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|Last Post Info
|Wanted and Claims
Step in here to get all your claims up for your character once you are approved. You can also put up want ads for characters you'd like to see in the game for people to take a look at.
Subforums: Wanted Characters
|Oct 26 2014, 03:39 PM
In: Housing Claim
By: Vixen
|Shipping and Trackers
This is where all the planning gets done! Go ahead and put up your favorite plotters for your characters so you can work out plots with others on the site, or even plan threads. Trackers can be for threads, for relationships, for templates or whatever else you want to keep an eye on.
Subforums: Trackers
|Dec 5 2014, 09:09 PM
In: the girl who loved to easily
By: Jackson Lykos
|Character Communication
Keeping in touch can be a hassle so don't forget to list your cell phone if you'd like, not to mention journals and blogs.
Subforums: Journals and Blogs
In: ----
|Live and Let Die - by LALD Staff
|Nov 22 2016, 03:16 AM
|Illuminate; Political Fantasy RP - by Crossroads
|Sep 25 2016, 01:29 PM
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|Mar 17 2016, 07:34 PM
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|Mar 8 2016, 09:36 PM
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|Jan 31 2016, 02:26 PM
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|Oct 4 2015, 02:47 PM
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|Aug 21 2015, 07:23 PM
|of bad blood - by Mayah
|Jul 31 2015, 07:26 AM
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|Jul 24 2015, 02:39 PM
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The road to IT modernization is not without its challenges, but government is moving forward with a steady pace.
At least, this is what Dan Katz believes. He's the technical director for the public sector at Acquia, a government partner with intimate knowledge of the struggles and eventual benefits that come along with making updates to IT infrastructure. At worst, he says, government agencies can jump into something like agile delivery without the right team and end up in over their heads. But at best, getting government up to speed can work wonders for citizen engagement. Having seen agencies across government adopt agile thinking, Katz is hopeful.
"The rumor is starting to spread," he says.
Right now, many agencies still hold themselves back with monolithic modernization processes—as is government's wont, these processes strive to define and budget projects upfront and execute them in a predictable way. That approach is increasingly unfeasible.
"Factors can come out of left field," Katz says. "Schedules get pushed, budgets get blown, and sometimes projects don't even get completed."
But government has the capacity to overcome the difficulties of an outdated process. Agile development and its acolytes, open-source software (OSS) and cloud computing, are making their ways into governments across the country. Together, the three provide nonpareil speed, security and support to government services.
Agile processes are based in the idea that organizations should solve for problems along the way rather than trying to plan everything in one "big bang." OSS, in turn, exists on the premise that the community of developers surrounding it provides a support network that constantly checks it for vulnerabilities. That same community also serves as an expert resource when problems do occur. Using OSS, government can avoid not only locking themselves into building a system from scratch that eventually turns out to be flawed—but they can also implement solutions via a process that enables periodical updates in parallel with implementation.
For example, the city of Boston launched a new iteration of its city website at beta.boston.com using the open-source content management system (CMS) Drupal. In doing so, Boston was able to create a dynamic site that they could revise as citizens provided incremental feedback.
"Doing things in an agile way helps involve citizens better," Katz says. "That's one of the clear benefits of this methodology: Any voice that wants to be heard is heard."
Katz also offered the Navy's Sixth Fleet as an example of a government entity that has seen agile benefits from using OSS and cloud. The organization used to take number of days, sometimes weeks, to publish new content because of a siloed content team that was dependent on a proprietary system. Working with Acquia, the Sixth Fleet implemented Drupal and can now make content changes in a matter of minutes, Katz says.
To compound the value of OSS and pave an even smoother road to agile methods, the Sixth Fleet leveraged Acquia's cloud platform-as-a-service, allowing them to focus resources on innovation rather than maintenance and operation.
Five or six years ago, Katz says, mentioning open-source or cloud in government might have been greeted with scoffs or eye-rolls. Today, federal CIO Tony Scott encourages OSS in government and considers cloud a new standard in security.
Over the next few years, Katz thinks personalized experiences and one-to-one interactions with government will have a similar advent thanks to agile thinking. Citizens will start to interact with government in the same way they're used to interacting with technology in their private lives.
The benefits of agile development, OSS and cloud are clear, and government is on its way to embracing them. As for Katz and his team, they just want to help government to be better.
"Our vision is providing a tool with which government can determine their own destiny," he says. That's the most important aspect of this cadre of new technologies: government can gain some technological autonomy. And when freed from the binds of proprietary systems and waterfall acquisition agreements, agencies can make innovative, measurable progress toward achieving their mission.
To learn more, download the issue brief on this topic form Government Business Council and Acquia.
This content is made possible by our sponsor. The editorial staff of Government Executive was not involved in its preparation.

subset: commoncrawl


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Amish Nautical Decor Collection
Make this summer the most beautiful your garden has ever seen with this endlessly charming poly bird house. With ample space for growing families and beauty and elegance to spare, this piece makes the perfect finishing touch to any classical garden.
Additionally, this two-story house is handcrafted from American poly lumber, an incredibly durable material made from recycled milk jugs. Its ultra-strong structure gives it the ability to stay tall and true through seasons and seasons of use, promising years of enjoyment for you, your family, and your garden's wild birds.
If you'd like to know more about our birdhouses and birdfeeders, please give us a call or email - we would love to hear from you.
Thank you for your inquiry. We do our best to respond to all inquiries within 24 hours. If you do not receive a response it is likely an email problem. If this is the case, please call us toll free at 866-272-6773.
Please note that many emails are captured by anti-spam software.
Inputting your telephone number in the field on this page will insure that you get a response from us by telephone if email fails.
© Copyrights 2003 - 2018 DutchCrafters All rights reserved.


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North Carolina Agricultural Cost Share Program (NCACSP)
A major cause of water quality problems in North Carolina and in the U.S. is "nonpoint source" pollution. In many places across our state, damage to our water resources come form soil erosion, excessive fertilizer use, animal waste contamination, and improper use of agricultural chemicals.
The North Carolina Agricultural Cost Share Program, NCACSP) was established in 1984 to help reduce the sources of agricultural nonpoint source pollution to North Carolina's waters. The NCACSP helps landowners and operators of established agricultural operations improve their on-farm management by using best management practices, BMP's. These BMP's or management systems can make farmers more productive while reducing the potential for polluting surface and groundwater.
The NCACSP is a financial assistance program designed to protect water quality. It is administered by the NC Division of Soil and Water Conservation under the NC Department of Environment and Natural Resources.
Technical assistance is available free to landowners in local Soil and Water Conservation Districts throughout North Carolina. Technicians help landowners install best management practices that will improve water quality.
Financial assistance is offered to farmers to share the cost of the installation of the BMP's, up to 75% of the average cost of each BMP installed.
The following BMP's are examples of approved management systems through NCACSP.
• Facilities to handle agricultural chemicals
• Planting of critical areas
• Grassed waterways
• Fencing livestock out of streams
• Stream crossings
• Stabilizing stream banks
• Stock trails & heavy use protection areas
• Nutrient Management
• Watering Facilities
• Prescribed Grazing
• Agricultural Wells
For more information concerning the financial and technical assistance available through the Swain Soil and Water Conservation District visit the NC Agriculture Cost Share Program website from the NC Department of Environment and Natural Resources.


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Outsourcing for Small Firms
This month at Law Practice Today is a roundtable discussion on whether it makes sense for law firms to outsource. The discussion seems geared for larger firms and talk about outsourcing support staff functions as much as legal research and traditional contract lawyering. The issue has another article by Ed Poll on choosing a virtual assistant. Also on the topic of outsourcing, I'm looking forward to hearing more from one lawyer who just might be the Greatest American Outsourcer on his experiences with his successful virtual law clerk program. State tuned.


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Occupancy: 8
All of our two bedroom with private loft condominiums have an entry hall that is perfect for skis, boots and coat storage. There is a private bedroom on this level, complete with its own private bath. Upstairs is a bright open living area and kitchen with a private balcony overlooking the mountain and Lake Fork River. The master bedroom and bath are located on this level as well. Access to the private loft is in the living room. These lofts are perfect for children 13 years of age and under. All units have wood burning fireplaces, and complimentary firewood is delivered daily during ski season. Fireplaces are seasonal.
Two Bedroom Condo with Private Loft Unit 30
- Sleeps up to 8
- Bed Configuration: 2 Queen Beds, Two Twins in Loft


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Park Hae Jin discusses his lovelife and upcoming projects with The Star
Park Hae Jin gets candid!
In the September issue of The Star magazine, the 33 year-old heartthrob answered the burning question on every fan girl's mind. Is he dating anyone special? What projects can we expect from him next?
He was very open with the popular publication when he admitted his current dating status contrasts to his photo shoot concept Park Hae Jin's Autumn Romance. "I like the bleak feeling of autumn. I have too much to do so dating right now would be difficult, but I do have confidence that I'll be a good husband."
The Cheese in the Trap star is excited about reprising his role in the film based on the beloved webtoon and K-drama. "In the film remake of Cheese in the Trap, I want to show a more Yoo Jung-like image," he said.
Park also explained that production for his next K-drama Man to Man is scheduled to begin soon, and he is perfecting his skills as an action star by taking lessons in school. He looks forward to taking on new challenging characters. "I worry about whether I have confidence in my acting, or if I'm an actor the viewers can trust. I'm still at a point where rather than getting experimental with my acting, I want to pursue roles that I can portray well."
I loved Park Hae Jin in Seven Princesses, and it was great to see him again in Cheese in the Trap. It was so much more than a typical romantic comedy. The love stories were enhanced by the suspense and mystery. I was on the edge of my seat for the majority of the series. I have no doubt he will continue to do an amazing job in his new projects.
What type of roles would you like to see Park Hae Jin portray in the future? Are there any stars you secretly ship him with?
Shelly M is an author and blogger. Follow her personal blog at BTSCelebs.com
Source: Via
Let's Fight Ghost
Starring Kim So Hyun and Ok Taec YeonAdd to Queue Remove from Queue Watch Now


