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This site is provided as a service to CPAs by the Loscalzo Institute, A Kaplan Company. The Loscalzo Institute conducts continuing education courses through state CPA societies, as well as hosts their own live seminars in Delaware, New York, Pennsylvania, and Rhode Island.
Live training topics include a number of areas of interest to CPAs, including: Accounting and Auditing, Governmental and Not-for-Profit, Employee Benefit Plans, Tax, Professional Ethics, and Professional Development.
Current Federal Tax Developments is our course that presents issues of interest to CPAs occurring in the recent past, as well as a review of issues arising for CPAs involved in tax practice.
Find a Seminar in Your Area >>
If you are interested in having the Loscalzo Institute present in-house continuing education sessions for your society or firm, please consult the information on our web page.


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Commissioners are district and council leaders who help Scout units succeed. They coach and consult with adult leaders of Cub Scout packs, Boy Scout troops, and Venturing crews. Commissioners help maintain the standards of the Boy Scouts of America.
Unit commissioners will focus on the following four primary areas:
- Support Unit Growth through Journey to Excellence.
- Link Unit needs to district operating committee resources.
- Renew Charter on time.
Unit Service Mission: "To help units serve more youth better through Scouting."
Commissioner Conferences:
MCC College of Commissioner Science
April 21, 2018 – Start planning for the College of Commissioner Science to be held at the VisTa Tech Center at Schoolcraft College in Livonia. Registration opens January 1, 2018 so mark your calendar! To prepare for the 2018 College of Commissioner Science, click HERE!
Already a Commissioner and looking for resources and support? These links provide information designed for Scouters (adult volunteers) who are active in our Commissioner Service program. If you are unfamiliar with Commissioner Service and would like more information on becoming one, please contact firstname.lastname@example.com.
National BSA Council Links
- National BSA Commissioners Website (includes information regarding):
- Journey to Excellence information
- Commissioner Manuals and Resources
- Commissioner Training
- Commissioner Recruitment and Retention
- Awards and Recognition
- Roundtable support
- Commissioner award and recognition
- Internet Charter Renewal
- National Commissioner Newsletter
- National BSA Commissioner Identity Products
Local Council Resources
- MCC Unit Recharter page – An online resource for our Michigan units
- Touchpoints – A monthly guide to Commissioner responsibilities
Commissioner Newsletters

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Combine the beef, venison, oil, salt, cinnamon, oregano, pepper and parsley in a mixing bowl. Use a spoon, spatula or your hands to blend it thoroughly. Form the meat into twelve 3-ounce sliders, and refrigerate until cooking time.
Brush the sliders with olive oil and cook on a preheated very hot grill or in a nonstick pan for 1 to 2 minutes on each side. Do not overcook! This lovely lean meat is best served rare or medium-rare.
Place the grilled venison sliders on a bun, top with Tomato Chile Jam and cover with the bun top. Finish by skewering a cornichon and driving the skewer through the top bun, the slider and the bottom bun to keep them intact and easy to eat. Repeat with all the sliders.
Place the sliders on a platter and waste no time getting them to your guests and into your mouth!
Combine the tomatoes, sugar, vinegar, fish sauce, garlic, chiles and ginger in a saucepot. Bring the mixture to a boil over medium heat. Reduce the heat to low and cook for about 2 hours, stirring all the time to make sure it doesn't scorch on the bottom. Allow the thick, glossy condiment to cool to room temperature, and refrigerate till needed. Cook's Note: This will make more than needed, but this sauce is mildly addictive and you will be happy to have some stashed away in your refrigerator for any grilled meat, fish or prawns. It lasts for over a month when stored properly in a sealed container.
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Get a sneak-peek of the new Food Network recipe page and give us your feedback.See it Now!


text:
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* Made in the USA
* This product may be suitable for use on organic farms; please confirm with your certifier before using
Mastoblast – For mastitis. Leaves no chemical residue, so no withdrawal period is required. Can be given to in-calf heifers, drying off cows and lactating cows.
Contains bryonia alba, carbo vegetabilis, echinacea angustifolia, lac caninum, lachesis, phytolacca decandra, silica, sulphur and ruta in 20% USP alcohol.Directions: Administer orally, in water or on food twice daily for 10 days. Cows - 2 ml per dose; Goats and sheep - 1 ml per dose. Made in the USA.
This product may be suitable for use on organic farms. Please confirm with your certifier before using.
Email to a friend: Mastoblast
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Fight Bac$9.99
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Phone Orders and Questions: 800-321-0235 Fax Orders: 330-830-2762 PBS Animal Health • 2780 Richville Drive SE • Massillon, OH 44646Email us at: firstname.lastname@example.com Map • Terms of Use • Contact US • Catalog Quick Order • Home •
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text: 30dB.com research shows that when social media discusses Claire Foy Compared To Matt Smith and Show, people used these words: , starred, starring, nominated, succeed, miss, winner, brilliant, were incorrect, were shocked, killing, patience, i love, offered, thrilled, win, marvelous, more amazing, popular, winning, excellent, i miss, boasts, denied, not mad, an impressive, better, exclusive, i liked, kidnap, outstanding, been nominated for, i will miss, there was no, a fight, awards, be losing, is amazing, never worked, so exceptional, i love her. Based on our research, see the crowd's opinion and sentiment on Claire Foy Compared To Matt Smith and Show . The data was collected from samples of comments made on the Internet through 08/20/2018. You can intereact with the polling data and see actual excerpts of opinions we've gathered.Use the search box to enter topics, terms, and/or names to see the latest trends and opinion polls on news, sports, politics, entertainment, celebrities, hashtags, products, electronics and more. Opinion polls are updated several times every day on every topic.


text:
The System Scan button is greyed out
If you have just installed Spybot, you may find that you cannot run a System Scan because the button has been greyed out.
Please see here for more information if you are using Windows XP or Vista, and the System Scan button appears as three dots (…).
Spybot's System Scan button will be accessible when a complete update has been carried out. This is done to ensure that users are scanning their system for all the latest malware and viruses we have on record.
Please see here for instructions if you are experiencing any issues downloading updates.
FAQ Category: Known Issues, Spybot 2, Start Center, System Scan
The System Scan cannot be run, and shows three dots (…)
The cause of this problem:
This issue is caused by the installation of Spybot 2.5 on Windows XP or Vista PCs.
Modifications have been made to Spybot 2.5 to ensure it functions correctly on Windows 10. For users of Windows Vista and XP, we still recommend using version 2.4 of Spybot, which can be found here.
- Please uninstall Spybot 2.5 from your PC using the Control Panel. You can then download and install Spybot 2.4 from here.
If you purchased a licensed edition of Spybot, you can run your license at this point to apply it to the installed copy of Spybot.
- When this has been successfully installed, please delete the file "Post Windows 10 Spybot-install" from your Desktop (if it exists).
- Please also delete the folder:
C:\Program Files\Common Files\AV\Spybot – Search and Destroy
These files were included in updates for users who are upgrading to Windows 10, but they are not needed if you are using Windows XP or Vista.
FAQ Category: Spybot 2, Start Center
Spybot's system scan freezes at Zlob.ZipCodec
This problem was caused by a minor issue in the Spybot program. We are now providing a small installer that will correct this issue on your PC.
- The scan proceeds as normal, but will stop progressing at Zlob.ZipCodec and won't appear to finish.
- The "Settings" button in the Start Center is unresponsive when clicked.
