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The latest generation of Strelkavites talk about how yesterday's future is silently becoming today's reality.
For its 7th academic year, Strelka Institute has launched The New Normal, its latest multidisciplinary postgraduate programme. Shaped by the rapid development of technology — AI, biotechnology, automation and virtual reality — a newly emerging contemporary condition has become the main focus of this year's research. With the curriculum designed by sociologist, media and design theorist, and author Benjamin H. Bratton; and the core faculty joined by digital media theorist and new media expert Lev Manovich; architect and founder of Tomorrow's Thoughts Today Liam Young; architect, writer and Yale University professor Keller Easterling; and Metahaven (Daniel van der Velden and Vinca Kruk), Amsterdam-based studio for design, research and art, The New Normal will attempt to chart new paths for urban design and development.
Last week 30 students from 15 countries gathered at the Strelka Institute, where they will spend the next five months taking apart this new modern reality and putting it back together again with a new and better understanding, shaping the New Normal into what it should be. Coming from diverse fields such as architecture, design, art, programming and many others, the latest generation of Strelkavites described how they understand the new normal, why they chose to study it, and how it has affected — and has been affected by — their work.
Francesco Sebregondi, France, architect, researcher
Through my research on urbanisation in frontier zones around the world, questions of new and emerging forms of sovereignty came to be central for me. The works of Keller Easterling and Benjamin Bratton on infrastructure, logistics, and computation as increasingly prevalent technologies of power today soon became some of my key references. When the call for the New Normal came out, it was only logical for me to apply.
In 2015, in the context of the Forensic Architecture project at Goldsmiths, University of London, I oversaw the development of PATT RN: a data-driven, participatory fact-mapping tool to be used in a variety of investigative and research contexts. Essentially, it is a tool to map complex events such as conflicts, protests, or crises as they unfold. PATTRN is designed to enable its community of users to share and collate first-hand reports of events on the ground and to make sense of diffuse fragments of information. The recognition of pattern as a new epistemological paradigm opens up a whole field of questions, and I was excited to discover that a module of the New Normal programme will be dedicated to exploring these questions.
Holly Childs, Australia, artist, writer
I am a writer and editor working in contemporary art contexts. I applied for the programme to experience an extended period of immersive learning, experimentation, and development in a completely new environment. I want to develop new ways of telling stories and more ways of making new things real. I want to make software for reading and writing in new ways and create text-work that engages non-readers; to explore new modes of design that can activate possibilities for learning andgrowingunknowns and future (im)possibilities into unstable realities.
My novel Danklands, published by Arcadia Missa, is an investigation of urban space. I have fictionalised and speculated upon the area of Melbourne Docklands, a planned suburb that doesn't really fit together, checking in on what happens in the cracks of the new concrete, under highways, and in places that can't be reached by Google Maps.
Egor Kraft, Russia, media artist
I'm an artist whose background is in design and art direction, and my toolset is similar to those of an architect or a designer. I'm interested in working with large projects that are in one way or another connected to social and public spheres, cities and public spaces.
I decided to apply for The New Normal, as the program appealed to me with its multidisciplinary approach and its goal of pushing the boundaries of the disciplines it includes. Hopefully, this experience will result in the start of my next large project.
In 2011 I launched my project The New Colour. It started with an internet intervention: I designed a website for a fake company that claimed to have discovered a new colour. The response was overwhelming: the company started receiving emails asking for samples of the hue for research purposes, investment propositions, and requests to see the colour in person (the fake company stated that current monitors and TV screens are unable to reproduce the colour).
Recently I published a collection of these emails in a book. It was surprising to discover how easily information can be manipulated, how non-facts can quickly be turned into facts: this is especially relevant considering the current situation, where the real and virtual can hardly be distinguished anymore.
Karina Golubenko, Russia, culturologist
When I saw Strelka's postgraduate program for this year, the thing that really excited me was the decision to go beyond the traditional methods of research in the Russian context by expanding the vision towards a more conceptually complicated and provocative model. I'm interested in trying out speculative design that is not merely a scientific prediction of what is going to happen, but an experimental and futuristic vision for potential scenarios of how cities will look in the future.
Some time ago I was involved in the development of the second edition of the Make City Festival. I was a part of a curatorial team researching the best urban practices and innovative architecture and community development projects in Berlin and other cities and the future of architecture in general. New materials, alternative construction methods, smart data/mobile systems, biotechnologies and artificial intelligence already are seeing large-scale usage, and this will definitely lead to a huge shift much faster than we can anticipate.
Calum Bowden, Great Britain, interaction designer
I am a designer and film-maker, with a background in anthropology and speculative/critical design. I wanted to come to Strelka to explore the Stack as a narrative structure and a tool for building worlds in the context of Russian alternative urbanisms and storytelling tactics.
Characters rendered as hives of activity, planetary-scale conglomerates, and political ecologies. Shape shifting, alienating and augmented. Functional stories not just about, but for non-human perspectives.
One of my recent projects is Calls of Duty, a series of occupations of the open voice communication channels of multiplayer war games. Over a series of live sessions, I worked with a group of teenagers to devise a performance where we used songs and texts found online to begin dialogues with random players we encountered. Trolling was used to extend beyond filter bubbles, and to examine the networking of public space, geopolitical simulation, and playful violence.
Alexey Platonov, Russia, filmmaker, creative director
I found the 2017 curriculum extremely inspiring and couldn't resist applying. The programme involves an exploration of fields that coincide with my current professional and personal interests to a surprising extent. I expect the next few months spent here to become a platform for integrating my scattered skills, ultimately enabling their reconfiguration into a new toolset.
Recently I completed a web documentary project on rural Russia. For that project, I was travelling through small towns and villages with a video camera. My three trips to the Vologda region resulted in mult imedia material combining text, video, photography and illustrations. The web documentary format might not be something new, but for me, it was a fresh way to give flavour to otherwise flat video material by enhancing it with layers of different media.
Elizaveta Dorrer, Russia, architect
I am an architect at Rhizome group in Saint-Petersburg, and one of the missions our team pursues is the improvement of the design environment both city- and country-wide. But in order to achieve that goal, I feel that I need to discover new ideas and get exposed to broader horizons. I hope that the knowledge I get here will allow me to take on larger, more complex, and more interesting projects.
A few years ago my friends and I launched a website that functioned as a link between 3D printing companies and their clients. But our work was more than that of a middleman: sometimes we received complex projects which required an individual approach. For instance, once we received an order for a 50 cm large animatronic head, so we had to search for engineers who could fit the object with the required electronics.
Recently this experience got a follow-up: a school in Voronezh invited me to hold a 3D-printing workshop for its students.
Jariyaporn Prachasartta, Thailand, architect, designer
I see The New Normal as an opportunity to explore interdisciplinary research and design methodologies where unique perspectives are brought to the table by various professionals who explore space and time in a real, constructed, or imaginary world. Digital technologies, be it A.I., VR/AR or other platforms, are becoming a vital part of city infrastructure. The advancement of media, technology and all forms of expression is changing notions of the proper use of things, and we will inevitably become an urban species to a degree that is somewhat unforeseen.
My project, Palace of P ublic Opinions, investigates the boundaries between the abstract and the figurative and explores the interdisciplinary intersections of architecture, arts, culture and politics through different means of representation. It challenges the normative interpretation of architecture by reimagining human interactions and attitudes towards political opinions through virtual reality simulations. The project, on one level, addresses the symbolic importance of past political power by integrating virtual reality as a tool for historical preservation and cultural conservation. On another level, virtual reality becomes a tool for the public to voice their opinions and judgement. New layers of meaning emerge as digital technologies become strategic interventions in urban governance.
Artem Stepanov, Russia, architect
My decision to join the programme was driven by my desire to become a part of a team shaping the philosophy and discourse of a new age. As different fields of knowledge become more complex and more interrelated, I expect The New Normal to provide me with sufficient skills for identifying and analysing patterns in a sophisticated modern environment.
The New Normal is about bringing some unconventional knowledge to a conventional field. During the spring of 2016 I took part in a workshop on the development of a city park in Zayinsk, Tatarstan. During the project, we had to fight traditional perceptions of the roles of government, architects and local residents in the design process. We used real-life interviews and looked through social networks in order to gain essential information on the needs of local people. We witnessed how new norms can be brought to conventional fields and become widely accepted and used.
Michaela Büsse, Germany, design researcher
I consider myself a researcher at the intersection of critique and innovation and I'd like to understand design as a medium instead of an end in itself. At The New Normal my aim is to explore the space of possibilities for a critical speculative design practice to trigger change and encourage reflection within the context of the urban. I hope to gain knowledge of emerging technologies and data analysis in order to get a broader understanding about the coherences between the human, society and technology. I think the ability to interpret and use data in a meaningful way will become crucial in the future.
The fundamental project for my practice was Ap plied Fiction — An Object-Based Exploration of Possible Futures, which analyses the potential design features concerning the development of future visions. My work is based on the hypothesis that design implies materialised speculations about a future world, and thus offers a tangible and accessible format of mediating possibilities. The outcome of the project is a scenario tool, which enables non-designers to create speculative design proposals. Within The New Normal it will be our task to develop tools to help us articulate the social, cultural and ecological changes that are taking place, and explore new modes to speculate about the present and the future.
Alina Nazmeeva, Russia, architect
I believe that in the coming decades humanity will require a new type of architect. The advance of virtual realms is already informing physical space and fuses the competences of architects and programmers. My ultimate academic goal is to be able to anticipate the future consequences of these developments and to create architectural ideas resonating with these prognoses.
