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Bed bug
|Scientific classification
|Kingdom Information
|Phylum Information
|Class Information
|Order Information
|Family Information
|Genus Information
|Species Information
|C. lectularius
|Population statistics
A Bed bug is any of approximately 75 species of a small parasitical insect of the family Cimicidae, particularly the common bed bug (Cimex lectularius) of the temperate areas of the northern hemisphere. Bed bugs are an ectoparasite, characterized by the nocturnal feeding of blood from man or warm-blooded animals.
- 1 Description
- 2 History
- 3 Life and behavior
- 4 Health issues
- 5 Control and eradication
- 6 Environmentalism
- 7 Economic Impact
- 8 American Folklore
- 9 References
- 10 External links
Bed bugs are approximately a fifth to a quarter of an inch (4-5 millimeters) long. They are broad and flat in shape, brown in color, and glisten from a distinctive, smelly oil secreted from scent glands. The wings are scale-like and vestigial. Females lay about 200 or more eggs during reproductive periods, and can lay around a thousand during several such periods within a year.
Bed bugs feed chiefly at night;[1] in the wild they feed on the blood of birds and small mammals, and within human-inhabited areas they feed upon domesticated animals as well as man. They retreat to their hiding places during the daytime, using up to several days in which to digest their food.[2] Most bed bugs live full-time within eight feet of where humans sleep. When hiding they are generally found in bedding and mattresses (hence the name), nearby furniture, carpeting, within dressers and clothes, curtains, and cushions.
Bed bugs have been plaguing humans since ancient times. Aristophanes wrote "The Clouds" in 423 B.C. referring to bed bugs living in a couch. Eva Panagiotakopulu, a University of Sheffield archaeologist, found that bed bugs have lived with man for at least 3500 years.[3]
Bed bugs spread throughout Europe and Asia, reaching Italy by 100 A.D., China by 600 A.D., and Germany and France in the 1200s and 1400s, and are mentioned in medieval European texts and in classical Greek writings back to the time of Aristotle. The earliest record of bed bugs in England is that of 1583. Migrating with European explorers to America, infestations first arose in busy seaport towns, and later on appearing farther inland. This pattern that was repeated in the late 1990s, with the reports of infestations first coming from such gateway cities as New York, Los Angeles, San Francisco and Miami.[4] A 1920s guide advises treating infested mattresses with "high-test gasoline" and a 1935 guide prescribed powdered calcium cyanide.
In the 1800s, bed bugs were significant pest in parts of both the United States and the United Kingdom. Government Entomologist Dr. Riley, PhD, described the ubiquity of bed bugs in 1889:
|I have occasionally met with a favored individual who had never seen a bed bug; but such fortunate people are rare and there are very few housekeepers who have not, by accident perhaps, or through slovenly servants, made the intimate acquaintance of the ubiquitous pest…. It's odor and the effects of its bites are universally known, and the word "bed buggy" has entered our literature as descriptive of a particular class of odors.[5]
In the 1930s there were large sections of London where every house was infested, resulting in an investigation by the Ministry of Health and the Public Health Act of 1936 which required councils to take action. Toxic fumigation using sulfur dioxide (sulfur candles) or hydrogen cyanide, are reported to have helped reduce infestations by up to 80% in one town under study. Before World War Two the primary treatment was either heat or fumigation, and barriers behind walls were even constructed to prevent bed bugs from crawling up, while harborage was encouraged using wire mesh below, which periodically would be burned with a blow torch. Some state laws once required that the furniture be tagged as fumigated before it could be resold. DDT became the primary insecticide beginning in 1945, and declining numbers overall continued from the late 30s through 1980s until the recent resurgence.
Diligence and use of the pesticide DDT in the 1950s and broad-based pesticides also resulted in a dramatic reduction of bed bugs overall in the United States, though significant reservoirs of bed bug infestation persisted through this period, particularly in inner-city areas. During the bed bug recession period of the 1950s, infestations were mainly found in homeless shelters, and prisons, while during in the period 1967-73, about 61% of infestations were found in domestic residential property, while about 25% were in institutional settings.[6][7][8]
A current resurgence of bed bug infestations appears to have started almost synchronously in the late 1990s in Europe, the United States, and in Australia. 2007 data from a survey of pest control companies in the latter country indicated a 4500% increase over a seven-year period.[9][10]
According to a new survey from the National Pest Management Association (NPMA), one out of five Americans has had a bed bug infestation in their home or knows someone who has encountered bed bugs at home or a hotel.[11] The University of Kentucky, which has provided much research on bed bugs, and the United States' National Pest Management Association reported that 95% of 521 U.S. pest management companies reported encountering a bed bug infestation in the past year.[12][13] Canada reported similar numbers (98%), as well as Europe (92%), and Africa/Middle East (90%). In contrast, prior to the year 2000 only 25% of U.S. survey respondents reported bed bug infestations. In addition, 76 percent of survey respondents affirmed that bed bugs are the most difficult pest to treat, more so than cockroaches, ants and termites. "The results of the global study suggest that we are on the threshold of a bed bug pandemic, not just in the United States, but around the world," said Missy Henriksen, vice president of public affairs for NPMA. The global survey included pest control firms in Latin America and Asia, where stronger, organophosphate chemicals are permitted.[14][15] In the United States, state and local government officials say they are being overwhelmed with complaints of bed bug infestations.
Causes of resurgence
The prime causes of the increased bed bug infestations are yet debated. Social aspects such as increased travel immigration and population density, clutter, etc. and even climate change (dismissed) have all been blamed, as well as changing pest control products and methods and the development of strains of bed bugs that are resistant to insecticides.
As regards the latter, this theory for the cause of bed bug resurgence postulates that use of DDT and its successors (DDT was banned, effective Jan 1, 1973) on household pests such as the German cockroach also killed bed bugs before they became established in a home. After roaches developed resistance to insecticides being used, hydramethylnon bait was introduced in the early 1980s, which provided superior effectiveness. This resulted in a switch from spraying and dusting and baseboard treatment which also controlled bed bug populations, to the use of baits and Insect Growth Regulators (IGRs) in the early 1990s. In addition, many more broad spectrum residual pesticides besides DDT were banned or heavily restricted in the United States and many developing countries during the past few decades, due to the danger of harmful effects to humans. These included the organophosphates, chlorpyrifos (Dursban, and to which bed bugs show no resistance to) and diazinon, and the carbamate propoxur (Baygon, also deadly) which had became the indoor insecticides of choice to control cockroaches and most other pests. Replacing them were pyrethroid insecticides, all of which bed bugs have now developed resistance to.[16][17]
Dr. Michael Potter, a professor and urban entomologist at the University of Kentucky, stated, "What made this problem pretty much go away for decades was the availability of very effective, long-lasting insecticides that were cheap, affordable and available not only to pest control companies but to consumers over the counter," he said. Having conducted a study comparing older pesticides to those used today, he found that insecticides in two families, organophosphites and carbamates, are especially effective at eradicating bed bugs. While some of these compounds can be found in insect traps or spot treatments, most are no longer permitted for use by pest-control professionals in North America.[18]
In the light of colonies from all over the United States having a very high resistance to pyrethroid-type pesticides, some believe that these bugs likely came from a region where those pesticides are used extensively around beds. Entomologist Coby Schal believes that it is likely the bed bugs found in U.S. hotels, homes and apartments may be the progeny of bugs which came from areas of the world such as Africa, Southeast Asia or South America, in which bugs might have often encountered pyrethroid-treated bed nets, designed to prevent biting by malaria-carrying mosquitoes, and thus developed resistance to this class of insecticides.
An additional problem as a result of to minimal problems with bed bugs overall in the United States, was that research initiatives on bed bugs ceased in the 1950s.[19]
With many factors possibly contributing to the exponential rise in bed bug infestations, it is difficult to know what physically is the primary caused of the current bed bug epidemic. Potter also, stated, "The bottom line is it may be a convergence of all those factors, but none of that really explains the rapid increase in recent years," said [20]
Life and behavior
Reproduction, development and longevity
Like stable flies, sucking lice, bed bugs, mosquitoes, true bugs, and aphids, bed bugs have a piercing-sucking mouthpart that consists of a long slender tube which is forced into plant or animal tissue to suck out fluids or blood.[21] Like mosquitoes and certain other insects, bed bugs inject an anticoagulant into their host before extracting blood, which results in a burning itching in persons who allergically react to the anticoagulant.
Male bed bugs grab and attempt to mate with any other bed bug that has had a full meal of blood recently, using its hypodermic reproductive appendage. Females grow a mass of the kinds of cells associated with immune defense in the abdominal area most commonly pierced by the male. Male bed bugs lack this, and when homosexual mating attempts are made upon a male then the victim releases a blend of chemicals known as the bed bug alarm pheromone. This recent discovery has resulted in some bed bug insecticides containing the pheromone.[22] Bed bugs also release this substance when they are frightened, the smell of which has been described as a sickening sweet odor or as rotting raspberries.[23] Bed bugs in an all-male confinement experiment had reduced longevity compared to singly held males.[24]
Males will mate with females much more often (roughly 20 times more) than necessary for fertilization of eggs and as a result the females live about 25% less long than they would otherwise.[25]
An impregnated female bed bug will produce between 1- 7 eggs per day (but up to 20) for about 10 days after a single blood meal, and will then have to feed again to produce more eggs. The female bed bug lays her eggs in cracks and crevices in the vicinity of the host (and she seem to prefer wood over metal and plastic) and cements them firmly in position. The eggs are sticky, and able to adhere to most anything, and are yellowish-white, approximately 1 millimeter (1/25 inch) in length (a little larger than a speck of dust) and are covered with a protective layer, so that immersion in water does not kill them as would adult bed bugs. The estimated total number of eggs which may be laid by one female is estimated to be from about 113 to as high as 345. Under optimal conditions (between 70 °F and 90 °F), and with regular feeding, a bed bug population can double every 16 days. At room temperature (average 70 °F), 60 percent of the eggs will hatch when they are 6 days old; around 90 percent will have hatched by the time they are 9 days old. Once born, the bed bug will go through five growth (molting) stages (shedding the exoskeleton) as nymphs---- each nymphal stage requiring a blood meal and each time shedding its skin ---- before it becomes an adult, and able to reproduce. After hatching the color of the bed bug is like that of straw and no bigger than a pinhead, and which begin to feed immediately.
A second stage nymph is about the size of apple seed, and as it fills itself with blood then its color goes from white to bright red. Nymphal stages last from about 4 days to 24 days based on temperature and other environmental conditions. In ideal temperatures (about 70-90 °F), the bugs go from birth to adulthood in a month to six weeks. Studies show that under favorable conditions more than 80 percent of all eggs survive to become reproductive adults. Adults are approximately 3/16-inch long and reddish-brown, with oval, flattened bodies.[26][27]>
Cooler temperatures and less blood meals will slow bed bug development down, and at 55 degrees bed bug development and egg production stops,[28] but much lower temperatures are required to kill them, as adult laboratory bed bugs can survive without feeding for over a year in temperatures around 50 °F, and the nymphs can survive for 3 months. In the laboratory at 10% humidity and 44 °F degrees, bed bugs have survived as long as 560 days without a blood meal.[29]
The original source of longevity statistics appears to be from a study from A.W Bacot in 1914, in which he reported that "After a single meal one newly hatched bug out of three lived for 270 days; while, out of 30 immature bugs in various stages of development, 7 were living and able to feed after a fast of 18 months."[30] However, while this may have been true for individual bed bugs in the UK living at very low temperatures, research showed that on average, modern bed bugs (at any life stage) collected from homes in the United States and held at room temperature without feeding, would die within 70 days. It is thought that these bed bugs were dying of dehydration, rather than starving to death. Also, the most recent studies indicate that a well-fed adult bed bug held at room temperature (avg. 70 °F), will live between 99 and 300 days in the laboratory.[31][32][33]
Feeding, nesting and travel
Adults may feed many times throughout their lifespan, every 3–7 days varying with temperature and other factors.[34] When bed bugs bite, like mosquitoes, they inject an anesthetic that prevents the host from feeling the bite, and an anticoagulant for blood flow. Bed bugs are normatively nocturnal, and though they can bite during the day or with light, they usually occur while people are sleeping, usually when the host is in their deepest part of sleep, most typically 3-5AM. Feeding takes three to 15 minutes, depending on maturity, and immediately after feeding the bug crawls off to digest their meal in a safe place. The bite sites are usually small, pinprick-sized lesions that may or may not become inflamed, though often the human host finds that they itch. Bite marks can be random or in a straight line.[35][36] The human bedbug has glands on its body which secrete an odorous oily material, leaving a room that is heavily infested with a characteristic odor. After feeding the bed bug defecates, which material appears as small black specks on mattresses, sheets or in the vicinity of their hiding places.[37]