- If you are experiencing this issue, simply download and run this small installer. This installer replaces a file that was identified to cause the issue.
If you encountered this issue:
If you have encountered this issue, your scan has completed but the results were not displayed.
To display the results from your last scan, please go to the Spybot program folder:
C:\Program Files (x86)\Spybot – Search & Destroy 2
Here, run the file "SDCleaner(.exe)" as an administrator by right-clicking the file and choosing the option to "Run as administrator".
You can fix the issues shown and ticked by clicking "Fix selected" in the window displaying the results.
If this does not work, please contact our support team.
FAQ Category: File Scan, General, Known Issues, Settings, Spybot 2, Start Center
What is the Start Center?
The Start Center is the home of all of Spybot's tools and features.
This is the main window you see when you open Spybot.
Here, the options are categorized as Basic, Advanced and Extra tools (such as System Scan or Startup Tools).
You can also view Live Protection, Internet Protection and the Update Status from the Start Center as well as a helpful "Tip of the day".
To view all of Spybot's tools and features, tick the checkbox next to Advanced User Mode.
FAQ Category: Spybot 2, Start Center
What is Advanced User Mode?
Advanced User Mode allows you to view all of Spybot's tools and features from within the Start Center.
When you open the Spybot Start Center, by default, only the Basic tools are shown.
This is designed for simple users who do not want to worry about some of the more advanced features that Spybot has to offer.
If you would like to use Spybot's Advanced and Extra tools, tick the checkbox beside Advanced User Mode, located at the bottom left of the Start Center.
FAQ Category: General, Spybot 2, Start Center
How do I open Spybot with Administrator privileges/as an admin?
Windows may sometimes tell you that Spybot does not have the correct permissions to your system, or that you need elevated permissions to do what you attempted.
You can solve this problem as follows:
- Open Spybot by right-clicking on the Spybot icon and choosing the option to "Run as administrator".
- This will require you to be signed into your PC using an administrator account. Administrator accounts, by default, do not run programs as an administrator as this could allow malicious software to have administrator permissions on your PC.
FAQ Category: General, Spybot 2, Start Center
How do I check my Spybot edition?
To check your Spybot edition:
- Open the Spybot Start Center.
- Under the Spybot logo on the top left corner of the Start Center, you should see the Spybot edition written in blue writing.
- If you are a licensed user you should also have "+ANTIVIRUS" written in red writing.
For more information on your Spybot Edition and License, you can click the blue writing which will open the "License Overview" window.
FAQ Category: Spybot 2, Spybot License, Start Center
How do I view Spybot Help?
To view Spybot Help, open Spybot's Start Center and click on "Help" in the top left corner of the Start Center.
This will open the Spybot Help file.
FAQ Category: General, Spybot 2, Start Center
How do I view the Spybot License Agreement?
To view the Spybot License Agreement with Spybot installed, you can go to:
Start Center > Help (top left corner of the Start Center) > About Start Center > License
Two versions of this can also be found on our website:
For Home Users
For Business Users
FAQ Category: Spybot 2, Spybot License, Start Center
"This software is being updated" in the Start Center / System Tray
It states in the Start Center / System Tray "This software is being updated" because in the Licensed Editions of Spybot, the updates are performed automatically through a scheduled task.
This message does not mean Spybot is downloading or installing updates currently, but instead means the automatic updater is activated, running and updating Spybot on a regular basis.
We are going to improve this message in the next version to make it less confusing to our users.
We apologise for any inconvenience caused by this misunderstanding.
FAQ Category: Known Issues, Spybot 2, Start Center, Updates
How to refresh the system whitelist?
When you first install Spybot +AV you will have the option to create a whitelist. This is a list of programs that are known to be safe. This will speed up the scanning process as these files will not be scanned in the future unless they have been altered in some way.
30 days after the time Spybot +AV was installed this option will no longer appear in the 'Start Center'. The reason for this happening is that it is recommended not to create a whitelist on systems that have been in use for some time as you may 'whitelist' files that have become infected.
If you want to refresh your whitelist and the option is no longer available in the 'Start Center' it can still be done manually.
To do this, navigate to the folder where Spybot is installed. If Spybot was installed in the default directory, this will be:
C:\Program Files (x86)\Spybot – Search & Destroy 2
Here, locate the executable file 'SDPrepPos.exe' and run it as an administrator by right-clicking the file and choosing the option to "run as administrator". This must be done to ensure Spybot has the permissions it needs to function correctly.
You will then be prompted to create a whitelist.
FAQ Category: Spybot 2, Start Center, Whitelist
How to remove the system whitelist?
You can delete the whitelist file in the Includes sub-folder of the Spybot – Search & Destroy install folder, which is by default:
Windows XP:
C:\Program Files\Spybot – Search & Destroy 2\Includes\PosSystem.sbs
Windows Vista or higher:
C:\Program Files (x86)\Spybot – Search & Destroy 2\Includes\PosSystem.sbs
FAQ Category: Spybot 2, Start Center, Whitelist
Why did the Whitelist link disappear (from the Start Center)?
The option to create a whitelist is only being offered on systems that are not older than 30 days.
If your system has been installed more than 30 days ago, the Whitelist Creator can not be started via the Start Center. If you still want to create a whitelist you can use the 'SDPrepPos' in the Spybot – Search & Destroy program folder, by default:
Windows XP: C:\Program Files\Spybot – Search & Destroy 2
Windows Vista or Windows 7 or Windows 8: C:\Programs (x86)\Spybot – Search & Destroy 2
A Whitelist should only be created on a system that is known to be uninfected.
We recommend that you only use it on a new system, after all software has been set up,
but before connecting it to the Internet.
FAQ Category: Spybot 2, Start Center, Whitelist
How can I get administrator rights under Windows Vista or Windows 7 / 8 / 10?
To open Spybot as administrator, simply right click on the Spybot desktop icon or the start menu icon and click "Run as Administrator":
Then you can right-click on the module's icon you are about to run and select "Run as administrator".
FAQ Category: General, Spybot 2, Start Center


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Emani Minerals review
I've been seeing Emani Minerals reviews all over the internet, and I've been drying to try this brand. Yes I am officially, 100%, makeup-spoiled! I was so excited to have the chance to do an Emani Minerals review, and this is one case where the reality lived up to the hype. Keep reading to hear the details of my Emani Minerals makeup review!
I received quite a selection of products for my Emani Minerals review.
I was able to create a complete look using the Emani products and tools, and I was very pleased with the warm summery result that I achieved. I have to admit that I was a little skeptical of Emani Minerals at first, as they boast makeup that is 100% vegan. In fact, Emani Minerals products are vegan & gluten friendly, cruelty free, not tested on animals, and the paper goods are biodegradable and 100% recycled (25% post & 75% pre-consumer). I mean, wow. Being such an amazing green makeup option, there are certainly drawbacks in quality, right? WRONG!
First off, Emani's Pressed Mineral Foundation is lovely, and allows you to create a natural look by applying just a little, or a gaining fuller coverage by applying additional layers. Again, this is a vegan product, and the Pressed Mineral Foundation is infused organic rosemary and grape seed extract. It's so nice to know that the makeup I'm applying to my face is actually great for my skin!
I was also particularly impressed with Emani's Mineral Hybrid Cream, which is completely paraben-free, talc-free, gluten-free, and is handmade! The Hybrid Cream is made of natural waxes and oils, and is an absolutely unique choice for eyes, cheeks, and lips. You have to try this blend of shimmers and mineral pigments for yourself to fully realize how beautiful it is.
