text:
1. The safety and suitability of the extractors is the responsibility of the manufacturer. In Europe this is covered by the CE marking requirements. America and Canada generally require equipment to be tested and approved to an appropriate international standard by UL, CSA or other approved test house. China and Japan have their own standard but will generally accept one of the above, as does most of the rest of the world.
2. The safety of the workers using the equipment is the responsibility of the employer. The extraction equipment is normally used for local exhaust ventilation (LEV) to capture harmful dusts, fumes or vapours that if not captured would pose a health hazard to the operators. Legislation is in place in most countries to prevent exposure to harmful substances and to ensure equipment installed for this purpose is working correctly. The EU issues guidelines for Europe, but most European countries have their own occupational exposure limits (OEL's). In UK the Health and Safety Executive is the legislative body and the requirements are covered in the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH) Regulations whilst the exposure limits are set out in the HSE booklet EH40.
3. Hazardous waste is the responsibility of the end user. The particulate, fume or vapour captured by the filters in the extractor may cause the spent filters to be classified as Hazardous waste. In which case they will need disposing of in line with the appropriate legislation. In Europe this is covered by EU Directive 2008/98/EC.
Please select a country below for specific legislation information for that country.
The Australian National Occupational Health and Safety Commission (NOHSC) sets OELs. The Commission consists of employee and employer organisations, trade unions, industry and government representatives. The Exposure Standards Expert Working Group (ESEWG) recommends OELs for individual substances.
A great number of the adopted exposure standards have been obtained from the ACGIH's (USA) list of threshold limit values. The National Commission has considered these values and those found to be acceptable were adopted. The Exposure Standards Working Group has reviewed a smaller number of substances in detail and appropriate values have been assigned.
The OELs are instruments of an advisory character, except where a law, other than the National Occupational Health and Safety Commission Act, or an instrument made under such a law, makes them mandatory. The application of any National Commission document in any particular State or Territory of Australia is the prerogative of that State or Territory.
More information on the Australian OSH regulations is available on the web site of the Australian and European Union Cooperation on Workplace Safety and Health.
Internet Links
NOHSC information
Australian and European Union Cooperation on Workplace Safety and Health
The Austrian OEL list is based on international and national sources such as the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH - see under USA for more details) and the German MAK-Commission. The Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Arbeit, or BMWA (Ministry of the Economy and Labour) fixes these limit values. The Austrian list is published in the Austrian Governmental Journal as an ordinance entitled "Grenzwerte für Arbeitsstoffe und über krebserzeugende Arbeitsstoffe" (Grenzwerteverordnung 2001 - GVK 2001) and on the Austrian pages of the European Agency. The "Sektion III - Zentral-Arbeitsinspektorat" (Central Labour Inspectorate) control their implementation.
Internet Links
Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Arbeit, (BMWA)
In Belgium, OELs are known as "Valeurs Limites d'Exposition Professionnelle" (VLEP) / or "Grenswaarden voor Beroepsmatige Blootstelling (GWBB).
Following the Royal decree of 10 August 1998 (Statute Paper of 12 September 1998), some of the Belgian OELs were changes to adapt to the European Union Guidelines, but the source of many OELs in Belgium is still the ACGIH (USA) TLV list. These OELs were fixed by the Ministry of Employment and Work. The Royal Decree of 3 May 1999 (Statute Paper of 7 December 1999) added a last column "C" for carcinogenic to relevant substances (Royal Decree of 2 December 1993, Statute Paper of 29 December 1993, with updates including carcinogenic substances of EC categories 1 and 2, labelled with Risk Phrases R45 or R49).
About 700 substances or groups of substances have one (TWA - 8h) or two (TWA - 8h and STEL - 15 minutes) binding and compulsory OELs in the appendix of the Royal Decree of 10 September 1998. It is in Appendix II of the "Règlement Général pour la Protection du Travail (RGPT)" or "Algemeen Reglement voor de Arbeidsbescherming (ARAB)". In the last column of this table can be found three other letter codes:
• M - for "Moment" or ceiling OEL that should not be exceeded during any part of working exposure
• D - for "Dermal" for where skin and/or eye absorption is an important issue
• A - for "Asphyxiant" or oxygen replacing agent.
Finally, the Royal Decree of 7 November 1998 (Statute Paper of 22 November 1988) introduces the atmospheric and biological limit values of metallic lead (Pb) and its compounds on the basis of the European Directive 82/605/EEC (RGPT, art. 148 decies 2).
Internet Links
The Belgian Ministry of Employment and Labour
VLEP/GWBB List
Canadian autonomous regions have different OSH systems, which are applied according to the provincial regulations. The Provinces are also presented at the Canada - EU Co-operation site on Workplace Safety and Health.
Internet Links
An explanation on the Canadian OSH system
Canada - EU Co-operation site on Workplace Safety and Health
Ontario Legislation
The Regulation of the Quality of the Workplace deals with OELs, its appendix A contains a list of contaminants. The Joint Committee of the Board of the Directors of the Commission for Occupational Health and Safety revises the OEL list. There are employer and trade union representatives. The Joint Technical Committee (JTC) consists of employer and labour representatives and experts advisers. In the list of OELs, all substances listed by the ACGIH (USA) are included. Types of OELs are TWA, STEL and Ceiling. There are carcinogenity notations but no BEIs.
The OELs and their criteria are published in the Official Gazette. The OELs have legal force and they are often reviewed.
The OELs are reviewed through the OEL Task Force, including labor, management and ministry representatives. For the revision, criteria documents from other countries are used. Revised or new OELs are published in the Ontario Gazette. Some regulations for specific substances can be found on the Internet in the electronic "Gazette" under Occupational Health and Safety Act. A complete list of OELs is available only as paper version. The OELs have legal force.
The OELs are contained in the Chemical Hazards Regulation (Alberta Regulation 393/88). The Technical Committee of Occupational Exposure Limits, established by Alberta's Occupational Health and Safety, recommends and revises OELs. The committee consists of experts from the industry, academia, labour and government. The OELs and criteria documents are published in the Occupational Health and Safety magazine and legally binding.
In the Danish OSH system, the Grænseværdier for stoffer og materialer (limit values for substances and materials), are administrative instructions that are enforced under the Working Environment Act. The Ministry of Labour sets up the regulation on these limit values and the Arbejdstilsynet (Labour Inspectorate) publish the OEL list and supervise their execution. In the sphere of the Act, employers are obliged to keep the exposure as low as reasonably possible and the limit values should never be exceeded.
The Arbejdstilsynet decides on the OELs after consulting with employer and employee representatives on the technical and economical feasibility of the proposed limit value level. The scientific background is studied by the OEL setting committee acting under the Arbejdsmiljørådet (Council on Working Environment). This committee refers to the OEL criteria documentation provided by:
• The SCOEL (EU),
• ACGIH, OSHA, and NIOSH (USA),
• MAK (Germany),
• DECOS (The Netherlands),
• the Nordic Expert Group (NEG), and the experience of the Inspectorate within the Danish workplaces. Usually, the committee gives a proposal for a limit value and a preferred safety factor (1, 2, 5, 10, 20...) for the substance.
In Denmark, most of the OEL values are TWA - 8h. For lead, there is also set a Biologisk eksponeringsværdi (biological exposure limit) for concentration in blood. An "H" ("Huden") in the tables annotates substances that can be taken into body via the skin. The allergic potential is not marked, but it is tentatively taken into account when setting the limit value level. For acutely toxic substances, like strong irritants, there is annotation L ("Loftværdi") on the limit value tables. The limit value for this substance must not be exceeded even for a short (less than 15 minutes) time. For acutely neurotoxic substances, the limit value should not be exceeded even for 5 minutes.
For specific hazardous substances, the Limit Values for Substances and Materials list the substances that are considered human carcinogens by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) or by the EU Commission. These substances are regulated by a specific order set by the Ministry of Labour. These substances are also annotated by "K" (kræftfremdkaldende, carcinogenic) on the OEL value tales. In addition, organic solvents are given a specific list of limit values, as they have to be particularly considered at workplaces.
Internet Links
The Labour Inspectorate (Arbejdstilsynet)
In Estonia, the occupational Exposure Limits are called Töökeskkonna keemiliste ohutegurite piirnormid. They are prepared and endorsed by the Ministry of Social Affairs, and are a part of the National Chemical Act regulations.
The limits are set with reference to current European Union and Swedish Occupational Exposure Limits. Social partners, OSH inspectors and representatives of the industry are given chance to comment on the proposed limit values. The table is revised when there are substantial changes in the corresponding EU legislation, or the are special problems with the chemical safety.
The Estonian table presents concentration limits for Time-weighted average (8 hour) and Short-term exposure limits (15 minute). There are also binding biological occupational limit values for lead in blood. Substances toxic for reproduction, carcinogenic substances, substances with sensitisation capabilities, and effective skin absorbents are annotated by R, C, S, and A, respectively.
Internet Links
The Ministry of Social Affairs, Estonia
The Finnish OEL system can be divided into legally enforcing binding limit values (sitovat raja-arvot) and more orientating concentrations known to be harmful (haitalliseksi tunnetut pitoisuudet, HTP -arvot). Both of these are connected to the Labour Protection Act, which oblige the employer to provide the employee healthy and safe working conditions. The Ministry of Social Affairs and Health publishes the OEL list in English, Swedish, and Finnish in paper form. The Finnish Institute of Occupational Health publishes the list in Finnish and English on its website.
The Ministry of Social Affairs and Health decides on Occupational Exposure Limits according to the proposal of the Advisory Committee for Occupational Health and Safety on Chemicals. The Council of State nominates the Advisory Committee for Occupational Health and Safety on Chemicals that operates under the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health. The Committee together with the Ministry's Occupational Safety and Health Department prepares the list of harmful concentrations. The Committee selects a Subcommittee of Exposure Limits, which does the actual preparatory work. The four subcommittee members represent:
• The Ministry,
• the chemical industry,
• employers' organisations, and
• the trade unions.
The subcommittee has three secretaries, who prepare documentation with a specific emphasis on the dose-effect relationships. The exposure limit is recommended after identifying the critical effect and reviewing the related literature.
All air limit values define two basic influence factors:
• The concentration - in mg/m3 or ppm, and
• the average exposure time in minutes or hours.
The exposure times are averaged for 15 minutes and eight hours, and some substances have momentary limit values, which should never be exceeded. The possibility of skin penetration is remarked by "Skin" (Iho). This annotation does not take into account the possibly corrosion or irritation potential of the substance. The potency to cause allergy may be considered when setting the OEL, but it is not annotated on the OEL list.
The Ministry has set a binding limit value for lead concentration in blood. Several other substances have also been set limit values for concentration in biological samples such as blood, urine, or alveolar air to amend the air limit values and help to measure the actual exposure in workplaces. In addition, the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health recommends reference limits for non-exposed and bio-monitoring action levels.
OELs are used in a number of other ways. For example:
• Guidelines on medical surveillance of workers are linked to occupational exposure limits. A certain fraction of the OEL exposure level can be a prerequisite for the need of periodical examinations.
• Defined fractions of occupational exposure limits are used to decide when special leave for pregnant workers is required when exposed to reprotoxic chemicals and their groups.
• Plant ventilation engineers also use OELs in their calculations.
Internet Links
OEL list published by the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health in English
The Ministry of Social Affairs and Health
In France, the Occupational (Air) Exposure Limits (OELs) are called "Valeurs limites d'exposition professionnelle aux agents chimiques en France" (VL). These VL are defined as the concentration of an agent in the air of the working area that a person can inhale for a defined duration without a risk of changes to his or her health. Furthermore, the VL should be seen as a minimum requirement. The VLs are fixed by the Ministère de l'Emploi et de la Solidarité (Ministry of Employment and Solidarity). Some values are also recommended by the National Illness Insurance Fund (CNAM). There are currently two types of OELs:
• Statutory and compulsory OELs for certain extremely hazardous substances; and
• recommended OELs for the remaining substances.
The Ministry of Social Affairs and Health decides on Occupational Exposure Limits according to the proposal of the Advisory Committee for Occupational Health and Safety on Chemicals. The Council of State nominates the Advisory Committee for Occupational Health and Safety on Chemicals that operates under the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health. The Committee together with the Ministry's Occupational Safety and Health Department prepares the list of harmful concentrations. The Committee selects a Subcommittee of Exposure Limits, which does the actual preparatory work. The four subcommittee members represent:
• The Ministry,
• the chemical industry,
• employers' organisations, and
• the trade unions.
Two types of OEL values exist in France:
• Short-term exposure limit values (valeurs limites d'exposition à court terme) are ceiling values for measured over one duration of maximum 15 minutes; and
• average exposure limit values (valeurs limites de moyenne d'exposition) are measured or estimated over the duration of 8 hours.
The OELs are established and revised by the Comité Scientifique pour la Surveillance des Atmosphères de Travail (Scientific Committee for Surveillance of the Workplace), working under the High Council for the Prevention of Occupational Hazards Environment. The committee is made up of experts, scientists and industrialists involved with chemicals. The OELs are based on the review on the international scientific literature and studies undertaken by the regional authorities in France. Then the technical and economical feasibility of the proposed health-based OEL is studied mostly by the industry participating in the limit setting and reviewing. After endorsement the OELs are published in the French Official Journal, Official Bulletin and in the publications of the Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, INRS (National Institute of Safety Research). The INRS publishes parts of the VL on the Internet.
Internet Links
The Ministry of Employment and Solidarity (Ministère de l'Emploi et de la Solidarité)
In Germany, there are two kinds of OELs for air in the workplace:
• TRKs (Technische Richtkonzentrationen), which ar e technical guidance concentrations, and
• MAKs (Maximale Arbeitsplatzkonzentrationen), which give the maximum concentration of a chemical substance in the workplace.
The MAK-values are daily 8-hour time-weighed average values and apply to healthy adults. Substance-specific acceptable peak concentrations, including the highest possible duration of such peaks, are defined. If the substance can be taken up through the skin, this is indicated.
The TRK is the concentration of a chemical substance in the air within a working area, which may be reached in accordance with the best available technology (state of the art). This type of limit value is usually applied to substances that are in carcinogenic category 1 or 2. In some cases, the Committee on Hazardous Substances proposes technical-based MAK-Values which base on the TRK-concept (TRGS 102). These type of limit value usually applies to substances which are carcinogenic or mutagenic category 3 (substances suspected of having a carcinogenic or mutagenic potential) and to important industrial substances for which no harmless minimum concentration can be determined (e.g. Cobalt, metal working fluids).
In addition to these, there are special rules for individual substances or substance groups such as hydrocarbon mixtures, diesel engine emissions, or different types of fibres and dust. The Biologische Arbeitsstofftoleranzwerte, or BAT, (Biological Tolerance Values) give limits for the concentration of some substances in the human body from workplace exposure.
The limit values for hazardous substances are documented in Technical Rules for Hazardous Substances (TRGS). The TRGS describe the substances with respect to the current status of knowledge about the health hazards, typical industrial use and safety and hygiene requirements. They are based on the Hazardous Substances Ordinance (GefStoffV) which is derived from the Chemicals Act (ChemG). All exposure limit values are consistent national values based on common national legislation. The Federal Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs publishes new or revised limit values half-yearly. The MAK and TRK values are published in TRGS 900 (Limit Values in the Air at the Workplace) and the BAT are covered in TRGS 903.
The Ausschuss für Gefahrstoffe (AGS), or Committee on Hazardous Substances establishes the Technical Rules. This Committee consists of members from all concerned groups. The authorities are represented by:
• Delegates of the labour inspections from the Länder (Federal States);
• Institutions for statutory accident insurance and prevention (BG, HVBG)
• National institutions such as:
o The Hazardous Substances Division of the Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (BAuA);
o The Federal Environmental Agency (UBA);
o The Federal Institute for Health Consumer Protection and Veterinary Medicine (BgVV); and o The Federal Institute for Material Research and Testing (BAM).
o The employers, the producers and sellers of chemicals, the trade unions and the consumers are also represented.
Limit values are developed and proposed by national scientific sources. For example:
• The DFG Senate Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work area - the MAK Commission;
• The Committee on Hazardous Substances • Scientific departments of the chemical industry
International scientific proposals or official values from other States may also be included in the list.
For health based OELs of "threshold substances", recommendations of the MAK-Commission and other sources are discussed by the Beraterkreis Toxikologie (Advisory Group on Toxicology), of AGS, the Committee on Hazardous Substances. This Committee recommends a health-based OEL to the AGS, where in exceptional cases socio-economic and feasibility aspects may be taken into account. Thereafter the AGS recommends the OEL to the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs who include it in the Technical Rules TRGS 900.
Internet Links
Technical Rules can be obtained from BAuA
Hong Kong's Occupational Exposure Limits are based on the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists' list of Threshold Limit Values and also on standards.
The OELs are adopted by the Labour Department of Hong Kong, who have the authority to adjust them based upon new health hazard information. The exposure limits apply only to those workplace operations covered by the Factories and Industrial Undertakings legislation.
Internet Links
The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology provide some basic information on OELs
Safety & Environmental Protection Office of the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
Hong Kong Labour Department
In Ireland, the Occupational (Air) Exposure Limits (OELs) are defined as the maximum permissible concentration of a chemical agent in the air at the workplace to which workers may be exposed in relation to an 8-hour or a 15-minute reference period. These limits are set out in Schedule 1 to 1999 Code of Practice for the Safety, Health and Welfare at Work (Chemicals Agents) Regulations, 1994 (S.I. No. 445 of 1994). The 1999 Code of practice can be obtained as a priced publication from the Health and Safety Authority (HSA).
The establishment of OELs in Ireland is based on the Safety, Health and Welfare at Work (Chemical Agents) Regulations, 1994 (S.I. No. 445 Of 1994).
Internet Links
Health and Safety Authority
Statutory Instrument 1994 No.445 can be obtained from the Health and Safety Authority
The general law on 'health and safety for workers' and several ensuing presidential decrees have achieved harmonisation to European Union legislation. Among the topics addressed in this legislation (e.g. occupational factors, working conditions) are provisions on enforceable occupational exposure limits for nearly 600 chemicals.
Most of the OELs reported are equivalent to the threshold limit values (TLV-TWA) published by the ACGIH (USA). The Italian exposure limits are identical with the TLVs established by the ACGIH (USA). The list exists as paper version. An updated list of the Italian laws concerning dangerous substances is available on the Internet at the URL of the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Prevention (ISPESL). The laws on the risks arising from exposure to chemical, physical and biological agents are also explained on the comprehensive ISPESL site, at