Bed bugs do not have nests like ants or bees, but do tend to congregate in habitual hiding places. They are attracted by the carbon dioxide and (secondarily) the heat that people generate, and they will feed only through a membrane.[38] Bed bugs can travel at the rate of 3 feet per minute and 100 feet in one night, but they tend to live within 8 feet of where people sleep. They appear to have an affinity for wood and fabric more so than metal or plastic. Bed bugs hide in such places as mattresses seams, box springs, bed frames and headboards, dresser tables, cracks or crevices, baseboards, behind wallpaper, and under any clothes, clutter or objects around a bed. Their small flat bodies allow them to fit into the smallest of spaces and they can remain in place for long periods of time, even without a blood meal. Bed bugs can be transported from place to place by people as they travel, and eggs and instar nymphs are especially hard to detect.
In addition to bites, bed bugs are made evident by areas marked by dark spotting and staining, which is the dried blood excrement of the bugs. Dark spots of dried bed bug excrement are often present along mattress seams or wherever the bugs have resided. Also present are eggs and eggshells, the brownish molted skins of maturing nymphs and the bugs themselves, though these may be hidden more deeply. Less often one may see rusty or reddish blood smears on bed sheets or mattresses from crushing an engorged bed bug. Some companies are beginning to use canines for detecting infestations, which, if properly trained, can be very effective.[39]
Although bed bugs have the ability to drink water through their proboscis, they appear to do so rather sparingly, as they rely on blood to replenish water stores; none of the bed bugs examined in any stage had the capacity to absorb water vapor. As the bed bugs mature they need less water.[40]
Bed bugs can run at a rate of 1 inch per second/4 ft. per minute, and can climb most walls and cling to ceilings, but are thought to be unable to detect a human presence beyond 5 feet.[41] As bed bugs become active when sensing human presence, in the 1960s the US Army considered them for use in a portable insect ambush detector or a stationary intrusion detector device.[42]
Effects of climate on longevity
Bed bugs are remarkably resistant in almost every sense of the word, and are comfortable within all but the extremes of most inhabitable climates. They have a wide humidity tolerance range but tolerate dry climates better than humid. They can adapt to a wide range of temperatures, and remain active in a temperature as low as 44 °F, as long as they are held at an intermediate temperature for a few hours first. Bed bugs have evidenced that can survive freezing temperatures (32 °F) for days and tolerate much lower temperatures (5 °F) for short periods.[43][44] The upper lethal temperature for nymphs and adults is 113 °F and 115 °F for eggs, while on the other end bed bugs of all stages of maturity can survive at least 5 days at 14 °F, but all stages die after exposure to -26 °F for 15 minutes,[45] or 3.5 days at -5 °F or two days at -4 °F (-20 degrees Celsius) As with many other insects, bed bugs are able to protect themselves from freeze injury by lowering the freezing point of their body fluids.[46] The quicker temperature change occurs the more readily thermal death occurs.
Health issues
Bed bugs have been found to be infected with over 25 disease organisms such as plague, relapsing fever, tularemia and Q fever,[47] but are not known to transmit disease to humans, despite possible associations with hepatitis B and Chagas disease. However, their bites often do leave red itchy welts on human skin due to an allergic reaction.[48]
An addition issue is the stress caused by bed bugs. Respondents of one survey reported that 99% of clients who have had bed bugs were "upset and concerned" while 76 percent of surveyed respondents also reported that bed bugs are the most difficult pest to treat, more so than cockroaches, ants and termites.[49]
Control and eradication
Eradication of bed bugs often necessitates integrated pest management (IPM), which includes
- Vacuuming the mattress, especially tucks and along seams. Kill any live bugs using a spray of 70 or higher percent isopropyl alcohol.
- Isolating the bed from walls and coating the bed legs for 3 to 5 inches with petroleum jelly, and or encasing the bed legs in a water filled container to stop bed bugs (who can jump, but not swim) from crawling up into the bed is typically recommended. Box spring encasements are also promoted.
- Sealing cracks and crevices which bed bugs can hide and lay eggs (which can be as small as the width of a credit card) around the area in which bits occur.
- Washing bedding and clothes in 140 °F degree water and drying at high heat, especially the latter which can be used alone.
- Dusting with pesticides such as silica or diatomaceous earth.
- Judicious use of effective chemical pesticides, beginning with non-repellent types (such as Phantom, where legal).
Chemical insecticides
Chemical Insecticides known to control and kill bed bugs fall into four main different categories, with first being organochlorines, which include DDT. being powerful but also the most notorious class of pesticides is aldrin, chlordane, endrin, endosulfan, dicofol and others. These are typically effective against a broad spectrum of insects, and are relatively low in toxicity to mammals, but they often remain in the environment long after application (especially DDT) and in organisms long after exposure, which led to most of them being banned or their use being very restricted.
The second class is the organophosphates (OPs), which include parathion, malathion, diazinon, dichlorvos, chlorpyrifos, pirimiphos methyl (Actellic). These work by effecting over-stimulation of the nervous system which eventually causes the insect to die. While these break down much faster than organochlorines, they have much greater acute toxicity and can effects mammals as well as insects. After the passing of the Food Quality Protection Act, a 10-year review by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)resulted in 17 of the 49 of the OP pesticides which had been registered for use in pest control being banned or heavily restricted, including the popular household pesticides diazinon and chlorpyrifos.
The third class is that of carbamates, which include carbofuran, aldicarb (Temik), chlorfenapyr (Propoxur), carbaryl (Sevin), and bendiocarb (Ficam). Carbamates typically degrade faster than organochlorines, and some of them can be just as lethal, while others are seen as less toxic. The use of such is restricted by the EPA, and which has banned the highly toxic carbofuran, while the manufacturer of bendiocarb has voluntarily cancelled its registration, which can cost up to $100 million in order to obtain EPA approval.
Regarding the above classes being registered and intended for bedbug control (among other insects), on researcher (2007) found no organochlolines, and out of 341 organophosphates products, most had been cancelled, and only 24 products were available, with the active ingredient being either malathion or DDVP (dichlorvos), while out of 266 carbamate products, only 76 were still available, with the active ingredient being carbaryl.[50]
The carbamate chlorfenapyr (marketed as Phantom) is a relatively new non-pyrethrin material, which some claim has an overall greater long term effectiveness than pyrethrins,[51] with bed bug resistance being only a recent development.[52] Chlorfenapyr is a non-repellent, slower but virulent long-lasting residual killer.[53]
Chlorfenapyr is part of a new class of chemicals called pyrroles, which are technically pro-insecticide, meaning the biological activity depends on its activation to another chemical, in the case of bed bugs leads to lethargy and death. However, due to its hazardous nature Phantom is not legal for sale to consumers in AK, CT, NY, MA, SC, and "is intended for use by individuals/ firms licensed or registered by the state to apply termiticide and general pest control products as a spot or crack and crevice spray."[54][55] And as it may require ten or more days to kill the bugs, during which the insect may still be active and females may wander and deposit viable eggs in other locations.
Another carbamate agent which appears to be most effective against bed begs, with long residual effect, is propoxur (marketed under the registered trademark name Baygon) a pesticide with a somewhat murky regulatory history. In a test of its effectiveness against bed bugs, while some of today's leading pesticides could not kill even half of the bugs, propoxur as well as chlorpyrifos (an organophosphate) killed them all in an hour. However, Propoxur is a neurotoxin, toxic to humans if ingested, and EPA research has found human nervous systems could be harmed, with infants and children being in the most danger. Serious overexposure can also cause death by cardiorespiratory depression.[56] It is therefore, like chlorpyrifos,[57] banned by the EPA for use in locations where children may be present (residential buildings and hotels). Recently, the EPA denied a request by the state of Ohio to allow its use therein by licensed exterminators.[58]
Propoxur volatilizes in the air and can be absorbed into the blood weeks after application. It is also thought to be a cardiovascular or blood toxicant, a possible human carcinogen, a reproductive toxicant, and a neurotoxicant, due to its cholinesterase inhibiting properties, but it is not thought to be bioaccumulative.[59]
The third and most widely used class is that of pyrethrins and pyrethroids, which come from the chrysanthemum plant. This class includes synthetic pyrethroids such as allethrin, tetramethrin, permethrin, esfenvalerate, bifenthrin, cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, d-phenothrin, imiprothrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, resmethrin, and tralomethrin, and which are contained in a variety of insecticides. This class is one of the least poisonous to mammals, and break down more rapidly (thus being more of a contact killer and having less residual effect) and works to control or kill insects by paralyzing their nervous system. However, these are considered less effective than many organophosphates and carbamates, and might be repellent to bedbugs. In addition bed bugs have now developed resistance to all pyrethroids labeled to control them.[60][61][62]
Currently, microencapsulated materials such as contain the pyrethroids esfenvalerate (Onslaught) or lambda-cyhalothrin (Demand CS) may offer the rapid reduction of susceptible populations.[63]
Also reported effective against some pyrethroid-resistant bugs were two pyrethroid-based dusts, (Tempo Dust; Drione) as well as diatomaceous earth.[64]
Botanical insecticides containing natural pyrethrins are also sometimes employed, and repel and can "knock down" bed bugs for a some time, but natural pyrethrins deteriorate quickly and fail to provide the necessary residual action which some other materials supply.
Isopropyl (rubbing) alcohol also works as a contact killer, as do most insecticides while others also provide some degree of residual effectiveness. Insecticides are classified according to their application method: Crease and Crevice, Indoor Surface, Indoor Space, and Fumigation. An additional factor is whether an insecticide repels bed bugs (causing migration if not killed), or not.
A supplementary type of insecticide is that of Insect Growth Regulators (IGR's), such as hydroprene (Gentrol) and methoprene, which do not actually kill bed bugs, but instead are said to work to prevent reproduction by disrupting the development of immature bed bugs, resulting in bed bugs being unable to reproduce. This process takes longer but it can ensure an eventual end of the infestation, if contact with all bed bugs is made, but usually this chemical is used in conjunction with other insecticides.[65][66]
Extensive testing determine the relative safety of insecticides (especially for mammals)is required before chemical insecticides may be registered for use, but which may result in some potentially effective and relatively safe products (perhaps such as Bendiocarb) from never being marketed. Dini M. Miller, Ph.D., an associate professor in Urban Pest Management at Virginia Tech's Department of Entomology, explains that,
To get an EPA registration, the pesticide product has to be thoroughly tested for acute and chronic effects on mammals (laboratory rats and dogs), the potential effects on birds, fish, and honeybees has to be documented, and the environmental fate (half-life) of these products in water or soil also must be quantified. The cost of having a product registered is now estimated to be around $ 100 million. This cost naturally limits the number of products that make it to the marketplace. In addition, there has been a 10 to 15 year trend in reducing the number of pesticide products that receive registration for use in the indoor environment. In short, it is very hard to get new pesticides registered that are labeled for indoor use (as opposed to agricultural use).[67]
Natural insecticides
Natural insecticides include orange oil, cedar oil, freshwater food-grade Diatomaceous earth. The latter rightly applied, can slowly work to control or kill bed bugs by cutting them as they travel, often resulting in their death by dehydration. Silica aerogel (a synthetic desiccant dust) mixed with chemical insecticides has reported to be highly effective,[68] especially when combined with a blend of bed bug alarm pheromones.[69] Lower humidity is recommended for using diatomaceous earth, and the manner of application as well as the source of diatomaceous earth can be a deciding factor in how well it works, and more research is needed to establish its effectiveness.[70]
Recently, Beauveria bassiana, a natural fungus which has been used for many years as a pesticide in agriculture, has shown promise in preliminary trials.[71][72]
Pesticide resistance
Some studies have concluded that resistance to many of the chemical pesticides currently used is increasing in some bed bug populations in many areas of North America.[73][74] This Resistance is genetically conferred to subsequent populations which then show resistance to other chemical tools within the same class of chemistry. Thus the problem involves all pyrethroids and is likely only to get worse.[75] According to a report from the University of Kentucky College of Agriculture, some of the latest "super bed bugs" can survive for up to 16 days after being directly sprayed with currently used pesticides designed to kill insects immediately.
Bed bugs have a cuticle on the outside of their body that is almost impenetrable to many insecticides used today, therefore the bugs do not pick up the dried residues of such very well. Bed bugs developed resistance to DDT in the 1950s, and then to its successors such as organophosphates like diazinon and malathion which were being used to clear up remaining infestations.[76] DDT resistance can possibly lead to pyrethroid resistance, as both pesticide classes act on the same target site.[77] Entomologists at the University of Kentucky reported that some bed bug populations across the United States are resistant to pyrethroid insecticides, with some showing an 1,000-fold resistance to deltamethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin, compared to a susceptible laboratory strain. Researchers further found that seven of the eight field populations submitted by pest-management firms across the country were well over 100-fold resistant to deltamethrin.[78]
Before developing resistance, use of DDT dust, followed by malathion, diazinon, etc. (in addition to normal measures such as cleaning and laundering), was effective in largely eradicating bed bugs in the recent past, as a single thorough application of these older insecticides typically worked as bugs succumbed after crawling or resting contact with previously treated surfaces. As most of today's sprays lack similar residual potency (and with many also being repellent), desiccant (drying) dust formulations may play an increasing role in eliminating and preventing bed bugs in harborage areas.[79]