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Get a Free Move or Rebate when you lease
People who need to relocate in San Antonio, Texas will find that The Bella Madera apartment community is one that caters to potential residents with discerning tastes. This apartment community is close to dining, shopping and entertainment, including Six Flags Fiesta Texas.Apartment AmenitiesPotential residents can choose from a number of different one-bedroom or two-bedroom floor plans. Kitchens and bathrooms feature wood plank flooring. At the end of the day, residents can relax in a large, garden size bathtub. Select units feature patios or balconies, kitchen islands with built-in storage, and a computer niche to make hooking up a personal computer or laptop a breeze.Community FeaturesPotential residents of Bella Madera will find lots of ways to spend their free time right within their apartment community. Amenities include a resort-sized swimming pool with fountains, covered cabanas and free wi-fi access, a 24 hour Fitness Center, a 24 hour Business Center and a 24 hour Laundry facility. Gas grills and a fire pit give residents a place to cook outdoors or enjoy an evening in front of a campfire. Residents that want to keep their tan looking great all year round can use the Private tanning studio that is on-site.


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PHILADELPHIA (AP) -- Chase Utley, Ryan Howard, Jimmy Rollins and Raul Ibanez all hit two-run home runs to lead the Philadelphia Phillies to a 9-2 win over the St. Louis Cardinals on Sunday.
Joe Blanton (7-4) had another effective outing, allowing two runs and he struck out six over eight innings. Blanton has allowed two runs or less and pitched at least seven innings in five of his last six starts for the NL East leaders.
Howard had three RBIs to lift the Phillies to their 17th win in 20 games.
Mark DeRosa hit a solo homer for the Cardinals, who dropped two of three in a matchup of division leaders.
Blanton has been Philadelphia's most dependable starter the last two months and put a slow start way behind him. He's lost only once since May 9 (6-1) and the Phillies are now 20-12 in Blanton's 32 starts since he was acquired from Oakland last season.
He received a huge standing ovation from another sellout crowd when he struck out Matt Holliday to end the eighth inning. It matched his longest outing of the season.
Holiday's sacrifice fly in the first and DeRosa's fourth homer of the year in the fifth were the only runs off Blanton.
The burly right-hander is a big reason why the Phillies are starting to pull away toward their third straight NL East title. Acquiring Blue Jays ace Roy Halladay would go a long way toward boosting their odds at a second straight World Series championship.
The Phillies are still actively pursuing the former Cy Young winner and could return from their seven-game road trip with another ace to pair with Cole Hamels in the rotation.
Brad Lidge tossed a scoreless ninth.
No matter who pitches for the Phillies, the big bats are usually out.
The Phillies wasted little time rocking righty starter Todd Wellemeyer (7-9). Wellemeyer continues to struggle and lasted only 5 2-3 innings when the Cardinals could have used a longer outing to give the bullpen a needed break.
Instead, Utley, Howard and Rollins all took him deep to build a 7-2 lead before he was yanked in the sixth.
Ibanez made it 9-2 in the seventh when he hit his 26th homer of the season off Blake Hawksworth. Ibanez moved into second place in the NL in homers and the Phillies lead the league with 138 homers.
Utley, who hit his 22nd, was the first to go deep when he hit a full-count pitch into the first few rows in right for a 3-1 lead in the third.
Howard's 25th home run ricochet off the ivy-covered brick wall in center in the fifth for a 5-2 lead. Howard also had a sacrifice fly in the first.
Rollins completed the home run spurt off Wellemeyer when he added Philadelphia's third straight two-run shot in the sixth. Rollins hit a grand slam in Saturday's win, and has been sensational since he was briefly benched following a slow start.
The former NL MVP is 33 for 89 since snapping his career-worst 0 for 28 streak.
(Copyright 2009 by The Associated Press. All Rights Reserved.)


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Amanda Thomsen shows us why Dave Thompson's Organic Healthy Grow Products make such a difference when trying to grow the perfect garden.
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Tag Archives: cost of solar energy
Mission of DayRise Solar Enerdy
Mission of Mission of DayRise Solar Enerdy
Who we are – Mission of DayRise Solar Enerdy
DayRise Solar Enerdy is an EPC company based at Sonipat within NCR Delhi which is in compliance with ISO 14001 and OHSAS 18001 Certification.
What we do – DayRise Solar Enerdy
- Solar awareness amongst rural masses.
- Assist domestic/residential/Non Profit Organization/Education institutions to avail Govt Subsidy @30% of whole project or Rs.20,000/- per kWp whichever is less.
- Asses roof site to analyse feasibility of installation of Rooftop Solar Power Plants.
- Solar PV Plant design: Grid Tied Roof top or Ground based solar PV Plant, Off Grid Rooftop or Ground based solar PV Plants with Battery Bank design, Hybrid Rooftop or Ground Based Solar PV Plant with Battery Bank.
- Project planning, budgeting and identification of the resources needed.
- Plant Engineering and Design based on Architecture drawings of the site.
- Solar PV plant energy yield estimations over the entire period of the plant life.
Our Expertise – DayRise Solar Enerdy
- Expert System engineer and Integrator fully trained from GSES (Global Sustainable Energy Solutions-an Australian subsidiary), NISE (National Institute of Solar Energy) and NISE-BUD.
- We have gained expertise in installation of Rooftop Grid Tied / Hybrid Solar Power Plants with 30% Subsidy on the project from HAREDA.
Our Initiative – DayRise Solar Enerdy
- Solar Energy Information Center established at our Business Venture Showroom is hub for Solar awareness amongst rural masses which not only provides Solar Energy Information but also various Government Subsidy schemes i.e Subsidies on rooftop Solar power plants, Solar irrigation water pump, off-grid Solar Inverter program, Solar water heating system and Solar cooker etc.
- All private schools, colleges and education institutions in and around rural areas of Sonipat, Haryana have been apprised of importance of Solar Power/Solar Energy and HAREDA's notification for mandatory installation of Solar Power plant for these kind of user categories.
- Solar awareness amongst Private Hospitals, builders/owners of houses/buildings/societies and developers in and around Sonipat.
Our Goal – DayRise Solar Enerdy
Other than above we are working towards conversion of traditional electrical inverters into Solar Inverter by installing appropriate quantity of Solar Panels and Charge Controller / Solar Management Unit / PCU befitting end users power requirements.
Our Mission – DayRise Solar Enerdy
- We wish to bring down the cost of Solar Energy / Solar Power so that it is accessible to masses in rural areas.
- This way we would put into gears our all resources to accomplish our goal of reaching each and every households for our mission HAR GHAR SOLAR.
Our Motto – DayRise Solar Enerdy
We do Solar with Soul.
Our Call to everyone in Solar Industry
- So we welcome you to participate in this multi-angle, most favored and highly aspiring mission of connecting each home with Solar.
- If you are an manufacturer / stockist / wholesale dealer of Solar products or Solar BOS, then kindly Connect with us by forwarding detailed specifications and prices along with terms and conditions and mode of payment to firstname.lastname@example.com
- Your contribution towards this mission in any form would be appreciated.
- In case of any clarifications in this regard kindly reach us by calling following Mobile Numbers
Vipin : +919618637662
Anand : +919963493474
Web : http://dayrisesolar.com
How Much Does Solar Power Cost – Solar Power
How Much Does Solar Power Cost – Solar Power
When considering altering your properties energy offer to solar energy, worth is commonly the first concern. You could be questioning How Much Does Solar Power Cost – Solar Power. I've damaged down a couple of the solar power price for you beneath. These are simply a number of the many makes use for solar energy.
Making your own solar and wind power for less than $200
Portable solar power units worth wherever from $120 to $1000. These are used for one thing from charging a cellphone to powering a television set
Heating your swimming pool in the middle of the summer time season costs roughly the same cost as heating your full residence for a full 12 months. To save in your heating invoice, you should use solar-powered pool covers. They worth wherever from $1700 to $4500, nonetheless the covers will pay for themselves with the money you save in your heating bill.
Solar Hot water heaters
Solar Hot water heaters preheated your water sooner than its put into your scorching water heater. By warming the water first it saves on the amount of energy used by your scorching water heater.
They're fairly pricey, from as little as $2900 and upwards of $4000, nonetheless as quickly as soon as extra the monetary financial savings in your energy invoice shall be correctly nicely definitely worth the funding
Off Grid Solar strategies
Off Grid Solar strategies are impartial energy sources for providing energy in areas the place utilities are often not on the market. These fashions worth between $1500 and $5000 and should energy a full cabin or residence. Grid Tied Systems are strategies that are tied into your native energy provider and should cut your electrical energy bill by 80% and even 100%. Any extra electrical energy created by your system must be purchased by your electrical energy provider. With a system like this you'll have the potential to not solely eradicate your electrical energy bill, however as well as get a look at inside the mall for the extra electrical energy you've gotten created as correctly. These strategies are the costliest and should worth as a lot as $20,000
All of these solar energy worth might be lowered or eradicated whilst you check to assemble your particular person residence solar panel, solar energy mills and storage models. For a fraction of the prices quoted above you should purchase guides that may data you step-by-step in developing your particular person residence solar panels and mills
Whenever you are locally searching for the the system integrator, solar energy company in your are, you may like to consider DayRise Solar Enerdy Pvt Ltd for Engineering, Procurement and Commissioning (EPC) of r ooftop solar power plants who provides quantity and quality with optimum utilization.
New Report : Fossil Fuels will be cancelled out by Solar energy
As per the New Report : Fossil Fuels will be cancelled out by Solar energy and Electric Cars by 2020: A model new report signifies photo voltaic will halt the enlargement of fossil fuels throughout the subsequent three years. Both utilized sciences are being seen as 'game-changers' and are at current being underestimated by the massive energy suppliers, in accordance with the Carbon Tracker report from Imperial College.
The evaluation group behind the report found cars would possibly symbolize over a third of freeway cars by 2035, transferring to two-thirds by 2050. Additionally, the falling costs of these cars, along with the plummeting costs of photograph voltaic PV utilized sciences, would possibly indicate that progress in demand for fossil fuels grinds to a halt by 2020. This signifies that, inside merely ten years, polluting fossil fuels would possibly see their market share contract by 10laptop computer attributable to photograph voltaic energy and clear electrical cars.
In this state of affairs, the 10laptop computer market contraction would be ample to see America's coal mining enterprise collapse completely, whereas the 5 biggest utility companies in Europe would lose £85 billion on account of no preparations had been made for an 8pc renewables enhance. Additionally, the study beneficial that huge energy companies have been largely ignoring the transition to the low-carbon monetary system and have been specializing of their 'enterprise as widespread' operations, which have been predicated on the persevering with progress of fossil fuels. As a consequence, their property would possibly flip into rapidly stranded as a result of the energy panorama modifications.
Emerging utilized sciences, along with electricity-generated printable photograph voltaic PV, would possibly further carry down already low costs and help to increase take-up at an unprecedented diploma. The researchers think about that further innovation throughout the green energy topic would possibly even make the report's modelling eventualities look conservative in merely 5 years. The cost of solar energy has dropped by 85 per cent beforehand seven years.


