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Friday, January 11, 2008
Driverless Car Project by GM
General Motors is planning to roll out driverless cars with in a decade. As shown in the above picture the car will avoid collision by using sensors. It will also park itself in the specified parking location.
This is not science fiction.
The most significant obstacles facing the vehicles could be human rather than technical: government regulation, liability laws, privacy concerns and people's passion for the automobile and the control it gives them.
Much of the technology already exists for vehicles to take the wheel: radar-based cruise control, motion sensors, lane-change warning devices, electronic stability control and satellite-based digital mapping. And automated vehicles could dramatically improve life on the road, reducing crashes and congestion.
Now the question is what does society want to do with it?
You're looking at these issues of congestion, safety, energy and emissions. Technically there should be no reason why we can't transfer to a totally different world.
GM plans to use an inexpensive computer chip and an antenna to link vehicles equipped with driverless technologies. The first use likely would be on highways; people would have the option to choose a driverless mode while they still would control the vehicle on local streets.
The company plans to test driverless car technology by 2015 and have cars on the road around 2018.
-- Larry Burns, VP R&D, GM
Posted by Soubhagya R Nayak at 5:20 AM
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Marc Jacobs Daisy Dream Forever Eau de Parfum 50ml
Free tote bag when you buy selected Marc Jacobs Daisy
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Product details
Fruity and floral fragrance
Fragrance notes
Top notes - Blackberry, pear & grapefruit
Heart notes - jasmine, lychee & blue wisteria
Base notes - White woods, musks & coconut water
The Fragrance
Get lost in a dream with this irresistible eau de parfum. Daisy Dream Forever by Marc Jacobs is a deeper interpretation of the signature's key notes of blackberry, blue wisteria and white woods which leave a lasting impression of luxurious floraly, airy succulence and a velvety dream of a drydown.

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Tavern with a difference – great food range at affordable prices, friendly efficient staff, great ambiance, vast range of alcoholic & non alcoholic products for sale in Licenced Bars and Tavern Drive Thru.
OP's Bar & Cafe with PubTab & Drive-Thru Bottle Shop is located just North of Perth's CBD, located in Osborne Park on the busy Scarborough Beach Road.
OP's is the ideal venue for all of your dining, drinking and packaged liquor requirements. With an extensive range of local and imported beers, premium spirits and wines, our Bottlemart outlet will have something to suit your needs. Corporate and Industry customers are welcome. If you need an order delivered, give us a call and we will do our best to oblige!
If you are looking for a great meal at a great price, then our cafe has exactly what you need. Located on the first floor, the Café is open for breakfast from 7am-10am Monday to Friday, with a full menu being served from 11am onwards, and from 10am on Saturdays with some great staple items on our menu as well as delicious specials advertised in-house on our black boards. Enjoy a drink or two with friends, a great meal, catch up with mates on the spacious balcony, or cosy up on our couches.
Whether it's for coffee, lunch, dinner, after work drinks or a special occasion, O.P's Bar & Café is the place to go. In addition to being your one-stop outlet for take-away liquor, O.P's Bar & Cafe PubTAB is located in the bar, where you can bet on anything worth a flutter-be it horse racing, AFL or a variety of other sports you can think of (and some you cant!!!) and enjoy an ice cold beer or wine.
Upper & lower parking facilities for patrons, convenient location with wheel chair access.
What else could you want!
Explore Surrounding Areas: Perth Region > Perth > Northern Suburbs > Osborne Park


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Before we get started with Courtney's review, there's a GIVEAWAY of this book happening now until December 11th at midnight Eastern! Just make sure you're on my mailing list, and you're automically entered!
Hi everyone, I am so happy to be back here at Danielle's cozy blog! I am here to share another book review and this time it's about Diane Sanfilippo's newest book, The 21-Day Sugar Detox: Bust Sugar & Carb Cravings Naturally. Back in January I bought the online manual and loved all the information it offered, boy did I learn a ton about sugar! I now have completed two detoxes and will do my third after this holiday season wraps up 😉 If you are wondering what you eat on the detox, I just happen to have all of my meals posted on my blog, 21 Day Sugar Detox with Cookin' Up Life. If you need inspiration or meal ideas… I have 42 days for you and many other paleo bloggers have their menus posted as well. Just know that if you go into this detox well informed (which you get with her book), well prepared, and excited, you will succeed! No excuses.
The detox is one that I highly recommend to anyone interested in the paleo lifestyle or someone (like me in August) who indulged in too many paleo sweets which left my taste-buds begging for a reset. You may be asking yourself, well how can one detox work for everyone isn't it all about customizing your diet? Have you seen her first book, Practical Paleo: A Customized Approach to Health and a Whole-Foods Lifestyle? If you haven't, well go buy it, and you will she is so detailed in her approach to helping you personalize your way through a new way of eating. The detox book is the same, she walks you how to choose which of the 3 levels of detox you should do and if you should do them with modifications (for Crossfitters, pregnant/nursing moms,etc.). You even get meal plans, shopping lists, and even recipes. I would like to do the autoimmune protocol modification for my next detox, since I am on the gut healing journey.
Once I got this book, I realized picking one recipe to try would be impossible. It made me want to just plan another 21 days and go for it. So I thought it would be great to pick a recipe for each meal. Starting with my favorite, breakfast! What about Carrot Pumpkin Spice muffins? They are delicious and I love that they are jam packed with some power house veggies (carrots and pumpkin!). The spices really pop when you have a cup of tea along side. Now if this doesn't sound good or you want something a bit spicier, I highly recommend the Buffalo Chicken Egg Muffins. I currently have some in the oven.
Next up, lunch and a snack option! Something that is harder for me to plan. I need something fast to grab either when I run home for lunch or pack a snack for the road. I couldn't resist these Rainbow Collard Wraps with Herb Almond "Cheese" Spread (and if you make the spread you must try the Herb Crackers). The wraps are beautiful and have flavorful (and filling) veggies in them and I love a sparkling water on the side (talk about a party for your taste-buds). If you prefer something like soup, I recommend the Smoky Chicken Tortilla-less Soup.
The "cheese" spread you need to plan in advance since you need to soak the almonds overnight, but it is so worth it. I actually plan on making this spread for some Christmas parties. The crackers are fabulous (I love crackers!). The crackers and spread are great for a snack… with a crisp green apple. I can't wait to try the Tomato & Green Onion Faux-Caccia for a snack or the Cinnilla Nut Mix.
Finally you have made it to dinner (or supper!). My first Shepherd's Pie and goodness Diane's recipe didn't disappoint! To find out, my husband loves Shepherd's Pie so he was just beaming when this came out of the oven. You can see some of the flavorful ingredients in this photo: bacon, peas, carrots, beef, and cauliflower mash. This left me speechless and this picture reminds me to whip this up again. If this isn't your thing, what about Mexi-Meatloaf? I have tried it and it is fantastic.
And if you are anything like me, you would rather not go 21 days without some sort of "treat." After all, you will be dominating a detox and you need to celebrate that! My favorite was Moo-less Chocolate Mousse… but I must say that Bittersweet Hot Cocoa sounds amazing for a cold night!
You know how Staples has the "easy" button? Well look at the detox as your "reset" button. It will be challenging and you will want an "easy" button, but hey, what in life has a button like that anyway?? Haha anyways, your detox worries are nothing a little meal planning and food prep can't solve. I will be honest, I was worried about what the whole "detox" would feel like day to day… you know the term detox is a little scary! Well she has a "play-by-play" of what you will probably feel like on a daily basis and even supplement recommendations to help any symptoms along the way. She has you covered and all you have to do is stick with it! It is a rewarding process and will have you feeling back in control of your lifestyle choices.
images courtesy of Diane Sanfilippo
Hi y'all, I am Courtney from the blog Cookin' Up Life. I have grown up in the south, hence the cookin' instead of cooking. I live in Tuscaloosa, AL with my wonderful husband who shares a passion for living a paleo lifestyle along side of me. We both found paleo through CrossFit and continue to customize our lifestyles as learn more about foods and how our bodies react to them. This year I have found that a paleo lifestyle would be necessary as some health issues arose, so I started meal planning. I now share our seven day meal plan each week and share any tips we find that help us along our paleo journey. Say hello on her blog Cookin' Up Life, Instagram, Facebook, and Twitter


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Line Probe Assay (LPA) technology is suitable for use at national/central reference laboratories, or at laboratories where there is proven capacity to conduct molecular testing. There must be adequate and appropriate laboratory infrastructure and equipment. This must also include the necessary biosafety precautions and the prevention of contamination. Appropriate laboratory staff also need to be trained to conduct LPA procedures.1"Molecular Line-Probe Assay for the Detection of Resistance to Second Line Anti-TB Drugs", WHO, www.who.int/tb/areas-of-work/laboratory/policy_statements
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Serve with a mixed green salad tossed with your favorite KRAFT Lite Dressing.
