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Gerontology - Related Links
Open Access Articles- Top Results for Gerontology
Journal of Gerontology & Geriatric ResearchThe Relationship between Bereaved Family Caregivers and the Hospital Team in Long Term Care: Cases of Home Condolence Visits
Journal of Gerontology & Geriatric ResearchThe Relationship between Literacy Level and Coronary Risk Factors in Diabetic Patients
Journal of Gerontology & Geriatric ResearchImpact of Aerobic Training Associated with Muscle Strengthening in Elderly Individuals at Risk of Sarcopenia: A Clinical Trial
Journal of Gerontology & Geriatric ResearchMuscle Strength of Lower Extremities Related to Incident Falls in Community- Dwelling Older Adults
Journal of Gerontology & Geriatric ResearchGeriatric Care and Concept of Anti-Aging in Unani System of Medicine and Western Perspective: A Review
Gerontology (from the Greek γέρων, geron, "old man" and -λογία, -logia, "study of"; coined by Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov in 1903) is the study of the social, psychological, cognitive and biological aspects of aging. It is distinguished from geriatrics, which is the branch of medicine that specializes in the treatment of existing disease in older adults. Gerontologists include researchers and practitioners in the fields of biology, nursing, medicine, criminology, dentistry, social work, physical and occupational therapy, psychology, psychiatry, sociology, economics, political science, architecture, geography, pharmacy, public health, housing, and anthropology.[1]
Gerontology encompasses the following:
- studying physical, mental, and social changes in people as they age
- investigating the biological aging process itself (biogerontology)
- investigating the social and psychosocial impacts of aging (sociogerontology)
- investigating the psychological effects on aging (psychogerontology)
- investigating the interface of biological aging with aging-associated disease (geroscience)
- investigating the effects of an ageing population on society
- applying this knowledge to policies and programs, including the macroscopic (for example, government planning) and microscopic (for example, running a nursing home) perspectives.
The multidisciplinary nature of gerontology means that there are a number of subfields, as well as associated fields such as psychology and sociology that overlap with gerontology. Gerontologists view aging in terms of four distinct processes: chronological aging, biological aging, psychological aging, and social aging.[1] Chronological aging is the definition of aging based on a person's years lived from birth.[1] Biological aging refers to the physical changes that reduce the efficiency of organ systems.[1] Psychological aging includes the changes that occur in sensory and perceptual processes, cognitive abilities, adaptive capacity, and personality.[1] Social aging refers to an individual's changing roles and relationships with family, friends, and other informal supports, productive roles and within organizations.[1]
- 1 History
- 2 Aging demographics
- 3 Biogerontology
- 4 Social gerontology
- 5 Environmental gerontology
- 6 Videos / Conferences
- 7 Medicine
- 8 See also
- 9 Notes
- 10 References
- 11 References
- 12 External links
|This article possibly contains original research. (January 2008)
In the medieval Islamic world, several physicians wrote on issues related to Gerontology. Avicenna's The Canon of Medicine (1025) offered instruction for the care of the aged, including diet and remedies for problems including constipation.[2] Arabic physician Ibn Al-Jazzar Al-Qayrawani (Algizar, c. 898–980) wrote on the aches and conditions of the elderly (Ammar 1998, p. 4).[3] His scholarly work covers sleep disorders, forgetfulness, how to strengthen memory[4][unreliable source?],[5][6] and causes of mortality[7] Ishaq ibn Hunayn (died 910) also wrote works on the treatments for forgetfulness (U.S. National Library of Medicine, 1994).[8]
While the number of aged humans, and the life expectancy, tended to increase in every century since the 14th, society tended to consider caring for an elderly relative as a family issue. It was not until the coming of the Industrial Revolution that ideas shifted in favor of a societal care-system. Care homes for the aged emerged in the 19th century.
Some early pioneers, such as Michel Eugène Chevreul, who himself lived to be 102, believed that aging itself should be a science to be studied. Élie Metchnikoff coined the term "gerontology" c. 1903[9]
It was not until the 1940s, however, that pioneers like James Birren began organizing gerontology into its own field. Recognizing that there were experts in many fields all dealing with the older population, it became apparent that a group like the Gerontological Society of America (founded in 1945) was needed. Two decades later, James Birren was appointed as the founding director of the first academic research center devoted exclusively to the study of aging, the Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center[10] at the University of Southern California.[11][12] The Baltimore Longitudinal Studies of Aging began in 1958 in order to study physiological changes in healthy middle-aged and older men living in the community by testing them every two years on numerous physiological parameters.[1] In 1967, the University of South Florida[13] and the University of North Texas (formerly North Texas State University) received Older Americans Act training grants from the U.S. Administration on Aging to launch the nation's first degree programs in gerontology, at the master's level. In 1975, the University of Southern California's Leonard Davis School of Gerontology,[14] with Birren as its founding dean, became the country's first school of gerontology within a university and, later, offered the first PhD in Gerontology degree. Since that time, a number of other universities have formed departments or schools of gerontology or aging studies.
More generally, gerontological education has flourished in the United States since 1967 and degrees at all academic levels are now offered by a number of colleges and universities.[15] One of the pioneering gerontologists, Robert Neil Butler, has pushed for care and respect of the elderly. Butler won a Pulitzer Prize for his book titled, Why Survive? Being Old in America, where he discusses how the elderly are overlooked, mistreated, and sometimes even abused. His book argues that we as a society must modify our behavior toward the elderly. Several university-based centers on aging have been founded such as the Duke University Center on Aging, the University of Georgia Institute of Gerontology, the Center of Aging at the University of Chicago,[16] and the Stanford Center on Longevity.[1] Relatively few universities offer a PhD in gerontology. Currently, PhD programs in gerontology are available at Miami University,[17] the University of Kansas,[18] University of Kentucky,[19] University of Maryland Baltimore,[20] University of Massachusetts Boston,[21] and the University of Southern California.[22] The substantial increase in the aging population in post-industrial Western nations has led to this becoming one of the most rapidly growing fields.
From the 1950s to the 1970s, the field was mainly social and concerned with issues such as nursing homes and health care. However, research by Leonard Hayflick in the 1960s (showing that a cell line culture will only divide about 50 times) helped lead to a separate branch, biogerontology. It became apparent that simply treating aging was not enough. Developing an understanding of the aging process, and what could be done about it, became an issue.
Biogerontology was also bolstered when research by Cynthia Kenyon and others demonstrated that life extension was possible in lower life forms such as fruit flies, worms, and yeast. Substantial increases in lifespan have been achieved in laboratory mammals such as mice and rats through interventions such as Calorie restriction and mutations in the insulin-like growth factor-1 pathway. So far, however, nothing more than incremental (marginal) increases in life span have been seen in humans.
Aging demographics
The world is forecast to undergo rapid population aging in the next several decades. In 1900, there were 3.1 million people aged 65 years and older living in the United States. However, this population continued to grow throughout the 20th century and reached 31.2, 35, and 40.3 million people in 1990, 2000, and 2010, respectively. Notably, in the United States, the "baby boomer" generation began to turn 65 in 2011. Recently, the population aged 65 years and older has grown at a faster rate than the total population in the United States. The total population increased by 9.7%, from 281.4 million to 308.7 million, between 2000 and 2010. However, the population aged 65 years and older increased by 15.1% during the same period.[23] It has been estimated that 25% of the population in the United States and Canada will be aged 65 years and older by 2025. Moreover, by 2050, it is predicted that, for the first time in United States history, the number of individuals aged 60 years and older will be greater than the number of children aged 0 to 14 years.[24] Those aged 85 years and older (oldest-old) are projected to increase from 5.3 million to 21 million by 2050.[25] Adults aged 85–89 years constituted the greatest segment of the oldest-old in 1990, 2000, and 2010. However, the largest percentage point increase among the oldest-old occurred in the 90- to 94-year-old age group, which increased from 25.0% in 1990 to 26.4% in 2010.[23]
With the rapid growth of the aging population, social work education and training specialized in older adults and practitioners interested in working with older adults are increasingly in demand[26][27] In the last decade, geriatric social work education, practice, and research have received substantial support from foundations such as the John. A Hartford Foundation, Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, and Atlantic Philanthropies.[28]
Of the roughly 150,000 people who die each day across the globe, about two thirds—100,000 per day—die of age-related causes.[29] In industrialized nations, the proportion is much higher, reaching 90%.[29]
Gender differences with age
There has been a considerable disparity between the number of men and women in the older population in the United States. In both 2000 and 2010, women outnumbered men in the older population at every single year of age (e.g., 65 to 100 years and over). The sex ratio, which is a measure used to indicate the balance of males to females in a population, is calculated by taking the number of males divided by the number of females, and multiplying by 100. Therefore, the sex ratio is the number of males per 100 females. In 2010, there were 90.5 males per 100 females in the 65-year-old population. However, this represented an increase from 1990 when there were 82.7 males per 100 females, and from 2000 when the sex ratio was 88.1. Although the gender gap between men and women has narrowed, women continue to have a greater life expectancy and lower mortality rates at older ages relative to men. For example, the Census 2010 reported that there were approximately twice as many women as men living in the United States at 89 years of age (361,309 versus 176,689, respectively).[23] The age-related changes males experience is likely to progress faster than the age-related changes in which females experience. Neural systems associated with behavioral domains identify age effects on behavior and brain parameters, which indicate more pronounced age-related changes in men than in women.[30] Research and studies have found strong evidence of ovarian hormones playing a key role in mediating behavior and brain function.
