text:
Panthera leo
|Scope: Global
Language: English
|Scientific Name:
|Panthera leo (Linnaeus, 1758)
|Infra-specific Taxa Assessed:
|Regional Assessments:
Common Name(s):
Felis leo Linnaeus, 1758
|Taxonomic Notes:
|Taxonomy currently used by the IUCN SSC Cat Specialist Group:
Panthera leo persica—Asian subpopulations
Panthera leo leo—African subpopulations.
The latest published phylogeographical study of lions shows that the traditional split between Asian and African Lions as distinct subspecies is untenable (Barnett et al. 2014). Based on Barnett et al. (2014) the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN SSC Cat Specialist Group has provisionally proposed a different split into two subspecies, P. l. leo of Asia and West, Central and North Africa, and P l. melanochaita from South and East Africa. However, Barnett et al. (2014) is based only on mtDNA and could reflect female philopatry. In conjunction with the African Lion Working Group, Laura Bertola and colleagues are preparing a taxonomic paper, which will include reference to new molecular data from current studies, including complete mitochondrial genomes, microsatellites, and autosomal SNPs, which strongly support this taxonomic arrangement and recognize several management units within these revised subspecies. Given the poor conservation status of some regional Lion populations, it is important that this new taxonomic arrangement is immediately available for use by the IUCN Red List to support the next stages in developing a conservation strategy for the Lion based on coherent and sound science (Barnett et al. 2006a,b, 2014; Bertola et al. 2011, submitted; Dubach et al. 2005, 2013).
|Red List Category & Criteria:
|Vulnerable A2abcd ver 3.1
|Year Published:
|Date Assessed:
|Bauer, H., Packer, C., Funston, P.F., Henschel, P. & Nowell, K.
|Hunter, L., Hoffmann, M., Breitenmoser-Würsten, C. & Breitenmoser, U.
|Bauer, H., Becker, M., Begg, C., Bertola, L., Chapron, G., Croes, B., Dricuru, M., Funston, P.F., Groom, R., Henschel, P., Hunter, L., Loveridge, A., Macdonald, D., Packer, C., Petracca, L., Robinson, H., Tende, T., Tumenta, P.F., Venktraman, M., White, P.A. & Winterbach, C.
The Lion population is inferred to have undergone a reduction of approximately 43% over the past 21 years (approximately three Lion generations, 1993-2014).
We infer a decline of 43% based on time trend analysis of census data for 47 relatively well monitored Lion subpopulations. These subpopulations approximately totalled an estimated 7,500 Lions in 2014 and comprise a substantial portion of the total species population, so that we feel confident in applying observed trends to the species as a whole as well as on a regional basis.
The overall classification of the Lion as Vulnerable masks a dichotomy: we observe that sample Lion subpopulations increased by 12% in four southern African countries (Botswana, Namibia, South Africa and Zimbabwe) and in India, while an observed decline of 60% in sample subpopulations outside these countries is inferred for the remainder of its African range. In other words, in the majority of its range the Lion meets the A2 criterion for Endangered with the inferred rate of decline over 50% in three generations, but this trend is numerically mitigated by a small number of subpopulations in a restricted geographical range.
This dichotomy is reflected in listings of the species in different Red Lists: in South Africa, the Lion will be categorized as Least Concern on the national Red List in preparation (Child et al. In prep.), whereas in India it is Endangered (as subspecies P. l. persica on the global IUCN Red List: Breitenmoser et al. 2008) and in the region of West Africa meets the criteria for Critically Endangered (Henschel et al. 2014, 2015). The range state list in Table 1 (attached Supporting Material) further illustrates the high threat levels across the species' broad geographic range, as Lions have been recently extirpated in 12 African countries and we suspect possible recent extirpation in another four.
Among the causes of decline, the most important are indiscriminate killing in defence of human life and livestock, habitat loss, and prey base depletion. Prey base depletion is partly linked to habitat loss, but more importantly to poaching and bushmeat trade (Becker et al. 2013). An emerging threat is trade in bones and other body parts for traditional medicine, both within Africa and in Asia (IUCN 2006a, b; Riggio et al. 2013). Furthermore, although trophy hunting contributes positively to Lion conservation, improvements in management practices have been recommended (Lindsey et al. 2013b, Hunter et al. 2013, Edwards et al. 2014), as when poorly regulated, it also contributes to population declines (Packer et al. 2009, 2011; Croes et al. 2011, Rosenblatt et al. 2014). While attention is currently focused on Lion hunting reforms to ensure sustainability, the leading causes of population decline are more difficult to address and are likely to continue. The observed and inferred reductions are based on direct observation; appropriate indices of abundance; declines in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and habitat quality; and actual and potential levels of exploitation.
Several subpopulations have been stable, among them the only remaining subpopulation in Asia (surviving in the Gir Forest area of Gujarat, India) and several subpopulations in southern Africa. Subpopulations appear to be stable where management is properly funded; fencing is one of several effective conservation management techniques (Packer et al. 2013). However, many Lion subpopulations occur in areas where management budgets are low, leading to local decline and even extinction, for example in West Africa (Henschel et al. 2014). Little is known about Lion subpopulations in Angola, Central African Republic and South Sudan, but we fear drastic declines especially for the latter two.
In conclusion, we assess the Lion as Vulnerable based on criterion A, more specifically A2abcd. Lion range and abundance exceed the Vulnerable thresholds for criteria B, C and D, respectively, so these criteria do not contribute to the present assessment, whilst criterion E was not applied. Vulnerable A2abcd is the same listing as the previous assessment but with a different underlying method. Previous assessments were based on a suspected decline of the total estimated number of Lions, which necessarily included low quality data. In the present assessment we did not use total Lion estimates, because we had a better alternative. We now have enough good quality data for a representative sub-set of Lion subpopulations to calculate an observed decline, from which we infer a decline for the species as a whole.
|Previously published Red List assessments:
|Range Description:
|Outside sub-Saharan Africa, the Lion formerly ranged from Northern Africa through Southwest Asia (where it disappeared from most countries within the last 150 years), west into Europe, where it apparently became extinct almost 2,000 years ago, and east into India (Nowell and Jackson 1996, Sunquist and Sunquist 2002). Today, the only remainder of this once widespread northern population is a single isolated subpopulation in the 1,400 km² Gir Forest National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary. Lions are extinct in North Africa, having perhaps survived in the High Atlas Mountains up to the 1940s (Nowell and Jackson 1996, West and Packer 2013).
Lions are found in most countries of sub-Saharan Africa. The last assessment of extant Lion range is provided by Riggio et al. (2013); they identified 67 Lion areas comprising 3.4 million km², which is 17% of historical range or about 25% of savanna Africa. We took those layers as a starting point, but made a few modifications to reflect the cautionary approach used by the IUCN Red List. Like with population numbers (see Population section), Riggio et al. (2013) copied old layers in the absence of new information. De facto, this means that large swathes of land are classified as Lion range based on the group exercises led by the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) and the IUCN SSC Cat Specialist Group; they found 86 Lion Conservation Units (LCUs) covering 4.6 million km² or 22% of historical range (IUCN 2006a,b; Bauer 2008). Henschel et al. (2010, 2014) found that many of these LCUs in West and Central Africa no longer contained Lions, and the range map was adapted accordingly for this assessment. Similarly, the survey and mapping unit at Panthera conducted further range updates based on new survey results and other properly documented information from other regions. Furthermore, some of the mapped LCUs are located in areas where armed conflict may have had an impact on lion persistence (e.g. Central African Republic and South Sudan). Until proof of the contrary, and based on the lack of recent data to confirm Lion presence, we therefore classified such areas as Possibly Extinct but maintained Protected Areas inside them as Lion range (including many large hunting concessions, such as in the Central African Republic). Some of the areas currently mapped as Possibly Extinct could contain relict Lion subpopulations, and should be prioritized for field surveys aimed at establishing Lion status.
Areas where we consider Lion populations Possibly Extinct total 1,811,087 km², over half (52%) of the range classified as extant by Riggio et al. (2013). We estimate extant Lion range, areas where we are reasonably confident that lions persist, based on recent records, at 1,654,375 km², or 8% of historical range. This range reduction reflects a combination of recent known and inferred decline, as well as improved knowledge.
|Countries occurrence:
Native:Angola; Benin; Botswana; Burkina Faso; Cameroon; Central African Republic; Chad; Congo, The Democratic Republic of the; Ethiopia; India; Kenya; Malawi; Mozambique; Namibia; Niger; Nigeria; Senegal; Somalia; South Africa; South Sudan; Sudan; Swaziland; Tanzania, United Republic of; Uganda; Zambia; Zimbabwe
Possibly extinct:Côte d'Ivoire; Ghana; Guinea; Guinea-Bissau; Mali; Rwanda; Togo
