from entering dominant caste homes
• Prohibited from riding a bicycle inside the village
• Prohibited from using common village path
• Separate burial grounds
• No access to village's common/public properties and resources (wells, ponds, temples, etc.)
• Segregation (separate seating area) of Dalit children in schools
• Prohibited from contesting in elections and exercising their right to vote
• Forced to vote or not to vote for certain candidates during the elections
• Prohibiting from hoisting the national flag during Independence or Republic days
• Sub-standard wages
• Bonded Labor
• Face social boycotts by dominant castes for refusing to perform their "duties"
Prevalence of Untouchability Practices & Discrimination
These statistics are taken from a survey of practices of untouchability undertaken in 565 villages in 11 major states of India. They clearly demonstrate that the inhumane and illegal practice of untouchability is still commonplace in contemporary India:
In as many as 38% of government schools, Dalit children are made to sit separately while eating. In 20 percent schools, Dalits children are not even permitted to drink water from the same source.
A shocking 27.6% of Dalits were prevented from entering police stations and 25.7% from entering ration shops. 33% of public health workers refused to visit Dalit homes, and 23.5% of Dalits still do not get letters delivered in their homes. Segregated seating for Dalits was found in 30.8% of self-help groups and cooperatives, and 29.6% of panchayat offices. In 14.4% of villages, Dalits were not permitted even to enter the panchayat building. In 12% of villages surveyed, Dalits were denied access to polling booths, or forced to form a separate line.
In 48.4% of surveyed villages, Dalits were denied access to common water sources. In 35.8%, Dalits were denied entry into village shops. They had to wait at some distance from the shop, the shopkeepers kept the goods they bought on the ground, and accepted their money similarly without direct contact. In teashops, again in about one-third of the villages, Dalits were denied seating and had to use separate cups.
In as many as 73% of the villages, Dalits were not permitted to enter non-Dalit homes, and in 70% of villages non-Dalits would not eat together with Dalits.
In more than 47% villages, bans operated on wedding processions on public (arrogated as upper-caste) roads. In 10 to 20% of villages, Dalits were not allowed even to wear clean, bright or fashionable clothes or sunglasses. They could not ride their bicycles, unfurl their umbrellas, wear sandals on public roads, smoke or even stand without head bowed.
Restrictions on temple entry by Dalits average as high as 64%, ranging from 47 % in UP to 94% in Karnataka. In 48.9% of the surveyed villages, Dalits were barred from access to cremation grounds.
In 25% of the villages, Dalits were paid lower wages than other workers. They were also subjected to much longer working hours, delayed wages, verbal and even physical abuse, not just in 'feudal' states like Bihar but also notably in Punjab. In 37% of the villages, Dalit workers were paid wages from a distance, to avoid physical contact.
In 35% of villages, Dalit producers were barred from selling their produce in local markets. Instead they were forced to sell in the anonymity of distant urban markets where caste identities blur, imposing additional burdens of costs and time, and reducing their profit margin and competitiveness.
Analogous Systems of Discrimination in Other Countries
Caste and analogous systems of social hierarchy operate across the world, particularly in Asia and Africa, subjecting millions to inhuman treatment on the basis of being born into a certain caste or similar social group. Though the communities themselves may be indistinguishable in appearance from others, unlike with race or ethnicity, socio-economic disparities are glaring, as are the peculiar forms of discrimination practiced against them. It is approximated that around 250 – 300 million people across the world suffer from caste, or work and descent based discrimination, a form of discrimination that impinges on their civil, political, religious, socio-economic and cultural rights.
Common features seen in caste and analogous systems across the world include the following: (a) Physical segregation; (b) Social segregation, including prohibition on inter-marriages between caste groups; (c) Assignment of traditional occupations, often being occupations associated with death or filth, coupled with restrictions on occupational mobility; (d) Pervasive debt bondage due to poor remuneration for lower-caste occupations; (e) High levels of illiteracy, poverty and landlessness as compared to so-called higher castes; (f) Impunity for perpetrators of crimes against low-caste communities; (g) Use of degrading language to describe low-caste communities, based on notions of purity and pollution, filth and cleanliness; and (h) Double or triple discrimination against and exploitation of women of low castes on the basis of sex, class and caste.
