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1941-1975 Jeeps - The OddballsPosted in Project Vehicles on June 11, 2007
Somehow, I knew without looking that the Oddball Vehicles story would be assigned to me. Aside from my Wranglers, I don't think any of my vehicles have actually followed convention. There's something inherently satisfying in owning and building a rig that is off the beaten path, both literally and figuratively. Granted, aftermarket support is often lacking and a fair amount of creativity is called for to make stuff work, but in the end, you'll have a head-turner that people will want to talk to you about at the gas pump-whether you want them to or not. Since there are so many oddballs out there, here are some of the highlights, along with my humble opinions.
Sure, a flattie isn't exactly an oddball, but the '41-'45 MB and GPW jeeps are not as common as they once were and are nowadays considered something special. In stock form, the drivetrains aren't anything to write home about. Small Dana 25 front and Dana 23 rear axles with 4.88 gears, a rather weak T-84 transmission, and a Spicer 18 T-case with an anemic 3/4-inch-diameter intermediate shaft and 1.97:1 Low aren't the stuff of ripping longevity off-road, and the 60hp 134 L-head won't win you any performance contests on-road. The bodies are what really make these jeeps stand out, with smaller headlights, 9-slat grilles, dash-mounted gloveboxes, rear-fender tool compartments, tool indents on the body-tub sides, military grab handles and taillights, and other cool trinkets. If you're looking for a trail hero, be prepared to swap out some drivetrain components. Otherwise, leave the stock NDTs on it and put some effort into restoration and light off-road excursions.
Again, flatties aren't oddballs, and they do enjoy relatively strong aftermarket support-you can still buy replacement body tubs and frames, headlight switches. and e-brake cables-but you don't stumble across them for sale every day. The early CJ-2As up to 1949 have an oddball Dana 41 rear that's getting hard to find parts for and a two-piece windshield frame that can loosen and rattle. In the old days, it was considered an upgrade to swap on a later one-piece windshield frame from a 3A, so don't get confused if there are mismatched parts.
The standard engine was a 63hp L-head 134 which, when coupled with the 5.38 gears, gives decent around-town gumption. However, don't plan on highway speeds unless you live in a flat state like Florida; any hill saps speed. Regarding the transmission and T-case, the venerable T-90 three-speed and Spicer 18 with 2.43:1 Low were the only options.
Front axles were Dana 25s across the entire production run. Some very early 2As used the Dana 23 rear axle before changing to the better Dana 41. The Dana 44 was phased in for the '49 model year and featured a 10-spline pinion as well as coarse 10-spline, two-piece axleshafts. Upgraded floater kits with 30-spline shafts are available for the Dana 44, and later Dana 44 ring-and-pinions can be installed. If you're looking to retain the stock drivetrain in your wheeler, go for a 3A because it came with the better parts-or you can try to find a '50-'52 M-38 military flattie. These were basically militarized CJ-3As with cool features like a cowl-mounted battery, glove- and toolboxes, and the good 3A drivetrain.
For 1953, Willys took the 3A and made the hood, grille, and cowl taller and the windshield shorter to accommodate the new 75hp, 134-cube F-head engine. The F-head retained the in-block exhaust valves of the Go Devil flathead that powered the '41-'53 flatties, but enlarged and moved the intake valves above the block for better performance. Aesthetically, 3Bs are usually a love 'em or hate 'em proposition. Drivetrain-wise, the 3B shared the same T-90, Spicer 18, and axles as its 3A predecessor. Nowadays, 3Bs fetch slightly lower prices than their low-hood cousins. The taller hood makes engine swaps easier. For example, a 2.5L injected Wrangler engine is a really nice fit under the hood. Most body and mechanical parts are still readily available.
The short FC-150 shared the same 81-inch wheelbase as the CJ-5, while the longer, wider FC-170 enjoyed a more realistic 103.5-inch wheelbase on wider track axles. Engines ranged from the 134-cube F-head, to the 226 Hurricane flathead six-cylinder, to the underpowered (but unique) 85hp three-cylinder Cerlist diesel.
Transmissions could be a T-90 or the excellent T-98 four-speed, with the Spicer 18 coming in as the only T-case option. Axles ranged from the CJ's Dana 25/Dana 44 combo in the FC-150s to wider closed-knuckle Dana 44 fronts and Dana 44 or Dana 53 rears in the FC-170; dual rear-wheel models got a Dana 70.
As for living with the FC, you sit on top of the front tires, so the ride is pretty bumpy and steering is funky. The shorter FC-150s actually employed a rear-bumper-mounted counterweight to keep the rear tires on the ground during hard braking with no load in the bed. If you're shopping for an FC, make sure the dash is complete and that the seats and other unique FC trinkets are there because they're getting scarce. The body metal before the front tires and aft of the cab are notorious areas for rust and rot in these trucks, as are the bottom of the doors. No patch panels are being made these days, so be prepared to make complicated patch panels if necessary.
Early CJ-5s still represent an affordable way to get into the vintage Jeep thing, with decent drivers often selling for not much more than $1,000. The '55-'65 CJ-5 and its 101-inch wheelbase sister, the CJ-6, came standard with the F-head 134, Dana 25 front and Dana 44 rear axles with 9-inch drums, a T-90 or T-98 transmission, and the Spicer 18 T-case. In 1966, the Buick 225 V-6 was available with a T-86 and later the T-14a three-speed and Spicer 18. The Dana 44 rears, in from about '70 1/2-'71, were the desirable one-piece, 30-spline shafts.
Steering gears on all CJs up through 1971 were the scary Ross cam and lever system just like the first military flatties; it wore out and gave little control. Consider upgrading to a later manual- or power-steering system. Also, the '66-'71s have better 10-inch drum brakes and a dual-piston master cylinder that stops these Jeeps pretty well. If you want military cool, look for a '52-'57 M-38A1 or the ultracool and elusive '53-'57 M-170 101-inch wheelbase ambulance.
For the '72 model year, the front of the CJ was stretched to accommodate AMC's 232 inline-six, and the 304 AMC V-8 became an available option. Transfer cases changed to a Model 20, with the Dana 30 front and excellent 30-spline Dana 44 with centered pinion bringing up the rear. Both axles had 11-inch drum brakes and a wide range of available ratios.
Other changes of the AMC-era CJs were a move to a frame-mounted manual- or power-steering box, better steering linkage, and a 2.5-inch increase in wheelbase. If you're looking for an older, vintage Jeep to wheel but don't want to deal with a lot of steering, axle, and drivetrain swaps, the '72-'75 intermediate Jeeps offer lots of solid components at bargain prices.
Oddly enough, the CJs of this era have relatively poor aftermarket support. Axle, gear, drivetrain, and mechanical parts are easily found, but little things like bumpers, seat frames, rollcages, and even suspension components are harder to come by than their later CJ and Wrangler successors.
With the longer 101-inch wheelbase (103.5 for the '72-'73 Commando), the Jeepster offers a good wheelbase and decent interior room for a trail rig when compared to a smaller CJ-5 or flattie. There's a little more breakover angle and body to contend with in the rear, but the added room may be worth it to many family wheelers.
