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Welcome to Versa Print, one of the UK's leading digital printing company, and now your one stop sticker shop for all your sticker printing needs.
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Are You Liable for Tenants' Pets? Maybe
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By Henry Hall
If you're trying to keep your rental occupied, it's pretty difficult to exclude renting to tenants with pets. Some industry studies show that landlords who exclude pets suffer vacancy rates as much as 4% higher than those who don't.
But having a pet-friendly rental can pose liability problems.
If one of your tenants has a dog that bites another tenant, you might end up with a law suit on your hands and possibly covering the damages for any injury to victims. In fact, dog bite incidents are so frequent they've almost become a legal specialty. While a dog's owner is initially liable for the actions of his pet, the landlord and property manager may be on the hook if:
- it is reasonable to assume that the property owner or property manager should have known that a tenant's pet was vicious and did nothing about it, or
- the property owner or property manager should have foreseen a problem and didn't take care of it, such as by failing to maintain a fence that enclosed an animal.
Another factor comes into play as well: Who has deeper pockets? If a tenant who owns a vicious dog is of modest means and doesn't carry sufficient renters insurance, lawyers will come after the property owner and property management company. At best, the owner and property manager will go to court and possibly be exonerated. At worst, they'll be hit with a judgment. In either case, time and money will be spent on mounting a defense.
Related: Five Landlord Liabilities That Might Surprise You
Make sure you have adequate liability insurance if you rent to tenants with pets. And speak with a lawyer to get advice on how to protect yourself and your tenants.

subset: commoncrawl


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In a saucepan melt butter over medium heat. Cook onion and mushrooms, stirring occasionally, for 5 minutes or until softened. Add stock, water, salt and pepper. Bring to a boil. Add wild rice, return to boil. Reduce heat, cover and simmer for 35 minutes. Stir in long-grain rice, simmer, covered, for 25 minutes or just until liquid is absorbed and rice is tender. Let cool.
Trim spinach, rinse, shaking off excess water. In saucepan with just the water clinging to leaves, cook spinach over medium heat for 8 minutes or until wilted. Drain in sieve, pressing out moisture. Chop, toss with lemon juice and nutmeg. Cut salmon crosswise into 4 pieces. Separate some skin from flesh. Holding skin, insert knife at 45 degree angle. Slide along to cut fillet from skin.
Lay 1 sheet of phyllo pastry on work surface, keeping remaining phyllo pastry on work surface covered with damp cloth. Brush with about 2 teaspoons of the butter. Place second sheet on top. Brush with butter.
About 1-inch from 1 long side of pastry, spoon 1/2 cup rice mixture lengthwise into 3-inch wide strip, leaving a 4-inch border at each short side. Arrange 1/4 of the spinach over rice. Top with 1 piece of salmon.
Fold 1-inch border over filling, fold each side over and roll up. Place, seam side down, on greased baking sheet. Brush with butter. Repeat with remaining ingredients to form 4 packages. Bake in preheated 425 degree oven for 15 to 20 minutes or until golden.
Meanwhile, in saucepan, boil vinegar, wine, shallots, salt and pepper for 5 minutes or until reduced to 2 tablespoons. Reduce heat to low. Vigorously whisk in butter, a few cubes at a time, until thickened and smooth. Stir in parsley. Serve with salmon packages.
Recipe courtesy Canadian Living Magazine
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News . Press Releases
August 27, 2014
Cleveland Institute of Art offers full scholarship to CMSD student
Contact: Ann McGuire
Director of Communications
CLEVELAND, Ohio – Cleveland Institute of Art has announced it will offer a full-tuition, four-year scholarship to one Cleveland Metropolitan School District student enrolling at the college of art and design in the fall of 2015.
The scholarship is open to any current senior at a CMSD high school who submits to CIA a complete application for admission, along with a complete portfolio or artwork, by the March 1, 2015 deadline, and is accepted for admission to CIA.
"I am delighted that CIA is making this opportunity available to a creative, talented student from our home city," said CIA President Grafton Nunes. "CIA was established in Cleveland in 1882, so our connections and commitments to the city are deep."
CMSD CEO Eric Gordon said the value of enabling students to attend college and pursue their dreams is immeasurable.
"For many of our scholars, such opportunities amount to more than a monetary gift," he said. "Knowing that a person or organization believes in them enough to finance a four-year college education provides inspiration that can last a lifetime."
CIA is in the final stages of constructing a new building in the Uptown district of Cleveland's University Circle that will unify the college's campus for the first time in more than a quarter century.
The new building, to be named for the college's longtime benefactor George Gund II, is adjoined to CIA's existing Joseph McCullough Center for the Visual Arts at 11610 Euclid Avenue.
"We're particularly gratified that our first CMSD scholar will join us in our first full year on the new, unified campus," Nunes said. "Our new building will be a marvelous facility for learning about, making, and exhibiting art."
There is no specific application for the CMSD scholarship, rather the recipient will be chosen by a CIA selection committee, which will review all applications for admission from CMSD students, looking at both their portfolios of artwork and their records of academic achievement.
The Scholarship will be renewable for up to four years. To qualify for renewal, the recipient must maintain a cumulative grade-point average of at least 3.0.
In recent years CIA has administered various outreach programs to CMSD schools, enabled by grants from KeyBank Foundation, the Martha Holden Jennings Foundation, and the Cleveland Foundation's Leonard Krieger Fund.
"We have sent art teachers to teach classes and workshops at CMSD schools, offered scholarships for CMSD students to attend our Continuing Education classes, enabled CMSD students to attend our annual art and design career day, and consulted on curriculum development at the Design Lab Early College High School. This scholarship represents the logical next step in our ongoing partnership with the Cleveland schools."
About CIA
Founded in 1882, Cleveland Institute of Art is an accredited, independent college of art and design offering 15 majors in studio art, digital art, craft disciplines, and design. CIA extends its programming to the public through gallery exhibitions; lectures; a robust continuing education program; and the Cinematheque, a year-round art and independent film program. CIA's public programming is supported in part by the residents of Cuyahoga County through a public grant from Cuyahoga Arts & Culture. For more information visit www.cia.edu.
For more information about this or other CIA news, contact us here.


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Privacy and personal information
Action points
- Know the 12 Privacy Principles.
- If in doubt, check with your Privacy Officer.
- Advise users how you will protect, use and provide access to their personal information and seek their agreement.
Website business owners, managers and administrators need to be aware of their responsibility not to disclose an individual's personal information. They also need to be aware of the Information Privacy Principles of the Privacy Act 1993.
What is personal information?
The Privacy Commission's website defines personal information as: "Information about a living human being. The information needs to identify that person, or be capable of identifying that person." This is also known as Personally Identifying Information or PII.
At times we collect basic personal information from users over the web. People may share their email addresses for receiving updates, or publicly available information such as postal addresses and/or phone numbers for follow-up contact.
Sometimes we also collect more sensitive information related to an individual's personal circumstances. Systems dealing with such information require higher levels of protection and assurance, and you should seek further advice. You may decide that based on the context in which personal information is supplied that seemingly low sensitivity information needs higher levels of protection.
When in doubt, check with your agency's Privacy Officer and check out this discussion on Privacy Impact Assessments.
Regardless, individuals are the owners of their personal information. When it is disclosed over the web it is only provided to government for a specific business purpose. It should not be disclosed to others without the explicit consent of the individual. It should be treated, at the least, as 'In Confidence'.
Your obligations
You have an obligation to make individuals aware of what information is being collected, why it is being collected, how it will be used, how it will be kept secure, and their right to review and correct it. The individual's authorisation is needed for any other use or disclosure of the information. This applies even for information that most people are willing to share with others, such as their contact details.
You may wish to seek users' acknowledgement of those terms by asking them to give their consent via a check-box on any online forms used for entering personal information.
What are the Privacy Principles?
The Privacy Act 1993, by which we are legally bound, is founded on 12 Privacy Principles. The Office of the Privacy Commissioner publishes a summary wallchart (PDF 499KB) as a quick-reference reminder of these principles.
If your agency collects personal information of any kind – even information that is usually of low sensitivity – then you should be aware of these Privacy Principles.
There are circumstances where each of these principles may not apply; consult the Privacy Commissioner's web site for guidance on the Privacy Principles. Agency staff with any queries in this area should consult their Privacy Officer.
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Nice site. I really like the static content on the left. Really, this site is all about selling tickets. It makes sense to keep that button on the page at all times.
I think that the collapsed nav is interesting, though I feel that area of the page has room for a vertical nav instead. At tablet sizes, the select box feels a little small and out of place, but at phone sizes it's cool.
Love the lineup, as well.


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Frome Bed and Breakfast
Room Amenities
We have a range of tastefully renovated bedrooms within our Frome based Bed and Breakfast, each with their own en-suite bathroom.
Other amenities include:
"Lovely stay, very relaxing. Great breakfast especially the tomatoes – best I've ever tasted" ~ G & R
*Please note if you are booking accommodation for an event, workshop or conference being held at the Lighthouse please contact us direct via email or phone 01373 453 585
As well as regular teas and coffee, we also provide a delicious selection of artisan herbal teas supplied by local herbalist, Fiona Pierce. For further details, contact Love in a Cup.
"Breakfast was excellent in terms of quality and service."
The Buffet
Grapefruit segments in juice, fruit soya yogurt and fresh fruit, selection of juices, and a selection of Cereals, Toast, Marmalade, Jam and Honey.
Followed by a selection from the Menu:
Please advise us if you have any food allergies and we can help you with your menu selection. Gluten and Dairy free diets catered for.
Breakfast is available:
Weekdays between 7.00am and 9.00am
Weekends, Public and School Holidays 8.00am to 9.30am
For more information on our Frome Bed and Breakfast, do get in touch.