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Episodes 1 and 2: All hail Chicago!
Because everything's bigger in Texas, the season kicks off with 29 hopefuls vying for 16 spots in the cast. It's impressive that there are more hopefuls from Chicago than any other city, and even more impressive when all six of them make it onto the show.


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We are your local Devon area plumber. Our plumbing specialists offer 24 hours a day, 7 days a week services to guarantee you and your home are safeguarded against a piping disaster.
We are your go-to savants when it comes to plumbing. In addition, we are experienced at installing and servicing various types of heating systems.
Plumbing and heating problems do not always happen at practical times. When you're dealing with an urgent emergency situation such as a burst pipeline or an unreliable heating unit, we are just a phone call away.
Our company values integrity and honesty, which is why we provide upfront pricing so there are no surprises. Every charge is noted on your billing in a manner that you can understand. Furthermore, we do our best to notify you of costs over the phone so you know exactly what to anticipate prior to our visit.
Our Services
Our team of expert plumbers in Devon offers a large range of plumbing services for homeowners. We recognize that a small leak can turn into a large issue in no time, which is why we are open 24/7, 365 days of the year. We can assist you with plumbing maintenance and emergency situations such as:
Install and repair piping systems
Unclogging Drains
Boiler Repairs
Water Heater Installations and Repairs
Low water pressure
Frozen pipes
Install new fixtures
Contact Us Today
Get your plumbing and heating concerns resolved today with the most qualified and well-informed plumbing professionals. Contact us at 587-408-3450 and let us reveal to you why we are the business that Devon homeowners call first.
Our Service Areas in the Province of Alberta:
Sherwood Park
St. Albert
Spruce Grove
Stony Plain
Bon Accord
Fort Saskatchewan


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Hello BHW,
I'm looking for high quality tier 1 services for link diversification. Currently I'm on a tight budget so it would be great if the...
I've seen similar threads asking if there was interest in a service, so I hope I'm not outside the scope of the rules here, if I am Mods, please...
To Get Started...
Simply click on the image above to be directed to the analysis form or you can simply click here.
Review Copies
February was my best month ever since starting IM. Largely due to BMR. So that crashed and as well as every single on of my site rankings.
Separate names with a comma.


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The Johnson County Board of Commissioners established the Johnson County Airport Commission (JCAC) on July 18, 1967, to operate, manage, and develop Executive Airport when it was transferred to the County by the City of Olathe. The JCAC also assumed responsibility in 1973 for Olathe Naval Air Station after it was deactivated and transferred to Johnson County. What was originally Johnson County Industrial Airport is now known as New Century AirCenter.
The Airport Commission generally meets the fourth Wednesday of each month at 9 a.m. at the Airport Administration Bulding at New Century AirCenter. Visit the commission page for additional information, meeting minutes, agendas, commission members, and archive information.


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dance of the sugar plum fairy
Maxine GaddChoccywoccydoodah
If you want to know how this polar bear feels,
lock yourself in a tiny room for a day, then understand that this will forever be your life.
Only then will you know what this poor creature
and many others like her feel.
How would you feel if this was you?
Taken away from her parents, never to see them again. Trapped in the middle of a shopping mall in China - Nowhere to hide from people taking photos – people banging on the windows and shouting at her - flashlights from cameras
constantly blinding her.
Pizza is just one of the millions of animals around the world being cruelly abused for man's profit. Please let's all do something to stop this abuse. Become an animal's rights activist.
There's no greater gift than freedom and helping others. Criminals are caged for committing crimes,
animals commit no crimes, yet they are
caged and abused.
We are all God's creatures, we all deserve love and kindness. Animals are just like us, they feel pain, loneliness, they feel sorrow, they cry and they respond to love and kindness. They have no voice,
but we do. Let's all be a voice for them.


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Jodie Foster Knows She Can Act
So she cast herself in 'The Beaver.'
How did Jodie Foster decide to cast herself in The Beaver? Confidence! Real, serious confidence: "I needed somebody who could really anchor the film and that drama, and wouldn't be tempted by the comedy, the kitschiness at all, and was able to carry the film on her shoulders, and had to be age-appropriate, had to be somebody where you would believe [she and Mel Gibson's character] had spent 20 years of their life together. I also — once I brought Mel on, I know how he works, I know how easy he is to direct, and I know he doesn't have any neuroses about being directed, and I just knew it wouldn't be a problem for him the way it might've been with other actors." At first it sounds sort of cocky, but then ... well, Jodie Foster is a really good actress. [AV Club]


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Open Thread: Talk About What Matters Most to You
Discuss and debate the issues that mean the most to you.
In 2010, I ran for Governor of NY. I was running as a protest candidate to highlight the inequities in a criminal justice system that would send me to prison for promoting prostitution yet allow the Governor, the same man that made it a felony for a man to use the services of a prostitute, Governor Eliot Spitzer, to merely resign after getting caught with an escort.
During my 2010 race, I actively campaigned throughout the State of NY, I held press conferences and did fundraising. In order to get on the ballot, my team was required to collect over 22,000 signatures in 40 different counties in a 30-day time period.
This was an exhausting feat for which I am still grateful to my team. During the campaign, I was a participant in a debate with the current Governor of NY, Andrew Cuomo. The debate was televised live on local TV and in front of an audience of 3,000 people. This was an experience that required a lot of preparation and studying.
And in 2012, I worked as the NY Finance Chair for Governor Gary's Johnson's bid for President and was an active member in the Libertarian Party.
When I was arrested in 2013, I was running for the Office of NYC Comptroller and my opponent was former Governor of NY, and former client of the escort agency I ran, Governor Eliot Spitzer.
But none of these experiences prepared me for the politics of prison.
Prison politics are based on one thing: survival. Political parties are organized to further a specific agenda. Your political party is determined by your race; not by your choice. Party leadership follows the survival of the fittest principal which is gained through actions and not words.
And all of this starts the moment you walk inside the prison walls, whether you want it to or not. You must participate in the political structure because you do not have a choice. It is part of surviving this world.
Within an hour of arriving in prison as a new inmate (newbie) I was approached by a "greeter." This greeter might already know the newbie because they share mutual friends from the various county jails that they have been in prior to coming to prison. It is quite common for these friends to notify each other of their arrivals.
However, if the newbie is relatively unknown, the greeter evaluates the newbie's worth and determines if they should be offered membership into their prison political party.
If the newbie is offered membership, they must immediately accept or decline -- there is no time given to think about the decision. If they accept, the newbie must agree to follow all party rules and adhere to party standards. Membership usually lasts the duration of their prison stay and you cannot change parties.
In the rare case where the newbie does not accept, they will be deemed as undesirable and left with no political association or support. And no one wants to walk the yard labeled as undesirable.
Most inmates refer to these political parties as "cliques" or "cars." It is a lot like being forced to participate in a political party, but unfortunately, it's a political party based on the color of your skin. Like groups with like.
There is no freedom of choice. You must fully accept your party's stance on everything even if you disagree with it. A lot of prisons call these groups "cars" since the concept is basically that once you get into the "car," you must go along for the ride or get thrown out and incur the damage that goes along with expulsion.
The leader of your party is often called the "shot caller" or in prisons that are segregated by both race and city, they are called "key holders" which means they hold the key to that city.
These leaders are not actually elected by their supporters. They win their seats from the respect they have earned through experience, ruthlessness and knowledge of the system and their constituents.
The shot callers act as intermediaries and mediators both internally and to the other groups. In fact, you are prohibited from speaking to members of other cliques and must go through your shot caller to get things done. The shot callers take a percentage of all income the group receives, which might be from the services their clique provides to the other cliques or from the sale of contraband items.
The shot caller controls all money from their group. They also act as judge and jury, deciding the outcome of all disputes.
The shot caller decides what issues the clique is going to take on and what action must be taken. These issues might be specific to that clique, such as setting in place standards for personal hygiene or rearranging the hierarchy of the leadership. I have even heard of cliques instituting grooming standards so that their people look a certain way when they walk the yard.
Other issues might be institution-based, like lobbying for salad or fresh vegetables, which we do not have. If you are here for 10 years with no fresh vegetables, these things are worth lobbying for and are considered necessary for survival.
While I admit that prison is a strange place to learn about politics, it seems to me that a lot can be learned in the arena of politics from a prison stay. Perhaps the 2016 Presidential Candidates, especially Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump, could learn a thing or two from inmates.
Inmates know the value and importance of meaning what they say and the power that comes from group unity. There are no fake promises in prison. No telling you what you want to hear just to get your vote.
A shot caller has to follow through on their word because failure to do so would label them as weak and result in them losing their position (or worse). Inmate leadership is based on action and the group is united in following the shot caller because any sign of clique weakness has serious consequences from the other cliques.
In addition, inmates understand how to be humble, since there is a certain amount of humility that comes from having to use the bathroom or shower in front of each other. Inmates are resourceful and can operate with limited resources.
In prison, we can bake a cake from Oreos, soda and pudding and must find a way to get things done with what little we have. And unlike some elected officials, we have a set spending limit each month, so there is no chance of overspending.
Inmates can also interact with just about anyone and really understand the issues their cliques are facing, since we live within our constituency. We cannot leave problems or avoid or run away from them since this is home -- our issues must be worked out.
Since I am in a Federal prison, things operate a bit differently here. That is primarily because we get so little good time, only 15 percent. (Good time is days off your sentence). Because of this, most inmates are afraid to risk the loss of their good days by becoming too political. So they reserve their opinions and maintain the status quo to mitigate that risk.
When I got to this institution, I was approached by a "greeter" who helped me get my initial toiletries because I couldn't shop our commissary until the following week. I was new and didn't realize that I was already involved in this political structure just by walking through the doors. No one gives you a heads-up on what to expect.
And although the structure here is more relaxed, there is still a shot caller and the community that the shot caller serves. Issues are raised and addressed, contraband is bought and sold, and there is still a chain of command.
But a more in-depth conversation on this will have to wait until I am out...and safe.