Base engines are the 134 F-head, but you'll want to nab a Buick 225 V-6 model with either the T-14a three-speed manual or TH400 auto tranny. The only T-case available was the 2.03:1 Dana 20, with axles ranging from the closed-knuckle Dana 27 up through 1971 and the open-knuckle Dana 30 for '72-'73. The rear axle could either be the pathetic Dana 30 or the good Dana 44 with two-piece ('67-'70 1/2) or one-piece shafts ('70 1/2-'73).
Jeepsters used a lot of the same drivetrain components as the CJs, but the rear springs are Jeepster-only items, so if you're looking for an over-the-counter lift, you're not going to find it. Steering components and so on are pretty much the same as the CJs. The front sheetmetal from a CJ can be made to fit a Jeepster, but the rear tub is unique to the model. Lots of soft top and hardtop options were offered-from half cabs to fastback soft tops. There's some odd stuff out there.
For '72-'73, the Jeepster became the Commando, available with AMC's 232 I-6 or 304 V-8. They look like Scouts and are quite possibly the most hideous Jeeps ever made.
These trucks came with engines ranging from L- and F-head four-cylinders to an unimpressive flathead inline-six. None really does the trick, and that's why nearly every truck and wagon we see for sale has a swapped-in V-8 or later inline-six. The stock T-90 and Spicer 18 tranny aren't the stuff of big, heavy truck-building, so plan on swapping the rest of the drivetrain while you're at it. There's plenty of room under the floorboards to suck up a big manual and low-hanging NP205, if that's your thing. The stock Dana 25 front and Dana 44, Dana 53, or Timken 51540 rear usually meet the scrap yard in favor of newer, fullsize running gear from a Chevy, Dodge, Ford, or Jeep truck.
There are a few companies making replacement interior and trim parts, but they're getting expensive, so if aesthetics are important to you, try to buy a truck that has all the pieces in good shape. Also, check the frames around the suspension components for cracks and the framerails just in front of the rear-spring hangars. It's common for these frames to rot through in this spot.
Without listing the myriad drivetrain components these trucks came with through the years, there are certain caveats to consider when looking for your old FSJ. First, the 230ci OHV Tornado six-cylinder is a solid engine, but it doesn't like to be overrevved; rod-bearing problems result, so check the oil pressure and listen carefully before buying a stock one. The Rambler 327 doesn't share any parts with the Chevy 327 or later AMC engines, and components are expensive and usually require special order. Even the starter is over $200 from most places. The first AMC 232-equipped trucks until 1969 may or may not share the same bellhousing as later AMC 232/258/304/360/401 engines, so if you're looking for an easy engine swap, it might not be in the cards. There are a lot of automatic-equipped trucks, but if you want a T-98 or T-18, it's best to find one that came from the factory that way because the clutch pedals and linkages are starting to fetch more money.
As for the axles and suspension, all of the early trucks before 1974 have closed-knuckle, drum-brake Dana 44 fronts that will most likely need to be swapped if any real wheeling or towing is in the truck's future. Rear axles are Dana 44 or Dana 53s, but a Chevy, Dodge, or Ford 1/2-, 3/4-, or 1-ton axle fits easily. The early Wagoneers came with an even worse closed-knuckle Dana 27 front, but the Dana 44 front from an early-'70s narrow-trac Wagoneer bolts right in. Steering is provided by the very good frame-mounted manual or power-steering that is easily upgraded with modern boxes and parts. If you're working with an older truck, your choice of lift kits will be limited or nonexistent. Rear lifts on these are usually accomplished via flipping the rear shackle and using blocks on the factory springs.
Later AMC-era trucks enjoyed durable 232, 258, or AMC V-8 engines, strong trannies, good Dana 44 axles, and strong TH400 or TF727 trannies. Just steer clear of the full-time BW Quadra-Trac T-case if you don't want to get your hands dirty; most of these cases are worn and need a chain and or differential replacement.


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Haiti Service Trip Fundraiser Gala
Start Date: November 29, 2012
End Date: November 29, 2012
Time: 5:00 pm to 7:00 pm
You are cordially invited to attend the Haiti Service Trip Fundraiser Gala
Thursday, November 29, 2012
5:00 – 7:00 p.m.
80 William Street • Worcester, Mass.
Cost: $25 per person or $40 per couple
You may use the form below to register.
Becker College has established a partnership with the Be Like Brit Orphanage in Grand Goave, Haiti. In May 2012, volunteers spent time painting and working on the construction site. For our second service trip—March 9-16, 2013—volunteer students and staff from Becker will stay at the Be Like Brit Orphanage, work with the children, and provide support wherever needed.
On January 12, 2010, a devastating earthquake resulted in widespread destruction and loss of life in Haiti. Britney Gengel, daughter of Becker College alumnus and former trustee Len Gengel, was among those who died. Len and his family have made it their mission to honor Brit's memory by building the Be Like Brit Orphanage, which will become home to 66 young children in January 2013.
Refreshments will be served, including: cocktails, hors d'oeuvres, tapas, desserts, and coffee/tea.
Event activities include:
• Greetings from Robert E. Johnson, Ph.D., President of Becker College
• Music by MainSouth
• Slide show and remarks by Becker College volunteers
• "A Dream Comes True" with Len and Cherylann Gengel
• Live auction
To R.S.V.P., please contact Cheryl Zukowski by at 508.373.9531.
Organized by
Rev. Dr. Debra Pallatto-Fontaine.
Email: email@example.com
Contact the Organizer
Event Categories: All, Community, and Home Page.
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subset: commoncrawl


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Corey MaddenMiami Marlins
Pitcher | Ht: | Wt:
|Marlins | Eight cut
Thu, 15 Mar 2012 07:01:16 -0700
The Miami Marlins optioned P Omar Poveda and P Chris Hatcher to Triple-A New Orleans and optioned P Arquimedes Caminero to Single-A Jupiter. They also reassigned P Jose Alvarez, P Corey Madden, P A.J. Ramos, P Rob Rasmussen and C Jake Jefferies to minor league camp. SP Sean West was outrighted to the minors.
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|| Source: The Miami Herald - Clark Spencer
|Marlins | 22 players invited to spring training
Sat, 21 Jan 2012 11:40:21 -0800
The Miami Marlins have announced that 22 players, including 11 organizational players, have received invitations to major league spring training camp. Ps Jose Alvarez, Robert Delaney, Chad Gaudin, Gary Glover, Chad James, Corey Madden, J.D. Martin, Rob Rasmussen, Robert Ray, Alejandro Ramos and Elih Villanueva, Cs Jake Jefferies, Luke Montz, Clint Sammons and Kyle Skipworth, INFs Nick Green, Donovan Solano, Terry Tiffee and Gil Velazquez and OFs Kyle Jensen and Aaron Rowand will participate in camp.
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|| Source: South Florida Sun-Sentinel - Juan C. Rodriguez


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Wayne Gretzky named on 'Most Athletic Americans' list
Screengrab from Teen's Digest website naming Brantford native Wayne Gretzky as No. 5 on their "Most Athletic Americans' list.
