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Historically, support for environmental protection in the United States has been relatively nonpartisan. Republicans have pointed with pride to Theodore Roosevelt's crucial role in promoting the conservation of natural resources by establishing national parks and forests, and Democrats have applauded Franklin Delano Roosevelt's efforts to include conservation as part of the New Deal via the Soil Conservation Service and related programs. Especially notable was how Richard Nixon collaborated with a Democratic Congress by signing several of the United States' most important pieces of environmental legislation into law in the late 1960s and early 1970s.1
The situation began to change in the early 1980s, as the Reagan administration labeled environmental regulations a burden on the economy and tried to weaken them and reduce their enforcement. While this stimulated a temporary backlash from environmentalists and much of the public during Reagan's first term,2 the "Reagan Revolution," based on the theme that "government is the problem, not the solution," provided electoral success for the Republican Party for a quarter century.3 The antienvironmental orientation of the Republican Party became salient again following the Newt Gingrich–led Republican takeover of Congress in 1994, sparking a modest negative reaction from the public,4 and has been greatly amplified during the George W. Bush administration5 but with little discernible political cost—probably because the war on terror and the Iraq war have until recently dominated the policy agenda.6 A consequence of these trends has been a growing divide along party lines over environmental protection, among other government programs.
The divide has been most noticeable among political elites, such as members of Congress, who tend to be more ideologically polarized than the general public. What had been a modest, but significant, difference in Republican and Democratic levels of pro-environmental voting in Congress since 1970 has grown over time, especially after the Republican takeover of the U.S. House of Representatives in 1994.7 In the past decade, it has become a chasm in both the House and Senate, as reflected in recent voting scorecards issued by the League of Conservation Voters (LCV).8
Nonetheless, partisan differences in support for environmental protection among the general public remained relatively modest until recently. For example, from the early 1970s until the mid-1990s, support for increased spending on environmental protection by self-identified Democrats was typically only around 10 percent higher than for self-identified Republicans.9 The gap began to widen in the late 1990s, likely reflecting voters' tendency to follow cues from party leaders and political pundits.
Nowhere is the partisan gap on environmental issues more apparent than on climate change. In the 1990s, particularly in 1997 when the United States signed (but did not ratify) the Kyoto Protocol on reducing carbon dioxide emissions, conservatives began to critique not only the proposals for reducing carbon emissions but the evidence for global warming itself. Indeed, a significant part of the U.S. conservative movement—made up of conservative foundations, think tanks, media, and public intellectuals—mobilized in the 1990s to challenge both climate science and climate policy.10 Conservative activists wrote hundreds of documents (including policy briefs, books, press releases, and op-eds), held numerous policy forums and press conferences, appeared regularly on television and radio programs, and testified at congressional hearings on global warming.11 It would appear that the vigorous conservative campaign against climate science (particularly the findings of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)) and climate change advocates (especially Al Gore) has contributed to leaders of the Republican Party adopting a highly skeptical view of global warming.
Gallup Poll results on global warming spanning a decade, including results from Gallup's 2008 Environment Poll conducted 6–9 March,12 suggest that this skepticism among Republican and conservative elites (particularly leading conservative media figures)13 has led rank-and-file Republicans in the electorate to follow suit. Currently a very large gap exists between self-identified Republicans and Democrats in terms of perceptions of global warming.14
Is Global Warming Occurring?
Perhaps the most basic issue is whether the public believes that global warming is occurring, which the IPCC asserts to be the case with considerable confidence in its 2001 report and with even more confidence in its 2007 report.15 Asked in the 2008 Gallup poll when the effects of global warming will begin to happen, 61 percent of respondents said, "they have already begun."16 This is a moderate increase from 1997, when only 48 percent gave this response, but represents a significant shift from a large minority to a solid majority of the public. However, as shown in Figure 1, while more than three-fourths of Democrats (76 percent) believe global warming is already happening, only 42 percent of Republicans share that view in 2008.
The resulting 34 percent gap stands in stark contrast to 1997, when nearly identical percentages of Republicans and Democrats (48 and 52 percent, respectively) indicated that global warming was already happening. Thus, despite all the attention given to global warming in the media, including coverage of IPCC reports, Republicans have become somewhat less likely over the past decade to believe that global warming is already occurring (from 48 to 42 percent), while Democrats have become much more likely to hold this belief (from 52 to 76 percent).
Is Media Coverage Exaggerated?
The average person obtains information on global warming from news media, and on the surface, it appears that public views concerning media coverage of global warming have been relatively stable over the past decade. The belief that the seriousness of global warming is generally exaggerated has increased very slightly since 1997, rising from 31 percent to 35 percent in 2008.17 However, this stability masks very different trends among Democrats and Republicans, as shown in Figure 2.
While the percentage of Democrats who view the news about global warming as being exaggerated has declined moderately, from 27 percent in 1997 to 17 percent in 2008 (the latter up a bit from recent years), the percentage of Republicans holding this view has increased significantly—from 37 percent to 59 percent—over the same time period. The result is a 42 percent difference between adherents of the two major parties in 2008. Growing skepticism about news coverage of global warming clearly goes hand-in-hand with Republicans' declining belief that it is already occurring.
Is There a Scientific Consensus?
Despite the growing consensus over climate change in the scientific community, as reflected in IPCC reports, Republican spokespersons and conservative commentators continue to challenge the scientific consensus on global warming by highlighting the views of a modest number of skeptic or "contrarian" scientists who question the IPCC's conclusions.18 One result is that in their efforts to provide "balanced coverage," U.S. media have given disproportionate attention to these skeptics, creating the impression of less scientific consensus on global warming than exists within the mainstreamscientific community.19 As a consequence, American newspapers' portrayal of global warming as a scientifically controversial issue differs significantly from the image presented by newspapers in other nations, where climate change is widely reported as scientifically established.20
Nonetheless, a noticeable increase has occurred over the past decade in the percentage of Americans who agree that most scientists believe that global warming is occurring, from 48 percent in 1997 to 65 percent in 2008, as shown in Figure 3.21 Not surprisingly (in view of the trends observed for the two prior questions), the belief that most scientists accept global warming as empirically established has increased more among Democrats (from 52 to 75 percent) than among Republicans (from 42 to 54 percent). The resulting difference of 21 percent in the 2008 poll is lower than for the prior questions but still substantial. Furthermore, it is striking that Republican recognition of the growing scientific consensus has stayed virtually flat (actually, showing a slight decline of 2 percent) during the past seven years.
Human-Caused or Natural Change?
The IPCC has not only asserted that global warming is occurring, but that to a considerable extent it is caused by human activities such as burning fossil fuels. Gallup has tracked Americans' views on this issue only since 2001, and the results have been relatively stable since then.22 In 2008, 58 percent of the surveyed population sees global warming as due more to human activities than natural causes, slightly lower than the 61 percent giving this response in 2001.
Once again, this near-stability in the overall population hides differing trends among Republicans and Democrats, as shown in Figure 4. While Republicans' belief in human-induced global warming has declined 13 percentage points from 2001 to 2008 (53 to 40 percent), Democrats' belief has risen slightly, from 70 to 72 percent. The result is a 32 percent gap between adherents of the two major parties in terms of agreeing with the IPCC that there is a high probability that observed warming has been caused, to a significant degree, by human activities.
Is Global Warming a Threat?
The last global warming question asks whether global warming poses a serious threat to the respondent or his or her way of life—an issue much discussed but treated judiciously in IPCC reports. The percentage of Americans viewing global warming as a serious threat to themselves or their way of life during their lifetimes has moderately increased, from 25 percent in 1997 to 40 percent in 2008.23
Unlike the results presented in Figures 1, 2, and 4 (where an increase in Republican skepticism was apparent), Figure 5 shows modest growth among Republicans who view global warming as a serious threat—from 20 percent in 1997 to 26 percent in 2008. The increase among Democrats has been considerably greater, from 31 to 49 percent, resulting in a current gap of 23 percentage points between parties. Thus, while virtually half of Democrats currently view global warming as posing a serious threat within their lifetimes, only one-quarter of Republicans feel similarly.
Summarizing the Trends
Overall, the Gallup results suggest rather modest changes in Americans' views of global warming over the past decade.24 The percentage of Americans who view global warming as already happening has moderately increased, as has the percentage who believe that a majority of scientists think global warming is occurring. As a result, a majority of Americans now endorse both views (61 and 65 percent, respectively, up from 48 percent for both items in 1997). The percentage saying that global warming will pose a serious threat within their lifetimes has also increased moderately, although it is still a minority position at 40 percent (up from 25 percent in 1997). In contrast, there has been a very slight increase in the percentage (from 31 to 35) saying that the seriousness of global warming has been exaggerated. Finally, the percentage agreeing that global warming is due more to human activities than natural changes has remained nearly unchanged since 2001 (from 61 to 58 percent).
What these overall trends generally mask, however, are highly divergent trends among Republicans and Democrats. As noted above, the proportions of Democrats agreeing that global warming is already happening, that most scientists believe it is occurring, and that it poses a serious threat have increased substantially over the past decade. In contrast, the proportion of Republicans agreeing that global warming is already happening has declined a bit, while the proportions agreeing that most scientists believe global warming is occurring and that it poses a serious threat have both increased only modestly. The proportion of Republicans who believe news of global warming's seriousness is exaggerated has grown considerably over the past decade, while the proportion of Democrats expressing this view has declined. A similar pattern of diverging partisan views has also occurred on the issue of attributing global warming to human activities.
These trends have led to stark differences in Republicans and Democrats' current views of global warming. The claim that environmental protection would be a "motherhood" issue that would unite the nation, commonly made in the early 1970s, has clearly not come to pass—particularly when it comes to global warming.
Party Polarization and Cues from Elites
The above results for the multiple beliefs about global warming deserve explanation, and scholarly work on political polarization is helpful in this regard. While the bulk of the evidence suggests that the two political parties have become more ideologically polarized in recent decades, University of Maryland political scientist Geoffrey Layman and colleagues note that clarifying the causes amounts to a "chicken and egg problem." Some analysts see polarization as elite-driven and others as driven by partisan members of the public, but Layman and colleagues lean toward the former while noting that "party activists" as well as elites may play a crucial role.25 Similarly, while skeptical about sweeping claims of culture wars, Morris Fiorina, a Stanford University professor and senior fellow at the Hoover Institution, and Samuel Abrams, a research fellow at Harvard University, see increased polarization having occurred between the two parties—which they term "party sorting" to refer to how groups of people in a population sort out in ways that heighten their partisan differences.26 Like Layman and his colleagues, Fiorina and Abrams argue, "There seems to be general agreement that party sorting is largely a top-down process wherein the more visible and active members of a party, especially its elected officials and party activists, sort first and provide cues to voters that party positions are evolving."27