The danger zone for holding food is between 40°F and 140°F. Once food is cooked to proper doneness and temperature, it can be kept hot at 140°F or above. Do not let food stand at room temperature longer than 2 hours. If the room temperature is above 90°F, do not let food stand longer than 1 hour. Make sure the refrigerator temperature is set at 40°F or lower. Reheat food to an internal temperature of 165°F to ensure food safety.
Prepare using 1 pkg. (16 oz.) frozen broccoli florets.
Increase oil to 2 Tbsp. if using a regular skillet.
* Nutrition information is estimated based on the ingredients and cooking instructions as described in each recipe and is intended to be used for informational purposes only. Please note that nutrition details may vary based on methods of preparation, origin and freshness of ingredients used.


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Aquifer levels falling sharply After enduring almost three months this summer without a substantial rainfall, some Mid-South farmers are wondering if the Mississippi Delta's seemingly endless supply of water could run out.
While water supplies in the Mississippi Delta are showing the signs of heavy use, Yazoo-Mississippi-Delta (YMD) Joint Water Management District Executive Director Dean Pennington says his agency is taking steps to insure the Delta's supply of quality water remains available to farmers. As groundwater levels and stream flows are dropping, YMD is aggressively working to balance the region's water supplies with its water needs, Pennington says.
According to Pennington, about 90 percent of agricultural water use in the Mississippi Delta comes from groundwater in the Mississippi River alluvial aquifer. The water from this aquifer is used on approximately 100,000 acres of catfish ponds, 275,000 acres of rice and 1 million acres of cotton and soybeans, combined.
Before 1998, Pennington says, water levels in the aquifer were dropping about one-third of a foot per year. "This was not an alarming rate, but it does indicate that we will gradually use up the groundwater supplies. The dry years of 1998 and 1999 produced groundwater level declines of about one and one-half feet per year and the summer of 2000 looks like another big water use year," he says. "If we were to use up this water supply, Mississippi would lose the tremendous economic benefits it provides."
Currently, YMD is addressing aquifer overdrafts and the maintenance of stream base flows on two fronts. The water management district is advocating a more efficient use of existing water supplies through conservation efforts. It is also trying to develop new, dependable surface water supplies to supplement existing water sources.
"Conservation of any natural resource in limited supply is always the first, most effective option to make existing supplies do more," he says. "Water conservation is not a new idea and many organizations and agencies, like the Natural Resources Conservation Service, have been aggressively promoting conservation for many years. YMD is working with traditional conservation organizations to promote land use practices that reduce the amount of water needed to maintain a crop or pond."
Most of the water conservation practices the water management district is advocating are fairly well-known. They include land forming, tail water recovery systems and storage management to capture rainfall in catfish ponds.
Use of these and some other conservation practices cannot only conserve water, but often can increase yield potential and reduce production costs. Conservation practices, of some kind, can potentially be used on every acre of farmland in the Delta, Pennington says.
Water conservation efforts can go a long way to preserving water supplies in the Mississippi Delta. However, in those areas of heavy groundwater use, or where the available groundwater has declined significantly, new surface water supplies may need to be developed.
Pennington says new surface water supplies will be used to replace the use of groundwater in key areas across the Mississippi Delta. YMD, he says, is currently working to develop new surface water supplies in those areas where groundwater use is heaviest, groundwater declines are largest, and where the opportunity to develop, store or transport surface water will be easiest to develop.
New surface water supplies are being developed in two major ways, according to Pennington. First, is the placement of low water weirs in several locations to store more water in natural channels and lakes. This extra storage will capture and hold rainfall and irrigation runoff, which can then be used to irrigate land adjacent to the enhanced water supply.
Water stored in these lakes can also be released during dry periods to add to low flows in Delta streams. Several lakes and channels located throughout the Delta have been identified by YMD as candidates for this project. The agency is also inviting landowners to contact them with suggested locations for surface water storage improvements.
Another way YMD is developing new surface water supplies is with interbasin transfers. Interbasin transfers move water from river systems with more water than they need, into river systems that need additional water for irrigation. "This work is just beginning, but it has the potential to supply thousands of acre-feet of water per year to the Delta," Pennington says.
"Regional water use analysis indicates that a combination of aggressive implementation of conservation practices, the placement of storage enhancing weirs, and the importation of modest flows of water into interior Delta streams, will allow the region to have sufficient water to meet the Delta's needs for decades to come," he says.
For more information on conservation management practices, contact the YMD Joint Water Management District, the Natural Resources Conservation Service or your local Cooperative Extension Service office.
Cotton producers are being reminded of the importance of cutting stalks after they complete the 2000 harvest.
"The boll weevil is down, but he is definitely not out," says Blake Layton, Extension entomologist with Mississippi State University. "By destroying cotton stalks as soon as possible after harvest, growers can greatly aid the boll weevil eradication effort."
Layton said all four of Mississippi's Boll Weevil Eradication Program regions have made "great progress" toward eradication, but that progress can be eroded by leaving stalks - and, thus, a potential boll weevil food source - standing after harvest.
"This year's crop and environmental conditions also make early stalk destruction more important than usual," he noted. "Because of the dry season and the earlier harvest, fall rains could stimulate rapid regrowth. Where this occurs before frost, the BWEP will be forced to continue treating, even if the field has been harvested.
"Obviously, this will result in increased cost, and some areas are already seriously over budget."
Mississippi farmers will not receive credit for early stalk destruction this year since none of the state's four regions are in fall diapause programs that occur in the initial year of operation.
However, growers in the state will face a penalty of $5 per acre for stalks that have not been destroyed by Feb. 1.
Currently, all of the cotton growing areas of Mississippi and Louisiana are in their second, third or fourth years of boll weevil eradication. Growers in all but four counties in Arkansas and in southwest Tennessee are in their second year and producers in the central portion of west Tennessee began their program in August.
Farmers and landowners in southeast Missouri recently failed to approve a program in their region by the necessary two-thirds vote. Ballots for a similar referendum in the four counties in northeast Arkansas that are not involved in an eradication program are scheduled to be counted Sept. 25.


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Michael Jeffries '02: Paint the White House Black
Sociologist Michael Jeffries '02 discusses his new book, which examines how race relies on other social forces, like gender and class, for its meaning and impact.
Michael Jeffries '02 is the Knafel Assistant Professor of Social Sciences and Assistant Professor of American Studies at Wellesley College in Massachusetts. A qualitative sociologist, he studies race, gender, politics, identity, and popular culture. Jeffries is the author of two books, Paint the White House Black: Barack Obama and the Meaning of Race in America (2013) and Thug Life: Race, Gender, and the Meaning of Hip-Hop (2011).
Jeffries graduated from Swarthmore with a B.A. in sociology/anthropology and earned a Ph.D. in African and African American Studies from Harvard University in 2008. He is introduced by Professor of Sociology Sarah Willie-LeBreton. His lecture was sponsored by Black Studies and the Black Cultural Center Fall 2013 Lecture Series and co-sponsored by the Mellon Mays Undergraduate Fellowship Program.


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My Travels On "Rhineland Discovery" – A Lovely Last Day in Amsterdam
It was hard to believe that almost a week had passed on our pre-trip on "Rhineland Discovery" (courtesy of Viking River Cruises). We had enjoyed our time in Bruges, our stop in Ghent, and our stay in Amsterdam.* Soon we would board … Continue reading


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New Students
Welcome to the Faculty of Engineering, Computer and Mathematical Sciences. Starting university doesn't need to be daunting. Let us guide you through the steps you will need to take.
Enrolment Steps
Step 1: Check your study plan
Step 2: Consider your 1st year undergraduate mathematics enrolments
Step 3: Consider your course prerequisites
Step 4: Plan your timetable
Step 5: Choose your electives
Step 6: Watch 'How to Enrol' video
Step 7: Enrol
Check your study plan
Study plans are available for all programs offered in the Faculty of Engineering, Computer and Mathematical Sciences and outline the courses required to achieve your degree.
Domestic students: Access your study plan on the faculty's Study Plans webpage. Bachelor of Engineering (Pathway) students should contact Ask ECMS to request a tailored study plan.