Related Stories
"The Great One" was traded from the Edmonton Oilers to the Los Angeles Kings in 1988 — but who knew his nationality went with him.
In a top 10 photo list displaying "The Most Athletic Americans," Wayne Gretzky — forever No. 99 — is ranked fifth, according to Teen's Digest, which was tweeted Wednesday by Historical Pics.
Here's the problem — he was born and raised in Brantford, Ont.
"Wayne Gretzky is known as possibly the greatest American hockey player of all time," read the caption. "He sent a fan craze across the nation and even into Canada and other countries because he was such a talented player. During his career in the NHL, he scored almost 3,000 goals. His skill on the ice far surpassed anyone else during his prime."
Gretzky actually had almost 3,000 points.
Gretzky, now 53, led the Edmonton Oilers to four Stanley Cup finals in the 1980s and following his trade to L.A., he brought the Kings to the 1993 Stanley Cup final. He is credited for making Californians excited about hockey.
While Teen's Digest and Historical Pics could not be reached Wednesday for comment, Brent Gretzky, 41, said his brother's mark in Canadian hockey is indelible.
"If they want to call him American, that's great," said Brent, who was reached at his Brantford home by phone on Wednesday. "He's always represented Canada well — whether it'd be family or sports-related, Olympics or even his travels. I believe that's our upbringing and he always keeps them in high standards."
Other Canucks also weighed in on the caption.
"Wayne's popularity and stature transcends hockey," said Tim Shipton, the Edmonton Oilers' vice-president of communications. "He's been on Saturday Night Live, has been on every magazine cover across North America and around the world. I guess it's an honest mistake ... we're just not ready to give him up yet and we're certainly proud that he wore our jersey as a great player and a great Canadian."
Adrienne Barnhardt, the general manager of Wayne Gretzky's Toronto sports bar, said she couldn't speak for the hockey player himself, but imagines "he thinks of himself as Canadian."
The same year he was traded, Gretzky married American actress Janet Jones and, soon after, obtained dual citizenship.


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Up next are the March elections.
After enduring months of political debate, advertising and campaigning by candidates for the White House and state offices, Chattanooga residents will get just a brief respite before deciding in March 2013 who will lead the city.
State Sen. Andy Berke, D-Chattanooga, followed through on previous statements that he would seek the mayor's post by picking up qualifying papers Thursday, his campaign said. He already has hundreds of thousands of dollars raised for his campaign.
"Over the last few months, hundreds of volunteers and more than a thousand donors have committed to renewing Chattanooga," Berke said in a news release. "I look forward to the next phase as voters concentrate on our city elections."
Former City Parks & Recreation Director Rob Healy has said he formed an exploratory committee to decide on a potential run. He has not picked up qualifying papers.
Healy said this week he would make his decision within two weeks.
"Now that this election is over, I think people will start to think locally," he said.
Guy Satterfield, a former city employee, is the only other candidate to have picked up papers and qualified for the March 2013 mayoral election.
Others who have picked up papers for various seats include incumbent council members and hopefuls.
District 6 Councilwoman Carol Berz picked up her papers and currently is unopposed.
District 9 Councilman Peter Murphy also picked up his qualifying petition.
Jim Folkner, who helped lead a recall effort against Mayor Ron Littlefield, picked up his papers to run for the District 1 council seat. That seat is open; Councilwoman Deborah Scott recently announced she would not run for re-election.
Others who have picked up in the last two weeks:
• District 2: Thomas Lee III; Ryan Kopet; Jerry Mitchell.
• District 7: Melton Jackson.


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ANDERSON, S.C. - Eric Losten was 5-for-5, scored four runs and drove in three runs and Conrad Deese was 4-for-6, scored three runs and drove in three runs to lead Coker College to a 15-9 victory over Anderson College in CVAC game Sunday afternoon at Anderson Memorial Stadium.
Coker, 11-12 overall and 5-4 in the CVAC, trailed 7-3 after a six-run fifth inning by Anderson . But the Cobras scored 12 runs and collected 13 of their 19 hits in the final three innings.
The deciding play of the game came in the top of the eighth inning with the game tied at 9. Dustin Dockter led off the Coker eighth with a triple. With the infield in, Brian Nally hit a sharp grounder to Anderson shortstop Kyle Lewis, who threw home. Dockter got hung up between third and home, but Anderson could not complete the run down. Dockter dove back into third and Nally reached second during the rundown to put runners at second and third with no outs. Losten then followed Nally with a triple to give Coker an 11-9 lead.
The Cobras went on to add two more runs in the eighth to increase their lead to 13-9 on a pair of run-scoring singles by Conrad Deese and Seth Weinberg.
Coker added two insurance runs in the ninth on RBI singles by Losten and Ben Kershner, who also had three RBI for the Cobras.
Coker had 19 hits against four Anderson pitchers. Four of Coker's hits were triples. Anderson managed just eight hits. Five of Anderson's hits came during its six-run fifth.
Weinberg, who started the game in left field, was the third Coker pitcher of the game. Weinberg allowed two hits and one run in the final three innings to pick up the victory.
Jacob Reid and Donavon Schmidt had two hits apiece for Anderson .
The Trojans scored six times in the fifth to take a 7-3 lead. Creg Green led off with a double against his brother and Coker starter Nick Green and moved to third on a passed ball. After Caleb Owen walked, Reid singled, and Schmidt and Clint Neville ripped back-to-back doubles to give Anderson a 5-3 lead. After a pop out, Jonathan Pitts hit a two-run homer over the left field fence for the final two runs of the inning.
Anderson scored its first run in the in the fourth on a walk to F.A. Vildosola and a two-out triple to right by Cody Nye.
The Cobras increased their lead to 3-0 in the third. After one out, Nally was hit by a pitch and Losten singled. A sacrifice bunt by Kershner moved the runners up and Conrad Deese brought them home with a single to right.
Coker opened the scoring with two runs in the second on a two-out triple by Weinberg and an RBI single by Dawson . Following Dawson, Carlton Deese reached on an error, but Dawson was cut down at the plate trying to score on the error.


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9-Cell Relacement Sony VAIO VGN-FS285E battery
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- Warranty
- Volt : 11.1V
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text:
Library of Congress Professional Guild
Current items
Links of Interest
Reading Room Closures
Future of Cataloging
Contact Us:
AFSCME, Local 2910
We are the Library of Congress Professional Guild, AFSCME Local 2910, representing over 1500 employees at the Library of Congress. Welcome to our homepage.
The Guild was chartered on July 1, 1976.
Statement of Saul Schniderman, Guild President, for the Subcommittee on Legislative Branch Appropriations, U.S. House of Representatives, addressing staffing, stewardship, and more. March 22, 2016.
Union Finds Decrease in Library of Congress Staff. Guild President Saul Schniderman was recently interviewed by Roll Call's "Hill Blotter" blog. The article appeared on October 2, 2014:
read the full article here.