Internet Links
The Japanese Association of Industrial Health, a private academic organisation, recommends Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs). These OELs have no legal force. The majority of Japanese PEL-list values are the same as ACGIH (USA) Threshold Limit Values. The types of PELs are TWA, STEL, Ceilings and BEI (see under USA for an explanation of these terms). The OELs and their criteria documents are once a year published in the Japanese Journal of Industrial Health.
Internet Links
Japanese Journal of Occupational Health
The exposure limits in Luxembourg are adopted from various international health and safety agencies. The exposure limits in Luxembourg are based on the regulation of 19 July 1991. OELs used in Luxembourg are the same as used in Germany, unless specific OELs are provided.
The legislation can be found on the Internet on the web site of the Inspection du Travail et des Mines (Inspectorate for Labour and Mines) of the Ministère du Travail et de l'Emploi (Ministry of Labour and Employment).
Internet Links
Inspection du Travail et des Mines
Ministère du Travail et de l'Emploi
The Secretariat of Labor and Social Welfare (STPS) is responsible for setting standards regarding Permissible Exposure Limits (PEL). The list is based on the ACGIH (USA) Threshold Limit Values.
The scientific basis is the use of ACGIH criteria documents. The Secretariat of Commerce and Industrial Development (SECOFI) publishes the standards in the Official Journal of the Federation. The standards have legal force. The Diario Oficial de la Federación (Mexican Federal Official Journal) is available via website of the Secretaría de Economía.
Internet Links
Secretaría de Economía web site
In New Zealand, the Occupational Exposure Limits are called Workplace Exposure Standards (WES). These include Time Weighted Averages (TWAs), Short Term Exposure Limits (STELs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs). The WESs are reviewed annually, and a list is published by the Occupational Safety and Health Service of the Department of Labour.
The exposure limits are prepared by an expert committee, consisting of representatives of the Occupational Safety and Health Service of the Department of Labour, toxicologists, and medical/scientific experts as required. The committee considers documentations from ACGIH (US), HSE (UK), NOHSC (Australia), and MAK (Germany).
The WESs are intended to be used as guidelines for those involved in occupational health when applying the hierarchy of control set out required by the Code of Practice for the Management of Substances Hazardous to Health and obliged under Health and Safety in Employment Act. An employer is required to take all practical steps to either prevent exposure to the hazardous substance or to reduce the exposure to the lowest practicable level.
Internet Links
The home page of the Occupational Safety and Health Service of the Department of Labour
Norway, the Arbejdstilsynet (Central Labour Inspectorate) issues OELs. The Inspection has established a working group with representatives from the employers, employees and direction of the inspection. As scientific base are used criteria documents from the Nordic Countries, Germany and United States and Norwegian workplace experience. There are values for TWA, STEL and Ceiling. There is also notation for issues such as carcinogenicity.
In Portugal, the occupational exposure limits for dangerous substances are published in the Portuguese Standard 1796 of 1988. The publisher is the Portuguese Institute of Quality. The Standard 1796 is currently being reviewed. The VLEs (OELs) reported in this Standard as well as in the new Standard are equivalent to the limit values published by ACGIH (USA). In the future Portuguese Standard should contain time-weighted average for 8hrs (TLV-TWA), ceiling values (TLV-C) and the short-term exposure limits (STEL).
Exposure limits have been legislated in the decree-law 274/89 for lead and its compounds (transposing Council Directive 82/605/EEC) and in the decree-law 273/89 for monomerous vinyl chloride (transposing Council Directive 78/610/EEC).
Internet Links
Portuguese Institute of Quality
Direcção de Serviços de Prevenção de Riscos Profissionais, Instituto de Desenvolvimento e Inspecção das Condições de Trabalho, Lisboa
In the Republic of South Africa both the Department of Labour and the Department of Minerals and Energy issue Occupational Exposure Limits (OELs) for airborne pollutants.
The OELs from the Department of Labour are based on the OELs of the United Kingdom and described in the Hazardous Chemical Substances Regulations (Annexure 1) of 1995. The limit values are set by the Minister through the Chief Inspector on recommendation of an Advisory Council and listed by notice in the Government Gazette. Working with asbestos or lead is subject to special regulations.
Department of Labour Exposure Limits are divided in OEL-RL (recommended limit) and OEL CL (control limit), the latter relating to the very problematic substances such as carcinogens. They are listed in table 1 respectively table 2 of the said annexure.
An OEL-CL is defined as the maximum concentration of an airborne substance, averaged over a reference period, to which employees may be exposed by inhalation under any circumstances, and is specified together with the appropriate reference period in Table 1 of Annexure 1. Control measures are considered adequate if the air concentration is below the OEL-CL values.
An OEL-RL is defined as the concentration of an airborne substance, averaged over a reference period, at which, according to current knowledge, there is no evidence that it is likely to be injurious to employees if they are exposed by inhalation, day after day, to that concentration. It should be kept as much below the OEL-RL value as practicably possible.
In addition to the above limit values the Department of Labour sets Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) to supplement the exposure monitoring.
The Hazardous Chemical Substances Regulations and the occupational exposure limits in this publication do not apply to exposure to substances hazardous to health in mines. The OELs from the Department of Minerals and Energy are described in the Occupational Hygiene Regulations of 2002, OELs for Airborne Pollutants Schedule 22.9(2)(a)
Internet Links
The OELs and the background legislation can be viewed under the following URL from the South Africa Institute of Occupational Hygiene
South Africa Institute of Occupational Hygiene (SAIOH)
South Africa Department of Labour
The Mine Health and Safety Act
South Africa Department of Minerals and Energy
The standards are recommendations and they are not legally binding until they are used by the labour inspection in orders or instructions for companies. The list is reviewed yearly.
The legal framework for limit values for hazardous substances (in Spanish: VLA = Valore Límite Ambientales) is under reconstruction. Beside the European Directive-based legislation, based for example on EC Directive 98/24/CE - the Chemical Agents Directive, two Spanish regulations exist. Since 1961, a national ordinance about health impairing and dangerous activities at work places is in force entitled Reglamento de Actividades Molestas, Insalubres, Nocivas y Peligrosas. This ordinance did not include single OELs. When OELs were needed in practice the ACGIH's (USA) limit values were used. Since 1998 the (Instituto Nacional de Seguridad e Higiene en el Trabajo, or INSHT (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health) has published a guide including a list of more than 500 OELs and instructions for the use and application of these values.
The OELs published by INSHT are developed by a working group of the Comisión Nacional de Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo (National Commission of Safety and Health at Work). Their work is based on the Spanish law about the prevention of risk at the work places from November 1995 and the Royal Decree 39/1997. All limit values for hazardous substances are recommendations. They become legally binding when they are used by the Labour Inspectorate or other authorities in orders or instructions for companies. The "Límites de exposición profesional para agentes químicos en España" (Current OELs) are published in Spanish on the Internet and on paper and are renewed yearly by the INSHT.
The limit values for air-concentrations of carcinogenic and mutagenic substances are published in different special regulations. The list of OELs includes remarks about the mutagenic, carcinogenic and genotoxic potential of a substance. Substances with possible skin penetration are marked with "v.d." (vía dérmica).
The INSHT defines three different types of TLVs:
• VLA-ED (Valor Límite Ambiental Exposición Diaria), the limit for the daily average concentration. For 30 minutes period, an employee's exposure can be three times the VLA-ED. The exposure should never exceed the level of five times the VLA-ED.
• VLA-EC (Valor Límite Ambiental Exposición de Corta Duración) is the limit for short-term exposure concentration. The VLA-EC should not be exceeded during any part of the working exposure. It may be used as an OEL for highest 15 minutes per day.
• VLB (Valor Límite Biológico) is a limit value for the content of the substance in biological media (i.e. blood, urine). VLBs have been defined for dozens of substances.
Internet Links
Ministerio de Trabajo y Asuntos Sociales
Occupational Exposure Limits 2003
The "Hygienic limit values and measures for air pollutants" (Hygieniska gränsvärden och åtgärder mot luftföronreningar, Arbetarskyddsstyrelsens författningssamling; AFS 2000: 3) is an instruction given by the Swedish Work Environment Authority (Arbetsmiljöverket) with the empowerment of the Work Environment Ordinance (Arbetsmiljöförordningen; SFS 1977: 1166). These regulations are based on the Work Environment Act (Arbetsmiljölagen; SFS 1977: 1160) and the limit values are a starting point of the chemical risk management.
According to the national regulations, the employer is obliged to keep the exposure level as far below the limit value as possible.
The scientific background documentation is prepared by the Kriterigruppen för hygieniska gränsvärde, Arbetslivsinstitutet (Criteria Group of the National Institute of Working Life). The Group drafts a consensus report after reviewing the scientific literature on toxicological grounds. These reports are published in the "Arbete och Hälsa" series. The Arbetarskydsstyrelsen (National Board of Occupational Safety and Health) proposes an OEL according to the consensus report for the Labour Market Parties. After the communication, the directorate of the National Board gives a new ordinance on Occupational Exposure Limit (OEL) Values. The Arbetsmiljöinspektionen (Work Environment Inspection) controls the execution of the OEL ordinance.
Most of the OELs are maximal values of air concentrations in workplace air. The concentration limits are averaged over certain time periods, which are generally eight hours ("maximal limit value", or nivågränsvärde) and 15 minutes ("short-term limit", kortidsvärde). The ceiling values (takgränsvärde) are momentary limit values and the reference time can be as short as 5 minutes. In the OEL lists, "K" (Cancerframkallande, Grupp C), annotates carcinogenic substances, "S" (Sensibiliserande, Grupp D), annotates sensitisers and "R" (Reproduktionsstörande, Grupp E), indicates substances toxic to reproduction. In addition, the "Hygienic limit values and measures for air pollutants" includes lists of substances, which are banned (Grupp A) or subject to license (Grupp B). Isocyanates, which are included on the OEL list, are regulated also by specific instructions on "Hard plastics" (Härdplaster; AFS 1996:4). H" ("Huden") annotates substances with the capability of skin penetration on the OEL lists. The allergic potential is considered when setting the limit value.
Biological monitoring can provide information on the exposure for many substances. For lead and cadmium, The Arbetarskydsstyrelsen has set exposure limit values, which oblige the employer. Regulations concerning these are defined in "Medical control on cadmium work" (Medicinsk kontroll vid kadmiumarbete; AFS 2000:7) and "Lead" (Bly - Ändrigen av AFS 1992:17; AFS 2000:13)
Internet Links
Swedish Pages of the European Agency Network
National Institute of Working Life (NIWL)
The Swiss list of exposure limits, with its MAK and BAT values, is modelled after the German MAK list (and somewhat after the ACGIH - American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists – the TLV list).
Maximale Arbeitsplatzkonzentrationen (MAKs), or maximum workplace concentrations, give the maximum concentration of a chemical substance in the workplace. They are the maximum allowable average concentrations of a working substance in the air in form of gas, steam or dust, whereby it can be assumed that the health of the vast majority of healthy employees being exposed to these substances during an 8-hours working time up to 42 hours a week or even over longer periods will not be harmed.
Biologische Arbeitsplatztoleranzwerte (BATs) , Biological Tolerance Values, give limits for the concentration of some substances in the human body from workplace exposure.
The Swiss list contains substances that are considered harmful to humans, together with their applicable limit values. It also contains information and safety precautions for particular problem areas, such as carcinogens, dust, noise, heat, pressure, vibration, radioactive substances, and skin absorption, as well as remarks on testing methodology.
The limit values are documented in "Grenzwerte am Arbeitsplatz" (limit values at workplace) and are published by the Swiss National Insurance Fund (SUVA), in line with a decree of the Bundesrat and in conjunction with the limit value commission of the Swiss Association for Occupational Medicine, Hygiene and Safety.
Internet Links
The booklet "Grenzwerte am Arbeitsplatz" (besides German also available in French or Italian)
Occupational exposure limits in the UK function under the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations (COSHH) and its mirror legislation in Northern Ireland. The COSHH regulations require the employer to ensure that the employee's exposure to substances hazardous to health is either prevented or if not practically possible, adequately controlled. OELs in the UK can be divided in Maximum Exposure Limits (MELs) and Occupational Exposure Standards (OESs). Exposure should be reduced as far below an MEL as possible, while reduction to the substance specific level OES is considered adequate. The list of exposure limits is known as EH40 and is available from HSE Direct.
All legally enforceable OELs in UK are air limit values. The maximum admissible or accepted concentration varies from substance to substance according to its toxicity. There are some OELs for multi-substance exposure prescribing process emissions like welding fumes. Biological monitoring results may be used as indicators of exposure, although they have not got legal status. The Biological Monitoring Guidance Values (BMGV) are provided also in the HSE series EH40.
The exposure times are averaged for eight hours (8-hour TWA) and 15 minutes (short-term exposure limit STEL). For some substances, a brief exposure is considered so critical that they are set only a STEL, which should not be exceeded even for a shorter time. The potency to penetrate through skin is annotated in the OEL list by remark "Skin". Carcinogenicity, reproduction toxicity, and irritation and sensitation potential are considered when preparing a proposal for an OEL according to the present scientific knowledge. The OELs do not cover some hazardous substances that have their own specific legislation, most notably asbestos and lead.
Health and Safety Commission's Advisory Committee on Toxic Substances (ACTS) recommends new OELs or revision on a current OEL value. The Working Group on the Assessment of Toxic Chemicals (WATCH) is a technical sub-committee of ACTS, which considers the evidence on the occupational exposure and health effects of substances, including whether a MEL or OES would be appropriate by the agreed indicative criteria, and if an OES, its value. After the ACTS (constituting of representatives of employers, workers, government and environmental and consumer experts) has approved a MEL or OES it is endorsed by the Health and Safety Commission (HSC).
Internet Links
HSE Direct
UK Pages of the European Agency Network
The Health and Safety Executive
The Occupational Safety systems in the United States vary from state to state. Here, Information is given on major providers of the Occupational Exposure Limits in the USA - ACGIH, OSHA, and NIOSH.
The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) publishes since 1946 Maximum Allowable Concentrations (MAC), which were later renamed to "Threshold Limit Values" (TLVs). Threshold Limit Values are defined as an exposure limit "to which it is believed nearly all workers can be exposed day after day for a working lifetime without ill effect". The ACGIH is a professional organisation of occupational hygienists from universities or governmental institutions. Occupational hygienists from private industry can join as associate members since shortly.
Today, 9 ACGIH committees focus their energies on a range of topics such as agriculture safety and health, air sampling instruments, bio-aerosols, biological exposure indices, construction, industrial ventilation, infectious agents, chemical substance TLVs, and physical agent TLVs. Once a year, the different committees propose new threshold limits or best working practice guides. The list of TLVs includes more than 700 chemical substances and physical agents, as well as dozens of Biological Exposure Indices for selected chemicals. Substances are nominated by the TLV Committee based on new occupational exposure data or requests of governmental organisations, workers, industry etc.. The committee decides which substances selected for consideration are to be studied and votes at least once a year on action items.
The committee has developed selection criteria for substances, taking into account scientific evidence or workplace experience. Every TLV or BEI is developed and based on the available, relevant, scientific data for that agent. Some TLVs include also skin and carcinogenity notations and Biological Exposure Indices.
The ACGIH defines different TLV-Types as there are:
• Threshold Limit Value - Time-Weighted Average (TLV-TWA): the time-weighted average concentration for a conventional 8-hour workday and a 40-hour workweek, to which it is believed that nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed, day after day, without adverse effect.
• Threshold Limit Value-Short - Term Exposure Limit (TLV-STEL): the concentration to which it is believed that workers can be exposed continuously for a short period of time without suffering from
• Irritation,
• chronic or irreversible tissue damage, or • narcosis. STEL is defined as a 15-minute TWA exposure, which should not be exceeded at any time during a workday
• Threshold Limit Value - Ceiling (TLV-C): the concentration that should not be exceeded during any part of the working exposure.
• Excursion Limits. There is a general excursion limit recommendation that applies to those TLV-TWAs that do not have STELs. Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed 3 times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 minutes during a workday, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded.
ACGIH-TLVs do not have a legal force in the USA, they are only recommendations. OSHA defines regulatory limits. However, ACGIH-TLVs and the criteria documents are a very common base for setting TLVs in the USA and in many other countries. ACGIH exposure limits are in many cases more protective than OSHA's. Many US companies use the current ACGIH levels or other internal and more protective limits.
Internet Links
Reference resource
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) of the U.S. Department of Labour (USDOL) publishes Permissible Exposure Limits (PEL). PELs are regulatory limits on the amount or concentration of a substance in the air, and they are enforceable. The initial set of limits from 1971 was based on the ACGIH TLVs. An attempt to extend the number of TLV to other widely used chemicals was proposed by OSHA in 1989. OSHA additionally proposed in 1992 to apply most of these new and revised limits to construction, maritime, and agriculture. OSHA currently has around 500 Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs) for various forms of approximately 300 chemical substances, many of which are widely used in industrial settings. Existing PELs are contained in a document called "29 CFR 1910.1000", the air contaminants standard.
If OSHA determines that a specific standard is needed, any of several advisory committees may be called upon to develop specific recommendations. There are two standing committees, and ad hoc committees may be appointed to examine special areas of concern to OSHA. All Advisory committees, standing or ad hoc, must have members representing management, labour, and state agencies, as well as one or more designees of the Secretary of Health and Human Services. The two standing advisory committees are:
• National Advisory Committee on Occupational Safety and Health (NACOSH), which advises, consults with, and makes recommendations to the Secretary of HHS and to the Secretary of Labor on matters regarding administration of the Act.
• Advisory Committee on Construction Safety and Health, which advises the Secretary of Labor on formul ation of construction safety and health standards and other regulations.
OSHA uses in a similar way as the ACGIH the following types of OELs: TWAs, Action Levels, Ceiling Limits, STELs, Excursion Limits and in some cases BEIs.
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has the statutory responsibility for recommending exposure levels that are protective to workers. NIOSH has identified Recommended Exposure Levels (RELs) for around 700 hazardous substances. These limits have no legal force. NIOSH recommends their limits via criteria documents to OSHA and other OEL setting institutions.
Types of RELs are TWA, STEL, Ceiling, Biological Exposure Indices. The recommendations and the criteria are published in several different document types, such as Current Intelligent Bulletins (CIB), Alerts, Special Hazard Reviews, Occupational Hazard Assessments and Technical Guidelines.
Other US OEL publishers
Other exposure limits exist in the USA, published by organisations including:
• The American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA);
• The MSHA (Mine Safety and Health Administration);
• The American National Standards Institute (ANSI);
• The U.S. Navy.
Internet Links
US-EU Cooperation on Workplace Safety & Health
Definitions of TLV terms
The TLVs and BEIs
Some downloadable TLV and BEI documents
For the ACGHIH (USA) Threshold Limit Value List
OSHA's limit Values and criteria documents
NIOSH's documents and lists