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Hatha yoga
Hatha yoga is a branch of yoga that emphasizes physical exercises to master the body along with mind exercises to withdraw it from external objects.[1] The word haṭha literally means "force" in Sanskrit, and may have this association because the early Indians believed that its practice was challenging and "forced its results to happen" on the yogi.[2] The term "Hatha yoga" connotes a system of supplementary physical techniques within the broader concept of Yoga.[3]:770,[4]:527
The Hatha yoga origins have been credited by some scholars to the Nath yogi tradition of Shaivism, particularly to Gorakhnath.[1][5] However, according to James Mallinson, Hatha yoga has more ancient roots and the oldest known twenty texts on Hatha yoga suggest this attribution to the Naths is incorrect. Hatha yoga was a broad movement that developed over a range of sectarian yoga traditions in India, one that was available to all and practiced by the householders (grihastha).[5][6] Important innovations in Hatha yoga, for example, are associated with the Dashanami Sampradaya and the mystical figure of Dattatreya.[7][8]
The Hatha yoga practice emphasizes proper diet, processes to internally purify the body, proper breathing and its regulation particularly during the yoga practice, and the exercise routine consisting of asanas (bodily postures).[1] The methodology sometimes includes sequences such as the Surya Namaskara, or "salute to the sun", which consists of several asanas performed as a fluid movement sequence.[1]
The aims of Hatha yoga have traditionally been the same as those of other varieties of yoga. They include physical siddhis (special powers or bodily benefits such as slowing age effects) and spiritual liberation (moksha, mukti).[2][9] In the 20th century, techniques of Hatha yoga particularly the asanas (physical postures) became popular throughout the world as a form of physical exercise for relaxation, body flexibility, strength and personal concentration.[1] It is now colloquially termed as simply "yoga". It has also developed into new movements and styles, such as the Iyengar Yoga, but these are not same as the traditional Hatha yoga.[2]
- 1 Origins
- 2 Practice
- 3 Differences from Patanjala yoga
- 4 Health impact studies
- 5 See also
- 6 Notes
- 7 References
- 8 External links
Earliest textual references[edit]
According to Mallinson, an Oxford scholar known for his studies on Hatha yoga, its techniques can be traced back to the 1st millennium BCE texts such as the Sanskrit epics (Hinduism) and the Pali canon (Buddhism).[3]:770 However, the first explicit use of the phrase "Hatha yoga" appears for the first time in Sanskrit texts of about the 11th-century CE.[2]
The Vedic era sage Kapila of Samkhya school fame is attributed in section 29 of the Dattatreya yogasasta text to have developed early Hatha yoga techniques. Kapila's methods, states this text, contrasted with the eight fold yoga methodology of another Vedic sage named Yajnavalkya.[10] Hathayoga, states Mallinson, overlapped with major traditions of Hinduism of the 1st millennium, and elements of Hatha yoga can be traced to the Vedic religion, Vaishnavism and Shaivism of that era.[11]
Ancient Sanskrit texts do not use the phrase "Hatha yoga", but their verses describe physical exercises and postures (asanas) that appear in later Hatha yoga texts, though sometimes in a different poetic meter.[12] For example, the Agama texts of Vaishnavism called Pancaratrika teach non-seated asanas such as mayurasana in section 96 of Vimanarcanakalpa patala (9th-century[13]), section 1.21-22 of Padma samhita yogapada and section 12.31-37 of Ahirbudhnya samhita.[12] According to Nicholas Tarling, the Pancaratrika doctrines crystallized by the first two centuries of the common era.[14] Gerald Larson and other scholars date the yoga-containing Vaishnava Pancaratra text Ahirbudhnya Samhita to somewhere between 300 and 800 CE.[15]
In the earliest texts, Hatha Yoga is not opposed to Patanjali Yoga, nor is it ranked superior or inferior as it was presented in the 19th century.[3]:770-771 Rather it is supplementary, with a different aim. Hatha Yoga in these texts aim to conserve physical essence of life, which these texts call as bindu (semen) and far less discussed rajas (menstrual fluid). In contrast, later texts describe kundalini energy through a system of cakras. The texts state that being able to preserve and use this energy through Yoga is a means to achieve various siddhi (special powers).[3]:770-771
The Pali canon (Suttanipata) contains three passages in which Khecharividya, the practice of pressing the tongue against the palate, are mentioned. Two of these state that they help bring "mind under control", while the third passage states it suppresses thirst and hunger.[16] These Buddhist texts state that the Buddha tried the Khecharividya practice as well as a posture where pressure is put on the perineum with the heel, similar to even modern postures used to stimulate Kundalini. The canon also mentions the Hatha yoga-style practices of Ajivika ascetics – an ancient Indian tradition that became extinct.[17]
Medieval systematization[edit]
Prior to the composition of the Hathapradīpikā (also called the Hatha Yoga Pradipika), all medieval Hatha Yoga literature is in Sanskrit.[18][note 1]
Some medieval Hatha yoga-related texts include:
- A wide range of Hindu texts from the 1st millennium CE, such as Nishva satattva samhita of Shaivism, Agamas and the various Puranas of Vaishnavism, Shaivism and Shaktism, which do not use the phrase Hatha yoga, but teach asanas, mudras and meditation found in later Hatha yoga literature.[19] According to Mallinson, the systematization of seated asanas likely occurred in Shaivism, while non-seated asanas developed in Vaishnavism. However, these yoga practices widely overlapped and were adopted universally as a pan-India phenomenon.[19][note 2]
- The Amṛtasiddhi is a Vajrayana Buddhist text[21] or possibly a Dasnami Sampradaya (Advaita Vedanta) tradition text.[22] One of its manuscript discovered in China is notable for being bilingual, with text in Sanskrit and Tibetan.[21] It is also notable for teaching how a yogi can become jivanmukta and identical to Hindu god Shiva, along with Vajrayana teachings that compete with Buddhist schools.[23][note 3] Amṛtasiddhi does not teach Hatha yoga, but teaches mudras and terminologies found in Hatha yoga. It is dated to the 11th century CE and teaches mahābandha, mahāmudrā, and mahāvedha.[24][25]
- The Dattātreyayogaśāstra, a Hindu text, is named after a fusion Brahma-Vishnu-Shiva deity Dattatreya. This text was probably composed in the 13th century CE, and is the earliest known text that teaches systematized Hatha yoga.[26] It presents a set of ten practices as Hatha yoga attributing them to rishi Kapila and other ṛishis.[3]:771 The Dattātreyayogaśāstra teaches mahāmudrā, mahābandha, khecarīmudrā, jālandharabandha, uḍḍiyāṇabandha, mūlabandha, viparītakaraṇī, vajrolī, amarolī, and sahajolī.[3]:771
- The Vashistha samhita (IAST: Vasiṣṭha saṃhitā), a Vedanta and Vaishnava Hindu text composed before 1300 CE, teaches asanas, pranayama and also incorporates Kundalini yoga. It, however, skips the discussion of mudras.[27]
- Shiva samhita and Yoga bija, both Shaiva Hindu texts within a Vedanta framework, mention the phrase Hatha yoga and teach its techniques, along with Jnana (knowledge) as a means to Moksha. It was probably composed after Dattatreya yogasastra, but before Hatha Yoga Pradipika.[28][29][30]
- The ̣Śārṅgadharapaddhati, a Hindu text, is an anthology of verses on a wide range of subjects compiled in 1363 CE, which in its description of Hatha Yoga includes ̣the Dattātreyayogaśāstra's teachings on five mudrās.[3]:772 This text mentions two types of Hatha yoga, one taught by Gorakhnath of the Nath sampradaya, the other taught by Rishi Markandeya and others.[31]
- The Vivekamārtaṇḍa, a Shaiva Hindu text by Gorakhnath written probably in the Deccan region (modern Maharashtra), contemporaneous with the Dattātreyayogaśāstra.[32] It teaches nabhomudrā (i.e. khecarīmudrā), mahāmudrā, viparītakaraṇī and the three bandhas.[3]:771
- The Goraksaśatakạ, another Shaiva Hindu text also composed probably in the Deccan region by Gorakhnath, contemporaneous with the Dattātreyayogaśāstra. It combines Shaiva yoga techniques with Advaita Vedanta metaphysics (Atman is same as Brahman).[32] It teaches śakticālanīmudrā along with the three bandhas.[3]:771 This Sanskrit text contains some of the earliest teachings that are explicitly called Hatha yoga.[33]
- The Khecarīvidyā, a Hindu text, teaches only the method of khecarīmudrā.[3]:771
- The Amaraughaprabodha, another Shaivism text attributed to Gorakhnath, skips metaphysics and philosophical speculations, describes physical Hatha yoga techniques. Along with Vivekamartanda, Gorakshasataka, Dattatreya yogasastra and Vasishtha samhita, the Amaraughaprabodha is a significant source of verses that were borrowed by later Hatha yoga treatises.[34]
The methods of the Amṛtasiddhi, Dattātreyayogaśāstra and Vivekamārtaṇḍa are used to conserve bindu, although the Vivekamārtaṇḍa also involves raising kundalini.[3]:771 The Goraksaśatakạ and Khecarīvidyā involve raising kuṇḍalinī.[3]:771
The only other texts older than the Hathapradīpikạ̄ to teach Hatha Yoga ̣ mudrās are the Shiva Samhita, Yogabīja, Amaraughaprabodha, and Śārṅgadharapaddhati.[3]:771-772
Association with the Nath[edit]
According to British indologist James Mallinson, some scholars have been falsely associating the origin of hatha yoga with the Nath yogis, in particular Matsyendranath and Gorakshanath.[35][36] In his view, the origins of hatha yoga should be associated with the Dashanami Sampradaya of Advaita Vedanta[22] (Hinduism), the mystical figure of Dattatreya,[37] and the Rāmānandīs.[38]
Classical Hatha Yoga[edit]
The Hathapradīpikạ, also called Hatha Yoga Pradipika, is an important and one of the most influential texts of the Hatha yoga.[39] It was compiled by Svātmārāma in the 15th century CE from earlier hatha yoga texts.[3]:772 These earlier texts were of Vedanta or non-dual Shaiva orientation.[40] From both, the Hathapradīpikạ̄ borrowed non-duality (advaita) philosophies. According to James Mallinson, this reliance on non-dualism helped Hatha Yoga thrive in the medieval period as non-dualism became the "dominant soteriological method in scholarly religious discourse in India".[40]
Hatha Yoga Pradipika lists 35 great yoga siddhas starting with Adi Natha (Hindu god Shiva) followed by Matsyendranath and Gorakshanath.[41] It includes information about shatkarma (six acts of self purification), 15 asana (postures: seated, laying down, and non-seated), pranayama (breathing) and kumbhaka (breath retention), mudras (symbolic gestures), meditation, chakras (centers of energy), kundalini, nadanusandhana (concentration on inner sound), and other topics.[42]
Hathapradipika is the best known and most widely used Hatha yoga text. It consists of 389 shlokas (verses) in four chapters:[43]
- Chapter 1 with 67 verses deals with setting the proper environment for yoga, ethical duties of a yogi, and asanas (postures)
- Chapter 2 with 78 verses deals with the pranayama (breathing exercises, control of vital energy within) and the satkarmani (body cleansing)
- Chapter 3 with 130 verses discusses the mudras and their benefits.
- Chapter 4 with 114 verses deals with meditation and samadhi as a journey of personal spiritual growth.
The Hatha Yoga Pradipika and the Gheranda samhita are derived from older Sanskrit texts. In Hatha Yoga Pradipika, Swatmarama introduces his system as preparatory stage for physical purification that the body practices for higher meditation or Yoga. It is based on asanas (postures) and pranayama (breathing techniques).[citation needed]
Post-Hathapradīpikạ̄ Texts[edit]
Post-Hathapradipika texts on Hatha yoga include:[3]:773-774[44]
- Amaraughasasana: a Sharada script manuscript of this Hatha yoga text was copied in 1525 CE. It is notable because fragments of this manuscript have also been found near Kuqa in Xinjiang (China). The text discusses khecarimudra, but calls it saranas.[45]
- Hatha ratnavali: a 17th-century text that states Hatha yoga consists of ten mudras, eight cleansing methods, nine kumbhakas and 84 asanas (compared to 15 asanas of Hathapradīpikạ̄). The text is also notable for dropping the nadanusandhana (inner sound) technique.[45]
- Hathapradipika Siddhantamuktavali: an early 18th-century text that expands on Hathapradīpikạ̄ by adding practical insights and citations to other Indian texts on yoga.[46]
- Gheranda samhita: a 17th or 18th-century text that presents Hatha yoga as "ghatastha yoga", according to Mallinson.[46][47] It presents 6 cleansing methods, 32 asanas, 25 mudras and 10 pranayamas.[46] It is one of the most encyclopedic texts on Hatha yoga.[48]
- Jogpradipaka: an 18th-century Braj-language text that presents Hatha yoga simply as "yoga", composed by Ramanandi Jayatarama. It presents 6 cleansing methods, 84 asanas, 24 mudras and 8 kumbhakas.[46]
Modern era[edit]
Historically, Hatha yoga has been a broad movement across the Indian traditions, openly available and adopted by anyone who wants to.[6]
Hatha Yoga, like other methods of yoga, can be practiced by all, regardless of sex, caste, class, or creed. Many texts explicitly state that it is practice alone that leads to success. Sectarian affiliation and philosophical inclination are of no importance. The texts of Hatha Yoga, with some exceptions, do not include teachings on metaphysics or sect-specific practices.— James Mallinson, Hatha Yoga, Brill Encyclopedia of Hinduism[49]
According to Mallinson, the Hatha yoga represented a trend towards democratisation of yoga insights and religion similar to the Bhakti movement. It eliminated the need for "either ascetic renunciation or priestly intermediaries, ritual paraphernalia and sectarian initiations".[6] This led to its broad historic popularity in India. Later in the 20th-century, states Mallinson, this disconnect of Hatha yoga from religious aspects and the democratic access of Hatha yoga enabled it to spread worldwide.[50]
Between the 17th and 19th-century, however, the various urban Hindu and Muslim elites and ruling classes viewed Yogis with derision.[51] They were persecuted in the Mughal era, with Aurangzeb beheading their leaders.[52] Hatha yoga remained popular in rural India. They were viewed as champions of the persecuted, their Hatha yoga practice becoming an alibi for training in militant resistance groups that were armed, violent "akharas" targeting the ruling officials.[53][54] Negative impression for the Hatha yogis continued during the British colonial rule era. According to Mark Singleton, this historical negativity and colonial antipathy likely motivated Swami Vivekananda to make an emphatic distinction between "merely physical exercises of Hatha yoga" and the "higher spiritual path of Raja yoga".[55] This common disdain by the officials and intellectuals slowed the study and adoption of Hatha yoga.[56][57][note 4]
Modern hatha yoga, of the type seen in the West, has been greatly influenced by the school of Tirumalai Krishnamacharya, who taught from 1924 until his death in 1989. Among his students prominent in popularizing yoga in the West were K. Pattabhi Jois famous for popularizing the vigorous Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga style, B. K. S. Iyengar who emphasized alignment and the use of props, Indra Devi and Krishnamacharya's son T. K. V. Desikachar.[59]
Another better known school of Hatha yoga in the 20th-century has been the Divine Life Society founded by Swami Sivananda of Rishikesh (1887–1963) and his many disciples including, among others, Swami Vishnu-devananda – founder of International Sivananda Yoga Vedanta Centres; Swami Satyananda – of the Bihar School of Yoga; and Swami Satchidananda of Integral Yoga.[59] After about 1975, yoga techniques have become increasingly popular globally, in both developed and developing countries.[60]
The Bihar School of Yoga has been one of the largest Hatha yoga teacher training center in India, but is little known in Europe and the Americas. In the West, Krishnamarcharya-linked schools have been historically more well known.[61] Examples of other branded forms of yoga, with some controversies, that contain Hatha yoga methodologies include Anusara Yoga, Ashtanga Yoga, Bikram Yoga, Integral Yoga, Iyengar Yoga, Jivanmukti Yoga, Kundalini Yoga, Kripalu Yoga, Kriya Yoga, Siddha Yoga, Viniyoga, Vinyasa Yoga and White Lotus Yoga.[62]