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240 pages, no illustrations
The authors combine data, a devastating economic logic, and an analysis of the historical experiences of leading Western and East Asian economies, to question the validity of the neo-liberal development model. They then set out practical alternatives in the key areas: trade and industrial policy; privatisation; intellectual property rights; external borrowing; investment; financial regulation; exchange rates, monetary policy, government revenue and expenditure. The most useful proposals that have emerged around the world are combined with some innovative measures of their own, in an empowering and accessible book.
'This unusually well-written, direct and succinct book describes neo-liberal positions fairly; offers theoretically rigorous and empirically accurate critiques; and describes feasible, practical alternative policies that take realistic account of political, economic and financial constraints. Discussion of financial, monetary, fiscal, trade and industry policy and intellectual property rights is especially strong and constructive and makes important innovative contributions. It is a fine, carefully analytical achievement which would contribute to hastening both efficient and socially just development wherever the insights are appropriately used.' - John Langmore, Representative of the ILO to the UN 'Chang and Grabel demolish the "myths" (or fabrications) underlying neo-liberal views about economic development and provide succinct, constructive suggestions for policies regarding trade and industry, privatization and intellectual property rights, private capital movements, financial regulation, and macroeconomics. Reclaiming Development is a manifesto that should be on the shelves of policy-makers, academics, and students worldwide.' - Lance Taylor, Arnhold Professor, New School University, and author of Reconstructing Macroeconomics 'A growing number of developing countries are taking back control over economic policy from the IMF and the World Bank. The wide range of policy suggestions contained in this book provides a rich mine of concrete and practicable alternatives from which to choose in taking advantage of whatever room globalization still allows developing countries and reshaping economic policy in their own interests.' - Martin Khor, Director, Third World Network 'This book is not only a superb antidote to the numbing myths of neoliberalism but also a cogent and stimulating presentation of the many possibilities for alternatives to neo-liberal economic policy that both theory and history provide policy-makers and students of development.' - Thandika Mkandawire, Director, United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD) 'The dominant neo-liberal economic doctrine asserts that there is no alternative to its policy prescriptions which provide the foundations for success in an age of globalization. This book questions and refutes the belief system implicit in the assertion. It does so in a manner that is highly iconoclastic. Yet, it is solidly grounded in economic theory and empirical evidence, both historical and contemporary' - Deepak Nayyar, Vice Chancellor, University of Delhi
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In Doha today, Syrian opposition groups have finally taken the first real step towards unifying. It has only taken them 20 months, 100,000 deaths and a million refugees to do it. Why? Because it has taken the Obama Administration that long before they finally decided to put some effort into it. At a time when so many opposition members have fallen back onto the habit of brandishing their anti-American sentiments in order to prove their patriotic credentials, it's America's intervention that finally helped us take our first serious step towards achieving the long-desired and necessary unity. The world is such a funny place, funny and cruel. Be that as it may, this was a good step in the right direction, but will be good enough to stave off disaster? We don't have long to wait to know.
Sunday November 11, 2012
Today's Death Toll: 90. The Breakdown: Toll includes 10 children and 3 women: 35 in Damascus and suburbs, 18 in Aleppo, 14 in Deir Ezzor (most in Alboukamal), 12 in Idlib, 9 in Daraa, 1 in Hama and 1 in Homs (LCC).
Syria bombards rebel area near Turkish border Most of the inhabitants of Ras al-Ain, an agricultural town that has been Arabised under the nationalist rule of President Bashar al-Assad's Baath Party from its Kurdish name of Seri Kaneh, fled to Turkey when rebels captured the area in a push to seize control of frontier regions from Assad's forces.
IDF fires warning missile at Syria for first time since 1973 Army sends message to warring factions after errant mortars from 18-month Syrian conflict land on Israeli side of Golan Heights.
Israel drawn into Syria fighting for first time Israel takes its first action in Syria's civil war after a stray mortar shell hit a military outpost in Golan Heights.
Rebels warn Israel against Syria interference Free Syria Army says Israeli fire in response to Syrian shell hit near northern border was meant to 'aid Assad's criminal regime.'
UN urges restraint from Israel, Syria after shelling Ban Ki-moon makes plea for calm after IDF fires warning shot into Syria for first time since '73 war, Syrian shells land in Israel.
UK troops 'may be sent to Syria within months': Humanitarian crisis could force us to act, says top soldier General Sir David Richards's comments come after PM said he would consider military options to remove dictator Bashar al Assad, Said international community would need support from people inside Syria, British troops could provide food, shelter and medical supplies to refugees, Could intervene during this winter when more lives are at risk.
Special Reports
Despite the Syrian war, archaeologists are hard at work at the site of an ancient city called Karkemish. The strategic city's historical importance is long known to scholars because of references in ancient texts. Despite the dangers, archaeologists say they felt secure during a 10-week season of excavation on the Turkish side of Karkemish.
When Loubna Mrie joined the revolution, she incurred the wrath of her father, an Assad loyalist.
Ammar Abdulhamid & Khawla Yusuf: The Shredded Tapestry: The State of Syria Today
Yes, electing a cleric to head the new opposition coalition might seem like step backward. Indeed, some activists have expressed concern over the precedence that this development will set for the future. But things Syrian, as we all must have learned by now, are often not what they seem. Sheikh Mouaz Al-Khateeb, a Damascene cleric and one of the main figures that led the early revolutionary fermentation in the Damascene suburb of Douma and elsewhere, is not only a moderate, but a figure who has long managed to bridge in communications between secular and Islamist groups on the ground. His views on critical issues such women and minority rights have also been reasonable enough to allow for the possibility of actually reaching workable compromises that can satisfy both Islamists and secularists. As such, he is a potentially unifying figure, and his touch will be needed in the days and months, if not years ahead.
More importantly though is the fact that Mouaz will not be in it alone. His deputies include Suheir Al-Atassy, another respected figure from the early days of the revolution, a secular figure, and a staunch woman's rights activist. His other deputy is Riad Seif himself, the main figure behind the new initiative for unification. The Coalition full name is Syrian National Coalition for Opposition and Revolutionary Forces.
One brave in-country activist described the development on Facebook: Syrian political culture dictated that we put a secular face on what is essentially an Islamist council (i.e. the SNC under the leadership of George Sabra), and an Islamist face on what is essentially a secular coalition. However, I wouldn't go as far as describing the Coalition as "secular," if the list of 63 names we have for its members is correct, then Islamists have one third of the seats. With traditional and tribal elements occupying an equal number of seats, secularists, including representatives of minority groups, are actually a minority in the Coalition. But that's to be expected, secularists in the strict sense of the word, have always been a minority.
Indeed, we should not let our emotions blind us from the truth of it all: in realty, Coalition membership is, for the most part, a virtual who's who list of the same tired and drab personalities that have plagued opposition work since the beginning of the revolution. So, much work and many pitfalls lie ahead for the new management. The selection of Mouaz, Suheir and Riad is only the beginning of a long, complicated and traitorous process, including the formation of a transitional government and of a military council to unite all major rebels groups inside the country.
The SNC, or rather, the Muslim Brotherhood will continue to play a tough game in the background pushing for greater representation and attempting to manipulate the process. The SNC already have 22 seats, including all eleven members of tis recently (s)elected Executive Committee. The Brotherhood also obtained more seats for itself through people who were included in the Coalition not as MB or SNC members but considered under the rubric of "national personalities" and representatives of local councils.
Gulf States are said to have already recognized the National Coalition and the Arab League will likely follow their lead. Embassies might be handed over to the opposition soon as well, meaning the Coalition will have to start picking its diplomats, a process that promises to turn into another cockfight.
The National Coordination Body has not been included in the new coalition, and dialogue with the regime has been rejected a priori and made a condition for membership.
Meanwhile, the streets of Syria will continue to move to a different beat. The real decision-makers, rebel leaders and local activists, are not involved in the Doha process, and should they decide to support, this will happen for an interim period that will end when they decide it's time for it to end.
This is BBC's take on this development:
One source at the meeting told Reuters that the SNC had agreed only under pressure and that it had been given a deadline of 10:00 (07:00 GMT) to sign up or risk being left out.
The new body had been proposed by Mr Seif with the backing of the US, which had signalled its frustration with the SNC.
"We signed an agreement to create [a] coalition of 60 members of the Syrian opposition," he said.
Delegates said the body would carry representation for ethnic Kurds, Christians, Alawites and women. Of the 60 places, 22 will be reserved for the SNC.
More on Mouaz:
Sheikh Moaz al-Khatib, who is 52, left Damascus for Cairo in July after several periods of detention by the Syrian authorities.
As he signed the draft agreement that formed the opposition coalition with Syrian National Council head George Sabra, Mr al-Khatib called on the international community to "fulfil its pledges", the AFP news agency reported.
Last month he called for a political solution to save Syria from further destruction, arguing that negotiation would not "rescue the regime" but enable its departure with the least harm possible.
He had earlier attempted to bring the conflict to an end and in an interview with Reuters news agency in July said: "I want the Syrian people to remain as one hand."
Video Highlights
Clashes in Mayadeen, Deir Ezzor Province, between pro-Assad militias and rebels http://youtu.be/gLcg8nL3eW0 Meanwhile, the pounding of Deir Ezzor City continues http://youtu.be/6FdRfU_um0A
Scenes from the clashes in Harem, Idlib Province http://youtu.be/JwL8BK34pZI , http://youtu.be/-Y29ybPaw3A , http://youtu.be/V3Z9dEdz7Dk , http://youtu.be/ZzbpaxeL9qU Clashes took place in Jisr Ashougour as well http://youtu.be/L2AVeaHRMNU
The pounding of Damascene suburbs continues, albeit rainfall led to a decrease in intensity: Daraya http://youtu.be/QtvwNg7IEPw Douma http://youtu.be/fqOSVZ1nMrg Qaboun http://youtu.be/6_RMdCPEIWc