The Mineral Hybrid Cream is also a great base for your eyelids when you are using the Crushed Mineral Dust. The Crushed Mineral Dust comes in a variety of gorgeous colors, and I'd like to have every single one of them!
I also have to mention a few of the other products that I am in love with, including the Organic Lip Shine, that smells good enough to eat, the Duo Eye Shadow, Filler, and Liner–my new go-to choice for a beautiful smoky eye line–and the awesome Soy Infused Mascara!
If you are looking for a high quality choice in green organic cosmetics, look no further than Emani Minerals. In fact, look no further than this post, because Emani is offering a huge assortment of their makeup to one Dear Crissy reader!
Disclosure: Emani Minerals provided me with a selection of makeup for review. The opinions expressed in this review are completely my own. No additional compensation was received for this Emani Minerals review.


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Splinter Cell: Blacklist Delayed, Release Date Set For August 20 [New Trailer]
So I can't say I'm happy about this at all but I trust that Ubisoft knows what they are doing. Ubisoft has revealed that the highly anticipated Splinter Cell: Blacklist won't be released until August 20th for PS3, Xbox 360 and PC. Sorry Wii U fans, no word yet on whether or not you'll get in on the action.
The unfortunate news was delivered by the game's Senior Producer, Alex Parizeau. He actually at least provided a decent amount of detail about why the game was delayed by saying:
"We hope you enjoyed the new Splinter Cell Blacklist trailer. You likely all noticed the launch date for the game – August 20th, 2013 in North America (August 22nd in Europe).
We've said it before, but this truly is the biggest game in the series – it has a huge scope. We've created a massive amount of content across all the game modes, from single player, to co-op and multiplayer, and we feel strongly that the game will benefit from taking the time we need for polish. We all saw how that decision helped another great Ubisoft franchise this past year with Far Cry and we have the same high expectations for our title. Splinter Cell Blacklist will have full support for a for a wide variety of play styles from Ghost, to Panther, to Assault, combined with a completely universal economy system are intricate and require a high level of tweaking and balance. We've put a great deal of effort into creating this game, and we do it all for you, our fans.
We've got big things planned for Splinter Cell over the next few months. 2013 is going to be a big year for Sam and 4th Echelon. And a huge thanks from our team at Ubisoft for all the support and excitement you show for our game."
So there you have it folks, one of my Top 10 most anticipated games of the year is now going to be coming our way a lot later than many of us had hoped. As has become the custom over the past few years, in order to soften the blow about the delay, Ubisoft released a brand new trailer for the game which you can watch below, shoutout to IGN for that.


text: Home » News » SODIMM system on a chip released SODIMM system on a chip released Stuart Davidson December 7, 2009 News If you think that computers are still too big then the new Triton TX51 might be just right up your street. The Triton TX51 is basically a complete computer crammed into a PCB no bigger than the size of a mobile ram module measuring 6.85 cm by 2.54 cm. This comprises an ARM Cortex A8 processor clocked at 800mhz with 128mb of DDR400 ram and another 128mb of NAND flash memory as well a support for two SDIO cards (for additional hardware expansion). There is also a touchscreen controller which can power a dual display up to 1280×768 at 24 bit colour with both PAL and NTSC options. Lastly there is also a 10/100 Ethernet controller as well as USB 2 on the go and host support. The video support is surprisingly powerful with PowerVR graphics which supports both Open GL ES 2.0 3D rendering and 720p MPEG-4/H.264 hardware accelerated playback and there is even support for a CMOS camera. As we reported last week the functionality of this system will require a larger daughterboard system in a similar fashion to VIA's Mobile ITX form factor however the customised options for specific sizes are very varied. OEMs will be able to reduce the size to fit their exact requirements. This will launch in January between 120-150 pounds and will have full support for Windows CE 6.0 and Linux Kernel 2.6 and higher. Share On


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Born in Bridgeport, Connecticut on May 15, 1982, Alexandra Hetherington Alex Breckenridge is an actress and photographer.
(Her mother was nineteen when she gave birth to Alexandra.) When she was ten, she and her mother moved to Los Angeles, and a year later, settled in Mill Valley, California.
When she was 13, Alexandra Breckenridge became interested in acting, and she performed in local theatre productions. At 15, she and her mother relocated to Los Angeles. She has an uncle, Michael Weatherly, who is one of the stars on NCIS.
Alexandras first gig was on Freaks and Geeks. Other roles followed, including parts on CSI, Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Charmed, Dawsons Creek, Undeclared, Medium and JAG. Other roles include Big Fat Liar, Opposite Sex, Dirt, The Bridge to Nowhere and True Blood.
Learn How To Sext: Your Official Guide to Sexting Examples.
Not seen, but heard, she lends her voice to Family Guy. She told FHM, I dont know why, but Seth MacFarlane really likes the sound of my voice. Ill never understand that. He just liked me and they call me back all the time to do different things.
Alexandra Breckenridge also had a guest role on American Horror Story. She told the LA Times, Now that the season of [American Horror Story] is over, lets just say Ive been eating a lot more lately. She said of her dyed red hair, I never learned why, but [Ryan Murphy, the creator] has a thing for redheads. Its a vampy red, like Jessica Rabbit. She added of her oral sex scene, Putting your head repeatedly in someones crotch for hours isnt pleasant.
She added, though, Its nothing like my personality, Ive never acted that way. Its tricky, being that overtly sexual is not as easy as you would thinkIve been getting some text messages from guys Ive dated asking me out again. I guess they saw me masturbating on television and they were like, oh crap (younghollywood.com).
Alexandra has several tattoos that are ultimately covered up for on-screen projects. I have a huge fairy on my leg that I dont really like. I got it when I was 18 and nowIve just got this huge fairy on my leg.
Alexandra Breckenridge said of acting, I dont want to get stuck on a medical show for seven years. Some people would give their left pinkie toe for that, but I just want to enjoy my work. And about Hollywood? Theres a lot of fakeness in Hollywood, and a lot of girls are out to get something. But Ive never been like that (FHM.com).
She is also known for her photography, which has been featured in several Los Angeles galleries.
Alexandra Breckenridge lives in Los Angeles, California.


text:
General information
The Republic of Azerbaijan issues 2 types of visas – entry and transit visas - to foreigners and stateless people.
1. Entry visa;
- A single- entry visa allows only one entry-exit to the country within this period.
- A multiple entry visa is valid for 2 years. This visa type allows a person to enter and exit the country several times within relevant period.
A period of staying in the country is limited by a validity period of a visa. A visa becomes invalid if it is not used during its validity period.
2. A single-entry and a double-entry transit visas are issued to foreigners and stateless persons who pass through the Republic of Azerbaijan to a destination outside Azerbaijan. Validity period of a transit visa is 30 days, while staying period in the country is 5 days. Transit visas are granted on the basis of circumstances of a particular transit itinerary, use of air, water, railway and other types of transport means and for a necessary period of time.
Foreigners and stateless persons may obtain ordinary entry visas if they come to the country for the following purposes:
- Official
- Business
- Science and education
- Labor
- Tourism
- Culture and sport
- Humanitarian
- Personal travel
- Medical treatment
Diplomatic or service category entry visas are issued to persons who come to the country for official purposes.