Stanford University professor Jon Krosnick and colleagues observed such party sorting on global warming in their study of the impacts of heightened attention to climate change in late 1997 stimulated by the White House Conference on Climate Change that October and the Clinton administration's endorsement of the Kyoto Accord. They found a modest but significant increase in the salience of global warming between their September and October 1997 national survey and their subsequent follow-up survey of December 1997 to February 1998, but only a limited change in overall attitudes.28 The limited change, however, hid opposing trends between adherents of the two parties, as Krosnick and colleagues found that, "Democratic citizens moved toward the administration's point of view at the same time that Republican citizens moved away."29 The scholars conclude, "This kind of polarization may be particularly likely for a politicized issue like global warming, in which the Democratic and Republican parties take clear sides."30 Finally, and importantly, they found that party sorting was more pronounced among those who said they knew little about global warming, prompting the authors to reason that such individuals were the most likely to look to trusted leaders for cues.31
Evidence of Party Polarization
Results from the Gallup polls show that this general trend of party sorting vis-à-vis global warming beliefs first identified by Krosnick and colleagues has not only endured but has increased since 1997. In addition to the preceding figures, evidence comes from examining the correlations between party affiliation and beliefs about global warming. Increasing correlations over time provide strong evidence of party sorting, and that is exactly what we find.
Table 1 shows Pearson correlation coefficients for the correlation of each available combination of party affiliation and belief about global warming between 1997 and 2008. The Pearson coefficient ranges from –1 (a perfect negative correlation) to +1 (a perfect positive correlation), with 0 indicating no relationship. The increasing values of the Pearson coefficients across each row are quantitative evidence for greater party sorting over time, and they statistically validate the growing polarization visually portrayed in Figures 1–5.
To strengthen the case for the existence of party sorting, it is important to demonstrate that these correlations between party affiliation and climate change beliefs hold up when statistically controlling for key demographic variables such as sex, age, race, income, and education. Doing so increases the confidence that the correlations are "real" relationships and not spurious ones, possibly caused by one or more characteristics that could influence both party identification and views of global warming.
Table 2 displays the results of a series of regression analyses predicting each of five global warming beliefs that strengthen the case for the existence of party sorting. To simplify the presentation, only results using 2008 data have been reported.32 For each of the five beliefs about global warming, two regression models were run. The first one (A) includes only party affiliation as a predictor of global warming beliefs, while the second one (B) includes party affiliation plus the five demographic variables. The entries in Table 2 are standardized regression coefficients. The magnitude of a standardized regression coefficient indicates the magnitude of that variable's effect on the variable being predicted (in this case the respective global warming beliefs), taking into account the effects of the other predictor variables.
For each of the five global warming beliefs, the effect of party affiliation remains largely unchanged when controlling for the five demographic characteristics that might be expected to reduce the correlation between party affiliation and global warming beliefs. These results, which clearly suggest that the relationships between party affiliation and views of global warming are not spurious, strengthen the case for party sorting on global warming.
As noted above, Krosnick and colleagues found evidence of partisan polarization on global warming surrounding the Clinton administration's Conference on Climate Change and the Kyoto Conference. Further, they discovered that party sorting was more pronounced for those citizens who said they knew little about global warming than for those reporting more knowledge about global warming.33
In the ten Gallup Polls on global warming spanning the period 1997–2008, respondents were also asked how well they understood global warming.34 Here, respondents are divided into two groups in each year's sample: those who report understanding global warming "not very well" or "not at all" and those who report understanding global warming "fairly well" or "very well."
Table 3 shows the same correlations reported in Table 1, but separately for individuals reporting higher and lower levels of understanding of global warming. For each correlation, the Pearson coefficient in the subsample of individuals who report understanding global warming "fairly well" or "very well" (shown in the lower half of the table) is greater than that in the subsample of individuals who report understanding global warming "not very well" or "not at all" (shown in the upper half of the table). In many cases, the differences between coefficients are quite large, and while all of the correlations are statistically significant for those reporting higher levels of understanding, only a minority is for those reporting lower levels of understanding.
In short, while Krosnick and colleagues found that party sorting was more pronounced among those who said they knew little about global warming, the Gallup data suggest otherwise. The analyses show that partisan polarization is more pronounced among those individuals reporting greater understanding of global warming, and this result is consistent across the five beliefs about global warming and throughout the last decade. In other words, Republicans and Democrats who believe they understand global warming reasonably well hold more divergent views compared with their presumably less-informed counterparts. The findings here coincide with Layman and colleagues' claim that party sorting is most likely to occur among individuals for whom the polarizing issue is salient,35 at least if we assume that salience is higher for those reporting greater levels of understanding.
Potential Effects of the 2008 Presidential Election
We will soon reach the end of the George W. Bush administration, a political regime marked by a strong ideological politicization of global warming. Indeed, journalists,36 physical scientists,37 science advocacy organizations,38 civil rights advocacy organizations,39 federal whistleblowers,40 and federal policymakers41 have documented the Bush administration's hostility to climate policy and—perhaps more importantly—its misuse and abuse of climate science. Thus, it seems certain that regardless of who wins the upcoming presidential election, the United States will have a significantly different form of leadership on global warming than it has had under George W. Bush. How might a change in presidential leadership affect the polarization of rank-and-file Republicans and Democrats on global warming? This warrants a brief examination of Senators John McCain's (R-AZ) and Barack Obama's (D-IL) policymaking efforts and campaign positions on climate change.
A widely used measure to evaluate a congressional member's record on environmental issues is the LCV scorecard. The LCV scorecard is the annual percentage of pro-environment votes a senator or representative has cast out of the total number of environment-related votes considered that year, with absences treated as negative votes, and thus scores can range from a high of 100 to a low of 0. A lifetime LCV score is that person's career average for all years served in Congress. While McCain's lifetime LCV score is 26, Obama's is 86. Although McCain's public persona is a moderate conservative who often bucks the Republican party line (sometimes on environmental issues), LCV's analysis of his environmental policy voting record over his career reveals that it is less green than many believe. This has led to the LCV's recent endorsement of Obama.42
Yet there is no doubt that McCain has been a leader in the U.S. Senate in terms of recognizing the seriousness of global warming and proposing legislation (most notably the McCain-Lieberman Climate Stewardship Act) designed to reduce carbon emissions. Further, both candidates highlight the issue of global warming prominently on their official campaign Web sites. A side-by-side comparison of their policy positions on climate change reveals differences much smaller than one would expect given the polarization of the two parties over global warming. Indeed, McCain's policy positions are much closer to Obama's than they are to almost all of his Republican congressional colleagues. Both McCain and Obama support a mandatory cap on carbon emissions and a high percentage emissions reductions target by 2050 (though Obama's target is higher). Both support increasing fuel efficiency standards, though Obama has identified a specific miles-per-gallon target and a timetable for reaching it. They differ more on issues such as shifting to renewable energy sources and reducing energy consumption.43
The outcome of the upcoming presidential election will likely have a greater effect on the global warming beliefs of rank-and-file Republicans in the electorate than it will on the global warming beliefs of rank-and-file Democrats. An Obama presidency would, if anything, strengthen Democrats' commitment to the position that climate change is a serious problem and policies designed to reduce carbon emissions are necessary. With such an electoral outcome, we could see Republican trends toward increased skepticism continue for the next several years, especially if outspoken party leaders, right-wing television news, and right-wing talk radio commentators continue to portray climate change as a "hoax" and climate policymaking as a liberal plot to foster increased regulation of corporations.
A McCain presidency, in contrast, would represent a sea change among Republican Party leadership on the issue of climate change. Indeed, McCain is the first Republican presidential candidate to support a coherent climate policy that builds upon the international scientific consensus, even if the LCV judges it to be inferior to Obama's. If McCain becomes the next U.S. president, his views on climate change may lead to a shift in the views of some Republicans, but probably not those who have bought into the staunch skepticism of current party elites.
There is an obvious need for pollsters to monitor Americans' views of global warming carefully over the next few years, paying special attention to the possibility that the views of self-identified Republicans and Democrats may converge or continue on their divergent paths. Regardless of their paths, though, the results will have major implications for policymaking on climate change.
Riley E. Dunlap is Regents Professor of Sociology at Oklahoma State University and Gallup Scholar for the Environment with the Gallup Organization. He has a long-term interest in public opinion on environmental issues, including partisan and ideological cleavages in support for environmental protection and conservative opposition to environmentalism. His current work includes cross-national comparisons of citizens' attitudes toward environmental issues and analyses of conservative opposition to climate change science and policymaking. Dunlap is a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and a past president of the International Sociological Association's Research Committee on Environment and Society. He may be contacted at email@example.com.
Aaron M. McCright is an assistant professor of sociology in Lyman Briggs College, the Department of Sociology, and the Environmental Science and Policy Program at Michigan State University. His research interests include environmental sociology, political sociology, social movements, and sociology of science. His primary research has examined how the U.S. conservative movement, allied with contrarian scientists, has successfully challenged climate science and policymaking in the United States for nearly two decades. In recognition of this ongoing research, McCright was selected as a 2007 Kavli Frontiers Fellow in the National Academy of Sciences. He may be contacted at email@example.com.
The authors thank the Gallup Organization for making the data sets employed in this article available for analysis. The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and should not be attributed to the Gallup Organization.
1. For an early statement of the nonpartisan nature of environmental issues, see D. Ogden, "The Future of Environmental Struggle," in R. Meek and J. Straayer, eds., The Politics of Neglect: The Environmental Crisis (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 1971).