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Braulio Shandy (Valtellina)
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Click the heart, it's called favoriting. Favorite the stuff you like.Got it!
Author Notes: There are times when coming up with cocktails is a grind of a process -- you start with an idea, and test a seemingly endless number of variations on the theme until you either find one that works or give up in frustration. Then there are cocktails, like the Valtellina, that seem to spring fully formed from the foam. —Erik Lombardo
Serves: 1
ounce Braulio amaro
freshly squeeze orange
4 to 5
mint leaves
Ommegang Witte Beer (or another wheat-style beer)
Twist of Orange
- Muddle the mint briefly in a shaker, then add the Braulio and orange juice.
- Meanwhile, fill an ice-filled highball 3/4 of the way up with beer.
- Add ice to the shaker, shake, and strain over the top of the beer. Garnish with an orange twist.
- This recipe is a Community Pick!
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Legal Status
Proposed Rule
Document Details
Published Document
National Park Service, Interior.
Proposed rule.
The National Park Service is proposing to designate areas where personal watercraft (PWC) may be used in Assateague Island National Seashore, Maryland and Virginia. This rule is necessary because regulations requires any park allowing the use of PWC to promulgate a special regulation authorizing the use. Furthermore, the NPS Management Policies 2001 also, require individual parks, in order to promulgate a special regulation, to determine that PWC use is appropriate for a specific park area based on that area's enabling legislation, resources, values, other visitor uses, and overall management objectives.
Comments must be received by July 5, 2002.
Comments on the rule and the Environmental Assessment should be sent to Superintendent, Assateague Island National Seashore, 7206 National Seashore Lane, Berlin, Maryland 21811 Email: Regina firstname.lastname@example.com Fax: (410) 641-1099.Start Further Info
Kym Hall, Regulations Program Manager, National Park Service, 1849 C Street, NW, Room 7413, Washington, DC 20240. Phone: (202) 208-4206. Email: email@example.com. Fax: (202) 208-6756.End Further Info End Preamble Start Supplemental Information
Purposes of the National Seashore
Assateague Island National Seashore was authorized on September 21, 1965 (Pub. L. 89-195) "for the purpose of protecting and developing Assateague Island * * * and certain adjacent waters and small marsh islands for public outdoor recreation, use and enjoyment * * *" The 1965 Act went on to state "* * * the Secretary shall administer the Assateague Island National Seashore for the general purposes of public outdoor recreation, including conservation of natural features contributing to public enjoyment. In the administration of the seashore * * * the Secretary may utilize such statutory authorities relating to areas administered * * * through the National Park Service * * * for conservation and management of natural resources as he deems appropriate * * *".
This purpose was amended by the Act of October 21, 1976 (Pub. L. 94-578) that directed the Secretary of the Interior to prepare a "comprehensive plan" which would include, among other things, "Measures for the full protection and management of natural resources and natural ecosystems of the seashore." The General Management Plan that evolved from this mandate reflects a systematic approach to park management whereby recreational use and development is balanced with the need to ensure long-term protection of natural resources and values.
Description of the National Seashore
Assateague Island National Seashore is an important national resource visited by more than 1.8 million people annually, showcasing one of the few remaining undeveloped barrier island environments along the Mid-Atlantic Coast. The National Park Service shares responsibility for land management on Assateague Island with the State of Maryland, which operates Assateague State Park, and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, which manages Chincoteague National Wildlife Refuge on the Virginia portion of the island.
Assateague Island is a 37-mile long coastal barrier island located along the Delaware-Maryland-Virginia (Delmarva) peninsula, extending from Ocean City Inlet, Maryland to Chincoteague Inlet, Virginia. The Island varies in width from less than 1000 feet along portions of the northern end to more than 4300 feet adjacent to Toms Cove in Virginia. Elevation is generally very low, averaging approximately 7 feet, but can exceed 35 feet on isolated dunes. The ocean shoreline has a smooth curving configuration while the bay shoreline is a highly irregular mosaic of terrestrial and aquatic habitats created by numerous small landforms lying adjacent to Assateague Island proper.
The boundary of the National Seashore includes approximately 48,700 acres, most of which are adjacent oceanic and estuarine waters. The boundary extends offshore from Assateague Island approximately one-half mile on the ocean side, and a variable distance on the bay side ranging from less than 600 feet to more than 5,000 feet. On the Island itself, approximately 9,000 acres (predominantly in Virginia) and 700 acres (Maryland) fall under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and State of Maryland, respectively, with the balance, some 8,100 acres (predominantly in Maryland), managed by the National Park Service.
The resources and values that define the natural environment of Assateague Island National Seashore include a diverse assemblage of wildlife, vegetation communities, water resources, geological features and physical processes reflecting the complexity of the land/sea interface along the Mid-Atlantic coast. Wildlife resources range from a myriad of aquatic and terrestrial species inhabiting estuarine habitats to the free roaming feral horses for which Assateague is famous. The indigenous plant communities reflect the adaptive extremes necessary for survival on a barrier island, where exposure to salt spray, lack of freshwater, and shifting sands create a harsh and dynamic environment. Throughout the Seashore, the relationship of land and water is paramount and change is the only constant.
The aquatic habitats of Assateague Island and the adjacent coastal bays are central to the significance of the National Seashore. The inshore waters are part of a relatively small network of coastal lagoons that parallel the Atlantic coast from Delaware to Virginia. Assateague Island forms the eastern boundary of the Sinepuxent/Chincoteague bays complex, the largest component of the system. Combined, these two bays have a total surface area of approximately 36,000 acres and a watershed of approximately 150 square miles. The bays are uniformly shallow with an average depth of 1.2 meters (4 feet) and are generally characterized as poorly flushing due to the limited freshwater inflow, restricted tidal exchange through two inlets, and a tidal range of less than 1 foot.
From a regional perspective, Assateague Island National Seashore includes the only remaining undeveloped barrier island in the State of Maryland, and a significant portion of the region's highest-quality marine/estuarine habitat. A substantial portion of the submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) occurring in Maryland's coastal bays is found within park boundaries. Extensive salt marshes, inter-tidal flats, and the broad shallow margins of the Start Printed Page 30340coastal bays adjacent to Assateague are key components of an estuarine system crucial to the maintenance of regional biological diversity and ecosystem health.
Assateague Island National Seashore provides important habitat for a number of federally listed threatened and endangered species, including but not limited to the peregrine falcon, loggerhead, green, and leatherback sea turtles, bald eagle, Delmarva fox squirrel, piping plover, and sea beach amaranth. Of these species, the National Seashore provides critical habitat for piping plover and sea beach amaranth, and is a focal point for mid-Atlantic conservation and restoration efforts. The northern 6 miles of the park provides the most favorable conditions for piping plover breeding activity and supports a majority of the local population. Recently re-discovered after an absence of more than 30 years, sea beach amaranth is the subject of an ongoing restoration effort to develop a sustainable population on Assateague Island.
In addition to the piping plover, the National Seashore provides important habitat for a multitude of bird species throughout the year. The island is renowned for the autumn migration of peregrine falcons and abundance of wintering waterfowl, and because of its importance as wintering, staging, and breeding habitat, has been designated a component of the Western Hemisphere Shorebird Reserve Network and a Globally Important Bird Area. Shorebirds, colonial waterbirds, neotropical migratory songbirds, and a variety of wading birds intensively utilize park habitats, and in general, occur in greater abundance and diversity than on the adjacent mainland.
The coastal waters within Assateague Island National Seashore are regularly utilized by a variety of marine mammals on a seasonal or transitory basis. More than fifteen species have been documented to occur in the National Seashore, all of which are protected under the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972. The most commonly observed species are the harbor porpoise and bottlenose dolphin, generally occurring in ocean nearshore waters. Harbor porpoise are most commonly observed during the winter months, while bottlenose dolphins are present largely during the summer.
Oceanic and estuarine waters and their associated biota also play a dominant role in recreational use of the National Seashore. More than 65% of visits to the park involve the use of aquatic habitats. The primary recreational activities include swimming, walking for pleasure, sightseeing, wildlife photography and observation, picnicking, and saltwater fishing.
Authority and Jurisdiction
The National Park Service is granted broad authority under 16 U.S.C. 1 et seq., the NPS "Organic Act", to regulate the use of the Federal areas known as national parks. In addition, the Organic Act (16 U.S.C. 3) allows the NPS, through the Secretary of the Interior, to "make and publish such rules and regulations as he may deem necessary or proper for the use and management of the parks * * *"
16 U.S.C. 1a-1 states, "The authorization of activities shall be conducted in light of the high public value and integrity of the National Park System and shall not be exercised in derogation of the values and purposes for which these various areas have been established * * *"
As with the United States Coast Guard, NPS regulatory authority over waters subject to the jurisdiction of the United States, including navigable waters and areas within their ordinary reach, is based upon the Property and Commerce Clauses of the U.S. Constitution. In regards to the NPS, Congress in 1976 directed the NPS to "promulgate and enforce regulations concerning boating and other activities on or relating to waters within areas of the National Park System, including waters subject to the jurisdiction of the United States * * " (16 U.S.C. 1a-2(h)). In 1996 the NPS clarified its authority to regulate activities within the park boundaries occurring on waters subject to the jurisdiction of the United States by publishing a final rule, 36 CFR 1.2(a)(3).