It's Over! I-900 Project Will Not Be Implemented
On Thursday, April 27, Associate Librarian for Library Services Roberta I. Shaffer announced that the I-900 project will not be implemented at the Library of Congress. This means that the Science and Business Reading Room will not be relocated into the Main Reading Room, as had been announced in January.
Read more about the Guild's opposition to the I-900 plan here.
On Dec. 11, 2013 Mary E. Jacksteit, Chair of the Federal Services Impasses Panel (FSIP) issued the following Arbitrator's Opinion and Decision in the matter of where smoking will be permitted on the grounds of the Library of Congress Madison Building. Click here.
New Performance Requirements for 2910 Staff. We've broken it down and provided you with suggestions on how to proceed once your supervisor contacts you with a draft document. Click here.
In honor of the 36th anniversary of the Guild:
LC Opens a Lactation Center, by Nan Thompson Ernst, Chief Steward, April 2012
Click for Career Guidance Information
Click here for Credit Hours Q & A
In October 2012, Library of Congress Associate Librarian Roberta I. Shaffer first put forward an initiative to consolidate the operations of multiple Library of Congress reading rooms, reference collections and reference units. A resulting single "Center of Knowledge" would be located in the space of the Main Reading Room in the Library's Thomas Jefferson Building. As of early June 2013, Shaffer's "I-900 Plan" (short for "Initiative: 900 Days") is still on track to close reading rooms in three Library buildings.
Thomas Mann of the Humanities and Social Sciences Division has prepared a set of papers in response to the I-900 Plan, with input from the Guild Committee on Reference Service Consolidation.
Anne Toohey, Steward Director, of Local History & Genealogy has prepared a paper about the special nature of the Local History & Genealogy collections and services, and the potential impact of consolidation.
The papers are offered here on our Web site for the consideration of those who take an interest in the ongoing excellence of the Library of Congress: scholars, researchers, teachers and students, members of Congress, and the international library community.
To learn more about the closures and to read Mann's papers, please see our page on Reading Room Closures.
For any questions regarding this website, please send an email to the webmaster.
This page was last updated on March 11, 2014.


text:
Survey: US home prices up 10.5 pct. in past year
WASHINGTON — A survey shows U.S. home prices rose 10.5 percent in March compared with a year ago, the biggest gain since March 2006.
Core Logic, a real estate data provider, said annual home prices have now increased for 13 straight months. Prices are rising in part because more buyers are bidding on a limited supply of homes for sale.
Prices increased in 46 states over the past year — 11 of them posting double-digit gains. And when excluding distressed sales, prices rose in every state.
Nevada led all states with a 22.2 percent annual gain. It was followed by California (17.2 percent), Arizona (16.8 percent), Idaho (14.5 percent) and Oregon (14.3 percent).
Home prices also rose 1.9 percent in March from February, signaling a solid start to the spring buying season.


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Motorola's webtop application, which turns a smartphone into a desktop-like PC experience, will be coming to their entire high-end smartphone portfolio in the second half of this year, according to a presentation by CEO Sanjay Jha at a Morgan Stanley technology conference this week.
Jha pointed out a number of acquisitions and license agreements that his company had made to enhance the overall software experience of their devices. Motorola recently acquired 3LM to augment Android's enterprise security features, took over Zecter to supply integrated cloud storage and streaming services, and snagged Aloqa to deliver location-based content.
"What we are looking to do is make small acquisitions which differentiate us in the market or create new opportunity," said Jha.
The handset maker's new strategy is to transform into more of a software focused company and the webtop app will be a focal point going forward. Jha said, "We are trying to change the culture at Motorola to become a much more software-centric culture. One of the ways to do that is to bring entrepreneurial people with software skills into the company."
The webtop application has so far been exclusive to the Atrix 4G, but that was described as mainly a timing issue. Jha explained that there were optimizations in their webtop app that were specific to NVIDIA's graphics processor inside the Tegra 2, but work had already begun to port webtop to other platforms like TI's OMAP4 with its PowerVR GPU.
Specific details about the future of the webtop application were scarce. Jha said that the full desktop Firefox browser would be upgraded to version 4 later this year, but he did not shed much light on other new features. I'd love to see Motorola support other apps and alternative browsers like Google's Chrome, but we will have to wait and see what they add next.
Webtop is still pretty limited in what it can do right now, but I think it has potential long term. The web-browsing performance is acceptable when compared to a netbook and later this year we will have faster quad-core preprocessors which should deliver the desktop performance that consumers want.
What direction would you like to see Motorola take their webtop app next?


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(Reuters) - Cloud computing software maker Citrix Systems Inc reported a lower-than-expected first-quarter profit, hurt by higher expenses and weak IT spending by its customers.
Net income fell to $59.7 million, or 32 cents per share, from $68.3 million, or 36 cents per share, a year earlier. Excluding items, it earned 62 cents per share. Revenue rose 14 percent to $672.3 million.
Analysts on average had expected earnings of 63 cents per share on revenue of $676.9 million, according to Thomson Reuters I/B/E/S.
Citrix's cloud computing software allows customers to access applications remotely from a central server, and reduces costs by eliminating the need to upgrade and install software on each individual computer on site.
(Reporting by Sayantani Ghosh and Supantha Mukherjee in Bangalore; Editing by Don Sebastian)


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Kelly Layman
Executive Director of Communications
ACTIONS TAKEN: Meeting of the Select Committee on Florida Polytechnic University, Florida Board of Governors, May 23
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE—May 23, 2012
DAYTONA BEACH, Fla.—The Select Committee on Florida Polytechnic University held a meeting today in order to address impacts and plans for implementation of Senate Bill 1994, signed by the Governor on April 20, which immediately created Florida Polytechnic University (FPU), a new institution in the State University System.
Highlights of the meeting discussion and presentation are noted below. Presentation materials can be found on the web site via the "Committee Materials" links from the home page, www.flbog.edu. Video archives of Board meetings are posted in the same area 24-48 hours after the meeting.
Please note that there is an open and national search by the Board of Governors for applicants to FPU's charter Board of Trustees. The deadline is May 31—for more info, please click here: http://www.flbog.edu/pressroom/news.php?id=451. Please see that release for full context.
There are two major tracks of activity related to FPU – one is the transition to close and conclude activities at the USF Polytechnic Campus, a joint-use facility agreement between USF and Polk State College; this is a significant and considerable process that will be overseen by USF. Second, the Board of Governors' Select Committee is largely focused on the creation of FPU and how to implement the legislation related to building a new university in Lakeland on the site and land.
Most of the meeting and actions taken centered on several aspects that had timing issues needing resolution. All of the motions made and passed are collected in one section down below. Additional topics were discussed but for informational briefing purposes, as they are items that USF is working on and can complete within its existing authorities.
Opening Remarks
Chair Hosseini noted that this marks the third meeting of the Select Committee but the first meeting since Senate Bill 1994 (SB 1994 or "the legislation") was signed by Gov. Rick Scott. The select committee's name therefore has been changed to reflect the legislation—which became effective April 20, upon Governor's signature.