Geographic distribution of older adults
The number and percentage of older adults living in the United States vary across the four different regions (Northeast, Midwest, West, and South) defined by the United States census. In 2010, the South contained the greatest number of people aged 65 years and older and 85 years and older. However, proportionately, the Northeast contains the largest percentage of adults aged 65 years and older (14.1%), followed by the Midwest (13.5%), the South (13.0%), and the West (11.9%). Relative to the Census 2000, all geographic regions demonstrated positive growth in the population of adults aged 65 years and older and 85 years and older. The most rapid growth in the population of adults aged 65 years and older was evident in the West (23.5%), which showed an increase from 6.9 million in 2000 to 8.5 million in 2010. Likewise, in the population aged 85 years and older, the West (42.8%) also showed the fastest growth and increased from 806,000 in 2000 to 1.2 million in 2010. It is worth highlighting that Rhode Island was the only state that experienced a reduction in the number of people aged 65 years and older, and declined from 152,402 in 2000 to 151,881 in 2010. Conversely, all states exhibited an increase in the population of adults aged 85 years and older from 2000 to 2010.[23]
Biogerontology is the sub-field of gerontology concerned with the biological aging process, its evolutionary origins, and potential means to intervene in the process. It involves interdisciplinary research on biological aging's causes, effects, and mechanisms. Conservative biogerontologists such as Leonard Hayflick have predicted that the human life expectancy will peak at about 92 years old,[31] while others such as James Vaupel have predicted that in industrialized countries life expectancies will reach 100 for children born after the year 2000.[32] and some surveyed biogerontologists have predicted life expectancies of two or more centuries.[33] with Aubrey de Grey offering the "tentative timeframe" that with adequate funding of research to develop interventions in aging such as Strategies for Engineered Negligible Senescence, "we have a 50/50 chance of developing technology within about 25 to 30 years from now that will, under reasonable assumptions about the rate of subsequent improvements in that technology, allow us to stop people from dying of aging at any age," leading to life expectancies of 1,000 years.[34]
Biomedical gerontology, also known as experimental gerontology and life extension, is a sub-discipline of biogerontology that endeavors to slow, prevent, and even reverse aging in both humans and animals. By preventing senescent changes in animals, these therapies would prevent the onset of age-related disease and frailty, extending both average and maximum lifespan. Most "life extensionists" believe the human life span can be increased within the next century, if not sooner. Optimists such as Aubrey de Grey estimate that the first person to live to a thousand years may have already been born. Biogerontologists vary in the degree to which they focus on the study of the aging process as a means of mitigating the diseases of aging or extending lifespan, although most agree that extension of lifespan will necessarily flow from reductions in age-related disease and frailty, although some argue that maximum life span cannot be altered or that it is undesirable to try.
In contrast with biogerontology, geriatrics studies the treatment of disease in aging people. Both fields are considered by many scientists to be the most important medical frontiers in aging research.
Biological theories of aging
Theories of aging are numerous and no one theory has been accepted. There is a wide spectrum of the types of theories for the causes of aging with programmed theories on one extreme and error theories on the other. Regardless of the theory, a commonality is that as humans age, functions of the body decline.[24]
Wear and tear
Wear and tear theories of aging suggest that as an individual ages, body parts such as cells and organs wear out from continued use. Wearing of the body can be attributable to internal or external causes that eventually lead to an accumulation of insults which surpasses the capacity for repair. Due to these internal and external insults, cells lose their ability to regenerate, which ultimately leads to mechanical and chemical exhaustion. Some insults include chemicals in the air, food, or smoke. Other insults may be things such as viruses, trauma, free radicals, cross-linking, and high body temperature.[24]
Genetic theories of aging propose that aging is programmed within each individual's genes. According to this theory, genes dictate cellular longevity. Programmed cell death, or apoptosis, is determined by a "biological clock" via genetic information in the nucleus of the cell. Genes responsible for apoptosis provide an explanation for cell death, but are less applicable to death of an entire organism. An increase in cellular apoptosis may correlate to aging, but is not a 'cause of death'. Environmental factors and genetic mutations can influence gene expression and accelerate aging. More recently epigenetics have been explored as a contributing factor. The epigenetic clock, which objectively measures the biological age of cells and tissues, may become useful for testing different biological aging theories.[35]
General imbalance
General imbalance theories of aging suggest that body systems, such as the endocrine, nervous, and immune systems, gradually decline and ultimately fail to function. The rate of failure varies system by system.[24]
Accumulation theories of aging suggest that aging is bodily decline that results from an accumulation of elements. Elements can be foreign and introduced to the body from the environment. Other elements can be the natural result of cell metabolism.[24] An example of an accumulation theory is the Free Radical Theory of Aging. According to this theory, byproducts of regular cell metabolism called free radicals interact with cellular components such as the cell membrane and DNA and cause irreversible damage.[36] A more recent and comprehensive accumulation theory by Dr. Aubrey de Grey posits that aging is the consequence of the accumulation of 7 types of 'damage' at the molecular, cellular and intracellular levels.[37]
The free radical theory of aging
The idea that free radicals are toxic agents was first proposed by Rebeca Gerschman and colleagues.[38] In 1956, Denham Harman proposed the free-radical theory of aging and even demonstrated that free radical reactions contribute to the degradation of biological systems.[39] Oxidative damage of many types accumulate with age, such as oxidative stress that oxygen-free radicals,[40] because the free radical theory of aging argues that aging results from the damage generated by reactive oxygen species (ROS).[41] ROS are small, highly reactive, oxygen-containing molecules that can damage a complex of cellular components such as fat, proteins, or from DNA, they are naturally generated in small amounts during the body's metabolic reactions. These conditions become more common as we age, including diseases related to aging, such as dementia, cancer and heart disease. The Free Radical Theory of Aging is not accepted by everyone because we cannot determine if the free-radicals or the aging came first and if it is why the human body ages. Reasonably, the damage done by free radical may only begin after the aging process does. Future research must be conducted to see if one of the solutions to stabilize the free-radicals may postpone aging.
The DNA Damage Theory of Aging
DNA damage has been one of the many causes in diseases related to aging. The stability of the genome is defined by the cells machinery of repair, damage tolerance, and checkpoint pathways that counteracts DNA damage. One hypothesis proposed by Gioacchino Failla in 1958[42] is that damage accumulation to the DNA causes aging. The hypothesis was developed soon by physicist Leó Szilárd.[43] This theory has changed over the years as new research has discovered new types of DNA damage and mutations, and several theories of aging argue that DNA damage with or without mutations causes aging.[44] If DNA damage and other stressors can be conserved, the anticancer and survival responses from cells may boost defenses that maintain the integrity of the cell. This may improve health and extend the lifespan. The importance of DNA damage and the genome maintenance in relation to aging can be investigated further more for treatment.
Social gerontology
Social gerontology is a multi-disciplinary sub-field that specializes in studying or working with older adults.
Social gerontologists may have degrees or training in social work, nursing, psychology, sociology, demography, or other social science disciplines. Social gerontologists are responsible for educating, researching, and advancing the broader causes of older people.
Because issues of life span and life extension need numbers to quantify them, there is an overlap with demography. Those who study the demography of the human life span differ from those who study the social demographics of aging.
Social work with older adults
Social work with older adults, known as geriatric social work practice, is considered to be both a macro and micro practice with individuals over the age of 60 or 65, their families and communities, aging related policy, and aging research. Geriatric social workers typically provide counseling, direct services, care coordination, community planning, and advocacy in an array of agencies and organizations including private practice, in home, neighborhoods, hospitals, senior congregate living, hospice/end of life care, senior centers, oncology centers and residential long term care facilities such as nursing facilities. At the macro level, geriatric social workers work within state departments of health, adult protective services, and at universities and colleges, as well as Administration on Aging offices on a federal level in the United States.