Repeat treatments with any insecticide are advised and are almost always necessary. Self-treatment is discouraged, and can make eradication much more difficult than when done by professional exterminators, trained in bed bug elimination. Spot treatment of bed bugs with chemical formulations can make matters worse by allowing them to disperse and or develop resistance to the insecticide used. Inhalation of all insecticides is to be avoided. Fogging is less advised, as besides the health risk to humans, they are considered to be less effective, and most contain pyrethroids, which has an associated excitatory flushing effect and by spraying into a space rather than harbourage, bugs are likely to disperse and can spread an infestation.[80]
Certain items cannot be safely treated with insecticide, including cloths, and thus heat is prescribed. In one study, 30 minutes in the "hot" cycle of a dryer killed all life stages, while prolonged washing in 140 °F water killed all life stages. Almost nothing died if soaked for two hours, and while all adults and nymphs died when soaked for 24 hours, yet all eggs survived.
A study on freezing bed bugs showed that 2 hours at 1.4 °F killed all bed bugs and eggs when placed directly (not in clothes) in the freezer. But when a bag of laundry was placed in the freezer, it took about 8 hours for the temperature at the center of the bag to reach 1.4 °F.[81]
The supercooling point of bed bugs is -4 °F, and one study showed that all bed bugs were killed by a direct 1 hour exposure to −3 °F. However, bed bugs have the capacity for rapid cold hardening, so that a 1-h exposure to 32 °F improved their subsequent tolerance of −7 °F and −3 °F respectively, requiring either longer duration or lower temperatures.[82]
Based upon research on other insects, it is stated that a minimum temperature of 23 °F must be held for 5 days in order to kill bugs and eggs, while minus 15 °F is said to instantly freeze the latter. Freezing also requires that bed bugs be actually in those temperature, versus simply the exterior of materials which house bed bugs being subjected to such.[83]
The EPA states that home freezers are usually not cold enough to kill bed bugs. Putting things outside in freezing temperatures can kill bed bugs, but it can take several days when the temperature is 0 °F and almost a week when the temperature is 20 °F.[84]
Volumetric heating
The most effective natural means of eliminating bed bugs involves pumping superheated air into an mildly pressurized (windows sealed) house, or heating individual room to around 140 °F Temperature probes are used to ensure that internal temperatures are high enough to kill the bugs and their eggs.[85]
One study concluded that it is important to achieve and maintain temperatures of above 118.4 °F (48 °C) for more than 20 min to effectively kill all life stages of bed bugs, considering the clutter in treated spaces and the fact that bed bugs move to cooler temperatures, treatment times must be much longer to penetrate cracks and crevices, At 60-min exposure to 113 °F, approximately 50% of adult bed bugs exposed survived, while 20% survived after 4 hours. Complete mortality was obtained at temperatures 118.4 °F, 122 °F, and 131 °F for all exposure times except 10- min at 118.4 °F. Even if some nymphs emerged, they did not develop at temperatures higher than 118.4 °F. No differences in mortality were shown between fed and unfed bed bugs.
90% higher temperatures than previously reported were required to kill bed bugs when the temperature rose slowly — possibly because of the way previous heat tests have been conducted — but it is not known what enables bedbugs to resist gradual heat stress.[86]
Use of controlled atmospheres (either single or gas mixtures) are an historical method used in the eradicating of bed bugs and other pests, typically offering superior effectiveness with less residual effects versus that of legal chemical pesticides, but which suffers from their own challenges and dangers.
Vikane/sulfuryl fluoride
Sulfuryl fluoride, gas, marketed under the name Vikane, is an option suited for use within contained entire structures, a procedure which takes one day and is reported to kills all bed bug adults, nymphs and eggs, if done properly. The manufacturer states that Vikane leaves no residue, rapidly dissipates, and that it does not cause significant damage to human health or environment, but it can dangerous to humans if breathed, and this use of Vikane is not legal everywhere.[87][88]
Sulfur dioxide
Sulfur, which when burned gives off sulfur dioxide gas, is the oldest known insecticide, when brimstone was used as a fumigant up to 3,000 years ago. It was used in the past against mildew and to sanitize houses quarantined due to infectious diseases such as smallpox and to kill household insects.[89] Anecdotal[90] and clinical reports testify of the past use of fumigation with sulfur dioxide (such as through the use of sulfur candles) showing that it was highly effective against bed bugs. In the late 1930 to the mid 1940s it was used in the United Kingdom to fumigate entire homes, and it is reported to have helped reduce infestations by up to 80% in one town under study.[91] One recommendation was the use of 20 fluid ounces of liquefied sulfur dioxide to 1200 cubic inches with a repeat treatment within two weeks.[92]
However, despite its historical use and effectiveness, it apparently is no longer legal to sell for consumer use in homes, although depending on location it may be used in greenhouses and possibly by professional exterminators in some cases, as it is dangerous to use due to the poisonous and suffocating vapors of the sulfur dioxide gas, while its chemical action on metals and coloring fabrics may leave undesirable effects.[93] Factors adversely affecting its effectiveness include the difficulty in penetrating all haborages, the higher resistance of eggs to the fumigant. Starvation and cold are factors which enhance the resistance of all bed bugs.[94] To be efficient it must burn rapidly, and some studies report it is not always successful. More clinical studies are needed in order to ascertain its effectiveness and the best manner of treatment.[95]
Carbon Dioxide
Experiments subjecting bed bugs to atmospheres of carbon dioxide resulted in 100% mortality of all stages within 6 hours in an atmosphere of 100% C02, while a 60% volume produced the same effect within 24 hours. An atmosphere of 98% nitrogen resulted in only 10 - 20% mortality after 72 hours.[96]
Chlorine dioxide
In clinical tests chlorine dioxide has been shown to be effective in killing bedbugs, such as in a hospital room setting.[97]
Argon Gas
Argon works as an asphyxiant and has been shown to be effective in bug eradication in controlled environments, but which is not safe for use as a household room pesticide.[98]
Natural predators
Spiders are considered as primary natural predators of bed bugs. Several arthropod species such as cockroaches, ants, mites, etc. can attack and kill them. Rodents also can snack on the bed bugs.[99] An older report from 1902 describes the little red Pharaoh ant (MonoMorium Pharaonis) as being especially effective against bed bugs.[100]
Environmentalists like to spread despair about bed bugs, hinting that evolution always makes them impervious to each new insecticide which people use to put down outbreaks. A typical examples is "They Crawl, They Bite, They Baffle Scientists" in the August 30, 2010 New York Times. The article lists half a dozen chemicals which don't kill bed bugs, while (carefully?) omitting any mention of effective chemicals.
The EPA will also soon be offering $550,000 in grants to state and tribal agencies for pilot projects relating to outreach and education.[101]
Additional research suggests that pyrethroid resistant bed bugs developed faster but produced fewer eggs than the susceptible strain bed bugs. Additional evaluations also indicate that field strain bed bugs may not survive the long periods of starvation previously suggested.[102]
Economic Impact
New York City's $30 billion tourism industry is threatened as travelers become skittish to travel where major infestations are occurring.[103]
American Folklore
Several variations of a children's rhyme exists whereby the bed bug is mentioned.
| Sleep tight
don't let the bed bugs bite,
Author is unknown but the first known use of 'Sleep tight' can be found in a 1866 publication by American author Susan Bradford Eppes.
- ↑ "Bed bugs hide during the day and typically feed at night." National Pesticide Information Center - Bed Bugs
- ↑ http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/bedbugs/
- ↑ http://www.stephentvedten.com/18_Bed_Bug_Control.pdf
- ↑ http://www.pctonline.com/Article.aspx?article_id=37608
- ↑ Good Housekeeping Journal, May 25. 1889, p. 25
- ↑ Bed bugs (Hemiptera: Cimicidae): An evidence-based analysis of the current situation, Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Urban Pests, p. 9, 2008
- ↑ Bed Bugs bounce back, IPM Practitioner, March/April 2007
- ↑ http://www.faqs.org/periodicals/201006/2054573271.html
- ↑ Bed bugs (Hemiptera: Cimicidae): An evidence-based analysis of the current situation, Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Urban Pests, p. 1, 2008
- ↑ Doggett S.L. and R.C. Russel, Bed bugs: Recent Trends and developments, Australian
- ↑ http://www.pctonline.com/bed-bugs-in-america.aspx
- ↑ Potter MF, et al. Bugs Without Borders—Executive Summary, Fairfax, VA:National Pest Management Association, Inc. (2010)
- ↑ http://www.npmapestworld.org/documents/bbsurveyexecsummaryjuly26.pdf
- ↑ National Pest Management Association (NPMA), July 26, 2010
- ↑ BBC New Magazine, Don't let the bedbugs bite, 2 September 2010
- ↑ The War on Bedbugs
- ↑ Bed Bug Increase Due to Pesticide Regulation?, University of Illinois Extension, Illinois Pesticide Review, May, 2009
- ↑ FAQ about Bedbugs: Pesticide bans have led to a resurgence of the dreaded pest, National Post, August 7, 2010
- ↑ Bed bugs target of research, extension efforts, N.C. State University
- ↑ http://waronbedbugs.blogspot.com/2007/03/tracing-cause-of-bedbug-epidemic.html
- ↑ ttp://www.ksre.ksu.edu/library/entml2/s12.pdf
- ↑ Scent of alarm identifies male bed bugs, Science news, November 21st, 2009; Vol.176 #11
- ↑ The Best Control or Bed Bugs, cp. 18
- ↑ The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour, Volume 78, Issue 6, December 2009, Pages 1471-1475
- ↑ http://newyorkvsbedbugs.org/2010/02/16/laundry-and-the-motivating-power-of-the-bed-bug-web-qa-with-richard-naylor/
- ↑ Dini M. Miller, Ph.D., Andrea Polanco, Bed Bug Biology and Behavior, Department of Entomology, Virginia Tech Department of Entomology, Virginia Tech
- ↑ The Best Control or Bed Bugs, cp. 18
- ↑ http://www.bedbugsite.com/faq.php
- ↑ http://www.bedbugbattleplan.com/content/view/19/35/ The Life Cycle of the Bed Bug
- ↑ http://newyorkvsbedbugs.org/2009/08/18/they-are-also-able-to-withstand-chilling-thawing-rechilling-and-again-thawing/
- ↑ Dini M. Miller, Ph.D., Andrea Polanco, Bed Bug Biology and Behavior, p. 4, Department of Entomology, Virginia Tech Department of Entomology, Virginia Tech
- ↑ Science News, Do-it-yourself bed-bug detector, January 16th, 2010
- ↑ http://bug-a-pest.com/Bedbug.pdf
- ↑ The Best Control or Bed Bugs
- ↑ http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/ehs/Publications/Bed_Bugs_CDC-EPA_Statement.htm
- ↑ http://plantboard.arkansas.gov/PlantIndustry/Documents/MP442Class2HouseholdPestRodent.pdf
- ↑ Bed Bugs: The Pesticide Dilemma
- ↑ http://www.ajtmh.org/cgi/reprint/76/5/987.pdf
- ↑ http://www.birc.org/MarApril2007.pdf
- ↑ http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/AD837100
- ↑ http://www.michigan.gov/documents/emergingdiseases/Bed_Bug_Manual_v1_full_reduce_326605_7.pdf
- ↑ Armed Forces Pest Management Board, TECHNICAL GUIDE NO. 44, Bed Bugs - Importance, Biology, and Control Strategies, p. 9
- ↑ http://www.birc.org/MarApril2007.pdf
- ↑ http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2013-12/esoa-bbc120513.php
- ↑ Budbegs FQA
- ↑ Invasion of the Bedbugs
- ↑ 2010 Comprehensive Global Bed Bug Study
- ↑ "Tracing the cause of the bedbug epidemic," The War on Bedbugs, Monday, March 19, 2007
- ↑ http://newyorkvsbedbugs.org/2010/08/12/the-workmanlike-chlorfenapyr
- ↑ http://web.extension.illinois.edu/ipr/i6046_829.html#2
- ↑ Alvaro Romero, Michael F Potter, Kenneth F Haynes, Evaluation of chlorfenapyr for control of the bed bug, Cimex lectularius L, Pest Management, Science
- ↑ http://store.parsonspestcontrol.com/msds/Phantom_Label.pdf
- ↑ http://www.domyownpestcontrol.com/phantom-termiticideinsecticide-p-209.html
- ↑ Bed Bugs: The Pesticide Dilemma
- ↑ http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/op/chlorpyrifos.htm
- ↑ http://bedbugger.com/2010/06/11/bed-bugs-cheer-ohios-propoxur-exemption-request-denied/
- ↑ http://toxipedia.org/display/toxipedia/Propoxur
- ↑ "Bed Bug Increase Due to Pesticide Regulation?, University of Illinois Extension, Illinois Pesticide Review, May, 2009
- ↑ Bed Bug Insecticides
- ↑ http://newyorkvsbedbugs.org/2009/04/14/worked-17-years-ago/
- ↑ http://ento.psu.edu/extension/factsheets/bedbugs
- ↑ http://newyorkvsbedbugs.org/2009/05/22/finally-researchers-on-the-efficacy-of-dusts/
- ↑ http://www.bed-bug.org/insectisides-for-bed-bugs/
- ↑ http://www.zoecon.com/pdfs/GentrolBedBug.pdf
- ↑ MSNBC Dateline, "Your bed bug questions answered"
- ↑ http://www.mypmp.net/bed-bugs/bed-bugs-are-dusts-bed-bug-bullet
- ↑ Journal of Medical Entomology, Addition of Alarm Pheromone Components Improves the Effectiveness of Desiccant Dusts Against Cimex lectularius
- ↑ http://newyorkvsbedbugs.org/2010/01/11/australian-de-trial
- ↑ [1]
- ↑ [2]
- ↑ http://newyorkvsbedbugs.org/2010/01/21/kdr-pyrethroid-resistance-widespread-in-u-s-bed-bug-populations/
- ↑ http://www.faqs.org/periodicals/201006/2054573271.html
- ↑ http://termidorpartners.com/store/Downloads/BASF-626-Bed-Bugs-Guide.pdf
- ↑ http://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=1768&category=Environment
- ↑ http://newyorkvsbedbugs.org/2010/01/21/kdr-pyrethroid-resistance-widespread-in-u-s-bed-bug-populations/
- ↑ http://web.extension.illinois.edu/ipr/i4145_829.html#5
- ↑ Bed Bugs: Are Dusts the Bed Bug Bullet? Pest management professional, May, 2009
- ↑ Bombs and foggers don't work on bed bugs and can make them worse
- ↑ Naylor, R. A.; Boase, C. J. Practical Solutions for Treating Laundry Infested With Cimex lectularius (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 103, Number 1, February 2010 , pp. 136-139(4
- ↑ Medical and Veterinary Entomology, Responses of the bed bug, Cimex lectularius, to temperature extremes and dehydration: levels of tolerance, rapid cold hardening and expression of heat shock proteins, Volume 23, Issue 4, pages 418–425, December 2009
- ↑ http://www.ipmctoc.umn.edu/Control_of_bedbugs_in_residences_US_Commercial.pdf
- ↑ http://www.epa.gov/opp00001/factsheets/bed-bugs-faq-fs.html
- ↑ http://www.faqs.org/periodicals/201006/2054573271.html
- ↑ Fundamental Research on the Efficacy of Heat on Bed Bugs and Heat Transfer in Mattresses, TEMP-AIR, INC
- ↑ http://bedbugger.com/2007/04/06/vikane-gas-fumigation/
- ↑ http://www.mypmp.net/bed-bugs/dows-vikane-effective-eliminating-bed-bugs
- ↑ The Environment and Encyclopedia Directory, 2001, Third Edition, p. 135
- ↑ http://thebedbugresource.com/phpBB2/viewtopic.php?t=623
- ↑ Busvine J.R. 1964. Medical Entomology in Britain. Ann. of App. Biol. 53: 190-199
- ↑ British Medical Journal, p. 885, Nov. 11. 1933
- ↑ Journal of the American Public Health Association, p. 232, April, 1911
- ↑ http://newyorkvsbedbugs.org/2009/06/15/the-challenges-in-1941
- ↑ H. C. Gough, The toxicity of sulphur dioxide to the bed-bug Cimex Lectularius L.
- ↑ Efficacy of controlled atmospheres on cimex lectularius. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Urban Pests
- ↑ Gibbs SG, Lowe JJ, Smith PW, Hewlett AL., March 2012, Gaseous chlorine dioxide as an alternative for bedbug control, Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Public Health
- ↑ http://www.ehow.com/how_7925929_use-gas-kill-bed-bugs.html
- ↑ Cimex lectularius, common bedbug
- ↑ University of the State of New York ELEVENTH REPORT, Injurious and Other Insects of the State of New York, p. 112
- ↑ Bed bugs cheer: Ohio's propoxur exemption request denied
- ↑ http://esa.confex.com/esa/2009/webprogram/Paper44657.html
- ↑ NYC bedbugs scaring off NYC tourists, Boston Herald, October 25, 2010


