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Torkin Manes LLP is a full service, mid-sized law firm based in downtown Toronto. Our diverse clientele ranges from public and private corporations, to financial institutions, to professional practices, to individuals. We built our firm from the ground up—by understanding our clients' needs, being results-oriented, practical, smart, cost-effective and responsive.
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Torkin Manes is a full-service law firm for clients who want results. Our clients tell us what they want to achieve and it's our job to assess their legal needs—quickly. They rely on us to put together the right team for their legal issues, so that they can achieve their goals, on time and on budget. We offer services in the following areas:
Our people are the essence of our firm. We take pride in providing exceptional personal service combined with a deep understanding of our clients' business priorities and legal requirements. We put together exactly the right team for each of our clients, matching their legal needs with our legal skills and efficiency.
Our resource centre provides easy access to articles, bulletins, updates and news items outlining topics relevant to you and your business. To stay up to date on the latest legal developments, we invite you to subscribe to your choice of our publications.
Tel: 416 360 4738 Fax: 1 877 689 3896
Sonu is a partner in our Litigation Group, practising in all areas of civil litigation, with a particular focus on business law. She has a range of experience in litigation involving critical business issues arising from corporate transactions, contractual and business relationship disputes, and commercial leasing issues.
To date, Sonu has appeared before masters and judges of the Superior Court of Justice and has assisted on numerous cases that have gone before the Court of Appeal and administrative tribunals. She has also been involved in numerous private mediations and arbitrations.
Languages: English, Punjabi
In law school, Sonu received the first place oralist award in the Martin Domke Award competition at the Willem C. Vis International Commercial Arbitration Moot in Vienna, Austria.
Facilitator, ArbitralWomen Panel , February 5th 2018
Guest Instructor, LPP Advocacy Program , December 13th, 2017
Guest Lecturer to the LLM class at Osgoode Hall Law School, December 5th , 2017
The 2017 Women's Transformative Leadership Forum: Empowerment by Improving Participation and Representation, Panel Moderator
Co-author, Ontario Bar Association, Alternative Dispute Resolution Newsletter, Vol. 18, No. 2
Canadian Jeweller, June/July 2009
Integrated Health Retailer
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© Torkin Manes LLP Barristers & Solicitors
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Franchisors, Take Heart: There's New Hope for Lost Profit RecoveryAugust 2008 Focus on Franchising Advisory
For more than a decade, courts have been reluctant – at best – to award franchisors and licensors lost profits damages, such as lost future royalties or advertising fees, after a franchisor has been forced to terminate a franchise agreement following a breach by the franchisee. While courts generally have agreed that lost profits damages are available to franchisors when a franchisee terminates or abandons a franchise, a franchisor who must terminate a franchisee for failure to pay royalties, maintain system standards, or other violation of a franchise agreement has faced long odds when seeking to recover lost profits. Recent case law, however, suggests that courts are becoming more amenable to the enforcement of carefully crafted liquidated damages clauses designed to compensate franchisors for lost profits.
A California Court Causes Bi-Coastal Mischief
The long-shot profit recovery odds stemmed from two cases, one on each coast. The first case was decided in California in 1996. In Postal Instant Press, Inc. v. Sealy, a California intermediate appellate court held that a franchisor could not recover lost future royalties or advertising fees after it terminated a franchisee despite the fact that the franchisee's failure to pay royalties caused the termination. The California court's tortured theory was that the franchisee's failure to pay past royalties didn't cause the franchisor's loss of future royalties and advertising fees. Instead, the court said that, because the franchisor had terminated the agreement, the franchisor's own actions ended its right to future royalties and fees.
Given that the California court seemingly ignored the fact that the franchisee precipitated the termination of the franchise agreement by failing to pay past royalties, most observers concluded that the Sealy decision was, and would remain, unique to California law. Unfortunately, that changed in 2002, when a federal district court located in Florida decided Burger King Corporation, Inc. v. Hinton. Facing similar facts as Sealy, the judge in Hinton agreed that, even when faced with a breaching franchisee, the franchisor "caused" its own future losses of royalties and fees when it chose to terminate the franchisee.
A Different California Court, A Different Result
Returning to the scene of the crime, last year a California federal district court in Radisson Hotels International, Inc. v. Majestic Towers, Inc. held that a carefully crafted liquidated damages clause, including a provision for lost future royalties, was enforceable against a franchisee. The franchisee, which operated the Radisson Plaza Wilshire Hotel, agreed to pay royalties to Radisson Hotel International in exchange for the rights to brand the hotel as a Radisson and access to Radisson's proprietary reservation system. Within months of signing the agreement, the franchisee fell behind on royalty payments to Radisson.
After Radisson and the franchisee failed to reach an arrangement for payment of the unpaid royalties, Radisson suspended the franchisee's access to the reservation system and ultimately terminated the franchisee. Radisson then sued the franchisee for both the unpaid royalties and the damages to which it was entitled pursuant to the contractual liquidated damages clause. The franchisee, relying upon Sealy, argued that the liquidated damages clause was unenforceable because the franchisor had terminated the agreement. The court disagreed with the franchisee, distinguished Sealy, and enforced the liquidated damages clause.
What Have We Learned?
So, why was the liquidated damages clause in the Radisson case enforced? The most significant reason was that the provision was specific. The clause provided that if Radisson terminated the agreement due to the fault of the franchisee, liquidated damages of lost future profits would be available to Radisson. This provision ensured that the franchisee was made aware and agreed that, if its breach precipitated a termination of the agreement by the franchisor, the franchisee would be responsible for the payment of reasonable damages. In this way, the court sidestepped Sealy, concluding that the agreement in that case did not provide for specific damages.
The Radisson decision also suggests that how the liquidated damages are to be calculated is almost as important as the specificity of the remedy. The clause in the Radisson agreement stated that the liquidated damages were to be calculated as two times the amount of royalties payable to Radisson in the 12 months preceding the agreement's termination. The court found this clause to be reasonable because Radisson provided evidence that, on average, it took two to four years for Radisson to find replacement franchisees for its hotels. In other words, at the point in time when the agreement was signed, the chosen method of calculating liquidated damages was reasonably related to the actual lost profits Radisson could expect to suffer in the future should the franchisee breach the agreement.
It must be emphasized that the question of whether lost profits damages are available to franchisors that terminate franchise agreements after a franchisee breaches the agreement remains unsettled. Nevertheless, the Radisson decision and other recent cases suggest that courts are now more willing than ever to enforce specific liquidated damages clauses so long as those clauses do two things. First, the clauses should specifically provide that they apply in the event of a termination precipitated by a franchisee's default. Second, they should contain a reasonable and specific method of calculation that is related to the actual lost profits the franchisor is likely to suffer in the event of franchisee default.
If you have a question regarding how to incorporate such liquidated damages provisions into your franchise agreements, or any other franchise question, please contact an attorney in our Franchising, Licensing & Distribution Practice.

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Clarkston Massage Therapy can be found at S Ortonville Rd 3918. The following is offered: Massage Therapy. The entry is present with us since Sep 8, 2010 and was last updated on Nov 14, 2013. In Ortonville there are 2 other Massage Therapy. An overview can be found here.


text: Align T-REX 450 PRO Torque Tube Rear Drive Gear Set Single - Import It All Login Contacts Blog Cart Items : 0 | Cart Total : R0 All Appliances Arts, Crafts & Sewing Automotive Baby Beauty Books CDs & Vinyl Collectables & Fine Arts Cell Phones & Accessories Clothing, Shoes & Jewellery Computers Electronics Health & Personal Care Home & Kitchen Industrial & Scientific Luggage & Travel Gear Musical Instruments Office Products Patio, Lawn & Garden Pet Supplies Software Sports & Outdoors Tools & Home Improvement Toys Video Games USA Categories Return to MainReturn to Remote & App Controlled Vehicles & PartsBattery ChargersFlight Gyroscopes & GovernorsLightingOnboard Camera MountsPower Plant & Driveline SystemsRemote & App Controlled Vehicle BatteriesRadios & PartsServos & PartsVehicle Bodies & Scale AccessoriesWheels & Tires Toys & Games > Hobbies > Remote & App Controlled Vehicles & Parts > Remote & App Controlled Vehicle Parts > B002PSXJ0S Image(s) provided for illustrative purposes and may differ from the actual product Align T-REX 450 PRO Torque Tube Rear Drive Gear Set Single[B002PSXJ0S] Delivery: 10-20 Working Days Price R481.00 Add to Cart Add to Wishlist Tweet Product DescriptionUse for T-REX 450 PROTail rotor shaft assembly x 1Rear long umbrella gear x 1(Φ2.6xΦ13.8x19.25mm)High Quality MaterialsAlign Factory Parts Ensure a Perfect FitAdditional Information450 PRO TORQUE TUBE REAR DRIVE GEAR SETSpecificationsCountryUSABindingToyBrandAlignEAN4713413946792LabelHRP DistributionManufacturerHRP DistributionModelAGNH45041MPNH45041PartNumberH45041PublisherHRP DistributionStudioHRP Distribution Please Note The authorised South African distributor of this product is under no obligation to honour the manufacture's guarantees/warranties or to provide after-sales service. Please note that this product is based in the USA, and is designed and labelled to be used in the USA. If the unit is powered and plugs into an electrical socket, we cannot import the unit for you due to local regulations, as a permit is required for electrical goods. Please check with us if you are unsure or need any assistance! Please also note that certain items cannot be imported, these include Alcohol, Agricultural Remedies, Animals, Batteries, Flammable Materials, Farm Feeds, Currency, Food, Furs, Chemicals, Explosives, Medications, Plants, Poisons, Seeds, Supplements, Nutrients, Pressurized Cans, Tactical Equipment, Vitamins, Weaponry and Weaponry Accessories. In these cases, information displayed above is for reference/informational purposes only and the item will not be imported. All content is generated and displayed from an automated USA product feed, and if the item cannot be imported for any reason, including carrier restrictions and/or import or sales restrictions under South African or American law, we do reserve the right to cancel and refund the order in full. If you are not sure if we are permitted to bring in an item, please send us an e-mail with a link to the item to confirm. Please also ensure that you are ordering the correct item for your particular application as returns to the USA are costly. Product reviews are also provided for most of our items, which can give you a good idea for possible things to look out for and the quality of the item. By clicking Add to Cart, you are confirming that the item is correct and you accept the conditions listed here. AccountLoginWishlistCreate ProfileTrack OrdersPersonal DetailsInvoices ShopDaily DealsClearance CornerGift Vouchers HelpContact UsFrequently Asked QuestionsDelivery TimesAbout UsTerms & Conditions Social Security NGR Computers Trading as Importitall - Registration CK2004/005596/23 - VAT No 4080239082


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Environmental Justice
GO TO:What is Environmental Justice? | Definitions of Environmental Justice | Equality, Equity, & Autonomy: Paradigms in Environmental Justice | Environmental Racism | Environmental Justice at DEOHS: In-Process Justice, Research & Activities, Education Avenues | Resources
During the past two decades environmental justice (EJ) has become part of the environmental health language. This page is dedicated to a basic understanding of EJ and the Environmental Justice Movement (EJM).
The Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences (DEOHS) has recognized environmental injustices as an important phenomenon to be investigated. Increasing awareness of EJ may influence the focus on underserved communities in the future of scientific research in environmental health.
What is Environmental Justice?
EJ usually refers to the belief that all citizens, regardless of ethnicity or socioeconomic class, should equally share in the benefits of environmental amenities and the burdens of environmental health hazards. Most definitions have common "themes" of justice in distribution, procedures, and process (Pijawka et al. 1998 and Collins 1992).
Environmental Justice (EJ) is not universally defined. EJ has different meanings to various communities and institutions; therefore, the EJ definition is based in place, time, and perspective. It is often explained using examples of environmental injustices, focusing on the distribution of environmental risks.
Most definitions talk about the "environment" as a place where we live, work, play, and pray; it is the environment of the everyday. Because of this new view of the environment, the Environmental Justice Movement (EJM) has caused a major shift in the idea of environmentalism (Taylor, 2000 and Pena, 2005).
Distributional Justice refers to spatial fairness of the physical distribution of environmental benefits and burdens.
- Unequal siting of landfills
- Unequal siting of polluting industries
- Unequal extraction of natural resources
- Disparate access to recreational space
- Disparate exposure to toxicants on the job
- Unequal arrangement of public infrastructure, such as high ways, public transportation, garbage collection, etc.
Procedural Justice refers to providing equal protection from environmental hazards regarding rulemaking and enforcement.
- Unequal protection in cleaning up environmental hazards
- Unequal enforcement in environmental quality control
- Disparate risks in safe food consumption standards
- Disparate impact of cumulative assessment of environmental quality control (i.e. a city may meet air quality standards, but certain neighborhoods within the city may exceed air quality standards)
Process Justice refers to providing opportunities for meaningful citizen involvement in decisions that affect environmental health, including access to information and adequate authority for local knowledge (Pena, 2005).
- Disparate access to information on exposure to toxicants
- Disparate access to regulatory agencies during review on rules, and regulations
- Disparate access to the scientific community on research priorities, and design
- Unequal study subject participation in clinical trials
Let's use the EPA's definition as an example:
Environmental Justice is the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, national origin, or income with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies. Fair treatment means that no group of people, including a racial, ethnic, or a socioeconomic group, should bear a disproportionate share of the negative environmental consequences resulting from industrial, municipal, and commercial operations or the execution of federal, state, local, and tribal programs and policies. Meaningful involvement means that:
- potentially affected community residents have an appropriate opportunity to participate in decisions about a proposed activity that will affect their environment and/or health;
- the public's contribution can influence the regulatory agency's decision;
- the concerns of all participants involved will be considered in the decision making process; and
- the decision makers seek out and facilitate the involvement of those potentially affected.
The Principles of Environmental Justice (1991) Adopted, Washington, D.C., October 1991
First National People of Color Environmental Leadership Summit
We, the People of Color, are gathered together at this First National People of Color Environmental Leadership Summit, to begin to build a national movement of all peoples of color to fight the destruction of our lands and communities, do hereby reestablish our spiritual interdependence to the sacredness of our Mother Earth; we respect and celebrate each of our cultures, languages and beliefs about the natural world and our roles in healing ourselves; to insure environmental justice; to promote economic alternatives which would contribute to the development of environmentally safe livelihoods; and to secure our political, economic and cultural liberation that has been denied for over 500 years of colonization and oppression, resulting in the poisoning of our communities and land and the genocide of our peoples, do affirm and adopt these Principles of Environmental Justice.
- Environmental justice affirms the sacredness of Mother Earth, ecological unity and the interdependence of all species, and the right to be free from ecological destruction.
- Environmental justice demands that public policy be based on mutual respect and justice for all peoples, free from any form of discrimination or bias.
- Environmental justice mandates the right to ethical, balanced and responsible uses of land and renewable resources in the interest of a sustainable planet for humans and other living things.
- Environmental justice calls for universal protection from extraction, production and disposal of toxic/hazardous wastes and poisons that threaten the fundamental right to clean air, land, water and food.
- Environmental justice affirms the fundamental right to political, economic, cultural and environmental self-determination to all peoples.
- Environmental justice demands the cessation of the production of all toxins, hazardous wastes, and radioactive substances, and that all past and current producers be held strictly accountable to the people for detoxification and the containment at the point of production.
- Environmental justice demands the right to participate as equal partners at every level of decision-making including needs assessment, planning, implementation, enforcement and evaluation.
- Environmental justice affirms the right of all workers to a safe and healthy work environment, without being forced to choose between an unsafe livelihood and unemployment It also affirms the right of those who work at home to be free from environmental hazards.
- Environmental justice protects the rights of victims of environmental justice to receive full compensation and reparations for damages as well as quality health care.
- Environmental justice considers governmental acts of environmental injustice a violation of international law, the Universal Declaration on Human Rights, and the United Nations Convention on Genocide.
- Environmental justice recognizes the special legal relationship of Native Americans to the US government through treaties, agreements, compacts, and covenants affirming their sovereignty and self-determination.
- Environmental justice affirms the need for an urban and rural ecology to clean up and rebuild our cities and rural areas in balance with nature, honoring the cultural integrity of all our communities, and providing fair access for all to the full range of resources.
- Environmental justice calls for the strict enforcement of principles of informed consent, and a halt to the testing of experimental reproductive and medical procedures and vaccinations on people of color.
- Environmental justice opposes the destructive operations of multi-national corporations.
- Environmental justice opposes military occupations, repression and exploitation of lands, peoples and cultures.
- Environmental justice calls for the education of present and future generations which emphasizes social and environmental issues, based on our experiences and an appreciation of our diverse cultural perspectives.
- Environmental justice requires that we, as individuals, make personal and consumer choices to consume as little of Mother Earth's resources and to produce as little waste as possible; and make the conscious decision to challenge and reprioritize our lifestyles to insure the health of the natural world for present and future generations.
Definitions of Environmental Justice
The proceedings to the First National People of Color Environmental Leadership Summit are available from the United Church of Christ Commission for Racial Justice, 475 Riverside Dr. Suite 1950, New York, NY 10115.
- Environmental Justice (EJ)...refers to those cultural norms and values, rules, regulations, behaviors, policies, and decisions to support sustainable communities where people can interact with confidence that the environment is safe, nurturing, and productive. Environmental justice is served when people can realize their highest potential...where both cultural and biological diversity are respected and highly revered and where distributed justice prevails.
- Professor Bunyan Bryant, University of Michigan
Book: Environmental Justice: Issues, Policies, and Solutions
- "Environmental Justice" means equal protection from environmental and public health hazards for all people regardless of race, income, culture, and social class.
-State of Maryland
- Environmental Justice is the right to a decent, safe quality of life for people of all races, incomes and cultures in the environments where we live, work, play, learn and pray. Environmental Justice emphasizes accountability, democratic practices, equitable treatment and self-determination. Environmental justice principles prioritize public good over profit, cooperation over competition, community and collective action over individualism, and precautionary approaches over unacceptable risks. Environmental Justice provides a framework for communities of color to articulate the political, economic and social assumptions underlying why environmental racism and degradation happens and how it continues to be institutionally reinforced.
- Asian Pacific Environmental Network
- Environmental Justice, environmental equity, environmental racism. All three terms have been used to describe a belief that poor and minority communities suffer greater exposure to environmental pollution than other communities: that these communities often bear a disproportionate share of the burdens and realize few of the benefits of living near industrial facilities; and that historically, these communities have lacked the power or opportunity to participate in decisions affecting them. Environmental Justice is not just an air, land and water issue. A company's total impact on its neighboring communities - ranging from its emissions reduction efforts to its local hiring and purchasing practices to the scope and focus of its contributions to the community - is now being examined by environmental advocates, the media and regulatory agencies.
- A Plant Manager's Introduction to EJ
Chemical Manufacturer s' Association, Inc.
- The environmental justice movement has basically redefined what environmentalism is all about. It basically says that the environment is everything: where we live, work, play, go to school, as well as the physical and natural world. And so we can't separate the physical environment from the cultural environment. We have to talk about making sure that the justice is integrated throughout all of the stuff that we do.
- Professor Robert Bullard, Clark Atlanta University.
July 1999. Earth First!
- Environmental justice means that, to the greatest extent practicable and permitted by law, all populations are provided the opportunity to comment before decisions are rendered on, are allowed to share in the benefits of, are not excluded from, and are not affected in a disproportionately high and adverse manner by, government programs and activities affecting human health or the environment.