In my thesis project, Moscow_intervals, I researched and interacted with abandoned and underutilised buildings located within the Sadovoe Ring in Moscow. The project presents these territories as city «gaps»: unused, unpopulated territories amidst an otherwise highly dense environment. I created temporary, flexible objects within and around these abandoned buildings. Government- or organization-initiated restoration of these territories would take years and years. The project advocates an interim solution of letting the abandoned territories be utilised by the creative class. The objects I create within and around selected abandoned buildings are temporary, flexible, and don't change anything in the permanent physical realm. The impermanent means of interaction with these abandoned spaces can be considered a metaphor for the ephemeral nature of digitally augmented reality.
Ildar Yakubov, Russia, interaction artist
I am an interaction artist and a new media tutor. Most of my projects involve usage of new technologies such as VR and neurointerfaces as a means of artistic expression. The artistic methodology has always been advancing human progress, and the fact that nowadays artists are using the latest available technologies in their work is yet another example of the new normal we have today.
In November of last year, I did a project called Vir tual Reality Van. In the US, I acquired a 1981 Chevy van, filled it with VR equipment and took a road trip from Albuquerque, New Mexico to Reno, Nevada. Along the route, I made several stops at university campuses and galleries to hold Global Friendship workshops, where the participants used VR technologies to visualise the concept of global friendship, a supranational structure aimed at resolving global problems. The van itself was connected to studios in Saint-Petersburg and Moscow. To create their videos, the participants used special panoramic stop motion animation kits I developed specifically for this project.
Martin Byrne, USA, architect, writer
I found The New Normal to be a very attractive program for a variety of reasons. Foremost is its engagement with speculative design in the nearish term. Speculative design is a practice in which one researches budding trends, technologies and policies and extrapolates their effects, shortcomings, and offshoots. For quite some time, this has existed mostly under the purview of science fiction. I hope to engage in this type of discourse and design in more depth than I have, transcribing it into design fictions of many types. And as an added bonus, the open-ended nature of the program allows for a broader application of the research we will be pursuing.
One of the more successful projects I've pursued deals with humanity's reach beyond our terrestrial «situation». The project was a design research studio with Vito Acconci, in which we explored how humans might exist in space. I sought to design the mechanism by which a person could achieve changes enabling more complex varieties of existence in alternative conditions. The result was a Post-Human Production Facility at the Spirit Rover Landing Site on Mars; projected completion 2047. Further, in the accompanying narrative text, the story proceeded that as the Mars colonists began to use the facility, they became addicted to modifications and upgrades to their corporeal selves and in turn reclaimed the facility as they saw fit. And so the final product, much like the post-humans it was producing, became a monstrous hybrid of its own technologies turned outwards; a hulking behemoth scouring the landscape for raw materials. Perhaps not a future some might expect, but certainly a candidate for The New Normal.
Konstantin Mitrokhov, Russia, photographer
The complexity of the everyday and ineffability of the vernacular have been among my photographic interests for quite a while now: as a photographer, I mostly explore public urban spaces and the way the city is growing. I treat photography as one of the tools available for understanding and exploring the environment we live in. I hope to gain knowledge and understanding of new methods and tools and, overall, expect a perspective shift in the way I'm looking at the urban environment. Also, lately I've been doing a lot of aerial photography and I would to take this further: I have some ideas which need testing and I hope that studying at Strelka will bring some insights into how we can use aerial visual data for research and analysis.
In my project Useless Landscape, I set out to explore the virtual space offered by Apple Maps. The notion of a map implies a significant degree of a presumably objective, stiff relationship to reality, which is deeply rooted in the model of vertical perspective. This is not necessarily the case with the redundant homogeneous 3D models of the biggest cities offered by the modern software we use on a daily basis. I would drift through the cities I've never been to, surveying the disused areas of urban landscapes. Surprisingly, after days spent in the software, I did not feel that I knew the cities any better, but is that so much different from the unstable, imperfect memories we have of places after briefly visiting them in real life?
Aiwen Yin, China, artist, designer
I chose to apply for The New Normal because the curriculum proved to be a perfect fit for a passion project that I have been working on for the last two and a half years.My project deals with the relationship between architecture and IT; as it happens, Benjamin Bratton and Keller Easterling have been my major references.
One of my previous projects was The Massage is The Medium, a performance-installation that invited people to watch a story about the relationship between their bodies and the medium while receiving a Chinese medical massage. Many of the participants later said that they had never realised how much of an impact digital technologies have on their bodies and that the pain revealed by the massage forced them to confront themselves, and eventually introduce changes to their lives. I think that the project and The New Normal share a similar objective: to enable critical and artistic reflection on our current lives in order to redesign and reengineer them for the better.
Lina Bondarenko, USA, architect
In 2011, in the midst of Occupy Wall Street and its swift growth of its presence on social media, I began to write a thesis asking questions about what comfort a disenchanted generation of protesting millennials was finding in the guerilla occupation of a privately owned, prominent public space, juxtaposed directly with the privatised system they were in direct and physical opposition to. This movement was one of the first to really transcend the world not just through organised media channels, but through self-published mediums of communication, enabling a global conversation on a digital platform and a simultaneous physical dialogue in participating cities.
At the time, my solution was to supplement the emerging and exponentially popular digital world with an equally malleable physical presence, in the form of an architectural project.
Now, 5 years later, I am interested more than ever in engaging with the way the overlaid multiplicity of digital and physical activity may have become the new normal we are living in. Strelka is an ideal venue to explore this beyond the lense of architectural analysis in an interdisciplinary and global discourse on how the technologies we employ play their definitive roles in urban planning, globalisation, and the re-definition of locality.
Cory Levinson, USA, software developer
For the past 5 years I have been working at SoundCloud, first as a data analyst, data scientist, and then product manager for the data infrastructure team. Witnessing a technology platform evolve and mature, I've learned a great deal from operating on the inside of the tech industry. Recently I've been looking for ways to bridge my technical knowledge with a deeper understanding of the impact planetary scale computation has on society, culture, and the physical world we inhabit.
Towards the end of last year I began work with a few engineers from the data infrastructure team to develop an ontology for datasets that is understood throughout our organisation. The project provided definitions and examples for datasets, as well as the types of transformations and equivalence relations that may exist between them. More recently, this work evolved into a set of documents establishing guidelines for the roles and responsibilities of dataset ownership between engineering teams. I hope that taking a fresh look at the language we use to define our digital footprints, and the ways in which different datasets can evolve, merge, and multiply will be an important building block for making sense of this «New Normal».
Alina Kvirkveliya, Russia, architect
I have been keeping an eye on Strelka for a while, and this year's programme seemed like a perfect opportunity to further explore the ideas of my previous education. During our introductory lecture, programme curators emphasised the experimental approach adopted by Strelka, and experimentation is exactly the thing I expect from my time here.
My project, entitled |0, was an attempt to use poetry as a basis for shaping an architectural environment. I was designing a virtual space, a scenographic reflection of Andrey Bely's Petersburg. My efforts resulted in a two-part structure symbolising two characters of the novel, each section divided into two spaces representing their consciousness and unconsciousness. The four spaces correspond to four phenomena (distortion, causticity, noise and the golden ratio), and the text of the novel functions as an abstract environment defining the entire project. The project was an attempt to showcase the process of blurring the borders between reality and abstraction in architectural practices.
Enrico Zago, Italy, 3D artist
I learned about The New Normal one day before the application deadline and I did not think twice. So I put away the sketches I was working on and spent the night making a new portfolio.
The more I pursue a career as an artist, the more I feel the need to open my skills to contemporary research that involves the human perception of the issue of big data, new blurred social institutions and the evolution of the individual in a default hierarchical society. I believe that the core faculty will lead us firmly through a tangled path for understanding what the sociopolitical standard was until now and revealing the new possible perspectives that are ready to be designed.
... and When I Woke Up My Eyes Were Dazzles and My Ears Were Screeches in the Noo ntide... was a VR installation presented at the Parallel Festival and the Bitoresc event in Vienna.
This project adopts a critical approach towards how new technologies are exponentially and steadily colonising day-to-day life. In a world where the human being changes its own social role from civil/citizen to consumer/user, new blurred borders are appearing. The populist call of duty is changed in terms of its appearance, now focusing more on the hypernormalization of the individual, and pushing for a super-awareness built with uncountable clusters of data; all this useful data is collected and stored on devices defined by their controlled evolutionary function. New escapist strategies are emerging in this reality, and technology provides the possibility of looking away from the mass taming and for the experience of personal space.
Melissa Frost, USA, architect
The challenge of deciphering the complex present has been central to my work and the core faculty were the exact people I'd hope to see leading this inquiry. As an educator, I'm interested in alternative institutional models and radical pedagogy, so I'd long been intrigued and impressed by Strelka. As an American, it is a strange, but also perhaps the most vital time to be in Russia, given the purpose of studying what our present moment is leading towards.
In 2016, I finished my master's degree in Architecture at Princeton University. For my thesis project, These Utopian States, I directed a live-action multi-media installation of alternative presents or near futures illustrative of canonical utopian social structures. While post-war conceptions of utopia often confuse it for fantasy drawn from a suspension of reality, the most foundational texts of the utopian project [Plato's Republic & More's Utopia], presented highly designed dialectical processes of social dreaming. The fantastic ideal is utilised as an experimental function of reality, reason and causality. Applying the utopian project to the present and near future, I saw potential in considering emerging technologically-driven social shifts in order to drive a discussion of utopic potential.