text:
6489 Main Street
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P.O. Box 329
Gloucester, Virginia 23061
Phone: 804-693-2355
Fax: 804-824-2450
Contact Us
Hours: 8:00 AM to 4:30 PM
Monday - Friday
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Although special programs are offered for seniors and disabled citizens, all programs are open to any citizen. Some programs do require meeting age and ability requirements. Please check program details.
Website updated by 3/19/18
For updates on activities or cancellations, call the PLAYLINE at 693-5811.
County Office Building One
6467 Main Street
Gloucester, Virginia 23061
Phone: 804.693.4042
Office hours:
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Special equipment: Eight 12-ounce soup crocks
Melt the butter in a very large Dutch oven or pot over medium heat. Add half the onions and sprinkle with 1/2 teaspoon salt and a few grinds of black pepper. Top with the remaining onions and sprinkle with 1/2 teaspoon salt and more pepper. Add the bay leaves and thyme and cook, stirring occasionally, until the onions are very soft and just begin to turn brown, about 1 hour. (The onions will begin to stick to the bottom of the pan and turn brown after about 30 minutes; just keep scraping them up and stirring them into the rest of the onions.)
Add the wine to the pot, bring to a simmer and cook until it has almost completely evaporated, about 4 minutes. Add the beef broth and 1 cup of water, bring to a simmer and cook until the flavors have come together and the soup is rich, about 45 minutes. Season with 1/2 teaspoon salt and a few grinds of black pepper. Either keep the soup warm on a low burner or cool completely, refrigerate and reheat later. (The cooked soup can be refrigerated for up to 2 days or cooled and frozen for up to 1 month.)
Preheat the broiler. Place four soup crocks on a rimmed baking sheet and fill them about 3/4 of the way with hot soup. Float a slice of bread on top of each and cover with Gruyere. Broil until the Gruyere is golden brown (don't be alarmed if some soup bubbles out), 2 to 3 minutes. Repeat with the remaining soup, bread and Gruyere.
Copyright 2013 Television Food Network, G.P. All rights reserved
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Melanie Mason of the Los Angeles Times was one of two fact checkers who was forced to report that statistics cited by Donald Trump during his Thursday acceptance speech at the Republican National Convention were "basically right," though she added in her liberal way that immigration in general was "flat overall."
However, Mason couldn't deny the fact that her "fact checking" showed that Donald Trump was right in his assessments. In fact, she was the second reporter to confirm that The Donald's facts were indeed facts.
Seema Mehta, another Times reporter, confirmed that Trump's crime numbers were "mostly accurate," though again she had to mitigate the damage to the mainstream media's open borders agenda by claiming that "his conclusion are a stretch."
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"The number of new illegal immigrant families who have crossed the border so far this year already exceeds the entire total from 2015," Trump said during his speech.
According to Mason, Trump was essentially correct, according to statistics from the U.S. Border Patrol. Approximately 51,000 families have crossed the border since the beginning of the 2016 fiscal year.
TRENDING: Ben Carson's HUD Launches Serious Investigation of Facebook
The liberal fact checkers could no longer deny that Trump knew what he was speaking about, even if it pained them to say so.
Fact checking is meant to keep politicians honest as well as guide public debate toward reasonable conclusions about policy and prevent hyperbole and debates fueled by divisive misinformation.
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Usually, though, this fact-checking is performed by liberals and winds up defending liberal values and undermining conservatives on a partisan, not factual, basis. Not this time.
These liberals are going to have to face the facts now — Donald Trump knows what he is talking about.
H/T Breitbart
Please share this story on Facebook and Twitter and be sure to add your opinion to the comment section below.
How surprised do you think these reporters were to discover that Trump was right? Scroll down to comment below.