Social theories of aging
According to Dannefer, aging is an interactive process where the individual is affected by the environment while also influencing the environment in which he/she ages. Several theories of aging are developed to observed the aging process of older adults in society as well as how these processes are interpreted by men and women as they age.[45]
Activity theory
Activity theory was developed and elaborated by Cavan, Havighurst, and Albrecht. According to this theory, older adults' self-concept depends on social interactions. In order for older adults to maintain morale in old age, substitutions must be made for lost roles. Examples of lost roles include retirement from a job or loss of a spouse.[45]
Activity is preferable to inactivity because it facilitates well-being on multiple levels. Because of improved general health and prosperity in the older population, remaining active is more feasible now than when this theory was first proposed by Havighurst nearly six decades ago. The activity theory is applicable for a stable, post-industrial society, which offers its older members many opportunities for meaningful participation. Weakness: Some aging persons cannot maintain a middle-aged lifestyle, due to functional limitations, lack of income, or lack of a desire to do so. Many older adults lack the resources to maintain active roles in society. On the flip side, some elders may insist on continuing activities in late life that pose a danger to themselves and others, such as driving at night with low visual acuity or doing maintenance work to the house while climbing with severely arthritic knees. In doing so, they are denying their limitations and engaging in unsafe behaviors.[46]
Disengagement theory
Disengagement theory was developed by Cumming and Henry. According to this theory, older adults and society engage in a mutual separation from each other. An example of mutual separation is retirement from the workforce. A key assumption of this theory is that older adults lose "ego-energy" and become increasingly self-absorbed. Additionally, disengagement leads to higher morale maintenance than if older adults try to maintain social involvement. This theory is heavily criticized for having an escape clause - namely, that older adults who remain engaged in society are unsuccessful adjusters to old age.[45]
Gradual withdrawal from society and relationships preserves social equilibrium and promotes self-reflection for elders who are freed from societal roles. It furnishes an orderly means for the transfer of knowledge, capital, and power from the older generation to the young. It makes it possible for society to continue functioning after valuable older members die. Weakness: There is no base of evidence or research to support this theory. Additionally, many older people desire to remain occupied and involved with society. Imposed withdrawal from society may be harmful to elders and society alike. This theory has been largely discounted by gerontologists.[46]
Continuity theory
Continuity theory is an elusive concept. On the one hand, to exhibit continuity can mean to remain the same, to be uniform, homogeneous, unchanging, even humdrum. This static view of continuity is not very applicable to human aging. On the other hand, a dynamic view of continuity starts with the idea of a basic structure which persists over time, but it allows for a variety of changes to occur within the context provided by the basic structure. The basic structure is coherent: It has an orderly or logical relation of parts that is recognizably unique and that allows us to differentiate that structure from others. With the introduction of the concept of time, ideas such as direction, sequence, character development, and story line enter into the concept of continuity as it is applied to the evolution of a human being. In this paper, a dynamic concept of continuity is developed and applied to the issue of adaptation to normal aging.[47]
A central premise of continuity theory is that, in making adaptive choices, middle-aged and older adults attempt to preserve and maintain existing internal and external structures and that they prefer to accomplish this objective by using continuity (i.e., applying familiar strategies in familiar arenas of life). In middle and later life, adults are drawn by the weight of past experience to use continuity as a primary adaptive strategy for dealing with changes associated with normal aging. To the extent that change builds upon, and has links to, the person's past, change is a part of continuity. As a result of both their own perceptions and pressures from the social environment, individuals who are adapting to normal aging are both predisposed and motivated toward inner psychological continuity as well as outward continuity of social behavior and circumstances.[48]
Continuity theory views both internal and external continuity as robust adaptive strategies that are supported by both individual preference and social sanctions. Continuity theory consists of general adaptive principles that people who are normally aging could be expected to follow, explanations of how these principles work, and a specification of general areas of life in which these principles could be expected to apply. Accordingly, continuity theory has enormous potential as a general theory of adaptation to individual aging.[49]
Age stratification theory
According to this theory, older adults born during different time periods form cohorts that define "age strata". There are two differences among strata: chronological age and historical experience. This theory makes two arguments. 1. Age is a mechanism for regulating behavior and as a result determines access to positions of power. 2. Birth cohorts play an influential role in the process of social change.[45]
Life course theory
According to this theory, which stems from the Life Course Perspective (Bengston and Allen, 1993),[50] aging occurs from birth to death. Aging involves social, psychological, and biological processes. Additionally, aging experiences are shaped by cohort and period effects.[45]
Also reflecting the life course focus, consider the implications for how societies might function when age-based norms vanish—a consequence of the deinstitutionalization of the life course— and suggest that these implications pose new challenges for theorizing aging and the life course in postindustrial societies. Dramatic reductions in mortality, morbidity, and fertility over the past several decades have so shaken up the organization of the life course and the nature of educational, work, family, and leisure experiences that it is now possible for individuals to become old in new ways. The configurations and content of other life stages are being altered as well, especially for women. In consequence, theories of age and aging will need to be reconceptualized.[51]
Cumulative advantage/disadvantage theory
According to this theory, which was developed beginning in the 1960s by Derek Price and Robert Merton and elaborated on by several researchers such as Dale Dannefer,[52] inequalities have a tendency to become more pronounced throughout the aging process. A paradigm of this theory can be expressed in the adage "the rich get richer and the poor get poorer". Advantages and disadvantages in early life stages have a profound effect throughout the life span. However, advantages and disadvantages in middle adulthood have a direct influence on economic and health status in later life.[45]
Constructionist theories
A spectrum of theorizing in gerontology has emerged that is "anti-theoretical" in the sense that its common point of departure is to set aside or "bracket" taken-for-granted realities such as activity, disengagement, the life course, continuity, cumulative advantage, and the like, in order to foreground their construction, use, institutional articulations, and experiential consequences in everyday life. A decided interest in subjectivity, agency, discourses, and their ordinary practices leads the way. The goal is to document how members of speech communities theorize realities in their own terms and how this relates to communicative context. Meaning-making, performativity, categorization, agency, narrativity, discourse, practice, and structuration are leading concepts. Constructionist approaches range from the ideas and conceptual proclivities of European cultural gerontologists, to the growing international network of narrative gerontologists, and longstanding programs of research on selves, social interaction, and meaning-making. Important contributors are Sara Arber, Bill Bytheway, Jaber Gubrium, Haim Hazan, Stephen Katz, Sharon Kaufman, Gary Kenyon, Marc Luborsky, Sara Matthews, William Randall, Robert Rubinstein, Andrea Sankar, Christine Swane, and Julia Twigg, among many others.
Environmental gerontology
The environmental gerontology[53][54] is a knowledge area which aims Gerontology understand, analyze, modify and optimize the relationship between the aging person and their physical and social environment, from interdisciplinary perspectives and approaches, covering different disciplines like psychogerontology, geography,[55] urban planning, architecture and urban design, social policy, social work, sociology and other sciences at the end . In the 1930s (USA, Canada, UK and Germany), begin to emerge the first studies on Behavioral and Social Gerontology, and associated with deterministic explanations of the relationship between aging and environment from genetic parameters and biological. In the 1970s and 1980s, theories of different researchers, as Kurt Lewin ( living space model as a function of the person and the environment ) and, mainly, M. Powell Lawton (1923-2001) ( ecological adaptation model ), based on the influence of the interactions between the older person and their environment (adaptation - ambient pressure), confirm the importance of the physical and social environment ( objective and subjective ) in the understanding of the aging population and the possibility of improving the quality of life in old age. Environmental Gerontology[56] strives to understand the socio-spatial implications of aging and its complex relationship with the environment, from analysis at different scales : micro scales ( home and family) and macro scales (neighborhood, city, region ), to enable social and environmental policies that enable successful aging . Among the main contributions of the discipline are the contributions to aging at home (aging in place), and that older people prefer to age in their immediate environment ( housing ), where aspects such as spatial experience and place attachment are important for understanding the process.[57]
Researchers Examples of Environmental Gerontology, interdisciplinarity discipline, leading researchers emphasize, as the psychologist and gerontologist M. Powell Lawton (1923-2001) and the architect and gerontologist Paul Gordon Windley PhD. (1941-2007) The latter was one of the pioneers of this field, which showed that a good architectural design can encourage independence and competence of the elderly with their environment. Windley was interested to know the implications of the built environment on aging, highlighting the importance of encouraging a design built integrator . Between late 1970 and 1980 PG . Windley led an interdisciplinary team of architects and psychologists to examine how physical and social characteristics of small rural Kansas towns affected the quality of life of older people . Also noteworthy is the contribution of Graham D. Rowles, PhD . (1946- ), one of the social geographers recognized worldwide for his contributions to the geography of aging and environmental gerontology. Graham D. Rowles has been interested in the changing relationship between the elderly and their environment, first in rural ( Appalachian Region ) and later in urban areas, with special regard to the variety of residential and institutional environments . It is expected that in coming years the aging population worldwide incrementantará interest in environmental gerontology studies, due to social, economic, cultural and environmental factors associated with this phenomenon in cities, mainly in countries development.