Jelena Viskovic, Croatia, game designer, programmer
My work is focused on creating speculative narratives in virtual worlds and gamespaces. As a game designer, I would like to explore how my practice connects to urbanism. I work with documentary materials, such as found buildings and urban experiences, and project them into 'virtual' worlds. Whatever city I happen to be in inevitably influences my work with its cultural and architectural context. Here at Strelka, I expect to achieve a more complex perspective and enhance my world-building capabilities.
In my recent projects, I focused on technologies that virtual spaces of escapism emerge from. The video game I built over the course of the last year takes place in a dystopian city called Nirgendheim. The interactions of the game are set around the workings of this city; its sonic and visual landscape based on found documents and personal experiences. The architectural objects you see in the open world of the game have been designed after buildings from three European cities. Nirgendheim (a conjunction of the words nowhere and unhomeliness) connects to the topic of the 'New Normal' through critically reexamining existing urban landscapes with the use of game mechanics.
Maksym Rokmaniko, Ukraine, architect
I am a founding partner and director of anarch itects — a collective that functions both, as a design practice and a platform for research and explorations on matters related to built environment.
I decided to come to Strelka immediately after I saw
https://thenewnormal.stre lka.com. Being well acquainted with the work of all of the core faculty, I was sure that this year's program would attract many interesting people and allow me to accelerate my practice.
Pekka Tynkkynen, Finland, architect
The introduction of The New Normal came at a moment when it felt logical to me to go through a shift in paradigm, method and location. For me the programme is a chance of taking the time to look at architecture and urbanism from an expanded, planetary scale, the speculative point of view, while subsumed in a deeply cross-disciplinary pool of specialists, accompanied by the most relevant faculty imaginable.
Total Gaze, a project which refers to a reality in which a ubiquitous topography of non-carbon otherness is "experiencing" us, the anthropocenic actor. A series of collaborations and solo work, it communicates the predicament arising from the suddenly expanded interaction with bio-techno-geo-political toolkits and their penetration to spatiality and materiality. It comprises mostly of a range of experiments with space, sound, materials and different platforms. One of the most interesting outcomes came together with designer collective Ensæmble and dancer Mira Kautto, where we installed gyroscopic sensors to a human body to open up a type of spatial augmented reality via motion data translated to light, video and sound in real-time. The experiment exposed projective futures that may or may not be born when synthetic sensing reaches new levels of access and monitoring all the while the entire system lives as part of a governing and morphing infrastructure space. Another recent collaboration that looked at communication with otherness, possibly future users, possibly with the post-anthropocene, was working with the third episode of Human Interference Task Force by Anna Mikkola and Matilda Tjäder, a project questioning the reposition of nuclear waste into Finland's bedrock and the consequential setting of a 100.000-year timescale.
Inna Pokazanyeva, Russia, journalist, photographer, illustrator
My fascination with urban design started at the time I was studying in the US, where I participated in the Seminar on Social Entrepreneurship and Innovation. I hope that the programme will help me understand the nature of the human-machine interaction in the upcoming Fourth Industrial Revolution. I see an opportunity to work alongside local organisations and community groups in delivering urban change — and help create places that are successful both socially and economically and are comfortable to live in.
About 5 years ago, I witnessed the birth of Travel 2.0 phenomena. For a while it was interesting to explore the new possibilities of this user-generated content; i.e. media representation is the creation of the place from the scratch. My current research contributes to a better understanding of space as a general concept, created by the means of the new media and shaped by the mediated crowds. The city should be approached as an open diverse digital ground, which, in order to be explained, should be broken up into the media reflections — this way it can be deconstructed into its real self.
Christian Lavista, Argentina, architect
Timing is of the essence. I have an intuition that we are currently at a critical point where the processes in place are driven globally by free market economics, and its underlying ideology has come to a distinct time. Its development has introduced several structures, tools and ideas. Each of them carry their own potential to improve our way of life, but we have been reflecting upon them in a distorted way.
The pace at which they are developing is one we cannot grasp. This reframing, or reinterpretation of these processes at hand was the reason why I chose to apply for the program. The program appeals to me by accepting the complexity embedded into the structures at large (economics, technology, culture etc.).
One of my previous projects involved research of Sub-Saharan agriculture. It seems like a stretch, but the economic activity of agriculture could be thought of as a «structure» that determines how people live in this part of the world. Be it a physical, or an ideological structure, agriculture in this area has the potential to create an alternative way of development in these countries. If the role of small-scale agriculture increases it could have a society that flourishes in a more equitable manner thus also creating an alternative form of settlement and a different form of what we understand as «cities».
Dmitry Alferov, Russia, programmer, engineer
I'm coming into The New Normal with an open mind and open expectations; I hope it will be a good opportunity to reframe by own knowledge in the field of machine learning.
One of the projects I worked on was a toolkit for digital photo forensics. It was a set of programmes designed to assist investigators in detecting doctored sections of digital images, a tool which could potentially validate the authenticity of digital evidence in court. The tool analyses metadata, usage of colorspace, chromatic aberration, Bayer array consistency, double jpeg compression and uses other algorithms to define whether a photograph is genuine. Unfortunately, the current the state of digital photo forensics is rather sad. Forgery is rarely discovered and punished, and the majority of dubious cases fall into a grey area.
Kei Kreutler, USA, web developer
Within most programmes, strict academic disciplines are prioritised, and collaborative work is a side effect. I got really interested in The New Normal's scenario-driven and team-based approach reconfiguring education within an institutional environment, and I hope to continue working alongside programme peers long into the future.
PROXIMITY (Earl y Warning), a project that I worked on, was an experimental research platform for astrological inquiry into modern satellite technology and its quotidian geopolitical ramifications. Embracing a semi-fictional approach, the research project explored how cultural narratives could orient our relationship to satellite technology and history. Within the new normal, an accelerating rate of technological change often evades visibility. The PROXIMITY platform sought an alternative relation to the normalised objects orbiting overhead.
Anna Tolkacheva, Russia, programmer, analyst
Modern art is a constant fusion of various fields. In my case, these fields include computer science, visual art and text-work. But lately, my projects have been more and more shifting towards urbanism. Indeed, an artist cannot ignore their environment. And the environment we live in today is located on the edge between two spaces, urban and virtual.
In 2015-2016 Ilya Utehin, Alexander Shirokov and I did a project called Images of Nizhny Novgorod: What Could Instagram Tell Us. Our team, where I was a co-researcher and a programmer, pursued a goal to explore new ways of understanding the city with the aid of social networks. For the project I developed software which allowed us to collect, tag, analyse and visualise Instagram data. Our ongoing results were shown on a number of lectures and presentations, but the project has not been completed yet.
Arthur Röing Baer, Sweden, designer, creative director
During my previous education at the Sandberg Institute, I became interested in digital urbanism. After I completed my master's in design, I made a decision to continue my education and dig deeper into the matter. People whose books I used to read at that time are now my tutors here at Strelka.
When I had to select a project to apply, I used my master's project called Co mmune. In Commune, I designed a distributed ownership model for logistical infrastructures. I developed a model for how to build a taxi business that could also scale into public transport and would be owned by drivers and passengers. In exchange for using the service, passengers would get an ownership share which would guarantee them a voice in governing the company, and a percentage of the company's income.
Aliaksandra Smirnova, Belarus, architect
When I made my decision to join the programme, I was feeling a bit disappointed with my job in particular and the situation in the architectural world in general. I was on a search for fresh ideas for how to apply my architectural knowledge and experience in the professional world. I came to a realisation that traditional architectural practice doesn't seem to apply anymore, and that futuristic aesthetic and philosophy are essentially becoming the new normal.
I would like to set up some kind of alternative educational platform for young people interested in architecture and urban development. I hope that The New Normal will help me understand what the architectural should become to suit the rapidly changing urban life.
In 2015 I participated in a design competition for developing an urban park in an abandoned railway area in the centre of Shanghai. Our goal was to connect the proposed park with other green spaces to organise an ecological continuum and create a new urban centrality based on ideas of inclusive, smart and connected city. Now, one year since we presented this project, I have come to consider it an eco-futuristic urban intervention — a mix of technological, sustainable and socially inclusive urban development. The merge of these urban concepts might one day lead (or already has led) to introduction of city-cyborgs — a combination of environmental efforts and technological achievements — and a new normal in the urban design.
Photos: Evgeny Kruglov / Strelka Institute


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Gameplay modes
Across the Fire Emblem series, there are a number of alternate modes of gameplay. While the most common are difficulty modes, allowing an adjustible challenge for players, other games feature their own types of modes varying the general flow of gameplay or the story, to either the benefit or detriment of the player.