- U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)
Dept. Regulation 5600-002
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA),1992
- Environment means many things to many people. The Environmental Justice movement defines the environment as the place where people live, work, study, play and pray. Low-income rural, people of color, Native American, working class, and ethnic communities are disproportionately victimized by polluting industries. Many call this environmental racism. Many low-income communities experience economic extortion by accepting the presence of polluting industries in exchange for jobs and income. Workers are subject to economic extortion by accepting health and safety compromises in exchange for jobs and income. Alliances between labor and the Environmental Justice movement are natural, desirable, and crucial because workers and community residents are affected by the same toxic releases.
- Public Health Institute and the Labor Institute,
"A Just Transition for Jobs and the Environment"
Volume 2, Pollution Prevention, Draft 2
Equity, Equality, and Autonomy: Paradigms in Environmental Justice
The ideas and definitions around Environmental Justice (EJ) differ in aspects of equity, equality, and autonomy. It could be that two paradigms of EJ are found in the Environmental Justice Movement (EJM): (1) equity and equality; and (2) autonomy.
Equity and equality have been the platform of most institutions' and many organizations' decree of EJ. Some activists believe that EJ will be achieved through equitable distribution of environmental benefits, protection, and hazards. Equal treatment of communities seems like an attainable goal because it is a legitimized by greater society.
However, other activists believe that the equity and equality fail to truly accept the Principles of Environmental Justice, which challenges the use of substances hazardous to ecological health (Pena, 2005). Furthermore, some activists believe that aspiring for equality ultimately legitimates politics from which the injustices were fabricated (Faber, 1998).
Equity- refers to freedom from favoritism when referring to a system of law; the fulfillment of standards regarding environmental health
Example: The EPA established standards of acceptable air quality limits. The air quality for all communities should not exceed the standards
Equality- refers to the same treatment and influence of all communities regarding environmental health
Example: All communities should have the same amount of polluting industries; thus, their air quality should be equal.
Autonomy- refers to the right of communities to be independent and self-govern decisions that would affect environmental health
Example: Communities should have a right to govern what type of air quality standards or how many polluting industries they want for their community.
Environmental Racism
Reverend Benjamin Chavis, the Executive Director of the Commission for Racial Justice of the United Church of Christ during the Toxic Wastes and Race in the United States report in 1987 and a well recognized environmental justice (EJ) advocate, refers to "environmental racism" as racial discrimination in:
- Environmental policymaking
- Enforcement of environmental laws and procedures
- Targeting of communities for the siting of waste disposal and polluting industries
- Excluding people of color from decision making boards
Some people consider racism an important aspect of the Environmental Justice Movement (EJM) because it illustrates a foundation in the Civil Rights Movement.
The Civil Rights movement gave headway for activists to begin using the word 'environmental racism,' framing racism as a causation of environmental inequities . This perspective of "characterizing the absence of environmental justice as environmental racism sharpened the appeal of the cause (Getches and Pellow in Mutz et al., 2001 ) ," motivated communities of color to fight for environmental protection under the decree of social justice.
Thus, activists began viewing environmental injustices as an extension of institutional racism. Institutionalized racism can be viewed as political practices, cultural norms, and power structures that knowingly, or even unintentionally, affect groups of people disproportionately (Pena, 2005).
EJM calls not only for an end to environmental inequities, but for an end to discrimination in housing, land, education , and employment along with equal access to the political processes where these decisions are being made. A full understanding of environmental justice requires knowledge of various causes of injustice, which may be rooted in discrimination.
Environmental Justice at DEOHS
Faculty, staff and student at DEOHS are engaged in projects to ensure that all community members are involved in environmental health in the pursuit of Environmental Justice.
In-Process Justice
An Environmental Justice Town Meeting
In September of 2000, the NIEHS Center for Ecogenetics and Environmental Health (CEEH) sponsored a town meeting: "Voices for Healthy Environments, Healthy Communities" that focused on environmental health and environmental justice issues in Washington State.
The town meeting was a forum for community members to help guide the future NIEHS research agenda. It was successful because of the center's commitment to a truly participatory process. The planning team made an effort to have equal representation from community organizations, government agencies, scientists and affected individuals. Over 200 people attended this town meeting, held at Mount Zion Baptist Church, Seattle. The two-day event included workshops, discussion circles, an open microphone, and presentations from over 20 community groups.
"We need community-based research, not community-placed research. We're being studied to death," Yalonda Sinde of the Community Coalition for Environmental Justice (CCEJ) told researchers at the "Voices for Healthy Environments, Healthy Communities town meeting.
National Environmental Justice Advisory Council Hosting Committee
In December of 2001, three DEOHS institutes were part of the Hosting Committee for the National Environmental Justice Advisory Council (NEJAC) meeting in Seattle. The Hosting Committee worked hard to ensure that community members were involved in planning the evening program and that they had an opportunity to dialog directly with NEJAC members.
The Risk Roundtable: Evaluating Risk from a Tribal Perspective
In January of 1998, the Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication (IRARC) held a three-day educational forum. This forum brought together tribal representatives from across the region and nation and government agency representatives to educate tribal scientists about risk methods and strategies, educate federal and state scientists about risk issues in Indian Country, and to identify obstacles to solving risk issues, potential for collaboration, and avenues for incorporating tribal solutions into federal guidance and actions. It was held at the Wildhorse Resort in Pendleton, OR. It was hosted by the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation (CTUIR) and co-sponsored by CTUIR and the Consortium for Risk Evaluation with Stakeholder Participation (CRESP). Please contact firstname.lastname@example.com for more information.
The Duwamish River Cleanup Coalition presented the 2nd Annual Northwest "Toxic Communities" Summit, October 27-29, 2006 in Seattle, WA. A gathering of community groups working to clean up toxic sites throughout Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Montana, and Alaska. For more information, please visit http://www.duwamishcleanup.org/, or email firstname.lastname@example.com.
Environmental Justice For All, Tour '06 was held September 24 to October 1, 2006.
Research and Activities
The Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication (IRARC). Please contact email@example.com for more information on the following projects.
- Shoalwater Bay Indian Tribe
Since 2000, IRARC and the Community Outreach and Education Program (COEP) has had an ongoing partnership with the Shoalwater Bay Indian Tribe. We have provided consultation on sampling strategies for assessing potential shellfish contamination and reviewed grant proposals (at least one of which was successfully funded by Bureau of Indian Affiars). We have also partnered with the Tribe in a project funded by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences(NIEHS) to scope shellfish contamination issues which has led to several grant proposals designed to investigate these issues. Together with other Tribes, community groups and the UW Center for Ecogenetics and Environmental Health, IRARC co-authored a manuscript promoting role of Tribes and communities in research.
- Swinomish Indian Tribal Community
Since 2000, IRARC and the Community Outreach and Education Program (COEP) has had an ongoing partnership with the Swinomish Indian Tribal Community. We have helped develop sampling strategies and statistical analyses for seafood consumption and provided technical support and review for numerous grants. Together with other Tribes, community groups and the UW Center for Ecogenetics and Environmental Health, IRARC co-authored a manuscript promoting role of Tribes and communities in research.
- Marine Resources for Future Generations
Since 2000, the Marine Resources for Future Generations (MRFFG) has had a partnership between the Korean Women's Asssociation, the Indochinese Cultural & Services Center, the University of Washington, and various government agencies. The group meets monthly, and our mission is to promote safe and sustainable shellfish harvesting and ensure environmental justice for future generations. The Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication has helped in formatting, production and printing of a cookbook to promote safe seafood consumption to the Puget Sound Asian-Pacific Islander (API) community. We have also assisted in grant proposals and organized youth tours of UW Environmental Health laboratory facilities. Together with MRFFG, and some Puget Sound Indian Tribes and the UW Center for Ecogenetics and Environmental Health, IRARC co-authored a manuscript promoting role of Tribes and communities in research.
The Center for Child Environmental Health Risk Research (CHC). Please contact firstname.lastname@example.com for more information on the following projects.
- Community Based Participatory Research Project
Beti Thompson, Gloria Coronado, Eric Vigoren, William Griffith, and Elaine Faustman partnered in this unique community-based participatory research project (CBRP). This project investigated multiple pathways that may contribute to organophosphate pesticide exposure in adults and children living in agricultural communities was ongoing until 2008. Organophosphate (OP) pesticides continue to be widely used in the United States. There is concern that they are related to ill health among adults and children. Although exposure to OP pesticides is generally examined in relation to farmwork via a take-home pathway or drift, it can occur in a number of ways, making it difficult to accurately assess risk. It is less certain to what extent children are exposed through environmental, dietary and lifestyle pathways.
- Pesticide Exposure Pathways
The overall objective of this project is to understand the underlying physical and behavioral mechanisms by which non-occupational exposure occurs following pesticide applications. Pesticide spray drift continues to be a concern in farming communities. Children living in close proximity to fields or in agricultural households have been found to have higher exposure than their non-agricultural counterparts. Since 1998, Michael Yost, Richard Fenske, Jaya Ramasprad, Kai Elgethun, and Sarah Weppner implement current studies to understand the proximity exposure pathway that arises due to off-target movement of pesticides. We combine our novel methods for studying children's activity patterns with our expertise in ambient monitoring of pesticide residues and modeling of transport processes. Please contact Jaya Ramasprad at 206-221-3550 or email@example.com for more information.
- Community Intervention Project
From 1999-2004, Beti Thompson, Gloria Coronado, Rich Fenske, William Griffith, and Elaine Faustman studied to reduce the take-home pesticide exposure among children of farmworkers. To better understand the take-home pathway, we examined the work and home practices of farmworkers that might be related to the take-home pesticide pathway. Specifically, we looked at farmworkers' tasks, their self-reported overall contact with pesticides, cleaning and other safety facilities available to them as part of their jobs, and their home practices that might reduce the amount of pesticide residues taken into the home. We found a substantial proportion of our sample reported having been exposed to pesticides. We also found that farmworkers had different perceptions of exposure to pesticides depending on the farm tasks they did.