Videos / Conferences
- Hans-Werner Wahl (Heidelberg University): Aging: Changing Attitudes and Successful Coping Mechanisms with. Link: https://vimeo.com/63480939
- Susanne Iwarsson (Lund University): approaches to environmental gerontology. Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MRQZfSIJ0Ow
- Sheila Peace (The Open University): The Environments of Ageing. Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NMHjZ3VrvJg&list=PLyQeu_lzpPCDSUf1IIoVCYnoyEsgYAZ80&index=1
- Timothy D. Beatley, PHD Rubén M. Rainey (Virginia University): Health by Design: Can Our Built Environment Make Us Healthier?: Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hTaEjaEGNas&list=PLyQeu_lzpPCDSUf1IIoVCYnoyEsgYAZ80
- Bruce Judd (University of New South Wales): Ageing, the built environment and climate change. Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XYUvQO-nlCA&list=PLyQeu_lzpPCDSUf1IIoVCYnoyEsgYAZ80&index=9
- Susan Rodiek (Texas A&M): The Value of Nature for Older Adults: "Access to Nature, Planning Outdoor Space for Aging. Link: https://vimeo.com/13712915
- Diego Sanchez-Gonzalez (Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon): Implications of physical and social environment on health and quality of life of the aging population. Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8W9IJrx8NzI
- Hal Kendig (Australian National University): Canberra as an age-friendly city? New thinking and policy directions. Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Kgwy4jH3sU
- Victor Regnier, (USC School of Architecture): Housing and Services for an Aging Population. Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ix-53hYzfM8&list=PLyQeu_lzpPCDSUf1IIoVCYnoyEsgYAZ80&index=8
- Jiu-Chiuan (JC) Chen, M.D., (Keck School of Medicine of USC): Urban Living and Cognitive Health in the Elderly. Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ix-53hYzfM8&list=PLyQeu_lzpPCDSUf1IIoVCYnoyEsgYAZ80&index=8
- Caleb Finch, Ph.D. (USC Davis School of Gerontology): Inflammation and Aging in Our Future Lifespans. Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ix-53hYzfM8&list=PLyQeu_lzpPCDSUf1IIoVCYnoyEsgYAZ80&index=8
Resveratrol and Rapamycin are anti-aging drugs that have the potential to increase life span, even in already elderly patients.[58]
See also
- Macieira-Coelho A (2003). "Biology of aging". Prog. Mol. Subcell. Biol. Progress in Molecular and Subcellular Biology 30: III–VI, 1–189. ISBN 3-540-43827-0. PMID 12494760. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-18994-4_1.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Hooyman, N.R.; Kiyak, H.A. (2011). Social gerontology: A multidisciplinary perspective (9th ed.). Boston: Pearson Education. ISBN 0205763138.
- ^ Howell, Trevor H. (1987). "Avicenna and His Regimen of Old Age". Age and Ageing 16 (1): 58–59. PMID 3551552. doi:10.1093/ageing/16.1.58.
- ^ Ammar, S (1998). "Vesalius" (PDF). Official Journal of the International Society for the History of Medicine 4: 48.
- ^ Algizar a web page in french
- ^ "Ibn al-Jazzār, Abū Ja'far Ahmad ibn Ibrāhīm ibn Abī Khālid (d. 979/369)". Islamic Medical Manuscripts. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 24 September 2013.
- ^ [Geritt Bos, Ibn al-Jazzar, Risala fi l-isyan (Treatise on forgetfulness), London, 1995 ]
- ^ Al Jazzar
- ^ "Specialized literature". Islamic culture and medical arts. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 24 September 2013.
- ^ Online Etymology Dictionary
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Webster, N. (2003). Webster's new American dictionary. New York: HarperCollins.
- ^ Dannefer D (November 2003). "Cumulative advantage/disadvantage and the life course: cross-fertilizing age and social science theory". J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 58 (6): S327–37. PMID 14614120. doi:10.1093/geronb/58.6.S327.
- ^ Rowles, Graham D.; and Bernard, Miriam (2013). Environmental Gerontology: Making Meaningful Places in Old Age. New York: Springer Publishing Company. p. 320. ISBN 978-0826108135.
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- ^ Sanchez-Gonzalez, D. (2011). Geography of aging and its implications in Gerontology. Geographical contributions to the Environmental Gerontology and the aging of the population. Saarbrücken: Editorial Académica Española-Lambert Academic Publishing. p. 264. ISBN 978-3-8443-4692-3.
- ^ Wahl, H-W.; Scheidt, R.J.; and Windley, P.G. (2004). Annual Review of Gerontology and Geriatrics. Focus on Aging context: Socio-Physical Environments. New York: Springer Publishing Company. p. 384. ISBN 978-0826117342.
- ^ Andrews, GJ. and Phillips, DR. (2005). Ageing and Place: Perspectives, Policy, Practice. London: Routledge. p. 272. ISBN 978-0415481656.
- ^ Kaeberlein, Matt (2010). "Resveratrol and rapamycin:are they anti-aging drugs?". BioEssays 32 (2): 96–99. PMID 20091754. doi:10.1002/bies.200900171.
- Silverman LK., Phillips (Jun 1996). "Homogeneity of effect sizes for sex across spatial tests and cultures: implications for hormonal theories". Brain Cogn (Brain Cogn.) 31 (1): 90–4. PMID 8790937. doi:10.1006/brcg.1996.0027.
External links
- 16x16px Media related to Gerontology at Wikimedia Commons
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It is Bike Security 101: lock it or lose it, but it's not just for the street anymore. Many bikers feel that parking their bikes out of sight in their garage makes it unnecessary to go through this routine but the thieves among us have gotten very clever: motorcycle thefts from garages are on the increase.
There is a high demand for certain motorcycles just as is the case with cars, so bikers need to be wise and street smart: don't advertise your bike by parking it on the lawn. Bike thieves rarely break into a garage at random: don't give the opportunity to case your bike and steal it from your garage.
Taking measures to secure your bike in your garage like it was on the street is the first step: the second thing you have to do is deny a thief the opportunity to get into your garage. That means keeping your garage keys out of sight in a place where thieves cannot get to them easily. That may not stop every thief, but the harder you make it for them to gain access to your bike the more likely they are to give up on the heist.

subset: commoncrawl


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What does the /target: command line option do in the C# compiler?
All the /target: options except module create .NET assemblies. Depending on the option, the compiler adds metadata for the operating system to use when loading the portable executable (PE) file and for the runtime to use in executing the contained assembly or module. module creates a module. The metadata in the PE does not include… Read more
- Tags: C#, C# compiler


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Zada Robbins
Zada Robbins, 79, died Thursday, Oct. 20, 2011 atSalina, Kan.Mrs. Robbins was born on Aug. 11, 1932, at Bengal toWilliam H. and Grace L. (Fowler) Johnson.She was a homemaker and had also worked in thefinance world. She was a 4-foot-11 inch repo Mom. Sheheld a Certificate of Biblical Studies from Billy Graham.She was a past member of the Eastern Star.Survivors include two daughters, Havana Shuler andhusband Thomas, and Angela McWilliams and husbandDennis of Salina, six grandchildren and four great-grandchildren.A graveside service was held Monday at RoselawnCemetery in Salina, under the direction of Ryan Mortuary,Salina.To leave condolences for the family, please visitwww.ryanmortuary.com.


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A credit score is a three-digit number that is a fast objective estimate of your credit risk based on a snapshot of your credit report at a particular moment. Lenders use this number to make a prediction about how you will behave in the future.
Your credit score can affect whether you get a loan, a car, a home and even a job. Being considered a "high risk" can cost you hundreds in fees and interest.
Your score is calculated on multiple factors. Five major areas effecting the score are:
Payment History – This is probably the most important factor. Your payment history is looking at your past payment history, with an emphasis on your most recent history.
Total Debt – How much is your overall debt? How close are you to your credit limits?
Length of Credit History – In general the longer your credit history the better.
New Credit – This is looking at how much new credit you have tried to get recently. Avoid applying for multiple accounts at once. An exception would be if you are shopping for a mortgage or a car loan.
Types of Credit Established – Do you have a healthy mix of revolving (credit cards) and installment (mortgages) credit?
A good score varies from lender to lender and between the credit bureaus. Each bureau compiles the scores differently by varying the weight given to each category. Your score could vary up to 100 points depending on the bureau and the information gathered at each of the bureaus.
To ensure your credit doesn't have any discrepancies and you haven't been a victim of identity theft, we recommend that you request your FREE annual credit report by going here
Learn about your credit score by visiting this site – http://www.federalreserve.gov/creditreports
Free Financial Credit Review – The Credit Union will review your credit report with you and make recommendations for improving your credit bureau score. Simply call us or send us an email at firstname.lastname@example.com and we'll contact you to set up an appointment.
Budgeting can be a scary word. Few people really want to know how much they are spending and like dieting, budgeting sounds like you are depriving yourself of something. Budgeting isn't a bad thing! And actually it can be fairly simple to set up a budget.
Step One: Set Financial Goals Where do you want to be in a year, ten years, at retirement? Why are you creating a budget? It might help if you wrote down a few goals so you know what you are working towards whether it is saving more, spending less, or that dream vacation. At this point don't worry about how unrealistic the goal is – just get it on paper. Later once you have a budget in place; remind yourself often what you are working towards.
Step Two: Start Tracking Expenses Find a way that works for you – this could be a notebook that you carry with you, computer software or use these budget worksheets. Write everything down and categorize spending by the type of expense (entertainment, groceries, gas, etc.). Remember even that $1 in the vending machine counts. You might be surprised how quickly the little dribblers add up - $1 a day for soda is over $360 a year! That daily $3.50 latte or mocha adds up to $1,277.50 - and that doesn't include tips!