Hatha yoga practice has many elements, both behavioral and of practice. The Hatha yoga texts state that a successful yogi has certain characteristics. Section 1.16 of the Hatha Yoga Pradipika, for example, states these characteristics to be utsaha (enthusiasm, fortitude), sahasa (courage, optimistic attitude), dhairya (patience, persistence), jnana tattva (essence for knowledge), nishcaya (resolve, determination) and tyaga (solitude, renunciation).[41]
In the Western culture, Hatha yoga is typically understood as asanas and it can be practiced as such.[63] In the Indian and Tibetan traditions, Hatha yoga is much more. It extends well beyond being a sophisticated physical exercise system, and integrates ideas of ethics, diet, cleansing, pranayama (breathing exercises), meditation and a system for spiritual development of the yogi.[64][65]
Proper diet[edit]
The Hatha yoga texts place major emphasis on mitahara, which connotes "measured diet" or "moderate eating". For example, sections 1.58 to 1.63 and 2.14 of the Hatha Yoga Pradipika and sections 5.16 to 5.32 of Gheranda samhita discuss the importance of proper diet to the body.[66][67] They link the food one eats and one's eating habits to balancing the body and to gaining most benefits from the practice of Hatha Yoga. Eating, states Gheranda samhita, is a form of a devotional act to the temple of body, as if one is expressing affection for the gods.[66] Similarly, sections 3.20 and 5.25 of the Shiva Samhita text on Hatha Yoga includes mitahara as an essential part of a Hatha yoga holistic practice.[68]
ब्रह्मचारी मिताहारी तयागी योग-परायणः | अब्दादूर्ध्वं भवेद्सिद्धो नात्र कार्या विछारणा ||
A brahmachari, practicing mitahara (moderate diet) and tyaga (renunciation, solitude), devoted to yoga achieves success in his enquiry and effort within half a year.— Hathayoga Pradipika, 1.57[69]
Verses 1.57 through 1.63 of the critical edition of Hathayoga Pradipika suggests that taste cravings should not drive one's eating habits, rather the best diet is one that is tasty, nutritious and likable as well as sufficient to meet the needs of one's body and for one's inner self.[70] It recommends that one must "eat only when one feels hungry" and "neither overeat nor eat to completely fill the capacity of one's stomach; rather leave a quarter portion empty and fill three quarters with quality food and fresh water".[70]
According to another Hatha Yoga classic Gorakshasataka, eating a controlled diet is one of the three important parts of a complete and successful practice. The text does not provide details or recipes. The text states, according to Mallinson, "food should be unctuous and sweet", one must not overeat and stop when still a bit hungry (leave quarter of the stomach empty), and whatever one eats should aim to please the Shiva.[71]
Proper body cleansing[edit]
Hatha yoga teaches various steps of inner body cleansing with consultations of one's yoga teacher. Its texts vary in specifics and number of cleansing methods, ranging from simple hygiene practices to the peculiar exercises such as reversing seminal fluid flow.[72] The most common list is called shat-karmani, or six cleansing actions: dhauti (cleanse teeth and body), vasti (cleanse bladder), neti (cleanse nasal passages), trataka (cleanse eyes), nauli (abdominal massage) and kapala-bhati (cleanse phelgm).[72] The actual procedure for cleansing varies by the Hatha yoga text, with some suggesting water wash and others describing the use of cleansing aids such as cloth.[73]
Proper breathing[edit]
Prāṇāyāma is made out of two Sanskrit words prāṇa (प्राण, breath, vital energy, life force)[75][76] and āyāma (आयाम, restraining, extending, stretching).[77][76]
Some Hatha yoga texts teach breath exercises but do not refer to it as Pranayama. For example, Gheranda samhita in section 3.55 calls it Ghatavastha (state of being the pot).[78] In others, the term Kumbhaka or Prana-samrodha replaces Pranayama.[79] Regardless of the nomenclature, proper breathing and the use of breathing techniques during a posture is a mainstay of Hatha yoga. Its texts state that proper breathing exercises cleanses and balances the body.[80]
Pranayama is one of the core practices of Hatha yoga, found in its major texts as one of the limbs regardless of whether the total number of limbs taught are four or more.[81][82][83] It is the practice of consciously regulating breath (inhalation and exhalation), a concept shared with all schools of yoga.[84][85] This is done in several ways, inhaling and then suspending exhalation for a period, exhaling and then suspending inhalation for a period, slowing the inhalation and exhalation, consciously changing the time/length of breath (deep, short breathing), combining these with certain focussed muscle exercises.[86] Pranayama or proper breathing is an integral part of asanas. According to section 1.38 of Hatha yoga pradipka, the siddhasana is the most suitable and easiest posture to learn breathing exercises.[74]
The different Hatha yoga texts discuss pranayama in various ways. For example, Hatha yoga pradipka in section 2.71 explains it as a threefold practice: recaka (exhalation), puraka (inhalation) and kumbhaka (retention).[87] During the exhalation and inhalation, the text states that three things move: air, prana and yogi's thoughts, and all three are intimately connected.[87] It is kumbhaka where stillness and dissolution emerges. The text divides kumbhaka into two kinds: sahita (supported) and kevala (complete). Sahita kumbhaka is further sub-divided into two types: retention with inhalation, retention with exhalation.[88] Each of these breath units are then combined in different permutations, time lengths, posture and targeted muscle exercises in the belief that these aerate and assist blood flow to targeted regions of the body.[86][89]
Proper postures[edit]
Before starting yoga practice, state the Hatha yoga texts, the yogi must establish a suitable place for the yoga practice. This place is away from all distractions, preferably a mathika (hermitage) that is distant from falling rocks, fire and a damp shifting surface.[90]
Once a peaceful stable location has been set, the yogi begins the posture exercises called asanas. These Hatha yoga postures come in numerous forms. For a beginner yogi, states Mircea Eliade, these asanas are uncomfortable, typically difficult, cause the body shakes and typically unbearable to hold for extended periods of time.[93] However, with repetition and persistence, as the muscle tone improves, the effort reduces and posture improves. According to the Hatha yoga texts, each posture becomes perfect when the "effort disappears", one no longer thinks about the posture and one's body position, breathes normally per pranayama, and is able to dwell in one's meditation (anantasamapattibhyam).[94]
The asanas discussed in different Hatha yoga texts vary significantly.[95] Unlike ancient yoga texts of Buddhism, Hinduism and Jainism, it is the Hatha yoga texts that provide step by step methodology on how to enter into an asana. The Hindu text Gheranda samhita, for example, in section 2.8 describes the padmasana for meditation.[96] Most asanas are inspired by nature, such as a form of union with symmetric, harmonious flowing shapes of animals, birds or plants.[97]
Mudras and vital energies[edit]
Early hatha yoga aimed at preserving and raising vital energies, which was stated to be the bindu (semen) and the less discussed rajas (menstrual fluid).[99][100] In the early formulation of their methods, Hatha yogis aimed to use move this "physical essence of life" along their spine through breathing exercises. Alternatively, they would stand on their head to reverse the dripping down of their vital energies (viparītakaranī).[99]
In later formulations, they developed the concept of kundalini (sleeping serpent goddess) and a system of chakras within the body, and the exercises were a means to awaken the sleeping kundalini and rejuvenate the body.[101] The idea of vital energy or principle was linked to jiva (prana, life force), and the aim was to move this "vital energy" with mudras, access amṛta – the stated nectar of immortality – situated in the head and flooding it into the body.[99][102] The later formulations of Hatha yoga thus differed from the early hatha yoga aims of preserving bindu.[101]
Accessing and moving the stated vital life essence has been a part of the Hatha Yoga literature.[49] The two techniques they taught, one being mechanical asana and the other through pranayama, were linked to yogic mudra (literally, "seal"). These mudras in Buddhist and Hindu Hatha yoga literature are described as means to "access and manipulate the dormant vital energies within the body".[103] Eleven mudras are commonly described in Hatha Yoga's classical synthesis, though only eight are found in the Hatha yoga pradipika. These are mahamudra, mahavedha, mahabandha, khecarimudra, jalandharabandha, uddiyanabandha, mulabandha, viparitakarani, vajroli, sakticalani and yonimudra. The last two in particular, sakticalani and yonimudra, are stated to awaken the kundalini. However, this awakening is the aim of all mudras according to the Hatha yoga pradipika.[49]
The Hatha yoga pradipika text dedicates almost a third of its verses to meditation.[43] Similarly, other major texts of Hatha yoga such as Shiva samhita and Gheranda samhita discuss meditation.[104] In all three texts, meditation is the ultimate goal of all the preparatory cleansing, asanas, pranayama and other steps. The aim of this meditation is to realize Nada-Brahman, or the complete absorption and union with the Brahman through inner mystic sound.[104] According to Guy Beck – a professor of Religious Studies known for his studies on Yoga and music, a Hatha yogi in this stage of practice seeks "inner union of physical opposites", into an inner state of samadhi that is described by Hatha yoga texts in terms of divine sounds, and as a union with Nada-Brahman in musical literature of ancient India.[105]
The aims of Hatha yoga in various Indian traditions have been the same as those of other varieties of yoga. These include physical siddhis (special powers, bodily benefits such as slowing age effects, magical powers) and spiritual liberation (moksha, mukti).[2][9] According to Mikel Burley, some of the siddhis are symbolic references to the cherished soteriological goals of Indian religions. For example, the Vayu Siddhi or "conquest of the air" literally implies rising into the air as in levitation, but it likely has symbolic meaning of "a state of consciousness into a vast ocean of space" or "voidness" ideas found respectively in Hinduism and Buddhism.[106]
Some traditions such as the Kaula tantric sect of Hinduism and Sahajiya tantric sect of Buddhism pursued more esoteric goals such as alchemy (Nagarjuna, Carpita), magic, kalavancana (cheating death) and parakayapravesa (entering another's body).[2][107][108] James Mallinson, however, disagrees and suggests that such fringe practices are far removed from the mainstream Yoga's goal as meditation-driven means to liberation in Indian religions.[109] The majority of historic Hatha yoga texts do not give any importance to siddhis.[110] The mainstream practice considered the pursuit of magical powers as a distraction or hindrance to Hatha yoga's ultimate aim of spiritual liberation, self knowledge or release from rebirth that the Indian traditions call mukti or moksha.[2][9]
The goals of Hatha yoga, in its earliest texts, were linked to mumukshu (seeker of liberation, moksha). The later texts added and experimented with the goals of bubhukshu (seeker of enjoyment, bhoga).[111]
Differences from Patanjala yoga[edit]
Hatha yoga is a branch of yoga. It shares numerous ideas and doctrines with other forms of yoga, such as the more ancient Yoga system taught by Patanjali. The differences are in the addition of some limbs, and different emphasis on other limbs.[112] For example, pranayama is crucial in all yogas, but it is the main stay of Hatha yoga.[80][113] Mudras and certain kundalini-related ideas are included in Hatha yoga, but not mentioned in the Yoga sutras of Patanjali.[114] Patanjali yoga considers asanas important but dwells less on various asanas, unlike Hatha yoga texts. In contrast, the Hatha yoga texts consider meditation as important but dwell less on meditation methodology, unlike the Patanjali yoga.[115]
The Hatha yoga texts acknowledge and refer to Patanjala yoga, attesting to the latter's antiquity. However, this acknowledgement is in the passing, and the Hatha Yoga texts offer no serious commentary or exposition of the Patanjali's system. This suggests that Hatha yoga likely developed as a satellite branch of the more ancient yoga.[116] According to P.V. Kane, Patanjala yoga concentrates more on the yoga of the mind, while Hatha yoga focuses on body and health.[36] Some Hindu texts do not recognize this distinction. For example, the Yogatattva Upanishad teaches a system that includes all limbs of the Yogasutras of Patanjali, and all additional elements of Hatha yoga practice.[117]
Health impact studies[edit]
The impact of Hatha yoga on physical and mental health has been a topic of systematic studies. Some scholars state that a regular and proper yoga practice yields health benefits.[118][119][120] Others state that the results of these studies have been mixed and inconclusive, with cancer studies suggesting none to unclear effectiveness, and others suggesting yoga may reduce risk factors and aid in a patient's psychological healing process.[121][122]
Yoga's combined focus on mindfulness, breathing and physical movements brings health benefits with regular participation. Yoga participants report better sleep, increased energy levels and muscle tone, relief from muscle pain and stiffness, improved circulation and overall better general health. The breathing aspect of yoga can benefit heart rate and blood pressure.[123]
The 2012 "Yoga in America" survey, conducted by Harris Interactive on behalf of Yoga Journal, shows that the number of adult practitioners in the US is 20.4 million, or 8.7 percent. The survey reported that 44 percent of those not practicing yoga said they are interested in trying it.[124]
See also[edit]
- ↑ According to Mallinson, two non-Sanskrit Hatha yoga sources that some suggest predate the Hathapradipika, the Marathi language Jnanesvari, and the Tamil language Tirumantiram, but their age is uncertain because critical editions of their manuscripts are yet to be prepared.[18]
- ↑ This universalism is found in many medieval Hatha yoga texts, with verses such as, "Whether a Brahmin, an ascetic, a Buddhist, a Jain, a Skull-Bearer or a materialist, the wise man who is endowed with faith and constantly devoted to the practice of [haṭha] yoga will attain complete success" (Dattātreyayogaśāstra 41-42, Transl: James Mallinson); or, "Hathayoga success can be attained by the young, old, very old, ill or weak" without mentioning any particular deity (Matsyendra samhita).[20]
- ↑ The most Buddhist version of the Amṛtasiddhi manuscripts, also includes teachings on tantric goddesses such as Chinnamasta, suggesting a link to the medieval era goddess and tantra traditions.[23]
- ↑ Cartoons in the first half of the 20th century mocked "Hindu holy men" in Hatha yoga poses, accompanied with stories of weaknesses of Western women who fall for their yoga routines.[58]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Encyclopedia Britannica 2007.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 James Mallinson 2011, p. 770.
- ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 Mallinson, James (2011). Hatha Yoga Brill Encyclopedia of Hinduism Vol. 3 (pp. 770-781). Leiden: Brill.
- ↑ Birch, Jason (2011), The Meaning of haṭha in Early Haṭhayoga Journal of the American Oriental Society 131.4.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 James Mallinson (2009), The Nath order has long been credited with being the originators of hatha-yoga and the authors of the Sanskrit texts on its practice, The Oxford Centre for Hindu Studies, Oxford University
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 James Mallinson 2012, pp. 26-27, Quote: "Many of the texts of hatha yoga explicitly state that it can be practised by anyone. Written in simple Sanskrit and free from the abstruse metaphysics of the Yogasūtra and its exegesis, or the esoterica of Śaiva texts on yoga, they are the first texts on yoga that are accessible to all."