Difficulty modes
The first game to feature different formal modes of difficulty was Fire Emblem: Genealogy of the Holy War. Since then, almost every game has featured at least two different difficulty modes, chosen by the player at the beginning of a new game. Between games, there is considerable variation in the difficulty of seemingly the same levels.
|Difficulty modes by game
|Difficulty mode
|Unlock conditions and notes
|The game's default and highest difficulty setting.
|Identical to Normal Mode, except all experience gain is doubled. This mode is hidden and, to be accessed, the following button combination must be pressed on the main menu: Select + Start + A
|Genealogy of the Holy War
|The game's default difficulty setting.
|Unlocked by completing the game once. Unlike other Hard Modes, this Clever mode only modifies enemy AI to make them more aggressive and challenging, leaving their stats and quantity untouched. The difficulty mode can be toggled at any time during gameplay from the options menu, and is not set when starting a save file.
|The Binding Blade
|Normal Mode
|The game's initial difficulty setting. Normal Mode save files are colored yellow.
|Hard Mode
|Unlocked by completing the game once. Hard Mode save files are colored red.
|Fire Emblem: The Blazing Blade
|Normal Mode
|See below.
|Hard Mode
|The Sacred Stones
|Easy Mode
|"For first-timers. Game rules and controls will be explained to you as you play." Easy Mode save files are colored green.
|Normal Mode
|"For experienced players. No game-play hints will be provided to you as you play." Normal Mode save files are colored teal.
|Difficult Mode
|"For players seeking a real challenge. No instructions are given & difficulty is set to high." Hard Mode save files are colored red.
|Path of Radiance
|Easy Mode
| "Difficulty: ★
For novices who want a little helpful advice to get them familiar with the game." Only in international versions. Easy Mode save files are colored red.
|Normal Mode
| "Difficulty: ★★
For players who already know their way around the game. This is the standard difficulty setting." Normal Mode save files are colored green.
|Difficult Mode
| "Difficulty: ★★★
For players looking for a serious challenge." Hard mode save files are colored blue.
|Maniac Mode
|Only in the Japanese version. Maniac Mode save files are colored red.
|Radiant Dawn
|Easy Mode
| "Difficulty: ★
A brisk tempo makes this mode easy to get into and easy to play." Named Normal Mode in the Japanese version.
|Normal Mode
| "Difficulty: ★★
For players who already know their way around the game. This is the standard difficulty setting." Named Hard Mode in the Japanese version.
|Difficult Mode
| "Difficulty: ★★★
For players looking for a serious challenge." This becomes available after clearing Normal Mode. Named Maniac Mode in the Japanese version.
|Shadow Dragon
|Normal Mode
|"Recommended for beginners and those playing the game for the first time. A special prologue introduces the story and game play." Normal Mode save files are not specially marked.
|Hard Mode
|"Recommended for those seeking a challlenge. Enemies are up to five degrees tougher than those in Normal mode. No prologue is included." There are five different modes under the Hard Mode umbrella: Hard (★), Brutal (★★), Savage (★★★), Fiendish (★★★★) and Merciless (★★★★★). A save file of these difficulties is marked with an H and the matching number of stars (e.g. H2 for Brutal). In all five hard modes, enemy reinforcements are able to perform an action on the phase during which they appear.
|New Mystery of the Emblem
|Normal Mode
|"An entry-level difficulty for players with little experience. You can play the game while learning the basics." Normal Mode save files are not specially marked.
|Hard Mode
|"Recommended for those looking for responsive gameplay. Enemies are stronger than normal. Reinforcements act as soon as they appear." Hard Mode save files are marked with an H and one star (★). This difficulty is available by default.
|Maniac Mode
|"Recommended for players seeking a challenge. The enemies are stronger than in Hard Mode." Maniac Mode save files are marked with an M and two stars (★★). This difficulty is available by default.
|Lunatic Mode
|"Stronger enemies than Maniac Mode, this mode easily has the highest level of difficulty the series can provide." Lunatic Mode save files are marked with an L and three stars (★★★). This difficulty is available by default.
|Lunatic′ Mode
|Unlocked by completing Lunatic Mode*, in Lunatic′ mode, enemy units will always strike first when attacked, even on player phase. Lunatic Reverse Mode save files are marked with an L′ and three stars (★★★).
|Normal Mode
|"For series beginners." The first few chapters in Normal Mode are tutorialized.
|Hard Mode
|"For experienced players." Enemies are stronger, can have more skills, and have minimum weapon levels of C. Reinforcements act as soon as they appear.
|Lunatic Mode
|"For expert players." Enemies are even stronger, can have certain exclusive skills, and have maximum weapon levels. Lunatic Mode is primarily notable in that later chapters give some enemy units forged weapons which exceed the normal forging parameters available to players.
|Lunatic+ Mode
|"For Fire Emblem masters." Lunatic+ Mode is mostly identical to Lunatic Mode, with the addition of random distribution of a set of powerful and/or enemy-exclusive skills among all enemy units.
|Normal Mode
|"For series beginners."
|Hard Mode
|"For experienced players." Enemies are stronger and have minumum weapon levels of C.
|Lunatic Mode
|"For those seeking a challenge." Enemies have maximum weapon levels. All level ups in this mode are predetermined upon a unit's recruitment, meaning the player cannot reset for different stat growths on a level up.
|Echoes: Shadows of Valentia
|Normal Mode
|"For series beginners."
|Hard Mode
|"For experienced players."
|Difficulty modes by game
|Difficulty mode
|Unlock conditions and notes
|Tokyo Mirage Sessions ♯FE
|Available only if the player gets a Game Over on Easy.
|"This difficulty is easier than Normal. Recommended for those who want to casually enjoy the game."
|"This is the standard difficulty. Recommended for those who are playing the game for the first time."
|"This difficulty is more challenging than Normal. Recommended for those who are confident in playing RPGs."
|"An insane difficulty. Vicious battles fraught with hardship await those who choose to walk this path." Available only after completing the game once.
|Normal Mode
|The initial difficulty of all Story Maps.
|Hard Mode
|Unlocked for each chapter by completing it on Normal Mode. Costs slightly more Stamina to play.
|Lunatic Mode
|Unlocked for each chapter by completing it on Normal Mode. Costs the most Stamina to play.
|Infernal Mode
|Only available for special maps from June 16, 2017 onward. Costs as much Stamina as Lunatic to play. Extremely difficult.
|"For newcomers."
|"For experienced players."
|"For experts."
|Available only after completing Story Mode once.
Paragon Mode
- This gameplay mode appears only in Thracia 776.
In Thracia 776, Paragon Mode (Japanese: エリートモード Elite Mode) is a secret gameplay mode, unlocked by inputting a button combination at the "New Game" menu. In this mode, every playable character has the Paragon skill applied to them, doubling their experience gain; characters who already have Paragon in normal gameplay or are currently wielding the Paragon Sword have the effect doubled, gaining quadruple the experience.
Fire Emblem Gaiden has an identical mode which comprises its EASY mode.
Eliwood, Hector, and Lyn's tales
- These gameplay modes appear only in Fire Emblem: The Blazing Blade.
Fire Emblem: The Blazing Blade is divided into three "tales", each focused around one of the three main characters. Lyn's tale (Prologue to Chapter 10) and Eliwood's tale (Chapter 11E to Final) comprise the initial "main story"; on an initial playthrough, the player plays through both of them back-to-back. Upon completion of the game for the first time, the player gains the option to choose either game mode upon starting a new game, as well as the option to choose Hector's tale (Chapter 11H to Final). Hector's tale is a retelling of Eliwood's tale from the perspective of Hector; it differs in that it features six unique chapters (Another Journey, Talons Alight, A Glimpse in Time, Crazed Beast, The Berserker and The Value of Life), two unique recruitable characters (Farina and Karla), a number of potential ending variations based on gameplay performance, minor rewrites introducing new subplots and sequences, and a generally higher difficulty.
Additionally, all three tales have a matching Hard Mode, with "Hector Hard Mode" being the most difficult mode Fire Emblem has to offer; "Lyn Hard Mode" and "Eliwood Hard Mode" are unlocked upon completing the game once, while "Hector Hard Mode" is unlocked by completing "Hector Normal Mode" once.
Each tale is associated with one save file color, regardless of difficulty setting. Lyn's tale saves are colored teal, Eliwood's tale files are a bright blue, while Hector's tale uses a darker steel-blue.
World map
While many Fire Emblem series games use the world map simply for narration, several games have an explorable world map where the player characters may move to and from locations chosen by the player.
Creature Campaign
- This gameplay mode appears only in The Sacred Stones.
In Fire Emblem: The Sacred Stones, after completing the Final Chapter, the player may choose to continue the save file in Creature Campaign mode. It is an endless post-game mode where the player can fight in skirmishes, accumulate experience, and seek higher records in the Tower of Valni and Lagdou Ruins. By meeting certain criteria in the Tower and Ruins, the player is rewarded with various important characters and antagonists from the main story to use as playable units.
Random and Fixed Modes
- These gameplay modes appear only in Path of Radiance.
Upon completing Path of Radiance for the first time, the player receives the option to choose between Random Mode and Fixed Mode upon starting a new game. These modes are concerned with variances in the statistical growth of playable units. Random Mode is merely the standard way growth rates work throughout the series, whereas Fixed Mode implements a new system revolving around growth points. Using the growth rates of characters as their base growth point values, further growth points in stats are accumulated through defeating enemies and vary depending on the weapons and items equipped by the unit, and higher growth points in stats result in greater increases in the stats in question.
Classic and Casual Mode
- These gameplay modes appear only in New Mystery of the Emblem and later games.
One of the most well-known caveats of the Fire Emblem series is its use of permanent character deaths. In New Mystery of the Emblem, Casual Mode was introduced, an effort to soften the blow for players new to the series by disabling permanent death for the course of a playthrough. Instead, characters who are defeated in battle merely retreat, and return in the next chapter as if nothing ever happened. Classic Mode is the other option, enabling the standard permanent-death setup of the series. Both of these options are separate from the difficulty modes and are chosen separately, allowing the player to, for example, enable Casual Mode on a Reverse Lunatic playthrough. The Classic/Casual Mode options returned in Awakening, working the same way; Casual Mode is renamed Newcomer Mode in the European English release of the game.
In New Mystery of the Emblem, Awakening, and Echoes: Shadows of Valentia, the defeat of the lord characters still gives a game over, while in Fates the avatar retreats like other units.
Phoenix Mode
- This gameplay mode appears only in Fates.