International students: International students may have adjusted study plans based on credit or English course requirements. New international students should attend an ECMS Enrolment Session or contact Ask ECMS directly.
ECMS Enrolment Sessions
Where: Level 1 Ingkarni Wardli Building
- Wednesday 11th July – Drop in – 10pm-11.30am
- Friday 13th July – Drop in – 2pm-3.30pm
- Monday 16th July – Drop in – 11am – 12.30pm
- Wednesday 18th – Orientation day enrolment support 2pm-4pm
- Thursday 19th July – Drop in – 2.30pm-4pm
Consider your 1st year undergraduate mathematics enrolments
Bachelor of Computer Science students have a choice to complete either MATHS 1011 Mathematics IA and MATHS 1012 Mathematics IB or MATHS 1008 Mathematics for Information Technology.
All other ECMS students are required to complete MATHS 1011 Mathematics IA and MATHS 1012 Mathematics IB.
No Specialist Maths? In order to enrol into MATHS 1011 Mathematics IA, students must have completed Specialist Mathematics. Students without Specialist Mathematics must enrol into:
- MATHS 1013 Mathematics IM in semester 1
- MATHS 1011 Mathematics IA in semester 2
- MATHS 1012 Mathematics IB in Summer School next year
Consider your course prerequisites
Some courses have prerequisite requirements, which means you will be required to pass a particular course before enrolling into another. The online enrolment system will allow you to enrol in courses that you haven't fulfilled the prerequisites for, but please enrol carefully to avoid being dropped from your course when the Faculty performs enrolment checks. Check the prerequisites for each course using the Course Planner.
Computer science prerequisites: Computer science undergraduate students will need to acquire fundamental programming skills in order to progress through the degree. These courses must be completed in the order below:
(1) COMP SCI 1101 Introduction to Programming*
(2) COMP SCI 1102 Object Oriented Programming
(3) COMP SCI 1103 Algorithm Design and Data Structures
(4) COMP SCI 2201 Algorithm and Data Structure Analysis
*If you already have programming experience (at least six months experience) you may skip this course.
Mathematics prerequisites: Students in the Bachelor of Mathematical Sciences, Bachelor of Mathematical Sciences (Advanced) or Bachelor of Mathematical and Computer Sciences (single degree, or double degree with engineering) have the ability to pursue a mathematics major in the third year of the program.
If you intend to enrol into third year mathematics courses, please consider the prerequisite or assumed knowledge requirements as listed on the Course Planner. Please be mindful that enrolling in second and third year courses means considering your mathematics course choices in first and second year to ensure you have completed the fundamental courses to prepare you for third year mathematics.
Plan your timeable
Two tools are available to help plan your timetable; Course Planner and/or Timetable Planner.
There may be several components for a course (for example a lecture, tutorial, workshop and practical) and you must select one of each. There may be an automated process set up so that when you select one class it automatically enrols you into another class, but generally you will select each related class from a list.
The enrolment class is the key to the whole process, you must select this class first, and then you will be presented with any related classes that you need to choose.
You should enrol into all your classes for all semesters/terms for the upcoming year.
Course planner method:
- Use the Course Planner to find the enrolment numbers for each course you are required to enrol into.
- Print copies of the Class Planner Worksheet, refer to your study plan, then open Course Planner to review classes for your program and develop a timetable.
- Note down the components for each course and the corresponding numbers - you will use them later when you enrol online.
Timetable Planner method:
Timetable Planner can be accessed via Access Adelaide and is a tool that allows you to enter your courses, teaching period, campus and any breaks you want, to develop a selection of clash free timetables. Timetable Planner also allows you to:
- generate multiple timetables and see what works for you
- find the right one, lock the timetable or individual courses or save as your favourite.
Please note: This is a timetable planning tool only. It does not guarantee you a place in your planned classes. Your place is confirmed when you have enrolled successfully in Access Adelaide.
Important: The Timetable Planner will only generate clash-free timetables. If you have unavoidable clashes, use the Course Planner method to plan your enrolment and refer to the below FAQs for how to resolve a timetable clash.
Choose your electives
Computer Science and Mathematical Sciences students
There are two types of elective choices for Computer Science or Mathematical Sciences students:
- Free choice electives from any discipline across the University
- Specific electives chosen from a specific discipline.
Refer to your study plan to see what type of electives are available in your program.
Free choice/broadening electives: Use the Course Planner to search for courses by discipline to help find any elective course that interests you, keeping in mind any prerequisite requirements the course may have.
Specific electives: Use the Course Planner to search by the specific discipline and level listed on your study plan (eg COMP SCI) to choose a suitable elective.
Refer to the below example of a student who is interested in studying a level 1 History subject.
Engineering students
Elective choices for engineering students are generally only available in their fourth or final year of study and are chosen from a closed group of electives, which are listed on the study plan. Please refer to your study plan to see the list of courses you may choose from.
New students who are in their first year of an Electrical and Electronic Engineering degree are able to complete a 'broadening elective' each year. Broadening electives can be chosen as any University of Adelaide undergraduate course for which the student meets the prerequisites, is available to be taken by the student, has compatible timetabling and does not have the following course codes: ELEC ENG, MATHS or COMP SCI. Please refer to your study plan for more details and use the Course Planner to choose a course that interests you.
Refer to the below example of a student who is interested in studying a level 1 History subject.
Watch 'How to Enrol' video
Now that you have prepared your timetable, please watch the How to Enrol video to guide you through the process of enrolling in your courses using Access Adelaide.
Now you have completed your timetable preparation using either the Class Planner Worksheet or the Timetable Planner tool (see step 4) and watched the enrolment video (see step 6), you are ready to enrol in your courses online.
1: Log on to UNIFIED and choose the Access Adelaide icon. Your username and password for UNIFIED and Access Adelaide is the same as your username and password for email, MyUni and logging on to on-campus computers. The university provides your username and password after you first receive an offer for a place at our university.
2: Complete your Enrolment Checklist. Before you can enrol into classes, you must complete each item on a checklist that requires you to add or update information about yourself including your address, telephone numbers, emergency contact, request for financial support such as HECS-HELP or FEE-HELP and your expected completion year.
3: Begin enrolling in your classes:
- In Access Adelaide, click on the Students link and select Enrolment. From there, choose your semester and begin adding your classes using the class numbers you have noted on the Timetable Planner tool or the Class Planner Worksheet that you have prepared.
- The details of each class are listed, as well as the dates, days, times and locations. All classes will have multiple rows of information because of the mid semester break, and if the class is taught in alternate weeks. Look carefully at the exact days, times and weeks that a class is taught to help you with your selection.
- Note that formal teaching activities commence 10 minutes after the start time for that class. This is primarily to allow for travelling time to venues across the campus.
- When you enrol, you may need to choose a 'Related Class' such as a tutorial, practical or laboratory. In some cases you may be automatically enrolled into a related class and this will be identified on the screen.
- Select 'Save' after each course if you are happy with your choices. As this process can take a few seconds, DON'T click repeatedly on the save button - this won't speed things up. You will see on the screen if your class add has been successful (this means you are enrolled), or unsuccessful (this means you are not enrolled and will need to seek a different class, or course).
- If your enrolment has been unsuccessful and you are unable to choose a different class or course, you may need help. Refer to the FAQs below.
- Continue to enrol until you have finished adding all of your classes for the semester. You then have the option to select another semester or term to add further enrolments.
4: Check and print your timetable. Once you have finished adding all of your classes for the whole year, print out your Enrolment List (select printer friendly version) from the top menu bar or save the details electronically for your own records. You can also view and print a full class timetable list (via 'Show Class Times') or a week-by-week timetable grid (via 'Weekly Timetable').
The University also has a Student Timetable Smart Phone App that can be downloaded on the App Store or through Google Play. Please click on the above link for more information on how to download and use this app on your smart phone.
Enrolment FAQs
- I'm having trouble enrolling. Where can I get help?
If you have planned your timetable and are having difficulties enrolling, you can:
Review the How Do I Enrol guide.
Call the Enrolment Hotline for assistance on 8313 3833 or email email@example.com. Assistance is also available in person from Ask Adelaide at Hub Central, Level 3, North Terrace Campus.
Attend one of the ECMS Enrolment Sessions (see Step 1 for details). Both international and domestic students can attend.
Contact Ask ECMS directly at email@example.com. or visit the team on Level 3 The Hub between 10am – 4pm weekdays.
- I'm trying to enrol into my core courses but all class combinations clash. What do I do?