- ↑ James Mallinson (2014). The Yogīs' Latest Trick. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (Third Series), 24, pp 165-180. doi:10.1017/S1356186313000734.
- ↑ Yoga and Yogis. March 2012. James Mallinson. pg. 26-27.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Mikel Burley 2000, pp. 44-50, 99-100, 219-220.
- ↑ James Mallinson (2016), "Śāktism and Haṭhayoga." In: Goddess Traditions in Tantric Hinduism: History, Practice and Doctrine, edited by Bjarne Wernicke Olesen London: Routledge, pp. 128-131, Quote: "The first formulation of the practices distinguishing it from other methods of yoga is taught in the Dattātreyayogaśāstra where it is said to be the doctrine of the school of Kapila and other siddhas; the practices are taught as an alternative to the way of the kavi, the eightfold yoga practised by Yājñavalkya."
- ↑ James Mallinson 2014, pp. 225-226.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 James Mallinson (2016), "Śāktism and Haṭhayoga", In: Goddess Traditions in Tantric Hinduism: History, Practice and Doctrine, edited by Bjarne Wernicke Olesen London: Routledge, pp. 128-131 with footnote 82
- ↑ James Mallinson 2014, pp. 225-227 with footnote 9.
- ↑ Nicholas Tarling (1999). The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia. Cambridge University Press. p. 291. ISBN 978-0-521-66369-4.
- ↑ Gerald James Larson, Ram Shankar Bhattacharya & Karl H. Potter 2008, p. 142.
- ↑ Mallinson, James. 2007. The Khecarīvidyā of Adinathā. London: Routledge. pg.17-19.
- ↑ James Mallinson (2016), "Śāktism and Haṭhayoga." In: Goddess Traditions in Tantric Hinduism: History, Practice and Doctrine, edited by Bjarne Wernicke Olesen London: Routledge, pp. 109-140. pg. 128-131: "The Buddha himself is said to have tried both pressing his tongue to the back of his mouth, in a manner similar to that of the hathayogic khecarīmudrā, and ukkutikappadhāna, a squatting posture which may be related to hathayogic techniques such as mahāmudrā, mahābandha, mahāvedha, mūlabandha, and vajrāsana in which pressure is put on the perineum with the heel, in order to force upwards the breath or Kundalinī. Elsewhere in the Pali Canon these same practices are associated with tāpasas and Ājīvikas, who, together with other austerities, are also said to practise the "bat-penance" (vagguli-vata), (...) not dissimilar to the hatha yogic viparītakaranī mudrā".
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 James Mallinson 2011, p. 771.
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 James Mallinson 2014, pp. 225-228 with footnotes.
- ↑ James Mallinson 2014, pp. 226-228.
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 Mallinson, James; 2016. SOAS, University of London. The Amṛtasiddhi: Haṭhayoga's Tantric Buddhist Source Text, pages 1-3 with footnotes
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 James Mallinson 2011b, pp. 331-332 with footnote 22.
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 Mallinson, James; 2016. SOAS, University of London. The Amṛtasiddhi: Haṭhayoga's Tantric Buddhist Source Text, pages 7-10 with footnotes
- ↑ James Mallinson 2011, p. 771, "Other texts that predate the Hathapradīpikā and describe Hatha Yoga mudrās (without teaching Hatha Yoga as such) include the Amritasiddhi, which dates to the 11th century CE and teaches mahābandha, mahāmudrā, and mahāvedha.".
- ↑ Mallinson, James; 2016. SOAS, University of London. The Amṛtasiddhi: Haṭhayoga's Tantric Buddhist Source Text, pages 10-11 with footnotes
- ↑ James Mallinson 2011, p. 771, "The earliest text to teach a systematized Hatḥa Yoga and call it such is the Dattātreyayogaśāstra, which was probably composed in the 13th century CE.".
- ↑ James Mallinson 2014, pp. 227-231 with footnote 33.
- ↑ James Mallinson 2011, pp. 771-772.
- ↑ James Mallinson 2014, pp. 227-231.
- ↑ James Mallinson 2007.
- ↑ James Mallinson 2011, p. 772.
- ↑ 32.0 32.1 James Mallinson 2014, pp. 229-232.
- ↑ White 2011, pp. 257-272.
- ↑ James Mallinson 2014, pp. 229-232 with Appendix.
- ↑ James Mallinson (2014). The Yogīs' Latest Trick. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (Third Series), 24, pp 165-180. doi:10.1017/S1356186313000734, Quote: "That these Nāth Yogīs were the originators and foremost exponents of haṭhayoga is a given of all historical studies of yoga. But these Yogīs were in fact the willing and complicit beneficiaries of the semantic confusion which has caught out White and many other scholars."
- ↑ 36.0 36.1 Gerald James Larson, Ram Shankar Bhattacharya & Karl H. Potter 2008, p. 140.
- ↑ Yoga and Yogis. March 2012. James Mallinson. pg. 26-27.
- ↑ James Mallinson 2012, pp. 26-27, Quote: "Thee key practices of hathayoga — including complex, non-seated āsanas [...] whose first descriptions are found in Pāñcarātrika sources — originated among the forerunners of the Dasnāmīs and Rāmānandīs.".
- ↑ Bjarne Wernicke Olesen (2015). Goddess Traditions in Tantric Hinduism: History, Practice and Doctrine. Taylor & Francis. p. 147. ISBN 978-1-317-58521-3.
- ↑ 40.0 40.1 Mallinson, James (2013). "Hathayoga's Philosophy: A Fortuitous Union of Non-Dualities". Journal of Indian Philosophy. Springer Nature. 42 (1): 225–247. doi:10.1007/s10781-013-9217-0.
- ↑ 41.0 41.1 Svatmarama (Sanskrit); Brian Akers (English Transl) (2002). The Hatha Yoga Pradipika. Yoga Vidya. pp. 1–7. ISBN 978-0-9899966-4-8.
- ↑ James Mallinson 2011, pp. 772-773.
- ↑ 43.0 43.1 Mikel Burley 2000, pp. 6-7.
- ↑ Mark Singleton 2010, pp. 27-28.
- ↑ 45.0 45.1 James Mallinson 2011, p. 773.
- ↑ 46.0 46.1 46.2 46.3 James Mallinson 2011, p. 774.
- ↑ Mark Singleton 2010, p. 28.
- ↑ James Mallinson (2004). The Gheranda Samhita: The Original Sanskrit and an English Translation. Yoga Vidya. pp. ix–x. ISBN 978-0-9716466-3-6.
- ↑ 49.0 49.1 49.2 James Mallinson 2011, p. 778.
- ↑ James Mallinson 2011, pp. 778-779.
- ↑ David Gordon White 2012, pp. 8-9.
- ↑ Shail Mayaram 2003, pp. 40-41.
- ↑ Mark Singleton 2010, pp. 99-104.
- ↑ William Pinch (2012), Warrior Ascetics and Indian Empires, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1107406377, pages 204-206, 219-221
- ↑ Mark Singleton 2010, pp. 69-72, 77-79.
- ↑ Mark Singleton 2010, pp. 77-78.
- ↑ White 2011, pp. 20-22.
- ↑ Mark Singleton 2010, pp. 78-81.
- ↑ 59.0 59.1 James Mallinson 2011, p. 779.
- ↑ Michelis, Elizabeth De (2007). "A Preliminary Survey of Modern Yoga Studies". Asian Medicine. Brill Academic Publishers. 3 (1): 1–19. doi:10.1163/157342107x207182. , Quote: "Modern yoga has emerged as a transnational global phenomenon during the course of the twentieth century and from about 1975 onwards it has progressively become acculturated in many different developed or developing societies and milieus worldwide."
- ↑ Mark Singleton 2010, p. 213 note 14.
- ↑ Gerald James Larson, Ram Shankar Bhattacharya & Karl H. Potter 2008, pp. 151-159.
- ↑ Richard Rosen 2012, pp. 3-4.
- ↑ Mikel Burley 2000, pp. ix-x, 6-12.
- ↑ Thubten Yeshe (2005). The Bliss of Inner Fire: Heart Practice of the Six Yogas of Naropa. Wisdom Publications. pp. 97–130. ISBN 978-0-86171-978-5.
- ↑ 66.0 66.1 Richard Rosen 2012, pp. 25-26.
- ↑ Mircea Eliade 2009, p. 231 with footnote 78.
- ↑ James Mallinson 2007, pp. 44, 110.
- ↑ Hathayoga Pradipika Brahmananda, Adyar Library, The Theosophical Society, Madras India (1972)
- ↑ 70.0 70.1 KS Joshi, Speaking of Yoga and Nature-Cure Therapy, Sterling Publishers, ISBN 978-1-84557-045-3, page 65-66
- ↑ White 2011, pp. 258-259, 267.
- ↑ 72.0 72.1 Gerald James Larson, Ram Shankar Bhattacharya & Karl H. Potter 2008, p. 141.
- ↑ Mark Singleton 2010, pp. 28-30.
- ↑ 74.0 74.1 Mikel Burley 2000, pp. 199-200.
- ↑ prAna Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Koeln University, Germany
- ↑ 76.0 76.1 Richard Rosen 2012, p. 220.
- ↑ Monier-Williams, Āyāma, Sanskrit-English Dictionary with Etymology, Oxford University Press
- ↑ Mark Singleton 2010, p. 213 note 12.
- ↑ Mark Singleton 2010, pp. 9, 29.
- ↑ 80.0 80.1 Mark Singleton 2010, pp. 29, 146-153.
- ↑ Alain Daniélou 1955, pp. 57-62.
- ↑ Mikel Burley 2000, pp. 8-10, 59, 99.
- ↑ Richard Rosen 2012, pp. 220-223.
- ↑ Mikel Burley 2000, pp. 8-10, 59-63.
- ↑ Hariharānanda Āraṇya (1983), Yoga Philosophy of Patanjali, State University of New York Press, ISBN 978-0873957281, pages 230-236
- ↑ 86.0 86.1 Mikel Burley 2000, pp. 202-219.
- ↑ 87.0 87.1 Mikel Burley 2000, pp. 202-203.
- ↑ Mikel Burley 2000, pp. 202-205.
- ↑ Mircea Eliade 2009, pp. 55-60.
- ↑ Mikel Burley 2000, pp. 34-35.
- ↑ 91.0 91.1 91.2 Richard Rosen 2012, pp. 80-81.
- ↑ Gerald James Larson, Ram Shankar Bhattacharya & Karl H. Potter 2008, pp. 491-492.
- ↑ Mircea Eliade 2009, p. 53.
- ↑ Mircea Eliade 2009, pp. 53-54, 66-70.
- ↑ Richard Rosen 2012, pp. 78-88.
- ↑ Mircea Eliade 2009, pp. 53-54.
- ↑ Mircea Eliade 2009, pp. 54-55.
- ↑ James Mallinson 2008, pp. 231-237 notes 400, 433-434.
- ↑ 99.0 99.1 99.2 James Mallinson 2011, pp. 770, 774-775.
- ↑ Bjarne Wernicke Olesen (2015). Goddess Traditions in Tantric Hinduism: History, Practice and Doctrine. Routledge. p. 11. ISBN 978-1-317-58522-0.
- ↑ 101.0 101.1 James Mallinson 2011, pp. 770, 774-775, 778.
- ↑ James Mallinson; Mark Singleton (2017). Roots of Yoga. Penguin Books. pp. 228–239. ISBN 978-0-14-197824-6.
- ↑ James Mallinson; Mark Singleton (2017). "Glossary (entry for Mudra)". Roots of Yoga. Penguin Books. pp. xv–xviii, 439. ISBN 978-0-14-197824-6.
- ↑ 104.0 104.1 Guy L. Beck 1995, pp. 102-103.
- ↑ Guy L. Beck 1995, pp. 107-110.
- ↑ Mikel Burley 2000, pp. 203-204.
- ↑ Paul E. Muller-Ortega (31 March 2010). Triadic Heart of Siva, The: Kaula Tantricism of Abhinavagupta in the Non-dual Shaivism of Kashmir. State University of New York Press. pp. 55–56. ISBN 978-1-4384-1385-3.
- ↑ White 2011, pp. 10–12.
- ↑ Mallinson, James (2013). "The Yogīs' Latest Trick". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. Cambridge University Press (CUP). 24 (1): 165–180. doi:10.1017/s1356186313000734.
- ↑ James Mallinson 2011b, pp. 329-330.
- ↑ James Mallinson 2011b, p. 328.
- ↑ Mikel Burley 2000, p. 10.
- ↑ Mikel Burley 2000, pp. 10, 59-61, 99.
- ↑ Mikel Burley 2000, pp. 6-12, 60-61.
- ↑ Mikel Burley 2000, pp. 10, 59-63.
- ↑ Gerald James Larson, Ram Shankar Bhattacharya & Karl H. Potter 2008, pp. 139-147.
- ↑ Gerald James Larson, Ram Shankar Bhattacharya & Karl H. Potter 2008, pp. 140-141.
- ↑ Mikel Burley 2000, pp. 227-230.
- ↑ Ross, Alyson; Thomas, Sue (2010). "The Health Benefits of Yoga and Exercise: A Review of Comparison Studies". The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. 16 (1): 3–12. doi:10.1089/acm.2009.0044.
- ↑ [a] Schell FJ, Allolio B, Schonecke OW (1994). "Physiological and psychological effects of Hatha-Yoga exercise in healthy women.". Int J Psychosom. 41 (1-4): 46–52. PMID 7843867.; [b] Brisbon, Nicholas M.; Lowery, Glenn A. (2009). "Mindfulness and Levels of Stress: A Comparison of Beginner and Advanced Hatha Yoga Practitioners". Journal of Religion and Health. Springer Nature. 50 (4): 931–941. doi:10.1007/s10943-009-9305-3.
- ↑ [a] Smith, Kelly B.; Pukall, Caroline F. (May 2009). "An evidence-based review of yoga as a complementary intervention for patients with cancer". Psycho-Oncology. 18 (5): 465–475. PMID 18821529. doi:10.1002/pon.1411.; [b] Sharma, Manoj; Haider, Taj (October 2012). "Yoga as an Alternative and Complementary Treatment for Asthma: A Systematic Review". Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary & Alternative Medicine. 17 (3): 212–217. doi:10.1177/2156587212453727.; [c] Innes, Kim E.; Bourguignon, Cheryl (November–December 2005). "Risk Indices Associated with the Insulin Resistance Syndrome, Cardiovascular Disease, and Possible Protection with Yoga: A Systematic Review". Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine. 18 (6): 491–519. doi:10.3122/jabfm.18.6.491.
- ↑ Vancampfort, D.; Vansteeland, K.; Scheewe, T.; Probst, M.; Knapen, J.; De Herdt, A.; De Hert, M. (July 2012). "Yoga in schizophrenia: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials". Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 126 (1): 12–20. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2012.01865.x., art.nr. 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2012.01865.x
- ↑ Jaloba, A. Nursing Standard. 2011. Vol 25, Iss. 48, pp. 20–21.
- ↑ "Yoga in America Study 2012". Yoga Journal. Retrieved 3 March 2014.
- Mikel Burley (2000). Haṭha-Yoga: Its Context, Theory, and Practice. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-1706-7.
- Bajpai, R.S. The Splendours And Dimensions Of Yoga 2 Vols. Set, New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers & Distri (2002), ISBN 9788171569649
- Guy L. Beck (1995). Sonic Theology: Hinduism and Sacred Sound. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-1261-1.
- Alain Daniélou (1955). Yoga: the method of re-integration. University Books. ISBN 978-0766133143.
- Mircea Eliade (2009). Yoga: Immortality and Freedom. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-14203-3.
- Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica (2007). "Hatha Yoga". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2017-04-03.
- Fernando Tola, Carmen Dragonetti, K. Dad Prithipaul, The Yogasūtras of Patañjali on concentration of mind. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass (1987).
- Gerald James Larson; Ram Shankar Bhattacharya; Karl H. Potter (2008). Yoga: India's Philosophy of Meditation. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-3349-4.
- James Mallinson (2007). The Shiva Samhita: A Critical Edition. Yoga Vidya. ISBN 978-0-9716466-5-0.
- James Mallinson (2008). The Khecarividya of Adinatha: A Critical Edition and Annotated Translation of an Early Text of Hathayoga. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-16642-8.
- James Mallinson (2011). Knut A. Jacobsen; et al., eds. Haṭha Yoga in the Brill Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 3. Brill Academic. pp. 770–781. ISBN 978-90-04-27128-9.
- James Mallinson (2011b). Knut Jacobsen, ed. Siddhi and Mahāsiddhi in Early Haṭhayoga in Yoga Powers: Extraordinary Capacities Attained Through Meditation and Concentration. Brill Academic. pp. 327–344.
- James Mallinson (2012). M Moses and E Stern, ed. "Yoga and Yogis". Namarupa. 3 (15): 1–27.
- James Mallinson (2014). "Haṭhayoga's Philosophy: A Fortuitous Union of Non-Dualities". Journal of Indian Philosophy. 42 (1): 225–247.
- Shail Mayaram (2003). Against History, Against State: Counterperspectives from the Margins. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-12730-1.
- Maehle, Gregor. Ashtanga Yoga The Intermediate Series: Mythology, Anatomy, and Practice, Novato, CA: New World Library (2012), ISBN 9781577319870.
- Richard Rosen (2012). Original Yoga: Rediscovering Traditional Practices of Hatha Yoga. Shambhala Publications. ISBN 978-0-8348-2740-0.
- Mark Singleton (2010). Yoga Body: The Origins of Modern Posture Practice. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-974598-2.
- Swami Sivananda Radha, Hatha Yoga: The Hidden Language, Secrets and Metaphors, Timeless Books (1 May 2006), ISBN 1-932018-13-1.
- White, Ganga. Yoga Beyond Belief: Insights to Awaken and Deepen Your Practice, Berkeley, CA: North Atlantic Books (2007), ISBN 9781556436468.
- David Gordon White (2012). The Alchemical Body: Siddha Traditions in Medieval India. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-14934-9.
- White, David Gordon (2011). Yoga in Practice. Princeton University Press. ISBN 1-4008-3993-9.
External links[edit]
- Yoga-Technique in the Great Epic, E. Washburn Hopkins, Journal of the American Oriental Society (1901)
- On the Meaning of Yoga, KS Joshi, Philosophy East and West (1965)
- Indian Spirituality in the West: A Bibliographical Mapping, Robert A. McDermott, Philosophy East and West (1975)
- Yoga as spiritual but not religious: A pragmatic perspective, Peter H. Van Ness, American Journal of Theology & Philosophy (1999)
- http://indiafacts.org/interview-yogi-amrit-desai/
- Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL
- CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list
- EngvarB from July 2015
- Articles with invalid date parameter in template
- Use dmy dates from July 2015
- Pages with broken file links
- All articles with unsourced statements
- Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017
- CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list
- CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al.
- Hatha yoga
- Yoga
- Yoga styles
- Hindu philosophical concepts
- Indian philosophy
- Movements in ancient Indian philosophy