2. R. E. Dunlap, "Public Opinion in the 1980s: Clear Consensus, Ambiguous Commitment," Environment 33 (October 1991): 10–15, 32–37.
3. See S. Wilentz, The Age of Reagan: A History, 1974–2008 (New York: Harper, 2008) for a positive view of Reagan's long-term impact, and G. Anrig, The Conservatives Have No Clothes: Why Right-Wing Ideas Keep Failing (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2007) for a critical view of how conservatives' antigovernmental orientation has led to numerous current problems.
4. R. E. Dunlap, "An Enduring Concern: Light Stays Green for Environmental Protection," Public Perspective (September/October 2002): 10–14.
5. See, for example, C. Pope and P. Rauber, Strategic Ignorance: Why the Bush Administration Is Recklessly Destroying a Century of Environmental Progress (San Francisco, CA: Sierra Club Books, 2004).
6. S. R. Brechin and D. A. Freeman, "Public Support for Both the Environment and an Anti-Environmental President," The Forum 2, no. 1 (2004): article 6 (accessed 22 June 2006).
7. See C. R. Shipan and W. R. Lowry, "Environmental Policy and Party Divergence in Congress," Political Research Quarterly 54 (2001): 245–63; and R. E. Dunlap, C. Xiao, and A. M. McCright, "Politics and Environment in America: Partisan and Ideological Cleavages in Public Support for Environmentalism," Environmental Politics 10 (2001): 29.
8. League of Conservation Voters (LCV) scorecards are available at the LCV's Web site.
9. Dunlap, Xiao, and McCright, note 7, page 31.
10. See A. M. McCright and R. E. Dunlap, "Defeating Kyoto: The Conservative Movement's Impact on U.S. Climate Change Policy," Social Problems 50 (2003): 348–73; Rep. G. E. Brown, Jr., "Environmental Science under Siege in the U.S. Congress," Environment 39, no. 2 (March 1997): 12–31; P. J. Jacques, R. E. Dunlap, and M. Freeman, "The Organization of Denial," Environmental Politics 17 (2008): 349–85; M. Lahsen, "Technocracy, Democracy, and U.S. Climate Politics," Science, Technology & Human Values 30 (2005): 137–69; A. M. McCright and R. E. Dunlap, "Challenging Global Warming as a Social Problem," Social Problems 47 (2000): 499–522; and S. Begley, "The Truth about Denial," Newsweek (13 August 2007): 20–29.
11. McCright and Dunlap (2003), Ibid., pages 356–58.
12. Each of the Gallup surveys used here is based on telephone interviews with nationally representative random samples of adults (age 18 years or older) in the United States. The sample size ranged from 1,000 to 1,060, and the interviews were conducted during March of each year. As is typical in most national surveys, the Gallup Organization employs weighting procedures on the sample data to ensure that the samples are representative of the U.S. adult population. Data weights were not employed here when performing bivariate or multivariate analyses, because weighting can lead to inflated standard errors and misleading tests of significance.
13. For a recent examination of the anticlimate-change views of four leading conservative media figures, see P. Hart, "In Denial on Climate Change: Leading Pundits Reject Science on Global Warming," Extra! (May/June 2007), available on the Fairness & Accuracy in Reporting's Web site (accessed 24 July 2008). For evidence that climate-change skepticism has clearly been adopted by a portion of the general public, see A. Leiserowitz, "American Risk Perceptions: Is Climate Change Dangerous?" Risk Analysis 25 (2005): 1433–42.
14. Gallup interviewers ask respondents a range of questions to ascertain their demographic, social, and political characteristics at the end of the telephone interviews. For political party identification, interviewers ask, "In politics, as of today, do you consider yourself a Republican, a Democrat, or an Independent?" For those respondents who answer "Independent," mention another party, or who do not answer the question, interviewers ask this follow-up question, "As of today, do you lean more to the Democratic Party or the Republican Party?" For Figures 1–5 "Republican" and "lean to Republican" responses and "Democrat" and "lean to Democratic" responses are combined for the sake of simplicity, but the statistical analyses in Tables 1–3 employ a five-category indicator of political partisanship: Republican = 1, lean to Republican = 2, Independent = 3, lean to Democratic = 4, and Democrat = 5 in order to maximize the variance on this variable and utilize the full sample. Across the nine years covered in the analyses, 1997 and 2001–2008, the samples of slightly more than 1,000 respondents average 337 Republicans, 328 Democrats, and 350 Independents. After the Independents are further classified into "lean to Republican" or "lean to Democratic," an average of only 96 respondents across the nine years remain as Independents.
In a preliminary version of this paper Dunlap reported the opinions of self-identified Republicans, Democrats, and Independents in response to the first question, not reclassifying leaners in response to the second question. The large category of Independents falls consistently between Republicans and Democrats in their views of global warming (typically closer to the Democrats). In this paper, the leaners are combined with Republicans and Democrats as noted above for the results reported in Figures 1–5 not only for the sake of simplicity, but because those who lean toward one party or the other are likely to vote for candidates of that party. The modest number of remaining Independents are also ignored because percentages based on such small numbers (typically under 100) are unreliable. Readers interested in how Republicans, Democrats, and Independents (including leaners) compare on the five items can find the results in R. E. Dunlap, Partisan Gap on Global Warming Grows (accessed 29 May 2008).
15. See Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC Third Assessment Report (accessed 28 July 2008); and Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report (accessed 15 July 2008).
16. Gallup uses this question, "Which of the following statements reflects your view of when the effects of global warming will begin to happen—they have already begun to happen, they will start happening within a few years, they will start happening within your lifetime, they will not happen within your lifetime, but they will affect future generations, (or) they will never happen?" In the 2008 poll, the percentages giving these five responses (in the order in which they were asked) were 61, 4, 10, 13, and 11 percent, with 1 percent having "no opinion."
17. Gallup uses this question, "Thinking about what is said in the news, in your view is the seriousness of global warming generally exaggerated, generally correct, or is it generally underestimated?" In the 2008 poll, the percentages giving these three responses were 35, 33, and 29 percent respectively, with 2 percent having "no opinion." This does not add to 100 percent due to rounding error.
18. See all sources in notes 10 and 13.
19. See M. T. Boykoff and J. M. Boykoff, "Balance as Bias: Global Warming and the US Prestige Press," Global Environmental Change 24 (2004): 125–36. Recent evidence suggests that U.S. newspapers are beginning to provide more accurate portrayals of climate science, perhaps because of growing recognition of the marginal status of skeptics within the scientific community as exemplified by Begley's 2007 cover story for Newsweek (note 10). For evidence of the recent change in U.S. newspaper reporting, see M. T. Boykoff, "Flogging a Dead Norm? Newspaper Coverage of Anthropogenic Climate Change in the United States and United Kingdom from 2003 to 2006," Area 39 (2007): 470–81.
20. See, for example, J. M. Dispensa and R. J. Brulle, "Media's Social Construction of Environmental Issues: Focus on Global Warming—A Comparative Study," International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 23 (2003): 74–105.
21. Gallup uses this question, "Just your impression, which one of the following statements do you think is most accurate—most scientists believe that global warming is occurring, most scientists believe that global warming is NOT occurring, or most scientists are unsure about whether global warming is occurring or not?" In the 2008 poll, the percentages giving these responses were 65, 7, and 26 respectively, with 3 percent having "no opinion." This does not add to 100 percent due to rounding error.
22. Gallup uses this question, "And from what you have heard or read, do you believe increases in the Earth's temperature over the last century are due more to—the effects of pollution from human activities OR natural changes in the environment that are not due to human activities?" In the 2008 poll, 58 percent gave the first response and 38 percent gave the second, with 5 percent having "no opinion."
23. Gallup uses this question, "Do you think that global warming will pose a serious threat to you or your way of life in your lifetime?" In the 2008 poll, 40 percent responded "yes," 58 percent responded "no," and 2 percent had "no opinion." It should be noted that in 1997 only half of the sample was given this question.
24. More noticeable increases have been reported for items asking respondents how much they have heard about global warming and for their self-assessed understanding of the issue. For a comprehensive overview of trends in all aspects of public opinion about global warming through 2007, see M. C. Nisbet and T. Meyers, "The Polls—Trends: Twenty Years of Public Opinion about Global Warming," Public Opinion Quarterly 71 (2007): 444–70.
25. G. C. Layman, T. M. Carsey, and J. M. Horowitz, "Party Polarization in American Politics: Characteristics, Causes, and Consequences," Annual Review of Political Science 9 (2006): 83–110.
26. See M. P. Fiorina and S. J. Abrams, "Political Polarization in the American Public," Annual Review of Political Science 11 (2008): 563–88.
27. Ibid., page 581.
28. See J. A. Krosnick, A. L. Holbrook, and P. S. Visser, "The Impact of the Fall 2007 Debate about Global Warming on American Public Opinion," Public Understanding of Science 9 (2000): 239–60.
29. Ibid., page 253.
30. Krosnick, Holbrook, and Visser, note 28, page 254.
31. Krosnick, Holbrook, and Visser, note 28; and J. A. Krosnick, P. S. Visser, and A. L. Holbrook, "American Opinion on Global Warming," Resources 133 (1998): 5–9.
32. Regression analyses with data from 1997 to 2007 produced similar results, though the values of the standardized regression coefficients for party affiliation were smaller for the earlier years, when the correlations between party affiliation and the five global warming items were weaker.
33. See, in particular, Krosnick, Visser, and Holbrook, note 31, pages 8–9.
34. Gallup uses this question, "Thinking about the issue of global warming, sometimes called the 'greenhouse effect,' how well do you feel you understand this issue—would you say very well, fairly well, not very well, or not at all?" The percentages responding "very well" or "fairly well" have gradually risen from 61 percent in 1997 to 80 percent in 2008. Results for this item were not reported earlier because it asks for self-assessed understanding rather than an opinion on global warming. Interestingly, the percentages reporting "very well" or "fairly well" for Republicans has slowly increased from 67 percent in 1997 to 79 percent in 2008, while for Democrats the increase has been from 56 percent to 80 percent. For all but two years the figures have been within five percent of one another. See note 12 for more information.
35. Layman, Carsey, and Horowitz, note 25, page 93.
36. See C. Mooney, The Republican War on Science (New York: Basic Books, 2005); C. Mooney, "An Inconvenient Assessment," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 63, no. 6 (2007): 40–47; and S. Shulman, Undermining Science (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2006).
37. See M. Bowen, Censoring Science (New York: Dutton, 2008).
38. See Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS), Scientific Integrity in Policymaking, March report (Cambridge, MA: UCS, 2004); UCS, Scientific Integrity in Policymaking, July report (Cambridge, MA: UCS, 2004); UCS, Federal Science and the Public Good (Cambridge, MA: UCS, 2008); and UCS, Interference at the EPA (Cambridge, MA: UCS, 2008).
39. See T. Simoncelli and J. Stanley, Science Under Siege (New York: American Civil Liberties Union, 2005).
40. See R. S. Piltz, "Declaration of Rick S. Piltz in Support of Memorandum of Amici Curiae John F. Kerry and Jay Inslee," 7 February 2007 (accessed 18 July 2008).
41. See U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Government Reform—Minority Staff, Special Investigations Division, Politics and Science in the Bush Administration, prepared for the Office of Representative Henry A. Waxman (Washington, DC: U.S. House of Representatives, 2003); U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Government Reform—Minority Staff, The Administration's Assault on Climate Change Science, prepared for the Offices of Representative Henry A. Waxman and Representative John W. Olver (Washington, DC: U.S. House of Representatives, 2005); and U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, Political Interference with Climate Change Science Under the Bush Administration (Washington, DC: U.S. House of Representatives, 2007).
42. LCV, "New Hope. New Energy: LCV Endorses Barack Obama," press release, 21 July 2008 (accessed 22 July 2008).
43. See the LCV's comparison of Obama's and McCain's positions. Visit the candidates' Web sites for their comprehensive platforms on climate change, http://www.barackobama.com and http://www.johnmccain.com/ (accessed 23 July 2008).