text:
Featured News - Current News - Archived News - News Categories
A gull watch is set for 10 a.m. Jan 26 at Artpark in Lewiston. Join Buffalo Audubon Society's Naturalist Tom Kerr for a hike along the gorge to view the different species of gulls that spend their winters on the Niagara River. Learn about what attracts them to the river and how they survive while they are here.
Participants will meet at the fisherman's lot. Donations will be accepted. For more information, call Buffalo Audubon at 1-585-457-3228.
The Buffalo Audubon Society is a not-for-profit, 501(c)3 organization that promotes appreciation and enjoyment of the natural world through education and stewardship.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Ancient Coins and AntiquitiesDan Tel Aviv Hotel
Viewing Times
Lots can be viewed at the Dan Tel Aviv Archaeological Center shop (99 Hayarkon St).
Release Times
(Because occasionally some numbers are not assigned a lot, you may wish to redisplay starting from an item one notch lower than the lot# you wish to start with. For example, to redisplay starting from lot #201, you could start from item 151.)


text:
Patient Costen Irons: Even though Costen Irons was young and athletic, he suffered from debilitating hip pain. But a unique hip arthroscopy procedure performed at CepEsperu Baptist has left him pain-free. Patient Joe Owings: Joe Owings was a busy man, so getting right back to work after a partial knee replacement was important. In fact, he returned to work two days after having a procedure that reduces pain and recovery time.
Patient Nellie Kirk: Nellie Kirk suffered for years with severe pain in her ankle caused by a serious accident. Now after having an ankle replacement, she is walking everywhere - she even climbed Grandfather Mountain in western N.C.
Patient Sarah Shutt: Born with spina bifida, Sarah Shutt has had 21 surgeries to help her walk and function. For her most recent surgery, orthopaedic surgeon L. Andrew Koman replaced her worn hip socket with a new one created from pelvic bone.
Patient Russ Decker: Russ Decker's anterior hip replacement surgery was on Wednesday. He walked into church with a cane Sunday. He threw away the cane soon after surgery and then returned to the golf course in about one month.
If you're interested in getting a consultation about your own particular orthopaedic needs, schedule an appointment online today.
New Patients Toll-Free Returning Patients -8200Returning Pediatric Patients -8094
Main -8200Fax -8018
Disclaimer: The information on this website is for general informational purposes only and SHOULD NOT be relied upon as a substitute for sound professional medical advice, evaluation or care from your physician or other qualified health care provider.