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Contact me
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OSM Surveyors Jacket
The OSM Surveyors Jacket is a high-visibility vest with OpenStreetMap logos and the word "Surveyor" written across the back. It's great for advertising the project when you are out and about, as well as poking fun at "proper" surveyors and giving an air of authority to mapping activities.
They were originally produced in 2008 by Graham Smith. For more details see [1]. Over the years new batches have been produced and shipped around the world. Perhaps the most famous recipient of a vest is Tim_Berners-Lee on Wikipedia - the inventor of the world-wide web - after an enthusiastic TED talk promoting OpenStreetMap in February 2009.
Buying one
The OSMF sell these vests for fundraising and promotion. They are occasionally for sale at OpenStreetMap events and there are a few members who keep their own stock to take to events. They are also available for individual purchase with international delivery at the OpenCycleMap shop
As of June2013...
- OpenCycleMap is out of stock.
- User:Firefishy is out of stock but he has a very small reserve for very special cases.
See Merchandise for other spending options... or just Donate
Also see OpenStreetMap Surveyor was here stickers designed to go with these.
Other variations
OpenStreetMap France
OpenStreetMap France have some bright yellow high-vis vests with an OSM logo and french slogan printed on the back.


text:
Electronic Information Working Group
EIWG Conference Call Minutes 12/14/05
Texas State Library and Archives Commission
Syma Zerkow
Laura K. Alfaro
Lisa M. Borden
Kerry Keck
Martha Knott (had to leave at 1:00 pm)
Marian D. Jackson
Karen Locher
Carolyn McCown
Sandra Munger
Tracey Pineda
Janis Test
JoAnn VanSchaik
Russlene Waukechon
Guests: Beverley Shirley
Donna Osborne
Absent: Jane Dillon
Sue Phillips
Meeting convened at 12:30 p.m.
I. Discussion revolved around what types of database will be included in the RFO
A. Syma began the conversation by reviewing the results of the TexShare member survey and the database rankings resulting from the survey. Members of working group reviewed overall rank of database categories (by all members) as well as rank of database categories by constituency type (university, community college, public library, medical library). It was decided that the top database categories in the overall ranking as well as the top database category for each constituency would be included in the RFO.
B. Budget was reviewed including funding sources used for purchasing databases such as HeritageQuest.
C. After considerable discussion, the group decided to not place WorldCat in the RFO process, as it is a sole source, proprietary purchase.
D. Also, after considerable discussion, the group decided to include a genealogy database in the RFO process, in spite of its medium-level ranking, due to the importance of this resource to advocates and supporters of public libraries.
E. Director of Administrative Services for TSLAC Donna Osborne provided guidance on how to structure the RFO.
It was determined that this will be one RFO for all of the databases we are trying to purchase.
F. The following categories will be placed in the RFO for vendors to bid on:
- General Periodicals
- Literary Criticism& Literature
- Health – Consumer & clinical
- Newspapers
- General Ref
- Business
- Genealogy
G. Vendors may choose to bid on only which category they are
interested in.
They can submit bids on only one category or all categories.
Vendors may offer additional databases as part of a "database package" for free (or minimal cost) if they wish.
Statewide trials and demonstrations will be part of the selection process.
Meeting was adjoined at 1:55 p.m.