The Pacific Northwest Agricultural Safety and Health (PNASH) activities:
- El Proyecto Bienestar (The Well Being Project)
El Proyecto Bienestar is a community-based participatory research project focused on the occupational and environmental health issues of Hispanic agricultural workers in Yakima, Washington. Hispanic agricultural workers in the Yakima Valley provide the manual labor that makes Washington among the most productive agricultural states in the country. However, agricultural workers experience many social, economic, cultural and legal constraints to the health and well-being of themselves and their families. Proyecto Bienestar partners include the University of Washington, the Yakima Valley Farm Worker's Clinic, Radio KDNA and Heritage University. The goal of the project is to study environmental and occupational risks and develop an issues-driven action plan according to the priorities set by the community. Several research methodologies are being used in order to best identify and prioritize risks.
- Workplace Determinants of Take-Home Pesticide Exposure
PNASH Director Richard Fenske and the Center's Industrial Hygienist Kit Galvin are collaborating with Washington state employers and workers on a project with two major goals: to better understand how workplace chemicals are inadvertently brought into workers' homes and to reduce the exposure to pesticides of workers and their families, especially children. Investigators began by sampling vehicle and household dust to determine the extent that the take-home pathway contributes to home pesticide residue levels. Subsequent interviews and work site evaluations contributed to the design of several interventions that were then tested. PNASH studies found a strong association between home and vehicle dust for a number of pesticides, providing further support for the take-home exposure pathway. This project will continue through September of 2006.
- The Readability of Farm Safety Materials for Migrant Farm Workers
Eastern Washington University Center for Farm Health and Safety researcher Mark Landa's studied the links between literacy and safety among Hispanic farm workers. He measured the comprehensibility of graphics such as signs and symbols and text such as paragraphs and labels. His work indicates that less than half of the pesticide safety materials used in his study were understood by the subjects. The more text there was, the harder it was to understand. Education and literacy were only part of the capacity to learn. The highest score in Landa's comprehension test was achieved by a 70 year-old woman with two years of formal education. Interested parties may obtain a copy of the report by contacting Mark Landa at firstname.lastname@example.com.
- Development of a Community Theater Troupe: Health and Farm Safety Training for Hispanic Agricultural Workers
Pamela Elkind, Director of the EWU Center for Farm Safety and Health, used Spanish-language theater to educate farm workers about health hazards and prevention strategies. The project presented four one-act plays with community actors in a fiesta setting to farm workers in the Yakima Valley. Two videos resulted:
- Suenos y Desafios addresses sound ergonomic practices in general, and musculoskeletal injury reduction in packing houses specifically.
- Dora Evelia focuses on pesticide safety and was edited to include EPA pesticide guidelines and English subtitles.
Community Outreach & Ethics Core activities
- Environmental Justice Network in Action (EJNA)
The Community Outreach and Education Program (COEP) is supported by the NIEHS Center for Ecogenetics and Environmental Health and the UW Superfund Research Program. COEP staff has actively participated in the Environmental Justice Network in Action (EJNA), a coalition convened by Seattle Public Utilities. EJNA is made up of community based organizations, agencies and academics, who have been working together since 2001, to determine what environmental health concerns are most relevant to recent immigrant and refugee population in King County. Focus groups, interviews, and surveys were used to gather information on the best ways respond to the environmental health concerns of our underserved communities. Outreach activities, conducted by community members, have included in-home visits, staffing booths at community fairs and presentations at professional meetings. Click here for a list of resources for the community.
Education Avenues
Environmental Health Seminar Series
- February 2004: "The Science of Politics of Environmental Risk: Views From the Environmental Justice Movement" featuring Dr. Devon Pena, Professor at UW Department of Environmental Anthropology.
- March 2005: "Reshaping Science and Research for Environmental Justice" featuring Running-Grass, Environmental Justice Specialist Region IX, Environmental Protection Agency.
- February 2005: "A Discussion of the Proposed EPA CHEERS Study" featuring four students of the DEOHS graduate program. The seminar presented the scientific merit, politics, and environmental justice issues of an extremely controversial EPA study, Children's Environmental Exposure Research Study (CHEERS). The students initiated the seminar in order to promote inter-departmental discussion about such "real life" issues.
- October 2005: "Mercury Regulation and Environmental Justice: Issues for Human Health, Environmental Quality, and Tribal Rights" featuring Professor Catherine O'Neil, J.D.
- December 2006: Marjora Carter (winner of a $500,000 MacArthur "genius grant") was a seminar speaker on environmental justice.
- The Environmental Risk and Society (ENVH 472) course includes one week on EJ. EJ is explored by looking at environmental health risks as they relate to communities of color and low-income populations.
- The Hazardous Waste Management (ENVH 446) course includes one discussion on EJ. EJ is investigated by looking at environmental health risks of Superfund sites as they relate to communities of color. Furthermore, EJ is examined by discussing different perceptions of risk by different communities.
- Exploring Environment and Health Connections (ENV H 111) course includes two course period lectures on EJ. Social and scientific concepts of EJ are presented.
Environmental Justice Outreach and Training - EPA Region 10
Jackson Announces New Senior-level Position To Focus on Environmental Justice Issues
Administrator Lisa P. Jackson announced a new position within the EPA to focus on diversity within the organization and EJ issues throughout the United States. Her remarks were made at the 31st Annual Blacks in Government conference on August 25, 2009.
How Communities and Workers Are Holding the Port of Oakland Accountable
Standing on Principle: The Global Push for Environmental Justice
October 2007 Issue, Environmental Health Perspectives Climate change, acid rain, depletion of the ozone layer, species extinction—all of these issues point to one thing: environmental health is a global issue that concerns all nations of the world. Now add environmental justice to the list. From South Bronx to Soweto, from Penang to El Paso, communities all over the world are finding commonality in their experiences and goals in seeking environmental justice.
RSS feeds - Google News Environmental Justice
Oregon Legislature establishes Environmental Justice Task Force: Oregon State Senate Bill 420 created the Environmental Justice Task Force. Specifies duties and responsibilities. Requires natural resource agencies to perform certain actions relating to environmental justice. Defines "natural resource agency."
EPA grants will help nail salons: Environmental Coalition of South Seattle and the Seattle-based Community Coalition for Environmental Justice share a grant to reduce exposure to chemicals.
Environmental justice podcasts (from Block, Street, Building blog)
Environmental Justice Grant Programs (EPA)
Environmental Justice Resource Center at Clark Atlanta University
Environmental Justice Program - Region 10
AAEA - African American Environmentalist Association
APEN - Asian Pacific Environmental Network
API - Asian and Pacific Islanders
ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
CATE - Citizens Against Toxic Exposure
CBOs - community-based organizations
CCEJ - Community Coalition for Environmental Justice
CERCLA - Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act
CEQ - Council on Environmental Quality
CDC - Center for Disease Control
DEOHS - Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences
Dine CARE - Dine Citizens Against Ruining our Environment
DDT - Dichloro-diphenyl-trichloro-ethane
DSCEJ - Deep South Center for Environmental Justice
EA - environmental assessment
EIS - environmental impact statement
EJ - Environmental Justice
EJM - Environmental Justice Movement
EJRC - Environmental Justice Resource Center
EPA - U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
FDA - Food and Drug Administration
FNEEJ - Farmworker Network for Economic and Environmental Justice
G10 - "Group of Ten" environmental organizations
GAO - General Accounting Office
GIS - Geographic Information Systems
HBCUs - historically black colleges and universities
IEN - Indigenous Environmental Network
IOM - Institute of Medicine
IWG - Federal Interagency Working Group on Environmental Justice
IWN - Indigenous Women's Network
LULU - Locally undesirable/unwanted land uses
MELA - Madres del Este Los Angeles (Mothers of East Los Angeles)
MLK - Martin Luther King Jr.
NEPA - National Environmental Policy Act
NEJAC - National Environmental Justice Advisory Council
NIH - National Institutes of Health
NIEHS - National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
NIMBY - not in my backyard
NIOSH - National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health
NPL - National Priority List
PBS - Public Broadcasting Service
PCB - polychlorinated biphenyl
PEJ - Principles of Environmental Justice
RECA - Reformed Radiation Exposure Compensation Act
SARA - Superfund Amendment Reauthorization Act
SNEEJ - Southwest Network for Environmental and Economic Justice
SOC - Southern Organizing Committee
SWOP - Southwest Organizing Project
TAG - technical assistance grant
TRI - toxic release inventory
UFW - United Farm Workers of America
UFWOC - United Farm Workers Organizing Committee
USDA - U.S. Department of Agriculture
WE ACT - West Harlem Environmental Action
WERA - West End Revitalization Association
Berkeley Workshop on Environmental Politics. Environmental Justice and Environmental Racism: An Annotated Bibliography and General Overview, Focusing on U.S. Literature (1999-2002). PDF
Environmental Inequity Bibliography
Environmental Justice Resource Center's Annotated Bibliography
The Federal Highway Administration's current annotated bibliography
Adamson, Joni. 2001. American Indian, Environmental Justice, and Ecocritisism: The Middle Place. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
Agyeman, Julian, Robert Bullard, and Bob Evans (eds.). 2003. Just Sustainabilities: Development in an unequal world. London: Earthscan.
Camacho, David E. (ed.). 1998. Environmental Injustice, Political Struggles. Durham: Duke University Press.
Boyce, James and Barry G. Shelley (eds.). 2003. Natural Assets: Democratizing Environmental Ownership. Washington DC: Island Press.
Bryant, Bunyan (ed.). 1995. Environmental Justice: Issues, Policies, and Solutions. Washington, DC: Island Press.
Bryant, Bunyan and Paul Mohai (eds.). 1992. Race and the Incidence of Environmental Hazards: A Time for Discourse. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Bullard, Robert D. 1990. Dumping in Dixie: Race, Class, and Environmental Quality. Boulder: Westview Press.