Timetable Clash Resolution Form
- If a clash is unavoidable or there are no other class times to pick, you will need to fill out the Timetable Clash Resolution Form.
- Please provide the 'Enrolment Request ID number' (found in the top right-hand corner in Access Adelaide on the screen displaying the error).
Full Course Resolution Form
- If the class component you wish to enrol into is full, you will need to check the course planner and pick another time.
- If a component of a course is completely full, you will be blocked from enrolling and you will need to fill out the Course Full Resolution Form.
- If possible, more space will be opened in the course for you to enroll in.
Unit Overload Resolution Form
- If you are looking at studying more than the recommended 12 unit load, you will need to fill out the Unit Overload Request Form.
- A Program Advisor will assess the request and make a decision to approve or deny your Unit Overload request based on your GPA and previous grades.
- I've completed previous study at another tertiary institution, can I claim credit?
Once you have become a University of Adelaide student with a student ID number, you are eligible to apply for academic credit for related studies previously completed at another institution.
To apply, you will need to fill out the Application for Academic Credit form. Following the instructions on the form, you will also need to attach an Official Academic Transcript and syllabus information from the other university for each course that you using to apply for credit.
Please note: All overseas transcripts and course outlines must be certified copies of the original document if they are translated into English.
Once you have organised your application package, please hand it in to the Engineering, Computer and Mathematical Sciences Faculty Office on Level 1, Ingkarni Wardli Building. The office works on a two week turnaround for credit applications.
- Do I have to enrol full-time or can I study part-time?
Domestic Students: Domestic students can choose to study full-time or part-time. Anything less than 9 units per semester or 18 units per year is considered part-time. For Centrelink purposes you must be enrolled as a full-time student, which requires at least 9 units per semester or 18 units per year.
International Students: International students must complete their degree according to the duration on their Confirmation of Enrolment (CoE) documentation. It is expected you will be enrolled full-time, in order to complete your degree on time. At the beginning of semester, the International Student Centre (ISC) will contact all students who are under-enrolled but it is your responsibility to ensure you are correctly enrolled. Please contact the ISC for any student visa related enquiries.
- I'm studying Bachelor of Mathematical and Computer Sciences or Bachelor of Engineering (Honours) Pathway as a pathway into engineering (as I don't have the prerequisites). What do I enrol into?
If you are in a pathway program because you intend to eventually transfer to a Bachelor of Engineering (Honours) degree, you need to focus on building up the prerequisites needed in order to transfer.
- Students who need Specialist Mathematics need to complete the course MATHS 1013 Mathematics IM in semester 1.
- Students who need Physics need to complete PHYSICS 1101 Physics for the Life and Earth Sciences IA in Semester 1.
A full-time enrolment may be achieved by enrolling into the other courses required for the Bachelor of Engineering (Honours) program you are intending to transfer into. This allows you to still complete some engineering courses that will be counted towards your degree once you transfer. The below example represents enrolment for a student who needs Physics and Specialist Mathematics in order to transfer to the Bachelor of Engineering (Honours) (Mechanical):
Semester 1 Semester 2 MATHS 1013 Mathematics IM MECH ENG 1007 Engineering Mechanics - Dynamics PHYSICS 1101 Physics for the Life and Earth Sciences MATHS 1011 Mathematics IA (3 units) ELEC ENG 1101Electronic Systems (3 units) CHEM ENG 1009 Materials I (3 units) MECH ENG 1100 Introduction to Mechanical Engineering (3 units) MECH ENG 1006 Design Graphics and Communication (3 units)
Further information
Please visit the University's Enrolment pages or to speak with a staff member, contact us on 08 8313 4148 or by email.


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1381 - Solar Engine
The 1381 solar engine kit stores electrical power from the sun.
When enough power is stored the circuit dumps the stored electrical
power through circuit load, in this case a motor. This kit may
also be used with BEAM and Solarbotic style robots. High efficiency
1381 Solar Engine. Basic instructions included on a 1381-based
Solar engine, The parts bundle includes:


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Meet Lisa Doxtator, Aboriginal Community Liaison Outreach Coordinator
Are you a prospective Indigenous student? I would love to speak with you!
My role as the ACOL is to recruit future students, plan and implement early outreach initiatives, and provide perspective undergraduate students with support around Queen's admission processes.
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Q1. Can You Tell us About Your New Book: In A Perfect Ocean?
This book, called "A Perfect Ocean" is an attempt to reach a broader public than technical colleagues, the technical audience that is normally addressed when you write about fisheries.
We found it extremely difficult to write because we have acquired a language that is specialized and because we use technical language that lacks the metaphor, the analogies, etc. which you need to be able to use if you want to address a broader audience. We found it also difficult to write because most people who do not have any professional knowledge of the sea are still full of opinions about it. Like, when I take a plane and I have a neighbor and they say, "What are you working on?" And I say, "The sea." The response that I get almost always is, "Oh, yes, this pollution is killing all the fish." I find it amazing that pollution is supposed to be killing all the fish.
The project that I lead is called "The Sea Around Us". It is named after the book by Rachael Carson. I think it was her third book and it is the one that made her financially independent so that she could write Silent Spring. So she wrote Silent Spring and she did show, in fact, that pollution was a big issue. If you read The Sea Around Us, you will find, in fact, that she thought in the '50s that pollution would be the big issue. It was a time of nuclear experiments in open atmosphere so there was an enrichment of radioactivity in the food web, etc. It was a big issue. At the time also, rivers were polluted to an extent in North America that is not the case now. A few rivers have been cleaned up. And so it is understandable that in the '50s it looked like pollution would become the big issue.
I find it surprising that people broadly still think it is the issue. What it means is that essentially fisheries which are meant to kill fish because we want to eat them, are perceived as having no impact on marine ecosystems. They are perceived as having no impact – this is something that amazes me. So what you have is if industry representatives say, "we are having no impact" or "it's not us, it is change in the temperature or change in the ocean currents, or something which have caused the rarity of the stock and therefore we should be permitted to fish more because it's not us."
This message goes very well with the public because really, the connection is not made that fishing is removing fish from the sea. And so if you fish a lot, there should be less fish in the sea. It is kind of an obvious thing but that connection is not made. Pollution, on the other hand, does kill fish in a spectacular fashion, especially in rivers and bays. But pollution and I'm not going to say good things about pollution but when you go one or two kilometers off shore, things are very diluted. The stuff we put in rivers is very diluted and if it kills fish, it's going to be subtle, and I think it's not going to be as strong as fisheries.
I just saw a paper by a colleague who demonstrates this for the tuna industry. Generally it takes about 10-15 years from the discovery of a fish population of large fish, for it to be reduced by a factor of 10 and less to a smaller amount. But the factor of 10 within 10-15 years! And so we have in a sense, set up a machine which from the center which was in North America, Northern Europe especially, and in the North Pacific around Japan, the first industrialized country, spreads like concentric rings. We can show this, in fact, in the form of graphs. Spreads like a ring, and it reduced the biomass of fish by a factor of 10 within about 10 years.
The book shows this for the North Atlantic, from the '50s to the present. We show maps, what we call biomass, the amount of fish anytime in the sea, is shown to decline. All our analysis is very conservative so every time there was a choice of assumptions, we made the more conservative assumptions so we don't exaggerate. So we ended up with a decline of a factor by 6 from the beginning of the 20th Century to the end, that we reduced the biomass by a factor of six. Actually, it's far more; it's just that we wanted to be conservative.
Now when you show this in forms of maps, as opposed in form of numbers, you can see a completely changed landscape. It is as if you had a forest and you showed this as a map and then you end up with a desert or grassland. So you can see the changes. Not numbers, it is a map. So we wrote a text around these maps which are the main object – the Piece of resistance – (French) so to say, and we wrote a book around it that makes it all visible for the North Atlantic. We put the technical explanation of how we did it and the primary literature and so on, all of this in notes at the end so that our colleagues cannot accuse us of raising issues without being able to document them.
So that's the book, and it's coming out in mid-February.
Q3. What condition is the the North Atlantic now in?
Let's say the North Atlantic fisheries can be seen as a collection of fisheries, of individual fisheries targeting individual species, or individual population of individual species, so you can see the North Atlantic as some sort of mosaic and in fact, that is how it is managed.
Each person, each researcher, or generally each agency, is in charge of one "tile" in that mosaic. Somebody is in charge of the cod in the Bay of Fundy and somebody else is in charge of the cod in Northern Iceland. In other words, in the North Atlantic you have researchers mainly working for government agencies, each of them responsible for a stock.