Frank T. Brogan, Chancellor of the State University System, focused his remarks on quality, and noted that this exercise and all related planning must focus on substantive academic issues including but not limited to accreditation.
Additional overview comments and expressions of commitment to the long process ahead were provided by Brian D. Lamb, Trustee at the University of South Florida; Dr. Judy Genshaft, President, University of South Florida; and Dr. Joe Glover, Provost, University of Florida. UF is named in SB 1994 as a consulting organization for the creation of FPU.Chair Hosseini said UF will provide advice and counsel to the FPU on the creation of new STEM programs and on the accreditation process.
Overview of SB 1994 / Governance and Legal Issues
Vikki Shirley, Esq., General Counsel at the Board of Governors, reviewed the legislation's components, as well as legal impacts for consideration.
Academic & Student Affairs
Dr. Jan Ignash, Chief Academic Officer at the Board of Governors, reviewed the components of academic affairs and student affairs for the new university. Committee member Norm Tripp asked for more detail about the USF budget regarding the academic "teach-out" for current USF students finishing degrees, and any additional legislative budget request (LBR) that may be submitted from USF for academic issues that relate to current students. Chancellor Brogan said that has been in the works for the full Board meeting in June—staff will present both the operational/academic instruction budget and the new construction aspects, and specifying recurring versus non-recurring state funds.
Finance, Facilities, Operations
Tim Jones, Chief Financial Officer at the Board of Governors, reviewed issues related to fiscal items, including contract renewals, existing leases and Memoranda of Understanding (MOUs).
FPU Construction Update
Stephen J. Mitchell, Esq., a member of the Board of Trustees at USF, together with USF's COO and Senior VP John Long briefed the committee on construction under way with the existing contractor readying and building on the land in Lakeland.
ALL MOTIONS MADE & ACTIONS TAKEN BY THE SELECT COMMITTEE (will be forwarded to the full Board of Governors):
1. REGARDING EXISTING LEASES – APPROVED – The University of South Florida, from all sources formerly available for USF Polytechnic, should continue to pay the monthly lease payments associated with all existing leases held on behalf of and for the benefit of the former USF Polytechnic*. USF will provide a full and complete list of expenditures related to these leases to the new Florida Polytechnic University Board of Trustees once it is in place in compliance with SB 1994, Section 2. *The exception to this is that USF shall give notice of non-renewal of a contract with Blue Sky West expiring July 30, 2012. If there are additional items now unidentified in this area that have a time-sensitivity this summer before a Board of Trustees is impaneled, that information can be brought to the attention of the Board of Governors before July 1 for potential feedback or action.
2. REGARDING A SPECIAL INSTITUTE – APPROVED – The University of South Florida shall continue to provide administrative support services to include payroll, accounting and any other mutually agreed upon services, to the Florida Industrial and Phosphate Research Institute (FIPR) and receive reasonable compensation (cost reimbursement) as negotiated between USF and FIPR, and until such time as the Florida Polytechnic University Board of Trustees can reasonably assume responsibility for providing those services.
3. CONSTRUCTION CONSULTANT – APPROVED – Until such time as the Florida Polytechnic University Board of Trustees can reasonably assume responsibility for oversight of the construction of the Science, Innovation, and Technology Building on the new campus, the University of South Florida shall provide oversight (including retention of the current owner's agent for an additional six months) for the construction project from the funds appropriated for the project – except that any change orders, scheduling changes, contracts, or contract renewals or extensions shall be submitted to the State University System Chancellor for approval.
4. STUDENT FEES – APPROVED – Student fees paid by students enrolled at USF Polytechnic for activities, services, and other uses specific to that campus shall be deposited into a segregated account at USF and shall be expended for the benefit of the students who are enrolled at USF by June 1, 2012, and are subject to the teach-out requirements of USF – this relates to former USF Polytechnic students seeking to complete their degrees with USF.
5. TIMING ISSUES (relates to and applies to all motions) – APPROVED – For all motions that resulted in recommendations today to the full Board, the Board of Governors places a reasonable time limitation on USF's responsibility and performance to continue with the actions recommended. A reasonable time period shall be three months from the time the FPU Trustees are appointed by the Board of Governors and the Governor, with the recognition that all items can be revisited, as necessary.
Chancellor Brogan said he will discuss with Chair Colson whether the full Board of Governors can arrange for a special meeting by conference call next week in order to address these approved committee actions before the regular June business meeting.
Concluding Remarks / Next Steps
Chair Hosseini reviewed the ongoing two-part task of the Select Committee: monitoring USF's teach-out in Lakeland along with overall legal transfer issues, while the Board of Governors is primarily responsible for the separate but simultaneous launch of Florida Polytechnic University. He emphasized that the Board is committed to ensuring that students who began their academic careers at USF Polytechnic are able to graduate on time. He thanked the USF Board of Trustees, President Genshaft and the USF staff. Today, the Committee adopted time-sensitive recommendations that will assist before the FPU Board of Trustees is in place. The motions and actions taken today help keep both the current transition and future considerations for the new university on track, the Chair noted.
Previous editions of "Actions Taken" are all posted on the web site under Press Room (www.flbog.edu/pressroom),
along with fact sheets and other resources.
About the State University System of Florida
The State University System of Florida is governed by a 17-member Board of Governors, a constitutional body and led by appointed public servants. The System is comprised of 12 institutions with a total enrollment of nearly 330,000 students, making it the second-largest public university system in the nation in terms of enrollment (some states have more than one university system). The Florida Constitution (Article IX, Section 7) was amended by the state's voters in 2002 to establish a statewide system of governance for all Florida public universities. As a result, the Florida Board of Governors was created in 2003 to oversee the State University System of Florida. Responsibilities include defining the distinctive mission of each institution and ensuring the well-planned coordination and operation of the System. The Board's 17 members include 14 appointed by the Governor, with three serving by virtue of their designations (a faculty member, a Florida Student Association student representative, and the Florida Commissioner of Education). The Board of Governors appoints a Chancellor who serves as the chief executive and administrative officer of the State University System. For more, including the Board's Annual Report that reflects accountability measurements and benchmarks occurring at each institution, see www.flbog.edu.
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A knowledge of the existence of something we cannot penetrate, of the manifestations of the profoundest reason and the most radiant beauty - it is this knowledge and this emotion that constitute the truly religious attitude; in this sense, and in this alone, I am a deeply religious man. (Albert Einstein)
I do not believe in a personal God and I have never denied this but have expressed it clearly. If something is in me which can be called religious then it is the unbounded admiration for the structure of the world so far as our science can reveal it. (Albert Einstein, 1954)
I believe in Spinoza's God who reveals himself in the orderly harmony of what exists, not in a God who concerns himself with the fates and actions of human beings. (Albert Einstein)
Over ten years I have read many hundreds of great philosophers,
but of them all I have special affection for Albert Einstein. Having now
read Albert Einstein's 'Special and General Relativity', and 'Ideas and
Opinions' many times, I thought it would be nice to put up a web page that
presented his religious ideas in as simple and ordered way as possible.