Bullard, Robert D. 1993. Confronting Environmental Racism: Voices from the Grassroots. Boston: South End Press.
Bullard, Robert D. (ed.). 1994. Unequal Protection: Environmental Justice and Communities of Color. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books.
Bullard, Robert D. 1987. Invisible Houston: The Black Experience in Boom and Bust. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press.
Bullard, Robert D. and Glenn S. Johnson (eds.). 1997. Just Transportation: Dismantling Race & Class Barriers to Mobility. Gabriola Island, BC: New Society Publishers.
Churchill, Ward. 1999. Struggle for the Land: Native North American Resistance to Genocide, Ecocide and Colonization. Canada: City Lights Books.
Cole, Luke W. and Sheila Foster. 2001. From the Ground Up: Environmental Racism and the Rise of the Environmental Justice Movement. New York: New York University Press.
Faber, Daniel (ed.). 1998. The Struggle for Ecological Democracy: Environmental Justice Movements in the United States. New York: Guilford Publications.
Fisher, Frank. 2000. Citizens, Experts, and the Environment: The Politics of Local Knowledge. Durham: Duke University Press.
Forsyth, Tim. 2003. Critical Political Ecology: The Politics of Environmental Science. London: Routledge.
Gerrard Michael B. 1995. Whose Backyard, Whose Risk: Fear and Fairness in Toxic and Nuclear Waste Siting. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Geddicks, Al. 1993. The New Resource Wars: Native and Environmental Struggles Against Multinational Corporations. Boston: South End Press.
Hofrichter, Richard (ed.). 1993. Toxic Struggles: The Theory and Practice of Environmental Justice. Philadelphia: New Society Publishers.
LaDuke, Winona. 1999. All Our Relations: Native Struggles for Land and Life. Boston, MA: Southend Press.
Lester, James P., David W. Allen, Kelly M. Hill. 2001. Environmental Injustice in the United States: Myths and Realities. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Manaster, Kenneth A. 1995. Environmental Protection and Justice: Readings and Commentary on Environmental Law and Practice. Cincinnati: Anderson Publishing Co.
McGovern, Dan. 1995. The Campo Indian Landfill Wall: The Fight for Gold in California's Garbage. London: University of Oklahoma Press.
Moyers, Bill D. 1990. Global Dumping Ground: The International Traffic in Hazardous Waste. Washington, DC: Seven Locks Press.
Mutz, Kathryn M., Gary C. Bryner, and Doublas S. Kenney (eds.). 2001. Justice and Natural Resources: Concepts Strategies, and Applications. Washington: Island Press.
Novotny, Patrick. 2000. Where We Live, Work, and Play: The Environmental Justice Movement and The Struggle for a New Environmentalism. Westport, CT: Praeger.
Pellow, David and Robert Brulle (eds.). 2005. Power, Justice and the Environment: A Critique of the Environmental Justice Movement. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Pena, Devon G. 2005. Mexican Americans and the Environment: Tierra y vida. Tucson, AZ: The University of Arizona Press.
Pena, Devon G. (ed.). 1998. Chicano Culture, Ecology, Politics: Subversive Kin. Tucson, AZ: The University of Arizona Press.
Pulido, Laura. 1996. Environmentalism and Economic Justice: Two Chicano Struggles in the Southwest. Tucson, AZ: The University of Arizona Press.
Rechtschaffen, C. and E. Gauna. 2002. Environmental Justice: Law, Policy, and Regulation. Durham: North Carolina Academic Press.
Roberts, J. Timmons and Melissa M. Toffolon-Weiss. 2001. Chronicles from the Environmental Justice Frontline. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
Stein, Rachel (ed.). 2004. New Perspectives on Environmental Justice: Gender, Sexuality, and Activism. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
Warren, Karen (ed.). 1997. Ecofeminism: Women, Culture, Nature. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Weaver, Jace (ed.). 1996. Defending Mother Earth: Native American Perspectives on Environmental Justice. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books.
Wester, Laura and Peter Wenz (eds.). 1995. Faces of Environmental Racism: Confronting Issues of Global Justice. Rowan and Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
Government Sources
Clinton, President William J. 11 February 1994. Executive Order 12898 - Federal Actions to Address Environmental Justice in Minority Populations and Low-Income Populations.
National Environmental Justice Advisory Committee. November 1996. Model Plan for Public Participation.
National Environmental Justice Advisory Committee. 1996. Public Dialogues on Urban Revitalization and Brownfields.
U.S. Council on Environmental Quality. 10 December 1997. Environmental Justice Guidance under the National Environmental Policy Act.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 3 April 1995. The EPA's Environmental Justice Strategy.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance. 5 May 1998. Interim Guidance for Investigating Title VI Administrative Complaints Challenging Permits.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Federal Activities. April 1998. Final Guidance for Incorporating Environmental Justice Concerns in EPA's NEPA Compliance Analysis.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response. June 1999. Brownfields Title VI Case Studies: Summary Report.
U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. 24 March 1995. "Fighting Childhood Lead Poisoning." Environmental Justice Report.
U.S. Department of Transportation. 29 June 1995. "Final Environmental Justice Strategy" and "Proposed Order to Address Environmental Justice in Minority Populations and Low-Income Populations." Federal Register 60 (125): 33896-33903.
U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Office of Chief Council. 2 February 2000. Environmental Justice in Transportation: Legal Background.
U.S. District Court, Central District of California. 29 October 1996. Labor/Community Strategy Center, et al. v. Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority, et al., "Consent Decree".
U.S. General Accounting Office. 1983. Siting of Hazardous Waste Landfills and Their Correlation with Racial and Economic Status of Surrounding Communities. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
U.S. General Accounting Office. 1985. Assessment of EPA's Hazardous Waste Enforcement Strategy. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
Compilations of EJ Articles
EPA Journal. 1992. Environmental Protection: Has it been Fair? Volume 18 (1).
Environmental Health Perspectives. 2002. Advancing Environmental Justice through Community-Based Participatory Research. Volume 110 (Supp 2).
Fordham Urban Law Journal. 1993. Urban Environmental Justice . Special Issue Volume 20 (3).
Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology. 1999. Looking at Environmental Justice from an Environmental Health Perspective . Volume 9 (1).
Race, Gender, & Class. 1998. Volume 6 (1).
WorldWatch Paper. 1995. Eco-Justice: Linking Human Rights and the Environment . Volume 127.
Academic Journal & Law Articles
Arnold, Craig Anthony. 1998. "Planning Milagros: Environmental Justice and Land Use Regulation." Denver University Law Review 76 (1): 105-139.
Arcury, Thomas A., Sara A. Quandt, and Gregory B. Russell. 2002. "Pesticide safety among Farmworkers: Perceived Risk and Perceived Control as Factors Reflecting Environmental Justice." Environmental Health Perspectives 110 (Supp2): 233-240.
Been, V. and F. Gupta. 1997. "Coming to the Nuisance or Going to the Barrios? A Longitudinal Analysis of Environmental Justice Claims. Ecology Law Quarterly 24 (1): 1-56.
Been, Vicki. 1993. "What's Fairness Got To Do with It? Environmental Justice and the Siting of Locally Undesirable Land Uses." Cornell Law Review 78 (6): 1,027-1,068.
Bolin, Bob, Eric Matranga, Edward J. Hackett, Edward K. Sadalla, K. David Pijawka, Debbie Brewer, and Diane Sicotte. 2000. "Environmental Equity in a Sunbelt City: The Spatial Distribution of Toxic Hazards in Phoenix, AZ." Environmental Hazards 2: 11-24.
Bowan, William. 2002. An Analytical Review of Environmental Justice Research: What do we really know? Environmental Management 29 (1): 3-15.
Boyce, James K. 1995. "Equity and the Environment: Social Justice Today as a Prerequisite for Sustainability in the Future." Alternatives 21 (1): 12-27.
Bullard, Robert D. and Glenn S. Johnson. 2000. Environmental Justice: Grassroots Activism and its Impact on Public Policy Decision Making. Journal of Social Issues 56 (3): 555-578
Bullard, Robert D. and Beverly H. Wright. 1987. "Environmentalism and the Politics of Equity: Emergent Trends in the Black Community." Mid-American Review of Sociology 12: 21-37.
Checker, Melissa. 2001. "Like Nixon Coming to China: Finding Common Ground in Multi-Ethnic Coalition for Environmental Justice." Anthropological Quarterly 74 (30: 135-146.
Clark, Jeanne N. and Andrea K. Gurlat. 1998. "Environmental Racism in the Sunbelt? A Cross-Cultural Analysis." Environmental Management 22 (6): 857-867.
Cole, Luke W. 1995. "Macho Law Brains, Public Citizens, and Grassroots Activists: Three Models of Environmental Advocacy." Virginia Environmental Law Journal 14 (Summer): 687-710.
Cole, Luke W. 1994. "Environmental Justice Litigation: Another Stone in David's Sling." Fordham Urban Law Journal 21 (3): 523-545.
Collin, R. W. 1992. "Environmental Equity: A Law and Planning Approach to Environmental Racism." Virginia Environmental Law Journal 11 (4): 495-546.
Corbun, Jason. 2002. "Environmental Justice, Local Knowledge, and Risk: The Discourse of a Community-Based Exposure Assessment." Environmental Management 29 (4): 451-456.
Corbun, Jason. 2002. "Combining Community-Based Research and Local Knowledge to Confront Asthma and Subsistence-Fishing Hazards in Greenpoint/Williamsburg, Brooklyn, New York." Environmental Health Perspectives 110 (Supp 2): 241-248.
Cutter, S. L. 1995. "Race, Class, and Environmental Justice." Progress in Human Geography 19 (1): 111-122.
Earnhardt, Melany. 1995. "Using the National Environmental Policy Act to Address Environmental Justice Issues." Clearinghouse Review 29 (4): 436-445.