Sometimes, often actually, they come together in so called working groups in International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, IC. It is done annually. And these working groups evaluate their stock over the larger area. In the book, In a Perfect Ocean1, we present a summary or a compilation of the key result of these working group reports which is that the biomass has gone down in the last 50 years in most cases from about 100% in the '50's to about 2-3-4% of what they were in the '50's. And mind you in the '50's they were already depleted because there were already fisheries before and in all cases the fishing mortality, which is what brought and keeps them down, is increasing.
In this book we present a graph, a number of them were done by my buddy Villy Christensen. It's like a mosaic where each tile is one of these graphs and they all look the same.
And so the question, "why do you have to wait until 2003 to find this"; because nobody has a mandate to do that kind of work. None of the regulatory agencies has a mandate to put this stuff together. In fact, it's almost like subversive to put it together because it makes the failure visible.
If you look at one of the tiles that shows the stock goes down, there is a report attached to that graph that gives the detail of it and you could think that this is a specific story and that the other stories will be different. But then you look at another tile and it begins to look the same. All the tiles are telling the same story.
What we did was develop a methodology to look at all in one gulp. So instead of dealing with individual species, we constructed food web models using a software called "Ecopath". That work was done mainly by one member of the group called Villy Christensen. He then used food web models that had been constructed in partnership between our project and scientists in a different institute because I actually work with everybody. They had constructed food web models where the different species are put at their proper level within the system. Villy Christensen has taken those reports and a huge number of information that is imbedded in those we call them trophic models, mass balance models where the food going in and the food going out are balanced, as it must be in reality. You cannot have more than can be accommodated by the plants that support the system. So these models tell you how much of a given species were there at any given time. Then what you do is re-express the whole thing in terms of trophic level.
It's a bit of jargon and I'll explain what it means. Within the food web, any animal is defined by how far it is removed from the plants that feed them. So you have these plants, phytoplankton. They are eaten by little zooplankton, by little cows, they are about the size of fleas, and then these are eaten by little fish which are eaten by big fish. Usually what we eat are the big fish and they have a trophic level of four. They are three steps removed from the plants which have trophic level one.
Because a fish doesn't necessarily eat only one thing, it doesn't have a trophic level of one, two, three or five, it has a trophic level of 3.7 or 4.1 because it eats a mixture of things, so we then end up when we construct these models, with a number of commercial species having different trophic levels. It would be difficult to generalize because you always have less species that have high trophic level than species that have low trophic level because the system is like a pyramid, in a sense.
What we do is we take everything above a certain trophic level, 3.75 in that case, and these essentially are table fish, the fish that we eat – the big flat fish, the cod, the haddock, the tuna, etc. Instead of expressing things in terms of species and how each of them is doing, we put them together as biomass of fish above a certain trophic level, the top predators in the food web and we look at how they are doing. Obviously, then we get back what we put in, which is that these fish decline. Because our method is more conservative, actually, the whole biomass declines less than individual species have - that's why most species of fish have collapsed to less than one or two or three percent of the original biomass in the '50's. Our analysis shows that they have declined, as I said, only to one-sixth of what they were before which is about 12%. That is some aspect of the method. It is very data rich.
One more thing I would like to say about that is that most fishery scientists or marine biologists when you ask them about the ocean, what is needed most, they would tell you what is needed more data so we know nothing but that is one way of starting a discussion about the sea. We don't know anything about the sea. We need more data.
Actually, good scientists have been working for over 100 years collecting data, especially in the North Atlantic. What we actually lack is ways to synthesize all this information, put it together and analyze it in a consistent manner. And that is not a matter of a new technological device; it's a matter of working together, of having a mandate to do it, because it is required by scientists to have a mandate to do something like that. So you need a mandate to do it, you need funds to do it, you need motivation to do it, and you need a methodology to do it.
We have all these things. My project has all these things. We gave ourselves the mandate, we got the funds, we've developed the methodology to do it, and therefore we are the first to have done it. But this kind of global synthesis, unless we can do more of them, will drown in the detail, and we can never understand what we are doing. So we need synthesis.
On land, it is very common. People will tell you that forest coverage is that much, crop land is that much, on a global basis. Fisheries, generally do not give you this answer on a global basis. Essentially, besides FAO, we are the only ones working on a global basis.
Q4. What Role Does Technology Play?
Now the issue of technology in fisheries, that is something that a lot of people have a problem with. Usually, when you talk of the technology of something, it gets better. Imagine a telescope – you improve the telescope – bigger glasses, bigger whatever, and it sees more, does its telescope thing better.
How about the fishing boat? We have a problem in fisheries. The fishing boat should have electronics, better gear. In the trade literature, fishing goes international, you have an entire page devoted to better winches, and then it should help alleviate the problem.
What is hard to consider is that it is technology that is the problem.
Because we have reached in fisheries, everywhere really, the stage where we have too much fishing effort. That is, we are capable of catching anything that moves, anyplace, anytime, if we want to. In fact, we have so much effort that they step on each other's toes all the time so we should reduce that effort so that the biomass can be rebuilt.
That is, every time we make our boats more effective, more efficient, we make the problem worse. And that's why most regulations, many regulations actually in fisheries, are actually contributing to make the boat less effective. You cannot use this gear, only that gear, which you cannot fish during that season only, but you cannot go there, but only here. All these regulations are about making the gear less effective.
The fishers don't like it because they can see what it does to them, making them less effective. And they counter this, because they're smart, by the best they can so they adopt technology. If you look at the modern fishing vessel, you will find a level of technical sophistication on deck and its mind boggling. It's like an airplane. It has eco-sound, that acoustic device that makes noise, that tells you where every fish is, where you are, how the grounds look like, extremely detailed.
On top of that, the government in many countries, the US for example, provides fishers with extremely sophisticated intelligence on the sea, the structure of where they're likely to find fish. Imagine this technology which was developed to catch submarines to help people. This technology is being used to kill fish, to be caught. And they've been doing that thing for 100 million years, the same thing. We have a brain usually that size, and we've been doing war things and development of war technology – developing better and better tricks. So if you deploy this technology to catch fish, the fish lose. They invariably lose.
The latest development now allows you to fish in places where before you couldn't. In other words, if there had been rock in a place which the big trawlers had to avoid because they would get snagged in it, now they can fish around that rock and catch the fish that are literally hiding around it or in it or behind it. For example, in the U.S. they are trying to pass and failed to, I think, legislation that would have banned the use of big wheels on the nets. So called "rock hoppers".
When the nets that drag on the ground get snagged, when they hit rocks, so if you give them wheels, so they can roll over the rocks. The bigger the wheel, the bigger the rocks it can roll over. Imagine a wheel about the size of the wheel of a train, a big steam engine wheel. That's what's been dragged, and needless to say, once you have passed over a rock with wheels like that – there are lots of them – preventing a huge net from being snagged, the rock is rubbing it. Everything that grew on it is gone.
So here we can have technology that you can call it completely out of control, and which is deployed to catch fish. Kind of weird because if you look at sports, for example, when you run the marathon, you're not supposed to use a bicycle, right? The sports man and woman, they're not supposed to take drugs, because the way you win, matters. But the way we catch fish we can use bulldozers to catch them, we can do anything. We can bulldoze the ground, literally. It is like we did a clear cut with a bulldozer in the forest to catch Bambi. That's the equivalent.
So there is not restraint in the technology we use. This enables fishers to continue to catch fish even as the population declines because it deploys more and more sophistication. They can therefore maintain at great cost, though, their catch.
Because they themselves also are impacted by the shifting baseline syndrome, they think nothing has happened. They catch, their father caught, their grandfather caught, and what the heck? The point is that they catch because they use technology that is so sophisticated that if their father had it, they wouldn't be fishing because everything would have been gone. It is in a sense sad that you see this war technology being taken over. It happened after WWI, it happened after WWII, and after the Cold War another wave of this technology went into fishing.
So technology is not at all a solution because we know how to catch fish already. The problem is what technology does is to add to the problem.
When a regulatory agency says we should catch a bit less so let's reduce fishing effort by 10%, let's decommission vessels so they pay the fishers so they sell their boat, pull their license. In fact, the boat goes somewhere else, and continues to fish, the license is gone, you cannot go fish after haddock in that bay. Okay. But there are remaining boats while that decommission scheme is going on, they acquire a better GPS system, more precise, or acquire better hydroacoustic device. Within the period of the decommissioning plan, the effective effort – in other words, the amount of fishing same thing has increased despite the decommissioning program.