Albert Einstein was a beautiful man, wise and moral, who lived in difficult times. I think all people will enjoy the great clarity and wisdom of his ideas, and they will find them very relevant and useful in our modern (and very disturbed) world. As he writes on humanity and true religiousness;
A human being is part of the whole called by us universe, a part limited in time and space. We experience ourselves, our thoughts and feelings as something separate from the rest. A kind of optical delusion of consciousness. This delusion is a kind of prison for us, restricting us to our personal desires and to affection for a few persons nearest to us. Our task must be to free ourselves from the prison by widening our circle of compassion to embrace all living creatures and the whole of nature in its beauty. The true value of a human being is determined by the measure and the sense in which they have obtained liberation from the self. We shall require a substantially new manner of thinking if humanity is to survive. (Albert Einstein, 1954)
The most beautiful and most profound experience is the sensation
of the mystical. It is the sower of all true science. He to whom this emotion
is a stranger, who can no longer wonder and stand rapt in awe, is as good
as dead. To know that what is impenetrable to us really exists, manifesting
itself as the highest wisdom and the most radiant beauty which our dull
faculties can comprehend only in their primitive forms - this knowledge,
this feeling is at the center of true religiousness.
( Albert Einstein - The Merging of Spirit and Science)
I share the pantheist religion / philosophy of Albert Einstein that All is One and Interconnected (Nature, God), of which we humans are an inseparable part. Perhaps I am a romantic, but it is my hope that in the future Humanity will live by the truth, with greater harmony between different people, their religions and cultures, and to life in all its complex beauty.
Albert Einstein's ideas on Physics and Reality are also significant. It was from reading Einstein that I first realised that matter was not made of tiny 'particles'. And having also read Lorentz (whose work is founded on Absolute Space) I realised that a slight modification of Einstein's relativity solved many of the problems of modern physics. Einstein represented Matter as continuous fields in space-time, which never explained the discrete phenomena of quantum theory.
The solution is simple, to work from real waves in a continuously connected space.
The articles on the side of the page show how the Wave Structure of Matter - by explaining matter's necessarily interconnected motion in space - solves numerous problems of knowledge found in postmodern Metaphysics, Physics and Philosophy.
Importantly and profoundly, we can now understand our true 'spirituality',
our connection to 'god', by realising that we are really structures of the
universe (as Einstein knew), that our discrete and separate 'body' is a
naive real illusion of the senses.
(Go and look at the stars at night and really think about how you exist in the universe, that amazing universe you can see is really what you are - that is why you can see it! It is a very cool spiritual experience - and it is true!)
We hope you enjoy the Kindness, Beauty and Truth of Albert Einstein - a most wonderful and wise philosopher / scientist.
Geoff Haselhurst, Karene Howie, Email
The religion of the future will be a cosmic religion. It should transcend personal God and avoid dogma and theology. Covering both the natural and the spiritual, it should be based on a religious sense arising from the experience of all things natural and spiritual as a meaningful unity. Buddhism answers this description. If there is any religion that could cope with modern scientific needs it would be Buddhism. (Albert Einstein)
It was, of course, a lie what you read about my religious convictions, a lie which is being systematically repeated. I do not believe in a personal God and I have never denied this but have expressed it clearly. If something is in me which can be called religious then it is the unbounded admiration for the structure of the world so far as our science can reveal it. (Albert Einstein, 1954, The Human Side, edited by Helen Dukas and Banesh Hoffman, Princeton University Press)
Scientific research is based on the idea that everything that takes place
is determined by laws of Nature, and therefore this holds for the action
of people. For this reason, a research scientist will hardly be inclined
to believe that events could be influenced by a prayer, i.e. by a wish addressed
to a Supernatural Being.
(Albert Einstein, 1936, The Human Side. Responding to a child who wrote and asked if scientists pray.)
A man's ethical behaviour should be based effectually on sympathy, education,
and social ties and needs; no religious basis is necessary. Man would indeed
be in a poor way if he had to be restrained by fear of punishment and hope
of reward after death.
(Albert Einstein, "Religion and Science", New York Times Magazine, 9 November 1930)
I cannot conceive of a God who rewards and punishes his creatures, or has a will of the kind that we experience in ourselves. Neither can I nor would I want to conceive of an individual that survives his physical death; let feeble souls, from fear or absurd egoism, cherish such thoughts. I am satisfied with the mystery of the eternity of life and with the awareness and a glimpse of the marvelous structure of the existing world, together with the devoted striving to comprehend a portion, be it ever so tiny, of the Reason that manifests itself in nature. (Albert Einstein, The World as I See It)
I cannot imagine a God who rewards and punishes the objects of his creation,
whose purposes are modeled after our own -- a God, in short, who is but
a reflection of human frailty. Neither can I believe that the individual
survives the death of his body, although feeble souls harbor such thoughts
through fear or ridiculous egotisms.
(Albert Einstein, Obituary in New York Times, 19 April 1955)
I believe in Spinoza's God who reveals himself in the orderly harmony of
what exists, not in a God who concerns himself with the fates and actions
of human beings.
(Albert Einstein, responding to Rabbi Herbert Goldstein who had sent Einstein a cablegram bluntly demanding "Do you believe in God?" Quoted from Victor J. Stenger, Has Science Found God? 2001, chapter 3.)
One strength of the Communist system ... is that it has some of the characteristics
of a religion and inspires the emotions of a religion.