Fates introduced Phoenix Mode,[1] a mode wherein fallen characters are resurrected the turn after they are defeated in battle. In this mode characters do not say anything when defeated. Unlike Casual and Classic, Phoenix Mode can only be played in Normal Mode.
In some Fire Emblem series games there are segments of gameplay where the player has direct control of the main character and are not under the restrictions of the grid or movement values. Gaiden and Echoes: Shadows of Valentia have these in villages and dungeons and Fates has this when Corrin is managing My Castle. This gameplay mode will also be present in Fire Emblem: Three Houses. During these segments the player controls the main character and are able to interact with other characters and other things depending on the game.
- ↑ "To begin with, perhaps the biggest news–and the one sure to create heated discussions amongst fans–is the introduction of a brand new mode, Phoenix Mode, where fallen characters are resurrected immediately on the next turn." — VincentASM, Fire Emblem if Famitsu leak: Phoenix Mode, Serenes Forest, Published: 12 May, 2015, Retrieved: 12 May, 2015

subset: commoncrawl


text:
BOSTON. — Boston -- I am not surprised to find that picking yourself up by your bootstraps is still the favorite American spectator sport. We have always cheered those who attempt this gravity-defying feat.
The image of the self-made man, the notion that talent, wile, energy, intelligence are more important than birth is what brought people to our country. Europe had its aristocracy, Asia its caste systems. But in America, moral one-ups-manship went to the underdog. And it still does.
To this day, the mythic American story is about the trip from the bottom -- the frontier log cabin, the inner-city housing project, the China Seas boat -- to the top of the class or the country. The prize goes to the ones who did it alone.


text:
suntan is a valid word in this word list. For a definition, see the external dictionary links below.
The word "suntan" uses 6 letters: A N N S T U.
No direct anagrams for suntan found in this word list.
Words formed by adding one letter before or after suntan (in bold), or to annstu in any order:
m - stannum s - suntans
Shorter words found within suntan:
an ant ants anus as at aunt aunts na nan nans nu nun nuns nus nut nuts sat sau stun sun sunn sunna ta tan tans tas tau taus tun tuna tunas tuns un uns us ut uta utas uts
List shorter words within suntan, sorted by length
Words formed from any letters in suntan, plus an optional blank or existing letter
Try a search for suntan in these online resources (some words may not be found):
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List all words starting with suntan, words containing suntan or words ending with suntan
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Other words with the same letter pairs: su un nt ta an
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text:
I have been taking my son, Matthew, now 2.5 years to Jo Jingles classes since he was around 6 months old...Read More...
I have been taking my son, Matthew, now 2.5 years to Jo Jingles classes since he was around 6 months old as they were recommended to me by my sister who had previously taken my niece. As soon as we started attending, Matthew built up a great relationship with the teacher and looked forward to seeing Jo each week!
As he grew older, he started to ask to go and it began to be his favourite thing to do, his face lit up when I told him we were going! The classes are interactive, fun and very varied with lots of songs, singing and dancing and all the children love to get involved. We, as parents, have also built up friendships within the group. As Matthew has got older we have moved to the classes more tailored to his age group and he has grown to love it more and more.
I firmly believe that the Jo Jingles classes have improved his confidence, speech, communication and listening skills. We bought Matthew the Jo Jingles CD so that we could sing along to the songs in the car and the DVD so we could do the singing and dancing together at home. We have also been to Jo Jingles parties which have always proved to be popular with children and the children who attend classes love to see Jo in their own homes!
Seeing how much enjoyment he has got out of attending the classes and the ways in which they have helped him to develop, I would definitely recommend them to parents with children.
Matthew's Mum


text:
NEW YORK, July 6, 2011 – The International Securities Exchange (ISE) today announced that First Trust Advisors L.P. has launched the First Trust ISE Cloud Computing Index Fund (Ticker: SKYY), the first ETF that tracks companies actively involved in the emerging cloud computing industry. The First Trust ISE Cloud Computing Index Fund is based on the ISE Cloud Computing™ Index (CPQ), a new benchmark for this growth sector that includes companies that are direct service providers for the "cloud," firms that provide goods and services in support of the cloud computing space, and technology conglomerates whose business model uses or supports cloud computing technology. SKYY began trading today on The NASDAQ Stock Market®.
"The ISE Cloud Computing Index reflects the evolution of technology infrastructure and provides new and dynamic opportunities for investors," said Kris Monaco, Head of New Product Development at ISE. "We are very pleased to partner again with First Trust to launch this unique exchange-traded fund focused on this rapidly expanding industry."
"Cloud computing is projected to be one of the fastest growing IT markets this year, according to IDC Research," said Ryan Issakainen, Vice President, ETF Strategist. "As businesses and consumers continue to migrate to a cloud environment, we believe there are significant growth opportunities for the companies involved in all aspects of cloud computing. The ETF provides a way to gain diversified exposure to those companies. Forrester Research is projecting total public cloud revenues to go up 27%annually to reach nearly $160 billion by 2020, up from $15 billion in 2010."
The First Trust ISE Cloud Computing Index Fund is the ninth ETF that First Trust has launched based on an ISE index. Total assets under management for this portfolio of ETFs was $1.2 billion as of June 30, 2011.
Additional information about ISE's portfolio of proprietary sector indexes, including methodology guides, component lists and weightings, performance metrics and historical data, is available at www.ise.com/index.


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LocationFresno, CA
3633 S Maple Ave
Fresno, CA 93725
New 2017 Entegra Coach Anthem 42DEQ
The Anthem 42DEQ diesel motor home by Entegra Coach offers quad slides, a desk, a walk thru bath with TWO sinks, and a rear master bedroom, plus more!
Along the passenger side of the motor home you will find a slide with an expandable sofa with ottomans or an optional sofa, double kitchen sink, two burner range, overhead cabinets, and a microwave. Next to the slide you will find a pantry. On the opposite side of the motor home there is a slide with an entertainment center, fireplace and 50" LED TV. Continuing within the slide is a desk/dinette, and a refrigerator. Next to the slide you will find a nice size hutch to store more items.
The walk through bathroom has a private toilet area and shower on one side and two sinks on the opposite side.
The bedroom greets you with a king bed slide with nightstands on either side of the bed. Across from the bed you will find a slide out with a vanity and dresser, 32" LED TV, overhead cabinet, and the two sinks that are mentioned above. Along the rear wall there is a wardrobe with sliding mirror doors and a washer and dryer.
Outside you will find an entertainment center with a 40" LED TV, plus much more!
Stock# 22282
Chassis: Spartan K2 MtnMaster
Exterior Color: GOLD RIBBON
Interior Color: AMBIENCE
|42 ft
|Ext Width
|8 ft 5 in
|Ext Height
|12 ft 9 in
|Int Height
|7 ft
|Interior Color
|Exterior Color
|Hitch Weight
|15000 lbs
|Gross Weight
|49000 lbs
|Fresh Water Capacity
|100 gals
|Grey Water Capacity
|62 gals
|Black Water Capacity
|41 gals
|Tire Size
|Fuel Type
|Cummins ISL 450HP
|Spartan K2 MtnMaster
About Entegra Coach
In the spring of 2008, Entegra Coach became a member of the Jayco family of companies. Jayco is the world's largest privately-held manufacturer of recreational vehicles, and we are proud to take our place as the builder of the company's flagship products. Entegra Coach manufactures and markets luxury Class A motor coaches. The hallmarks of our products are structural integrity, exceptional quality, old-world craftsmanship and excellent after-market service. We build each coach one at a time, and we back our products with a commitment to customer service that is unmatched in the RV industry. We are owned and operated by people who know and understand RVs. You can be rest assured that when you invest in a product from Entegra Coach, you will join a family that has an abiding commitment to quality and service.
Top 5 Reasons to buy an Entegra Coach
1. 2-YEAR WARRANTY Our family is proud to stand behind every Entegra Coach we build. That's why we back our motor coaches with a manufacturer's limited warranty, warranted to the original purchaser for two years (five years structural) from the original date of purchase or 24,000 miles of use, whichever comes first, against defects in materials and workmanship.
2. 3-YEAR PLATINUM-LEVEL ROADSIDE ASSISTANCE Travel worry-free in your motor coach with the Entegra Coach Customer First Roadside Assistance program, yours at no cost during the first three years of ownership.
3. RESIDENTIAL AMENITIES, like distressed leather chairs, decorative hardwood crown molding, pillowtop mattresses, solid surface countertops and LCD HDTVs, are just a few of the luxurious touches that make you forget you are in a motor coach.
4. RIGID CONSTRUCTION keeps us on the road for the long haul. Seamlessly engineered, flawlessly designed, Entegra Coach's exclusive X-Bridge chassis helps prevent flexing throughout, averting cracks in tile and grout and reducing windshield movement and noise.
5. FAMILY OWNED by the Bontrager family, Entegra Coach is built on values instilled 40 years ago. Our motor coaches capture everything we stand for, from structural quality and old-world craftsmanship, to unmatched customer service.


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Preservation Administrators' Interest Group [PAIG]
ALA Midwinter January 2013
Saturday January 26th / FAIR-Metropole
8:30-8:50am ALCTS PARS Chair Announcements
Jacob Nadal, Brooklyn Historical Society
8:50-9:10am Update from the Library of Congress Preservation Directorate
Jeanne Drewes, Library of Congress
Library of Congress update will include new staffing, plans for preservation week, updates the results of recent research and new offerings on the website.