Below is a list of some communities in other countries around the world facing discrimination due to caste or some analogous social hierarchical system:
Bangladesh: Methor community (traditionally sweepers and manual scavengers)
Burkina Faso: Bellah community (traditionally slaves, unpaid manual laborers, to other caste 'owners')
Japan: Buraku community (at the bottom of the Japanese class system; traditionally viewed as filthy and/or non-human)
Kenya: Watta community (traditionally considered low, worthless, and consigned to a life of servitude from birth)
Mauritania: Haratin community (these 'black moors' are considered slaves to the Bidan, or 'white moors', in Mauritanian society)
Nepal: Dalit community (situation is essentially the same as that of Dalits in India)
Nigeria: Osu community (traditionally the Osu people are 'owned' by deities and considered as outcaste, untouchable, and sub-human)
Pakistan: Dalit community (like Dalits in India except in Muslim society there is no concept of ritual pollution; concepts of privilege and shame used instead)
Rwanda: Twa community (at bottom of social hierarchy with no legal protections from discrimination and no representation in positions of power/authority)
Senegal: Neeno & Nyamakalaw communities (largely blacksmiths and leatherworkers, they are considered impure and face explicit segregation and exclusion)
Somalia: Midgan community (minority outcaste group facing violence, refusal of rights, and possessing no legal protections)
Sri Lanka: Rodi/Rodiya & Pallar/Paraiyar communities (these groups face discrimination in employment, practices of social distance, and denial of access to resources)


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Tuesday , May 15, 2018 - 3:15 PM7 comments
OGDEN — A judge on Tuesday rebuffed a group of North Ogden residents' call for a temporary court order to halt construction of a new amphitheater in Barker Park.
In handing down the decision after three scattered days of testimony dating to April 11, 2nd District Court Judge Noel Hyde argued, in part, that an amphitheater isn't necessarily outside the scope of a "traditional" park, a key point of debate. The neighbors suing the city of North Ogden to stop the project argued that the amphitheater plans violate the wording in a 2000 deed governing the space that says the land is to remain a "traditional" city park.
"The court rules there is no single use that defines a traditional-type city park," Hyde said from his Ogden courtroom after testimony concluded Tuesday. "The court declines to adopt any definition of the term traditional city park that gives specific precedence to one particular type of use."
Though Tuesday's decision doesn't necessarily end things, the judge also rebuffed the neighbors on other points of debate — that they'd face irreparable harm without a temporary injunction and that they would likely succeed in their lawsuit at a trial, among other things. The neighbors — three couples who live adjacent to Barker Park and fear the expanded facility would bring noise traffic and disruption — sought the preliminary injunction to halt work pending a final decision in their lawsuit.
"We'll be able to complete (the amphitheater) and do our shows this summer," Jon Call, the North Ogden City attorney, said after the judge's ruling.
North Ogden official defends amphitheater, says it fits in a 'traditional' park
North Ogden amphitheater site, focus of suit, was to have been 'passive' park
North Ogden amphitheater upgrade begins, $1.85M first phase to be done by May
North Ogden amphitheater upgrade, 2 months on, spurs opposition campaign
North Ogden residents file suit to halt Barker Park amphitheater construction
North Ogden amphitheater lawsuit raises specter of having to tear out upgrades
The first phase of work on the amphitheater upgrade is nearly done and should be completed — landscaping and everything — by June 18. Most immediately, the city is planning a concert and fireworks in the revamped amphitheater on July 4 in connection with North Ogden Cherry Days activities. Then, a production of the musical "Once on this Island" is scheduled for July 6-14, according to the city website.
Matt Ball, the attorney for Aaron Christensen, his wife Kim and the two other couples suing North Ogden, expressed disappointment with Tuesday's ruling but said it doesn't necessarily end the case. Typically, limited information is available in preliminary injunction hearings, with more substantive information emerging only ahead of a full-blown trial.
Potential options at this stage would be appealing Tuesday's decision, seeking a trial on the larger issues regardless of Hyde's ruling or "folding the tent," Ball said. He said Christensen and the others were considering their options and hadn't decided on the next course of action.
Work on the upgraded amphitheater started last November after the North Ogden City Council approved a $1.85 million contract with Wadman Corp. to handle the first phase of the project. Talk of augmenting the small, concrete-slab amphitheater that previously sat at the location dates to 2015, and city leaders discussed the plans on-and-off through 2017.
Nevertheless, as work unfolded late last year, the scope of the project took Christensen and others by surprise, leading to their lawsuit last February. They worry about noise, traffic and more brought on by activities at the larger amphitheater and say its construction violates a 2000 warranty deed the city crafted with Ray and Fern Barker in connection with the city's purchase of the land.