Edwards, Bob and Anthony E. Ladd. 2000. Environmental Justice, Swine Production, and Farm Loss in North Carolina. Sociological Spectrum 20: 263-290.
Egan, Michael. 2002. "Subaltern Environmentalism in the United States: A Historiographic Review." Environment and History 8 (1): 21-41.
Forman, C. H. 2002. "Environmental Justice and Risk Assessment: The Uneasy Relationship." Human and Ecological Risk Assessment 6 (4): 549-554.
Forkenbrock, David J. and Lisa A. Schweitzer. 1999. "Environmental Justice in Transportation Planning." Journal of the American Planning Association 65 (1): 96-111.
Foster, Sheila. 1993. "Race(ial) Matters: The Quest for Environmental Justice." Ecology Law Quarterly 20 (4): 721-753.
Fox, Mary, John D. Groopman, and Thomas A. Burke. 2002. "Evaluating Cumulative Risk Assessment for Environmental Justice: A Community Case Approach." Environmental Health Perspectives 110 (Supp 2): 203-210.
Fricker, R. D. and N.W. Hengartner. 2001. "Environmental Equity and the Distribution of Toxic Release Inventory and other Environmentally Undesirable Sites in Metropolitan New York City." Environmental and Ecological Statistics 8: 33-52.
Fung, Archon and Dara O'Rourke. 2000. "Reinventing Environmental Regulation from the Grassroots Up: Explaining and Expanding the Success of the Toxics Release Inventory." Environmental Management 25 (2): 115-127.
Gauna, E. 1998. "The Environmental Justice Misfit: Public Participation and the Paradigm Paradox." Stanford Law Journal 17: 3-72.
Gilmer, Ruth Wilson. 2002. "Fatal Coupling of Power and Difference: notes on Racism and Geography." The Professional Geographer 54 (1): 15-24.
Goldman, B.A. 2000. "The Environmental Justice Paradigm for Risk Assessment." Human and Ecological Risk Assessment 6 (4): 541-548.
Hamilton, James T. 1995. "Testing for Environmental Racism: Prejudice, Profits, Political Power?" Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 14 (1): 107-132.
Harris, Stuart G. 2000. "Risk Analysis: Changes Needed from a Native American-Perspective. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment 6 (4): 529-535.
Heikkila, Eric J. 2001. "Identity and Inequality: Race and Space in Planning." Planning Theory and Practice 2 (3): 261-275.
Heiman, Michael. 1996. "Race, Waste and Class: New Perspectives on Environmental Justice." Antipode 28 (2): 111-121.
Hicks, Gregory A. and Devon G. Pena. 2003. "Community Acequias in Colorado's Rio Culebra Watershed: A Customary Commons in the Domain of Prior Appropriation." University of Colorado Law Review 74: 387-486.
Hines, Revahti I. 2001. "African Americans' Struggle for Environmental Justice and the case of the Shintech Plant: Lessons Learned from a Waged War." Journal of Black Studies 31 (6): 777-789.
Hird, John A. 1993. "Environmental Policy and Equity: The Case of Superfund." Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 12 (2): 323-343.
Hockman, Elaine M. and Charles M. Morris. 1998. "Progress toward Environmental Justice: a Five-Year Perspective of Toxicity, Race and Poverty in Michigan, 1990-1995." Environmental Planning and Management 41 (2): 157-176.
Johnson, B. L. and Coulberson S. L. 1993. "Environmental Epidemiologic Issues and Minority Health. Annals of Epidemiology 3 (2): 175-180
Kalof, Linda, Thomas Dietz, Gregory Guagnano, and Paul C. Stern. 2002. "Race, Gender, and Environmentalism: The Atypical Values and Beliefs of White Men." Race, Gender and Class 9 (2): 1-19.
Kaswan, Alice. 1997. "Environmental Justice: Bridging the Gap Between Environmental Laws and 'Justice.'" American University Law Review 47 (2): 221-300.
Keeler, Gerald J., Timothy Dvonch, Fuyuen Y. Yip, Edith A. Parker, Barbara A. Israel, Frank J. Marsik, Masako Morishita, James A. Barres, Thomas G. Robins, Wilma Brakefield-Caldwell, and Mathew Sam. 2002. "Assessment of Personal and Community-Level Exposures to Particulate Matter among Children with Asthma in Detroit, Michigan as Part of Community Action Against Asthma (CAAA)." Environmental Health Perspectives 110 (Supp 2): 171-183.
Kraft, Michael E. and Denise Scheberle. 1995. "Environmental Justice and the Allocation of Risk: The Case of Lead and Public Health." Policy Studies Journal 23 (1): 113-122.
Krieger, James, Tim K. Takaro, Carol Allen, Lin Song, Marcia Weaver, Sanders Chai, and Philip Dickey. 2002. "The Seattle King County Healthy Homes Project: Implementation of a Comprehensive Approach to Improving Indoor Environmental Quality for Low-Income Children with Asthma." Environmental Health Perspectives 110 (Supp 2): 311-322.
Lambert, Thomas and Christopher Boerner (1997). "Environmental Inequity: Economic Causes, Economic Solutions." Yale Journal on Regulation 14 (1):195-228.
Lee, Charles. 2002. "Environmental Justice: Building a Unified Vision of Health and the Environment." Environmental Health Perspectives 110 (Supp 2): 141-144.
Litt, Jill S, Nga L. Tran, and Thomas A. Burke. 2002. "Examining Urban Brownfields through the Public Health 'Macroscope.'" Environmental Health Perspectives 110 (Supp 2): 183-194.
Loh, Penn, Jodi Sugerman-Brozan, Standrick Wiggins, David Noiles, and Cecelia Archibald. "From Asthma to AirBeat: Community-Driven Monitoring of Fine Particles and Black Carbon in Roxbury, Massachusetts." Environmental Health Perspectives 110 (Supp 2): 297-302.
Lopez, Russ. 2002. "Segregation and Black/White Differences in exposure t oAir Toxics in 1990." Environmental Health Perspectives 110 (Supp 2): 289-296.
Maantay, Juliana. 2002. "Mapping Environmental Injustices: Pitfalls and Potentials of Geographical Information Systems in Assessing Environmental Health and Equity." Environmental Health Perspectives 110 (Supp 2): 161-171.
Malcoe, Lorraine Halinka, Robert A. Lynch, Michelle Crozier Kegler, and Valerie J. Skaggs. 2002. "Lead Sources, Behaviors, and Socioeconomic Factors in Relation to Blood Lead of Native American and White Children: A Community-Based Assessment of a Former Mining Area." Environmental Health Perspectives 110 (Supp 2): 221-232.
Mank, Bradford C. 1999. "Environmental Justice and Title VI: Making Recipient Agencies Justify Their Siting Decisions." Tulane Law Review 73: 787-844.
Mank, Bradford. 1999. "Is There a Private Cause of Action Under EPA's Title VI Regulations? The Need to Empower Environmental Justice Plaintiffs." Columbia Journal of Environmental Law 24 (1): 1-61.
Martinez-Alier Joan. 2001. "Mining Conflicts, Environmental Justice, and Valuation." Journal of Hazardous Materials 86: 153-170.
McWilliams, Douglas A. 1994. "Environmental Justice and Industrial Redevelopment: Economics and Equity in Urban Revitalization." Ecology Law Quarterly 21 (3): 705-783.
Morello-Frosch, Rachel, Manuel Pastor, Carlos Porras, and James Sadd. 2002. "Environmental Justice and Regional Inequality in Southern California: Implications for Future Research." Environmental Health Perspectives 110 (Supp 2): 149-154.
Morello-Frosch, Rachel, Manuel Pastor, and James Sadd. 2001. "Environmental Justice and Southern California's 'Riskscape': The Distribution of Air Toxics Exposures and Health Risks Among Diverse Communities." Urban Affairs Review 36 (4): 551-578.
Mennis, Jeremy. 2002. "Using Geographical Information Systems to Create and Analyze Statistical Surfaces of Population and Risk for Environmental Justice Analysis." Social Science Quarterly 83 (1): 281-297.
Miller, Vernice D. 1994. "Planning, Power and Politics: A Case Study of the Land Use and Siting History of the North River Water Pollution Control Plant." Fordham Urban Law Journal 21 (3): 707-722.
Northridge, Mary E., Ilan H. Meyer, and Linda Dunn. 2002. "Overlooked and Underserved in Harlem: A Population-Based Survey of Adults with Asthma." Environmental Health Perspectives 110 (Supp 2): 217-220.
O'Rourke, Dara and Gregg Macey. 2003. "Community Environmental Policing: Assessing New Strategies of Public Participation in Environmental Regulation." Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 22 (3): 383-414 .
O'Rourke, Dara and Sarah Connolly. 2003. "Just Oil? The Distribution of Environmental and Social Impact of Oil Production and Consumption." Annual Review of Environment Resources 28: 587-617.
Padgett, David A. and Nikitah O. Imani. 1999. "Qualitative and Quantitative Assessment of Land Use Managers' Attitudes Towards Environmental Justice." Environmental Management 24 (4): 509-517.
Pastor, Manuel. 2001. "Common Ground at Ground Zero? The New Economy and New Organizing in Los Angeles." Antipode 33 (2): 260-289.
Pastor, Manuel, James Sadd, and J. Hipp. 2001. "Which Came First? Toxic Facilities, Minority Move-in, and Environmental Justice." Journal of Urban Affairs 23 (1): 1-21.
Pastor, Manuel, James Sadd, and Rachel Morello-Frosch. 2002. "Who's Minding the Kids? Pollution, Public Schools, and Environmental Justice in Los Angeles." Social Science Quarterly 83 (1): 263-278.
Pellow, David N. 2001. "Environmental Justice and the Political Process: Movements, Corporations, and the State." Sociological Quarterly 42 (1): 47-67.
Pellow, David N. 2000. "Environmental Equity Formation: Toward a Theory of Environmental Justice." American Behavioral Scientist 43 (4): 581-601.