Regionally extinct:Afghanistan; Algeria; Burundi; Congo; Djibouti; Egypt; Eritrea; Gabon; Gambia; Iran, Islamic Republic of; Iraq; Israel; Jordan; Kuwait; Lebanon; Lesotho; Libya; Mauritania; Morocco; Pakistan; Saudi Arabia; Sierra Leone; Syrian Arab Republic; Tunisia; Turkey; Western Sahara
|Additional data:
|Range Map:
|Click here to open the map viewer and explore range.
Population Trend
Where AFR = Age of first reproduction = 3.5 yrs (Packer et al. 1998)
Rspan = 15.5 (the age when 95% of females are no longer reproductive) - AFR = 12 yrs (Packer et al. 1998)
Z = 0.29 (a constant "depending on survivorship and relative fecundity of young vs. old individuals in the population" (IUCN 2014), calculated as the slope of the linear regression between GL and Rspan for 221 mammalian species (Pacifici et al. 2013)
Thus GL = 12*0.29 +3.5 = 6.98 yrs
This qualifies the Lion as Vulnerable, but it is of great concern that the vast majority of the population is inferred to have declined at a rate that meets the criteria for Endangered. Since our sample subpopulations were all monitored, we suspect an even greater average rate of decline for unmonitored unfenced subpopulations across much of Africa, since lack of monitoring could suggest lack of conservation effort.
For this assessment, we do not aim to provide a new estimate of total Lion numbers, we present no new data. A recent paper summarized and updated efforts to estimate the population size of the African Lion leading to the most recent estimate of 32,000 lions in 67 Lion areas (Riggio et al. 2013). The paper presents some recent data, but where no new data were available it included unaltered numbers from earlier sources, such as Bauer and Van der Merwe (2004) and Chardonnet (2002). As a consequence, Riggio et al. (2013) include numbers from 2002 and 2004 for areas where we believe the downward trend described above occurred. We therefore consider these sources to be insufficiently precautionary for our purpose and feel that an assessment on numbers is less robust than our assessment based on trends. Considering the difficulty in interpreting Lion numbers and the availability of an alternative (see above), we decided not to use total Lion numbers for the present assessment
However, we do attempt to correct for outdated sources in the Riggio et al. (2013) estimate by application of the regional trends we found (Table 3, Supplementary Material) to the 2002 population size estimates within the respective regions (Bauer and Van der Merwe 2004, Chardonnet 2002). These are two largely independent and reasonably comprehensive sets of estimated numbers that were coherent in time. Rather than presenting these numbers as in any way current, we look at how they might be expected to have changed. We calculated estimated present Lion numbers per region (Table 7, Supplementary Material) by applying the observed trend over the subsequent 12 years, except that numbers for West Africa were taken from a comprehensive recent survey (Henschel et al. 2014) because of their greater precision. As a small modification from Chardonnet (2002) we moved the estimate for Selous ecosystem to Eastern Africa to be consistent with the regional divisions used here. The two 2002 estimates were compared in detail (Bauer et al. 2005a,b), showing the ALWG study (Bauer and Van der Merwe 2004) was more conservative and stricter on data quality. Most notably, Bauer and Van Der Merwe (2004) lacked data for Ruaha and Tarangire which may hold close to 5,000 Lions. With all these considerations, we have greater confidence in an estimate of closer to 20,000 Lions in Africa than in a number over 30,000.
Approach to Uncertainty We do not have sufficient confidence in earlier or recent species population estimates to employ them to estimate trend and for this assessment have used groupings of scientific time series site estimates as a proxy. Although these data are more numerous for Lions than for other big Panthera cats, there is still considerable uncertainty inherent in both the data (Bauer et al. 2015) and our treatment of it to estimate species population trend. Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria (IUCN 2014) state that, "All attitudes (towards uncertainty) should be explicitly documented. In situations where the spread of plausible values (after excluding extreme or unlikely values) qualifies a taxon for two or more categories of threat, the precautionary approach would recommend that the taxon be listed under the higher (more threatened) category."
As noted in Table 2 (see Supplementary Material), if the species trend is inferred directly from the total sample population trend, the result, a decline of 22%, would qualify the species as Near Threatened rather than Vulnerable. However, considering the demonstrated significant regional differences such an approach would be inappropriate.
We treated Mozambique's Niassa subpopulation trend as an outlier and removed it from our trend analysis for reasons described above, but we also documented the effect of the exclusion. Some contributors proposed a second outlier: Tanzania's Katavi subpopulation. Katavi has been consistently and repeatedly monitored, but the survey methodology was imprecise (vehicle transects: Caro 2011), this yielded a significant decline rate approaching 100% in a large population of over 1,100 estimated lions in the study site portion of the park in 1993 (Table 3). If Katavi would have been treated as an outlier and excluded from the analysis, inferred rate of decline would be 33%, and the rate of decline for Lions in East Africa would be 37%. Lions are still extant in Katavi (as shown in our map), although well below carrying capacity (Kiffner et al. 2008). Rather than using an arbitrary low value, we used the value documented by surveys (zero); Lions are extant but at a density so low as not to be detected. While the methodology is imprecise, it has proved reliable for carnivore monitoring in the Serengeti (Durant et al. 2011). Furthermore, the extent of decline may have been measured with lack of precision, but population decline remains uncontested. Since it is one of only two long-term monitoring programmes in Tanzania (Caro 2011) we decided that it was important to include these data and decided that there was insufficient ground to treat it as an outlier.
Another uncertainty that needs to be documented is our treatment of small fenced reserves in southern Africa. Most of the population increases have occurred in these areas where intensive management practices include translocations, stocking, contraception and euthanasia. Such management is atypical, and as pointed out by Hayward et al. (2015) the Red List Guidelines are ambiguous as to the inclusion or exclusion of fenced areas. Their exclusion from the analysis would raise the inferred Lion decline rate to 49%. Following through on our supposition that unmonitored Lion populations have undergone an even higher rate than our monitored sample, this could potentially have been interpreted as a suspected rate of decline over 50%, qualifying the Lion as Endangered. However, we did not exclude fenced populations from our assessment. Hayward et al. (2015) state that such decisions should consider the 'type, scale, frequency and effects of the suite of management interventions' and could be taxon specific. We consider that management of Lions in the concerned areas aims to mimic natural processes, aims to retain adaptive potential and follows a meta-population management approach. We further consider that fences have been documented as effective tools in Lion conservation (Packer et al. 2013). We find this sufficient justification for inclusion of these reserves.
National estimated rates of population change are most meaningful in practice, and these are given in Table 3 in the Supplementary Material. We did not use national rates to gauge species decline, as the sample sizes are generally small and estimates of national Lion populations imprecise.
|Current Population Trend:
|Additional data:
|Habitat and Ecology:
|The Lion has a broad habitat tolerance, absent only from tropical rainforest and the interior of the Sahara desert (Nowell and Jackson 1996). There are records of Lion to elevations of more than 4,000 m in the Bale Mountains and on Kilimanjaro (West and Packer 2013). Although Lions drink regularly when water is available, they are capable of obtaining their moisture requirements from prey and even plants (such as the tsama melon in the Kalahari desert), and thus can survive in very arid environments. Medium- to large-sized ungulates (including antelopes, zebra and wildebeest) are the bulk of their prey, but Lions will take almost any animal, from rodents to a rhino. They also scavenge, displacing other predators (such as the Spotted Hyaena) from their kills.
Lions are the most social of the cats, with related females remaining together in prides, and related and unrelated males forming coalitions competing for tenure over prides. Average pride size (including males and females) is four to six adults; prides generally break into smaller groups when hunting. Lions tend to live at higher densities than most other felids, but with a wide variation from 1.5 adults per 100 km² in southern African semi-desert to 55/100 km² in parts of the Serengeti (Sunquist and Sunquist 2002). Pride ranges can vary widely even in the same region: e.g., from 266-4,532 km² in the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park of South Africa (Funston 2001).
In India, the habitat of the Asiatic Lion is dry deciduous forest. The Gir National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary is surrounded by cultivated areas and inhabited by the pastoralist Maldharis and their livestock (Meena et al. 2014). Domestic cattle have historically been a major part of the Asiatic Lion's diet, although the most common prey is the Chital Deer. Mean pride size, measured by the number of adult females, tends to be smaller than for African Lions: most Gir prides contain an average of two adult females (Nowell and Jackson 1996).
|Generation Length (years):
|Use and Trade:
|For information on Use and Trade see under Threats.
|Major Threat(s):