Personal Watercraft Use in the National Seashore
PWC use at Assateague Island National Seashore is a relatively recent phenomenon, paralleling the national trend of increasing popularity and sales during the 1980s and 1990s. During that period, the preponderance of PWC use within the National Seashore occurred in the ocean and bay waters surrounding the northernmost 6 miles of Assateague Island. This area is immediately adjacent to the town of Ocean City which, with its summertime population of 300,000 and numerous marinas and boat launching facilities, generates significant amounts of water-based recreation, including boating and PWC use.
While systematic counts of PWC operating within the National Seashore have not been conducted, regional surveys indicate that general boating activity increased significantly between 1970 and 1990. Informal observations by NPS staff suggest a continuation of this trend through the 1990s, particularly in the use of PWC. In 1999, surveys conducted by the Maryland Department of Natural Resources over consecutive August weekends reported the total number of all vessels using Sinepuxent Bay and Ocean City Inlet ranged from 172-376. PWC use during the same surveys ranged from 63 to 137. Most of this use was in the Ocean City Inlet, going to or returning from the ocean, and close to but outside the park boundaries.
The predominate season of PWC use in the Assateague region is May through September. Operators have tended to be non-residents vacationing in the Ocean City area, although rapid population growth in the coastal counties of Maryland and Virginia is continually increasing the number of resident boaters using local waterways.
On April 20, 2000, the National Park Service adopted a final rule for managing PWC use in areas of the National Park System. The rule was implemented to ensure a prudent approach to PWC management that would potentially allow their use, yet protect park resources, sensitive natural areas, plants and wildlife, and reduce conflicts between park visitors. The final rule prohibited PWC use in all National Park System areas unless the NPS determined that this type of water-based activity was appropriate for a specific park based upon the legislation establishing the area, the park's resources and values, other visitor uses of the area, and overall management objectives.
Prior to 2000, PWC use was allowed throughout Assateague Island National Seashore, although as previously noted, the vast majority occurred adjacent to the northern end of the Island. In May 2000, most of the waters within the National Seashore were closed to PWC use consistent with the National Park Service PWC rule and a local determination that their continued use threatened the resources and values for which the park was established to protect. The authority for this closure was based upon 36 CFR Section 1.5, Closure and Public Use Limits.
Three areas within the boundary of the National Seashore were designated to remain open to PWC use. The first was a small area (approximately 26 acres) located in the Ocean City Inlet adjacent to the north shore of Assateague Island. The second was a larger area (approximately 224 acres) located near the southern end of the Start Printed Page 30341Island between Assateague Point and Horse Marsh. The third was located in Sinepuxent Bay, just north of Verrazano Bridge, and included waters lying between the Park's authorized boundary and a roughly parallel line of State of Maryland buoys marking submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) beds adjacent to Assateague Island.
Development of the Proposed Rule
As established by the April 2000 National Park Service rule, PWC use is prohibited in all National Park System areas unless determined appropriate. The process used to identify appropriate PWC use at Assateague Island National Seashore considered the known and potential effects of PWC on park natural resources, traditional uses, public health and safety. The proposed rule is designed to manage PWC use within the National Seashore in a manner that achieves the legislated purposes for which the park was established while providing reasonable access to the park by PWC.
The use of motor vessels is a traditional method of accessing Assateague Island for land-based recreational activities. As such, providing PWC owners with this opportunity was considered both desirable and compatible with park purposes, assuming that such use would not result in unacceptable impacts. To identify areas of potential use, the effects of PWC were evaluated against a number of resource and public use issues. Given the high value and significance of National Seashore resources, a precautionary approach was employed. Only those areas with minimal, if any, potential for resource and visitor use impacts were selected. A summary of the issues considered and evaluation results are presented in the next section.
Under this proposed rule, two of the three areas where PWC use now exists, the Ocean City Inlet and Horse Marsh areas, will remain open for PWC use, primarily to provide transportation corridors. Both areas have physical and biological characteristics that minimize the potential for adverse impacts to park resources and values, and both are located immediately adjacent to population centers and currently experience high levels of general boat traffic. The intended effect is to provide island access for persons wanting to use a PWC to travel to the National Seashore or for persons for whom a PWC is the only form of water access to Assateague Island.
The third area where PWC use now exists (Sinepuxent Bay) was re-evaluated against the resource protection and public use issues described below. The area was found to be comparable to the majority of park waters, and did not possess the physical and biological characteristics that would minimize the potential for adverse impacts. As such, the use of PWC in this area is incompatible with the resource protection objectives of the National Seashore. However, the closure will have minimal impact on PWC use in the majority of Sinepuxent Bay because the largest portion of the Bay is outside NPS jurisdiction and will remain open to PWC use, subject to the state of Maryland laws and regulations.
The closure of most National Seashore waters to PWC use does not adversely effect the public's ability to operate PWC in the region as a whole. More than two-thirds of Chincoteague Bay, Sinepuxent Bay and the Ocean City Inlet, and all of Isle of Wright and Assawoman Bays are outside National Park Service jurisdiction. These areas are currently available to PWC and constitute alternative use areas for operators who had previously utilized waters within the National Seashore that are now closed.
Resource Protection and Public Use Issues
The following summarizes the predominant resource protection and public use issues associated with PWC use at Assateague Island National Seashore. Each of these issues is analyzed in the companion environmental assessment.
Water Quality
The main issues associated with PWC use and water resources at Assateague Island are those related to water quality. Chemical impacts to water quality draw from PWC emissions of hydrocarbons including benzene, toluene, ethylbenze, xylene (BTEX), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) and of methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) directly into the water. Yet, the impacts to water quality from pollutants vary according to the PWC use areas. Areas of high tidal flushing dispel pollutants faster than areas of low tidal flushing. Assateague Island's inlets experience very high flushing while its bays experience low flushing. Thus, toxic pollutants remain in the bays for longer periods of time than they do in the inlets.
The two locations proposed for continued use by PWC are both located adjacent to ocean inlets with high tidal flushing and contain less than 1% of the water surface area of the National Seashore. As such, allowing PWC use in these areas will have negligible to minor adverse impacts on water quality. When analyzed with relation to all vessels in these areas, the cumulative impacts of all vessels will be negligible to moderate adverse.
Air Quality
PWC emit various compounds that pollute the air even though the exhaust is usually routed below the waterline. As much as one third of the fuel delivered to current two-stroke PWC remains unburned and is discharged as gaseous hydrocarbons (HC); the lubricating oil is used and expelled as part of the exhaust; the combustion process results in emissions of air pollutants such as volatile organic compounds (VOC), nitrogen oxides (NOX), particulate matter (PM), and carbon monoxide (CO) (US EPA).
NPS analyzed two categories of airborne pollution impacts: Impacts on human health and impacts on air quality related values in Assateague Island. Pollutants emitted from PWC that affect human health includes VOC and NOX, which in sunlight form ozone. Ozone can cause or contribute to respiratory illness (Wark and Warner 1981). Carbon monoxide (CO) also affects humans by interfering with the oxygen carrying capacity of blood.
With regard to impacts on human health, continuation of PWC use in the two locations proposed at Assateague Island would result in minor adverse impacts for CO and negligible adverse impacts for other pollutants of concerns including PM, HC, and VOC. When considering cumulative impacts of all boating activities, emissions would result in moderate adverse for CO and negligible to minor adverse for all other pollutants of concern.
PWC emissions also impact air quality related values. For example, ozone, which is toxic to sensitive vegetative species, causes visible injury to foliage, decreases plant growth, and increases plant susceptibility to insects and disease. NOX and PM emissions associated with PWC use can degrade visibility. NOX also contributes to acid deposition effects on plants, water, and soil. With respect to air quality related values in the areas at Assateague Island proposed for continued use under this rule, annual PWC emissions would result in negligible adverse impacts with no perceptible qualitative visibility impacts or injury to plants. Impacts on visibility, wildlife, and plants from airborne pollutants are negligible. When considering all boating activity, emissions result in negligible to minor adverse impacts.Start Printed Page 30342
Soundscapes Values
Studies by many organizations on different types of PWC have found noise levels associated with PWC to vary and range from about 71 to 105 dB. However, unlike motorboats, PWC are highly maneuverable and are used for stunts, which often result in quickly varying noise levels due to changes in acceleration and exposure of the jet exhaust when crossing waves. The frequent change in pitch and noise levels, especially if operated closer to land, make the noise from PWC more noticeable to human ears (Asplund 2001).
One of the Seashore's natural resources is the natural soundscape, also referred to as "natural ambient sounds" or "natural quiet." The natural soundscape includes all of the naturally occurring sounds of the National Seashore. Conversely, "noise" is defined as unwanted sound. Sounds are described as noise if they interfere with an activity or disturb the person hearing them. The level of sound generated by watercraft using the national seashore area is expected to affect recreation users differently. For example, visitors participating in less sound-intrusive activities such as bird watching and/or hiking would likely be more adversely affected by PWC noise than another PWC or motorboat user.