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The lucky bastards at Motociclismo.it have spotted the Aprilia Tuono V4 testing at a track day at Mugello, and were fortunate enough to have their photo and video cameras at the ready. At an event that feels more like a setup press leak, than a true spy capture, we still get some of our clearest views of the 2011 Aprilia Tuono V4 yet.
The street-naked draws heavily from the RSV4, and has the usual differences where we'd expect to find them on these two bikes. Perhaps the most exciting is what appears to be an ABS and/or traction control system pick up on the front and rear wheels, which might be a hint of things to come in the Aprilia sport line. Check after the jump for a video of the Aprilia Tuono V4 going around the track, and more photos.


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All the boys from One Direction are taking a couple...
Stole My Heart...One Step At A Time.
- by MikaylaHoran(;
- Rating:
- Published: 11 Oct 2012
- Updated: 12 Oct 2012
- Status: In Progress
Nicole Stevens, an ordinary girl, shes had a horrible past, with boys, her mother dying, also a sister she never got to meet. But will a boy from a famous boy band change it all? Will he help her to stop hurting herself? Or will it just cause more pain? Will she even give him a chance? Or maybe will she get her dream come true? Even a career ahead of her life? Read more to find out!(:
Join MovellasFind out what all the buzz is about. Join now to start sharing your creativity and passion
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Bring warmth to any room with these 3-way lamps featuring a flawless modern style and modified beige drum shade that enhances the copper design.
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BSc Social Policy with Study Abroad (L404)
2018 entry
View courses for 2019 entry
Some courses may be available for 2018 entry through Clearing and Adjustment. View our latest Home/EU and International vacancies.
|UCAS code
|Application method
|UCAS/Common Application
|Course duration
|4 year(s) full-time
|Tuition fees
|Location of course
|Clifton campus, Placements
|Part-time study
|Number of applicants accepted for 2016/17
|62 overall for Single Honours Social Policy courses
About BSc Social Policy with Study Abroad
The Social Policy with Study Abroad degree gives you the opportunity to critically analyse contemporary issues, such as inequality, unemployment and crime. It takes an international and comparative perspective in many units, ensuring that social policy is considered in its global context.
The programme is identical to the three-year BSc Social Policy except, at the end of year two, you will have the opportunity to study overseas at one of our partner institutions. You will be able to take units related to social policy or units from the broader social sciences, arts and humanities. For example, in Sweden you may choose to study the Swedish and Swedes unit, or at City University Hong Kong you have the option of taking a unit in Mandarin. You will return to Bristol for your fourth and final year.
View all our Social Policy courses
See a list of all Social Policy degrees at Bristol, and find more information about the course, assessment and career prospects.
Course structure
Typical offer for BSc Social Policy with Study Abroad - applicants must meet one of the following
Standard offer
Contextual offer
What is a contextual offer?
|International Baccalaureate Diploma
Standard offer
|32 overall to include 16 points at Higher Level
|International Baccalaureate Diploma
Contextual offer
What is a contextual offer?
|29 points overall with 14 at Higher Level
|Cambridge Pre-U offer
|Requirements are as for A-levels, where Grade A* is D2, A is D3, B is M2, and C is M3
|Access to HE Diploma offer
|Pass Access to HE Diploma with at least 30 credits at Distinction and 15 credits at Merit
|BTEC offer
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text:
Film Office Director Agrees With Center on Hangar42 Movie Studio Deal
The Grand Rapids Press and WOOD-TV are reporting that Michigan Film Office Director Janet Lockwood agreed with Mackinac Center analysts that a proposed movie studio seeking state subsidies is questionable.
Michigan Capitol Confidential broke the story after an e-mail from Lockwood, obtained through the Freedom of Information Act, quoted her saying "So disappointing, it looked so promising. But it's not. This time I am agreeing with the Mac Center." Lockwood was referring to Hangar42, about which issues were raised after a months-long Mackinac Center investigation.
Stay Engaged
More Mackinac Center analysis of the studio deal can be found here, here and here.
Read more Grand Rapids Press coverage about Hangar42 here.