The main threats to Lions are indiscriminate killing (primarily as a result of retaliatory or pre-emptive killing to protect human life and livestock) and prey base depletion. Habitat loss and conversion has led to a number of subpopulations becoming small and isolated (Bauer et al. 2008). Furthermore, trophy hunting has a net positive impact in a some areas, but may have at times contributed to population declines in Botswana, Namibia, Tanzania, Zimbabwe (Packer et al. 2009, 2011, 2013), Cameroon (Croes et al. 2011) and Zambia (Rosenblatt et al. 2014).
|Conservation Actions:
Since 1975 Panthera leo has been included in CITES Appendix II, and the Endangered Asiatic Lion subspecies P. leo persica in CITES Appendix I. CITES listing of the Lion is currently undergoing a Periodic Review process to evaluate whether this accurately reflects the present situation, with a final recommendation of the Animals Committee expected at its 28th meeting in 2015. The Animals Committee also noted recent information regarding possible changes in the nomenclature of Lions and requests its nomenclature expert to review this information (CITES AC27 WG8).
In Africa, Lions are present in a number of large and well-managed protected areas, and remain one of the most popular animals on the must-see lists of tourists and visitors to Africa. Most range states in East and Southern Africa have an infrastructure which supports wildlife tourism, and in this way Lions generate significant cash revenue for park management and local communities and provide a strong incentive for wildland conservation.
Regional conservation strategies have been developed for Lions in West and Central Africa (IUCN 2006a) and Eastern and Southern Africa (IUCN 2006b). By setting out common priorities to guide action on both national, community and landscape levels, the regional conservation strategies have the potential for broad and significant improvement of Lion status and management (Nowell et al. 2006). These regional strategies have been used in many countries to develop Lion Conservation Action Plans. While all these documents show awareness of the threats and recognition of solutions, the continued decline in Lion range and numbers show that political priority and funding are not sufficient (Packer et al. 2013).
|Errata reason:
|This errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously.
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Munson, L., Terio, K.A. Kock, R., Mlengeya, T., Roelke, M.E., Dubovi, E., Summers, B., Sinclair, A.R.E. and Packer, C. 2008. Climate extremes and co-infections determine mortality during epidemics in African lions. PLoS ONE 3: e2545.
N'Diaye, C. 2014. Utilisation et Commerce des sous-produits de grands carnivores dans les communes périphériques de la Réserve de Biosphère de la Pendjari. Ecole Polytechnique D'Abomey-Calavi.
Nowell, K. 2014. An assessment of the conservation impacts of legal and illegal trade in cheetahs Acinonyx jubatus. IUCN SSC Cat Specilaist Group report prepared for the CITES Secretariat, 65th meeting of the CITES Standing Committee, Geneva, 7-11 July. CITES SC65 Doc. 39. Available at: http://cites.org/sites/default/files/eng/com/sc/65/E-SC65-39.pdf.
Nowell, K. and Jackson, P. 1996. Wild Cats. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
Nowell, K and Pervushina, N. 2014. Review of implementation of Resolution Conf. 12.5 (Rev. CoP16) on Conservation and trade in tigers and other Appendix-I Asian big cats. IUCN and TRAFFIC report prepared for the CITES Secretariat, 65th meeting of the CITES Standing Committee, Geneva, 7-11 July. Geneva Available at: http://cites.org/sites/default/files/eng/com/sc/65/E-SC65-38-A01_0.pdf.
Pacifici, M., Santini, L., Di Marco, M., Baisero, D., Francucci, L., Grottolo Marasini, G., Visconti, P. and Rondinini, C. 2013. Generation length for mammals. Nature Conservation 5: 87–94.
Packer, C., Brink, H., Kissui, B. M., Maliti, H., Kushnir, H., and Caro, T. 2011. Effects of trophy hunting on lion and leopard populations in Tanzania. Conservation Biology 25(1): 142-153.
Packer, C., Canney, S., Loveridge, A., Garnett, S.T., Zander, K.K., Balme, G., Bauer, H., Begg, C., Begg, K., Bhalla, S., Bonham, R., Brink, H., Burton, C., Caro, T.M., Clegg, B., Dloniak, S., Frank, L., Funston, P., Groom, R., Heath, B., Hill, T., Hunter, L., DeIongh, H.H., Joubert, D., Kissui, B., Knocker, W., Leatham, B., Lindsey, P.A., Maclennan, S.D., MacNutt, T., Nicholls, K., Patterson, B., Plumptre, A., Salerno, J., Slotow, R., Sogbohossou, E., Stratford, K., Winterbach, C., Winterbach, H. and Polasky, S. 2013. Conserving large carnivores: dollars and fence. Ecology Letters 16(5): 635-641. DOI: 10.1111/ele.12091.
Packer, C., Kosmala, M., Cooley, H. S., Brink, H., Pintea, L., Garshelis, D. and Nowell, K. 2009. Sport hunting, predator control and conservation of large carnivores. PLoS One 4: e5941.
Packer, C., Tatar, M. and Collins, D.A. 1998. Reproductive cessation in female mammals. Nature 392: 807-811.
Packer, C., Whitman, K. Loveridge, A., Jackson III, J. and Funston, P. 2006. Impacts of Trophy Hunting on Lions in Eastern and Southern Africa: Recent Offtake and Future Recommendations. East and Southern African Lion Conservation Workshop Johannesburg, South Africa, 8-13 January 2006.
Patterson, B.D., Kasiki, S.M., Selempo, E. and Kays, R.W. 2004. Livestock predation by lions (Panthera leo) and other carnivores on ranches neighboring Tsavo National Parks, Kenya. Biological Conservation 119: 507-516.
Riggio, J., Jacobson, A., Dollar, L., Bauer, H., Dickman, A., Funston, P., Henschel, P., de Iongh, H., Lichtenfeld, L., Packer, C. and Pimm, S. 2013. The size of savannah Africa: a lion's view. Biodiversity and Conservation 22(1): 17-35.
Rosenblatt, E. Becker, M.S., Creel, S., Droge, I., Mweetwa, T., Schuette, P.A., Watson,,F., Merkle, J. and Mwape, H. 2014. Detecting declines of apex carnivores and evaluating their causes: An example with Zambian lions. Biological Conservation 180: 176-186.
Schaller, G.B. 1972. The Serengeti Lion. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, USA.
Sogbohossou, E.A. 2006. Conservation des grands carnivores Afrique de l'Ouest: Perception par les populations et commerce des sous-produits. Wildlife Conservation Society.
Sunquist, M. and Sunquist, F. 2002. Wild Cats of the World. University of Chicago Press.
Trinkel, M., Cooper, D., Packer, C. and Slotow, R. 2011. Inbreeding depression increases susceptibility to bovine tuberculosis in lions: an experimental test using an inbred–outbred contrast through translocation. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 47: 494-500.
Van Orsdol, K.G., Hanby, J.P. and Bygott, J.D. 1985. Ecological correlates of lion social organization (Panthera leo). Journal of Zoology 206: 97-112.
West, P.M. and Packer, C. 2013. Panthera leo. In: J. Kingdon and M. Hoffmann (eds), The Mammals of Africa. Volume V: Carnivores, Pangolins, Equids and Rhinoceroses, Bloomsbury Publishing, London.
Whitman, K., Starfield, A.M., Quadling, H.S. and Packer, C. 2004. Sustainable trophy hunting of African lions. Nature 428: 175-178. (doi:10.1038/nature02395 - online version)
|Bauer, H., Packer, C., Funston, P.F., Henschel, P. & Nowell, K. 2016. Panthera leo (errata version published in 2017). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T15951A115130419. . Downloaded on 19 August 2018.
|To make use of this information, please check the <Terms of Use>.
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Indiana University
Sponsored By
Authorities Search Indiana Home In Connection With Disappearance Of Lauren SpiererPolice and FBI agents in Indiana have raided the home of a jailed sex offender in connection with the disappearance of an Indiana University student from Westchester County who has been missing for more than four years.
Judge Tosses Suit Over Missing Indiana Student From WestchesterA federal judge has dismissed a lawsuit the parents of a missing Indiana University student filed against two men who were with her the night she was last seen more than three years ago.
Lawsuit To Move Forward Against 2 In Connection With Disappearance Of Lauren SpiererA judge ruled Monday that the lawsuit against Jason Rosenbaum and Corey Rossman in connection with the disappearance of college student Lauren Spierer can move forward.
Judge Tosses 1 Of 3 Suits In Case Of Missing College Student Lauren SpiererThe Westchester County native vanished after a night of partying with friends in Bloomington, Ind. on June 3, 2011.
Judge To Hear Arguments In Suit Over Missing Westchester College StudentJudge Tanya Walton Pratt will hear arguments beginning at 2 p.m. at the federal courthouse in Indianapolis, Ind.
Hearing Set In Suit Over Missing Indiana Student From Westchester The lawsuit claims the fellow IU students gave Lauren Spierer alcohol, then failed to make sure she made it back to her Bloomington apartment safely after a night of partying in June 2011.
Lauren Spierer Signs Come Down In Bloomington, Ind.Twenty-year-old Lauren Spierer vanished June 3, 2011, after a night of partying with friends.
2 Years After Disappearance, Still No Sign Of Lauren SpiererLauren Spierer vanished June 3, 2011, after a night of partying with friends. She left without her shoes or cell phone and was later seen on surveillance video stumbling out of an elevator at her apartment.
Parents Of Missing College Student Lauren Spierer Mark Daughter's 22nd Birthday Lauren Spierer has missing for more than 18 months. She disappeared on June 3, 2011 after a night out with friends in Bloomington, Indiana where she went to school.
Lauren Spierer's Parents Hopeful Tooth May Speed ID Of Skull Found In RiverThe skull was found in the White River on July 8 by a fisherman. Divers searched but found no additional remains.
Charlene Spierer: Test Results On Skull Could Take WeeksThe mother of an Indiana University student from Westchester who has been missing for more than a year says her family is awaiting word on whether a skull found in the White River in Indianapolis belongs to her daughter.
Family Of Missing Westchester College Student Awaits Test Results On Skull Found UnderwaterThe family of a missing Westchester County college student is anxiously awaiting test results on a human skull found underwater. 20-year-old Lauren Spierer vanished 13 months ago while attending college at Indiana University.