The Barkers sold the land where the amphitheater sits to the city. In testimony on April 11 in the call for the preliminary injunction, John Hendrickson, North Ogden's city administrator from 1998 to 2002, said the Barkers envisioned a "passive type of a park," bolstering contentions of the suing neighbors that the new amphitheater, as envisioned, would be a magnet for crowds and violate the 2000 deed.
Then last week, Tiffany Staheli, parks and recreation director for North Ogden, said amphitheaters can be a part of "traditional" parks, gauging by industry standards.
In testimony earlier Tuesday, Call, who has dual duties as North Ogden City attorney and city administrator, said city officials followed proper procedure in advertising the public meetings focused on enlarging the amphitheater. He figures the issue was discussed at perhaps 15 or 20 public meetings and that the first public gathering the foes attended was last September.
The smaller amphitheater never generated any objections that he knows of, Call said. And the argument that the larger amphitheater violated terms of the 2000 warranty deed only came to public light last January, when Christensen and the others started voicing opposition.
Contact reporter Tim Vandenack at email@example.com, follow him on Twitter at @timvandenack or like him on Facebook at Facebook.com/timvandenackreporter.
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DOWNTOWN LIGHTS UP: 'Busco community members gather for holiday event
CHURUBUSCO — The town of Churubusco gathered together at the corner of U.S. 33 and Ind. 205 to watch the town's Christmas tree light up.Clerk-Treasurer Madalyn Sade-Bartl organized the affair to promote holiday togetherness for the town."We are hoping to make this an annual event," said Sade-Bartl. "We needed something here to kick off the holiday season. I think this works out just fine."Santa made his entrance on a fire truck complete with flashing lights.Zane Sade, a Churubusco High School graduate, serenaded the crowd with a Christmas carol.Among the lights and sounds, baked goods and hot chocolate were served to raise money for the Churubusco Parks Department.Town officials are working on a plan to revitalize the downtown area.With renovations and enhancements to downtown, Sade-Bartl looks for the lighting event to grow in popularity.For a more in depth look at this story, see the Nov. 27 issue of The Post and Mail. Don't have a subscription? Call (260) 244-5153 or subscribe to our e-edition. For breaking news, sports updates and additional coverage, bookmark the homepage and find us on facebook.


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FreeLink for the LinkStation Quad
From NAS-Central Buffalo - The Linkstation Wiki
This page will describe the steps taken to get FreeLink and subsequently Lenny on my newly acquired Quad (LS-QL/R5). Think of it as work in progress until I actually get Debian on it. And at the same time, any comments or suggestions are very welcome.
PLEASE read through all the steps here before you try anything.
High Level Steps
- Resize partitions (optional)
- Open up for telnet
- Install FreeLink image
- Configure for Debian
- Upgrade to Lenny
- Add software
- Final customization
- Backup the changes (while not technically needed, this is highly recommended)
- ACP Commander
- FreeLink image
- Debian tarball
Resizing the partitions
If you are not happy with the stock Quad disk layout, you can change the layout by unplugging the disk and inserting it in another machine.
Adding Software
The following software should really be on it afterwards (personal preference, I know). The packages are listed in brackets after the software name)
- OpenSSH (ssh)
- NFS (nfs-kernel-server??)
- iTunes Media Server (mt-daapd)
- Puppet (this is very much a personal preference, but I manage all my boxes with puppet). Other options are cfengine and chef.


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How Is Nasopharyngeal Cancer Diagnosed?
Nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) is most often diagnosed when a person goes to a doctor because of symptoms such as a lump in the neck. The doctor will take a history, do an exam, and then may refer the patient to a specialist and/or order some tests.
Medical history and physical exam
If you have any signs or symptoms that suggest you might have nasopharyngeal cancer, your doctor will want to get your complete medical history to learn about your symptoms and any possible risk factors, including your family history.
A physical exam will be done to look for signs of NPC or other health problems. During the exam, the doctor will pay special attention to the head and neck area, including the nose, mouth, and throat; the facial muscles, and the lymph nodes in the neck.
If your doctor suspects you may have a tumor or other problem in the nose or throat, he or she may order imaging tests (such as CT or MRI) to look at the head and neck area more closely. Your doctor may also refer you to an otolaryngologist (a doctor specializing in ear, nose, and throat problems, also sometimes called an ENT doctor), who will do a more thorough exam of the nasopharynx. The nasopharynx is a difficult area to examine. Most other kinds of doctors do not have the specialized training or equipment to do a thorough exam of this part of the body.