Documents required for visa issuance
In accordance with article 36 of the Migration Code of the Republic of Azerbaijan, the following documents are required for visa issuance:
1. Sample of application form approved by an appropriate authority of executive power (a sample is attached);
2. Passport or other travel document and copies of their main pages;
3. Two color photographs (3x4cm) matching with biometric identification requirements;
4. A copy of medical insurance certificate (if a host does not undertake to pay for medical services);
5. Application submitted by a party inviting a foreigner and a stateless person to the Republic of Azerbaijan, a sample (a sample is attached) of which is approved by an appropriate authority of the executive power, a registered copy of a certificate (for non-governmental organizations), a document proving the purpose of an invitation (these documents are not required for transit, tourism, official and personal travel visas);
6. In addition to the documents set forth in article 36.1 of this Code a notarized copy of a birth certificate, a permission of parents or a legitimate representative and copies of identification documents are required for issuance of visa to foreigners and stateless persons under 18 holders of a passport travelling without his/her parent or a legitimate representative.
Amount of a state duty for visa issued by the Embassy for Iranian citizens is as following:
Ttransit visa and single entry visa - 20 US dollars
Multiple entry visa - 350 US dollars
Attention! A validity period of a passport or other travel document should exceed a validity period of an expected visa at least by 3 months.


text:
By: Doug Karsch
As we round the final turn and head for the tape of the regular season, what we saw Monday night at Joe Louis Arena was a Detroit Red Wings team we had been waiting to see show up. While no one here is accustomed to seeing the Wings in ninth place in the conference as we make that turn, the Wings only have to reel in one of the teams in front of them to accomplish a minimal goal — qualifying for the post-season.
More on that post-season in a minute.
But first, the getting there. Monday night's 4-0 win over Phoenix was a combination of a hockey team playing with a sense of desperation that belies an organization with the heart of a champion. And while the product hasn't been up to par around Hockeytown, it's still a team with a Stanley Cup spine at the core of a weakened frame.
The Wings have struggled all year coming off west-coast trips, going 0-4 in their first game home — until Monday night. Mike Babcock and company decided to flip the script and keep the Wings overnight in Vancouver Saturday night after losing in a shootout to the Canucks. That allowed for a full night's sleep and made Sunday's off day — a travel day. The plan appeared to work. The Wings connected on three PP goals, and killed off all four Coyote power plays. In the offensive zone, the Wings looked dangerous throughout — with Damien Brunner and Valtteri Filppula breaking droughts and connecting on goals — and creating a number of other grade A chances. Johan Franzen still has the ability to score big, big goals in big, big games. And he did it again Monday. Franzen has five goals and five assists in his last 10 games.
And what about that post-season berth that may still loom?
Well, I can't craft a formula for an 8th seeded Wings team to upset the mighty Blackhawks, but I can't count them out either. Too often I've seen the impossible upset pulled off against a top seeded Wings team. Whether it is Edmonton or Calgary or San Jose or whomever. It was unfathomably done. And in 2003 one of those heavily favored Wings teams lost to the 7th seeded Anaheim Mighty Ducks. A Ducks team coached by a guy named Mike Babcock.


text:
Legal Status
Document Details
Published Document
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
Final rule.
This regulation establishes tolerances for residues of tebuconazole in or on wheat, grain; oats, grain; wheat, shorts; and wheat, germ. Bayer CropScience requested these tolerances under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA).
This regulation is effective August 31, 2011. Objections and requests for hearings must be received on or before October 31, 2011, and must be filed in accordance with the instructions provided in 40 CFR part 178 (see also Unit I.C. of the SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION).
EPA has established a docket for this action under docket identification (ID) number EPA-HQ-OPP-2011-0120. All documents in the docket are listed in the docket index available at http://www.regulations.gov. Although listed in the index, some information is not publicly available, e.g., Confidential Business Information (CBI) or other information whose disclosure is restricted by statute. Certain other material, such as copyrighted material, is not placed on the Internet and will be publicly available only in hard copy form. Publicly available docket materials are available in the electronic docket at http://www.regulations.gov, or, if only available in hard copy, at the OPP Regulatory Public Docket in Rm. S-4400, One Potomac Yard (South Bldg.), 2777 S. Crystal Dr., Arlington, VA. The Docket Facility is open from 8:30 a.m. to 4 p.m., Monday through Friday, excluding legal holidays. The Docket Facility telephone number is (703) 305-5805.Start Further Info
Tracy Keigwin, Registration Division (7505P), Office of Pesticide Programs, Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW., Washington, DC 20460-0001; telephone number: (703) 305-6605; e-mail address: keigwin.tracy @epa.gov.End Further Info End Preamble Start Supplemental Information
I. General Information
A. Does this action apply to me?
You may be potentially affected by this action if you are an agricultural producer, food manufacturer, or pesticide manufacturer. Potentially affected entities may include, but are not limited to those engaged in the following activities:
- Crop production (NAICS code 111).
- Animal production (NAICS code 112).
- Food manufacturing (NAICS code 311).
- Pesticide manufacturing (NAICS code 32532).
This listing is not intended to be exhaustive, but rather to provide a guide for readers regarding entities likely to be affected by this action. Other types of entities not listed in this unit could also be affected. The North American Industrial Classification System (NAICS) codes have been provided to assist you and others in determining whether this action might apply to certain entities. If you have any questions regarding the applicability of this action to a particular entity, consult the person listed under FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT.
B. How can I get electronic access to other related information?
You may access a frequently updated electronic version of EPA's tolerance regulations at 40 CFR part 180 through the Government Printing Office's e-CFR site at http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?&c=ecfr&tpl=/ecfrbrowse/Title40/40tab_02.tpl.
C. How can I file an objection or hearing request?
Under FFDCA section 408(g), 21 U.S.C. 346a, any person may file an objection to any aspect of this regulation and may also request a hearing on those objections. You must file your objection or request a hearing on this regulation in accordance with the instructions provided in 40 CFR part 178. To ensure proper receipt by EPA, you must identify docket ID number EPA-HQ-OPP-2011-0120 in the subject line on the first page of your submission. All objections and requests for a hearing must be in writing, and must be received by the Hearing Clerk on or before October 31, 2011. Addresses for mail and hand delivery of objections and hearing requests are provided in 40 CFR 178.25(b).
In addition to filing an objection or hearing request with the Hearing Clerk as described in 40 CFR part 178, please submit a copy of the filing that does not contain any CBI for inclusion in the public docket. Information not marked confidential pursuant to 40 CFR part 2 may be disclosed publicly by EPA without prior notice. Submit a copy of your non-CBI objection or hearing request, identified by docket ID number EPA-HQ-OPP-2011-0120, by one of the following methods:
- Federal eRulemaking Portal: http://www.regulations.gov. Follow the on-line instructions for submitting comments.
- Mail: Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP) Regulatory Public Docket (7502P), Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW., Washington, DC 20460-0001.
- Delivery: OPP Regulatory Public Docket (7502P), Environmental Protection Agency, Rm. S-4400, One Potomac Yard (South Bldg.), 2777 S. Crystal Dr., Arlington, VA. Deliveries are only accepted during the Docket Facility's normal hours of operation (8:30 a.m. to 4 p.m., Monday through Friday, excluding legal holidays). Special arrangements should be made for deliveries of boxed information. The Docket Facility telephone number is (703) 305-5805.