subset: commoncrawl


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Featured News - Current News - Archived News - News Categories
The following is a sampling of the 103 calls received by the Town of Niagara Police between Feb. 14 and 19.
Friday, Feb. 14
•Shoplifting, 2500 block of Military Road. A 37-year-old 21st Street man was arrested for taking a blood pressure pump, valued at $49.99, and a bag of cough drops, valued at $2.49 from a store without paying.
•Custody problem, 4500 block of Creekside Parkway. Resident reported his ex-girlfriend was outside causing a disturbance and demanding money. He said she took their daughter away even though he was supposed to have custody for the weekend.
Saturday, Feb. 15
•EMS, 8300 block of Richmond Drive. Patrol responded for a teenager who had taken an unknown prescription medicine. Rural Metro Ambulance transported her to Niagara Falls Memorial Medical Center.
•Assist citizen, 1600 block of Military Road. Complainant said he hung his Yankees baseball cap on a coat rack while getting a haircut, and when he returned, it had been replaced with a Red Sox cap. Later the complainant called and said his cap had been returned.
•Aid assist, 2200 block of Cayuga Drive Extension. Patrol assisted the Niagara County Sheriff's Office with a boyfriend-girlfriend domestic with possible shots fired.
Sunday, Feb. 16
•Aid assist, Niagara Falls Boulevard. Patrol observed an injury accident at Niagara Falls Boulevard and Tuscarora Road and assisted with traffic until Niagara Falls Police arrived.
Monday, Feb. 17
•Suspicious person, Lockport Road. Patrol investigated a complaint of two Middle Eastern men watching a train on the railroad bridge. Unable to locate.
•Driving while intoxicated, 400 block of D Street. A 32-year-old A Street resident was arrested for DWI when patrol investigated a two-car property damage accident. She also was found to have an active warrant out of the City of Niagara Falls.
Tuesday, Feb. 18
•Accident, I-190. Southbound driver said a tractor-trailer began to move into her lane, causing her to lose control and slide into a ditch.
•Traffic ticket, Packard Road. Driver was observed driving at 47 mph in a 35 mph zone, then following another vehicle too closely that was going the speed limit.
•Disabled vehicle, 9200 block of Lockport Road. Icy road conditions apparently caused a driver to slide off the roadway and into a snowbank in a front yard. Niagara County Highway Department notified for road treatment.
Wednesday, Feb. 19
•Aid assist, Military Road. Patrol assisted the Lewiston Police Department with a report of a male with a gun at the hospital. Upon arrival, patrols were told the suspect had left after making threats to come back with a gun when staff refused him treatment. The suspect was later taken into custody for menacing.
•EMS, 2100 block of Roberts Drive. Patrol assisted with an elderly man who had fallen in the bathroom. Patrol helped the man up and moved him to the living room on a chair until Rural Metro arrived.
•Check situation, 1700 block of Military Road. Woman came in business requesting an oil change and inspection, then caused a disturbance when the vehicle failed inspection and used a spare key to leave without paying her bill. Patrol located the A Street resident and collected the balance due.
•Traffic ticket, Packard Road. Driver passed a police vehicle that had its lights flashing, but failed to reduce speed or move a safe distance away. When asked if he knew about the state Move Over Law for emergency vehicles, the driver said, "I was driving below the speed limit."


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text:
Driving Test
You are driving along a two lane road with a NO PASSING sign posted,
and come upon a bicycle rider. Do you follow this slow-moving bicycle rider
for the next 2 miles, or do you break the law and pass?
Which is the correct choice?
Scroll down...
Why take unnecessary risks?


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This study aims at presenting a conceptual model for landscape management in the Himalayan region of India, using quantitative/mathematical approach. Keeping in view the requirement, (based on fifteen years empirical field work in the Himalayan region and as well as literature survey) the MODAM (Multiple Objectives Decision Support Tools for Landscape Management) model along with linear programming approach was adopted …Read More »
Tag Archives: Cerambycidae
Do flying beetles respond to human-dominated landscapes as complex mosaics or binary patterns?
Do flying beetles respond to human-dominated landscapes as complex mosaics or binary patterns?
Understanding and measuring functional connectivity for animals with habitats that have been fragmented by human activity requires that the biology and movement of the species be considered. We used least cost paths in GIS to test hypotheses regarding how different species of longhorned beetles likely connect habitats with dispersal. We predicted that there would be differences in the functional connectivity …Read More »


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Black Ship Little Katana
665 S Lamar St. Ste 130
Dallas, TX
Dallas, TX
- Dinner
- Full bar
- Garage Parking, Street Parking
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Baked Apples With Dried Fruits and Walnuts
If you can manage to save one, there's nothing like a cold baked apple for breakfast, topped with a dollop of vanilla yogurt or served in a pool of fresh cold milk. The best part is the nut-and-fruit mixture nestled in the apple's core. Don't be surprised if the apples split a little—or sometimes even a lot—as they bake. It's going to happen sooner or later. You can, however, increase the odds that it won't if you use Golden Delicious apples. They may not be the most exotic apples around, but they have pretty good flavor and hold their shape better than most apples do in the oven. Another trick: score the apple along the circumference, as described below, to create a sort of fault line where it can expand, lessening the likelihood of a split elsewhere.
TOTAL TIME: 1 hr 35 min
- 1 dash(es) cooking spray to coat baking dish
- 6 medium apple(s), Golden Delicious
- 1 cup(s) nuts, walnut pieces
- 1/2 cup(s) raisins or dried cranberries
- 1/4 cup(s) coconut, shredded unsweetened, (optional)
- 2 tablespoon maple syrup
- 1 teaspoon lemon zest freshly grated
- 1/4 teaspoon cinnamon, ground
- 1/4 teaspoon nutmeg, ground
- 1/2 cup(s) preserves, apricot
- 1 1/2 cup(s) apple cider
- 1 tablespoon butter
- 1/2 teaspoon vanilla extract
2. Core apples all the way through with an apple corer, making a 1-inch-wide hole. Peel the upper third of each apple. Using a sharp paring knife, score the flesh about 1/4 inch deep around the circumference, more or less where the peeled and unpeeled areas meet.
Nutrition Detailsper serving
Calories 383, Fat 15g, Cholesterol 5mg, Sodium 5mg, Saturated Fat 3g, Protein 4g, Fiber 4g, Carbohydrates 59g