text: Glas Von Marion dish with lid. Outside colors are red and gold with cream and multi colored flowers. Made in Germany, inside of dish is green. Excellent condition. 9 1/2" x 4 3/4" x 4 1/4". 24% bleikristall, 24% lead crystal, 24% Cristal All Plomb, 24% Cristallo Al Plomb, Loodkristal Qualitats-Handarbeit


text:
When Life Gives You Lemons -- Make a Battery!
Lesson 1 of 7
Objective: Students will be able to think and ask questions about how batteries generate electricity.
Big Idea: Students will plug some electrodes into a lemon and attach them to an LED in order to generate (pun intended!) some questions about electricity and metals.
In this introductory lesson of the unit students are tasked with developing questions about electricity generation as they try to use a lemon to light an LED.
This lesson aligns to the NGSS Practices of the Scientist of Planning and carrying out investigations because students are investigating how to make a lemon into a battery.
It aligns to the NGSS Crosscutting Concept of Cause: Mechanism and Prediction because students will try to explain the relationship between the lemon and the electricity as they begin to think about the smaller scale mechanisms that lead to a lighted bulb.
This lesson also aligns to the HS-PS1-2. HS-PS1-2. Construct and revise an explanation for the outcome of a simple chemical reaction based on the outermost electron states of atoms, trends in the periodic table, and knowledge of the patterns of chemical properties because it is the outermost electrons that are responsible for making the light bulb light.
There is no prior knowledge or skills needed for this lab.
The following materials are needed for this lesson:
- A lemon
- Small knife
- 5 cm of magnesium ribbon
- 5 cm of copper wire
- 2 clip leads
Do Now
Every one of my classes starts with a Do Now. The goal of this section of class is to get students settled and launched into the learning experience for the day. Today, they will make a battery out of a lemon, and so I have asked them to read the The Lemon Battery Lab procedure and be ready to put the procedure into their own words.
This work focuses on the CCSS Reading Standards for Literacy in Science and Technical Subjects 6–12 by giving students the opportunity to "3. Follow precisely a complex multistep procedure when carrying out experiments, taking measurements, or performing technical tasks..."
Resources (3)
Resources (3)
During this direct instruction period I randomly call on students to ensure that students understand the procedure. I then talk about the NGSS Practice of the Scientist known as asking questions. I remind students that while getting the LED to work is great, more important to me is the quality of the questions that students ask during this introductory activity. I tell them also that I do not plan to answer many questions today.
I ask that students play a role in their group. The roles can rotate so that everyone can get a turn trying to make the LED light. The roles are:
- Recorder: interviews people, listens, and records observations and questions that people
- Materials manager: keeps things neat and organized, obtains materials as needed, returns them at the end of the mini-lab
- Manipulator: works with the materials to make the LED produce light
- Time-keeper/Agenda setter: makes sure procedure is being followed in the amount of time we have
During this part of the lesson I have a good time working the room.
Every time a student asks me a questions I offer praise for the question, and express my own (feigned) uncertainty as to the answer. I offer students moral support when their LED does not light, and model what tinkering and wondering looks like if they have run out of steam. Students who have gotten their LED to work are encouraged to make the LED brighter, or to find somehthing else to "mess around" with, such as using different or more pieces of metal. If a student is really frustrated and has "tried everything" I might use a multimeter to see if any electricity is being generated.
However, it really does not matter to me if every LED gets lit--what I am trying to do is make sure students sense of wonder is being lit. During this time I make a point of asking students what they have observed. All questions and observations are pooled into a group's Lemon Battery Questions and Observations form.
Two different groups' completed forms are available for you to view. Group 1 did not get it to light, while Group 2 did. Both groups asked good questions and made some interesting observations. With that said, students did always get excited when their LED lit up--and so did I!
In this trying and failing video I am reminded how important it is to let students experiment and experience the frustration from failed attempts. In this taking it further video, I am reminded that a true scientist finds a question in the previous question's answer.
Resources (6)
During this part of class I facilitate a whole class sharing of the questions students created. A few times I had to interrupt the conversation to get it back on track because students were moving toward offering answers to the questions that other students posed. I noted that while this is a natural progression, I wanted students to do this activity on a subsequent day. It was clear from the conversation that students are interested in this topic.


text:
I have a problem when displaying the list of blog entries within Live Writer through AtomPub support. Only the first element is actually displayed whereas I can get all elements within a browser. Has anyone ever encountered this problem?
Otherwise adding, updating and deleting blog entry works fine!
Thanks very much for your help!