(Albert Einstein, Out Of My Later Years, 1950)
I cannot conceive of a personal God who would directly influence the actions of individuals, or would directly sit in judgment on creatures of his own creation. I cannot do this in spite of the fact that mechanistic causality has, to a certain extent, been placed in doubt by modern science. [He was speaking of Quantum Mechanics and the breaking down of determinism.] My religiosity consists in a humble admiration of the infinitely superior spirit that reveals itself in the little that we, with our weak and transitory understanding, can comprehend of reality. Morality is of the highest importance -- but for us, not for God. (Albert Einstein,The Human Side, edited by Helen Dukas and Banesh Hoffman, Princeton University Press)
If people are good only because they fear punishment, and hope for reward, then we are a sorry lot indeed. (Albert Einstein)
The idea of a personal God is an anthropological concept which I am unable to take seriously. (Albert Einstein, Letter to Hoffman and Dukas, 1946)
The foundation of morality should not be made dependent on myth nor tied to any authority lest doubt about the myth or about the legitimacy of the authority imperil the foundation of sound judgment and action. (Albert Einstein)
I do not believe in immortality of the individual, and I consider ethics to be an exclusively human concern with no superhuman authority behind it. (Albert Einstein, The Human Side)
I have repeatedly said that in my opinion the idea of a personal God is a childlike one, but I do not share the crusading spirit of the professional atheist whose fervor is mostly due to a painful act of liberation from the fetters of religious indoctrination received in youth. I prefer an attitude of humility corresponding to the weakness of our intellectual understanding of nature and of our own being. (Albert Einstein)
What I see in Nature is a magnificent structure that we can comprehend only very imperfectly, and that must fill a thinking person with a feeling of "humility." This is a genuinely religious feeling that has nothing to do with mysticism. (Albert Einstein)
The mystical trend of our time, which shows itself particularly in the rampant growth of the so-called Theosophy and Spiritualism, is for me no more than a symptom of weakness and confusion. Since our inner experiences consist of reproductions, and combinations of sensory impressions, the concept of a soul without a body seem to me to be empty and devoid of meaning. (Albert Einstein)
I want to know how God created this world. I am not interested in this or that phenomenon, in the spectrum of this or that element. I want to know his thoughts. The rest are details. (The Expanded Quotable Einstein, Princeton University Press, 2000 p.202)
It is very difficult to elucidate this [cosmic religious] feeling to anyone who is entirely without it. . . The religious geniuses of all ages have been distinguished by this kind of religious feeling, which knows no dogma and no God conceived in man's image; so that there can be no church whose central teachings are based on it ... In my view, it is the most important function of art and science to awaken this feeling and keep it alive in those who are receptive to it. (The Expanded Quotable Einstein, Princeton University Press, p. 207)
I see a pattern, but my imagination cannot picture the maker of that pattern. I see a clock, but I cannot envision the clockmaker. The human mind is unable to conceive of the four dimensions, so how can it conceive of a God, before whom a thousand years and a thousand dimensions are as one? (The Expanded Quotable Einstein, Princeton University Press, 2000 p. 208)
We know nothing about [God, the world] at all. All our knowledge is but the knowledge of schoolchildren. Possibly we shall know a little more than we do now. but the real nature of things, that we shall never know, never. (The Expanded Quotable Einstein, Princeton University Press, Page 208)
Geoff - I think Einstein is referring to the limitations of mathematical physics and his failed attempt of a continuous field theory of matter (i.e. mathematics does not describe reality, only its quantities). However, with a wave structure of matter in space we have further knowledge that Space is a substance with properties of a wave medium. But we are still imagining space based upon our own limited minds and imagination, so in a sense the solution is always incomplete.
Then there are the fanatical atheists whose intolerance is the same as that of the religious fanatics, and it springs from the same source . . . They are creatures who can't hear the music of the spheres. (The Expanded Quotable Einstein, Princeton University Press, 2000 p. 214)
Geoff - It is interesting that Einstein refers to the 'music of the spheres', a perfect description of the the spherical standing wave structure of matter in Space!
In the view of such harmony in the cosmos which I, with my limited human mind, am able to recognise, there are yet people who say there is no God. But what makes me really angry is that they quote me for support for such views. (The Expanded Quotable Einstein, Princeton University Press, p. 214)
What separates me from most so-called atheists is a feeling of utter humility toward the unattainable secrets of the harmony of the cosmos. (Albert Einstein to Joseph Lewis, Apr. 18, 1953)
When the answer is simple, God is speaking. (Albert Einstein)
Einstein observed that specialization is invariably damaging to Science as a whole;
The area of scientific knowledge has been enormously extended, and theoretical
knowledge has become vastly more profound in every department of science.
But the assimilative power of the human intellect is and remains strictly
limited. Hence it was inevitable that the activity of the individual investigator
should be confined to a smaller and smaller section of human knowledge.
Worse still, this specialization makes it increasingly difficult to keep
even our general understanding of science as a whole, without which the
true spirit of research is inevitably handicapped, in step with scientific
progress. Every serious scientific worker is painfully conscious of this
involuntary relegation to an ever-narrowing sphere of knowledge, which threatens
to deprive the investigator of his broad horizon and degrades him to the
level of a mechanic ...
It is just as important to make knowledge live and to keep it alive as to solve specific problems. (Albert Einstein, 1954)
The individual feels the futility of human desires and aims and the sublimity and marvelous order which reveal themselves both in nature and in the world of thought. Individual existence impresses him as a sort of prison and he wants to experience the universe as a single significant whole. The beginnings of cosmic religious feeling already appear at an early stage of development, e.g., in many of the Psalms of David and in some of the Prophets. Buddhism, as we have learned especially from the wonderful writings of Schopenhauer, contains a much stronger element of this. (Albert Einstein, 1930)
The religion of the future will be a cosmic religion. It should transcend personal God and avoid dogma and theology. Covering both the natural and the spiritual, it should be based on a religious sense arising from the experience of all things natural and spiritual as a meaningful unity. Buddhism answers this description .. If there is any religion that could cope with modern scientific needs it would be Buddhism. (Albert Einstein)
In my view, it is the most important function of art and science to awaken this religious feeling and keep it alive in those who are receptive to it. (Albert Einstein, 1930)
Science has therefore been charged with undermining morality, but the charge is unjust. A man's ethical behaviour should be based effectually on sympathy, education, and social ties and needs; no religious basis is necessary. Man would indeed be in a poor way if he had to be restrained by fear of punishment and hope of reward after death. (Albert Einstein, 1930)
There is nothing divine about morality; it is a purely human affair. (Albert
Einstein, 1934)
For the scientific method can teach us nothing else beyond how facts are related to, and conditioned by, each other. The aspiration toward such objective knowledge belongs to the highest of which man is capable, and you will certainly not suspect me of wishing to belittle the achievements and the heroic efforts of man in this sphere. Yet is equally clear that knowledge of what is does not open the door directly to what should be. One can have the clearest and most complete knowledge of what is , and yet not be able to deduct from that what should be the goal of our human aspirations. Objective knowledge provides us with powerful instruments for the achievements of certain ends, but the ultimate goal itself and the longing to reach it must come from another source. And it is hardly necessary to argue for the view that our existence and our activity acquire meaning only by the setting up of such a goal and of corresponding values. (Albert Einstein, 1939)
To make clear these fundamental ends and valuations, and to set them fast in the emotional life of the individual, seems to me precisely the most important function which religion has to perform in the social life of man. And if one asks whence derives the authority of such fundamental ends, since they cannot be stated and justified merely by reason, one can only answer: they exist in a healthy society as powerful traditions, which act upon the conduct and aspirations and judgments of the individuals; they are there, that is, as something living, without its being necessary to find justification for their existence. (Albert Einstein, 1939)
.. free and responsible development of the individual, so that he may place his powers freely and gladly in the service of all mankind. There is no room in this for the divinization of a nation, of a class, let alone of an individual. Are we not all children of one father, as it is said in religious language? (Albert Einstein, 1939)
If one holds these high principles clearly before one's eyes, and compares them with the life and spirit of our times, then it appears glaringly that civilized mankind finds itself at present in grave danger. In the totalitarian states it is the rulers themselves who strive actually to destroy that spirit of humanity. In less threatened parts it is nationalism and intolerance, as well as the oppression of the individuals by economic means, which threaten to choke these most precious traditions. (Einstein, 1954. p43-4)
But if the longing for the achievement of the goal is powerfully alive within us, then shall we not lack the strength to find the means for reaching the goal and for translating it into deeds. (Albert Einstein, 1939)
For science can only ascertain what is, but not what should be, and outside
of its domain value judgments of all kinds remain necessary. Religion, on
the other hand, deals only with evaluations of human thought and action:
it cannot justifiably speak of facts and relationships between facts. According
to this interpretation the well-known conflicts between religion and science
in the past must all be ascribed to a misapprehension of the situation which
has been described.