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Home|Awards|List of all Award Sites Awards Kit Gold Award
December 11 2008 (From: Brazil, South America)
Hello Arvind!
It is a great pleasure to announce that your site has been successfully evaluated.
laudatio:"The site has been completely refurbished showing all the hard work of the webmaster. I enjoyed my visits I made. Congratulations! Keep great job. Receive the Kit Awards - Gold"
Best regards from


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Progress, isn't it marvelous...
It was barely two months ago that we saw the first HDMI enabled graphics card but those clever chappies over at Abit have now gone and added the same connector to a mobo.
Scooped by DailyTech, the Abit IL-80MV is based on Intel's 945GT and features both 15pin D-sub analogue and HDMI video out. In addition, Silicon Image has it under scrutiny for AACS certification so it looks like copy protected HDCP signals and thus pre-recorded High Def heaven will be in out grasp for launch.
Curiously for such a trend setter there is no PCIe 16x adaptor, odd considering it has been made specifically for the impending cutting edge Core 2 Duo (Yonah) processors. That said other 945GT features appear present and correct including a 667MHz FSB and ICH7m-DH southbridge and the usual FireWire, USB2.0, SATA II et al are present and correct.
Interestingly, Abit will fit its Silent OTES passive cooling technology to the IL-80MV before launch (its not present on this photographed current early build) so the company is clearly pushing it as a multimedia powerhouse. Consequently expect the price to be reasonable when this intriguing piece of kit debuts towards the end of next month.
After all, what frame rates are you going to get in the latest FPS-es with a PCIe single speed slot?
Abit UK


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We just finished our first podcast - Greg Nichols from the Premier Field Engineering team joined to talk about the recently released Update Rollup 12 for Microsoft Dynamics CRM 4.0. Greg covered who releases the Update Rollups, the process of placing bugs and change requests into the update Rollups, and shared his recommendations on what CRM administrators should do now that it's released.
Listen to the podcast here: http://www.blogtalkradio.com/pfedynamics/2010/08/10/microsoft-dynamics-crm-40-update-rollup-12-podcast
In the podcast, Greg referenced the following KB article and sites:
If you have any questions, drop us a comment or an email at email@example.com.
Stay tuned for future podcasts - we'll put a link out here a week in advance of forthcoming podcasts.


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|MLB Career Stats
|June 3, 2015
|Lehigh Valley IronPigs released C John Hester.
|May 8, 2015
|C John Hester assigned to Lehigh Valley IronPigs from Reading Fightin Phils.
|May 5, 2015
|C John Hester assigned to Reading Fightin Phils from Lehigh Valley IronPigs.
|November 13, 2014
|C John Hester assigned to Lehigh Valley IronPigs.
|October 20, 2014
|Philadelphia Phillies signed free agent C John Hester to a minor league contract and invited him to spring training.
|September 30, 2014
|C John Hester elected free agency.
|May 31, 2014
|Salt Lake Bees activated C John Hester from the 7-day disabled list.
|May 15, 2014
|Salt Lake Bees placed C John Hester on the 7-day disabled list retroactive to May 14, 2014. groin injury
|March 12, 2014
|C John Hester assigned to Los Angeles Angels.
|March 8, 2014
|Los Angeles Angels sent C John Hester outright to Salt Lake Bees.
|September 9, 2013
|Los Angeles Angels recalled C John Hester from Salt Lake Bees.
|March 30, 2013
|Los Angeles Angels optioned John Hester to Salt Lake Bees.
|September 1, 2012
|Los Angeles Angels recalled John Hester from Salt Lake Bees.
|July 28, 2012
|Los Angeles Angels optioned John Hester to Salt Lake Bees.
|May 11, 2012
|Los Angeles Angels selected the contract of John Hester from Salt Lake Bees.
|April 23, 2012
|John Hester assigned to Salt Lake Bees from Los Angeles Angels.
|April 22, 2012
|Los Angeles Angels signed free agent John Hester.
|April 21, 2012
|Los Angeles Angels signed free agent John Hester.
|April 20, 2012
|Norfolk Tides released C John Hester.
|January 30, 2012
|Baltimore Orioles invited non-roster C John Hester to spring training.
|May 2, 2011
|Norfolk Tides activated C John Hester.
|April 30, 2011
|Arizona Diamondbacks traded John Hester to Baltimore Orioles.
|March 21, 2011
|Arizona Diamondbacks sent John Hester outright to Reno Aces.
|March 13, 2011
|Arizona Diamondbacks optioned John Hester to Reno Aces.
|July 31, 2010
|Arizona Diamondbacks recalled John Hester from Reno Aces.
|June 12, 2010
|Arizona Diamondbacks optioned John Hester to Reno Aces.
|April 11, 2010
|Arizona Diamondbacks recalled John Hester from Reno Aces.
|April 3, 2010
|Arizona Diamondbacks optioned John Hester to Reno Aces.
|August 28, 2009
|Arizona Diamondbacks selected the contract of John Hester from Reno Aces.
|April 9, 2009
|John Hester assigned to Reno Aces from Mobile BayBears.
John G. Hester...Attended Stanford University from 2004-06, where he was ranked as the fourth-best catcher by Baseball America prior to his senior season, going on to lead the Cardinal to the College World Series and being named the Cardinal's Most Inspirational Player...Graduated from Marist High School in Atlanta...Played baseball and football...Named to the all-county team three times in baseball and twice in football, as well as the all-state team for baseball his junior and senior years...Originally selected by the Boston Red Sox in the 34th round of the 2005 draft before returning to Stanford.2013
Spent a majority of the season with Triple-A Salt Lake...Hit .237 (60/253) with eight home runs and 29 RBI with the Bees…The eight home runs were his highest total since 2009 (w/ Reno)...Hit four of his eight home runs in 10 games in May... Batted .260 (44/169) before the Triple-A All-Star break compared to .190 (16/84) in 25 games after... Recalled by the Angels on Sept. 9...Appeared in one game for the Halos…Entered the game on Sept. 16 as a pinch-hitter in the 8th inning and played the remainder of the game as the Halo catcher…Marked first big league appearance since Sept. 14, 2012 @ KC.2012 Hit .212 (18-for-85) with a career-high three home runs and four RBIs in 39 games with the Angels...Marked first Major League action since the 2010 campaign with Arizona...The 39 appearances were a career best and came over two stints with the club...Halo hurlers fashioned a 3.97 ERA with him behind plate, second on club only to Iannetta (3.90)...Connected for third HR of season on June 29, setting a new single-season career high...Hit .295 (13-for-44) while collecting all three home runs and four RBIs in June...Collected a career-high three hits on June 26...Hit .217 (20-for-92) in 26 games with Triple-A Salt Lake this season with four doubles, two triples, three HRs and 13 RBIs...Signed with the Halos as a Minor League free agent on April 23...Joined Triple-A Salt Lake the following day...Began the season with Triple-A Norfolk (BAL) before being released on April 20. 2011 Began the season with Triple-A Reno (ARI), batting .263/.326/.421 with a HR and 5 RBI...Sent to O's organization on April 30 as the PTBNL in the Reynolds for Hernandez/Mickolio trade from December 6, 2010...Joined Triple-A Norfolk, where he batted .251/.324/.341 in 82 games with the Tides...Collected 19 multi-hit games for Norfolk, including a season-high three on May 21 vs. Louisville...Drove in season-high three on July 3 vs. Charlotte...Hit .311/.378/.419 in 22 games (74AB) batting ninth. 2010 Split time between Triple-A Reno and the D-backs before assuming back-up catcher duties on July 31...Hit .370 (51-for-138) with 12 doubles, 4 triples, 7 homers and 29 RBI in 37 games in 2 separate stints with the Aces...Saw action in a career-high 38 games in the big leagues, batting .211 (20-for-95) with 9 runs scored, 7 doubles, 2 home runs and 7 RBI...made a combined 26 starts behind the plate over his 2 stints with the D-backs...Hit .333 (3-for-9) with a double, home run and 2 RBI in 2 games with the Aces before being recalled on April 11 when Miguel Montero was placed on the disabled list...Stole his first career base on May 17 @ Marlins...hit safely in 3 of his first 5 games (.357, 5-for-14) from April 11-25...Hit .188 (9-for-48) with 3 doubles and 3 RBI in 18 games with the D-backs before being optioned back to Reno on June 12...Named the organization's Player of the Month for July after batting .427 (35-for-82) with 7 doubles, 3 triples, 6 homers, 22 RBI and a 1.289 OPS in 21 games at Reno, while also reaching base safely via hit or walk in 19 of those games...Collected a season-high 4 hits and 5 RBI on July 3 @ Las Vegas...Hit safely in a season-high 7 straight games from July 9-18, batting .464 (13-for-28) with 2 doubles, 2 triples, 2 home runs and 3 RBI in those contests...Recalled from Reno on July 31 following the trade of Chris Snyder to the Pirates to become the back-up catcher for the D-backs...Hit safely in a season-high 3 straight games (.400, 4-for-10) from June 8-Aug. 1...Hit his first home run of the season on Aug. 1 @ Mets...also homered on Sept. 5 vs. Astros. 2009 Posted a solid Triple-A season at the plate and behind the dish that culminated with his first trip to the Majors, appearing in 15 games for the D-backs... Named as the catcher for the Pacific Coast League posteason All-Star Team... For the Aces, compiled a .441 average (45-for-102) and 1.344 OPS when getting ahead in the count... Hit .329 (53-for-161) with 12 doubles, 2 triples, 6 home runs and 63 RBI with runners on base... With runners in scoring position, batted .352 (38-for-108) with 5 doubles, 2 triples, 6 homers and 61 RBI, including a .467 (7-for-15) mark with 2 grand slams, 20 RBI and a 1.367 OPS with the bases loaded... Cut down 24 of 81 attempted basestealers (29.6%), the fourth-best percentage in the PCL... His 26-game home hitting streak, during which he batted .413 (45-for-109), from May 11-Aug. 2 tied for the longest streak in the PCL... Reached base in 31 home straight games from May 11-Aug. 17, batting .409 (52-for-127) with 11 walks, the second-longest streak in the PCL... Hit a grand slam on April 20 off of Salt Lake's Anthony Ortega and June 4 off of Tacoma's Tyler Johnson... Clubbed 2 home runs on July 20 vs. Portland... Had a season-high 5 RBI on Aug. 14 vs. Round Rock.. Had a season-high 4 hits on June 5 @ Tacoma, July 29 vs. Tacoma and Aug. 14 vs. Round Rock... Reached base via hit or walk in 17 consecutive games from July 3-26, hitting .406 (28-for-69) with 7 doubles, 4 triples, 3 home runs, 14 RBI and 7 walks while collecting at least 1 hit in 16 games... Had his best month in July, posting a .395 average (34-for-68) with 8 doubles, 4 triples, 4 home runs, 19 RBI and 1.168 OPS over 23 games, hitting safely in 19 games... Selected from Triple-A Reno on Aug. 28... Made his Major League debut on Aug. 28 vs. Astros as a pinch hitter in the sixth in¬ning and clubbed a 2-run homer off of Wilton Lopez...became the third player in franchise history and 101st player in Major League history to home in his first plate appearance...teammate Gerardo Parra also did it on May 13 vs. Reds, making the D-backs the first team to have two players in one season hit a home run in their first at-bat since the Cardinals in 2000 (Keith McDonald and Chris Richard)... Had a career-high 2 hits on Aug. 30 vs. Astros and Sept. 21 vs. Giants. 2008 Threw out 24 of 80 baserunners attempting to steal, ranking the fourth among catchers in the Southern League...Connected for 3 home runs in four days from Aug. 5-9, including a 4-RBI game on Aug. 5 @ Jacksonville...Drove in 7 runs in 3 games from July 3-5, collecting 3 doubles and 2 home runs in that span...Hit .330 (38-for-115) from June 1-July 30 with 10 doubles, a triple, 4 home runs and 17 RBI. 2007 Reached base safely in 17 consecutive games from April 5-May 3, including a 10-game hitting streak from April 18-May 3...Batted .333 (12-36) with 4 doubles, 1 triple, 1 home run and 10 RBI during the hitting streak...Connected for 2 home runs and 6 RBI on June 2 at Lancaster. 2006 Had a 10-game hitting streak from July 29-Aug. 10, batting .306 (11-36) with 3 doubles, a triple and 5 RBI...Hit 2 home runs vs. Orem on July 18...Hit his first career grand slam on July 11 @ Orem.