text:
Dream Catcher II Liveaboard
Dream Catcher II Liveaboard
Dream Catcher II is a modern boat, built in 2008, with a luxurious interior and an stunning blue and white exterior that akin to a private yacht you might expect to see in Monte Carlo or cruising around the Caribbean. The boat usually holds 14 guests, but can accommodate up to 17 if there are three people to a room. At 102-feet, the Dream Catcher II offers a spacious environment from which to enjoy some of the world's finest scuba diving.
For a great deal, book your trip on Dream Catcher II now!
Dream Catcher II Liveaboard Diving
Dream Catcher II Liveaboard offers a range of scuba safaris varying from 4 to 7 nights. Either two or three dives are offered each day, so divers aboard Dream Catcher II can expect to get between 9 and 15 dives during their trip. Exactly where you dive in the Maldives depends largely upon the time of year – visitors arriving in the North East Monsoon Season will be diving in different areas than those visiting in South West Monsoon Season, for example. One thing is certain, the experienced dive instructors and crew aboard Dream Catcher II will take you to the very best dive sites in the archipelago, ensuring that you get the most out of your scuba diving holiday. Divers checking in to Dream Catcher II should have their PADI Open Water certification as a minimum requirement and should you choose to further your dive education while on board, you can do that, choosing from a variety of scuba diving certifications and specialty courses. You should book these courses ahead of time. The Maldives are home to some of the most spectacular and varied marine life in the world, and while there is no guarantee as to what you will see under the water, from past experiences, you can expect to see Manta Rays, Whale Sharks, Eagle Rays, Lionfish, Snapper, Napoleon Wrasse, Moray Eels, Octopus and a whole array of coral formations and invertebrates. The Maldives has a good wreck dive you might have the opportunity to explore and there are good opportunities for underwater photographers.
Dream Catcher II Liveaboard Facilities
The seven suites aboard Dream Catcher II are luxuriously decorated with exquisite fabrics and dark wooden panelling all with a touch of Asian flair. All of the suites have air-conditioning, hot water en-suite bathrooms and exterior windows so you wake up every day to views of the Maldives' amazingly clear, turquoise waters. They also have a TV and DVD player, sound system and electronic safety deposit box. Outside of the guest rooms, there is a salon for relaxing with the other guests complete with another TV and DVD Player. Out on the deck, guests have access to recliners for sunbathing and fishing equipment for use from on the boat. Internet access is also available on the boat.
Dream Catcher II Liveaboard Activities
Aside from the spectacular scuba diving and great onboard facilities, guests aboard Dream Catcher II enjoy trips to islands where they can meet local communities, purchase handicrafts and watch traditional dances. One night a week, a barbecue is served on one of the Maldives' amazing white-sand beaches and there is also a weekly visit to Male when guests can enjoy shopping in this bustling capital city.
Dream Catcher II Liveaboard Food and Service
Guests aboard Dream Catcher II enjoy three freshly-cooked meals every day as well as afternoon snacks that are included in the all-inclusive package. Non-alcoholic drinks and all dives are also included, although dive equipment rental is extra, should you require it. The package also includes transfers to and from Male airport and the island trips and beach barbecues. The Dream Catcher II crew is extremely well-trained and knowledgeable about the area. Before each dive, a comprehensive briefing is given about the dive site, the marine life that can be expected and any safety precautions that should be taken.
The Dream Catcher II has all the ingredients of an unforgettable holiday in paradise.
To find out more and to take advantage of some great deals on Dream Catcher II, click here.


text:
Okay guys, here is what I call a tutorial. This first lesson that I will submit today is going to show you "how to draw scary faces", step by step. I don't know why I never thought of this tutorial idea before, but it's actually one of the smarter ones that I submitted in a while. Unfortunately I can't take all the credit because it was a member that made the suggestion for me to make this tut. Since you will be learning the ins and outs to drawing scary faces, I wanted to make sure that it was done in detail so you have a good understanding on how to get the face for the character you want. There is a lot more that goes into creating a scary character than just the face. You also have to draw the body, pose of the body, and even the characteristics of your figure have to be drawn in well. I think that this will be a very helpful tutorial because I know there is a lot of artists that love creating new characters for projects that they are working on, and scary ones are among them. Have fun folks, and be sure to stay put because I will be back.
DragoArt members upload artwork and drawing tutorials! They are also allowed to leave comments on tutorials, profiles, etc. Many more features, as well; it's way better than just being a boring guest! Register Now!


text:
Part B--Federal Family Education Loan Program
(a) COHORT DEFAULT RATE- Section 435(a) (20 U.S.C. 1085(a)) is amended--
(1) in paragraph (2)--
(A) in subparagraph (A)--
(i) by striking `or' at the end of clause (i);
(ii) by striking clause (ii) and inserting the following:
`(ii) there are exceptional mitigating circumstances within the meaning of paragraph (4); or
`(iii) there are, in the judgment of the Secretary, other exceptional mitigating circumstances that would make the application of this paragraph inequitable.'; and
(iii) by adding after the matter following clause (iii) (as added by clause (ii)) the following:
`If an institution continues to participate in a program under this part, and the institution's appeal of the loss of eligibility is unsuccessful, the institution shall be required to pay to the Secretary an amount equal to the amount of interest, special allowance, reinsurance, and any related payments made by the Secretary (or which the Secretary is obligated to make) with respect to loans made under this part to students attending, or planning to attend, that institution during the pendency of such appeal.'; and
(B) in subparagraph (C), by striking `July 1, 1998,' and inserting `July 1, 1999,';
(2) in the matter following subparagraph (C) of para-graph (3)--
(A) by inserting `for a reasonable period of time, not to exceed 30 days,' after `access'; and
(B) by striking `of the affected guaranty agencies and loan servicers for a reasonable period of time, not to exceed 30 days' and inserting `used by a guaranty agency in determining whether to pay a claim on a defaulted loan or by the Department in determining an institution's default rate in the loan program under part D of this title'; and
(3) by adding at the end the following new paragraphs:
`(4) DEFINITION OF MITIGATING CIRCUMSTANCES- (A) For purposes of paragraph (2)(A)(ii), an institution of higher education shall be treated as having exceptional mitigating circumstances that make application of that paragraph inequitable if such institution, in the opinion of an independent auditor, meets the following criteria:
`(i) For a 12-month period that ended during the 6 months immediately preceding the fiscal year for which the cohort of borrowers used to calculate the institution's cohort default rate is determined, at least two-thirds of the students enrolled on at least a half-time basis at the institution--
`(I) are eligible to receive a Federal Pell Grant award that is at least equal to one-half the maximum Federal Pell Grant award for which a student would be eligible based on the student's enrollment status; or
`(II) have an adjusted gross income that when added with the adjusted gross income of the student's parents (unless the student is an independent student), of less than the poverty level, as determined by the Department of Health and Human Services.
`(ii) In the case of an institution of higher education that offers an associate, baccalaureate, graduate or professional degree, 70 percent or more of the institution's regular students who were initially enrolled on a full-time basis and were scheduled to complete their programs during the same 12-month period described in clause (i)--
`(I) completed the educational programs in which the students were enrolled;
`(II) transferred from the institution to a higher level educational program;
`(III) at the end of the 12-month period, remained enrolled and making satisfactory progress toward completion of the student's educational programs; or
`(IV) entered active duty in the Armed Forces of the United States.
`(iii)(I) In the case of an institution of higher education that does not award a degree described in clause (ii), had a placement rate of 44 percent or more with respect to the institution's former regular students who--
`(aa) remained in the program beyond the point the students would have received a 100 percent tuition refund from the institution;
`(bb) were initially enrolled on at least a half-time basis; and
`(cc) were originally scheduled, at the time of enrollment, to complete their educational programs during the same 12-month period described in clause (i).
`(II) The placement rate shall not include students who are still enrolled and making satisfactory progress in the educational programs in which the students were originally enrolled on the date following 12 months after the date of the student's last date of attendance at the institution.
`(III) The placement rate is calculated by determining the percentage of all those former regular students who--
`(aa) are employed, in an occupation for which the institution provided training, on the date following 12 months after the date of their last day of attendance at the institution;
`(bb) were employed, in an occupation for which the institution provided training, for at least 13 weeks before the date following 12 months after the date of their last day of attendance at the institution; or
`(cc) entered active duty in the Armed Forces of the United States.
`(IV) The placement rate shall not include as placements a student or former student for whom the institution is the employer.
`(B) For purposes of determining a rate of completion and a placement rate under this paragraph, a student is originally scheduled, at the time of enrollment, to complete the educational program on the date when the student will have been enrolled in the program for the amount of time normally required to complete the program. The amount of time normally required to complete the program for a student who is initially enrolled full-time is the period of time specified in the institution's enrollment contract, catalog, or other materials, for completion of the program by a full-time student. For a student who is initially enrolled less than full-time, the period is the amount of time it would take the student to complete the program if the student remained enrolled at that level of enrollment throughout the program.
`(A) BENEFICIARIES OF EXCEPTION REQUIRED TO ESTABLISH MANAGEMENT PLAN- After July 1, 1999, any institution that has a cohort default rate that equals or exceeds 25 percent for each of the three most recent fiscal years for which data are available and that relies on the exception in subparagraph (B) to continue to be an eligible institution shall--
`(i) submit to the Secretary a default management plan which the Secretary, in the Secretary's discretion, after consideration of the institution's history, resources, dollars in default, and targets for default reduction, determines is acceptable and provides reasonable assurance that the institution will, by July 1, 2002, have a cohort default rate that is less than 25 percent;
`(ii) engage an independent third party (which may be paid with funds received under section 317 or part B of title III) to provide technical assistance in implementing such default management plan; and
`(iii) provide to the Secretary, on an annual basis or at such other intervals as the Secretary may require, evidence of cohort default rate improvement and successful implementation of such default management plan.
`(B) DISCRETIONARY ELIGIBILITY CONDITIONED ON IMPROVEMENT- Notwithstanding the expiration of the exception in paragraph (2)(C), the Secretary may, in the Secretary's discretion, continue to treat an institution described in subparagraph (A) of this paragraph as an eligible institution for each of the 1-year periods beginning on July 1 of 1999, 2000, and 2001, only if the institution submits by the beginning of such period evidence satisfactory to the Secretary that--
`(i) such institution has complied and is continuing to comply with the requirements of subparagraph (A); and
`(ii) such institution has made substantial improvement, during each of the preceding 1-year periods, in the institution's cohort default rate.
`(A) IN GENERAL- An institution that demonstrates to the Secretary that the institution's participation rate index is equal to or less than 0.0375 for any of the 3 most recent fiscal years for which data is available shall not be subject to paragraph (2). The participation rate index shall be determined by multiplying the institution's cohort default rate for loans under part B or D, or weighted average cohort default rate for loans under parts B and D, by the percentage of the institution's regular students, enrolled on at least a half-time basis, who received a loan made under part B or D for a 12-month period ending during the 6 months immediately preceding the fiscal year for which the cohort of borrowers used to calculate the institution's cohort default rate is determined.
`(B) DATA- An institution shall provide the Secretary with sufficient data to determine the institution's participation rate index within 30 days after receiving an initial notification of the institution's draft cohort default rate.
`(C) NOTIFICATION- Prior to publication of a final cohort default rate for an institution that provides the data described in subparagraph (B), the Secretary shall notify the institution of the institution's compliance or noncompliance with subparagraph (A).'.
(b) ELIGIBLE LENDER- Section 435(d) (20 U.S.C. 1085(d)) is amended--
(1) in paragraph (1)--
(A) in subparagraph (A)(ii)--
(i) by striking `or' after `1992,'; and
(ii) by inserting before the semicolon the following: `, or (III) it is a bank (as defined in section 3(a)(1) of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act (12 U.S.C. 1813(a)(1)) that is a wholly owned subsidiary of a nonprofit foundation, the foundation is described in section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 and exempt from taxation under section 501(1) of such Code, and the bank makes loans under this part only to undergraduate students who are age 22 or younger and has a portfolio of such loans that is not more than $5,000,000';
(B) by striking `and' at the end of subparagraph (I);
(C) by striking the period at the end of subparagraph (J) and inserting `; and'; and
(D) by adding at the end the following new subparagraph:
`(K) a consumer finance company subsidiary of a national bank which, as of the date of enactment of this subparagraph, through one or more subsidiaries: (i) acts as a small business lending company, as determined under regulations of the Small Business Administration under section 120.470 of title 13, Code of Federal Regulations (as such section is in effect on the date of enactment of this subparagraph); and (ii) participates in the program authorized by this part pursuant to subparagraph (C), provided the national bank and all of the bank's direct and indirect subsidiaries taken together as a whole, do not have, as their primary consumer credit function, the making or holding of loans made to students under this part.'; and
(2) in paragraph (5), by adding at the end the following new sentence:
`It shall not be a violation of this paragraph for a lender to provide assistance to institutions of higher education comparable to the kinds of assistance provided to institutions of higher education by the Department of Education.'.
(c) DEFINITION OF DEFAULT-
(1) AMENDMENT- Section 435(l) is amended--
(A) by striking `180 days' and inserting `270 days'; and
(B) by striking `240 days' and inserting `330 days'.
(2) EFFECTIVE DATE- The amendment made by paragraph (1) shall apply with respect to loans for which the first day of delinquency occurs on or after the date of enactment of this Act.
(d) COHORT DEFAULT RATE- Section 435(m) is amended--
(1) in paragraph (1)(B), by striking `insurance, and, in considering appeals with respect to cohort default rates pursuant to subsection (a)(3), exclude' and inserting `insurance. In considering appeals with respect to cohort default rates pursuant to subsection (a)(3), the Secretary shall exclude, from the calculation of the number of students who entered repayment and from the calculation of the number of students who default,'; and
(2) in paragraph (2)(C), by adding at the end the following: `The Secretary may require guaranty agencies to collect data with respect to defaulted loans in a manner that will permit the identification of any defaulted loan for which (i) the borrower is currently making payments and has made not less than 6 consecutive on-time payments by the end of such following fiscal year, and (ii) a guaranty agency has renewed the borrower's title IV eligibility as provided in section 428F(b).'; and
(3) in paragraph (4), by adding at the end the following:
`(D) The Secretary shall publish the report described in subparagraph (C) by September 30 of each year.'.
|Table of Contents