text:
What is WebPornoTv:
Threat Classification: PUP/adware
WebPornoTv is considered as a PUP (potentially unwanted program) and/or adware program which display disturbing or inappropriate adult content, advertisements and sponsored links. The PUP may show ads into all well-known browsers like Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox and Google Chrome.
Generally, users that have it installed on their systems might see different pop-ups, banners, search suggestions, sponsored link advertisements displayed on popular pages. The search results can also be altered, displaying information loaded with spam and third-party advertising.
WebPornoTv is usually bundled with other free software products and is being installed by default when the user accepts the EULA while performing an express/recommended installation of that software. The possible distribution of WebPornoTv varies but is not limited to – installing third-party toolbars, free software products, downloading e-mail attachments, clicking on ads or banners etc..
WebPornoTv is technically not a virus. The purpose of WebPornoTv is to attract more users to their domains to generate income from online traffic. WebPornoTv may use cookies and other relevant information to steal your personal details. That is the reason why it is not advisable to have it on your computer
!!! Please note that such software could potentially bring up malware to your computer and even cause a loss of data. Please do not underestimate such threats.
Removal Process:
There are two ways to remove this infection. It is totally up to you to decide which way you want to go:
1. Automatic Removal Method (recommended for regular or novice users) using a Professional Malware Removal Software.
2. Manual Removal (recommended for PC Experts or Enthusiasts).
Automatic WebPornoTv Removal:
We recommend using SpyHunter Malware Security Suite.
You can download and install SpyHunter to detect WebPornoTv and remove it, by clicking the button below. Once installed, SpyHunter will automatically scan and detect all threats present on your system, but in order to use it as a removal tool, you need to purchase a subscription.
SpyHunter will automatically scan and detect all threats present on your system.
Learn more about SpyHunter (EULA). You can find Install Instructions here: (LINK) SpyHunter`s free diagnosis offers free scans and detection. You can remove the detected files, processes and registry entries manually, by yourself, or purchase the full version to perform an automatic removal and also to receive free professional help with any malware related queries by their technical support department.
Manual WebPornoTv Removal:
!!! Please note: You can remove WebPornoTv PUP manually, however, you should proceed at your own risk, as any of the interventions might render your system inoperable. Therefore this manual removal method is highly recommended for PC Experts or Enthusiasts. For regular users, MalwareKillers.com recommends using SpyHunter or any other reputable security application.
1. Remove WebPornoTv Uninstall Entry:
First, you can try to go to Control panel and click on Programs and Features (Windows Vista/7/8/10) or Add/Remove Programs (Windows XP) and check the Uninstall Programs` List for any entry related to WebPornoTv or any third-party add-ons, extensions and toolbars. If you find such, double-click on it and try to remove it. Although, please mind that you may not be able to remove it directly from the list.
*(Start -> Control Panel -> Programs and Features or Add/Remove Programs) or "Win + R" keys to open "Run" and type in "control", then hit enter.
If the above does not work, please try the following:
1. Start Windows Task Manager (right-click on the taskbar and select start task manager) and kill all associated program processes that still may run in the background: WebPornoTv
Now you should be able to uninstall the WebPornoTv using their own uninstaller.
2. Click on the Start button, navigate to All Programs, locate the WebPornoTv folder and click on it.
3. You should be able to see the "Uninstall WebPornoTv" uninstaller. Left-click on it in order to engage the uninstall process.
4. When the uninstall wizard shows up, click on the uninstall button and confirm the uninstall process. If everything goes smooth, you should be able to uninstall the program successfully.
2. Delete any folders or files related to WebPornoTv by checking the following locations:
Look for the following files or similar:

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Braille Writer Pro was designed to be helpful for sighted people working to learn Braille.
- Handles both Grade 1 and Grade 2 contracted and uncontracted Braille
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- Dictionary that supports both Braille and English
Braille Writer lets you use six keys from a standard Apple keyboard as if they were a braille keyboard, and displays the resulting braille visually on the screen so that sighted students can practice their braille entry and reading skills on a regular computer.
– Ricky


text:
Sign in to retrieve a saved callback list.
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Invoice history based on 75 reviews.
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text:
Love-Light Within Part 3
The Hearing Part I
I received notice that the State of Oregon Employment Department will grant me an administrative hearing on February 10, 2009. It is curious to me why this hearing will take place over the phone. This will deprive me and the administrative law judge the opportunity of observing non-verbal reactions, which make up a great part of the communication process.
However, I am grateful that the Employment Department acted in an expeditious manner to schedule this hearing. I was concerned that I would have to wait two more months before I had an opportunity to address a just settlement regarding the denial of my unemployment benefits.
On the other hand, I am scared to death. I will be defending myself as we can not afford an attorney. I will have the right to present evidence, to call witnesses, and to cross examine all testimony. Presently, I have no clue as to how I will accomplish these daunting tasks.
I am so anxious and frightened that I had another restless and almost sleepless night. My mind was endlessly obsessing over all the details of the case and over all the questions I need to anticipate at the hearing. In addition, I feel intense anger over the heartfelt injustice of my termination, which actually boarders on righteous rage.
Moreover, a sense of shame attempts to consume me from being accused of engaging in "wantonly, negligent misconduct." It takes my breath away and interferes with my ability to think straight and plan a course of action to win my case.
So today, my first step is to gain some measure of composure by using the skills necessary to face, release, and replace negative and debilitating emotions with a healing and recovery process.
I've written before about the importance of controlling one's breathing and using affirmations to repudiate destructive feelings, thoughts, and habits. I've also mentioned the power of prayer, meditation, and the Emotional Freedom Technique of tapping pressure points in the body. Consequently, I will utilize this arsenal of emotional combat skills to restore the balance between mind, body, and spirit.
I also recalled the comfort and warmth of the sun on my face. In this regard, my wife and I drove out recently to the coast in Crescent City, California, which is about an hour drive from out new rental home in Cave Junction, Oregon. We arrived at the beach at about three in the afternoon.
The sun was massive and low over the ocean horizon, beaming out a temperature of about 57 degrees. Beneath a crystal clear sky, ocean waves rolled in hypnotically; gentle white caps comingled with jade colored waters and melodic surf sounds that endlessly caressed the grayish-black sandy beach.
To our left, several upright suffer folks used long paddles to propel their boards smoothly over the small undulating waves. Then they would simply glide back in towards the beach like some form of new water dancing.
Straight ahead, recreational boats were faintly visible on the infinite ocean horizon. To our right, the sun's rays illuminated a golden blanket over the sea that sparkled like twinkling Christmas tree lights. And on the beach, directly in front of the light show, rode a young girl of about twelve on a magnificent roan horse. She rode confidently with the reins held in one hand, elegantly guiding the awesome stead through a series of circling, prancing, and galloping gyrations.
I share these remarkable and healing images with you, to remind us all of the importance of drawing strength from visions and memories that ease the pain of personal, emotional storms. These experiences helped me to release some of my suffering.
To fight the fear, anger, anxiety, and shame, I affirmed over and over: "I refuse to poison myself with negative feelings, thoughts, and behavior." I also tapped gently under my left arm by my rib-cage. And I further stated, "Even though I am still having stress, I totally love myself. And I release all of this to your Love-Light, Dear God." Most importantly, I took deep breaths and slowly released the air by counting to six.
As my heart and spirit responded peacefully to this process of going into the Light within, my thoughts were free to take positive action to help me prepare my case.
Gary Eby, Author/Life Coach/Therapist
Ah yes, connection with nature and the sea, especially when combined with the arsenal of emotional combat skills that you spoke of do help restore the balance between mind, body, and spirit.
really helpful hub...i will put your technique to the test and come back to tell you how it goes
Qlcoach: The contrast of your challenges and your ability to see beauty in your sorroundings and using this beauty to get yourself into a higher emotional state is inspiring. It makes sense to me to use beautiful visuals to get us out of an unresourceful state. I am learning from you! :)
great hub will follow read