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Originally posted by Frosty
As he said, "I'm a uniter not a divider".
Originally posted by Odium
Everytime I see the guy on T.V. he is really small, like a few inches big.
Originally posted by junglejake
He's percieved as dumb, he's played off as dumb, everybody expects him to fail, yet he's been running circles around the Dems for about 6 years now.


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Allu Arjun , Indian Film Actor was born 8 April 1983, Allu Arjun son of Famous Producer Allu Aravind. He has two Brothers Allu Venkatesh and Allu Sirish. he is the Grand Son of Allu Rama Lingaiah. Allu Arjun married Sneha Reddy on March 6, 2011. the Couple Blessed With a Baby boy on April 4, 2014, his name is Allu Ayaan.
Allu Arjun Started His Career as a Child Artist in Vijetha Movie later he appeared as a dancer in Chiranjeevi's Daddy Movie. Arjun Debuted as a Lead Role in Gangotri Movie, For this He Won CineMAA Award for Best Male Debut, Santosham Best Young Performers Award. The Movies Which he acted are Arya,Bunny,Happy,Desamuduru,Shankar Dada Zindabad, Parugu, Aarya2, Varudu, Vedam, Badrinath, Julai, Iddarammayilatho,Yevadu. His Recent Flick was Race Gurram. Recently He acted in Short Film I Am That Change. His Upcoming Projects are Rudramadevi With Anushka and acting in Trivikram's Movie.
He has won two Filmfare Best Telugu Actor Award for Parugu and Vedam, two Nandi Special Jury Award for Arya and Parugu, and CineMAA Award for debut for Gangotri.
Allu Arjun Profile Biography Bio Data:
Full Name : Allu Arjun
Date Of Birth :April 8th 1983
Education : BBA Degree from MSR College, Hyderabad
Spouse: Sneha Reddy
Family : Father : Allu Aravind Mother: Allu Nirmala
Children: 1 son Ayaan
Height: 5′ 9″ (1.88 m)
Hobbies: Music, Dance, Watching movies, Reading
Favorite Food: Thai, Mexican
Favorite Hero:Chiranjeevi
Favorite Heroine: Rani Mukherjee
Favorite Singers: Hariharan , K.K., Shanker Mahadevan
Favorite Sports: Cricket
Favorite Drink: Watermelon Juice
Favorite Film : GangLeader
Stay Tuned to Telugustop.com For More Updates about Allu Arjun.


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NASTEC presented the National Research and Development Framework (NRDF) compiled by them to H.E. the President Hon. Maithripala Sirisena on 3rd May 2016 at a special meeting held at the Presidents House.Read More
1st National Undergraduate Research Symposium was held on 04th August 2017. Thirty seven research papers presented under 5 themetic areas. Best oral presenters of each session were awarded with Merit Certificate.
The 8th Sri Lanka Biennial Conference on Science and Technology (BICOST - VIII) which is one of the main events of NASTEC was successfully concluded on 24th and 25th November 2016 at the Gateway Hotel (Air Port Garden), Katunayake.
Read More
Call for Proposal 2016
CLOSING DATE – 30 December 2016
The Ministry of Science, Technology and Research (MSTR), Government of the Democratic Socialist
Republic of Sri Lanka and the Department of Science and Technology (DST), Government of India
concluded a Programme of Cooperation (PoC) in Science and Technology, on August 4th, 2016. In terms
of the PoC, funding can be made available for selected Joint Projects and Workshops in bilateral mode
involving scientist & technologists from Sri Lanka and India, in the following areas:
a. Food Technology
b. Plant base medicines
c. Metrology
d. Space Research & Applications
e. Robotics & Automation
f. Industrial Electronics
g. Any other project with national relevance (with Justifications)
For more information download paper advertisement.