Now there is a big fuss over a reform of the common fishery policy. A big fuss is being objected by lots of countries. It's not going to happen. Even if it happened, it's supposed to reduce fishing capacity by 10 to 15 percent over a period of 3-4 years. During that period, the increase in effective fishing capacity technology could change, would have rendered that irrelevant, anyway.
Basically, all our debates about reducing fishing effort, regulating fishing effort, are frivolous. We're not dealing with a sure hand at all. Our technology is not going to help us. I should say it's not true. Actually, it's not true. Space age technology can help us with some things.
If we were to seriously close or regulate the access to certain fishing ground we could put black boxes in all vessels and in fact, it is being done in some fisheries. All vessels have black boxes which can be monitored by satellite. That is one aspect of high tech that can be used to regulate fisheries, to regulate access. It is almost impossible to prevent fishers from becoming more effective once they are on a fishing ground, but you can use technology to check whether they are on the fishing ground, where they are. That's the high tech solution to a big problem which is where are they?
And I can't imagine an international authority forcing each boat to have a black box and this then being monitored. They have those on airplanes for the same reason. Where is that airplane? We could have that on trucks. I think we have that on many countries. Where is that black box, where is that truck and how did its motor run? One can do this with boats. It exists. Such programs with black boxes are being used in Australia, the U.S., etc. That's one aspect of technology that could be used to reduce fishing effort, at least from places.
Q5. Are the 'correct' price signals being sent to the policy community?
We have a colleague here, Rashid Sumaila, who's done a global study of fish price. These fish prices are ex-vessel prices. It is the price that the skipper gets for the fish, not the wholesale price. Now these prices are increasing faster than the cost of living, measured by the cost of living index of the U.S. which is based on a mix of products that families require. Fish was in the '50's much cheaper than chicken. It is now generally more expensive than chicken. In fact, fish have increased 4 – 5 times faster than the cost of living in general, than the inflation rate, if you like.
This is particularly true for invertebrates such things such as shrimp and cod, squids, which are luxury products. These prices are sending completely wrong signals to the fishery because what in fact they do is make it possible to make a living even when the thing is over fished.
It's almost as if they were fishing pandas. Pandas are very popular; you would like to have the last panda. As the price goes up and up and up, towards the last panda, you continue to make money.
It's true for tuna, for example. Individual tuna may fetch up to $18,000, one tuna. I think there is even one that fetched $100,000, 1 – individual tuna! That means that a boat chasing one fish will continue to make money to break even. The signal that's sent is completely perverse because the rarity of the fish is driving the price up and so fish in general have been increasing price very much; some fish having prices increase in an insane fashion like tuna, invertebrates also, and such products such as shrimp have increased.
Even fish turned into fish meal, have increased very fast because there is a huge demand for fish meal by the fish farming industry and agriculture. Especially the fish farming industry. So overfishing, in a sense, is subsidized by these enormous prices. So you cannot expect the market to have any kind of moderating impact on overfishing because as the fish become scarce, premium prices are paid for everything that is landed.
It's almost like we would like to eat the fried paws, the fried paws of the last panda. And that would make lots of money toward who sells it. You cannot expect the market mechanism to via price, to send a proper signal.
In addition, there are subsidies, an enormous amount of subsidization goes on from building subsidies for boats, to market price support for fish that is when too much of something is landed and the price goes through the basement you have price poverty. And so, all the way you have subsidies in the form of research way to catch them, via surveys conducted by researchers, or via oceanographic data that come from satellites, etc. You have a massive subsidization which obviously sends the wrong signal as well, because it doesn't lead to rationalization within the fisheries. And the other very bad signal is the one that comes from increasing price.
One signal that is however, correct and could be picked up in a Kyoto type context is the fact that the catch per unit of fuel spent is declining. Obviously it has to, because you have more boats chasing fewer fish and the catch is declining per unit of effort expanded. Effort is measured in fuel, since you have to chase longer and you have bigger engines than ever before, you end up with fuel expended per fish increasing and increasing and so in a Kyoto like environment where you have a carbon tax, you would find many of the industrial fishers not breaking even, that is if they were not subsidized.
Once that Kyoto type regulatory system's in place, I expect that a few fisheries will collapse, will collapse, and will go bankrupt because of this. But the prices, the ex-vessel price will not do the job.
The question you have is that we still can afford to buy fish, so we aren't picking up the proper signals.
But actually, if you look at it globally, fish has become too expensive for most people already. Developing countries export fish that they cannot afford to consume themselves. Fish has slipped off the table of lots of people to whom it was before a regular commodity.
You see, because it now has become scarce, well, that's precisely the point. It has become so scarce and the price so high that they can't afford it and they can't compete with the foreign market. And so the foreign market absorbs the fish. For us, we are the foreign market. It is relatively cheap though it is more expensive than it was before, but we still can afford it. Basically, it is in relationship with the developing countries that it is cheap for us, but in the developing countries themselves, the fish is getting too expense for people to eat it.
We have a similar thing with fuel. The energy that we use that we burn is relatively cheap because we have externalized the cost of running these operations.
Q6. It is often said that most fisheries problems are international - is this true?
It is often argued, and exactly Shay [??] actually, that to manage fisheries right we must manage them internationally there must be international agreements and the converse is therefore that if we don't have international agreements we can't manage our fisheries right. And I believe this is all wrong. It's obviously true that fish that move a lot, the so-called 'highly migratory fishes' like tuna, salmon etc that there must be agreements between countries to regulate how they should be fished etc. But most fish stocks are actually within the exclusive economic zones of countries and if a country decided to run its resources, to husband its resources well, to exercise stewardship, to rebuild stocks wherever it can, it would obviously enter into discussion with other countries [on] a completely different footing. Imagine, if Canada were to rebuild its stocks along Newfoundland, Nova Scotia what weight it would have when it discussed with the EU about the Spaniards fishing just off the Canadian exclusive economic zone.
Right now, Canada would like to argue with the EU, would like to argue that the Spaniards have no business fishing there, etc, and it might be a legitimate position, I'm not sure. The point is that if the 90% of the resource of the Canadian fish that is within the reach of Canada legally, if these were well managed, rebuilt, if this were vibrant industry that is doing very well, because the right decisions are being taken, and over-capacity were reduced, the subsidies were abolished, and all these good things, if that were happening, imagine the situation that Canada would be in, if it were going to argue with the Spaniards. The analogy I'd take is, I was one time asked precisely that question, should Canada argue with the Spaniards over this and that issue of Spaniards fishing just off the EZ of Canada and grabbing fish that kind of overlap and I was giving the example of what Canada does, the role of Canada in grabbing Milosevic of Serbia and bringing him to the Hague. It was done by a Canadian judge who indicted this guy. Now why could she do that? Why could Canada do it? Because in Canada human rights are respected, and because you don't go killing people left and right the way Milosevic did. Now that gave Canada the moral stand[ing] that the judge needed to go grab Milosevic. Now, similarly, if you want to nail the Spaniards for overfishing just off the coast of Canada, off the EZ of Canada, you build an [un]assailable moral position, you take the moral high ground and then you can argue with the ones who don't do things right. But if you do the same things they do then all you have is one of these wrestling contests in the mud...who becomes muddier?...and nothing happens.
I think that it is true that international agreements etc are necessary but very, very often they are used as a pretext to do nothing in the waters that you control. And most of the fisheries are within the exclusive economic zone of countries. For example all of the fisheries for molluscs that don't move, I mean sessile animals, I'm thinking of an example of the abalone, you know the abalone of the Georgia Straits, they're gone, you know, they're essentially gone: overharvesting, the usual routine, and lots of poaching. Now you don't have to have an agreement with the US, or with Japan, or with Korea or whatever to rebuild the abalone stock. It's a national issue. Now, in terms of value, abalone stocks, and geoducks and all these invertebrates that are extremely valuable, they...turning BC into a place where these fisheries are doing well is actually feasible at a national level without bothering anybody, without depending on anybody agreeing and yet you will find that discussions on fisheries are always blocked by: "well the others don't do this, therefore we can't"; it's true for Tuna, it's true for Salmon but it's not all there is and in fact, my guess is, 90% percent of fisheries problems are national problems, except for very tiny countries like the Gambia or something.
Q7. Scientists like you have been calling for a reduction in fishing capacity for quite some time. Why should governments and industry take any notice now
It is a perfectly legitimate question to ask oneself: why, since the various approaches we have
proposed or fisheries science have proposed to clean up fisheries have never been implemented...why should one propose the same again, and again? And somehow it is because without a massive reduction of fishing effort you can't do anything else.