II. Summary of Petitioned-For Tolerance
In the Federal Register of March 29, 2011 (76 FR 17374) (FRL-8867-4), EPA issued a notice pursuant to section 408(d)(3) of FFDCA, 21 U.S.C. 346a(d)(3), announcing the filing of a pesticide petition 0F7792 by Bayer CropScience, 2 T.W. Alexander Drive, P.O. Box 12014, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709. The petition requested that 40 CFR 180.474 be amended by revising tolerances for residues of the fungicide tebuconazole in or on wheat, grain; and oats, grain to 0.15 ppm in order to harmonize with MRLs established in Canada by PMRA. That notice referenced a summary of the petition prepared by Bayer CropScience, the registrant, which is available in the docket, http://www.regulations.gov. There were no comments received in response to the notice of filing.
Based upon review of the data supporting the petition, EPA has determined that tolerances on the following processed forms of wheat and oats are needed also: Wheat, shorts and wheat, germ, each at 0.20 ppm. Additionally, the Agency is establishing tolerances for tebuconazole of 0.20 ppm in shorts and germ of wheat. The reasons these additional tolerances are needed is explained in Unit IV.C.
III. Aggregate Risk Assessment and Determination of Safety
Section 408(b)(2)(A)(i) of FFDCA allows EPA to establish a tolerance (the legal limit for a pesticide chemical residue in or on a food) only if EPA determines that the tolerance is "safe." Section 408(b)(2)(A)(ii) of FFDCA defines "safe" to mean that "there is a Start Printed Page 54128reasonable certainty that no harm will result from aggregate exposure to the pesticide chemical residue, including all anticipated dietary exposures and all other exposures for which there is reliable information." This includes exposure through drinking water and in residential settings, but does not include occupational exposure. Section 408(b)(2)(C) of FFDCA requires EPA to give special consideration to exposure of infants and children to the pesticide chemical residue in establishing a tolerance and to "ensure that there is a reasonable certainty that no harm will result to infants and children from aggregate exposure to the pesticide chemical residue. * * *"
Consistent with section 408(b)(2)(D) of FFDCA, and the factors specified in section 408(b)(2)(D) of FFDCA, EPA has reviewed the available scientific data and other relevant information in support of this action. EPA has sufficient data to assess the hazards of and to make a determination on aggregate exposure for tebuconazole including exposure resulting from the tolerances established by this action. EPA's assessment of exposures and risks associated with tebuconazole follows.
A. Toxicological Profile
EPA has evaluated the available toxicity data and considered its validity, completeness, and reliability as well as the relationship of the results of the studies to human risk. EPA has also considered available information concerning the variability of the sensitivities of major identifiable subgroups of consumers, including infants and children.
Tebuconazole has low acute toxicity by the oral or dermal route of exposure, and moderate toxicity by the inhalation route. It is not a dermal sensitizer or a dermal irritant; however, it is slightly to mildly irritating to the eye. With repeated dosing, the primary target organs of tebuconazole toxicity are the liver, the adrenals, the hematopoetic system and the nervous system. Effects on these target organs were seen in both rodent and non-rodent species. In addition, ocular lesions were seen in dogs (including lenticular degeneration and increased cataract formation) following subchronic or chronic exposure. Oral administration of tebuconazole caused developmental toxicity in all species evaluated (rat, rabbit and mouse), with the most prominent effects in the nervous system. The developmental toxicity studies, including the developmental neurotoxicity study, demonstrated an increase in susceptibility in developing fetuses both quantitatively and qualitatively.
Tebuconazole was classified as a Group C possible human carcinogen based on an increase in the incidence of hepatocellular adenomas, carcinomas, and combined adenomas/carcinomas in male and female mice. Mutagenicity data did not demonstrate any evidence of mutagenic potential for tebuconazole.
Specific information on the studies received and the nature of the adverse effects caused by tebuconazole as well as the no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL) and the lowest-observed-adverse-effect-level (LOAEL) from the toxicity studies can be found at http://www.regulations.gov in document entitled "Tebuconazole: Human Health Risk Assessment to harmonize Tolerances of Tebuconazole in/on Oats and Wheat with Canada," pp. 32-37 in docket ID number EPA-HQ-OPP-2011-0120.
B. Toxicological Points of Departure/Levels of Concern
Once a pesticide's toxicological profile is determined, EPA identifies toxicological points of departure (POD) and levels of concern to use in evaluating the risk posed by human exposure to the pesticide. For hazards that have a threshold below which there is no appreciable risk, the toxicological POD is used as the basis for derivation of reference values for risk assessment. PODs are developed based on a careful analysis of the doses in each toxicological study to determine the dose at which no adverse effects are observed (the NOAEL) and the lowest dose at which adverse effects of concern are identified (the LOAEL). Uncertainty/safety factors are used in conjunction with the POD to calculate a safe exposure level—generally referred to as a population-adjusted dose (PAD) or a reference dose (RfD)—and a safe margin of exposure (MOE). For non-threshold risks, the Agency assumes that any amount of exposure will lead to some degree of risk. Thus, the Agency estimates risk in terms of the probability of an occurrence of the adverse effect expected in a lifetime. For more information on the general principles EPA uses in risk characterization and a complete description of the risk assessment process, see http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/factsheets/riskassess.htm.
A summary of the toxicological endpoints for tebuconazole used for human risk assessment is shown in the Table of this unit.
|Point of departure and uncertainty/safety factors
|RfD, PAD, LOC for risk assessment
|Study and toxicological effects
|Acute dietary (General population including infants and children) (Females 13-50 years of age)
|LOAEL = 8.8 mg/kg/day UF = 300 UFA = 10x UFH = 10x FQPA (UFL) = 3x
|Acute RfD = 0.029 mg/kg/day aPAD = 0.029 mg/kg/day
|Developmental Neurotoxicity Study—Rat. LOAEL = 8.8 mg/kg/day based on decreases in body weights, absolute brain weights, brain measurements and motor activity in offspring.
|Chronic dietary (All populations)
|LOAEL = 8.8 mg/kg/day UF = 300 UFA = 10x UFH = 10x FQPA (UFL) = 3x
|Chronic RfD = 0.029 mg/kg/day cPAD = 0.029 mg/kg/day
|Developmental Neurotoxicity Study—Rat. LOAEL = 8.8 mg/kg/day based on decreases in body weights, absolute brain weights, brain measurements and motor activity in offspring.
|Incidental oral short-term/Intermediate term (1 to 30 days/1 to 6 months)
|LOAEL = 8.8 mg/kg/day UF = 300 UFA = 10x UFH = 10x FQPA (UFL) = 3x
|Residential LOC for MOE = 300
|Developmental Neurotoxicity Study—Rat. LOAEL = 8.8 mg/kg/day based on decreases in body weights, absolute brain weights, brain measurements and motor activity in offspring.
|Start Printed Page 54129
|Dermal short-term/Intermediate term (1 to 30 days/1 to 6 months)
|LOAEL = 8.8 mg/kg/day UF = 300 UFA = 10x UFH = 10x UFL = 3x DAF = 23.1%
|Residential LOC for MOE = 300
|Developmental Neurotoxicity Study—Rat. LOAEL = 8.8 mg/kg/day based on decreases in body weights, absolute brain weights, brain measurements and motor activity in offspring.
|Inhalation short-term/Intermediate term (1 to 30 days/1 to 6 months)
|LOAEL = 8.8 mg/kg/day UF = 300 UFA = 10x UFH = 10x UFL = 3x Inhalation and oral absorption are assumed to be equivalent.
|Residential LOC for MOE = 300
|Developmental Neurotoxicity Study—Rat. LOAEL = 8.8 mg/kg/day based on decreases in body weights, absolute brain weights, brain measurements and motor activity in offspring.