Noise levels vary from the north and south ends of the island. Noise levels at the north end of the island are affected by PWC use in the transportation corridor and outside the national seashore boundary. Noise sources at the Ocean City Inlet area include powerboats, PWC, commercial vessels, background noise from the town of Ocean City, and small aircraft. In general, the use of PWC would result in minor adverse impacts where other users are concentrated in the northern inlet landing area. At the Ocean City Inlet landing area, PWC noise would be heard throughout the day but ambient sounds are predominant.
Little Beach (southern end of Assateague Island) is quieter with fewer PWC and/or watercraft generating noise in the area. It is assumed to have lower ambient noise levels due to its location away from urban environments. Little Beach is sensitive to noise disturbances due to the abundant bird population in the area. PWC noise levels would be expected to have moderate adverse impacts in the area of Little Beach potentially disturbing wildlife. Overall, noise levels from PWC would be expected to have negligible to moderate adverse impacts at certain locations within the Assateague Island National Seashore boundary.
The cumulative impacts of boating noise, ambient noise levels, and PWC would continue to range from negligible to moderate dependant on location within the park boundary. The northern landing area in the Ocean City Inlet experiences elevated noise levels due to the presence of Ocean City and the level of boat traffic within the inlet. Impacts to noise levels would be minor with the continuation of noise from PWC in the inlet.
Submerged Aquatic and Shoreline Vegetation
PWC have the potential to impact submerged aquatic vegetation and shoreline vegetation as a result of operating in shallow waters or adjacent to wetland habitats. Submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) benefit the aquatic ecosystems because they provide a protective habitat for fish and shellfish; food for waterfowl, fish, and mammals; and aid in oxygen production; absorb wave energy and nutrients; and improve the clarity of the water. In addition, SAV beds stabilize bottom sediments and reduce suspended sediments present in the water column. However, SAV beds do not exist in the areas proposed for continued PWC use at Assateague Island; therefore in these areas, PWC use will have no impact.
Short-term, minor adverse direct and indirect impacts to shoreline vegetation are expected under the proposed rule in the northern landing area. While direct impacts from PWC use to shoreline vegetation at the northern PWC landing area are not expected because the shoreline is characterized by an unvegetated beach, an access trail to the beach may allow some trampling of vegetation as a result of foot travel off trail. This however, would only occur if PWC operators disembark at the landing area and travel by foot along the island, as do other visitors.
Under the proposed rule, PWC are only allowed shore access to the area designated as Little Beach in the southern landing area. Areas of sparse shrubland habitat, naturally occurring unvegetated beaches, maritime/coastal loblolly pine wetland forest, grass shrubland, and a few small areas of dune grassland characterize Little Beach. Impacts to shoreline vegetation are expected to result primarily from foot traffic. Adverse effects are expected to be minor due to limited use of the southern landing area. Cumulative impacts to shoreline vegetation are not expected if PWC and other watercraft are restricted to designated use areas.
Wildlife and Habitats
Some research suggests that PWC impact wildlife by interrupting normal activities, causing alarm or flight, causing animals to avoid habitat, displacing habitat, and affecting reproductive success. PWC may have a greater impact on waterfowl and nesting birds because of their noise, speed, and ability to access shallow-water areas more readily than other types of watercraft. Literature suggests that PWC can access sensitive shorelines, disrupting riparian habitat areas critical to wildlife.
The northern landing area is located in an area that experiences a high level of use by PWC. Yet, PWC use in the vicinity of the northern landing area would have minor adverse effects on terrestrial wildlife, such as shorebirds using the landing area and adjacent areas and other species such as fish that use nearshore habitats to forage for food. However, effects would be minor because species sensitive to a high level of noise and human activity are not expected to regularly use the landing area or immediately adjacent habitats during high PWC use periods.
The intensity of PWC use in the vicinity of the southern landing area is much less than at the northern landing area. Wildlife species using marsh and shoreline areas on and in the vicinity of the southern landing area would be less accustomed to high levels of human activity and noise. Occasional nearshore PWC use in the vicinity of the southern landing area would have minor adverse effects to wading and shorebirds, waterfowl, and other wildlife by disrupting normal nesting, foraging, or resting activities.
Threatened and Endangered Species and Species of Concern
Numerous Federal and state listed threatened and endangered species and protected species utilize habitats within Assateague Island National Seashore on either a permanent, seasonal, or transitory basis. Federally listed species documented on Assateague Island include the piping plover, bald eagle, loggerhead sea turtle, the Delmarva fox squirrel, and the seabeach amaranth. The Maryland listed threatened black skimmer, peregrine falcon, gull-billed tern, royal tern, white tiger beetle, little white tiger beetle, and least tern also occurs on the Island.
The federally listed piping plover's nesting areas are located several hundred feet from the northern landing area. However, access to shore areas adjacent to the landing area with the potential to provide nesting areas for the Start Printed Page 30343piping plover is prohibited during the nesting season. Piping plover are not likely to be adversely affected by PWC use at the northern or southern landing areas due to the distance of the landing areas from nesting areas and access restrictions around piping plover nesting areas during the nesting season.
Several Federal and state endangered and threatened turtles including Kemp's Ridley sea turtle, green sea turtle, leatherback sea turtle and the loggerhead sea turtle have been documented by the NMFS to occur in the waters off of Assateague Island during the warmer summer months. Sea turtles are not likely to be adversely affected by PWC use in the northern and southern landing areas because the proposed use areas represent a very small portion of the overall habitat available in both the park and region.
The Federal and Virginia threatened bald eagle is documented to have two active nests in the Chincoteague National Wildlife Refuge. Foraging activities of bald eagles could potentially be affected by PWC use in the area of the southern landing area; however, because PWC use in this area is limited, adverse effects on the species are not likely.
No effects to the Delmarva fox squirrel or seabeach amaranth are expected as a result of PWC use because these species do not occur in areas affected by PWC use. Cumulative impacts are not likely to adversely affect federally listed threatened or endangered species on Assateague Island National Seashore.
Visitor Experience
A survey of recreational boaters operating in the waters within and adjacent to Assateague Island National Seashore reports a high frequency of conflicts between the boating public and PWC users. Problems reported include the presence of PWC in fishing areas, noise, PWC operation too close to anchored boats, and excessive speed (University of Delaware 2000).
Of visitors who access Assateague Island by vehicle, swimmers, hikers and other visitors to the north end of the island and the hiking trails to the south would have slightly more contact with PWC operators than visitors to the oceanside of the park. Noise generated by PWC would reach visitors to the marshes and hiking trails at the southern end of the island. Impacts to visitor experience, specifically bird watching, would be moderate adverse towards the end of the season when the first waves of migratory birds begin to show their presence on the island and PWC users are still present.
PWC users would have little or no noticeable change in their visitor experience or visitor satisfaction, since restrictions would allow for access to portions of the park and not affect PWC activity outside the park boundary. Visitors who use PWC at Assateague Island National Seashore would experience negligible adverse impacts. Elimination of PWC in Sinepuxent Bay portion of the park would affect those who would be precluded from using PWC there, but because the use is relatively low and other opportunities exist for PWC use, these impacts would be minor. Cumulative impacts related to PWC, other boats, and visitors on the visitor experience would be negligible adverse, since there would be little noticeable change in the visitor experience overall.
Visitor Conflicts and Safety
PWC comprise 9% of all registered "vessels" in the United States, but are involved in 36% of all boating accidents (NTSB 1998). In part, this is believed to be a boater education issue (i.e., inexperienced riders lose control of the craft), but it also is a function of the PWC operation (i.e., no brakes or clutch; when drivers let up on the throttle to avoid a collision, steering becomes difficult). Newer models will reportedly have improved safety devices such as better steering and braking systems, however it will take time to infuse the market with these types of newer machines.
Although the study conducted by National Transportation Safety Board indicates PWC related fatalities increasing in the United States, PWC related fatalities in the Assateague Island National Seashore area have been few in recent years. There were 46 PWC-related accidents including one fatality in Maryland in 2000. The primary causes of these accidents were excessive speed, operator inexperience, operator inattention, and machinery failure. There were 37 PWC-related accidents resulting in one fatality in Virginia in 2000.
The potential for accidents with other boaters (canoes, kayaks, sailboats and motorboats) in the Ocean City Inlet is considered to be of a moderate to major level due to the level of activity. The nature of PWC use poses threats to the safety of the PWC operator and occupants of vessels with slow reaction times such as sailboats, canoes, and kayaks. However, the areas proposed to be open to PWC use are intended to be used primarily as transportation corridors which may mitigate these potential hazards. Potential accidents involving PWC and swimmers may occur in nearshore waters at the extreme northeast and northwest sections of the island adjacent to the PWC landing area (most swimmers do not venture farther than 200 feet from shore). However, due to the small number of visitors utilizing these shores, adverse impacts are predicted to continue at a minor to moderate level. At the southern end of the island at Little Beach, potential accidents may occur involving PWC and swimmers. The number of PWC in this area is much more limited than at the northern end of the island. Consequently, the potential adverse impacts to swimmers at Little Beach are considered to be negligible to minor adverse.