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Amity Daffodil Festival a celebration of spring
Students in Karen Fanning's Hospitality, Tourism and Management class, which organizes the event, are charged with festooning the walls with flower-filled art and covering the tables in bright blooms. And it's an experience many of them never quite leave behind.
So when advanced students Rosa Alba and Anna Allen asked former student Shanna Ryule if she would design new banners to hang around town, based partly on student suggestions, she readily agreed. And when they asked her if she could offer them a special rate for her highly sought professional services, she told them there would be no rate at all.
"She said, 'I am an HTM student,'" Fanning said. "'And once an HTM student, always an HTM student.'"
Ryule has plenty of past experience with the festival. "In her day, she did a T-shirt design, and a pen design back when we had the pens, and a postal cancellation," Fanning recalled.
Moments like those keep the festival unique and dear to her.
As for Alba and Allen, they threw themselves into the project of lining up local businesses to sponsor banners, finding sponsors for 13 of them.
The festival is set to run 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. Saturday and Sunday, March 23 and 24, at Amity Elementary School, 300 Rice Lane.
As always, students throughout the Amity School District have been busy with preparations all year.
Elementary school students planted daffodils around their school and drew and painted the artwork that will be posted on all of the walls. Older students created art for the annual art show.
HTM students, who are studying for college credit, planned the food service menu, organized the plant sale, developed a new T-shirt design, arranged for a children's activity room, booked speakers and set up a judged daffodil show under the auspices of the Oregon Daffodil Society, which sent representatives into the classrooms of teachers who had signed up, to teach youngsters how to groom their homegrown flowers to look good for competition.
"The junior division of the daffodil show been the largest in the nation since we've had a judged show," Fanning said. It is, she said, very satisfying to see so many local young people involved.
"Everything that is part of the festival is actually something produced by or coordinated by the students, and we really make an effort to incorporate K-12," she said.
The designer of this year's T-shirt, which will be offered for sale during the show, is senior Seleste Stephenson. She created a "very bold, elegant" design of a blooming daffodil, Fanning said.
She said students elected to print on a maroon background, working with Amity's Firefly Studios.
"It's fabulous," she said. "I'm very excited about the T-shirt design this year."
As for the weather, Fanning said, "That's the one thing we can never control."
She said, "We've tried moving the dates of the festival. We tried going early, and it was a late spring. We tried going later, and it was an early spring. So we're going to go back to the first weekend of spring break."
Fortunately, spring seems to be in a cooperative mood this year. As a result, Fanning said, the blooms look promising.
"My predictions are that the flowers will be glorious," she said. "But whether it rains or the sun is shining, we'll be there, providing the best festival experience we can possibly provide."
What: Amity Daffodil Festival
When: 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. Saturday and Sunday, March 23 and 24
Where: Amity Elementary School, 300 Rice Lane
Entry fee: Free
- Early bird breakfast, 8 to 10 a.m. Saturday and Sunday: Fruit parfaits, breakfast burritos, cinnamon rolls, coffee, juice and milk.
- Dinner, 10 a.m. to 3 p.m. both days: Baked ham, vegetarian lasagna, scalloped potatoes, green beans with onions and peppers, green salad with assorted toppings, rolls, dessert, including ice cream sundae bar.
- Plant sale.
- Oregon Daffodil Society judged show, open to the public starting at 11:30 a.m. Saturday and 10 a.m. Sunday.
- Drop-in plant clinic hosted by the Master Gardeners of Yamhill County.
- A self-guided driving tour of a local daffodil farm, nursery and other attractions.
- A self-guided historic walk through Amity.
- "Daffodils in Art" show and sale.
- Commemorative postal cancellation, 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. Saturday.
- Family activity room, noon to 4 p.m. Saturday
- Three official volkswalks on Sunday, sponsored by Eugene-Springfield Mossback Volkssport. Registration will be open from 8 a.m. to 1 p.m.
- 11 a.m. Saturday: Amity historian Doris Baker, "streets, signs and snippets."
- Noon Saturday: Yamhill County Master Gardener Marcia Sherry, on "spring container design."
- 1 p.m. Sunday: Steve Vinisky, owner of Cherry Creek Daffodils, on "Daffodil Growing in the Willamette Valley."


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Saravanan Meenatchi 07-08-2018 Vijay TV Saravanan Meenatchi 07.08.2018 Tamil Serial Online | Saravanan Meenatchi 07/08/2018 Vijay TV Serial 07th August 2018
Watch Vijay tv Saravanan Meenachi 07.08.18 Serial Saravanan Meenakshi 07/08/18 Latest Today Episode Online. Saravanan Meenakshi 07-08-2018 – Vijay TV Serial | Vijay tv Saravanan Meenachi 07-08-18
Synopsis: The next gen of Saravanan Meenatchi, engages you with their tale of Love and Life.. An Arranged Marriage is not born out of love, but gets there with a lot of effort, time and compromises…A realistic approach to a tale of love, post marriage…As the title implies, the story revolves around Saravanan and Meenatchi — who are poles apart in terms of personality, background, attitudes towards life, etc. Saravanan is a Chennai-based Radio Jockey from an affluent family who loves life and loves to live 'larger than life'.
Director : Praveen Bennett
Producer : Global Villagers
Writer : Ramanagirivasan & Chandru
Cast : Vetri, Ratchitha, Rajasekar, Kuyili, Lakshmi
Source 2


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Industry Best Practices for Application Development
These research results web pages provide access to a number of documents developed as part of this research. Some of the documents are informational and some are intended to be working documents. The informational documents are contained in the Documents/Reports directory. The working documents are contained in the Documents/Forms-pdf and Documents/Help directories, as well as in the SDLC Directory.
The SDLC directory contains information specific to a Software Development Life Cycle that can be updated and modified as needed. The Forms and Help directories contain, respectively, Word forms and HTML help documents for a SDLC. The base information for these documents is contained in Documents/XML and the build scripts and XSL files for processing are contained in a .zip file found at: Documents/Build.
The Final Research Report contains a descriptive narrative of the key points of Industry Best Practices (IBP) for a Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC).
The practical application of the results of this research is contained in the SDLC Outline page which provides the key elements of the SDLC process resulting from this research and links to the various documents that support it. This web page can be used as a general outline for the entire SDLC resulting from this research.
The SDLC Process page represents the SDLC resulting from this research as sets of related processes.
The SDLC Forms page contains a table of all the SDLC documents and forms included as part of the research results.
The Documents HowTo page describes the process for building the documents developed as part of this research from the XML source files.