9:10-9:40 Facsimile Reprints and Reproductions as Preservation Copies
Kathryn Lybarger, University of Kentucky
When brittle books are crumbling on the shelves, it is tempting to replace them with the brand-new print-on-demand reprints and reproductions now offered by many publishers. They look nice on the outside, but are they good enough to really be replacements?
Many facsimile reprints are of high quality and provide all of the content in the original book, but many have unacceptable generational loss. Content may be missing, obscured, or irreparably garbled, and metadata may be missing or worse, misleading. In this presentation, I will describe some issues to watch for when considering recently-published reprints of old books for your collection.
9:40-10:10 "Damage" Control: Noting Condition of Remote Storage Material & the Collection of Record
Dawn Aveline, UCLA
Dawn Aveline reports on the UCLA Library's recent decision to record the condition of circulating materials selected to be deposited in the UC's Southern Regional Library Facility. Noting the condition of a book to be preserved may present the potential for preservation decisions to be based not only on scarcity but also on condition. One additional data element, 852 $z, to disclose information at the network level, is examined from the standpoint of workload "cost" and broader community benefit.
10:10-10:30 Break
10:30-11:00 Video at Risk: Preserving Commercial Video Collections in Research Libraries
Howard Besser, New York University
New York University studies have revealed a significant number of commercially-produced VHS titles distributed to the higher education market are now both out-of-print and held by a small number of institutions, posing an urgent and complex challenge to media collections managers and preservation departments. For the past 2 years the Mellon Foundation has supported NYU's Video At Risk (VAR) project, designed as a practical map for libraries to systematically replace, migrate, and preserve these collections. The session will include an overview of the VAR project, a summary of the project's work on constructing a model RFP for out-sourcing of reformatting, information about the project's Section 108 Guidelines for justifying reformatting, tests quantifying tape deterioration, and the project's strategies for replacement.
11:00-11:10 Preservation Week 2013: What can you do to preserve personal and shared collections?
Miriam Centeno, Johns Hopkins University
This year Preservation Week is expanding with new collaborations, web resources, reaching out to new audiences and launching of the new Dear Donia column, answering preservation questions from the general public. We invite all members of PAIG to take a look at these exciting developments and to help spread the word….REMEMBER- Preservation Week April 21-27.
11:10-11:30 Announcements
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text:
What Are Your All-Time Favorite xoVain Articles?
It's gonna get sappy up in here.
Now that we've already discussed how to keep the skin below your neck in check during the dry winter months, it's time to tackle your face. If I don't take serious measures to keep my face smoothed and softened during this time of year, I start to look like a flaky pastry. Powdery, dry, and losing small slivers of skin. Are you nauseated? I'm just being honest with you guys!
The first portion of my regimen is using my Clarisonic Mia 2 ($149, clarisonic.com) at night to buff away any dry skin cells that have decided to camp out on my nose and chin. Combined with a creamy cleanser, the vibrating bristles carry off all the little flakies away to their demise and leaves me with a fresh canvas on which to slather intensely moisturizing products.
People want to know if the Clarisonic is worth it, and I absolutely think it is. If you have sensitive skin like me though, I'd recommend buying the Delicate brush head or using it only every other night on the lowest speed.
Next up comes DDF's Amplifying Elixir ($70, sephora.com), a serum created to boost the skin's moisture barrier by up to 50%. Basically, that means it improves your skin's ability to retain moisture so that it stays softer and glowier for a longer period of time. It's best used right after cleansing and before you apply any moisturizing products. Smooth it all over your face, massage it in and let it absorb for a while before moving on to the next step.
Lastly for the nighttime, we get to the cream of the crop, Decléor's Angelique Nourishing Night Balm ($73, decleor.com) . At first glance it appears to resemble solid perfume in the jar, but scooped out with a tiny plastic spoon and warmed between your hands, it melts into a luxurious facial "balm" that dissolves into your skin to leave it totally nourished and supple. Usually when I go to bed with a face slathered in product, I still wake up with skin that feels like it's coated in breadcrumbs. However, with this stuff, I wake up with skin that's insanely baby soft. I'm obsessed.
For the morning, it's a bit of a different scenario. I want my skin to be as dewy as possible, but I don't want to look like a balloon dipped in lard. I've been using Mario Badescu's Rose Hips Nourishing Oil ($20, mariobadescu.com) to deeply moisturize my skin without it being greasy. It's got loads of Vitamin C in it, which helps to repair your skin and boost the production of collagen, a key ingredient in keeping your skin looking young and ever so vibrant. You can use this product alone or add it to your regular moisturizer to keep skin glowy and soft. And it's affordable! Boom.
What moisturizing products do you swear by? I'm always on the lookout for anything that will keep my sand-dry skin under control. Bonus points if they're cheap-o and gentle on sensitive skin!
Tweetin' like a bird: @hannahejo.


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Structure of Government
By: Lyndsey Barnes, Isaiah Cole, and Blakely Philbeck
Historical Background
Policy Challenges
Political Culture
Policymaking and Implementation
Interest Articulation and Interest Aggregation
Nigeria's future holds...
Nigeria has the population and resources to be a regional power.
ECOWAS created free trade zones, which is promoting economic integration for the country.
Nigeria has closer economic ties with France.
The US and Britain are determined to condemn military rulers and promote democracy in Nigeria.
Nigeria's population is urbanizing rapidly and because of this the need for urban infastructure is high.
Malaria and disease are permitting growth of the Nigerian population.
Early History
The Nok people lived in Nigeria between the 4th century B.C. and the second century A.D.
Divided into states which can be linked to the modern day ethnic groups
In the 16th century, the Songhai Empire reached its highest point and stretched from the Senegai and Gambia rivers in the west.
During this time, the Sayfawa Dynasty of Borno was assembled and conquered cities that weren't under Songhai rule.
European Slave Trade
By 1471 Portuguese ships had entered the west African Coast, but their monopoly on West African trade was stopped by the naval powers of the Netherlands.
North and South were very different. North had been experiencing a difficult century of political insecurity
The South had been swept up in the transatiantic slave trade.
By 1800, Oyo, a constitutional monarchy governed SW Nigeria and the Aro pushed SE Nigeria into a confederation.
In 1804 - 1808 the Islamic Holy War of Usman dan Fodio established the Sokoto Caliphate -loose confederation of emirates.
In 1807 Britain declared the transatiantic slave trade to be illegal.
Colonial Nigeria
The Constitution
Nigeria's last Constitution was created in 1999 because the Head of State at that time, General Abdulsalami Abubakar, felt the need to make a new body of laws to serve as the country's supreme document.
It provides for an Executive, Legislative, and Judicial branch of government.
Extractive Performance
In 1971 Nigeria joined the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries and formed the Nigerian National Oil Corporation to get involved in oil production.
The sale of oil by the Nigerian govt came to provide the greater part of the federal govt's revenues.
Nigeria is a rentier state depending largely on oil.
Distributive Performance
Nigeria has potential to be rich, but they're still poor because when money comes in from oil, only the people who are into politics benefit from it. They use the money for personal reasons instead of making the country for everyone.
Regulative Performance
The census issue- the amount of corruption and lies that take place when the census is taken is a big problem and is affecting the distribution of resources to the people. People will lie about how many people live with them to get more resources.
Political Culture
The political culture of Nigeria is very complex.
It is this way because of the ethnic identities and different religions of the Nigerian people.
Ethnic Identities: Hausa-Fulani
The Hausa-Fulani live in the northern half of the country.
29% of Hausas live in the northern part of the country.
Many Hausas engage in subsistence agriculture and live in rural villages.
Majority of Hausas are Muslim.
The area where the Hausas live is often referred to as "Hausaland"
Political Participation
Turnout in elections are 40-60%, and an explanation for this is the patron-client networks.
Interest in elections declined during civilian rule.
Violence is used by some political parties to scare people into voting. These people are called political party "thugs".
Violence plays a huge role in politics. The greatest example of this was the Biafran Civil War.
Parties and Elections
Interest Articulation
Interests are articulated by organized interest groups, such as trade unions or religious bodies.
They are also articulated by informal channels of participation through people and patron-client networks (clientelism).
Also interests can be articulated by groups that use scare tactics to pressure people into voting or supporting what they want. (Kaduna Mafia)
Interest Articulation: Ethnic and Religious Associations
In the North, individual ties are stronger so ethnic and religious associations dont have that much of an influence.
One very significant ethnic association now is the Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People, and this group speaks for the Ogoni people whose land has been occupied by Shell oil drilling rigs.
Religious institutions are very important interest articulators but they have been limited because of conflict between Christians and Muslims.
Based on Jim Harvey's speech structures
Independence & Civil War
By an act of British Parliament, Nigeria became an indepednet country within the Commonwealth on October 1, 1960.
Became a republic. Had a president elected to 5 year terms by joint sessions of parliament.
Nnamdi Azikiwe- Republics 1st president
Nations leadership in the decades following independence was determined by coup, not election, and military, rather than civilian government.
May 30th, 1967 Colonel Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu proclaimed the Independent Republic of Biatra.
In January, 1970 Biafran resistance collapsed. 1-3 million people died from hostilities, disease, starvation, and the economy was shattered.
Coups & Military Government
Yakubu Gowon came to power in 1966 coup, and in March 1967 the Supreme Military Council was created.
IN 1972 Gowon lifted the ban on politcal activity that had been in force since 1666 to permit a discussion about a new constitution.
Gowon was deposed in a military coup in July 1975
His succesor, Murtala Ramat Muhammad was assinated in February 1976.