Exams of the nasopharynx
The nasopharynx is located deep inside the head and is not easily seen, so special techniques are needed to examine this area. There are 2 main types of exams used to look inside the nasopharynx for abnormal growths, bleeding, or other signs of disease. Both types of exams are usually done in the doctor's office.
- For indirect nasopharyngoscopy, the doctor uses special small mirrors and lights placed at the back of your throat to look at the nasopharynx and nearby areas.
- For direct nasopharyngoscopy, the doctor uses a fiber-optic scope known as a nasopharyngoscope (a flexible, lighted, narrow tube inserted through the nose) to look directly at the lining of the nasopharynx. You will have numbing medicine sprayed into your nose before the exam to make it easier. This is the method most often used to carefully examine the nasopharynx.
If a tumor starts under the lining of the nasopharynx (in the tissue called the submucosa), it may not be possible to see it directly on physical exam, which is why imaging tests such as CT scans (see below) may be needed as well.
Symptoms and the results of exams can suggest that a person might have NPC, but the actual diagnosis is made by removing cells from an abnormal area and looking at them under a microscope. This is known as a biopsy. Different types of biopsies may be done, depending on where the abnormal area is.
Endoscopic biopsy
If a suspicious growth is found in the nasopharynx during an exam, the doctor may remove a biopsy sample with small instruments and the aid of a fiber-optic scope. Often, biopsies of the nasopharynx are done in the operating room as an outpatient procedure. The sample is then sent to a lab, where a pathologist (a doctor who specializes in diagnosing and classifying diseases in the lab) looks at it under a microscope. If the biopsy sample contains cancer cells, the pathologist sends back a report describing the type of the cancer.
NPC is not always visible during an exam. If a person has symptoms suggesting NPC but nothing abnormal is seen on exam, the doctor may biopsy normal-looking tissue, which may be found to contain cancer cells when looked at under the microscope.
Fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy
An FNA biopsy may be used if you have a suspicious lump in or near your neck. For this procedure, the doctor uses a thin, hollow needle attached to a syringe to aspirate (withdraw) a few drops of fluid containing cells and tiny fragments of tissue. A local anesthetic (numbing medicine) may be used on the skin where the needle will be inserted might be numbed with a local anesthetic but sometimes this is not needed.
The doctor places the needle directly into the mass for about 10 seconds and withdraws cells and a few drops of fluid. The cells are then looked at under a microscope to see if they are cancerous.
An FNA biopsy can help determine if an enlarged lymph node in the neck area is caused by a response to an infection, the spread of cancer from somewhere else (such as the nasopharynx), or a cancer that begins in lymph nodes – called a lymphoma. If the cancer started somewhere else, the FNA biopsy alone might not be able to tell where it started. But if a patient already known to have NPC has enlarged neck lymph nodes, FNA can help determine if the spread of NPC caused the lymph node swelling.
Imaging tests
Imaging tests use x-rays, magnetic fields, sound waves, or radioactive particles to create pictures of the inside of your body. Imaging tests may be done for a number of reasons, including to help find a suspicious area that might be cancerous, to learn how far cancer may have spread, and to help determine if treatment has been effective.
Chest x-ray
If you have been diagnosed with NPC, a plain x-ray of your chest may be done to see if the cancer has spread to your lungs. This is very unlikely unless your cancer is far advanced. This x-ray can be done in any outpatient setting. If the results are normal, you probably don't have cancer in your lungs.
Computed tomography (CT) scan
The CT scan is an x-ray test that produces detailed cross-sectional images of your body. Instead of taking one x-ray, a CT scanner takes many pictures as it rotates around you. A computer then combines them into images of slices of the part of your body that is being studied.
Before the pictures are taken, you may get an IV (intravenous) line through which a kind of contrast dye (IV contrast) is injected. This helps better outline structures in your body. You may also be asked to drink 1 to 2 pints of a liquid called oral contrast. This helps outline the intestine so that certain areas are not mistaken for tumors. It may not be needed for CT scans of the nasopharynx.
The injection can cause some flushing (redness and warm feeling). Some people are allergic and get hives or, rarely, more serious reactions like trouble breathing and low blood pressure. Be sure to tell the doctor if you have any allergies or have ever had a reaction to a contrast material used for x-rays.