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Friend's Email:
Subject: I have found a CD that I think you would enjoy
|Zawinul Syndicate
Genres: World Music, Jazz, Pop
CD Details
CD Reviews
Classic Zawinul
Little Joey | Burlington, VT United States | 07/25/2009
(5 out of 5 stars)
"No long elaborate verbose review here...just a "two thumbs up" from a fan who really prefers the post-Weather Report work. If you like Black Water, you'll like this one. All good tracks including the very popular Mercy Mercy Mercy.
BTW-What the heck is that image Amazon loaded for this album? bizarre...Customer image is correct."


text:
Despite a significant increase in earnings, Yahoo! Inc. took a significant loss in late trading after releasing its first-quarter numbers.
Yahoo Inc. (YHOO) reported first-quarter 2013 earnings of $390 million, $0.35 per share, on revenue of $1.07 billion. This was an improvement over the prior year's Q1, during which the company earned $286 million or $0.23 per share, but shy of analyst estimates that had the company's earnings forecast as high as $1.1 billion.
The company also projected Q2 net income of $1.06 billion to $1.09 billion, also below analyst forecasts of $1.11 billion.
However, the more disappointing news seemed to be the 11 percent decline from the prior year in revenue from display advertisements (down to $402 million), worse than expectations of a 9 percent decline.
The decrease in revenue coupled with the increase in earnings has been explained by two factors. First, the decreases are mainly in advertising dollars, where Google (GOOG) has a firm hold on the mobile market, with Facebook (FB) doing its best what little is left.
Secondly, a significant portion of the company's profits are currently being made from investments. The company has a 24 percent holding in the Chinese internet company Alibaba Group, along with its 35 percent stake in the increasingly popular Yahoo Japan. This situation prompted Colin Gillis, an analyst with BGC Partners, to note that the company "is still doing better as an investment house than they are as a company."
While Gillis expressed some concern over the nature of Yahoo's stake in the aforementioned companies, especially with regard to how this might affect Marissa Mayer's turnaround strategy, he defended the new CEO by saying "you have to remember that turnarounds take a long time and we are still in the early innings of that."
Yahoo's shares dropped nearly 4.6 percent in after-hours trading to $22.70.
DISCLOSURE: The views and opinions expressed in this article are those of the authors, and do not represent the views of equities.com. Readers should not consider statements made by the author as formal recommendations and should consult their financial advisor before making any investment decisions. To read our full disclosure, please go to: http://www.equities.com/disclaimer