I think though that the change is in a perception of who the stakeholders are, or who is involved in this. When I was a student it was clear though not explicity stated that fisheries was a matter of the industry and the government working - helping - the industry do its thing and the scientists worked for the government helping the industry do its thing. So my generation and my colleagues...I studied in Germany...there is a large number of them to whom it's second nature that fisheries is...fisheries management...is obviously to enable the industry to do its thing and they therefore have an automatic rejection of anything that sounds...that looks like conservation. They think that this is tree-hugging, there is no...we have no business dealing...mixing in issues of biodiversity, issues of sustainability, issues of conservation with fisheries. Fisheries is about catching fish, that's what we do.
Now, that has changed because clearly this handover of the resource to the industry... of a public resource actually...has led to the resource being squandered and the public at large believes that this machinery that we have set up...this regulatory machinery...is working; that you regulate fisheries. That taxpayers' dollars are used to actually devastate marine ecosystems that...if you can get that message across say in the Discovery Channel, right ...it is not at all what is in peoples' heads.
There is a film that came through [on] PBS by a colleague called Steve Cohen that is called "Empty Nets, Empty Seas" that shows that the whole machinery of fisheries is a failed enterprise, and it is a huge enterprise, lots of money, lots of capital invested, lots of resource...lots of intellectual resources, everything, lots of technology and it has vacuumed up the sea and smashed the ecosystem upon which the fisheries rely. Now that's not the notion that the public has about fisheries...is about. Fisheries is about Man going out, like a "Perfect Storm", going out and catching a few fish but there are lots of them in the sea so there is no problem, kind of. And so I think the new element is that there is an attempt by people like me and others to connect the public, the owner of the resource, with this issue which before was only between the government and the industry. So there is...there is that.
Another one is that NGO's, environmental NGO's which before were really marginal and were not really interested in fisheries have become very credible in what they say, what they do. This is true for...especially for World Wildlife Fund, which in Europe is a serious partner. The studies they are doing about subsidies, overcapacity...that's over...having too much effort, right...overcapacity etc are... These are studies that government clearly should have done but haven't. And so now they are invited at the table, they have to be taken seriously and they have to be engaged, they do say something that is clearly valid. I think the...what has changed things...is the visible failure of the present...of the past system. That is what has changed things. One doesn't need to say new things. But it's now about the recipe that what needs to be done is still reducing effort but it is now not said to the industry by the government...you know, softly and gently. But it is said very loudly by new players that were not asked before. So I think that is the new thing.
Q10. Is Aquaculture Going to 'Save' Us?
We should define aquaculture.
One way to deal with it is to split aquaculture, which is a global enterprise, into two kinds. Let's call them A & B. There is a kind of aquaculture that is structured around animals that feed on plants. In other words, the equivalent of cows. Mollusks, mussels, oysters, etc. Some fish are tilapia, catfish, and carp are of this group. What do they do? They turn algae or residue from plants into fish flesh. They add to the seafood supply. They add to the animal protein supply of the world and in many cases they are produced at the right place, that is in developing countries where people don't have enough fish. So that's Aquaculture A.
Then there is Aquaculture B. Aquaculture B is structured around carnivores. That is, fish that need to eat other fish. You can substitute part of the food that they get in the pens in the cage when you raise them. You can substitute some of the food by soya or other plant protein but you must prime them, so to say, with fish meal or so called trash fish, or something. You must give them some fish flesh – mix 1/4 or 1/3 of the feed. It may be declining, but it's still substantial. These animals are usually high priced. They are salmon, sea bass, groupers, tuna. They are farmed and they are fed fish.
Now much as people have problem with this, there is no way getting around this fish and not adding to the fish supply. Why? Because the fish that are fed to salmon are perfectly eatable fish. The industry says that fish that are ground up to make fish meal that is fed to salmon are fish that humans don't eat. Well, yes, because they can't be because they are ground up, but they are actually eatable. Sardines are perfectly eatable. You go tell a Spaniard that sardine is not a good fish – I'm sure they love sardines. Anchovies, you go tell Italians that anchovies cannot be eaten. You ground up jack mackerel or mackerel, you go tell Germans who love smoked mackerel that a mackerel is not a very good fish to eat. Nonsense. Most of the fish that are used for fish meal are perfectly eatable fish.
Now you need two to three kilograms of food fish to produce a kilogram of salmon. Even if it is reduced to one and one half, you still have no net gain. So the question: Can aquaculture save us in a sense of can aquaculture compensate for the loss of fish from marine fisheries? No. Because, it actually requires fish from the fisheries.
In fact, aquaculture B, the farming of carnivorous fish, adds to the pressure. The more salmon you raise, the more sardines you must remove from the human food chain. And since the salmon always doesn't go back to where the sardines live, you are actually taking fish away from people and putting them somewhere else.
What is the likelihood of people in Africa and Asia, the poor part of Asia, in Latin America, ordering smoked salmon? It obviously is zip. So basically, farming salmon and other carnivores is a commercial enterprise. It's legitimate, I guess – but it isn't going to feed us. Well, it is. It's "us" is really a narrow "us". Yes, it is producing essentially a luxury good for people who are already kind of well off.
I can exaggerate a little bit. Can caviar save the world? No, they can't. So basically, aquaculture feeding us, aquaculture be salmon feeding us, is now today's version of "Let them eat cake". That's what it is – it's Marie Antoinette all over again.
Q11. Can you tell us about some more of the problems with aquaculture, including 'externalising costs' & the unpaid role of 'ecosystem services'?
In addition to the problem that they do not add to the net production of fish in the world, the culture of, the farming of fish in huge amounts is problematic because of pollution issues...and pollution issues is.... What is a fish farm? It's a floating pig farm. It's the equivalent. Now if you had pigs, floating, and you feed them what comes out the other end, right, that stuff then accumulates under the farm and when it doesn't it's washed away. And that is called an ecosystem service...right?...the ecosystem, if things go well, cleans up the mess of your floating fish farm....now the mess is however... of the pig farm... the mess is however not necessarily cleaned, it is just transported somewhere else or not. If it's not really quickly diluted the accumulation of waste will cause the explosion of toxic algae and so you what you find is that within a few years the aquaculture operation has to move because it has really soiled its own nest...it's soiled its own bed or whateever the metaphor is. They have to move away because the place just stinks to high heaven. And then they have to move somewhere and then they start again. And so once they have despoiled an entire area, then what?. Then they leave....and, and, voila, that's all there is to it.
Now in Norway where this business started you have fjords that are full of this stuff and they now are doing the operation outside...you know...further and further offshore. It has nothing to do with sustainability, it has nothing to do with anything reasonable. Moreover a farm like this is a beautiful place for parasites to multiply...they do... and there is right now this huge debate in BC about whether these parasites jump on wild salmon...obviously they do...obviously they do...what else can they do...that's where they came from in the first place, right, they jumped from wild salmon on to farm salmon they are going to jump back anytime they can and there is a debate about an entire A class of...what is it... Koho or something...having been devastated by farms. And I have no problem with that...obviously it is going to happen, it has happened in England, it has happened in Norway. It is going to happen here. It is unavoidable that parasites will build up and at this concentration it is unavoidable and it is unavoidable then that unless it is very, very strictly regulated in terms of space between the farms and...now...it's going to end up in a pollution mess. Now the BC government has decided not only to expand the industry but that it would self-regulate. So that's a recipe for disaster and we're are going to get into it, that's unavoidable.
One more thing about this. People have problems imaging what ecosystem services are and what externalizing costs means. Now it's quite simple. If you told people: "look, you're polluting, put your farm on land with the recirculated water that you filter". They will tell you it's too expensive. You ask what is too expensive. "Well I have to filter the water, I have to clean it, I have to adjust it in terms of temperature, I have to remove the parasites, I have to do all these things. I have to pay for it" ...alright...And that makes the operation too expensive. Well when you put the operation in open waters and the current cleans up the mess, that is an ecosystem service, it's what you don't have to pay for when you put your farm on land...right...your fish farm on land. You don't have to build the pumps and everything because nature does it. But then you can see what nature does for you and that's called an ecosystem service..alright....and you don't have to pay for it. The people of BC do not get anything since they own that...right...they don't get anything from the fish farmers for this ecosystem service. Now if this ecosystem service were paid [for] at least a little bit of it then you could use that for remedial action, but no it's not even recognized there is an ecosystem service. Though people will tell you that they cannot build the thing on land because it will be too expensive. Well! why is it too expensive: because you don't get the ecosystem services.