text:
June 30, 2010
Coast Guard and EPA act to free-up response resources for Gulf
The Coast Guard and EPA have acted to free up more spill response resources for deployment to the Gulf spill clean-up effort.
The two agencies have issued an emergency temporary interim rule that suspends oil spill response plan requirements for facilities and vessels whose response resources are relocated in support of the Deepwater Horizon spill of national significance (SONS) response.
Read the Federal Register notice HERE


text:
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Know more about this business than we do? Cool! Please submit any corrections or missing details you may have.Help us make it right
Be the first OregonLive.com user to add photos or videos of Pacific Stone Installers
Pacific Stone Installers is located at 4933 NE Mason St, Portland, OR. This business specializes in General Contractors.


text:
Welcome back once again as we look into the world of Myriad Colours Phantom World. I heard good things about this fairly new anime, and with the season recently completing I thought it was a good time as any to see what the fuss is about. In this world of false perceptions and hidden phantoms, we examine exactly what's going on in the first episode as I decode this latest Tokyo Transmission. So let's open our eyes and see what we can!
Myriad Colours Phantom World
Genre: Action, Comedy, Fantasy, Supernatural
Blurring the line between illusion and reality, there exist phantoms living amongst us unseen and unknown. That is until people started developing abilities to perceive this previous unknown realm and began adjusting to life with phantoms in the everyday. Haruhiko Ichijo (Hiro Shimono) and his partner Mai Kawakami (Sumire Uesaka) work for the Phantom Hunting Club of Hosea Academy, as they use their special powers to manage unruly phantoms and try to co-exist with this new reality previously known only in myth and legend.
Episode Synopsis
Our story begins as our protagonist, Haruhiko, explains how the human mind is capable of perceiving reality differently, how what we see can be misread in our minds as different perceptions. A waking Haruhiko is met by the sight of a friendly phantom called Ruru (Azusa Tadokoro), as she tries to pull him out of bed before he's late for school again. As he dashes to the train we see his partner, Mai Kawakami, already engaged in battle with an angry phantom in the school's field. As he arrives just in time Mai manages to trap the phantom, allowing Haruhiko to use his special power to draw the phantom into his sketch book, sealing it inside, while the on looking crowd seem unimpressed with their victory.
Back in their classroom it's revealed that Haru and Mai are somewhat infamous for being a rather lackluster duo, and get chided for breaking school property during the fight even though they finally got a win. Desperate for more wins, and thus payment, Mai decides they need to add to the team before they go home for the day to think over their problems. On the way home Haru suddenly grow suspicious as he walks into a cemetery he doesn't remember existing, only to witness as another girl, named Reina Izumi (Saori Hayami), manages to eat away the illusion and phantoms causing it with her special ability to devour spirits. Excited by the display of her ability, Haru runs over and tries to get her to join their team in the Phantom Hunting Club, only to be turned down initially before he offers to buy her lunch to talk it over with her. Explaining that the club exists to help maintain a co-exist with phantoms, as well as fighting against stray spirits that cause problems. He offers to show her what they do for the club and the two meet with Mai as she's keen to start on a new mission
Arriving at the scene they find possessed telephone poles known as Tsukumogami, a type of Youkai born from the anger of being discard tools built by humans. The phantoms are doing the limbo over and over, noted by Haru as being a method they might consider a ritual to display their anger of being stuck in limbo so to speak. The three begin to limbo with the Youkai in an attempt to appease their ritual without violence, and manage to win with the help of Mai's physical ability. After sealing the phantoms, the group sadly reflects on what lead the Tsukumogami to turn violent, and Reina decides to join their team and continue with their efforts in the club.
The first episode introduces us to Haruhiko, Ruru, Mai and Izumi respectively, all being students at Hosea Academy, well except for Ruru I guess. Haru being the primary protagonist is the most relatable character I guess you would say, he's mostly a normal student who loves books and is often chided by Mai for being rather unfit given his desire to read beyond doing much in the way of physical activities. Mai on the other hand is the more hot-headed fighter, of the team she does most of the physical work and only really needs Haru to finish her fights by sealing phantoms via his power of trapping them in drawings. Which ironically makes Haru almost redundant when he brings Izumi into the team, as she fills the same role as him but without the slow and unwieldly sealing technique. Izumi herself is the shy one of the team, who despite joining at the end of the episode, hinted at more going on behind her initial rejection. Lastly we have Ruru, who is a character made just for the anime so I hear as this was originally a light novel series. Ruru is meant to be the cute mascot type character, and she is exactly that, and at this point not much more.
The characters themselves are all enjoyable enough, Haru even scores some points for the funniest scene in the episode with Izumi, but otherwise it's too soon to say a great deal more as they're more or less characters you could expect to find in most of anime's of the same genres. No one is particularly annoying, so lacking any immediate flaws they all seem decent enough for a watch. Mai does however draw a lot of attention as the anime's boobs character. You know the type, don't lie to me, it's ok. A lot of anime do this and Mai is just the one for Myriad. She's the anime girl with the large chest that gets a lot of focus at times for that exact reason, to the point of her literally rubbing her chest to prepare a spell pre-fight. It's not that bad but there are a lot of scenes that make a point of drawing attention to our large chested character when it wasn't really necessary. So if that kind of thing annoys you, it definitely is around in this, and I don't really think it will go away in future episodes.
There's clearly more characters planned for the party in the future, partly because of obvious setup, partly because they're clearly in the closing credits. So I expect there will be more people to cover in full along with the rest of the cast, I'm curious to see how this changes the dynamic in place now, if at all.
The World
Myriad Colours seems like an interesting idea for a world if not a particularly original one these days, at least from what we've seen. I did like how the show opened going into its reasoning for phantoms being part of the world due to this change in people abilities to perceive this new reality of theirs, but I have to admit the story reasons for this did feel kind of "yeah there's a reason we threw in for it". I got the feeling, or the hope, that this could become a larger part of the story itself, and that maybe this will be explored more beyond "some chemical spill happened". That aside though, it's an interesting enough concept for the world to possess, and it does seem to be putting in some effort to delve into more of the Japanese ghost lore side of things as Haru started talking about Youkai and Tsukumogami and investigating how they came to be. If Myriad stuck to this angle and developed into something more interesting story wise it could turn out pretty good, but at episode one who's to say how things will end up.
From what I have seen however, it's hard to say how things will fall. It could turn into something far more interesting, or stick to something more entertaining and less thoughtful over all. That wouldn't be a bad thing per say, but I do feel disappointed when the bones of an interesting world just never get to see the light of day. While not an entirely original concept, it was interesting to see a world where people just go about their business despite the many supernatural beings. Even as Mia fought a huge beast in the school people only showed mild interest at best, leaving the group to feel less like supernatural hunters, and more caretakers of minor problems. If anything this makes the curious about how more powerful phantoms are handled, or if people simply have little problems outside minor annoyance.
Regardless the show has got something going for it between the ghost lore and the initial set up, and as long as I'm interested it's done something right. I'll be curious to see how the story and it's set up evolve as I continue on.
Art and Voice
Visually Myriad is a nice looking anime, it's got a colorful art style and decent animation with some of the more action packed scenes looking quite smooth. I did notice some nice touches, more than anything I liked how the world appeared to Haru as a pixelated and blurry mess as he woke up, and the pixel theme seems to be continued with phantoms that aren't fully perceived or just out of sight in the opening. It's an interesting touch, it's not often anime around ghost type creatures carry a pixel theme to them, and it helps give the show a little more identity. Beyond that though, there's nothing particularly outstanding to mention beyond saying "it all looks fairly nice", but I rather enjoy the colour and detail put into the telephone pole Tsukumogami at the end. It would be nice to see interesting designs like those going forward into the rest of the season, and see what else they can do with the folklore side of all the phantoms and youkai.
The voice talent for Myriad was all about as good as you'd expect from a more popular anime of this season, last season? It's pretty new either way. Which is to say the voice acting is all decent so far without any particular issues I felt. Oddly though, for the first time in…maybe forever for me, all the major talent were almost exclusively in things I've never watched. While the actors all have a decent number of characters to their name, they only had maybe one or two things I may have known. That's not to say anything of them…just…I dunno, I found it really odd I guess. I believe there is an English dub out for those who are interested, but I just went with the original Japanese subs for this one.
The intro and outro are both pretty cheerful, with the intro being more your typical anime opening that shows some of the world and introduces each character with a close up and name plate as high energy upbeat music plays over the series pixel type style and juxtaposing scenes. The song itself is pretty nice actually, but it the opening as the whole package didn't stand out much for most other anime openings really. The closing credits was more of a cutesy thing with the girls dancing on screen over the music and credits, which is fine but I don't find it that interesting in itself.
Did I like it?
Myriad Colours Phantom World was an enjoyable watch, and it showed some promise for turning into something more. I did enjoy what was on offer, and had to laugh at one scene in particular that both made fun of itself and similar anime genres. So yeah, I say give it a go, I want to see where the show takes us and it could well turn out quite good if they play their cards right.
End Transmission
Hey there, thanks for sticking around until the end of the review…you know…assuming you did. I'm curious to see what people thought of this show as well, for I've heard mostly good things, and also some pretty nasty reviews. Did you agree with my opinion or am I just horribly wrong? Let me know in the comments. On another note I've started trying to reach my tendrils out into this…"social media" thing, so it's easier to find me outside the website now. As ever I'm trying to get back into streaming on my new PC, and can be found at Drenik74 on Twitch. You can also reach me at Drenik74 on Facebook and Drenik74_Public on twitter for my offical updates and various news. Until next week!


text: Evening Standard magazine - Jodie Kidd cover (11 May 2007) £15.99 Evening Standard magazine - Jodie Kidd cover (11 May 2007) Excellent unread condition ARSENAL Forget the dramas on the pitch, the real nail-biter at the Emirates Stadium is what's happening in the boardroom. Charlotte Eagar on class war and acquisitive American billionaires at Arsenal 4 pages RUSSIANS IN LONDON The Russian invasion is nothing new - 100 years ago, instead of oligarchs it was Bolsheviks who lodged in Whitechapel and partied in Chelsea. Simon Sebag Montefiore takes the Stalin tour of London 3 pages JODIE KIDD Three divorces in one family in one year - no wonder they're calling it the curse of the Kidds. But fresh from the lawyer's office, Jodie is still holding her head high 6 pages HILLARY CLINTON 1 page "Fashion Stalker" feature MISCHA BARTON one quarter page KAY SAATCHI Move over Charles, Kay Saatchi has the best eye in town. Here are her six picks for the future of art: Douglas White - Amy Ison - Boo Ritson - Jodie Carey - Emma Puntis - Tatsuya Kimata 4 pages SONIA RYKIEL "My London" 1 page Q&A feature with photo


text:
In checking my web pages with the validation service, I noticed there was not yet an icon for XHTML 1.0 yet. I was bored, so I played around for a couple second and came up with this. If you'd like to use it go ahead, only took me a couple seconds. I just thought it looked kind of interesting, so I decided to share it. -Steve-
(image/gif attachment: vxh10.gif)
This archive was generated by hypermail 2.3.1 : Tuesday, 1 March 2016 14:17:25 UTC


text:
How To Apply
Complete the Shenandoah University undergraduate transfer application
Applicants for the Nursing Accelerated Second Degree program use this application.
Include the $30 application fee.
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If you have already created or submitted an application, log in here to check the status and other information. Shenandoah Application Self Service Center
Submit official documents.
- Official college transcript(s) from all institutions attended.
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- Official high school transcript
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Shenandoah University
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1460 University Drive:
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- Shenandoah's SAT Code is: 5613
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- Official college transcript(s) from all institutions attended.
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Shenandoah University operates on rolling admissions. This means that applications are accepted throughout the year, without specific application deadlines.
You can expect a decision to be made within three weeks after all required admissions materials have been received. Please see the list of required materials below.
To best prepare you for a smooth and successful transition into Shenandoah, we recommend that all application materials be submitted prior to:
- June 1 for fall semester
- October 1 for spring semester
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Transfer applications are reviewed holistically. Shenandoah University invites applicants to supply all evidence to indicate their competence and eagerness to succeed in a demanding and exciting program of study.
Must have a minimum 2.0 cumulative GPA from all institutions attended in order to transfer to Shenandoah University.*
Special Requirements For Specific Programs
Some academic programs, including Nursing, Respiratory Care have higher GPA and specific coursework requirements for admission. Please check directly with the Office of Admissions for these requirements.
Shenandoah Conservatory applicants to music, theatre or dance programs are REQUIRED to complete an audition or portfolio review. Learn more about the Shenandoah Conservatory application process.
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To review the minimum passing scores and credit eligibility for individual tests, refer to the Undergraduate Catalog.