Step Three: Know Your Income What are you really making after taxes and other deductions?
Step Four: Take a look at your lifestyle. Where are your spending weaknesses? Are you spending more than you are bringing in? Now it's time to actually create a plan. Look at your type of expenses – figure out how much you need to budget for basic things like utilities, bills, gasoline, groceries, etc. How much is left over to save or spend on entertainment and extras?
Step Five: Trim Excessive Spending If your expenses are more than your income or if you are just looking to increase your savings, you will need to cut back. What can you get rid of – premium cable channels, subscriptions to magazines or movie services? Look at your spending honestly and look for leaks or extras you just don't need.
Just like a diet, you can't deprive yourself of everything or you will never stick with it. Budget a small amount of money for fun extras. It may be helpful to actually pay yourself in cash so when the money is gone – it's gone. Use this money for fun extras like a coffee on the way to work, or a night out with friends.
Step Six: Pay Yourself First You should make a category in your budget to pay yourself. Even if you start with setting aside $10 a month – it's something. You also need to budget money for emergencies, such as car repairs, unexpected bills, etc.
Payroll deduction could be a great way to start saving. You set up how much and to which account. Castparts Credit Union offers an automatic transfer from one account to another – so if your money is direct deposited into your checking set up a recurring transfer of a certain amount of money to your savings. You can always adjust the amount later if you find you can save more or less.
Step Seven: Review and Reevaluate Often Your situation will change constantly – your income may increase or decrease, expenses may fluctuate, or maybe you paid off that credit card debt. Adjust your budget accordingly. If you need more strategies or ideas, give us a call!
To help you manage your spending and expenses, use this handy budgeting calculator!
Track your expenses and determine your budget needs by using these worksheets offered free from our partner Balance®.
We realize no one is perfect. We've all had bumps in the road. Let's face it, change is inevitable. As your credit union, we're committed to helping you through your life, even the rough times.
Are you experiencing any of the warning signs of financial distress?
Visit the Personal Finance Education Center for tips on a variety of money management topics. Use the worksheets provided and test your understanding of the material with a short quiz on each topic.
Balance® is a nonprofit credit counseling agency, committed to helping individuals and families establish sound financial security and well-being through confidential and personalized service. Each of their Financial Specialists is a certified credit counselor through the National Foundation for Credit Counseling (NFCC), the nation's most trusted credit counseling organization
Balance® can help you: Over the phone: 888-456-2227 (toll-free) On the internet: http://www.balancepro.org
Balance® can help with understanding and analyzing your personal credit report, strategies to improve your credit score, even debt management. They can also help you prepare for bankruptcy by exploring options and required steps.
MyMoney.gov is the U.S. government's website dedicated to teaching all Americans the basics about financial education.
Whether you are buying a home, balancing your checkbook, or investing in your 401(k), the resources on MyMoney.gov can help you maximize your financial decisions.
Articles regarding financial planning, budgeting, insurance and more.
Serving Our Members Since 1957 Questions, Comments, Suggestions? Email the Credit Union Copyright 2007-2018 Castparts Employees Federal Credit Union All Rights Reserved


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The map above shows our API Support Group locations. Click on a location for more details.
We look forward to seeing you and your family at one of our meetings, where you will meet interesting people and learn the latest about attachment parenting techniques and ideas. API membership is not required to attend but is encouraged to sustain the activities of the group and support the work of API.
Learn what parents say about API Support Groups and resources.
Media Requests: We request all media sources contact API headquarters via email at email@example.com before contacting any local support groups. Local support group leaders have been instructed to refer all national media contacts to API headquarters. Thank you for your cooperation.
Notice to solicitors and spammers: The email addresses and phone numbers of individuals on this website may not be used for soliciting or spamming purposes. This information is provided as a service for parents and professionals interested in support group information only. If you would like to discuss a special offer or promotion for API Leaders and/or Support Groups, please contact our Advertising Team or our Leader Liaison.
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HANG TIME HEADQUARTERS — Adding Dwight Howard to a Los Angeles Lakers team that was one of the top teams in the Western Conference was supposed to vault the Lakers into the championship elite last summer.
It never happened. Howard and Steve Nash failed to move the needle for the Lakers, who had to claw their way to a seventh seed in the playoff chase, only to be swept by the San Antonio Spurs.
So please forgive me for not crowning the Houston Rockets prematurely. They've got Howard in the fold now, adding the best big man in basketball to an explosive core that includes All-Star James Harden and a solid supporting cast.
Legitimate playoff outfit?
But contenders … not so fast my friends.
They should be in the mix. And as coach Kevin McHale told NBA.com's Fran Blinebury, they should be able to "play with anybody." Playing with the best and beating the best come playoff time, however, are two very different things. Just ask the Los Angeles Clippers, who thought they had arrived last season and were disposed of in the first round of the playoffs.
We've already delivered our projections, based on what we know now, for the Eastern Conference playoff-chasers for the 2013-14 season. These are the projections for the Western Conference:
Any suggestions that the Thunder would be better off without Russell Westbrook at the controls were answered in the playoffs. The Inside The NBA crew (above) knows as well as the rest of the NBA-watching masses. OKC was a shell of its regular-season selves without the All-Star point guard, who suffered a knee injury in their first-round series against Houston. Kevin Durant is a behemoth, the second best player in the league behind LeBron James, but no one superstar is going to climb the Western Conference mountain on his own. The Thunder are in a precarious position because all of their competitors seem to be making power moves to catch and surpass them. Without sufficient cap space to deal themselves, they have to rely on a rock-solid core group maintaining their respective positions. That means Serge Ibaka and Kendrick Perkins have to show better than they did in the playoffs. Reggie Jackson has to play a more prominent role this season and appears to be ready for that. And Jeremy Lamb has to move into a regular spot in the rotation as well. Rookie Steven Adams, the 12th pick in the Draft, is more of a project right now. But the Thunder don't need him to be an impact player. Not if everyone stays healthy and Westbrook returns to form.
When training camp begins, the Spurs will probably still be answering questions about the championship they let slip away. Two 30-second intervals during Games 6 and 7 of The Finals got away from them and cost Tim Duncan title No. 5 and Tony Parker and Manu Ginobili title No. 4. And make no mistake, that trio, and Duncan in particular, is the key to the Spurs getting back to that stage again. If Duncan can crank out another fountain-of-youth, All-NBA-type performance like he did this season, the Spurs have a shot to rule the Western Conference again. Kawhi Leonard and Danny Green emerged during the playoffs as more than just young prospects. Leonard could be a legitimate All-Star candidate himself if he picks up where he left off in The Finals. The Spurs always find a way to mine the Draft and free agency for young talent to incorporate into their system. But they won't need as much assistance with both Ginobili and Tiago Splitter sticking around in free agency. Keeping their biggest stars healthy and rested, something coach Gregg Popovich paid for dearly last season, is of the utmost importance. As long as they do that, a top-four spot in the playoff chase should be a given.
With all apologies to Howard and even Chris Paul, the biggest fish of the free-agent summer of 2013 was coach Doc Rivers — not one of the players projected to be the big prize. The fact that Rivers was under contract for three more years in Boston when the summer began makes what the Clippers did even more remarkable. Not only do the Clippers get one of the best coaches in the game, they got a senior vice president of basketball operations who paid immediate dividends by keeping Paul in free agency and helped them add J.J. Redick and Jared Dudley in trades. They had to move backup Eric Bledsoe and veteran swingman Caron Butler to make it happen, but they replaced him with Darren Collison. And they still have the key component from that explosive bench crew in Jamal Crawford, whose role could increase dramatically without Butler, Chauncey Billups or retired veteran Grant Hill in the mix. The one glaring issue they have is their frontcourt tandem of Blake Griffin and DeAndre Jordan. They weren't up to the challenge against the Grizzlies and it cost the Clippers in a first-round defeat. Are they willing to accept the challenge Doc will pose to them? He won't allow them to be outworked on defense and will demand they show the toughness that has eluded them in the past.
Welcome to paradise Jeremy Lin. Now you can officially put Linsanity behind you and play the role of facilitator. The real superstars are on the roster now, as both Harden and Howard will be the opposition's focus every night. Lin, Patrick Beverly and Chandler Parsons have clearly defined roles on this team before they ever hit the floor together in an official capacity. Howard makes life easier on all of the Rockets' specialists and role players, not to mention his fellow starters. Guys like Terrence Jones, Donatas Motiejunas, Greg Smith and even Omer Asik, should he stick around and back off his trade demand, will find out just how different life can be with a healthy, happy and motivated Howard operating in the middle. Despite two straight down seasons (by his own lofty standards), he still led the league in rebounding and looked like he had shaken off the ill effects of his back surgery. McHale has to pull this all together quickly to ensure these young Rockets don't get swallowed up by the expectations sure to come with their newfound celebrity.