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Economic Recovery After Hurricane Isaac
Once safety needs have been met, business owners and risk managers should turn to economic recovery, which can include the challenge of dealing with complex property and business interruption insurance claims.
BDO Consulting has worked with a variety of businesses—from small start-ups to Fortune 500 companies—to help minimize hardships and assist in accelerating the recovery process. In the wake of Hurricane Isaac, BDO can advise on all aspects of economic recovery and help to answer some of the most important questions, including:
The claims process: What should business owners expect as they pursue insurance claims? Who should be involved? What is the typical duration of the claims process and when can a settlement be expected? What are some of the most common roadblocks? Are cash advances for recovery available?
Documentation: Which documents are generally required from insurance carriers in connection with hurricane property and business interruption losses?
Attribution of lost income: Which physical and non-physical costs are covered? For example, is loss of power usually a covered cause of loss, irrespective of physical damage to property?
In the wake of a disaster, BDO Consulting can also advise businesses on:
Re-creation of books and records under worst-case scenarios
Determination of the indemnity period for which benefits are payable
How to identify lost sales and customers
How to establish historical budget trends and analyze economic factors affecting
the business loss


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The Samsung flagship has launched in two different models around the world for many years. There was always the Exynos model (3G only) and the Snapdragon model with LTE. The difference between these devices has been the processor, while the rest of the hardware stayed the same. But we may be looking at a bigger difference this year. There is a rumor going around that there will be a "Standard" and a "Prime" version of the Galaxy S5, and these AnTuTu benchmark scores support that theory.
These are two different models of the Galaxy S5 with completely different specs. The SM-G900H should be the European model, while the SM-G900R4 should be the US Cellular model. As you can see, besides a processor difference, the display, RAM and storage are completely different. The European version has a 1080p display, an Exynos 5422 octa core processor, 2GB of RAM and 16GB of storage. The US Cellular model has a QHD display, a 2.5GHz Snapdragon 800 quad core, 3GB of RAM and 32GB of storage.
If these specs end up being real (and it's not that hard to fake specs on benchmarks), the idea that there will be two utterly different hardware platforms for the Galaxy S5 would make sense. Maybe Samsung realizes how unnecessary a 3G model is and wants to downplay it. Who knows, but we'll find out at Samsung's Unpacked event on the 24th! Do you think it's a good idea to have a higher and lower end model of the Galaxy S5? Or should one model suffice?