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Targeted Age Group:: 6 - 10 year olds Category: Children's - Humor About Eclair Goes Geocaching: AWARD WINNING and BESTSELLING Author When seven-year-old Éclair goes geocaching for the first time, she finds a treasure that isn't the one she imagined. Young readers will discover what geocaching is all about through Éclair's journey as her eccentric grandma takes her through the woods and past the giant to find the cache. What readers are saying … "This heartwarming, educational … [Read more...]
You are here: Home / Archives for M. Weidenbenner


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Invoice history based on 866 reviews.
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The concept of Un-Aided Engineering college was put forth by Padmabhushan.Shri Vasandada Patil in 1983. Renowned personality has thought & started education for needy and poor people in kolhapur district. By following the footsteps of Dr.D.Y.Patil and Bharti Veedyapeeth, Pune, Adv.Annasaheb D. Chavan started Sant Gajanan Maharaj Rural Hospital &Research Centre in 1992 by keeping in views future demands of socity and industry to face challenges of Medical,Pharmacy,Paramedical,Education,Management,Science and technology.
Adv.Annasaheb D. Chavan has revolutionized the eduaction of kolhapur District by establishing Sant Gajanan Maharaj Rural Hospital & Research Centre with the mision of providing highest quality education to rural area. He Knows that India is rich in intellect,but only thing needed is the right guidance, to the youths. Sant Gajanan Maharaj Rural Hospital & Research Centre has taken that responsibility to guide them towards right direction.
SummarySant Gajanan Maharaj Rural Hospital and Research Center is an other university. It is located at Site-Chincewadi Tal-Gadhinglaj, Dist-Kolhapur in Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India. It offers the following educational courses, 2 Post Graduate Diploma courses.
Courses Offered by Sant Gajanan Maharaj Rural Hospital and Research Center
Post Graduate Diploma [2]
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education
Duration : 1 years full time
Intake : 30
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education
Duration : 1 years full time
Intake : 30
Other colleges in same campusSant Gajanan Maharaj Rural Pharmacy College
Sant Gajanan Maharaj Rural Polytechnic
Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India


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The Experimental Film Coalition will be offering two workshops in filmmaking for children in April and May.
Youngsters attending the sessions at the Noyes Cultural Arts Center in Evanston will begin by making flip books. ``It`s a series of 10 drawings in which something happens--an ice cream cone melts, a hand transforms into a light bulb,`` explains Coalition president Sharon Couzin, who teaches filmmaking at the School of the Art Institute.


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If you have straight hair, you can wear a whole variety of hairstyles and always look awesome! Whether you want to achieve a polished look with a slick back or an impressive faux hawk you can never choose wrong with any of the hottest trends in men's hairstyles.
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Royal Alliance understands what it takes for advisors to achieve exceptional success.
Royal Alliance Associates is located at 450 S Maple Rd, Ann Arbor, MI. This business specializes in Financing and Investment Services.


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These fuels feature a wide range of nitromethane and oil percentages and are available in your choice of synthetic/castor blends or straight synthetic lubrication. Generally, a 16% total oil content is more than adequate for optimum performance and minimal parts wear. For those who feel more comfortable with higher oil percentages, we manufacture our Aero Traditional Blends with 20% total oil content and our Aero Premium 18 Blends with a total oil content of 18%.
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IndyRef2 will take place in autumn 2018 or spring 2019
Nicola Sturgeon has announced her intention to hold a second independence referendum, before the Brexit negotiations are completed in 2019.
Speaking at a press conference in Edinburgh, Sturgeon said she would act now to ensure the Scottish people had a choice at the end of the process, in the form of an independence referendum. The Scottish parliament will be asked to approve the plan next week.
She said that the earliest possible date for the referendum would be Autumn 2018, when the shape of the Brexit deal has become clear, adding that it would have to take place before the end of negotiations in April 2019.
Sturgeon said:
"I will now take the steps necessary to make sure that Scotland will have a choice at the end of this process, a choice of whether to follow the UK to a hard Brexit or to become an independent country, able to secure a real partnership of equals with the rest of the UK and our own relationship with Europe.
"The Scottish government's mandate for offering this choice is beyond doubt. Last year we were elected with the highest share of the constituency vote own by any party in the history of devolution on a manifesto that said this – 'the Scottish Parliament should have the right to hold another referendum if there is a significant and material change in the circumstances that prevailed in 2014, such as Scotland being taken out of the EU against our will'.
"These conditions have, of course, now been met so I can confirm today that next week I will seek the authority of the Scottish Parliament to agree with the UK government the details of a section 30 order – the procedure that will enable the Scottish Parliament to legislate for an independence referendum."
Nicola Sturgeon: "I will now take the steps necessary to make sure that Scotland will have a choice" pic.twitter.com/kNQ0dCEgHo
— The Telegraph (@Telegraph) March 13, 2017
Conservative leader Ruth Davidson has condemned Sturgeon's decision, and confirmed that her party will vote against holding a second referendum.
Nicola Sturgeon has today chosen the path of further division and uncertainty. We will vote against any request for a Section 30 next week.
— Ruth Davidson (@RuthDavidsonMSP) March 13, 2017
"Scotland is already divided enough. We do not want to be divided again, but that is exactly what another independence referendum would do. Two years ago, 85 per cent of Scotland's voters took part in the independence referendum and the result was a clear vote to remain in the UK. With our country facing all of the uncertainty around the Tories' reckless plans for a hard Brexit, the last thing we need is even more uncertainty and division."
Like this article? Sign up to Left Foot Forward's weekday email for the latest progressive news and comment - and support campaigning journalism by making a donation today."Only a little over two years ago people in Scotland voted decisively to remain part of our United Kingdom in a referendum which the Scottish government defined as a 'once in a generation' vote. The evidence clearly shows that a majority of people in Scotland do not want a second independence referendum. Another referendum would be divisive and cause huge economic uncertainty at the worst possible time."


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K-Toon: Convenience Store Clerk Vampire (Episode 2)
Today is finally here. Time for episode two of Convenience Store Clerk Vampire! If you didn't read episode one, click here and read it. I'll wait.
To summarize, Sunny loves Man Soo. He's a vampire, but she doesn't know it. Also, in today's episode is a cameo by Park Ki Woong. Give me a moment to swoon. Yeah, I know he's in the military, but that doesn't stop him from acting in my K-Toons.
(And I was playing around with inserting backgrounds into the first toon, but some readers say it's distracting and makes it harder to read the dialogue. So today's episode is only "partially" backgrounded.)
Why did Gil have to come in at that moment? Poor Sunny. If he would have waited 5 more minutes, she could have confessed to Man Soo and asked him to make the two of them a couple! (Doesn't this always happen in K-Dramas?)
What's going to happen to Mi-Gi and Suk Chin? Will Man Soo ever realize Sunny is in love with him? Isn't a graveyard shift at a convenience store the perfect job for a vampire? Stay tooned to find out what happens next.
Are you a fan of vampire dramas? Watch Lee Joon Ki in his new series Scholar who Walks the Night:


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2010 Nissan Leaf - Click above for high-res image gallery
If the ranges offered by the upcoming Nissan and Renault electric cars aren't as long as you'd like, you'll be pleased to learn they should double by 2015. Nissan is just about done developing an energy storage cell that has twice the capacity of their current batteries. Focusing their research efforts on the positive electrode, they have added cobalt and nickel to the manganese they already use which yields them a (breathe) lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide cathode battery or, if you like, NMC for short. This would only be marginally good news if the cost of the new power pack also doubled but we're assured that this is not the case. The manufacturing process is quite similar and the expensive cobalt is used quite sparingly so the outlay should be close to that of their current chemistry. This all fits in with Nissan's electric vehicle introduction strategy.
Nissan isn't the only company developing NMC either. Other battery-makers working with the same materials are said to include Panasonic, Sanyo, Hitachi, GS Yuasa, Samsung, EnerDel, Kokam, Evonik/Litarion, Enax, and Imara. With such a dramatic increase only a few short years away, we can't help but wonder how this may effect attitudes towards battery leasing models in the near term. Relieve our curiosity with your comments after the break.
[Source: Green Car Congress]