So that's the idea of ecosystem services. That's the idea of externalizing costs which otherwise you would have to pay for, right? And that's also the idea what is given to the farmers when they are not regulated when they don't have pay for the mess they make.
Q12. What can be done to foster more holistic and less reductionistic thinking and policy?
Regarding reductionism in Science and what you can do to overcome it. The first thing is that reductionism works most of the time. You get there! When I advise students on how to get to the topic of their theses and they see an enormous problem, an elephant, right, a huge thing there, I show them: "look it's not that big, there is a trunk, there is this leg, there are these ears. You can deal with each part separately. Then you put them back together. These are chapters. The chapters have sections. You can deal with each bit separately and move ahead." That reductionism works...right? That's the first reason why it is so hard to get away from it, right? It's like chocolate. It is really good. That's the reason why we eat it. That's number one.
The second thing is that holism which I would present as the opposite of reductionism very often doesn't. You are supposed to put stuff together but you don't know how, you don't have proper tools. When you read the holy texts of holism all you find is wooly stuff. So it is very hard.
So I have actually written an essay about this problem: that holism is intention, is good things, it's something we ought to do. It's like we should eat less and exercise more but it's actually very hard to do on a 9-to-5 basis. And so perhaps we have then to look at holism in a reductionist way. What part of holism can we do, right? And what we can do...I think I described some of it before. We can look at longer time series instead of short ones. We can look at a bigger map, more areas than just a small one. We can look not only at one species but also the species that it feeds on, and the species that feed on it. In other words expand the system. In other words I would say reductionism, because it works so well, you are stuck with it one way or the other. So what you do is holism-lite, which is you break down holism into things that you can do from 9-to-5. I had an essay called "Reductionism, holism and working from 9-to-5" ....because that's the problem: reductionism allows you to work from 9-to-5, you do this, then you do that, then you get there and then you do this, right? Everyday you can do something. holism? What do you do? What do you do, when you get to work, about it...very hard. And so identifying those parts of a holistic, of a broader view that you can do is helping getting out of this reductionist hole, right? Look at all species instead of just one. Look at its prey and predators. Look at the entire sweep of species. Look not at 5 years but at 50 years. So I would say that's how I deal with it. I'm not going to be a guru who goes all the way into what I would call the holy holism because at that point you cease to do science. But I'm quite willing to see that just a bigger machine will be better already than just looking at little things.
In German there is an expression, I will not say it because some people know...
Darley: you can say it, then translate it.
Pauly: No...but it is a naughty word...to have sex with ants. "Ameisenficker". To have sex with ants means in this context means to be looking at little things. And obviously we don't want that, we want to have bigger things, but we still need to look. We still need to look how it works, that's what it is.
1 In a Perfect Ocean: The State of Fisheries and Ecosystems in the North Atlantic Ocean, Daniel Pauly, Jay MacLean. Island Press; January 2003. ISBN: 1559633239.
Transcribed by Neil MacKellar
- 6308 reads


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|Birth Date:
|Carson City, Nev.
|High School:
As a Freshman in 1999: Ran in four of the team's seven races for the Broncos... highest finish was 22nd at the Mills Invitational with a time of 21:55... best time of the year came at the Bronco Invitational where she ran a time of 21:12 and finished 35th.
High School Information: A 1999 graduate of Douglas High School in Minden, Nevada... was a member of the volleyball, cross-country, softball and track teams... ran for head coach Dan Makley at Douglas... was member of team that won the zone championships during her junior and senior years... team won the state title in 1999... finished third in the zone and ninth in state during senior year... was class representative in the student council during her sophomore, junior and senior years.
Personal Information: Born May 12, 1981 in Carson City, Nevada... parents are Henry and Laura... has one brother named Jason, and one sister named Laura... enjoys dancing, backpacking and shopping... majoring in communications with a minor in spanish... desires to be a news broadcaster.


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Chevron Waiting To Resume Offshore Drilling In Brazil
Chevron (NYSE: CVX) the second largest oil and natural gas company in the U.S., is hoping to resume offshore drilling in Brazil as soon as possible.
The company was banned from drilling last year after one of its rigs spilled 2,400 barrels of oil in November.
Speaking to reporters in Brasilia, Ali Moshiri, Chevron's vice president for Africa and Latin America exploration and production, said the company is waiting for instructions from the country's industry regulator before work can resume, reported Bloomberg.
In November, a company appraisal well experienced a kick back, or a surge in pressure, which cracked the ocean floor allowing oil to seep out into the South Atlantic.
The company voluntarily suspended its drilling operations on Nov. 23, and was forced to shut in one of its production wells after Brazilian authorities conducted a safety audit of Chevron's offshore assets.
The company was fined $28 million for the spill.
Shares of Chevron rose 40 cents to $111.59 in Wednesday trading.


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Hillary Clinton and Bernie Sanders tangled aggressively in a Democratic presidential debate over trade, Wall Street influence and more, with Clinton accusing him of turning his back on the car industry and Sanders countering that Clinton's friends on Wall Street had "destroyed this economy".
It was a marked change in tone for the two Democrats, signalling Sanders' increasingly difficult effort to slow the party's front runner.
Both candidates frequently interrupted one another and accused each other of misrepresenting their records at the debate in Flint, Michigan, on Sunday night (local time).
"Let's have some facts instead of some rhetoric for a change," Clinton snapped at Sanders at one point.
"Let me tell my story, you tell yours," Sanders shot back at another. "Your story is voting for every disastrous trade amendment and voting for corporate America."
More than once, Sanders chafed at Clinton's interruptions, saying, "Excuse me, I'm talking" or "Let me finish, please."
Their disagreements were clear, but still the debate's tone was nothing like that of the Republican debate in Detroit just three days earlier, a four-way face off that was marked by a steady stream of personal attacks, insults and even sexual innuendo.
The Democrats' face off, in comparison, was a more civil if heated affair.
Clinton said that while she and Sanders have their differences on policy, "compare the substance of this debate with what you saw on the Republican stage last week".
Sanders chimed in, "We are, if elected president, going to invest a lot of money into mental health and when you watch these Republican debates you know why."
Both had a good laugh at that.
Each made a case for being the best candidate to defeat Republican front runner Donald Trump in a November match-up.
Clinton said she's gotten more votes than Trump in the primaries, and predicted that his "bigotry, his bullying, his bluster are not going to wear well on the American people".
Sanders declared: "I would love to run against Donald Trump," adding that polls show "Sanders vs Trump does a lot better than Clinton vs Trump".
Sanders also took direct aim at the former secretary of state's paid speeches to Wall Street banks and other financial companies. She promised to release transcripts of her private remarks only if all her opponents -- Democratic and Republican -- did the same.
"I'm your Democratic opponent, I release it," Sanders said, throwing imaginary speech transcripts into the air. "Here it is. There ain't nothin'. I don't give speeches to Wall street for hundreds of thousands of dollars."
In the race for the Democratic nomination, Clinton has at least 1130 delegates to Sanders' 499, including superdelegates -- members of congress, governors and party officials who can support the candidate of their choice. It takes 2383 delegates to win the nomination.


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Wedding theme of black and white is very much in trend at the moment. Check out how stunning these bridesmaids look in these short black dresses while holding white bouquets. The great thing about a dress like this is the versatility of it, these bridesmaids can certainly wear these dresses again!
Image from http://www.barnetphotography.com/


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Tao Te Ching: Chapter 30
Chapter 30
All the world says that, while my Tao is great, it yet appears to be inferior (to other systems of teaching). Now it is just its greatness that makes it seem to be inferior. If it were like any other (system), for long would its smallness have been known!
But I have three precious things which I prize and hold fast. The first is gentleness; the second is economy; and the third is shrinking from taking precedence of others.
With that gentleness I can be bold; with that economy I can be liberal; shrinking from taking precedence of others, I can become a vessel of the highest honour. Now-a-days they give up gentleness and are all for being bold; economy, and are all for being liberal; the hindmost place, and seek only to be foremost;--(of all which the end is) death.
Gentleness is sure to be victorious even in battle, and firmly to maintain its ground. Heaven will save its possessor, by his (very) gentleness protecting him.
Assumes no martial port;
He who fights with most good will
To rage makes no resort.
He who vanquishes yet still
Keeps from his foes apart;
He whose hests men most fulfil
Yet humbly plies his art.
And therein is his might.'
Thus we say, 'Men's wills he bends,
That they with him unite.'
Thus we say, 'Like Heaven's his ends,
No sage of old more bright.'