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Build your new home right here & enjoy long range views of the lake & surrounding countryside. Located on E. Redstone Drive & Winnebago Court..choose your building site! Deeded lake access is quick & easy to get to and is located on the main body of the lake!
Features Lots and Acreage
|Total Acres: 0.77
|Zoning: R1
|Present Zoning: Single family
|Lot Size: .77 Acre
|Lot Description: Rural - in subdivision
|Taxes: $196
|Elementary School: Call School District
|Middle School: Webb
|High School: Reedsburg Area
|School District: Reedsburg
|Body of Water: Redstone Lake
Estimate your monthly mortgage payment
How much can I borrow?
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The former Bombay Stock Exchange is taking the fight to the tech-savvy National Stock Exchange. By Nikkei staff writers Rosemary Marandi and Kiran Sharma.
Latest articles from Capital Mkts
India's NSE and BSE bourses square up for battleApril 3, 2017
Singapore aims to be a fintech kingmakerApril 3, 2017
The city-state of Singapore is beefing up its financial hub credentials by working hard to expand its fintech market. Nikkei staff writer Mayuko Tani reports.
Thai stock exchange reveals plans to double its market capApril 3, 2017
The Stock Exchange of Thailand has ambitions to double its market capitalisation by 2020 by diversifying its pool of investors. Nikkei staff writer Yukako Ono reports.
Bond Connect: a new path into China's $9,300bn bond marketApril 3, 2017
The revolutionary Stock Connect linking China and Hong Kong's equity markets will now be rolled out to bonds, ETFs and a swathe of other asset classes. Danielle Myles investigates what these will look like, whether they will succeed – and if the market actually wants them.
Indonesia's finance authority plans to deepen bond marketApril 3, 2017
Indonesia's financial supervisory authority has been rolling out reforms to deepen the local currency bond market. Now, the country's national infrastructure investment plans could help the sector expand further, as Stefania Palma reports.
Building Asia's capital markets: key strategies for diverse economiesApril 3, 2017
South-east Asia's capital markets vary considerably in size and sophistication – Myanmar is still developing while Singapore is encouraging fintechs and Hong Kong seeking derivatives – and each country's strategies for financing companies are equally disparate, writes Brian Caplen. This report looks at their development and highlights the region's major trends.
Malaysia's shot in the arm for Islamic wealth managementApril 3, 2017
While Islamic finance is popular within Malaysia, concerns have been voiced about the country's sluggish growth as an international centre. To combat this, regulators in the country are pinning their hopes on sharia-compliant fund and wealth management. Stefania Palma reports.
Saudi capital markets play prime role in diversifying economyApril 1, 2017
In line with Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030 blueprint to diversify the country's economy away from oil, its capital markets are being liberalised and broadened to include regional and foreign investors. James King reports.
Demystifying the new layer of debtMarch 1, 2017
The latest round of EU reforms has made bank capital structures even more convoluted. Danielle Myles unravels the new style of debt instruments that are set to grow into a €200bn-plus market.
The great bonds-to-equity rotation: myth or reality?February 1, 2017
Debate is raging about whether fund flows out of bonds and into equities signals a fundamental shift in capital markets. ECM and DCM chiefs at the biggest investment banks say there is no direct trade-off between the two asset classes, but they do expect dealflow to change.


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The Assist Against Kids Cancer (AAKC) program pairs Stars players with kids from local hospitals in San Antonio who are in various stages of cancer treatment or in remission. The children and their "buddies" participate in a series of events throughout the season with the goal of forming lasting relationships while raising awareness for pediatric cancer in the San Antonio community. Spurs Sports & Entertainment staff members volunteer to be part of the program, giving the families a buddy from the Spurs family in addition to their Stars buddy.
Now in its fourth season, the Assist Against Kids Cancer (AAKC) program pairs Stars basketball players with children from the San Antonio community in various stages of treatment for pediatric cancer or in remission.
AAKC is an extension of the Rampage Face-Off Against Cancer program, first developed by Dan Weiss in 2009.
Over the course of the program, players and their buddies participate in a series of thrilling events, including meet and greets, Stars games, pizza parties with games, bowling nights and more. AAKC creates an outlet for the families to enjoy quality time together, while cultivating relationships between the Stars players, buddies and SS&E staff that last well beyond the season.