Pena, Devon G. 2003. "The Scope of Latina/o Environmental Studies. Latino Studies 1: 47-89.
Pezzulo, Phaedra C. 2001. "Performing Critical Interruptions: Stories, Rhetorical Invention and the Environmental Justice Movement." Western Journal of Communications 65 (1): 1-25.
Pijawka, David K., John Blair, Subhrajit Guhathakurta, Sarah Lebiednik, and Suleiman Ashur. 1998. "Environmental Equity in Central Cities: Socioeconomic Dimensions and Planning Strategies." Journal of Planning Education and Research 18: 113-123.
Pinderhughes, Rachel. 1997. "Who decides what constitutes a Pollution Problem?" Race, Gender, and Class 5 (1): 130-153.
Pretty, Jules N. and Michael P. Pimbert. 1995. "Beyond Conservation Ideology and the Wilderness Myth." Natural Resources Forum 19 (1).
Pulido, Laura. 2000. "Rethinking Environmental Racism: White Privilege and Urban Development in Southern California." Annals of the Association of the American Geographer s 90 (1): 12-40.
Pulido, Laura. 1996. "A Critical Review of the Methodology of Environmental Racism Research." Antipode 28 (2): 142-159.
Pulido, Laura. 1996. "Development of the 'People of Color' Identity in the Environmental Justice Movement of the Southwestern United States. Socialist Review 26: 145-180.
Pulido, Laura. 1996. "Environmental Racism." Urban Geography 17 (5):
Pulido, Laura and Devon Pena. 1998. "Environmentalism and Positionality: The Early Pesticide Campaign of the United Farm Workers' Organizing Committee, 1965-1971." Race, Gender, and Class 6 (1): 33-50.
Roberts, Steven M. 2000. "Environmental Justice: Examining the Role of Risk Assessment." Human and Ecological Risk Assessment 6 (4): 537-540.
Ross, Heather E. 1994. "Using NEPA in the Fight for Environmental Justice." William and Mary Journal of Environmental Law 18 (2): 353-374.
Sadd, James, Manuel Pastor, J. Thomas Boer, and Lori D. Synder. 1999. "Every Breath you Take...: The Demographics of Toxic Air Releases in Southern California." Economic Development Quarterly 13 (2): 107-123.
Sexton, Ken. 2000. "Socioeconomic and Racial Disparities in Environmental Health: Is Risk Assessment Part of the Problem or Part of the Solution?" Human and Ecological Risk Assessment 6 (4): 561-574.
Shelton, Dinah. 1991. "Human Rights, Environmental Rights, and the Right to Environment." Stanford Journal of International Law 28: 103-138.
Simon, T.W. 2000. "In Defense of Risk Assessment: A Reply to Environmental Justice Movement's Critique." Human and Ecological Risk Assessment 6 (4): 555-560.
Szasz, Andrew and Michael Meuser. 2000. "Unintended, Inexorable: The Production of Environmental Inequalities in Santa Clara County, California." American Behavioral Scientist 43 (4): 602-632.
Szasz, Andrew and Michael Meuser. 1997. "Environmental Inequities: Literature Review and Proposals for a New Direction in Research and Theory." Current Sociology 45 (3): 99-120.
Taquino, Michael, Domenico Parisi, and Duane A. Gill. 2002. "Units of Analysis and the Environmental Justice Hypothesis: The Case of Industrial Hog Farms." Social Science Quarterly 83 (1): 298-316.
Taylor, Dorceta E. 1997. "American Environmentalism: The Role of Race, Class, and Gender in Shaping Activism 1820-1995." Race, Gender & Class 5 (1): 16-62.
Taylor, Dorceta. E. 2000. "The Rise of the Environmental Justice Paradigm: Injustice Framing and the Social Construction of Environmental Discourses." American Behavioral Scientist 43(4): 508-580.
Tesh, Silvia N. and Bruce A. Williams. 1996. "Identity Politics, Disinterested Politics, and Environmental Justice." Polity 28 (3): 285-305.
Towers, George. 2000. "Applying the Political Geography of Scale: Grassroots Strategies and Environmental Justice." Professional Geographer 52 (1): 23-36.
Williams, Bryan L. and Yvette Florez. 2000. "Do Mexican Americans Perceive Environmental Issues Differently than Caucasians? A Study of Cross-Ethnic Variation in Perceptions Related to Water in Tucson." Environmental Health Perspectives 110 (Supp 2): 303-310.
Williams, Robert W. 1999. "Environmental Injustice in America and its Politics of Scale." Political Geography 18 (1): 49-73.
Wilson, Sacoby M., Frank Howell, Steve Wing, and Mark Sobsey. 2002. "Environmental Injustice and the Mississippi Hog Industry." Environmental Health Perspectives 110 (Supp 2): 195-201.
SEE All articles. 1994. West Virginia Law Review 96 (4).
Other Sources
Environmental Defense Fund. "Fighting for Equality in Public Transit: Labor Community Strategy Center v. MTA."
Environmental Law Institute. 2002. "A Citizen's Guide to Using Federal Environmental Laws to Secure Environmental Justice." Washington DC. Also found FREE online at http://www.eli.org/sites/default/files/eli-pubs/d12-02.pdf
Goldman, Benjamin. 1993. Not Just Prosperity: Achieving Sustainability with Environmental Justice . Washington DC: National Wildlife Federation.
Goldman, Benjamin and Laura J. Fitton. 1994. Toxic Waste and Race Revisited . Washington, DC: Center for Policy Alternatives, NAACP, United Church of Christ Commission for Racial Justice.
Hernandez, Lizette. 1999. Building Upon Our Strengths: A Community Guide to Brownfields Redevelopment in the San Francisco Bay Area . San Francisco, CA: Urban Habitat Program.
Institute of Medicine, Committee on Environmental Justice. 1999. Toward Environmental Justice: Research, Education, and Health Policy Needs . Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
Keck, Margaret E. 1995. Parks, People and Power: The Shifting Terrain of Environmentalism . NACLA "Report on the Americas." March/April.
Kong, Maria and Pamela Chiang. 2001. Fighting Fire with Fire: Lessons from the Laotian's Organizing Project's First Campaign . Oakland and Richmond, CA, Laotian Organizing Project and Asian Pacific Environmental Network.
Lavelle, Marianne and Marcia Coyle. "Unequal Protection: The Racial Divide in Environmental Law." The National Law Journal. 21 Sept: 81+.
Southwest Organizing Project. 1995. Intel Inside New Mexico: A Case Study of Environmental and Economic Injustice . Albuquerque: SWOP.
United Church of Christ, Commission for Racial Justice. 1987. Toxic Wastes and Race in the United States: A National Report on the Racial and Socio-Economic Characteristics of Communities with Hazardous Waste Sites . New York: Public Data Access, Inc.
Wells, Michael and Katrina Brandon. 1992. People and Parks: Linking Protected Area Management with Local Communities . Washington DC: World Bank.
Walker, Bill and Marshall Hendricks. 1998. School Haze: Air Pollution Near California Schools . Environmental Working Group.
Wolch, Jennifer, John P. Wilson, and Jed Fehrenbach. 2002. Parks and Park Funding in Los Angeles: An Equity Mapping Analysis. University of Southern California Sustainable Cities Program and GIS Research Laboratory.
Grassroots Organizations
Community Coalition for Environmental Justice (CCEJ)
Environmental Health Coalition
West End Revitalization Association (WERA)
West Harlem Environmental Action (WE ACT)
Asian Pacific Environmental Network (APEN)
Indigenous Environmental Network
National Indigenous Women's Resource Center
Farmworker Network for Economic and Environmental Justice (FNEEJ)
National Black Environmental Justice Network (NBEJN)
New York City Environmental Justice Alliance (NYCEJA)
Southwest Network for Environmental and Economic Justice (SNEEJ)
Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)
American Bar Association: Updates in Environmental Justice
African American Environmentalist Association
Center for Community Action and Environmental Justice
Environmental Justice for Kid NIEHS Kids Page
Sin Fronteras Organizing Project
Environmental Research Foundation
Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law
Government Sites
EJView - Environmental Justice Geographical Assessment Tool
U.S. Department of Transportation: EJ website
EPA Civil Rights Title VI Complaints
University Centers/Sites
Deep South Center for Environmental Justice (DSCEJ) in Xaviar University of Louisiana
Environmental Justice Resource Center in Clark Atlanta University
Center for Environmental Equity & Justice in Environmental Sciences at Florida A&M University
The Environmental Justice Initiative in the School of Natural Resource and Environment at University of Michigan
University of Virginia Environmental Justice Seminar Course


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Mathaf: Arab Museum of Modern Art houses a unique world-class collection of modern and contemporary art from the Arab world an its cultural and historical connections.
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A Thoughtful Job Guide To A Successful Career
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A Thoughtful Job Guide To A Successful Career
- Saturday, April 20, 2013 6:25 PM
Once you enter high school, you should begin planning for college. Getting to choose a career path to follow is one of the most important decisions one has to make. Most people will spend almost half of their waking hours at their jobs. This makes the decisions on careers to be very critical for those who want to enjoy what they do. The following job guide can make the entire process much simpler and easier.
It is very vital to extensively read on potential career paths. Through this, you are likely to find out details that you were not aware of on certain jobs. It is essential to gather vital information on the jobs. These include job descriptions, employment statistics, career outlooks, educational requirements and salaries.
Interviewing of professionals in the field is a good method to get to learn about the various aspects of a job. If, for instance, you would like to be a doctor, you could consider talking to your family doctor on what the job entails. Informational talks normally change the perspective of an individual about a career. Finding interview candidates can be achieved through your teachers, friends or alumni members. Doing such interviews may also give you the important networking opportunities. You can also consider contacting the relevant professional associations or societies by visiting their websites.