Adding Andre Iguodala essentially at the expense of Carl Landry and Jarrett Jack, two key veterans who gave the Warriors superior bench production and quality locker room leadership, might not seem like a steep price to pay for some. But when you already have Klay Thompson and Harrison Barnes on the roster … let's just say that is a luxury most teams wouldn't indulge this early in the process of trying to build a contender. The Warriors showed us some serious flashes of being a big-time player in the Western Conference for years to come with the work they did in the playoffs. They had the Spurs plenty nervous in the conference semifinals. But their shortcomings came back to bite them in the end. And they didn't solve those issues in the Draft or free agency. Andrew Bogut and David Lee will have loads of work to do this season, provided they both make it to training camp. Both of their names surfaced in trade rumors leading up to the Draft and through the first week of free agency. Lee is an All-Star and, when healthy, an absolute force. But Bogut, due to injuries, has only shown glimpses of what he's capable of. And at this stage of his career, a $14 million spot starter is certainly not a luxury the Warriors can afford.
How important was Lionel Hollins to the Grizzlies during their run to the Western Conference finals? We're going to find out this season. Because for all of the promise Dave Joerger brings to the position, there is no denying the impact Hollins made on Zach Randolph and reigning Kia Defensive Player of the Year Marc Gasol. And even Hollins couldn't get them in a comfortable groove against the Spurs. The Thunder proved that nothing is guaranteed from one season to the next, not with injuries and the race for the top spot being as competitive as it has ever been in the rugged Western Conference. Bringing this group — Mike Conley, Tony Allen and Tayshaun Prince, too — back intact might not be sufficient for returning to the Larry O'Brien final four tournament. The Grizzlies didn't have the flexibility to tinker with the roster in free agency. The one change they could have made that could shake things up was to replace Hollins. By doing so with a guy who is familiar with this roster gives them some advantage that a completely fresh face would not have recognized. It won't take long to see if Joerger has a handle on those intangibles. And if he does, the Grizzlies will climb this list.
The Nuggets will survive a tumultuous offseason that struck three significant blows to a team that seemed to be on the rise before yet another first-round playoff exit. The NBA's Executive of the Year, Masai Ujiri, bolted for Toronto. The league's Coach of the Year, George Karl, was relieved of his duties. And Iguodala is set to be signed and traded after agreeing to terms on that deal with the Warriors. That would normally be enough to knock a top team all the way back down to the lottery. The best move they've made so far this summer was hiring Brian Shaw to replace Karl. He'll bring a steady hand to what was a shaky situation. The Nuggets will have an active and talented frontocurt rotation to work with in Kenneth Faried, JaVale McGee, Darrell Arthur and free-agent pickup J.J. Hickson. Wilson Chandler will step in for Danilo Gallinari, who continues his recovery from knee surgery, and Evan Fournier, Corey Brewer and Randy Foye will provide depth on the wing. Ty Lawson and Andre Miller combined to form one of the league's best 1-2 punches at point guard and they should be allowed plenty of freedom to operate in the system Shaw will employ. The Nuggets will continue to play at a tempo that suits their talent and home environment. They shouldn't lose anything defensively either. Shaw isn't the wild card that some of these other new coaches (Jason Kidd, Brad Stevens) could be in other situations. So don't expect the Nuggets to crumble just because they've lost a few familiar faces.
No team endured more maddening injury issues this season than the Timberwolves. A healthy Kevin Love, however, changes their playoff outlook dramatically for the 2013-14 season. With their talent and dept, a legitimate run for the final playoff spot is not as far-fetched as it might seem. Ricky Rubio should be full healthy this season and the Timberwolves retained Chase Budinger, added Kevin Martin and have to do whatever it takes to keep restricted free agent Nikola Pekovic in the fold. Sure, it's been a professional sports eternity since the Timberwolves last breathed playoff air (Kevin Garnett was still wearing the uniform in 2004). But coach Rick Adelman finally has the horses to make some serious noise. The franchise's new head man, Flip Saunders, was the coach of that 2004 team that made the Western Conference finals, so he knows exactly what it takes for a Minnesota crew to cash in on its promise. It starts with Love and Rubio, their two biggest stars, staying healthy and playing up to their immense potential, both individually and as a dynamic duo.
JUST MISSED THE CUT: Dallas Mavericks, Los Angeles Lakers, Portland Trail Blazers


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Dr. Gordon has devoted more than 25 years to the exploration and practice of mind-body medicine. A Harvard Medical School graduate, he was for ten years a Research Psychiatrist at the National Institute of Mental Health. There he developed the first national program for runaway and homeless youth, edited the first comprehensive studies of alternative and holistic medicine, directed the Special Study on Alternative Services for President Carter's Commission on Mental Health, and created a nationwide preceptorship program for medical students.
Dr. Gordon has written or edited ten books, including the award-winning Health for the Whole Person, and more than 100 articles in professional journals and general magazines and newspapers, among them the American Journal of Psychiatry, Psychiatry, The Atlantic Monthly, The Washington Post, and The New York Times. He helped develop and write the educational materials to supplement the public television series "Healing and the Mind with Bill Moyers" and was on the editorial board of Alternative Medicine, a report to NIH's Office of Alternative Medicine. His latest book, Manifesto for a New Medicine, will be published by Addison-Wesley in May, 1996.
A Fellow of the Fetzer Institute, Dr. Gordon integrates relaxation therapies, hypnosis, meditation, acupuncture, nutrition, musculoskeletal manipulation, and physical exercise into his own practice of medicine and psychiatry.


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9:00 pm
Masterpiece Mystery! "Endeavour, Series I: Girl" DC Morse and DI Thursday investigate the death of a secretarial student. Morse believes there is a connection between the student's death and the shooting of a doctor. His theories fail to impress the new chief superintendent and he is soon reduced to general duties. However he continues his investigations alone.G
10:30 pm
New Tricks "Old Fossils" UCOS reopens a case of a paleontologist said to have died in a fall at the Natural History Museum during a corporate event. A new examination of the post mortem suggests the fossil bird specialist may have died from a blow to the head.G
11:30 pm
British Antiques Roadshow "Blair Castle 1" Fiona Bruce and the team head for Blair Castle, near Pitlochry in Scotland where the treasures include a chair once used by Einstein, a necklace made from stags' teeth, and a rare and valuable watch with no hands.G


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Dance Lessons in Tandridge (Caterham, Warlingham, Oxted and Lingfield)
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OXFORD, Miss. — The 10th-ranked LSU softball team will play its first road game of the season when the Tigers meet Ole Miss at 5 p.m. Wednesday for a rare nonconference matchup at the Ole Miss Softball Complex.
LSU (4-1) won four of its five games on opening weekend at the Tiger Classic highlighted by victories over No. 22 North Carolina and Tulsa, a pair of NCAA regional and 40-win programs from a season ago.
As part of their 24-game Southeastern Conference schedule, which begins on March 9, the Tigers will not play Auburn, Florida, Ole Miss and Tennessee for a three-game series in the regular season.
The last time LSU played an SEC opponent during the nonconference portion of its schedule was a 5-2 victory over No. 6 Georgia at the NFCA Leadoff Classic in 2004.
"We're excited about Wednesday's game at Ole Miss," LSU coach Beth Torina said. "It will be neat to play them so early in the season in a nonconference setting. This will be good experience to get our team out on the road and have the freshman understand what that's all about."
Allison Falcon, a Tiger Classic all-tournament pick, hit safely in all five games and posted a team-leading .429 batting average. Three of her six hits were doubles, and she added three RBIs. From the leadoff spot, A.J. Andrews collected five hits and hit .444.
"Ultimately, I thought it was a great opening weekend," Torina said. "We had some players step up and do some really good things. I really liked how the freshmen performed across the board. Our offense swung the bats well the entire weekend. Even when we weren't scoring runs, we were hitting the ball hard from start-to-finish and putting together quality at-bats."
The Tigers had six players make their LSU debuts. The quartet of Bianka Bell, Kellsi Kloss, Sandra Simmons and Hailey Smith combined to rack up eight hits and seven RBIs on the weekend. Kloss belted a solo homer in LSU's 1-0 victory over Purdue.
"The experience that our freshmen are getting this time of year is going to be so valuable when we get later into the season," Torina said. "They're extremely talented and going to do big things for this program in the near future."
LSU's pitching staff started the season with a 24.2 scoreless inning streak. Rachele Fico, the reigning SEC pitcher of the week, pick up wins in both of her games. The senior right-hander notched 14 strikeouts, her second-highest total, in a 10-inning shutout of Tulsa.


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Genre: Fantasy Adventure
Release Date: November 2007
Platform: PC
Note: Originally published 15 January 2008
When I was a little kid, I had some strange ideas. Much to my delight, I've recently discovered that at least one of them wasn't too misguided after all. Ghosts -- some of them, anyway -- actually do go around dressed in sheets.
Welcome to Ghost in the Sheet (GitS), an unconventional ghost story gift-wrapped in a deliciously wicked little game. It was put together in less than a year by just two people: Jan Kavan (Dark Fall: Lights Out , Barrow Hill) and Lukas Medek, collectively known as Cardboard Box Entertainment (CBE).