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Article Options
Acts of grace
"If you're a woman in a third-world country, and you cannot negotiate the use of a condom by your male partner… you're always at risk," says Hildreth, founding director of the Meharry Medical College's Comprehensive Center for Health Disparities Research in HIV.
A microbicide-containing vaginal cream could "empower women to protect themselves," he says.
Hildreth started investigating HIV as a young faculty member at Johns Hopkins University in the late 1980s, but his determination to solve problems that disproportionately affect poor people and minorities was forged 20 years earlier, in segregated small-town Arkansas.
When he was 11, he lost his father to cancer. "Because we were poor and because we were black, my father received little care," he says. "It made me a very angry young man."
Months later, his hero, the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr., was cut down by an assassin's bullet. "My despair gave way to rage. I turned completely inward and didn't speak to anybody."
Fortunately his "praying, patient and insightful" mother Lucy helped him to channel his anger in ways that nourished rather than destroyed him.
"Dr. King faced unimaginable hatred and enmity… and yet he never responded in kind," Hildreth told Vanderbilt medical and nursing students during a lecture in 2006 honoring the civil rights leader. "My mother helped me understand there was no reason to hate ... If I was to be true to Dr. King, I had to have the same grace he had."
Hildreth went on to Harvard, won a Rhodes scholarship to Oxford where he earned a Ph.D. in immunology, and received his medical degree from Johns Hopkins.
At first he wanted to become a transplant surgeon, but soon turned his attention to HIV after witnessing the disproportional impact of AIDS on "the poor, the disadvantaged and people of color."
Applying his expertise in cellular immunology, he and his first graduate student, Rimas Orentas, reported in 1989 that HIV essentially "hijacked" proteins on the surface of certain white blood cells in order to attach to and infect the cells. The points of attachment are called lipid "rafts" because they are full of cholesterol.
Hildreth and his colleagues wondered what would happen if they disrupted these viral "lifeboats." By 2001, they had an answer: when cholesterol was "sucked out" of the membrane by a lipid-attracting chemical called beta-cyclodextrin (BCD), HIV was no longer able to infect its target cell.
Within three years, Hildreth and his colleagues had developed a BCD-based cream that, in animal studies, blocks HIV infection.
About that time, he received an offer to direct a new AIDS research center at Nashville's historically black medical college. He declined twice. His wife Phyllis urged him to reconsider.
"As I thought about it… to do (my work) at this place, which has been battling health disparities since its inception, became more and more appealing," Hildreth recalls. "It would be a tremendously powerful thing if even a partial solution to the AIDS problem could have its birth here at Meharry… I felt compelled to come."
In concluding his lecture to the Vanderbilt students, Hildreth returned to the grace that illuminated King's life.
"This is your world to take and do with as you please," he said. "But… I beg you not to become what Shakespeare calls the indifferent children of the world, who would stand and watch as the world falls into chaos… The bottom line is there is a lot of work for us with grace to do."


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The assignment has been to paint Milton Friedman. Pretty easy, one might think. One more wrinkled white guy to add to the likes of Alan Greenspan and Ben Bernanke, although I'd advise against hanging Friedman and Bernanke next to each other. Late at night the shouting you think you hear as you try to sleep will be about lending AIG 85-Large.
Anyway, despite all of the above, it's taken longer than anticipated. Not sure why -- sometimes it flows and sometimes it doesn't. Started a previous version and it just wasn't working. Decided rather than fixing it, just to begin again from Point A.
Thus this ...
At which point it hit me that the way to paint the man is with a black background, not a white one.
Which is unusual for me, although hardly unprecedented. I'd call your attention to "St. Joan Receives the Spirit of the Lord", which is a classic.
Don't be confused -- Big Milton will be executed in full color. In short order, I'm thinking since, now that I'm unlocked, I believe the paint will be flowing here nicely. Expect to be done in a week or less. Because I can feel it coming out, even as I type this.
For you completists, this may be interesting.


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BUSTED: Erick Erickson's Website Caught Taking Paul Singer Money To Bash Trump
Pundit Erick Erickson's The Resurgent website got 10K from anti-Trump, Paul Singer-funded Our Principle PAC in their latest FEC reported, GotNews.com can report. The funding from the neoconservative billionaire wasn't disclosed to Erickson's readers at the new venture. Singer, who is a pro-gay marriage establishment billionaire, was one of the major financial donors for Marco Rubio. […]Read Story


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Alpha lipoic acid (ALA), also known as thioctic acid, is a vitamin-like substance made by the body in humans and functions as an antioxidant. Not only is it an antioxidant but it helps regenerate other antioxidants such as Vitamin E, Vitamin C, and glutathione. It is found in every cell and functions to help convert glucose into energy.
ALA also functions as a cofactor for certain mitochondrial enzymes. Unlike most vitamins, it's both fat and water-soluble so it can work throughout the body. Dietary sources of ALA include red meat, organ meats (such as liver), and yeast – particularly brewer's yeast.
The clinical indications for ALA include treating or preventing diabetes, hepatitis, burning mouth syndrome, taste disorders and vitiligo. ALA has the ability to bind to certain metals and has been shown to inhibit copper-and iron-induced oxidative damage in vitro. These metal ions, such as free iron and copper, can induce oxidative damage in the body by causing free radical formation.
Most of the research on ALA focuses on its effectiveness in the treatment of diabetes. Multiple studies have found Alpha-lipoic acid effective in lowering blood sugar levels. Due to its ability to kill free radicals, it may help people with diabetic peripheral neuropathy.
Another organ that may benefit from ALA is the liver. The first large-scale human clinical studies using alpha lipoic acid in the U.S. were carried out in the 1970s by Berkson, Frederick C. Bartter, M.D., and other scientists at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The researchers gave the nutrient to 79 people with severe liver damage; 75 of those people, according to Berkson, recovered full liver function.
Consider adding this potent and important antioxidant into your every day supplement routine. And as always, it is important to contact your health care provider.
|Source Naturals – Acetyl L-Carnitine & Alpha-Lipoic Acid For Cellular Vitality 650 mg. – 120 Tablets
|Natrol – Alpha Lipoic Acid Antioxidant Protection 600 mg. – 30 Capsules
|Life Solutions – Liquid Alpha Lipoic Acid – 16 fl. oz.


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Star Tea Light Holder
£14.95 In Stock Product Code: HL068
Made in the UK
A beautiful and charming tea light holder made from fine ivory white porcelain. Each one is hand decorated with tiny holes to create a pattern with a warm, flickering glow.
This Star design would be wonderful for the mantelpiece, dinner table or in the garden. A lovely gift for any occasion.
Hand thrown on the wheel, each piece is then individually pierced before being kiln fired with a glossy transparent glaze.
Each tea light holder is unique and measures approximately 6.5cm in diameter and 6.5 to 7cm high.