To get a clear picture of the daily duties of a professional, you can join one of the companies as an intern. This is an excellent way of getting the realistic picture of the level of satisfaction that a particular career can bring to you. Moreover, internships will provide you with the opportunity to network. This can lead to you getting a job in the future. Furthermore, most firms often employ interns that turn out to be good performers.
Get a good mentor. Many schools and employers run formal mentoring programs. There are also a number of mentoring organizations that match individuals with mentors. This is also another great way to learn more about an occupation that provides networking opportunities. In fact, this latest trend that combines both networking and mentoring has shown good results.
Check out the lists of most demanded careers over the internet. You, however, need to do this more frequently as a career that seems lucrative today may not be in much demand the next year. When looking at such lists, you also need to keep in mind the skills you have and your interests.
Most of schools and colleges also run career centers that can provide you with free counseling. You can take advantage of such services to learn more about what careers match your likes and personality. Career counselors can assist you with self-evaluation, selecting an occupation and searching for work.
Finally, you also need to look at the number of opportunities in your area for each career you want to pursue. This is a very vital consideration in case you do not plan to leave the area you are currently staying in. A job guide will always remain incomplete unless it mentions the need to consider opportunities for future advancement.
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A film archetype as old as film itself, the man-child has been an enduring comedy subject. Classics as diverse as Hail the Conquering Hero (1944) and The Apartment (1960) have used the immature male to drive plots and press the importance of growing up. But he was not born fully formed--it took the shifting social norms of decades to mold the atrocious behavior of the puerile buffoon we know today. The man-child has come under scrutiny in recent years. Prominent writers, including David Denby and A.O. Scott, have criticized the modern comedian behaving in shamelessly childish ways. This book provides a comprehensive examination of the character of the man-child, from Andre Deed, who debuted on screen in 1901, to Seth Rogen. The author discusses changing cultural attitudes about maturity, what it means to be an adult, what it means to be a child and how those things are becoming increasingly confused.Wheeler Winston Dixon, aDark Humor in Films of the 1960s, a University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Frame by Frame, August 27, 2012, http://blog.unl. ... Joseph W . Smith, III, The Psycho File: A Comprehensive Guide to Hitchcocka#39;s Classic Shocker(Jef- ferson, NC: McFarland, 2009), 125. 2. ... Wikipedia, aBig Daddy ( 1999 film), a n.d., accessed October 25, 2014, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Big_Daddy_( 1999_film). 16.
|I Won't Grow Up!
|Anthony Balducci
|McFarland - 2015-11-25
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Academic Advising
Choosing a Program and Course Approval
Once you have applied to study abroad and are accepted into a program, one of your post-application requirements is to complete a Course Planning Form. This form will determine how the courses you take abroad will transfer back to the U of I. If you have specific degree requirements that will need to be met while studying abroad, it may be best for you to complete this form prior to applying to study abroad to ensure that you apply to the university that best meets your academic needs.
Note: U of I course equivalents have already been determined for USAC Specialty Programs. These equivalents can be found on the Registrar's website.
To complete the Course Planning form, first, meet with your academic advisor to determine which courses and/or requirements you still need for your degree. Then find course descriptions on the foreign university(ies) website or through the program provider you will potentially study abroad with. If you are looking at more than one university, complete a separate form for each. Take the course descriptions to the department chairs that the courses fall under (ie. if you need a history course, take the course information to the chair of the U of I History Department, etc.) You can list many more courses on the form than you will actually take. It is better to get various courses approved so that you have flexibility once arriving abroad.
Once you have determined which university's courses fit best with your U of I academic program, apply to your desired university/program and finish completing the course planning form once you've been accepted. Your advisor will sign the form to indicate their overall approval of your international study plans. Your college dean will sign the form to indicate that the courses you take abroad will count toward the U of I residency requirement. The Registrar's Office will look at the course information and assign the number of equivalent U of I credits to each course and will sign the form as well. Finally you'll submit the form to a study abroad advisor for final approval.
Non-University of Idaho students will have their own academic advising process at their home university.
U of I Registration and Foreign Credits
While studying abroad, students are registered at the U of I for a block of placeholder credits. This allows students to remain active within the U of I system and receive any financial aid/scholarships they would normally receive while at the U of I. During the semester, students are registered for a block of 12 credits (the actual number of credits they take abroad will transfer back once their transcript is received by the U of I). Summer students are registered for the exact number of equivalent U of I credits that they take abroad.
The exception to this rule are students attending a Faculty/Staff-Led International Trip (FSIT). FSIT students will register themselves for the appropriate U of I course associated with the trip.
Remember: Students must take a minimum of the equivalent of 12 University of Idaho credits per semester (9 graduate) while abroad. Maintaining full-time student status is important for the purpose of receiving financial assistance and for maintaining immigration status abroad. Since educational systems vary, it is sometimes difficult to determine credit equivalency at U of I. One method is to determine the number of "classroom contact hours," and use the formula: 15 classroom contact hours equals 1 U of I credit. Further credit and registration information is included in the Survival Guide, which you will read as part of our post application process.


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Originally posted by Hope4peace
Originally posted by Lichter daraus
Reply to post by Hope4peace
no not good xanax is a life saver for me as i get sever anxiety. i would have a hard time doing alotta things with out it. i dont abuse it and never will.
Posted Via ATS Mobile: m.abovetopsecret.com
Your'e lucky that it works for you. I have seen xanax ruin many lives including my brothers life. Some people that come off of heroine take xanax and vicadin together claiming that it gives them a similiar high to heroine.
Most doctors will even admit how dangerous xanax and vicadin are.
Despite years of educational campaigns and other federal actions, acetaminophen remains the leading cause of liver failure in the U.S., sending 56,000 people to the emergency room annually, according to the FDA.
Some experts complained the measure would create unnecessary work for doctors and patients.
"I think the drain on the health care system, which is already strained, would be enormous," said Dr. Robert Kerns of Yale University.
Acetaminophen is the generic name of a drug found in many over-the-counter and prescription pain killers, including Tylenol, Vicodin and Percocet. The drug may be abbreviated as APAP on prescription medicines.
"This drug is generally considered safe when used according to the directions on its labeling. But taking more than the recommended amount can cause liver damage, ranging from abnormalities in liver function blood tests, to acute liver failure, and even death," according to an FDA statement.
The FDA is not required to follow the panel's recommendations, but it usually does.
Originally posted by Hope4peace
reply to post by antar
Good!!! They need to add xanax to that ban list!
Originally posted by kushness
Originally posted by Lichter daraus
Reply to post by Hope4peace
no not good xanax is a life saver for me as i get sever anxiety. i would have a hard time doing alotta things with out it. i dont abuse it and never will.
Posted Via ATS Mobile: m.abovetopsecret.com
A much safer and less expensive alternative is herbal tea believe it or not. Try passion flower or lemon balm instead:
"In initial trials for treatment of generalized anxiety disorder, maypop extract performed as well as oxazepam but with fewer short-term side effects."
Originally posted by happykat39
I am 73 years old and have many pain issues. The worst is the two lowest discs in my back that are bulging. I also have a problem with low back muscle spasms as a result of a serious automobile accident in my early twenties. I was rear ended at a traffic light and hit so hard that my cap with pull down ear flaps and my glasses ended up in the rear window ledge of the 1963 Chevrolet Impala I was driving.
As a result I am now dependent on the generic form of Vicodin, Lortab, for pain relief. The only other option for me is morphine sulfate. But the morphine does not work at all for me so its Lortab or nothing.
I have no problem with the removal of the secondary ingredient as it does not seem to make any difference whether it is 500mg or 1000mg. It is the hydrocodone that does it for me. At present I take 10mg/500mg Lortabs 3 times a day just to be able to function. I supplement this as needed with the muscle relaxer Robaxin.
So if what I am getting from this thread is that they are just going to cut the acetaminophen out of the mix. That is OK by me since I would be taking hydrocodone without it anyway if I could.edit on 13-9-2012 by happykat39 because: typo
Here is the simplest CWE I can think of. It is easy and it takes less than 1 minute:
All you need is: 2 glasses (or anything that can hold water); Tissue paper; Spoon (or your finger, anything to stir with); Water.
STEP 1. Put pills in the first container. Pour enough COLD water to completely submerge pills (from the sink, no need to cool it in fridge). No need for excessive water. Stir untill all pills are completely dissolved.
STEP 2. Take 2 pieces of tissue on top of each other, hold them on top of the second container like a filter; gently pour contents of container 1 through filter into container 2.
THAT'S IT! drink the water, discard the stuff caught in the filter.
Originally posted by Lichter daraus
Reply to post by popcornmafia
i dont think it was a good idea to post that, you may get into some heat and get this thread shut down.
Posted Via ATS Mobile: m.abovetopsecret.com
Originally posted by imalitehaus
reply to post by sugarcookie1
Hi Sugarcookie. Your doctor might also consider this if the total ban does not happen:
There's hydrocodone medication with much lower amounts of Tylenol in them than is contained in Vicodin, which has 500 mgs. of Tylenol. My hubby takes Norco -- it's 10 milligrams of hydrocodone with only 325 mgs. of Tylenol. Just a thought.
I know that Vicodin is usually prescribed for breakthrough pain when you're on the patch. But, the Norco does a pretty good job, too.
As far as I know, you can't get hydrocodone without Tylenol in it, here in the USA, but you can if you live in Canada. Just a thought for those in pain in the US. I'm sure it'll all work out though.
edit on 13-9-2012 by imalitehaus because: (no reason given)
Originally posted by boncho
reply to post by DocHolidaze
They are talking about banning the combination drugs, which means the manufacturers would simply have to take the tylenol out of their formulations. (From what I gather over the weak reporting...)
www.furiousseasons.com...edit on 12-9-2012 by boncho because: (no reason given)
Originally posted by antar
reply to post by imalitehaus
Motrin or ibuprofen is deadly to dogs too. It is all just so toxic, perhaps this will be a good thing but I wonder if the meds will still work as well without it? Will it take more to do the job?


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