|Cancer (Oral, dermal, inhalation)
|Classification: Group C—possible human carcinogen based on statistically significant increase in the incidence of hepatocellular adenoma, carcinoma, and combined adenoma/carcinomas in both sexes of NMRI mice. Considering that there was no evidence of carcinogenicity in rats, there was no evidence of genotoxicity for tebuconazole, and tumors were only seen at a high and excessively toxic dose in mice, EPA concluded that the chronic RfD would be protective of any potential carcinogenic effect. The chronic RfD value is 0.029 mg/kg/day which is approximately 9,600 fold lower than the dose that would induce liver tumors (279 mg/kg/day).
|UFA = extrapolation from animal to human (interspecies). UFH = potential variation in sensitivity among members of the human population (intraspecies). UFL = use of a LOAEL to extrapolate a NOAEL. UFS = use of a short-term study for long-term risk assessment. UFDB = to account for the absence of data or other data deficiency. FQPA SF = Food Quality Protection Act Safety Factor. PAD = population adjusted dose (a = acute, c = chronic). RfD = reference dose. MOE = margin of exposure. LOC = level of concern. DAF = dermal absorption factor.
C. Exposure Assessment
1. Dietary exposure from food and feed uses. In evaluating dietary exposure to tebuconazole, EPA considered exposure under the petitioned-for tolerances as well as all existing tebuconazole tolerances in 40 CFR 180.474. EPA assessed dietary exposures from tebuconazole in food as follows:
i. Acute exposure. Quantitative acute dietary exposure and risk assessments are performed for a food-use pesticide, if a toxicological study has indicated the possibility of an effect of concern occurring as a result of a 1-day or single exposure.
In estimating acute dietary exposure, EPA used food consumption information from the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) 1994-1996 and 1998 Nationwide Continuing Surveys of Food Intake by Individuals (CSFII). As to residue levels in food, anticipated residues for bananas, grapes, raisins, nectarines, peaches, and peanut butter were derived using the 2002-2006 USDA Pesticide Data Program (PDP) monitoring data. Anticipated residues for all other registered food commodities were based on field trial data. For uses associated with PP 0F7792, 100 percent crop treated (PCT) was assumed. DEEM (ver. 7.81) default processing factors were assumed for processed commodities associated with petition 0F7792. For several other uses EPA used PCT data as specified in Unit III.C.1.iv.
ii. Chronic exposure. In conducting the chronic dietary exposure assessment, EPA used the same data sources as stated in Unit III. C. 1. i. for acute exposure.
iii . Cancer. As explained in Unit III.B., the chronic risk assessment is considered to be protective of any cancer effects; therefore, a separate quantitative cancer dietary risk assessment was not conducted.
iv. Anticipated residue and PCT information. Section 408(b)(2)(E) of FFDCA authorizes EPA to use available data and information on the anticipated residue levels of pesticide residues in food and the actual levels of pesticide residues that have been measured in food. If EPA relies on such information, EPA must require pursuant to FFDCA section 408(f)(1) that data be provided 5 years after the tolerance is established, modified, or left in effect, demonstrating that the levels in food are not above the levels anticipated. For the present action, EPA will issue such data call-ins as are required by FFDCA section 408(b)(2)(E) and authorized under FFDCA section 408(f)(1). Data will be required to be submitted no later than 5 years from the date of issuance of these tolerances.
Section 408(b)(2)(F) of FFDCA states that the Agency may use data on the actual percent of food treated for assessing chronic dietary risk only if:
- Condition a: The data used are reliable and provide a valid basis to show what percentage of the food derived from such crop is likely to contain the pesticide residue.
- Condition b: The exposure estimate does not underestimate exposure for any significant subpopulation group.
- Condition c: Data are available on pesticide use and food consumption in a particular area, the exposure estimate does not understate exposure for the population in such area.
In addition, the Agency must provide for periodic evaluation of any estimates used. To provide for the periodic evaluation of the estimate of PCT as required by FFDCA section 408(b)(2)(F), EPA may require registrants to submit data on PCT.
The Agency estimated the PCT for existing uses as follows:
Grapes: 25% acute assessment, 15% chronic assessment; grape, raisin: 25% acute assessment, 15% chronic assessment; nectarine: 25% acute assessment, 20% chronic assessment; peach: 20% acute assessment, 15% chronic assessment; and peanuts: 45% acute assessment, 15% chronic assessment.
In most cases, EPA uses available data from United States Department of Agriculture/National Agricultural Statistics Service (USDA/NASS), proprietary market surveys, and the National Pesticide Use Database for the chemical/crop combination for the most Start Printed Page 54130recent 6-7 years. EPA uses an average PCT for chronic dietary risk analysis. The average PCT figure for each existing use is derived by combining available public and private market survey data for that use, averaging across all observations, and rounding to the nearest 5%, except for those situations in which the average PCT is less than one. In those cases, 1% is used as the average PCT and 2.5% is used as the maximum PCT. EPA uses a maximum PCT for acute dietary risk analysis. The maximum PCT figure is the highest observed maximum value reported within the recent 6 years of available public and private market survey data for the existing use and rounded up to the nearest multiple of 5%.
The Agency also used PCT information for tebuconazole on the following recently approved uses: Apples, apricots, cherries (preharvest), sweetcorn, hops, plums, and turnips. The PCT for each crop is as follows: Apples, acute assessment 44%, chronic assessment 41%; Apricots, acute assessment 56%, chronic assessment 43%; Cherries, preharvest, acute assessment 42%, chronic assessment 37%; Corn, sweet, acute assessment 22%, chronic assessment 14%; Hops, acute assessment 64%, chronic assessment 64%; Plum, acute assessment 26%, chronic assessment 24%; Turnip, acute assessment 68%, chronic assessment 44%. EPA estimates PCT for a new pesticide use by assuming that its actual PCT during the initial five years of use on a specific use site will not exceed the recent PCT of the market leader (i.e. ,the one with the greatest PCT) on that site. An average market leader PCT, based on three recent surveys of pesticide usage, if available, is used for chronic risk assessment, while the maximum PCT from the same three recent surveys, if available, is used for acute risk assessment. The average and maximum market leader PCTs may each be based on one or two surveys if three are not available. Comparisons are only made among pesticides of the same pesticide type (i.e., the leading fungicide on the use site is selected for comparison with the new fungicide). The market leader PCTs used to determine the average and the maximum may be each for the same pesticide or for different pesticides since the same or different pesticides may dominate for each year. Typically, EPA uses USDA/NASS as the source for raw PCT data because it is publicly available. When a specific use site is not surveyed by USDA/NASS, EPA uses other sources including proprietary data.
An estimated PCT, based on the average PCT of the market leaders, is appropriate for use in chronic dietary risk assessment, and an estimated projected percent crop treated (PPCT), based on the maximum PCT of the market leaders, is appropriate for use in acute dietary risk assessment. This method of estimating PCTs for a new use of a registered pesticide or a new pesticide produces high-end estimates that are unlikely, in most cases, to be exceeded during the initial five years of actual use. Predominant factors that bear on whether the PCTs could be exceeded may include PCTs of similar chemistries, pests controlled by alternatives, pest prevalence in the market and other factors. Based on these factors, EPA has adjusted upward the estimates for three crops: Cherries post-harvest, hops and turnip greens.