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Red Cross blood-giving procedure removes red cells, returns the rest
By Becky Barclay
Published in News on August 30, 2004 1:57 PM
For the last year, the Wayne County Red Cross has been performing a blood-donation procedure that is easier for the donor, eliminating the weakness sometimes associated with giving blood.
The Wayne County chapter is using a new process by which donors can give a "double red cell donation" at one sitting. The chapter has collected about 100 units of blood this way, said Don Best, blood services director.
News-Argus/Becky Barclay
Technician Regina Mitchell prepares the double red cell machine for a donor.
Best explained the double red cell donation process saying blood is composed of red cells, platelets and plasma. During a regular donation, one unit of whole blood is taken and separated into the three different components at a processing center.
The new machine takes a unit of whole blood from the donor, spins it in a centrifuge and separates the red cells from the platelets and plasma. The red cells go into one bag and everything else goes into another.
Then the machine, without having to do another puncture, automatically reverses itself and puts the plasma mixed with saline back into the donor.
When the plasma bag is empty, the machine automatically reverses itself again and takes the second unit of whole blood from the donor. The second bag goes through the same process as the first and again the plasma mixed with saline is put back into the donor.
Best said the entire process takes about 30 minutes.
He also stressed that the donor is not losing the volume of blood that he would with a regular donation. And only one needle is used, which is smaller than the one used for a whole blood donation.
But there are certain requirements for a double red cell donation. A woman must be at least 17 years old and 5 feet 5 inches tall, weigh at least 175 pounds and have at least a 40 percent iron level.
A man must be at least 17 and 5-feet-1, weigh at least 150 pounds and have at least a 40 percent iron level.
Best said this criterion is higher than it is for a regular blood donation.
The machine is used only for people with blood types O and B, according to Best. He said those are the types that are used more often.
"This is primarily set up for people who only give once or twice at year," said Best. "Once you donate double red cells, you must wait 112 days before giving again. For a standard donation, the donor must wait 56 days.
"That's because red blood cells reproduce in the body after about five to six weeks. The volume replaces itself within 24 to 48 hours. When a double red cell donation is taken, it takes double the time for the cells to regenerate themselves."
Best has given a double red cell donation and said it's easier than doing a regular blood donation. "Actually, I think it was a little better than a regular donation because when I got through, I didn't feel weak," he said. "I didn't lose that volume so my blood pressure stayed more equal than it does with a regular donation."
He noted that an adult has between 11 and 12 pints of blood. "With a regular donation, we're taking one of those pints," he said. "With a double red cell donation, we're not really taking hardly any because we're giving back the plasma with saline. So the donor is losing less than a half a pint of blood."
Best said the Red Cross can get about three units of double red cells during one blood drive because the machine has to be cleaned, sterilized and reset between donors, which takes about half an hour.
He stressed that it's perfectly safe to give a double red cell donation because a new needle is used for each donor. And donors don't have to take any extra precautions.
Best said the double red cell donation is a more efficient way of collecting blood because red cells are used more often then are plasma and platelets. So the Red Cross wants to get as much red blood cells as it can.
"If a person is getting a transfusion, normally he gets only the red blood cells, not the whole unit of blood," said Best. "Depending on what the problem is, a person may get only plasma or only platelets. Or occasionally he may get all three and if he does, there are three separate bags hanging next to him. He doesn't get all three components in one bag."
Best noted that red blood cells have a 42-day shelf life. Platelets have about a five-day shelf life. Plasma can be frozen indefinitely.
The double red cell donation cannot be done at every blood drive the chapter has because there are only four machines in this service area and one of those stays in Wilmington permanently. The other three are also used at blood drives outside Wayne County.
Anyone who meets the criteria and would like to do a double red cell donation should call the chapter at 735-7201 to schedule an appointment.
Other Local News
- Care in the sky: Members of the aeromedical evacuation crew fight to get injured troops back to their families


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Landing Page - Cycling City, Cycling Towns
European levels of investment are helping 18 communities - including Bristol, England's first Cycling City - increase their cycling levels.
Landing Page - Next Gereration
Children are the key to our vision for a sustainable transport mix. We're working with policy-makers, schools and parents to help pupils develop a crucial life skill.
Landing Page - Cycle Journey Planner
Cycle Journey Planner
Cycling England are working with Transport Direct to create a cycle journey planner which will give cyclists easy access to different routes for urban trips.
Landing Page - Designing for Cyclists
Designing for Cyclists
Cycling England is keen to encourage and promote best practice in the design and construction of cycle-friendly infrastructure, with the aim of making highway conditions safer and more convenient for cyclists.
Landing Page - Benefits of Cycling
A fun pastime in its own right, cycling reduces congestion, improves air quality and keeps us fit, saving money for individuals and the economy.
Landing Page - Health & Fitness
Professionals and consumers are increasingly turning to cycling in the fight against obesity, using everyday travel as an effective form of exercise.


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As head of the Group's Global Chief Technology Officer network, I act across all Capgemini businesses to help integrate new technology trends, respond to client needs and am ultimately responsible for strengthening the relationship with partners on technology matters. I bring more than 30 years of experience in strategy consulting across various industries. In addition to my Global CTO role, I serve as Chairman of the North America Country Board. In this role, I ensure coordination of commercial activities for Capgemini in North America.
We are waiting for your move. Type the phrase which you are looking for or go to one of our hot topics:


text: DeWalt SBP Safety Hiker Carbon Wheat Boots - UK 6-12 Euro 39-47 - Dewalt DEWCARBONWHEAT7, These SBP carbon safety hiker boots from DeWalt are general work hiker-style boots with a nubuck surface, steel toecap and steel midsole for maximum protection. Manufactured for durability and toughness in the workplace, the boots are an ideal source of safety footwear and come equipped with a flexible EVA rubber sole. DeWalt SBP Safety Hiker Carbon Wheat Boots UK 7 Euro 41Check stock and price


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Mileage can be used just like cash once it's
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text:
DMC Maverick 2ba Soft Tip Darts - 20g
DMC Maverick 20g
Sho Katsumi Signature Model
90% Tungsten
Barrel Length:
Max Barrel Diameter:
DMC Darts come with a hard case, standard size flights, DMC spin shafts, L-Style tips and back up DMC nylon shafts.
Barrels ONLY weigh 18.5g - Fully fit, the dart will weigh appx. 20g.


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FAYETTEVILLE --Fayetteville police have released the name of a person killed in weekend traffic accident.
It happened early Sunday morning on Seventy First School Road near Old Bunce Road.
Police said something caused 30-year-old Richard Miramontes to lose control and crash his car into a tree.
Miramontes was killed and a female passenger, 27-year-old Contessa Pina, was taken to the hospital.
At last report, Pina remained hospitalized with non-life threatening injuries.
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The Government has announced the details of an official inquiry into the Havelock North water contamination problem that resulted in about 4,500 cases of illness.
Attorney General Chris Finlayson said the inquiry will look at how the Havelock North water supply system became contaminated, whether any person or organisation was responsible, how it was addressed, how local and central government responded to the public health outbreak and how to reduce the risk of similar incidents in the future.
The water contamination in mid August resulted in a widespread outbreak of gastroenteritis in Havelock North affecting an estimated 4,500 people mostly with campylobacter.
Testing revealed faecal contamination of the drinking water supply and residents were forced to boil all water.
The introduction to the terms of reference for the inquiry say that New Zealanders expect their drinking water to be safe to consume.
"The Havelock North water contamination incident risks damaging public confidence in local drinking-water supplied."
The inquiry is empowered to look into the causes of contamination and whether any person or organisation was at fault or did not meet the standards required.
Its probe will include monitoring and steps taken by the Hastings District Council and Hawkes Bay DHB, and the wider regulatory regime around water.
It would also make recommendations on changes to testing, monitoring and management of drinking water supplies.
It will report back by March 2017. The Inquiry will be conducted by retired Court of Appeal judge Lyn Stevens QC, former Director-General of Health Dr Karen Poutasi and a local government and engineering expert, Anthony Wilson.


text:
Knapp's welcomes you to our farm on
beautiful Green Bluff !
Our family owned and operated farm since 1955.
We are located just 15 minutes north of Spokane, Washington. This plateau grows wonderful fruit and vegetables. We grow Raspberries (Red, Golden & Black), Tayberries and Blackberries.
Bring your picnic, pick some berries, relax and enjoy the quiet of the country!
Visit our individual pages to learn more about each product or season.
Thank you for visiting!


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A home evaluation or Competitive Market Analysis (CMA) will determine the current value of your home, helping you make an informed decision.
Complete the following form to receive a free home evaluation.
Some conditions may apply.
Form Privacy Policy: The contact information you provide on this form is used only for the purpose of contacting you in regards to this request.


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PLATTSBURGH - Warmer temperatures have been bringing people out of their seemingly winter hibernation, with the thoughts of many turning to fishing.
Dave Richard, owner of Richard's Grocery Bait and Tackle on Johnson Avenue, said the warmer weather is starting to bring anglers out of the woodwork. And, that's helping his business.
"It's starting to pick up now," said Richard. "When it first got warm for a while there, people wanted to get their rods out and start fishing. We've had a lot people come in and tell us they're going to go down to the river and drown some worms."
Though bass season is primarily more of a revenue-generator for the region, trout season, which officially opened April 1, is bringing people out with their fishing poles, too.
Steve Rombotis from Montreal, Quebec, is one of them. Rombotis was fishing from the bank of the Saranac River in downtown Plattsburgh last week, killing time while waiting to pick up family from Plattsburgh International Airport.
"I had a few free hours, so I thought I'd do some fishing," he said. "I got a fish on my first cast."
Though Rombotis isn't like some out-of-towners who are drawn to the area specifically for fishing, he said he found it was a nice setting to relax and cast his line.
"It's nice and quiet here," Rombotis said, as he stood with MacDonough Monument at his back in the distance. "The first place I ever fished was here. I'm a creature of habit, so I came back to the same spot. Right away I had luck."
Plattsburgh Town Supervisor Bernard C. Bassett said seeing anglers out around the region is "another sign that spring is here and the start of another fishing season in the Adirondacks and North Country." Though fishing season helps local businesses make money, Bassett said it's also great to see people are making memories.
"I have many wonderful memories of fishing the brooks and ponds in the area looking for that speckled prize that would become, depending on my luck, either a snack or a meal," said Bassett. "It's a time when we begin to get back outside and start to feel the warmth of the sun on our back one more time."


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Are you looking to make a difference in our community, meet new people, and/or expand your library knowledge and skills? We have a variety of volunteer opportunities available at the Jack Russell Memorial Library. Those interested in volunteering should visit the library and pick up an application at the circulation desk or
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