text:
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It is important that we come together to find solutions to the challenges we face when using EBM.
Horsham, PA (Vocus) August 20, 2008
The Drug Information Association (DIA) will host Evidence-based Medicine and Health Technology Assessment: Can We Find Common Ground? (September 22-23; Alexandria, VA).
The conference will explore current approaches to evidence-based medicine (EBM), address practical issues surrounding implementation, discuss best practices for the United States, Europe, Canada, and other nations, and provide current legal and regulatory guidance. Session topics will include:
- New Paradigms and New Players in the EBM and HTA Worlds
- Generating and Evaluating Levels of Evidence
- The Use of EBM for Guidelines Development
- The Use of EBM and HTA for Coverage Decisions
- Expert Panel on EBM and HTA for Decision Making
- Communicating Scientific Evidence on Medical Treatments
"Diverse connotations and implementation of EBM and Health Technology Assessments support disparate decisions and health outcomes across patient populations," explains Program Chair C. Daniel Mullins, Ph.D., Professor and Chair, Pharmaceutical Health Services Research Department, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy. "It is important that we come together to find solutions to the challenges we face when using EBM."
About the Drug Information Association (DIA)
DIA serves more than 30,000 professionals in the biotechnology, pharmaceutical and regulatory industries worldwide. Through its domestic and international meetings, training courses, workshops and webinars, DIA provides a neutral global forum for the exchange of information critical to the advancement of the drug discovery and lifecycle management processes. Headquartered in Horsham, PA, USA, and with offices in Basel, Switzerland, Tokyo, Japan, and Mumbai, India, the Association is led by its volunteer-based Board of Directors and executive management team. For more information, visit http://www.diahome.org or call 215-442-6100.
Contact: Joe Krasowski
Joe.Krasowski @ diahome.org


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Sixty and Me is a community of over 500,000 dynamic baby boomer women. Every single day, we reach 45,000 women through our website, Facebook page, YouTube channel and other properties.
If you are interested in advertising with Sixty and Me, we'd love to hear from you. We offer banner advertising, advertorials, special projects and other tools to help you reach our audience. Let's talk about how we can work together.
Please send an email to nathan (at) sixtyandme.com. Nathan looks after our advertising solutions and partnerships and would be happy to work with you.


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Julian Schnabel on the Controversial Miral and His Empathy for Steven Soderbergh
"Kids should see this movie."
Julian Schnabel is no stranger to being the subject of intense debate and discussion in his primary career as a painter, but now he's feeling that heat in his side gig as a filmmaker. With two rapturously reviewed movies included in his sparse filmography (2000's Javier Bardem drama Before Night Falls and 2007's Oscar-nominated The Diving Bell and the Butterfly), Schnabel decided to mount a big-screen adaptation of Rula Jebreal's novel Miral, but the response to it has been divisive: Festival audiences gave the movie mixed reviews in the fall (it's now being released in a shorter, leaner cut), and some Jewish organizations are protesting the film for its sympathetic take on conflict in Israel through the eyes of a Palestinian woman. Vulture sat down with Schnabel this week to discuss how he feels about the controversy and his reluctance to making movies.
Do you think your attitude is different as a filmmaker as opposed to as a painter?
Yeah. One thing is that the whole schedule of making a movie is so [difficult]. We become creatures of habit, and I usually paint in Montauk in the summer, come back in the fall, the art world starts up, and then I try to go somewhere else in the winter that's warmer so I can have another summer and paint some more, because I like to paint outside. If you think of a director like Woody Allen, he makes one or two movies a year and he's got a system of all of these things that is designed to get him behind the camera, but for me, I have to change everything and restructure my pace and shut my life down. It's really oppressive, and I dread the beginning of a movie. For filmmakers, I'm sure it's really exciting to get the process together, because they're going to get to do the thing they do, but—
Although Steven Soderbergh recently said that he's retiring because if he has to get in another van to scout locations for a movie, he'll shoot himself.
Okay, I know exactly what he's talking about. I felt like that when I was making this movie. You hear people say that when a director is shooting, they smell a different way, they have different habits. You're stuck in a situation that you've committed to and you're responsible and you've given your word that you'll see it through, but I remember when I first met Rula, I couldn't just say right away, "I'll commit three years of my life to doing this." The thing I dig is working with actors who can do something that you can't do. I made those movies with Javier, with Mathieu Amalric, with Frieda [Pinto] — I can do something with them that I can't do by myself, and that I enjoy.
I also enjoy putting everybody in a situation where I can realize an image I have in my head. Like the scene where I knock that building down? I built that building so I could knock it down I remember the D.P. and the first A.D. saying, "Why don't we just shoot the people first and then the building, since we don't have that many cameras." I said, "You don't get it. Those people are not going to be looking the same way if they're not watching that building being torn down. You need to shoot them and that at the same time." When I was doing The Diving Bell and the Butterfly, I remember the assistant director calling on the telephone to have the phone call when Jean-Do is listening to his father. I said, "You're going to be on the phone?" He said, "Yeah, we always do it like this," and I said, "Well, you're not going to do it like that on my film. I want Max von Sydow to be on the phone." "We don't know where he is." "Well, I'll call him!" And I called him and asked, "Max, would you please " and he said, "Of course." It's a huge difference if Max is talking. That kind of decision-making I mean, I paint my own paintings, I don't have assistants do them.
Why does the MPAA like to give your movies an R rating, Julian?
Ah, fuck, man. [Laughs.]
Is there anything you have learned about the MPAA through these experiences?
Actually, I was able to explain to the MPAA the reasons why this movie should be PG-13, and they agreed with me. Because it's such a heavy topic and such an emotional movie, I think they were affected and thought it was too heavy for kids to see. But the truth is that [during the rape scene], you're looking at a piece of metal moving up and down, and you think, "Oh, that's weird. Something bad's going on." Then you see a guy get up — and you don't see his ass or anything — and you see a girl looking scared. That's done in a way that should be rewarded as good filmmaking, not censored. I said this to them, that you can read the newspaper and see someone like [conservative activist] Brigitte Gabriel discussing her witch hunt against Muslims and espousing hate, but kids can't see a movie about a kid that's their age? I said, "You're censoring this movie from the people who I made it for." Kids should see this movie.
How do you feel when people accuse you of being a self-hating Jew for making this movie?
Well, nobody's said that to my face. I didn't know I was being called that, but you know, if you look at a family, there is criticism. You criticize your kids, or your parents criticize you, and if you don't, you don't have good communication with them. If everything was fine, there'd be no reason to make the movie! Does trying to fix it mean that you have self-hate? I don't think so. My sister, who was the president of Hadassah also, was at the U.N. with my brother, and they're older than me and more conservative but I think they're very proud. I don't think there's any self-hating in there at all.
The American Jewish Committee claims the Israeli Mission to the U.N. was "not even given the minimal courtesy of being consulted" on your recent premiere at the U.N. Your response?
I have no idea if that's even true or not, but do we need to ask them to show a movie over there? I don't think so.
You've made several biographical films about artists. Were there other, different projects you were interested in along the way?
There's one other movie that I really wanted to make: I wrote a script for the novel Perfume, by Patrick Süskind.
And then Tom Tykwer ended up making that movie. Did you ever see his take on the material?
I did. I didn't think anything of it. I thought it was terrible. What a wasted opportunity!


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- You are here:
- GT Home
- Home
- Undergraduate
Click Here for undergraduate advisors for help with co-ops and internships.
Georgia Tech internships provide opportunities for students to gain experience in their field, determine if they have an interest in a particular career, create a network of contacts, and receive academic credit. An internship may be either paid, unpaid or partially paid (in the form of a stipend).
The Georgia Institute of Technology Internship Program is an academic program designed to complement a student's formal education with practical work experience. The internships are single-semester, major related full-time or part-time work experiences that help students better understand the "real world" applications of their academic studies.
Involvement in the GT Internship program requires a commitment of full-time or part-time employment for a minimum of sixteen weeks for the fall or spring semesters, or twelve weeks for the summer term. Interns typically work for one semester, with the flexibility of participating in multiple internships, and in some cases, have the option working for two consecutive terms (e.g. spring and summer or summer and fall). Full time work assignments are for a minimum of thirty five hours per week, and part time assignments require at least twenty hours of work per week.