The Agency believes that the three conditions discussed in Unit III.C.1.iv. have been met. With respect to Condition a, PCT estimates are derived from Federal and private market survey data, which are reliable and have a valid basis. The Agency is reasonably certain that the percentage of the food treated is not likely to be an underestimation. As to Conditions b and c, regional consumption information and consumption information for significant subpopulations is taken into account through EPA's computer-based model for evaluating the exposure of significant subpopulations including several regional groups. Use of this consumption information in EPA's risk assessment process ensures that EPA's exposure estimate does not understate exposure for any significant subpopulation group and allows the Agency to be reasonably certain that no regional population is exposed to residue levels higher than those estimated by the Agency. Other than the data available through national food consumption surveys, EPA does not have available reliable information on the regional consumption of food to which tebuconazole may be applied in a particular area.
2. Dietary exposure from drinking water. The Agency used screening level water exposure models in the dietary exposure analysis and risk assessment for tebuconazole in drinking water. These simulation models take into account data on the physical, chemical, and fate/transport characteristics of tebuconazole. Further information regarding EPA drinking water models used in pesticide exposure assessment can be found at http://www.epa.gov/oppefed1/models/water/index.htm.
Surface water estimated drinking water concentrations (EDWCs) resulting from the Pesticide Root Zone Model/Exposure Analysis Modeling System (PRZM/EXAMS) were used in the dietary assessment, since they were higher than the EDWCs resulting from the Screening Concentration in Ground Water (SCI GROW). A distribution of 30-year daily surface water concentrations was estimated for the EDWCs of tebuconazole for acute exposures. The EDWC for chronic, noncancer exposure is estimated to be 59.0 μg/L for surface water.
3. From non-dietary exposure. The term "residential exposure" is used in this document to refer to non-occupational, non-dietary exposure (e.g., for lawn and garden pest control, indoor pest control, termiticides, and flea and tick control on pets).
Tebuconazole has currently registered uses that could result in residential exposures. Short-term dermal and inhalation exposures are possible for residential adult handlers mixing, loading, and applying tebuconazole products outdoors to ornamental plants. Short- and intermediate-term dermal postapplication exposures are also possible to golfers from treated golf turf and to adults and children from contact to treated wood structures. Children may also be exposed via the incidental oral route when playing on treated wood structures. Long-term exposure is not expected. As a result, risk assessments have been completed for residential handler scenarios as well as residential post-application scenarios.
Further information regarding EPA standard assumptions and generic inputs for residential exposures may be found at http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/trac/science/trac6a05.pdf.
4. Cumulative effects from substances with a common mechanism of toxicity. Section 408(b)(2)(D)(v) of FFDCA requires that, when considering whether to establish, modify, or revoke a tolerance, the Agency consider "available information" concerning the cumulative effects of a particular pesticide's residues and "other substances that have a common mechanism of toxicity."
Tebuconazole is a member of the triazoles (and more specifically, triazole-derivative fungicides). Although triazoles act similarly in plants (fungi) by inhibiting ergosterol biosynthesis, there is not necessarily a relationship between their pesticidal activity and their mechanism of toxicity in mammals. Structural similarities do not constitute a common mechanism of toxicity. Evidence is needed to establish that the chemicals operate by the same, or essentially the same, sequence of major biochemical events. In triazole-Start Printed Page 54131derivative fungicides, however, a variable pattern of toxicological responses is found: Some are hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic in mice; some induce thyroid tumors in rats; and some induce developmental, reproductive, and neurological effects in rodents. Furthermore, the triazoles produce a diverse range of biochemical events including altered cholesterol levels, stress responses, and altered DNA methylation. It is not clearly understood whether these biochemical events are directly connected to their toxicological outcomes. Thus, there is currently no evidence to indicate that triazole-derivative fungicides share common mechanisms of toxicity and EPA is not following a cumulative risk approach based on a common mechanism of toxicity for the triazole-derivative fungicides. For information regarding EPA's procedures for cumulating effects from substances found to have a common mechanism of toxicity, see EPA's Web site at http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/cumulative.
However, the triazole-derivative fungicides can form the common metabolites 1,2,4-triazole and conjugated triazole metabolites. To support existing tolerances and to establish new tolerances for triazole-derivative fungicides, including tebuconazole, EPA conducted a human health risk assessment for exposure to 1,2,4-triazole, triazolylalanine, and triazolylacetic acid resulting from the use of all current and pending uses of any triazole-derivative fungicide. The risk assessment is a highly conservative, screening-level evaluation in terms of hazards associated with common metabolites (e.g., use of a maximum combination of uncertainty factors) and potential dietary and non-dietary exposures (i.e., high end estimates of both dietary and non-dietary exposures). In addition, the Agency retained the additional 10X FQPA safety factor for the protection of infants and children. The assessment includes evaluations of risks for various subgroups, including those comprised of infants and children. The Agency's complete risk assessment is found at http://www.regulations.gov, docket ID number EPA-HQ-OPP-2011-0120 in the document entitled "Common Triazole Metabolites: Updated Dietary (Food + Water) Exposure and Risk Assessment to Address the Amended Metconazole Section 3 Registration to Add Uses on Tuberous and Corm Vegetables (Group 1C) and Bushberry Subgroup 13-07B". This document updates another EPA risk assessment on triazole-derived pesticides which can be found in the reregistration docket for propiconazole at http://www.regulations.gov, docket ID number EPA-HQ-OPP-2005-0497.
D. Safety Factor for Infants and Children
1. In general. Section 408(b)(2)(C) of FFDCA provides that EPA shall apply an additional tenfold (10X) margin of safety for infants and children in the case of threshold effects to account for prenatal and postnatal toxicity and the completeness of the database on toxicity and exposure unless EPA determines based on reliable data that a different margin of safety will be safe for infants and children. This additional margin of safety is commonly referred to as the FQPA Safety Factor (SF). In applying this provision, EPA either retains the default value of 10X, or uses a different additional safety factor when reliable data available to EPA support the choice of a different factor.
2. Prenatal and postnatal sensitivity. The toxicity database for tebuconazole includes prenatal developmental toxicity studies in three species (mouse, rat, and rabbit), a reproductive toxicity study in rats, acute and subchronic neurotoxicity studies in rats, and a developmental neurotoxicity study in rats. The data from prenatal developmental toxicity studies in mice and a developmental neurotoxicity study in rats indicated an increased quantitative and qualitative susceptibility following in utero exposure to tebuconazole. The NOAELs/LOAELs for developmental toxicity in these studies were found at dose levels less than those that induce maternal toxicity or in the presence of slight maternal toxicity. There was no indication of increased quantitative susceptibility in the rat and rabbit developmental toxicity studies, the NOAELs for developmental toxicity were comparable to or higher than the NOAELs for maternal toxicity. In all three species, however, there was indication of increased qualitative susceptibility. For most studies, minimal maternal toxicity was seen at the LOAEL (consisting of increases in hematological findings in mice, increased liver weights in rabbits and rats, and decreased body weight gain/food consumption in rats) and did not increase substantially in severity at higher doses; however, there was more concern for the developmental effects at each LOAEL which included increases in runts, increased fetal loss, and malformations in mice, increased skeletal variations in rats, and increased fetal loss and frank malformations in rabbits. Additionally, more severe developmental effects (including frank malformations) were seen at higher doses in mice, rats and rabbits. In the developmental neurotoxicity study, maternal toxicity was seen only at the high dose (decreased body weights, body weight gains, and food consumption, prolonged gestation with mortality, and increased number of dead fetuses), while offspring toxicity (including decreases in body weight, brain weight, brain measurements and functional activities) was seen at all doses.