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Leaders in monolith chromatography
Peptides & proteins
Viruses & VLPs
Enzyme reactors
Chromatographic columns are typically several centimeters in length, resulting in a high number of column plates, and, consequently, such columns have high efficiency. These properties allow even very similar molecules to be separated. This is especially true for smaller molecules, where the separation is based on selective migration. For large molecules, a different separation mechanism is usually required. Large molecules normally interact with the matrix at several binding sites. Consequently, their adsorption isotherms are very steep, almost rectangular. For such molecules, there exists only a very narrow mobile phase range within which they interact with the active moieties on the stationary phase, but are not irreversibly retained. To elute them from the matrix, a change of the mobile phase composition is required. Therefore the separation is based upon the selective elution and requires the use of gradient chromatographic methods. For this type of separation, the column length is less important and the efficient separations can be achieved even with extremely short columns.
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Hi all! RM and I are happy to share a hot scene from our Evernight Publishing book, Wild West Promise, for the Evernight Publishing Love Hop in celebration of Valentine's Day. Evernight is offering a grand prize - a $100 Visa gift card - to one lucky commenter drawn from all the comments made at all the blogs. So the more blogs you comment on, the more chances you have to win! RM and I are also offering a prize - a $10 Evernight Publishing Gift Certificate - to one lucky commenter. So be sure to leave a comment telling us your most memorable Valentine's Day (whether good or bad) along with your email address to enter for the prizes! And be sure to visit the other hoppers (links below in the first list) for more chances to win!
Here's a hot scene between Kent and Maggie, the hero and heroine of Wild West Promise...
...."I struggled last night, and I've fought my feelings all morning to keep my hands off you," his deep voice murmured against her ear. He pressed his pelvic region against her ass. "And as you may notice, I'm losin' the fight."
....She smoothed her hands over his. Soft and supple they were not. Kent's palms and fingers held weathered signs of a man who worked the land. She wanted them touching her, all over her body. She wanted the hard cock pressing against her back out of his jeans and sliding in and out of her pussy. Squeezing his hands sent his lips against her ear followed by a sweet lingering kiss.
...."Maggie…I can't give you what you probably want…a relationship…but I can give you what you need."
....Still snug in his arms, she half turned. "How do you know what I want?"
...."Doesn't every woman want more than one moment? I'm really starting to like you, and the last thing I want to do is hurt you. Thing is, I'm not a relationship kinda guy."
....Honestly, she didn't want or need forever, especially after the way she'd been treated in her marriage and put through hell five years ago during her divorce. On top of that, she'd endured one disastrous affair after another when she entered the dating world. She just wanted right now. The urge to feel desired, revered and break her multi-month dry spell propelled her. The warmth running through her body intensified at the thought of him making love to her.
....Finishing the turn, she faced him. "I promise the only concern on my mind, my only want today, is to have you screaming my name with passion within the hour." The truth in her words made her pulse pound so quickly and thoroughly that the vibrations moved through her neck in droves.
....His beautiful chocolate gaze bore into hers. He pressed their bodies together tighter. "Are you sure? I don't want to upset you, Mags."
...."Kent, I'm a big girl. I have lots of dating experiences on my resume. Believe me, I truly appreciate your concern, but if I didn't think I could handle something short and sweet between us, I wouldn't be here right now." She reached up, flicked off his hat and ran her fingers through his thick hair. The locks' softness surprised her. Such a contradiction. Rugged, work-worn man. Luxurious hair. Who knew?
...."Darlin', you're like no woman I've ever known."
....His voice rolled from him like the rumble of distant thunder and reverberated through her, enflaming her desire for him even more. Offering a sexy smile, she ran the tip of her finger along his stubbled jaw line. "Your life is here. Mine, for the most part, is in Philadelphia. Just as you can't guarantee me anything, I can't with you either. Except to give you my all in the moments of time we do have with each other."
....Tired of words and idle chatter, she palmed the sides of his head and locked her lips with his. At first, she sensed a harnessed control from him, but as she coaxed her mouth and then her tongue over his, his restraint faltered. His lips seduced hers with a ravishing need, kissed her like there was no tomorrow. She pushed the fact that there wouldn't be one from her mind and met his searching tongue with her own.
....His hard cock pulsated against her belly as his arms cradled her in a seductive cage. Any concerns she might have had about a fling with the cowboy crushed under the lust bursting forth inside her with enough power to disintegrate all worries.
....She wanted to touch and taste him everywhere. Twice. Three times. As many as it'd take to commit every luscious muscle, dip and curve to memory.
....When she thought the sheer sparks of ecstasy shifting through their kiss would ignite them into flames, she pulled away. "I want you. Now."
...."Good. Cause I'm ready to scream your name. Just like you requested." Kent removed her long-sleeved shirt then slipped his hand under the back of her tank top and tried to unhook her bra.
...."Wait." Maggie grasped his arms, stopping his movements.
...."Don't you mean more?" he whispered and then chuckled.
....She slid her hands toward his and directed them around to her breasts. "It hooks in the front."
...."Oh, one of those." His deft fingers unfastened the hooks and released her mounds into waiting hands. The firm warmth of his lips on her shoulder combined with the swirling movement of his tongue toward her breastbone made her groan deep in the throat.
...."Oh, Kent. More please."
...."Your wish is my command, darlin'." In a flash, he pulled her top off, shucked her bra to the side, and had her up into his arms.
....Kent carried her to the small bunk and laid her down. Desire and lust unfurled in her as he held her close and nuzzled the valley between her tits, licking and nipping at the delicate area. When he reached for her ponytail and tightened his hand around it, she hummed louder. His lips ravaged hers again. She arched her back, brushing against him and giving herself up to the aphrodisiac of his touch and kiss.
....His hands explored her curves with possessive hunger, moving ever so gently across her hardened nipples. Warmth pulsated through her, sent her pulse racing, and narrowed her focus until all she could think of was him filling her with his cock.
....Maggie pushed his hands to the snap of her jeans. "Take them off now. Please!"
...."My, my. Slow and easy, darlin'." Kent's harsh, lust filled voice and sultry laughter flowed over her. "But then…" With a wicked grin, he unsnapped her jeans and yanked them down her legs. Seconds later, he ripped off her panties and touched the soft wiry hairs at the junction of her thighs.
....Passion overriding logic, she didn't care that he tore her underwear, she just wanted him. Kent slipped his fingers into her canal. On a whimper, she closed her eyes, reveling in how his skillful fingers stroked and glided amongst her nether lips. The moment his thumb circled and massaged her clit, everything inside her clenched with excitement and desperate need.
...."You are so wet. Mmm…"
....His words were the heroin she needed, shooting her up with more desire and heightening all her senses beyond belief. Colors became crisper. She breathed in his scents of leather and earth and smelled the spicy undertones of his aftershave. Her fingers tingled against his starchy shirt and rough jeans. Everywhere he touched her, zings of electricity bolted through her. She stared up at him.
....Light blazed in his eyes, then grew dark and hypnotizing with pleasure. "Maggie, darlin', you're fucking me with your gaze."
....Enough with foreplay. She didn't want to wait any longer, nor be the only one in a birthday suit. "I do believe we need to get you out of those clothes, cowboy."
Buy Wild West Promise & the other Wild West books here: Evernight Publishing
Thanks for stopping by!
Here's the list for the other hoppers. The more places you visit & leave comments at ~ the more chances you have of winning some great stuff! Have fun!
This post is also doubling as my Mid Week Tease for February 12. What is Mid Week Tease? Mid Week Tease is an event where authors are spotlighting a few lines or a paragraph or two from their stories. Readers, you get to sample some delicious snippets and be teased, titillated and tantalized into the weekend!
Visit these other wonderful authors for more MWT goodness!
The Double D Ranch Tales
The Double D Ranch Tales ~ Fictional tales set on a fictional ranch and other locales in southern Nevada. Names, characters, places, and incidents either are products of the authors' imaginations or are used fictitiously. Any resemblance to actual events or locales or persons, living or dead, is entirely coincidental. ~ Happy Reading!
Thursday, February 6, 2014
Love Scene Blog Hop (& MWT 2/12) w. @evernightpub 4 #valentinesday #lovescene #erotic @rmsotera
Posted by C.R. Moss at 9:01 PM 22 comments
Labels: Blog Hop, Evernight Publishing, Holiday, RM Sotera, valentine, valentine's day, Wild West Promise
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Pianist Arunesh Nadgir has performed as soloist and chamber musician in the United States, Europe, and Asia. The winner of the Eastman Piano Concerto Competition and the Steinway Society of Massachusetts Piano Competition, he has performed in venues including Weill Recital Hall at Carnegie Hall and Steinway Hall in New York City; Eastman Theatre in Rochester, New York; and Jordan Hall in Boston. He has performed at music festivals including the Millennium International Piano Festival, the Moulin d'Ande Festival, the Kneisel Hall Summer Music Festival, and the Lyricafest Chamber Music Festival in New Jersey.
An accomplished teacher, Nadgir has taught at The Palisades School of Music in New Jersey, the Eastman School of Music where he was an Instructor of Primary and Secondary Piano as well as the Teaching Assistant to Professor Natalya Antonova, and at the Blue Lake Fine Arts Camp in Michigan. His students have won prizes at pre-college and college level music competitions including the New York Music Competition, the Wagner College Young Musicians Competition, and the University of Rochester Concerto Competition.
Arunesh Nadgir began his piano studies at the age of seven with Michael Thomopoulos. He went on to receive a Bachelor of Music Degree from the New England Conservatory of Music, a Master of Music Degree from The Juilliard School, and a Doctorate of Musical Arts Degree from the Eastman School of Music where he worked with Wha Kyung Byun, Robert McDonald, and Natalya Antonova, respectively.


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A growing trend in both the theory and practice of programming is the interaction with rich information spaces. This trend derives from the ever-increasing need to integrate programming with large, heterogeneous, connected, richly structured, streaming, evolving, or probabilistic information sources—be they databases, web services, or large‐scale, cloud‐based data analyses. However, as the complexity of programs and information structures increases, the coupling between the two is far from seamless, requiring many manual programming and modeling efforts. These manual processes often lead to brittle programs and thwart the easy application of novel compiler technologies and information mastering methods.
Providing strongly typed access to rich data sources is a key consideration for strongly-typed programming languages, to insure low impedance mismatch in information access.
F# 3.0 addresses these issues, making it ideal for analytical, data-rich, and parallel-component development, harnessing the power of functional programming while bringing the web of data to your fingertips through type providers.
And Try F# makes it even easier to program in F# 3.0 with an easy to learn, simple to use, and straightforward way of sharing, all through the browser.
New Try F#
New Try F#
By working with the community, we have enhanced the "learn" experience, now complete with sample materials to get you started. Try F# now includes "create and share" experiences that help you write simple code to solve complex problems and then easily share snippets or sample packs with others.
F# communities make it easy to get involved:
- Data-Centric Programming Workshop 2014San Diego, CA US • 25 January 2014
- Data Driven Functional Programming Workshop 2013Rome, Italy • 22 January 2013
- First Workshop on Programming the Semantic Web (ISWC)Boston, MA, US • 11 November 2012
Related Links
Related Links
- Try F# Brochure (PDF, 821 KB)
- Microsoft DevRadio: Learn, Create and Share with Try F#
- Visual Studio Research Tools
- Visual F# Resources
- Computer Science at Microsoft Research Connections


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Kent Island
This trip will venture far north to the Bowdoin Scientific Station on Kent Island, located in the Bay of Fundy, off the coast of New Brunswick, Canada. To complete their journey, students will cross open water first by ferry, then by lobster boat before finally wading ashore. Once on Kent Island, trip members will observe and participate in research on the sea birds, take hikes around the island, and swim along the rocky coast. A legal passport is required for this trip.
Equipment List
Kent Island Equipment List (pdf)
If there is anything that is in the equipment list that you have questions about, please do not hesitate to contact Sarah Liu, Pre-Orientation Coordinator at (207)798-4268 or firstname.lastname@example.com. Also, Capilene tops and bottoms, and socks will be sold here at the Outing Club on the day of arrival if you are unable to get them beforehand.
Departs Tuesday, August 23, 2011