Muhammad's succesor was Olusegun Obasanjo. In 1979 under his leadership, Nigeria adopted a constitution based off of the U.S.As constitution
The Second Republic
The presidential succession from Obasanjo to a civilan, President Alhaji Shehu Shagari, 1st peaceful transfer of power since independence.
Weaknesses best the 2nd Republic
The coalition wasn't strong
Lack of cooperation between the NPN dominated federal government and the 12 states controlled by opposition parties
Oil boom ended in mid 1981
Return to Military Rule
On December 31st 1983, the military seized power once again because of the lack of confidence in the civilian regime.
The economy was chaos.
In August of 1985 Babangida removed Buhari from power.
In November of 1993 Abacha took power and served as military dictator until his death in 1998.
Transition to Civilian Government
Upon Abacha's death, Abubakar took over in June of 1998.
Local elections were held in December, state legislative elections followed in January, and federal and presidential elections completed the transition in February.
Political Participation and Recruitment
The highest lawmaking body is the National Assembly, which is bicameral.
The upper house is known as the Senate, and the lower house is known as the House of Representatives.
The Senate is headed by a Senate President, and it has 109 members.
The House of Representatives is headed by the Speaker of the House and it has 360 members.
The Executive Branch
The Government is headed by an elected President who also serves as the Head of State, the Chief Executive of the Federation and the Commander-In-Chief of the Armed Forces.
The current present of Nigeria is Goodluck Jonothan.
Some of his duties include: being the ceremonial head of Nigerian govt, taking charge and providing for the military, appointing ministers, and sharing the responsibilities of making laws with the National Assembly.
The President is assisted by a Vice President.
In 1885 at the Berlin Conference- the principal known as the "dual mandate" was created saying that Africa and Britain would both benefit from giving Britain free access to Africa for trade, and Africa would get Benefits of Europes civilizing mission.
Fredrick Lugard- Commissioner of the Protectorate of Northern Nigeria (1900) - was successful because of his policy of indirect rule, governed protectorate through previously defeated rulers.
Hugh Clifford (1919-1925) restricted power of northern emirs by scaling back indirect rule
British colonialism created Nigeria
National Flag
Nigeria is a Federal Republic made up of 37 States
(36 states and 1 territory)
Capital: Abuja
Nigerian Territories
The Legislative Branch
The Vice President
The VP is nominated by the presidential candidate.
The winning Presidential candidate's VP nomination determines who is VP.
The VP assumes office of President if the President dies or cannot finish the term.
The Judicial Branch
The Judicial Branch is in charge of interpreting the Constitution.
The Nigerian Constitution gives the Judicial Branch independence from the other two branches.
The Judical Branch has a Supreme Court, a Court of Appeal, and Federal High Courts.
The lower courts are called the Magistrate, Customary, and Alkali.
These courts have original and appellate jurisdictions.
The country's ethnic, regional and religious divisions have intensified over recent years making decision making more difficult.
Elections are of poor quality and are usually corrupt.
The government isnt able to provide basic human needs to the people because of the failure of democracy.
This all is a big contributor to violence in Nigeria.
Ethnic Identities: Igbo(Ibo)
The Igbo mainly live in the southeastern part of the country.
The Igbo make up 18% of the population and they're Christian.
Most of the region is developed for market agriculture, so the Igbo produce palm products, rice, and yams.
Igbo officers led the first military coup in 1966 and many were killed.
The three year civil war ended in the defeat of Biafra in 1970, causing mistrust between the Igbo and other Nigerians.
Ethnic Identities: Yoruba
The Yoruba live mostly in the southwestern part of Nigeria, and also in the formal capital city of Lagos.
Grew cocoa and palm products as exports in the colonial period.
They are a mix of Christians and Muslims.
They make up 21% of the population.
The support for democracy is high in Nigeria: 72%
Political Role of Women
In the Igbo and Yoruba tribes, there are "dual-sex" systems, which are parallel systems of political and social organization for men and women.
In the northern Hausa-Fulani tribe, Islam greatly restricts the role of women. They voted for the first time in 1979.
Women vote in pretty equal numbers with men but are generally underrepresented in politics.
Men still hold 905 of all elected and appointed positions.
Political Socialization
In Nigeria, people's political ideologies and influences come from the family, schools, the mass media, and the state.
The Family
The family is the most important agent of political socialization in Nigeria.
Most Nigerians grow up in polygamous families.
Men who hold office in a church are pressured to practice monogamy.
The large families that polygamy allows provides for great political support for a candidate, which is also the model for clientist relationships.
Schools are the second most important agent of political socialization in Nigeria.
Nigerians expect formal education from the government.
Broad consensus that primary education should be free and universal.
In 1948 there was only one university and in 1962 there was five.
The boom of oil in the 1970's helped expand secondary and postsecondary schools.
Today there are 104 universities.
Enrollment of girls is only 45%
The Mass Media
Nigeria has a politically independent press.
Political effect of the press is limited because 1/3 of the adults in Nigeria are illiterate.
Only 25% of Nigerians get their news from newspapers, but 57% are interested in public affairs.
Most Nigerians get their news from radio and television.
Authoritarian regimes imposed restrictions on media, and they issued 21 decrees between 1966 and 1995 limiting press freedoms.
The 1999 Constitution guarantees broad freedom for the media, but they have to be accredited by a government-run media council.
The State
Rural residents are much more educated.
For those with education, contact with the government is simple.
Nigerians most often get what they expect from government officials.
There are approximately 30 political parties in Nigeria.
The political party that currently holds power is the People's Democratic Party.
Interest Articulation: Associational Groups
Associational groups are more common in the industrialized areas of Nigeria.
Trade unions play a big role in Nigerian politics through the Nigerian Labor Congress.
Petroleum workers have potential for great political influence, as demonstrated in the 1994 strike actions by the National Union of Petroleum and Gas Workers.
Another important group is the Nigerian Union of Local Government Employees because of their immediate impact on the government.
Professional organizations, like the Nigerian Bar Association, get involved with politics when the issues concern them directly.
Schools and Universities are also important.
Interest Articulation: Nonassociational Groups
A famous nonassociational group is the Kaduna Mafia.
They are said to have strong influence over the military and politics.
The military is also an important interest articulator.
Interest Articulation: Patron- Client Networks
Powerful Nigerian political figures are able to mobilize support through personal connections.
Patronage is very common in Nigerian politics.
Constraints are imposed on Nigerian decision making by the outside world in the World-Bank supported Structural Adjustment Program.
Political Recruitment
Between 1983 and 1999 joining the military was the regular path to political power.
Now, if you attend and graduate from universities is the best way to obtain political power. The more educated are more likely to succeed.
Kaduna Mafia
Goodluck Jonathan
House of Representatives
Biafran Civil War
Hausa Fulani
Federal Republic
Constitution of 1999
National Assembly
Rentier State
October 1st, 1960
Patron-client network
Peoples Democratic Party
June 12, 1993
Ranked 36 in the world
"Super Eagles"
Won gold in 1996 at Summer Olympics
Best finish in World Cup: Round of 16
Qualified for the 2014 World Cup
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Blakely Philbeckon 7 January 2014
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When you need to hire a lawyer, it can see quite difficult sorting through all the possible options. You have to find one that deals with the type of case you have, and you want to find an affordable option. There are other factors to consider as well, so continue reading to learn more. Divorce Lawyers
Make a budget when it comes to paying for legal fees. If you contact an attorney and they are above your price range, try to find someone else. While there is nothing wrong with going a little over your budget, you do not want to choose a lawyer that you will have trouble trying to pay.
If you go to see a lawyer for any legal reason and they tell you that your case will be simple, you should not hire them. Most legal cases have a lot of things involved with them, so it is not very likely that many cases can be that easy. Family Lawyers
Imagine taking on a lawyer who is about to enter court for the first time. That's what will happen if you take a general lawyer into a case where a specializing lawyer is a better bet. Ask any lawyer you know for their recommendations, and you'll be pleased with the outcome.
Finding a good lawyer is a lot of work. You should put some time aside to do some research and give yourself a few weeks to compare different options. Meet different lawyers to get quotes and ask for advice. You should not expect to find a quality lawyer right away. Child Custody Law Firms
After having read this article, you should now feel more like you can better find the lawyer that fits your needs. Using the tips you've just learned, find an affordable attorney that will take care of your case and also you. Time is important to a case, so find the right attorney now. Divorce Attorneys


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Related Articles
However Shreya wants to become the lead lady of Ajith in this mega project at any cost. On the advice of her close friend Trisha, Shreya called on Ajith on the same night and wished him for attaining fatherhood.
The 'Ultimate star' was impressed by the way she approached. Much before that, the 'Badshah of Box Office' Rajini had advised him not to mix personal likes and dislikes with one's work ever. It is also said that the Superstar recalled his compromises at some point in his career to work with people like Vadivel and Vivek with whom he had some personal differences.
Finally, the ice between them has melted, and he has no objection to being paired with her. Now Raju Sundaram, the director of the project is breathing with ease and visibly very happy with the end of the heroine hunt. He has to start the film from February first. But till now, there is no official conformation about the role of Shreya.


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Potpies might be my favorite kind of pie: They're warm, filling, savory and endlessly adaptable. This time of year, one of the best is a chipotle-sweet-potato version. It's based on a potpie recipe in my new cookbook, "Cook 1.0: A Fresh Approach to Vegetarian Cooking."
With their bright orange flesh and rich flavor, sweet potatoes are great for the fall table. (They also come packed with alpha and beta carotene, iron, calcium, and fiber, making them all-stars in helping to ward off all sorts of illnesses.) Paired with a simple green salad and a glass of wine, pies stuffed with sweet potatoes make a tasty way to spend a chilly evening -- and are excellent incentive for friends to accept an invitation to your next dinner.