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I'm looking forward to keeping you informed as the book progresses.
For starters...I've already finished a christmas story for Splat and the storyboards will be done before I go to bed tonight...fingers crossed.
plan the work...work the plan.
My son got a stuffed Russell the Sheep a few years ago at a book reading and it's his favorite toy and book. He's been dragging it around for a long time, and I'm afraid it won't last much longer. Where can I get a new one?
Rob, I just bought your latest book Merry Christmas Splat. I didn't notice Russell featured anywhere in the book. He was in the other Splat books. Please let me know if I missed him!!
Rob, thank you for your art! You are my favorite modern illustrator.
In Russia it's possible to buy only two your books - 'Russell The Sheep' and 'Russell and The Lost Treasure'.
But I still hope we'll see here more your books.


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Corruption can endanger your business. If your employees or your business partners engage in corrupt practices, your business can suffer from legal sanctions, financial harm and a damaged reputation. By ensuring that your anti-corruption program is robust and effective, our anti-corruption audits can reduce risk to your business while giving it a reputation for integrity.
SGS's audit program provides independent and external verification that appropriate policies, procedures and controls have been implemented to minimize bribery and corruption risks. Audit assessment focuses on two distinct, complementary criteria:
- Benchmarking: evaluating whether your existing anti-corruption program addresses your organization's risks for corruption by referencing international best practice
- Verification: ensuring that your program and policies are implemented and operational within the business. This includes site visits to ensure compliance at an operational level
Certification allows you to go further and get evidence of your achievement to communicate to your stakeholders
SGS can provide you with an independent statement about your company's approach to integrity and business ethics by certifying your anti-corruption program. Certification allows you to demonstrate, to both internal and external stakeholders, the importance you place in your program. It verifies your program's adequacy, maturity and suitability.
Certification can be achieved in accordance with one of two management system specifications:
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Our anti-corruption audit will provide you with an assessment of your corruption prevention mechanisms, evaluating them with regard to international best practices. Certification provides tangible output to communicate on this achievement.
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Major companies trust our experts to provide auditing services. SGS offers businesses a pool of senior auditors, exclusively dedicated to anti-bribery services. With extensive experience in international trade and compliance, our auditors have a comprehensive understanding of applicable regulations as well as business constraints.
Contact us today to learn how our anti-corruption audits can improve your business's reputation while keeping it corruption-free.


text: ...I have posted this in the BlackHat Lounge as I have no software download to share, just this awesome marketing video. Aside from all the great content in John Reese's Traffic Secrets that he shares for free on the video, just check out the VIDEO STYLE itself. One look at this video and you'll get a good idea of where the future of Video Marketing is headed. This guy has raised the bar: Code: hXXp://www.traffic*secrets.c0m/ If you prefer to just download the Flash video, you can do that here: Code: http://www.megaupload.com/?d=5U2EQU7A themagician


text: We have a responsibility as a Town to provide Berlin's children with a safe and healthy place to learn. All of these improvements will contribute to a better learning and teaching environment. Simple things like clean air, heat, better lighting and security can transform a school and contribute to a learning environment we can all be proud of and feel safe in.


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For Parents, For Teachers, For Students, PTO Events, PTO Committees, Fundraising
Where to Start...Volunteer Opportunities for your Burns Park PTO!
Volunteering in the classroom or on a PTO committee is a wonderful way of connecting with your child, his or her classmates, Burns Park teachers, and other parents who make up our Burns Park community. Please read about the many way you can volunteer below and help make this year amazing for our kids! To sign up to volunteer in the classroom or on a committee go to: www.volunteer.bppto.org.
Burns Park Run:
Burns Park Halloween ParadePosted October 31st, 2014 by PTO Admin
PTO Committee Chairs
Looking for information about Burns Park PTO Committees? Contact the committee chairs. Click here for a list of committee chairs .
PTO Bylaws
The Burns Park PTO Bylaws were last modified in May 2013. Click here for a copy of the current bylaws in PDF format.
PTO Information for 2014-15
Click on the files below for the 2014-2015 Burns Park PTO Budget, PTO Bylaws and Chairs of PTO Committees.
PTO Reimbursement Form
For all reimbursements from the Burns Park PTO, please download the following form and submit it to the PTO mailbox in the office
PTO OfficersPosted October 24th, 2011 by Anonymous
Our PTO officers for the 2016-17 school year:
- President: Marie Todd (email@example.com)
- Presidents-elect: Jennifer Monk-Reising (email@example.com) & Jill Schloff (email@example.com)
- Treasurers: Dan Hamalainen (email@example.com) & Jane Hollingsworth (email@example.com)
- Secretaries: Amy Huang (email@example.com) & Alexis Braun Marks (firstname.lastname@example.com)
- Volunteer Coordinators: JoLynn Montgomery (firstname.lastname@example.com) & Jane Montas (firstname.lastname@example.com)
- Fundraising Coordinator: Jennifer Monk-Reising (jmon
New to Burns Park?
Welcome!!! If you have a student who is attending Burns Park for the first time, and if you have any questions at all about our school or processes, please use the contact form and we'll get an answer for you!
Look for the New Family Packet in the office if you did not attend the New Family Orientation.
On behalf of the students, staff, teachers and parents, we are so pleased that your family is joining the Burns Park community. You will find Burns Park to be a friendly school, where families work and play together to create a safe and comfortable environment for our children.
Burns Park Press
The Burns Park Press is the monthly newsletter of the PTO, distributed to all families, faculty, and staff in electronic and paper format. The BP Press is our regular way of communicating as a community, and carries news, an events calendar, and regular contributions from PTO officers and our principal. All families receive the electronic version of the BP Press, and can get a paper copy sent home upon request. Please select from our available issues below:
Forms for PTO Volunteers
Look here for a list of key forms for PTO volunteers, including items like the reimbursement form and other similar items that still have to be submitted on paper!


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IOP & Katena is happy to announce that we will be attending the American Academy of Ophthalmology in Chicago. Please visit our booth #2135 to get hands-on experience with our ophthalmic devices and tissues. Please visit our booth on Saturday, October 18th and Sunday, October 19th and Monday, October 20th as top surgeons present their clinical data, surgical videos and case studies to our booth audience. IOP's products include Ambio2, Ambio5 and AmbioDisk dehydrated amniotic membrane, the newly enhanced Molteno3 glaucoma tube shunt, the new 12-layer tarSys lid spacer graft, Tutoplast sclera & pericardium glaucoma tube shunt patch grafts, keraSys glaucoma tube shunt patch grafts, SutureGroove gold lid weights, Osmed hydrogel orbital tissue expanders, Tutoplast fascia lata, Tutoplast whole sclera, etc.
We look forward to seeing you at this years AAO in Chicago!


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By BRADLEY HIRSCH
This is in response to letter-writer Judith Trotsky ["Red-Light Cameras Nothing More Than Money-Raisers For City," Your Opinion, Nov. 14]:
When you get a red-light summons from a camera, in no way shape or form does it add points to your license. Nor would it make you insurance go up.
The only way that happens is if you receive a red-light summons from a police officer.


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A JUNIOR football team has lost all its kit after arsonists burnt down their clubhouse.
APH Football club, in Aigburth, raised hundreds of pounds to buy two new kits and goal-posts only four months ago. But when they arrived to play in a match on Saturday morning they discovered their pavilion burnt to the ground.
Manager John Murray said: "The kids were picking up their burnt kits from the debris and crying, it broke my heart.
"Somebody had put some wheelie bins full of rubbish up against the wall and then set them on fire.
"The pavilion must then have gone up from that, it was such a mess.
"Now the children have nowhere to get changed and nothing to get changed into, we don't even have a goalpost.
"I can't believe somebody would deliberately do this."
Mr Murray helped to set up the teams four months ago to give local children an activity to get involved in.
The team held a series of fundraising events, including packing shopping in local supermarkets, to raise money for the new kit and equipment.
But now they will have to start again from scratch.
Mr Murray added: "It is just totally devastating, we have been plagued by vandalism from the very start but nobody ever thought it would go this far."
The pavilion itself dates back to 1914 and was used during World War II as a base for the blackout wardens.
More recently APH, which has three teams from under 12s to over 15s, adopted the building and used it as a changing room and clubhouse.


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A Buckeye Board of Education Work Session is scheduled for Monday, August 27 at 6:00 pm at the Buckeye Board of Education Conference Room, 3044 Columbia Road, Medina.
The next regular Board of Education Meeting is scheduled for Tuesday, September 11 at 7:00 pm at the Buckeye Intermediate Media Center, 3140 Columbia Road, Medina.
Important message from food services
Summer Reading information can be found on each building's webpage as it becomes available.
Vaccine requirements for 2018 -19 7th and 12th Graders
Buckeye Community Cable Channel Playlist
Buckeye Hall of Fame Nomination Information Form
Counseling Resources - For Mental Health and Chemical Dependency
Wilma J. Bunch Employee of the Year Nomination Form
Link to the District Calendar 2018-2019
Enrolling a student at Buckeye Local Schools Information - New Student Registration
Link to Buckeye Google Calendar for school events and activities