Cumulative impacts under the proposed rule would continue at minor to potentially major levels over the next 10 years as congestion increases. As the number of motorized watercraft in the water continues to increase, the potential for accidents would escalate as well. This is particularly visible in the Ocean City Inlet where the potential for accidents between PWC and other motorboats exists.
Compliance With Other Laws
Regulatory Planning and Review (Executive Order 12866)
This document is a significant rule and has been reviewed by the Office of Management and Budget under Executive Order 12866.
(1) This rule will not have an effect of $100 million or more on the economy. It will not adversely affect in a material way the economy, productivity, competition, jobs, the environment, public health or safety, or State, local, or tribal governments or communities.
The National Park Service has completed the report "Economic Analysis of Personal Watercraft Regulations in Assateague Island National Seashore" (Law Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Inc) dated March 2002. The report found that this proposed rule will not have a negative economic impact. In fact this rule, which will not impact local PWC dealerships and rental shops, may have an overall positive impact on the local economy. This positive impact to the local economy is a result of an increase of other users, most notably canoeists, swimmers, anglers and traditional boaters seeking solitude and quiet, and improved water quality.
(2) This rule will not create a serious inconsistency or otherwise interfere with an action taken or planned by another agency.
Actions taken under this rule will not interfere with other agencies or local Start Printed Page 30344government plans, policies, or controls. This is an agency specific rule.
(3) This rule does not alter the budgetary effects of entitlements, grants, user fees, or loan programs or the rights or obligations of their recipients.This rule will have no effects on entitlements, grants, user fees, or loan programs or the rights or obligations of their recipients. No grants or other forms of monetary supplements are involved.
(4) This rule raises novel policy issues.
This regulation is the first of thirteen special regulations for managing PWC use in National Park Units. The National Park Service published the general regulations (36 CFR 3.24) in March 2000, requiring individual park areas to adopt special regulations to authorize PWC use. The implementation of the requirements of the general regulation continues to generate interest and discussion from the public concerning the overall effect of authorizing PWC use and National Park Service policy and park management.
Regulatory Flexibility Act
The Department of the Interior certifies that this document will not have a significant economic effect on a substantial number of small entities under the Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.). This certification is based upon the finding in a report prepared by the National Park Service entitled, "Economic Analysis of Personal Watercraft Regulations in Assateague Island National Seashore" (Law Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Inc., March 2002). The focus of this study was to document the impact of this rule on two types of small entities, PWC dealerships and PWC rental outlets. This report found that the potential loss for these types of businesses as a result of this rule would be minimal to none.
Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act (SBREFA)
This rule is not a major rule under 5 U.S.C. 804(2), the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act. The National Park Service has completed an economic analysis to make this determination. This rule:
a. Does not have an annual effect on the economy of $100 million or more.
b. Will not cause a major increase in costs or prices for consumers, individual industries, Federal, State, or local government agencies, or geographic regions.
c. Do not have significant adverse effects on competition, employment, investment, productivity, innovation, or the ability of U.S.-based enterprises to compete with foreign-based enterprises.
Unfunded Mandates Reform Act
This rule does not impose an unfunded mandate on State, local, or tribal governments or the private sector of more than $100 million per year. The rule does not have a significant or unique effect on State, local or tribal governments or the private sector. This rule is an agency specific rule and imposes no other requirements on other agencies, governments, or the private sector.
Takings (Executive Order 12630)
In accordance with Executive Order 12630, the rule does not have significant taking implications. A taking implication assessment is not required. No takings of personal property will occur as a result of this rule.
Federalism (Executive Order 13132)
In accordance with Executive Order 13132, the rule does not have sufficient federalism implications to warrant the preparation of a Federalism Assessment. This proposed rule only effect use of NPS administered lands and waters. It has no outside effects on other areas and only allows use within a small portion of the park.
Civil Justice Reform (Executive Order 12988)
In accordance with Executive Order 12988, the Office of the Solicitor has determined that this rule does not unduly burden the judicial system and meets the requirements of sections 3(a) and 3(b)(2) of the Order.
Paperwork Reduction Act
This regulation does not require an information collection from 10 or more parties and a submission under the Paperwork Reduction Act is not required. An OMB form 83-I is not required.
National Environmental Policy Act
The National Park Service has analyzed this rule in accordance with the criteria of the National Environmental Policy Act and has prepared a Draft Environmental Assessment (EA). The EA is available for public review and comment in conjunction with this proposed rule. A copy of the Draft EA is available by contacting the Superintendent, Assateague Island National Seashore, 7206 National Seashore Lane, Berlin, Maryland 21811, Email: Regina—firstname.lastname@example.com, Fax: (410) 641-1099, or by downloading it from the internet at www.nps.gov/asis.
Government-to-Government Relationship With Tribes
In accordance with the President's memorandum of April 29, 1994, "Government to Government Relations with Native American Tribal Governments" (59 FR 22951) and 512 DM 2:
We have evaluated potential effects on federally recognized Indian tribes and have determined that there are no potential effects.
Clarity of Rule
Executive Order 12866 requires each agency to write regulations that are easy to understand. We invite your comments on how to make this rule easier to understand, including answers to questions such as the following: (1) Are the requirements in the rule clearly stated? (2) Does the rule contain technical language or jargon that interferes with its clarity? (3) Does the format of the rule (grouping and order of sections, use of headings, paragraphing, etc.) aid or reduce its clarity? (4) Would the rule be easier to read if it were divided into more (but shorter) sections? (A "section" appears in bold type and is preceded by the symbol "§ " and a numbered heading; for example § 7.65 Assateague Island National Seashore. (5) Is the description of the rule in the "Supplementary Information" section of the preamble helpful in understanding the proposed rule? What else could we do to make the rule easier to understand?
Send a copy of any comments that concern how we could make this rule easier to understand to: Office of Regulatory Affairs, Department of the Interior, Room 7229, 1849 C Street, NW., Washington, DC 20240.
Drafting Information: The primary authors of this regulation are:
John C. Burns, Chief Ranger, Carl S. Zimmerman, Chief of Resource Management, Assateague Island National Seashore, Sarah Bransom, Environmental Quality Division, and Kym Hall, Regulations Program Manager.
Public Participation: If you wish to comment, you may submit your comments by any one of several methods. You may mail written comments to: Superintendent, Assateague Island National Seashore, 7206 National Seashore Lane, Berlin, Maryland 21811, comment by electronic mail to: firstname.lastname@example.com, or comment by Fax at: (410) 641-1099. Please also include "PWCrule" in the subject line and your name and return address in the body of your Internet message. Finally, you may hand deliver Start Printed Page 30345comments to Superintendent, Assateague Island National Seashore, 7206 National Seashore Lane, Berlin, Maryland. Our practice is to make comments, including names and addresses of respondents, available for public review during regular business hours. Individual respondents may request that we withhold their home address from the rulemaking record, which we will honor to the extent allowable by law. If you wish us to withhold your name and/or address, you must state this prominently at the beginning of your comment. However, we will not consider anonymous comments. We will make all submissions from organizations or businesses, and from individuals identifying themselves as representatives or officials or organizations or businesses, available for public inspection in their entirety.Start List of Subjects
List of Subjects in 36 CFR Part 7
- District of Columbia
- National parks
- Reporting and recordkeeping requirements
For the reasons stated in the preamble, the National Park Service proposes to amend 36 CFR part 7 as follows:Start Part
1. The authority citation for Part 7 continues to read as follows:
2. Section 7.65 is amended by adding paragraph (c) to read as follows:
(c) Personal Watercraft. (1) Personal Watercraft (PWC) are allowed in Assateague Island National Seashore within the following locations and under the following conditions:
(i) Ocean City Inlet. PWC may operate, transit, launch in water or beach on land between the north shore of Assateague Island and the south margin of the established Ocean City Inlet channel, between Lighted Buoy #10 at approximate latitude 38.19.30N, longitude 75.05.30W and Lighted Buoy #11 at approximate latitude 38.19.16N, longitude 75.09.0W
(ii) Chincoteague Bay. PWC may operate, transit or launch in waters between the established Park boundary and the western shore of Assateague Island, from Assateague Point north to that portion of Horse Marsh located due east of the Memorial Park boat ramp on Chincoteague Island.
(iii) Oceanside. PWC are allowed to beach along the ocean side of the island only in the case of personal injury or mechanical failure.
(2) The Superintendent may temporarily limit, restrict or terminate access to the areas designated for PWC use after taking into consideration public health and safety, natural and cultural resource protection, and other management activities and objectives.
Dated: March 26, 2002.
Craig Manson,
Assistant Secretary, Fish and Wildlife and Parks.
[FR Doc. 02-11046 Filed 5-3-02; 8:45 am]


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