For example, a conflict arises when a religious community insists on the absolute truthfulness of all statements recorded in the Bible. This means an intervention on the part of religion into the sphere of science; this is where the struggle of the Church against doctrines of Galileo and Darwin belongs. On the other hand, representatives of science have often made an attempt to arrive at fundamental judgments with respect to values and ends on the basis of scientific method, and in this way have set themselves in opposition to religion. These conflicts have all sprung from fatal errors. (Albert Einstein, 1941)
But science can only be created by those who are thoroughly imbued with the aspiration toward truth and understanding. This source of feeling, however, springs from the sphere of religion. To this there also belongs the faith in the possibility that the regulations valid for the world of existence are rational, that is, comprehensible to reason. I cannot conceive of a genuine scientist without that profound faith. The situation may be expressed by an image: science without religion is lame, religion without science is blind. (Albert Einstein, 1941)
Though I have asserted above that in truth a legitimate conflict between
religion and science cannot exist, I must nevertheless qualify this assertion
once again on an essential point, with reference to the actual content of
historical religions. This qualification has to do with the concept of God.
During the youthful period of mankind's spiritual evolution human fantasy
created gods in man's own image, who, by the operations of their will were
supposed to determine, or at any rate to influence, the phenomenal world.
Man sought to alter the disposition of these gods in his own favour by means
of magic and prayer. The idea of God in the religions taught at present
is a sublimation of that old concept of the gods. Its anthropomorphic character
is shown, for instance, by the fact that men appeal to the Divine Being
in prayers and plead for the fulfillment of their wishes.
Nobody, certainly, will deny that the idea of the existence of an omnipotent, just, and omni beneficent personal God is able to accord man solace, help, and guidance; also, by virtue of its simplicity it is accessible to the most undeveloped mind. But, on the other hand, there are decisive weaknesses attached to this idea in itself, which have been painfully felt since the beginning of history. (Albert Einstein, 1941)
For a doctrine which is able to maintain itself not in clear light but
only in the dark, will of necessity lose its effect on mankind, with incalculable
harm to human progress. In their struggle for the ethical good, teachers
of religion must have the stature to give up the doctrine of a personal
God, that is, give up that source of fear and hope which in the past placed
such vast power in the hands of priests. In their labours they will have
to avail themselves of those forces which are capable of cultivating the
Good, the True, and the Beautiful in humanity itself. This is, to be sure,
a more difficult but an incomparably more worthy task. After religious teachers
accomplish the refining process indicated they well surely recognise with
joy that true religion has been ennobled and made more profound by scientific
If it is one of the goals of religion to liberate mankind as far as possible from the bondage of egocentric cravings, desires and fears, scientific reasoning can aid religion in yet another sense. Although it is true that it is the goal of science to discover rules which permit the association and foretelling of facts, this is not its only aim. It also seeks to reduce the connections discovered to the smallest possible number of mutually independent conceptual elements. (Albert Einstein, 1941)
By way of the understanding he achieves a far-reaching emancipation from
the shackles of personal hopes and desires, and thereby attains that humble
attitude of mind toward the grandeur of reason incarnate in existence, and
which, in its profoundest depths, is inaccessible to man. This attitude,
however, appears to me to be religious, in the highest sense of the word.
And so it seems to me that science not only purifies the religious impulse
of the dross of its anthropomorphism but also contributes to a religious
spiritualization of our understanding of life.
The further the spiritual evolution of mankind advances, the more certain it seems to me that the path to genuine religiosity does not lie through the fear of life, and the fear of death, and blind faith, but through striving after rational knowledge. (Albert Einstein, 1941)
As to science, we may well define it for our purpose as "methodical thinking directed toward finding regulative connections between our sensual experiences". (Albert Einstein, 1948)
While it is true that science, to the extent of its grasp of causative connections, may reach important conclusions as to the compatibility and incompatibility of goals and evaluations, the independent and fundamental definitions regarding goals and values remain beyond science's reach. (Albert Einstein, 1948)
Religion is concerned with man's attitude towards nature at large, with
the establishing of ideals for the individual and communal life, and with
human mutual relationship. These ideals religion attempts to attain by exerting
an educational influence on tradition and through the development and promulgation
of certain easily accessible thoughts and narratives (epics and myths) which
are apt to influence evaluation and action along the lines of accepted ideals.
It is this mythical, or rather symbolic, content of the religious traditions which is likely to come into conflict with science. This occurs whenever this religious stock of ideas contains dogmatically fixed statements on subjects which belong in the domain of science. (Albert Einstein, 1948)
For the moral attitudes of a people that is supported by religion need always aim at preserving and promoting the sanity and vitality of the community and its individuals, since otherwise this community is bound to perish. A people that were to honour falsehood, defamation, fraud, and murder would be unable, indeed, to subsist for very long. (Albert Einstein, 1948)
When considering the actual living conditions of present day civilised
humanity from the standpoint of even the most elementary religious commands,
one is bound to experience a feeling of deep and painful disappointment
at what one sees. For while religion prescribes brotherly love in the relations
among the individuals and groups, the actual spectacle more resembles a
battlefield than an orchestra. Everywhere, in economic as well as in political
life, the guiding principle is one of ruthless striving for success at the
expense of one's fellow men. This competitive spirit prevails even in the
school and, destroying all feelings of human fraternity and cooperation,
conceives of achievement not as derived from the love for productive and
thoughtful work, but as springing from personal ambition and fear of rejection.
There are pessimists who hold that such a state of affairs is necessarily inherent in human nature; it is those who propound such views that are the enemies of true religion, for they imply thereby that the religious teachings are utopian ideals and are unsuited to afford guidance in human affairs. (Albert Einstein, 1948)
It is clear also that "serving God" was equated with "serving
the living". The best of the Jewish people, especially the Prophets
and Jesus, contended tirelessly for this.
Judaism is thus no transcendental religion; it is concerned with life as we live it and as we can, to a certain extent, grasp it, and nothing else. It seems to me, therefore, doubtful whether it can be called a religion in the accepted sense of the word, particularly as no "faith" but the sanctification of life in a supra-personal sense is demanded of the Jew.
But the Jewish tradition also contains something else, something which finds splendid expression in many of the Psalms, namely, a sort of intoxicated joy and amazement at the beauty and grandeur of this world, of which man can form just a faint notion. This joy is the feeling from which true scientific research draws its spiritual sustenance, but which also seems to find expression in the song of birds. To tack this feeling to the idea of God seems mere childish absurdity. (Albert Einstein, 1934)
In this case, as in many mental disorders, the cure lies in a clear knowledge of one's condition and its causes. We must be conscious of our alien race and draw the logical conclusions from it. It is no use trying to convince the others of our spiritual and intellectual equality by arguments addressed to the reason, when the attitude of these others does not originate in their intellects at all. (Albert Einstein, 1934)
Recommended reading: Albert Einstein, 'Ideas and Opinions', Crown Trade Paperback 1954
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