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CCD Classes are held on Sunday mornings from 10:00am to 11:15am in the CCD Center. You are expected to take your child to 11:30am Mass immediately following. We thank those parents who acknowledge that religious education is a priority amongst our busy, hectic daily schedules. Each year we strive for perfect attendance and our religious educators and staff are grateful for your cooperation!
Events Calendar
Back to All Events
Earlier Event: November 14Holiday Vendor Event
Later Event: November 19"Stitches of Love" Knit/Crochet Group


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Artist: Clyde Butcher
Title: "Tamiami Trail #3"
Medium: Photograph - Black and White
Size: 33" x 53"
Year Installed: 1994
Location: Big Cypress National Preserve - 1991
"Not all of my photography is done in difficult-to-reach places. Beauty is all around, and we just need to open our hearts and eyes to see it. This picture was taken alongside the road on Tamiami Trail." - Clyde Butcher
Venue: Fort Lauderdale/Hollywood International Airport
Go to next Clyde Butcher image in Public Art collection
This black and white gelatin silver print depicts the expansive marsh of Tamiami Trail which is on the western part of Miami- Dade County. Adorned with white wild flowers, the grassy wet land awaits the approaching thunderstorm. From an edition of 7/100, this photograph is installed at the Aviation Office and viewing is by appointment only.
"Wilderness to me is a spiritual necessity. When my son was killed by a drunk driver, it was to the wilderness that I fled in hope of regaining my serenity and equilibrium. The mysterious spiritual experience of being close to nature helped to restore my soul. It was during that time, I discovered the intimate beauty of Florida. My experience reinforced my sense of dedication to use my art form of photography as an inspiration for others to work together to save places of spiritual sanctuary for future generations."


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WAG Centennial Birthday Celebrations Huge Success
The Winnipeg Art Gallery kicked off its 100th anniversary celebrations in style this Culture Days weekend with the help of over 7,500 happy visitors.
The day began with a free birthday party at which 2,500 people laughed with Al Simmons, gasped in awe at the tricks of magician Brian Glow, and sang along with children's entertainer Madame Diva. The crowds made birthday party hats, played games on the rooftop, visited the exhibitions, shopped at the artist village, enjoyed clowns and jugglers, ate birthday cupcakes, admired the 100 pound replica of the WAG building created by Dessert Sinsations, and took part in the 100-year skip-off, along with star skippers Ace Burpee (Virgin 103.1), Kate Gajdosik (Global TV Winnipeg), Tracy Koga (Shaw TV), Janet Stewart (CBC Manitoba) and Jillian Taylor (CTV Winnipeg)
With Joyce Bateman, M. P., Winnipeg South Centre; Honourable Flor Marcelino, Manitoba Minister of Culture, Heritage and Tourism; and His Worship Sam Katz, Mayor of the City of Winnipeg in attendance, the Gallery was awarded a Community Service Award from the City of Winnipeg, while Executive Director Stephen Borys received the Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal.
Nuit Blanche at the WAG started off at 6pm on Saturday with the public opening of Winnipeg Now, the WAG's inaugural Centennial exhibition. Running until 6am Sunday morning, it drew in 5,000 people for activities in and outside the building. Live bands, a midnight fashion show on the rooftop, opera performances, interactive installations, film screenings, and a Guy Maddin film shoot kept everyone entertained.
"This is a very special year for us and we are very pleased that so many Winnipeggers chose to celebrate with us," says WAG Executive Director Stephen Borys. "It was tremendously exciting to see the Gallery come alive with thousands of people of all ages—we couldn't have asked for a better launch to our Centennial anniversary year."
"It was just an amazing weekend," adds Anna Wiebe, Head of Education. "All the WAG staff worked incredibly hard to pull it all together and we are so pleased with the results. And we must thank the volunteers from Manitoba Lotteries, Balmoral Hall, the Volunteer Associates of the Winnipeg Art Gallery, and our own growing pool of volunteers. They were helping out everywhere that day—we couldn't have done it without them!"
The Birthday Party was made possible with the support of the Assiniboine Credit Union, the Jewish Foundation of Manitoba, and Planned Perfectly.
The Winnipeg Art Gallery is grateful for the support of the following Centennial sponsors: BMO, The Winnipeg Foundation, the Department of Canadian Heritage, TD Bank, James Richardson & Sons Ltd., MTS Allstream, Johnston Group, Air Canada, RBC Royal Bank, PACART, Great-West Life, Friesens, Manitoba Culture Heritage and Tourism, City of Winnipeg, Investors Group, Volunteer Associates - Winnipeg Art Gallery, Storm Bistro, Manitoba Lotteries Corporation, Ernst & Young, Fort Garry Hotel, KPMG, Lawton Partners, Loewen, Parrish & Heinbecker, Aikins, AON, Cambrian Credit Union, Manitoba Blue Cross, National Leasing, CP Loewen, North West Company, NRG Management. Media sponsors: Winnipeg Free Press, CTV, CBC, Pattison Outdoor Advertising, 103.1 Virgin Radio, 99.9 BOB FM, Doowah Design, Visual Lizard, Esdale Printing, Radio-Canada, Travel Manitoba, Tourism Winnipeg, Midcan Production Technologies.
For the latest WAG updates, follow us on Twitter and Facebook.
The Winnipeg Art Gallery is celebrating its Centennial year with an unparalleled series of exhibitions, programs, and events promoting the power of art in life. As Manitoba's leading art museum, the WAG is home to over 26,000 works of art spanning ten centuries, including the world's preeminent collection of contemporary Inuit art.
- Recent
- 2018 (21)
- 2017 (44)
- 2016 (49)
- 2015 (57)
- 2014 (61)
- 2013 (59)
- 2012 (72)
- 2011 (70)
- 2010 (51)
- 2009 (24)


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An advocate for senior citizens has asked the Hood River County Commission to keep a close watch on managers at the Mid-Columbia Council of Governments.
Rachel Shields made that request last week after briefing the elected body on the monetary settlement paid by MCCOG to Lynn Bruce, the owner/operator of Mosier Creek Adult Foster Care. This summer Bruce was awarded $58,000 for actions taken against her by staffers from The Dalles office.
"I am very pleased to have my good name restored and to have been compensated for my monetary losses," said Bruce.
Now that her lawsuit has finally been settled, Bruce has appealed to the state to expunge her records of the unfounded allegations. She said there should be a change in the standing practice of retaining all charges against a provider even if they are unsubstantiated. Otherwise, she said fraudulent or erroneous complaints are allowed to damage the caregiver's reputation and/or ability to earn a living.
Shields told both the county and MCCOG boards that it was a "dirty rotten shame" that Bruce had been put through almost a four-year ordeal. She said a situation that should have been easily remedied had escalated into a lawsuit because of "inaction" by MCCOG Director John Arens. Shields said the lead MCCOG official had failed to intervene in the ongoing problems generated by Daliea Thompson, former manager of the Senior and Disabled Services Division. In the fall of 2001 Thompson abruptly stepped down from her post but officials from MCCOG would not confirm whether she was fired or left voluntarily.
"All those responsible should be watched carefully so that they are not allowed to do this again. I hope Ms. Bruce's actions will be an inspiration to others, showing that a person can still stand up to a corrupt government," said Shields.
Without admitting wrongdoing, MCCOG agreed to pay Bruce for lost wages stemming from a shutdown of her business during a controversial investigation in 1999. Bruce filed her lawsuit after being cleared in 2000 of numerous abuse and misconduct charges following a formal state review by SDSD official Bonnie Salle. The final report issued by Salle determined that Thompson and her staffers had illegally closed Bruce's door to new clients during a poorly conducted investigation that had failed to reveal a threat to the residents.
Arens was unable to be reached for comment about any changes in MCCOG management practices or the pay out on the Bruce case.
Shields, a former ombudsman for long-term care, began to campaign for MCCOG reforms after personally witnessing the treatment of Bruce. Because of her outspoken stand she was first suspended from her duties in the late summer 2000 and then decided to resign in protest so that she could speak freely.
She became involved in the case after being contacted by family members of several patients housed in the adult foster care home run by Bruce. Those complaints centered on the stress created by SDSD investigators in reaction to a complaint filed by a client's relative. Shields said she found a "horror story" unfolding that involved relentless questioning of patients that were in fragile physical and mental health. When that treatment continued for weeks, she issued a written protest to MCCOG's Senior Services Advisory Council.
From the onset, Bruce contended that her treatment at the hands of Thompson and two of her program managers was in "retaliation" for a written complaint filed two years earlier. At that time her business license was not renewed by the agency for eight months after it was paid.
During the official state investigation, Bruce was given two informal hearings and told at one point that SDSD had compiled more than 20 charges against her that she stated were unsubstantiated. Throughout the ordeal, she was supported by other adult foster providers, 28 of whom appeared in person to testify on her behalf. Although charges would be dropped and then later resurface, something Bruce said was very confusing, eventually the state ended up with only one official complaint that officials felt merited any attention — that Bruce had given a resident less than 30 days notice for eviction. Eventually, even that charge and the attached $250 penalty was also rescinded.
On another MCCOG front, workers in the employment and transportation services voted late this spring to unionize so that they could stop "inconsistent and unfair treatment by management." A spokeperson from the Service Employees International Union Local 503 said the employees believed the "adverse" working conditions were negatively affecting performance. MCCOG channels federal and state government funding to Hood River and other counties.
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