I think they've done an amazing job. Among other things, they've actually managed to make death funny.
Interestingly, the game was originally shorter (a scant seven screens, in fact), there were no voiceovers, and it was to have been offered as downloadable freeware/shareware. But publishers started expressing interest, the game grew to 65 backgrounds, 20 cutscenes and 14,000 words; voice talent was added, and bam -- Bob's your uncle.
If GitS is any indication, you can toss out your ideas concerning a pleasant after-death existence. Playing as the title character ("Ghost"), we depart this mortal coil after having been run down by a truck ("My whole life appeared as a shortcut in my head..."). We soon discover that we must stay wrapped in a dirty sheet to keep our astral remains from flying apart.
Adding insult to mortal injury, we must also work for a nasty, self-proclaimed Boss who runs a "ghostcatching organization" -- sort of a reverse-ghostbusters. He demands that we call him "Sir," threatens to take away our sheet if we don't carry out his orders, and is aided in his nefariousness by an assistant quite fittingly named Oozy. So much for the Great Beyond, eh?
Our first assignment is to solve a mystery in an abandoned, curiously bucket-filled factory called Sector Omega. It seems that people have died here but their souls haven't made it "through the tunnel" where they can be drafted into the Boss's service, much as we were. It's up to us to discover what's causing the backup.
During this process, we meet and interact with other dead (or worse than dead) folks who have taken various forms, all of whom represent people who worked at the factory. One of them isn't even aware of being dead. And oddly, no one seems to know what was being made at Sector Omega.
We also encounter a live (but not for long) human and an honest-to-goodness monster. How could we have been so lucky to land here instead of Paradise?
Seeing as how Ghost has no corporeal self -- and thus, neither do we -- we must acquire various paranormal skills in order to interact with the game's environment. The Boss generously supplies us with telekinesis, with the stern caveat that we have to figure out how to use it ("This isn't a kindergarten!").
We learn other skills along the way, including the ability to command light and wind, make scary sounds, and impart electric shocks (my favorite). I found it refreshing and quite unique to encounter skill-building, traditionally a feature of RPGs, in an adventure game.
I adore black humor, and GitS has plenty of it. For instance, when Ghost sees a No Smoking sign, he voices the opinion that a Stop Bleeding sign would have been more appropriate. And after the game's hungry monster agrees not to eat us and Ghost expresses relief, the monster tells us he was only joking.
Subtle references to CBE as well as other assorted witticisms are scattered throughout the game. GitS never takes itself too seriously, and while it can be unsettling in spots, it definitely has more laughs than scares.
The game is presented in 1st-person slide-show format. It also offers two features that get my endorsement every time: unlimited save slots (or at least more than I was able to use), and non-linear gameplay.
Although the point-and-click interface is simple enough, a short tutorial is presented at the beginning of the game to insure that everyone understands what to do. I did find some aspects of the navigation initially confusing, however.
After moving to a new location, there were times my POV would show the spot I'd moved to as seen from afar (for instance, from across a room) rather than present a display of my new surroundings in 1st-person POV. And often, after moving forward through a door, I'd end up facing where I'd been rather than where I was going, as if I'd turned around.
Also, to advance further into an area it was often necessary to click the bottom of the screen, which made it seem as though I were backing in (and once again turning around). Other times, clicking the bottom of the screen would simply cause me to make a 180-degree turn, and there would be nothing readily discernible in what I then saw to indicate that I was still in the same spot, just facing in the opposite direction.
I found all of these things rather counter-intuitive, and they proved confusing until I became accustomed to the game's conventions for moving around. After awhile, I was actually able to discern a kind of logic to it all, and I had no problem getting from one place to another.
I also discovered that a screen can't be exited when a paranormal skill is active. In such a situation, one can click on an exit repeatedly and nothing will happen, nor will there be any indication of what the problem is. Realizing what I'd been doing wrong was worth a definite forehead-smack.
Moving through the factory's innards can be challenging at first, particularly for folks whose sense of direction leaves something to be desired, as mine does. Fortunately, I found a map of the factory's layout early on, which really helped. Further, all exits in any location can be displayed by pressing the Tab key. This also helped.
There is no inventory system in GitS, which only stands to reason. I mean, where's a Ghost in a Sheet gonna put stuff?
Instead, players rely on the aforementioned paranormal skills to solve the game's puzzles, which vary in complexity. Most are logical and well-integrated, consisting of such things as turning on and operating machinery, and unlocking doors. One of the puzzles involves sound, but I didn't find it inordinately difficult.
There are also a couple of mini-games that require completion before one can advance in the game. In order to unlock a door, for example, you must rid an area of rats. But the developers are quite considerate and have made it possible for anyone who doesn't care for the mini-games to bypass them entirely and still reap their rewards simply by pressing the Backspace key.
I did get stuck on a puzzle toward the end of the game that requires math calculations, and solving it took me awhile. Okay, it took more than awhile -- but I happen to royally stink at math. I doubt it will be such a high hurdle for everyone.
The good news is that there are no mazes, timed sequences or slider puzzles, and you can't die -- you're already dead. Heh. Life (or in this case, death) is good.
The game's clever dialog runs the gamut from relatively serious to laugh-out-loud funny. The character of Ghost is portrayed by German voice-over artist Klemens Koehring, who has also appeared in Delaware St. John Vol. 1 and Vol. 2, Rhem 3, and Anacapri the Dream. For me, he was the perfect choice. His distinctive accent and deadpan delivery greatly enhance the proceedings. Overall, the game's other voice acting, although a trifle stiff at times, is also nicely done.
GitS was created in the Czech language and later translated into English, making the dialog understandably -- and forgivably -- bumpy in spots. (Check out the instructions for using the Tube Post and you'll see that they're still in Czech.) But none of this interfered with my enjoyment of the game.
Unfortunately, I did find some of the dialog trees a little confusing. For instance, I could exhaust a particular line of conversation and its choice would remain visible and clickable. And sometimes -- not always -- I had to go back through previously spoken dialog in order to access new choices that were triggered by something said in the interim.
Also, dialogs sometimes ended without an exchange having being completed, and I had to click on the character with whom I'd been speaking in order to finish the conversation. There was one instance where spoken dialog differed from the dialog text displayed in the game's non-optional subtitles. It appeared as though the text may have represented a question to which the spoken dialog was the answer. But this minor detail took nothing away from the gameplay or overall story.
I do, however, have a definite "take heed" for you. I believe this is the first game I've ever played that doesn't include an "Are you sure?" dialog after one clicks on Exit to leave the game. I've clicked Exit buttons without meaning to in other games, and I've always been happy to see a confirmation screen where I can say "oops" and resume the game.
In GitS, when you click Exit, you exit. Unless you've just saved your game, all progress since your last save is lost.
Similarly, if for some reason you decide to start a new game while already in the midst of one -- which is something I did during the course of writing this review -- you won't be asked if you want to save the game in progress first. This is another instance in which it's possible to lose everything since your last save.
The graphics in GitS are nicely rendered and convey the factory's grimy and slightly sinister atmosphere very effectively. The factory's inhabitants -- two of them in particular -- are realized with impressive originality.
Most of the cutscenes are presented comic book-style, reminiscent of those used in Return to Mysterious Island. The ones in GitS are a little more crudely drawn, but I found them clever and appealing.
The game's music is spot-on. Much of it is either ominous -- some with slightly sinister wordless vocalizations -- or has a carnival flavor. Some of it reminded me of the music in Still Life, which is definitely not a bad thing. And what game with "Ghost" in the title would be complete without JS Bach's Toccata in D Minor? (Think Phantom of the Opera...)
GitS is also full of unsettling noises such as a squeaky door hinges, coughing, whistling, whooshing, sighing, and decidedly creepy moaning. I discovered even more of these when, via the Options screen, I decreased the volume of the Music and Speech and cranked up the Sound option. At one point, I heard something that sounded like a car alarm and initially thought I was hearing it for real through one of my open windows. Much to my relief, at no time did I think I was hearing shrieking coming from my bedroom...
The vast assortment of background noises in GitS had my mind conjuring up all sorts of ghastly things. Way to go, CBE. Hitchcock would have been proud.
Overall, I had a rollicking good time with GitS. It's a game with many subtle nuances to be savored, and as it's relatively short (maybe 6-8 hours unless you hit some really big snags), I suggest taking your time and checking out everything. Otherwise, you might miss some very amusing quips.
Despite its rough spots, GitS is a solid first outing for Cardboard Box Entertainment. By turns, it's quirky, funny, imaginative, macabre, silly (in a good way) and creepy, with a great showdown at the end. I mean, who could ask for anything more?
Final Grade: B
If you liked this game, then
Play: Grim Fandango, Scratches
Watch: The Others, Ghostbusters, A butt-kicking rendition of JS Bach's Toccata & Fugue in D Minor on YouTube
Read: The Mangler by Stephen King
System Requirements:


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ENGL 344 Major Author (1)
Study of the works of a major author (such as Milton, Faulkner, Joyce). Consideration of significant influences, development of literary style and vision through consideration of the author's primary texts; critical appraisal of influence on later authors; survey of major criticism to the present. May be repeated for credit with focus on a different author.