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Shlomo Aronson. David Ben-Gurion and the Jewish Renaissance. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011. xxii + 454 pp. $35.00 (cloth), ISBN 978-0-521-19748-9.
Reviewed by Ariel Feldestein (Sapir Academic College)
Published on H-Judaic (November, 2012)
Commissioned by Jason Kalman (Hebrew Union College - Jewish Institute of Religion)
David Ben-Gurion: A Statesman of the Book and the Sword
Shlomo Aronson's study joins a series of works focusing on David Ben-Gurion's leadership. Underlying some of these is the assumption that Ben-Gurion's strong suit was in the political-practical arena, as expressed in his organizational skill, the wisely used power he accumulated, and his mobilization of chance occurrences in favor of Zionist causes. Some claim that Ben-Gurion's political course was essentially pragmatic, that he adapted policy to changing circumstances, and used sudden opportunities at the expense of preserving ideological principles.[1] Yet others emphasize Ben-Gurion's ideological streak as a major drive for his politics, perceiving this aspect of his personality as the key to understanding his actions.[2]
Aronson attempts to portray Ben-Gurion's character by offering an unusual historical explanation for his inner world and actions beginning with the 1930s. Aronson's goal is to analyze and explain the actions and intellectual interests of Ben-Gurion--whom he regards as an exceptional intellectual-leader, a "renaissance man"--in Jewish and Israeli historical context. He describes these periods and the man who attempted to shape them, and who was eventually rejected due to historical changes that occurred as a result of his own actions, and as a consequence of historical processes that far exceeded the control of a single individual.
Aronson discusses the concepts "politician," politics," and "statesmanship" within the Jewish-Israeli context and in the wider framework in which the Zionists operated (i.e., in the relationship of Jews and Israelis with others). He attempts to explain the complexity of these relationships as they evolved from the beginning of Zionism through the 1930s, the Holocaust, and its aftermath, and to describe the lessons Ben-Gurion learned from them. Through all of these Ben-Gurion is depicted in the book as an "intellectual leader." At the height of his days, he could have been called a "renaissance man" since he engaged in various different arenas, in spiritual, cultural, scientific, and moral matters. According to Aronson, Ben-Gurion lived in an era of Jewish history which to a certain extent resembled, intellectually and behaviorally, the European Renaissance. Ben-Gurion was eager to learn from ancient Greece, contemplating Plato's writings as much as possible; he also studied the Bible and contemporary scientific Jewish historiography, as well as Spinoza. At the same time Ben-Gurion wanted to weave all of these influences together to construct himself as a coherent creative and active person. Ben-Gurion's actions were a result of the zeitgeist and historical events, which were translated by members of his generation into varied manifestations of the Zionist philosophy.
Ben-Gurion and his contemporaries' sequel to the Renaissance was not a quintessentially ideological-cultural revolution. Rather than wishing to turn their backs on Judaism and relinquish most of its values, these Zionists wanted to revive them and endow them with secular meaning. They did not restart history, as did the people of the French Revolution. They wished to preserve some of the values with which they identified and to discard the rest. In fact, it is fit to speak of a "renaissance" when speaking of the rejuvenation of Judaism and some of its values, since the word means "revival" rather than "revolution." Ben-Gurion was aware of the significance of his actions, whose ideological and cultural foundation was derived from his personality, upbringing, and the education he had accumulated over years of great intellectual effort. This foundation drew from the world of the Jewish society that stood at a historical crossroads. The options were to assimilate thoroughly and thus disappear among others; maintain an existence as a minority in the worlds of others while preserving a distinct religious or historical-cultural identity; or generate a revival in the Land of Israel. Aronson associates various aspects of Ben-Gurion's actions with his decisiveness and consistent striving toward goals, which some people simply call "leadership" or "personal charisma" and others view as authoritarianism and tyrannical behavior.
The first chapter, "The Intellectual Origins of Ben-Gurion's Zionism," deals with Ben-Gurion as a model of the free renaissance leader, who is intellectually autonomous and independent of other powerful men, including international leaders as well as intellectuals, scholars, and influential people in the press with whom he disagreed. Chapter 2, "The Holocaust and Its Lessons," describes the period in which the Jewish people were caught up in a desperate situation. At the beginning of World War II, the leaders of the West did not concern themselves with the Holocaust. It was taking place far from their reach and far from their realm of comprehension. Ben-Gurion believed that it was important to remain independent and that it was mistake for a people to build their future and chances for survival during periods of trial and severe crises on the willingness of powerful countries--even enlightened and democratic ones--to come to its rescue every time, in all circumstances, and at any price. This approach led him to lay the foundations of a campaign stressing the connection between the lessons of the Holocaust and the role of the nuclear option in Israel's security policy.
In chapter 3, "Ben-Gurion between Right and Left," Aronson addresses Ben-Gurion's fluctuations between the two sides of the political map, striving to bring about changes among a fragmented people and in a Yishuv based on voluntary principles, where the tools of enforcement were still embryonic. In the next three chapters, "Ben-Gurion and the Israel Defense Forces--From Formation to the Suez-Sinai Campaign of 1956," "From the 1956 War to the 'Lavon Affair,'" and "From the 'Lavon Affair' to the Six-Day War," Aronson shows the connection between the three wars that occurred in the first three decades of statehood and the link between these wars and Ben-Gurion's concern that the embryonic state would never reach adulthood.
In the concluding chapter, and particularly in its final sentences, Aronson takes leave of his book's protagonist. The idea of departure is threefold: first, the reader's parting from the hero; second, the protagonist's own heavy sense of bidding farewell to his role in history; and third, his adieu from a stubborn people that seemed not to have heard or learned anything from its leader, and would probably pay a heavy price for that. The tone is that of an elegy or lament. The book ends with the following words: "The last portrait of Ben-Gurion, his forehead creased and his eyes gazing into a future that defies all guesswork, teaches us only that the founding father ultimately laid down the tools of his trade. His time had expired. The ability to build and destroy, to add and subtract from the edifice whose foundations he had tried to shape to the best of his ability--for better or worse--would belong to future generations" (p. 354).
Aronson examines Ben-Gurion's leadership closely, beginning his study with the Second World War and ending it around four decades later in the postwar era. He maintains that Ben-Gurion believed the state's role and nature should be shaped first and foremost by the events of World War II in general, and the Holocaust, in particular. Ben-Gurion learned from the events of the war that the Jewish people needed an independent and sovereign state that did not rely on the help of others for its survival. Aronson concludes that this realization drove Ben-Gurion's endeavor to attain in any way possible nonconventional weapons that would provide a strategic advantage when Israel faced the Arab states. This would render it independent of the mercy of the superpowers for protection from Arab states' aggression. In his various studies, Aronson highlights the connection between the Holocaust and the development of Israel's military option and the security approach formed by Ben-Gurion. In the current book, he reiterates this thesis and integrates it into the portrayal of Ben-Gurion as the preeminent Jewish renaissance leader. The book begins with a war and ends with one. Ben-Gurion's leadership had evolved during one war and faltered after another. The fundamental difference between the two wars is clear. During the Second World War, the Jewish people were helpless when the world turned its back on them and Nazi Germany implemented the Final Solution. During the Six-Day War the Jewish people proved their strength and with a widespread military action that took only six days managed to overpower the Arab states' armed forces, expand the state's borders, return to the "land of the fathers" and unite Jerusalem, the capital of the Jewish people. Exactly at that time, Ben-Gurion's decline as a renaissance leader began.
This stage of the research is the point at which Aronson's thesis becomes unclear. The essential question which remains unanswered is why Ben-Gurion's influence as a leader waned. Was it a result of the end of an era in the history of the Jewish people, or was it due to the fact that he refused to change the fundamental political approach that had shaped his actions as a statesman?
Although the book is based on a variety of primary and secondary sources, the impression is that Aronson chose them first and foremost in order to confirm the thesis that he had formulated prior to starting his research. It would be interesting to find out what was left on the floor of the archive and which documents remained unanalyzed. We cannot but wonder why the studies that Aronson chose to incorporate in his own research all support his viewpoint while other studies are ignored. This book is a translation of a Hebrew book which was first published in 1999. Although more than decade has passed since the original publication, Aronson has not updated the text, choosing to disregard the early criticism regarding the book.
In sum we might say that Aronson's goal exceeds the aims of a historical study. According to him, he aspired to leave to the next generation a little taste of the Jewish renaissance and to describe its limitations and difficulties, for a time when this generation would be willing to learn these things. In other words, according to Aronson, it is possible the current generation is unable to understand the book's message and intellectual value. Yet, one might also wonder whether the thesis or the lessons suggested in the book are substantial enough for the present generation to understand and internalize.
[1]. See, for example, Y. Shapiro, The Formative Years of the Israeli Labour Party (Tel Aviv: Am Oved, 1976).
[2]. See, for example, Y. Gorni, Israeli Labour Movement: Ideological Principles, Social Tendencies and Economic Methods (Tel Aviv: Hakibbutz Hameuchad, 1974).
If there is additional discussion of this review, you may access it through the network, at: https://networks.h-net.org/h-judaic.
Ariel Feldestein. Review of Aronson, Shlomo, David Ben-Gurion and the Jewish Renaissance.
H-Judaic, H-Net Reviews.
November, 2012.
URL: http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=33129
|This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 United States License.