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#costa rica rentals
Homes and Condos For Rent in Tamarindo and Langosta, Costa Rica
Coastal Property Management offers furnished condos and homes available for nightly, weekly and monthly rental ready to go for your vacation or longer stay with full kitchen, internet, tv, linens and towels.
Rates on properties we manage are typically much less than area hotels, and our rental condos and homes are all high quality with full kitchens and many amenities. All of our Tamarindo and Playa Langosta units are within 5 blocks of beautiful Tamarindo Beach. Many are just steps away.
We hope that you will take the time to browse our website and learn about our wonderful area of Costa Rica. We have been renting vacation homes and condos to satisfied customers since 2006 and hope that you will come visit us soon.
Info on restaurants, activities, surf, golf, and other information can be found in the links above. These are Tamarindo recommendations that our clients have enjoyed in the past, and we know you will too!
Book your Tamarindo vacation rental today with confidence!
Mary Murillo is an expert on planning vacations in Tamarindo and Langosta and is ready to help you in English or Spanish. See a sample Tamarindo Vacation itinerary.
Our Rental Properties:
Tamarindo vacation rentals are great options for proximity to restaurants, night life, and Tamarindo Beach. You will find more people, more to do, and the commercial establishments like banks, grocery stores, real estate offices, tour companies, surf shops, etc. in this part of town. Note that vacation rentals are a flat fee for a short stay and do not include utilities.
Langosta vacation rentals are in the quieter neighborhood of Langosta on the southern end of Tamarindo and are an easy walk to Playa Langosta. You will find a few restaurants, a coffee shop, a supermarket, a surf shop and a spa, but Langosta is generally quieter and lower density. About a mile walk to the center of Tamarindo.
Long term rentals are rented with leases and the tenant paying all utilities typically. We offer long term rentals in Tamarindo and Langosta. Long term rental prices are NOT applicable to stays of a month or two months. Long term rental rates are for people that are moving to our area and ready to sign a lease. We have both homes and condos for long term rental in the area.
What makes Tamarindo great? Let us show you with our new video. Please feel free to share it with friends!
Recent Reviews of Our Rental Properties from Our Guests:
"Our most memorable family vacation" – The villa is wonderful from its ground-floor pool and the rooftop jacuzzi to the well-equipped kitchen (a couple of sharp knives would have made it perfect). Our favourite meals were when we rode our rented bikes down to Tamarindo beach to buy red snapper from a fishing boat and shrimp from Pedro's. We could buy basic groceries from the Supermerkado just around the corner, or cycle into Tamarindo to the larger grocery stores. Taxis are also a great way to get there, and at $4-$5 a ride, not expensive. The staff working in the Courtyard Villas was always very helpful and most friendly. Most important, the beach is fantastic. February is a perfect time to enjoy Guanacaste — it rarely felt too hot because of the dry air — and when it was hot, around mid-day, we cooled off in our clean, well-kept pool. Recent Visitor to Casa Quetzalcoatl
"Ocean Breezes Water Views" – Had a great time staying at this Condo. It's in a clean, safe, and very modern building just a few hundred meters from two different entrances to Langosta Beach. The interior was furnished with new appliances, nice modern furniture, and had a large comfortable bathroom. The pool is huge and has an impressive bbq area attached to it. I've been coming to Tamarindo/Langosta Beach for 6 years now. This is by far my favorite rental space. Loved the ocean view, the peace and quiet of the building and area, and the friendly staff working at the facility. When my vacation ended, I didn't want to leave. Will definitely stay there again." – Recent Visitor to Condo Pacific Sunset
"Great property for large groups, especially with children" – We rented Casa Ix Chel for 6 days to house 9 people, including children ranging from 2 to 8 years old. The house was a perfect size for our group, offered plenty of privacy for each family, and great areas for everyone to be together. Everything was clean and in good repair. The grounds were lush and well maintained. The property includes a bbq area, outdoor shower, and a very nice pool, ideal for use in the evenings and when the kids were too hot or tired to go the beach. It should be noted that there are two small casitas on the property that are rented out separately. The individuals who were living in there at the time were very polite and kept to themselves. I would not recommend the house to individuals in wheelchairs, as there are steps to access everything. The house is on a quiet street, a comfortable 10 minute walk from town and the beach. Renting bicycles makes the trip quicker and more bearable in the heat of the day. – Recent Visitor to Casa Ix Chel
Read More Testimonials from CPM's Happy Customers


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Magic Led NewsTicker
News Tickers & Scrollers, Latest News, Newsflash, News Display, Articles Display
The Magic Led NewsTicker is a complete solution to display latest titles on the website. Ticker has been prepared in two Standard Banner Size 468x60 – 728x90. Is designed to be easy to edit and update, comes with three different Led Models, possibility to change font size, led color, text speed.
New Feature: From now you have possibility to load multiple instances of the same module on the same website!!!
Comes with 3 different led models;
You can change font size, led color, text speed;
You can add a long text;
You can add a link for each news and set target (new or same window);
Support special characters (âùæçéèêëîïôœûüÜÛÙŒÔÏÎËÊÈÉÇÆÄÂÀ);
Very easy to use!
Magic Led NewsTicker
- Version:
- 1.0.5
- Developer:
- Magic Point
- Last updated:
- Dec 31 2014
- Date added:
- Nov 19 2014
- License:
- GPLv2 or later
- Type:
- Paid download
- Includes:
- Compatibility:
This extension does NOT implement the Joomla! Update SystemDemo Support Documentation
OverallNot rated
FunctionalityNot rated
Ease of useNot rated
DocumentationNot rated
SupportNot rated
Value for moneyNot rated


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No Top Gear nerves for Chris Evans
- Bang Showbiz
- 13 May 2016
Chris Evans has insisted that he isn't nervous about presenting 'Top Gear' and compared it to a 'Bond' movie because of all of the work that goes into it
Chris Evans insists he isn't nervous about presenting 'Top Gear'.
The 50-year-old TV presenter and co-stars Matt Le Blanc, Chris Harris, Sabine Schmitz, Eddie Jordan and Rory Reid have taken over from previous stars Jeremy Clarkson, Richard Hammond and James May but Chris insisted he has no nerves ahead of his debut on the BBC motoring show.
In a letter to fans published in the June issue of Top Gear Magazine, Chris said: "There's nothing left for us to be nervous about - we've each aged a thousand years in the past 10 months. We're done. There's nothing we can do now except sit back and enjoy our favourite show."
Chris, who has presented shows including 'TFI Friday', 'The One Show', 'Don't Forget Your Toothbrush' and 'The Big Breakfast', also revealed that filming 'Top Gear' is like nothing he has experienced before and compared it to a 'Bond' film.
He said: "I have never experienced anything in my career that comes close to what it's like to make a single film for 'Top Gear', let alone a whole hour show, let alone a whole series. There is nothing like it anywhere else in the world of TV.
"Every scene could be from a movie, every moment teetering on the brink somewhere between disaster and triumph. The vast majority of television I have been involved with in the past has been much more 'of the moment', more disposable if you like, as well as being usually live or 'as live'. All of which is so NOT 'Top Gear'. It's more akin to a 'Bond' movie. By the time each episode is broadcast, 95 per cent of its content will have been edited to within an inch of its life to be tighter, brighter and jump off the screen and down your throat."
The new series of 'Top Gear' launches on Sunday, May 29 on BBC Two.


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The Simply Dashboard is here and the building and construction process will never be the same again!
This innovative system is unique to Simply Extend. It's a fully automated online dashboard which allows you to keep up to date with your project; and also allows the management and construction teams working for you to deliver the best possible service and complete the job on time.
You can manage your payments right here and if you'd like to add additional work to the project, you can request it here too. It couldn't be simpler.
When you request a free site survey at your home, your surveyor will also talk your through the Simply Dashboard and all of the smart things it can do.
It's just one of the brilliant ways that Simply Extend are different from any other home extension company builder in London. Talk to a member of the Simply Extend team today to find out more.
To book a free site survey call us on 0800 917 7571 or get in touch with us via our online enquiry form.


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When you need to right-click on something on a desktop computer, all you need to do is press the right button on your mouse. Unfortunately, this can't be done on a laptop with only one track pad button. Most laptops with one button are Mac laptops, and thus you need to find your way around a little differently. The good news is that the procedure is not complicated.
Video of the Day
Open the display screen on your laptop computer and turn on the unit. Wait for the flash (logo) screen to give way to the main menu.
Locate the "Control" key on your laptop. On some laptops it will be labeled as "Ctrl." Press and hold the "Control" key down.
Use the computer trackpad to navigate to the icon or file you would like to right-click on and click the trackpad button. The right-click window will appear just like you were using a mouse.


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NEW YORK — Employment is rising at financial-services companies in New York, with bankers and insurance professionals among the most desirable of candidates in an industry still recovering from heavy losses two years ago.
Over a three-month period from the end of February through May, financial-services employment grew by 6,800 in New York City — the largest three-month increase in nearly two years, according to data from the New York State Department of Labor. The employment boost is the largest such gain within the industry since it reported the addition of 7,200 positions from May to August 2008.
"The war for talent has intensified," said Michael Karp, co-founder of Options Group, a financial-services executive search and consulting firm.
Large banks are replenishing infrastructure and support staff slashed during the financial crisis and recession and in some cases bolstering staff in key businesses such as equity derivatives and commodities. Midsize firms and boutiques still see opportunities to boost their market share with professionals that have big-bank experience.
And, significantly, layoffs have slowed, a change that James Brown, a principal economist with the New York State Department of Labor, called "the biggest factor over the last few months."
New York City reported 429,000 professionals in the financial-activities sector, up from 425,000 in March and 422,200 in February. The end of February marked the industry's lowest employment level in New York City in the past 20 years, according to the New York labor data.
While industry employment has increased, employment among securities professionals such as investment bankers and financial advisers has dropped. According to the Labor Department data, New York City reported 157,900 such employees as of the end of May, down from 158,600 on Jan. 31.
Gary Goldstein, chief executive of the Whitney Group, an executive search firm focused on the financial-services industry, said Wall Street firms "probably let go of more people than they should have from late 2007 through the middle of 2009."
Over the past year, firms such as Jefferies Group Inc. and Nomura Holdings Inc. have been particularly aggressive in adding professionals. Jefferies has been looking to boost its market share within investment banking, bolstering its profile in a space with fewer competitors. Nomura, a Japanese bank, has been expanding in the U.S.
One key element of increased hiring is that aggressive compensation deals are back on the table. Karp said prospects in hot businesses such as equity derivatives and commodities are receiving compensation offers 30% to 40% higher than a year ago, though he notes not all professionals should expect the same boost in payouts.
Karp said the typical managing director at a Wall Street firm can now expect a base salary of $400,000, whereas such a job paid out $250,000 three years ago. However, that increase doesn't take into account bonus payments which have in many cases been altered to tie professionals' pay more to long-term performance.
News of the Labor Department's New York City employment data was reported earlier Monday by Bloomberg News.