You need to lie still on a table while the scan is being done. During the test, the table slides in and out of the scanner, a ring-shaped machine that completely surrounds the table. You might feel a bit confined by the ring you have to lie in while the pictures are being taken.
A CT scan of the head and neck can provide information about the size, shape, and position of a tumor and can help find enlarged lymph nodes that might contain cancer. CT scans or MRIs are important in looking for cancer that may have grown into the bones at the base of the skull. This is a common place for nasopharyngeal cancer to grow. CT scans can also be used to look for tumors in other parts of the body.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan
Like CT scans, MRI scans provide detailed images of soft tissues in the body. But MRI scans use radio waves and strong magnets instead of x-rays. The energy from the radio waves is absorbed and then released in a pattern formed by the type of body tissue and by certain diseases. A computer translates the pattern into very detailed images of parts of the body. A contrast material called gadolinium is often injected into a vein before the scan to better see details.
MRI scans may be a little more uncomfortable than CT scans. They take longer – often up to an hour. You may be asked to lie on a table that slides inside a large tube, which is confining and can upset people with a fear of enclosed spaces. Special, "open" MRI machines can sometimes help with this if needed, but the drawback is that the images may not be as clear. The MRI machine makes buzzing and clicking noises that you may find disturbing. Some places will provide earplugs to help block this noise out.
Like CT scans, MRIs can be used to try to determine if the cancer has grown into structures near the nasopharynx. MRIs are a little better than CT scans at showing the soft tissues in the nose and throat, but they're not quite as good for looking at the bones at the base of the skull, a common place for nasopharyngeal cancer to grow.
Positron emission tomography (PET) scan
For a PET scan, you receive an injection of a form of radioactive sugar (known as fluorodeoxyglucose or FDG). The amount of radioactivity used is low. Because cancer cells in the body are growing rapidly, they absorb large amounts of the sugar. After about an hour, you are moved onto a table in the PET scanner. You lie on the table for about 30 minutes while a special camera creates a picture of areas of radioactivity in the body. The picture is not finely detailed like a CT or MRI scan, but it provides helpful information about your whole body.
Your doctor may use this test to see if the cancer has spread to your lymph nodes. It can also help give the doctor a better idea of whether an abnormal area on a chest x-ray may be cancer. A PET scan can also be useful if your doctor thinks the cancer may have spread but doesn't know where.
Some machines are able to do both a PET and CT scan at the same time (PET/CT scan). This lets the doctor compare areas of higher radioactivity on the PET with the more detailed appearance of that area on the CT.
Blood tests
Blood tests are not used to diagnose NPC, but they may be done for other reasons, such as to help determine whether the cancer may have spread to other parts of the body.
Routine blood counts and blood chemistry tests
Routine blood tests can help determine a patient's overall health. These tests can help diagnose malnutrition, anemia (low red blood counts), liver disease, and kidney disease. And they may suggest the possibility of spread of the cancer to the liver or bone, which may prompt further testing.
In people getting chemotherapy, blood tests are important to see if the treatment is damaging the bone marrow (where new blood cells are made), liver, and kidneys.
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA levels
In some patients, the blood level of EBV DNA may be measured before and after treatment to help show how effective treatment is.
Last Medical Review: January 15, 2015 Last Revised: August 8, 2016
American Cancer Society medical information is copyrighted material. For reprint requests, please see our Content Usage Policy.


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I love the DEN because it keeps me in the loop. There is so much that we can learn from one another, and I'm so grateful for all the folks who spend time enthusiastically sharing what they have learned or tried and had success with - so that other educators and their students can benefit, as well. I enjoy the conversations in the chat during webinars, and the face-to-face conferences that I've attended have been joyous experiences.
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text:
The Large Rucksack in Nylon and Riveted Leather
€1,395.00 €1,395.00
€840.00 €840.00
All orders will be fulfilled by Burberry Limited and shipped from the UK. When you place your order, you accept Burberry's Terms and Conditions and confirm that you have read our Privacy Policy.
Size Guide
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- Our signature lightweight showerproof rucksack trimmed in riveted leather. Inspired by the fabric of the Burberry trench coat, the bag is made from durable nylon woven in a compact gabardine construction. The easy, soft structure is influenced by military archive styles from the early 20th century, and is reworked with multiple zip pockets for added functionality.