- Prerequisite: A 100- or 200-level English course in literature
- Offering: Fall
- Instructor: Staff


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ST has developed a complete range of antenna protection devices dedicated to protecting the RF interface chipset connected immediately after the antenna.
Antenna systems are either connected externally or placed in ESD-exposed locations, so they naturally capture and transmit ESD strikes, which are high-frequency signals, to RF components downstream. The higher integration of electronics devices leads to the miniaturization of components and to reduced transistor gate oxide thickness. The solid protection from ST's antenna protection devices ensures safe operation of the electronics components, and even more the RF components, against ESD strikes.
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Leonardo DiCaprio & Bar Refaeli Play In Pompei
Leonardo DiCaprio and Bar Refaeli tour the historical ruins of Pompei with his mother, Irmalin, on Sunday (February 7) in Naples, Italy.
The 35-year-old actor recently reunited with director Martin Scorsese for the upcoming film Shutter Island. "He saved me," Leo said of Scorsese. "I was headed down a path of being one kind of actor, and he helped me become another one. The one I wanted to be."
Asked why they are teaming up again, Scorsese told USA Today that, "I love seeing an actor at this stage in his life. When he can try new, braver things. I thought this was something new and brave for him."
15+ pictures inside of Leonardo DiCaprio and Bar Refaeli playing in Pompei…


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Press releases
You can filter the press releases by subject and/or by date.
Yemen needs both aid and peace to avert famine
More money is urgently needed to ease the humanitarian suffering in Yemen but aid alone is no substitute for reviving efforts to bring about peace, Oxfam said today as ministers will gather in Geneva tomorrow for a high level pledging event.
Amidst political uncertainty, World Bank and IMF must recommit to combating climate change, inequality
The World Bank and the International Monetary Fund cannot allow political and economic shocks to hijack their ambitions to combat climate change and curb inequality, warned Oxfam.
Cash stashed offshore by top 50 US companies jumps to $1.6 trillion
The 50 biggest US companies, including global brands Pfizer, Goldman Sachs, GE, Chevron, Wal-Mart, and Apple, stashed $1.6 trillion offshore in 2015 – $200 billion more than the previous year - according to a new report by Oxfam.
Exposed: abuses of migrants by state officials on Europe's borders
Violence, brutality and unlawful treatment by authorities on the Western Balkan route are a frequent occurrence, claim refugees and other migrants in a new NGO report revealed today.
One year after presidential election half the population of Central African Republic is still hungry
More than half of the territory is still in the hands of the armed groups despite Faustin Archange Touadera's inauguration on March 30 2016 on a ticket of ending the violence and guaranteeing protection to Central Africans exhausted after years of conflict.
Five million refugees: a quarter of Syria's population fled across the borders
The relentless fighting and dim hopes of peace continue to force Syrians out of their war-torn country.
El Salvador takes historic step with national ban on mining projects
Oxfam hailed today's passing of a law banning metallic mining by the Salvadoran government. The law comes after years of violence and social tensions around mining in the country and strong opposition to mining from more than 77% of the country's population.
Europe's biggest banks register €25 billion profit in tax havens
Europe's 20 biggest banks are registering over a quarter of their profits in tax havens – well out of proportion to the level of real economic activity that occurs there, according to a new report by Oxfam and the Fair Finance Guide International today.
Millions in Yemen are being knowingly pushed to the brink of famine
Fighters in the Yemen war and their international backers are wilfully pushing the country to the brink of famine, Oxfam warned today - ahead of the two-year anniversary of the escalation of the war.
UN-brokered system for Gaza reconstruction after 2014 conflict failing
The system designed to reconstruct Gaza after the 2014 conflict is failing to meet the needs of 1.8 million Palestinians in Gaza, as an already dire water and sanitation crisis escalates dangerously, Oxfam warned today in a new report.


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As President Barack Obama and Republican nominee Mitt Romney rhetorically sparred in Wednesday night's televised debate, both candidates exhibited a propensity toward misstatements, falsehoods, and exaggerations.
From the economy to immigration, health care to military spending, both Romney and Obama sometimes played fast and loose with the facts. Here's a look at some of what was said:
Romney repeated his claim that Obama took $716 billion from Medicare to fund the Affordable Care Act, also known as "Obamacare."
The law would reduce Medicare spending by $716 billion from 2013 to 2022, according to Congressional Budget Office estimates. But the spending reduction wouldn't affect services for seniors, because the trims would come mainly in lower annual payment increases to hospitals and other providers, higher premiums for affluent beneficiaries and lower payments to Medicare Advantage plans, the private plans that provide Medicare benefits.
The Medicare spending reductions also would be supplemented by new revenue from a health care law payroll tax on high-income workers and new fees on drug companies, medical device makers and insurers – all industries that will see substantial new revenue when the law provides coverage for millions of uninsured Americans in 2014.
Romney said he would repeal the health care law, and that doing so would put the $716 billion back into the program. But the CBO said repealing the law would raise the deficit by $109 billion over the next decade.
Doing so also would eliminate its savings and revenue provisions for Medicare and would cause Medicare's Hospital Insurance Trust Fund to become insolvent eight years earlier – in 2016 instead of 2024, according to the federal Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services.
That's because the projected $716 billion in reduced Medicare spending under the health care law would disappear if the law was repealed.
Obama claimed he created 5 million private-sector jobs over the last 30 months. This does not take into account the loss of government jobs – federal, state and local – that has occurred during his administration. And it doesn't take into account the job losses in his early months, when the economy was shedding a staggering 800,000-plus jobs per month.
Economists don't blame him for these losses, as they were part of the Great Recession, which ended in his fifth full month in office. But if you add up the jobs numbers during his entire term, the net on private-sector jobs is in the ballpark of 300,000.
Responding to Obama's assertion that businesses get tax breaks for shipping jobs overseas, Romney responded, "I've been in business for 25 years, and I have no idea what you're talking about."
He's correct, if taken literally, that there is no deduction for moving a job overseas. But what the Obama administration has sought, as have several presidential candidates and sitting presidents over the last 50 years, is limiting the ability of corporations to defer payment of U.S. taxes on overseas profits.
A company that moves a plant to China can defer paying U.S. taxes on the profits of that operation, instead of having to pay taxes annually if producing in the United States. Many companies also seek out low-tax countries, maximizing their profits and deferring payment of taxes in the United States.
In 2004, Congress offered corporations a one-time lower tax rate if they repatriated some of those foreign earnings, called "undistributed earnings." Republicans, who consider the U.S. taxes essentially double taxation, have pushed for another similar tax holiday.
Both candidates were squishy on deficit reduction. The president claimed that the Romney economic plan would add $5 trillion to the deficit, a charge Romney refuted by saying he wouldn't sign onto anything that adds a dollar to the deficit. Obama seemed to be citing a scoring of the plan by a think tank that it would add $5 trillion over a 10-year period. But that figure omits whatever revenue would be raised by closing tax loopholes. That figure is hard to calculate without knowing whether Romney would scrap the mortgage interest deduction, charitable deductions and other so-called tax expenditures.
Similarly, Obama pointed to his own budget plans that include $4 trillion in deficit reduction. Half of that already has been agreed to in an already existing budget deal forged last year with Congress. And the president is also counting on about $800 billion in savings from ending the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, something he promised as a candidate, but hardly qualifies as a deficit-reduction measure.
The two men traded barbs on the 2010 overhaul of financial regulation of Wall Street, shorthanded as the Dodd-Frank Act. The law has been a frequent punching bag for many Republican candidates. Romney clarified that he would not seek its complete repeal, just parts of it, mostly unspecified. The GOP nominee said the lack of regulations, two years after enactment, is hurting the economy.
As an example, he pointed to the lack of a definition in the law for a qualified mortgage and suggested that it was keeping banks from lending. There's no evidence of that. To the contrary, all the data shows that consumers are reluctant to take on new debt, and given that there is no longer a private secondary mortgage market where banks sell off the loans they've underwritten, banks are reluctant to lend.
Romney is right that many rules have not been written, but that in part was by design, in response to the financial sector, which sought a long, deliberate rule-writing process to ensure attention to the complexity of these markets.
Romney said he wouldn't cut federal education spending, though last week he told an education summit that he wouldn't support more federal spending for education and would leave that to the states. Romney wants to restrict Pell Grants, the main source of federal financial aid for college, to just the poorest students. "Flooding colleges with federal dollars only serves to drive tuition higher," a Romney campaign education policy paper says.
But campaign spokeswoman Amanda Henneberg has declined to provide details about where Romney would set the limits.
Under Obama, Pell Grants have more than doubled, from $16 billion in 2008 to $36 billion last year. The size of the grants increased, as did the number of recipients, from about 6 million to 9 million.
Kevin Hall, Tony Pugh and Matt Schofield of the Washington Bureau contributed.