One fun thing to do is to throw a potpie-making party. Plan to prepare your sweet-potato-based recipe, but then invite a handful of friends over and have everyone bring a different filling (favorite stews or chunky chowders make great insides). As host, you can provide the crusts. I usually use puff pastry, but if you don't have any on hand, you can substitute dollops of simple biscuit dough or mashed potatoes.
Hang out in the kitchen assembling the pies, then pop a few in the oven to eat immediately and throw the rest in the freezer. You can also freeze leftover filling. Later, just thaw it out in the fridge the day you want to make the pies and pull out the puff pastry a half-hour before baking time; assembling the potpies takes less than five minutes.
Of course, the big trick is remembering what fillings are in which pies. I like to top non-vegetarian pies with a pastry cutout of a chicken (or cow or whatever else fits); veggie ones get a cutout of a tomato or carrot. If people want a quick way to remember which pies are theirs, you can also use a cookie cutter to create the initials of each person from the leftover pastry scraps.
Bonus: When people are ready to leave, everyone can take home potpies in different flavors.
Story and recipe excerpted and adapted from "Cook 1.0: A Fresh Approach to Vegetarian Cooking," by Heidi Swanson (Stewart, Tabori & Chang, November 2004).


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The Kent Website since 1999
Our current news, stories and events are below. We have been running Kent business features and news for over a decade. In that time user feedback has been central to developing and improving this content. If you have a local story or feature or if you'd like to draw our attention to some Kentish success we'd welcome your email, our contact details are at the foot of the page.
If you'd like some idea of the criteria we use for selecting news and features, check out our published guidelines on the archive page. We tend to look out for content with a strong local flavour and at least 500 words of readable copy.
Kent Business News
Kent Architects Flying High - Godden Allen Lawn are celebrating after picking up a major award for the Spitfire-wing shaped building
Swale Heating - Partnership with leading estate agency group
The Canterbury Tales - Seeking artisans for Christmas Gift Fair
Huge Office Letting In Kent - Travel Insurance Facilities Group
Airport Business Booming - Key message delivered to company leaders and directors
Re-appointment To The Court Of Protection - Nicola August a partner at Furley Page
Kings Hill - More property development
Swale Heating - Business growth fuels recruitment boom
Christmas Artisan Gift Fair - The Canterbury Tales is seeking stall-holders for a special festive market
Debt Recovery - When should you consider legal proceedings and what are your options?
Sign Up For My Kent Big Weekend - Tourism businesses urged to get involved.
Lydd Airport Names New Chief Exec - Charles Buchanan
Rodenstock Launches New Lens - The Impression FreeSign® 3.
Port Of Dover Community Fund - September workshop looks to the future.
Security Firms Merge - Ashford based Red Alert have joined forces with Kent and Sussex Security (KSS).
Taking Kent To America - Visit Kent will be in Las Vegas to sell Kent to the North American travel industry later this month.
Flambeau Europlast Opens Its Door - 13th September
Sevenoaks Restaurant Opening - 20 new jobs have been created by the Giggling Squid group with the opening of their latest eatery in Sevenoaks.
Millwood Builds On Success - New Investment to the tune of £10m in a deal managed by law firm Cripps.
Walpole Bay Hotel - Margate Party Extravaganza To Celebrate Centenary
Inheritance Tax changes may affect thousands. Warning from leading local legal firm Cripps.
House sales at Kings Hill have reached have the highest level since 2007.
Kent Design & Development Awards - The search is on to find the successor to Rocksalt, the award winning Folkestone restaurant.
Newmarket Holidays Switches Departure Option - Lydd Airport benefits from special charter business
Beyond The Barn - According to Smiths Gore, new planning rules will make it easier for farmers to convert agricultural buildings.
Exciting Developments At Kings Hill - Three housing projects in progress.
Serious Implications For Local Businesses - EU VAT proposals could mean a significant shift in the management of UK businesses.
Next month sees an open invitation March, 2014) being invited to take part in some greenfingered fundraising activities in aid of a children's charity at Millbrook Garden Centre in Gravesend.
Comma Oil and Chemicals manufactures, markets and distributes lubricating motor oils and other related products has moved part of its operation to Kings Hill.
Minimum Wage Rise Welcomed By Restaurateur - Dev Biswal has called for a clampdown on tax evasion.
Local business commits to continued support for Demelza Hospice Care for Children. Swale Heating will be working with Demelza in 2014 for the fourth consecutive year.
The Markerstudy Group 10K - The second Markerstudy Day has just taken place with the group's staff raising over £10,000 for charity. Across the country events were held including in Royal Tunbridge Wells where the marketing team caused a stir by riding high on the Santa Express .
Stanstead Airport Responds - M.A.G Chief Executive, Charlie Cornish comments on the Airport Commission's Interim Report
Manston Airport Comment from Charles Buchanan, Chief Executive
Holiday Cottages For Garden Lovers - Cranbrook based Freedom Holiday Homes have a range of properties on their books which will appeal to garden lovers in particular.
Gatwick Airport - Stewart Wingate responds to the Airport Commission's Interim Report
The Giggling Squid steps back in time to 1966 prices following the discover of an ancient wine list under the floorboards.
Lydd Airport Statement - In response to the Davies Commission interim report
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The La Femme Fall 2013 Collection has premiered on the website! You can check out all of the new styles we have for homecoming and holiday parties under the "Cocktail Dresses" and "Prom Dresses" sections. We also have a new album on our Facebook highlighting all of the new styles in this gorgeous collection!
Two trends we are seeing for the Fall season are elegant lace dresses and the peplum shaped style. La Femme has created a couple lace styles for Fall that feature our vibrant and beautiful teal lace! These styles include 19315 and 19355. You can find our popular peplum style, number 19088, in the caramel or black color.
These styles can be viewed on our site here:
Of course, you can never go wrong with choosing a style that has a little more sparkle and "bling"! We are continuing to make dresses using a sequin underlay and chiffon or net overlay. These dresses give you a subtle shine, without going overboard! A few examples from our homecoming dresses are 19510, 19415, and 19464 which can be seen here:
What styles and trends do you love for Fall? Let us know via any of our social media platforms: Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram! We want to hear from our customers!


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Accountancy and consultancy services sector - testimonials
Below are 15 testimonials we've received from training courses for companies in the Accountants and consultants sector in the last 3 years.
"The trainer was great. Took the time to ensure everyone was OK with what they were doing. Explained everything clearly. Content was good as it went from basic to more advanced."
Paul Matthews
PricewaterhouseCoopers Services Ltd.
"Fantastic course, this is definitely the kind of thing we need to invest more into. The materials are great, with very clear step by step process. The examples are superb and the level of explanation is pitched at the perfect level. Great course."
Daniel Frazer
PricewaterhouseCoopers Services Ltd.
"Trainer was very engaging, answered questions well and kept it interesting."
Stephen Majury
PricewaterhouseCoopers Services Ltd.
"Course was taught at a good pace. The instructor was good and always able to answer questions. Detailed manuals with fun and helpful exercises."
Lucy Onyango
PricewaterhouseCoopers Services Ltd.
"Very well structured and easy to understand through the examples provided. The trainer was incredibly friendly and engaging making the course a pleasure to attend. Course was recommended by experienced colleagues."
René Küüsvek
PricewaterhouseCoopers Services Ltd.
"Tutor was able to answer all our ad-hoc questions and covered a lot of content."
Fayyaz Rashid
PricewaterhouseCoopers Services Ltd.
"Very good content and delivery. Excellent!"
Bryan Skinner
"Trainer was extremely helpful, the overall presentation and timescale of the content was great. The trainer was very enthusiastic and was willing to help individuals quickly if problems arose."
Connel Watson
PricewaterhouseCoopers Services Ltd.
"Really good intro to VBA, as I had minimal knowledge prior to course. Brilliant trainer and kept course interesting."
Mark Ward
PricewaterhouseCoopers Services Ltd.
"Showed structure and importance of data model, with lots of practical examples, answered specific requests of most attendees and best lunches I've ever had on a course."
Rainer Pratl
CFA Institute
"Great course - I've learnt a lot over the past 3 days."
Daniel Punch
PricewaterhouseCoopers Services Ltd.
"Great level of detail at a good rate of progression. Excellent resources and great course material."
Jon Willis
Musgrave Analytics
"Great course. Well done. Trainer was great."
Garry Dooey
PricewaterhouseCoopers Services Ltd.
"Very good tutor! Made a huge effort to make the course interesting and fun."
Josh Smith
PricewaterhouseCoopers Services Ltd.
"A fantastic piece of training. The right level of 'lecturing' and 'participation' throughout the day. Although some areas I had encountered before, for many of them I gained a deeper understanding of these - I feel like I have learnt an awful lot from the day's training. Covering a lot of new areas and useful tools. Material was well taught and supported by examples. Overall very engaging and enjoyable."
Lewis Jacques
PricewaterhouseCoopers Services Ltd.
Wise Owl would like to thank those listed above for kindly agreeing to be quoted.
- Accountants and consultants
- Agriculture and fisheries
- Banks, investments, pensions, IFAa
- Central government
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- Defence
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- Health
- Insurance
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- Media, PR, advertising, marketing
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- Other financial
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- Police, fire and ambulance
- Prison and probation services
- Recruitment/HR
- Retail (including online)
- Technology and IT
- Trade and other unions and bodies
- Transport/logistics
- Utilities (gas/water/electricity/phone)
- Voluntary sector