- 28 x 15 x 42cm/11 x 5.9 x 16.5in
- Outer: 85% polyamide, 15% acrylic
- Trim: 100% calf leather
- Lining: 71% cotton, 29% polyamide
- Back panel: 100% polyamide
- Three exterior zip pockets, one interior slip pocket, one interior zip pocket
- Rolled leather top handle, adjustable shoulder straps
- Buckle, press-stud and drawcord fastenings
- Diamond-padded back panel
- Hand-painted edges
- Raised Burberry lettering at front
- Made in Italy
Item 40697351
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text:
ARLINGTON, VA -- Newt Gingrich finally ended his presidential bid on Wednesday at a hotel just outside of the nation's capital, where he once led the Republican Party in Congress.
Newt Gingrich end his run for president on after winning only two of the dozens of nominating contests in the Republican primary race. Watch his entire speech.
After a week of broadcasting his intent to suspend his campaign -- including the release of a video earlier this week thanking supporters and previewing the announcement -- Gingrich formally ended his bid for the Republican presidential nomination at an event his campaign had billed as a "press conference to announce suspension of campaign."
Benjamin Myers / Reuters
Republican presidential candidate Newt Gingrich speaks next to his wife Callista Gingrich as he suspends his presidential campaign May 2 in Arlington, Va.
"Today, I'm suspending the campaign but suspending the campaign does not mean suspending citizenship. Callista and I are committed to be active citizens. We owe it to America. We owe it to Maggie and Robert," Gingrich said, referring to his only two grandchildren, here in his home state of Virginia.
Once bitter rival of Mitt Romney, the presumptive GOP nominee, Gingrich vowed during his 26 minute speech to do whatever possible to beat Barack Obama but came short of actually endorsing Romney.
"I'm asked sometimes is Mitt Romney conservative enough. And my answer is simple: compared to Barack Obama? You know, this is not a choice between Mitt Romney and Ronald Reagan. This is a choice between Mitt Romney and the most radical leftist President in American history," Gingrich said while addressing roughly 100 members of the media inside the Hilton Hotel.
Romney said in a statement: "Newt Gingrich has brought creativity and intellectual vitality to American political life. During the course of this campaign, Newt demonstrated both eloquence and fearlessness in advancing conservative ideas. Although he long ago created an enduring place for himself in American history, I am confident that he will continue to make important contributions to our party and to the life of the nation."
Gingrich's spokesman said an official endorsement of Romney is still to come.
The news was far from surprising, given the way the former House speaker had been openly discussing the prospect of his exiting from the race ever since he finished poorly in the Delaware primary.
After finishing nearly 30 percent behind Mitt Romney in DE -- a state Gingrich frequented leading up to the election -- the speaker basically gave two concession speeches while campaigning in North Carolina last week. He began calling Romney the "nominee" and said it was time to "be honest about what's happening in the real world as opposed to what you would like to have happen."
Gingrich's campaign had been considered virtually dead for weeks, though the winner of the South Carolina and Georgia primaries vowed to contest the nomination all the way through the Republican convention this summer in Tampa. Gingrich had assailed Romney's conservatism, and, to boot, President Obama's campaign circulated a video this morning featuring the ex-speaker's greatest hits against Romney.
That said, the month of May is far later in the election cycle than most political observers thought Gingrich would last. After suffering missteps in the launch of his campaign, most of Gingrich's senior staff quit on him last June.
Gingrich must also still work to erase millions of debts incurred during his campaign, mostly during its tail end.
But at today's event, the Speaker seemed cheerful and unfazed by the $4 million hole he is in. He rather spent time talking about one of his most memorable ideas from the past 10 months – his proposed moon colony.
"My wife has pointed out to me approximately 219 times, give or take three, that the moon colony was probably not my most clever comment in this campaign. I thought, frankly, in my role providing material for Saturday night live it was helpful but the underlying key point is real," Gingrich joked.


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Best bedding stores in Minnesota
Sponsored By
Best Bedding Stores In MinnesotaA good night's sleep goes a long way towards a good day. While there are plenty of factors to consider when trying to ensure that sleep happens, one of the most crucial is what you put on your bed. Check out this list of five of the best local bedding stores around to help you in your search.


text: A friend of mine is looking for some larger Kings Craft houseboats. I have found that there are some of the larger boats with the Chrysler 318s. How well do these boats perform? Are they pretty much dogs? I know you aren't looking for the boat to ski behind, but when traveling a decent cruising speed would be nice.