Available data indicated greater sensitivity of the developing organism to exposure to tebuconazole, as demonstrated by increases in qualitative sensitivity in prenatal developmental toxicity studies in rats, mice, and rabbits, and by increases in both qualitative and quantitative sensitivity in the developmental neurotoxicity study in rats with tebuconazole. However, the degree of concern is low because the toxic endpoints in the prenatal developmental toxicity studies were well characterized with clear NOAELs established and the most sensitive endpoint, which is found in the developmental neurotoxicity study, has been used for overall risk assessments. Therefore, there are no residual uncertainties for pre- and/or postnatal susceptibility.
3. Conclusion. The Agency has determined that reliable data show the safety of infants and children would be adequately protected if the FQPA SF were reduced to 3x for all potential exposure scenarios. The decision is based on the following findings:
i. The toxicity database for tebuconazole is complete with the exception of an immunotoxicity study requirement under the new 40 CFR part 158 guidelines for toxicity data. The available guideline studies do not suggest that tebuconazole directly targets the immune system. A peer-reviewed developmental neurotoxicity/immunotoxicity literature study found in high dose groups (60 mg/kg/day) increased spleen weights and alterations in splenic lymphocyte subpopulations. At the same dose there were no effects seen in the T-cell dependent antibody response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and natural killer (NK) cell activity indicating that tebuconazole did not alter the functional immune response in rats. Based on guideline and open literature, the overall weight of evidence suggests that tebuconazole does not directly target the immune system. The Agency does not believe that conducting a functional immunotoxicity study will result in a lower POD than currently used for overall risk assessment; therefore, a Start Printed Page 54132database uncertainty factor (UFDB) is not needed to account for the lack of the study.
ii. Although there is qualitative evidence of increased susceptibility in the prenatal developmental studies in rats, the Agency did not identify any residual uncertainties after establishing toxicity endpoints and traditional UFs to be used in the risk assessment of tebuconazole. The degree of concern for residual uncertainties for prenatal and/or postnatal toxicity is low.
iii. A 3x FQPA safety factor is needed to address the failure to achieve a NOAEL in the developmental neurotoxicity (DNT) study. Reduction of the FQPA safety factor from 10x to 3x is based on a Benchmark Dose (BMD) analysis of the datasets relevant to the adverse offspring effects (decreased body weight, decreases in absolute brain weights, changes in brain morphometric parameters, and decreases in motor activity) seen at the LOAEL in the DNT study. The BMD analysis models or estimates the dose (BMD) associated with a specified measure or change (e.g. a dose representing a 10% change) of a biological effect over the control. All of the BMDLs (the lower limit of a one-sided 95% confidence interval on the BMD) modeled successfully on statistically significant effects are 1-2x lower than the LOAEL. The results indicate that the use of the FQPA safety factor of 3x would not underestimate risk. Using a 3x FQPA safety factor in the risk assessment (8.8 mg/kg/day ÷ 3x = 2.9 mg/kg/day) is further supported by the NOAELs established in other studies in the tebuconazole toxicity database [i.e., 3 and 2.9 mg/kg/day, from a DNT study in mice and a chronic toxicity study in dogs, respectively (respective LOAELs 10 and 4.5 mg/kg/day)].
iv. There are no residual uncertainties identified in the exposure databases. Although the acute and chronic food exposure assessments are refined, EPA believes that the assessments are based on reliable data and will not underestimate exposure/risk. The drinking water estimates were derived from conservative screening models. The residential exposure assessment utilizes reasonable high-end variables set out in EPA's Occupational/Residential Exposure SOPs (Standard Operating Procedures). The aggregate assessment is based upon reasonable worst-case residential assumptions, and is also not likely to underestimate exposure/risk to any subpopulation, including those comprised of infants and children.
E. Aggregate Risks and Determination of Safety
EPA determines whether acute and chronic dietary pesticide exposures are safe by comparing aggregate exposure estimates to the acute PAD (aPAD) and chronic PAD (cPAD). For linear cancer risks, EPA calculates the lifetime probability of acquiring cancer given the estimated aggregate exposure. Short-, intermediate-, and chronic-term risks are evaluated by comparing the estimated aggregate food, water, and residential exposure to the appropriate PODs to ensure that an adequate MOE exists.
1. Acute risk. Using the exposure assumptions discussed in this unit for acute exposure, the acute dietary exposure from food and water to tebuconazole will occupy 33% of the aPAD for the U.S. population and 62% of the aPAD for the population group (children 3-5 years old) receiving the greatest exposure.
2. Chronic risk. Using the exposure assumptions described in this unit for chronic exposure, EPA has concluded that chronic exposure to tebuconazole from food and water will utilize 8.8% of the cPAD for the U.S. population and 16% of the cPAD for the most highly exposed population group (all infants (< 1 year old).
3. Short-term risk. Short-term aggregate exposure takes into account short-term residential exposure plus chronic exposure to food and water (considered to be a background exposure level). Tebuconazole is currently registered for uses that could result in short-term residential exposure, and the Agency has determined that it is appropriate to aggregate chronic exposure through food and water with short-term residential exposures to tebuconazole.
Using the exposure assumptions described in this unit for short term exposures, EPA has concluded that the short-term aggregate MOE from dietary exposure (food + drinking water) and non-occupational/residential handler exposure for adults using a hose-end sprayer on ornamentals is 370. The short-term aggregate MOE from dietary exposure and exposure from golfing is 1,900. The likelihood of a residential handler treating ornamentals with tebuconazole and then playing golf on a tebuconazole-treated course is considered low; therefore, each scenario is considered separately with background dietary exposure. The short-term aggregate MOE to children from dietary exposure and exposure from wood surfaces treated at the above ground use rate is 470. The short-term aggregate MOE to children from dietary exposure and exposure to wood surfaces treated at the below ground use rate is 220. The combined and aggregate MOEs for wood treated for below ground uses are lower than the target MOE (300) and thus indicate a potential risk of concern. However, the combined MOE for wood treated for above-ground uses is not lower than the target MOE, and therefore is not of concern. Exposure to above-ground wood is expected to more closely represent actual exposures to children. Frequency of exposures to above-ground wood should greatly exceed any exposures to below-ground wood, and exposures to below ground wood would be minimal, or negligible. It is unrealistic to expect a full duration of exposure to below ground wood. Therefore, EPA concludes that there is not a concern for short-term aggregate risk.
4. Intermediate-term risk. Intermediate-term aggregate exposure takes into account intermediate-term residential exposure plus chronic exposure to food and water (considered to be a background exposure level). Tebuconazole is currently registered for uses that could result in intermediate-term residential exposure, and the Agency has determined that it is appropriate to aggregate chronic exposure through food and water with intermediate-term residential exposures to tebuconazole. Since the POD, relevant exposure scenarios and exposure assumptions used for intermediate-term aggregate risk assessments are the same as those used for short-term aggregate risk assessments, the short-term aggregate risk assessments represent and are protective of both short and intermediate-term exposure durations.
5. Aggregate cancer risk for U.S. population. As discussed in this unit, the chronic risk assessment is considered to be protective of any cancer effects; therefore, because the chronic risk assessment indicates exposure is lower than the cPAD, tebuconazole does not pose a cancer risk of concern.
6. Determination of safety. Based on these risk assessments, EPA concludes that there is a reasonable certainty that no harm will result to the general population, or to infants and children from aggregate exposure to tebuconazole residues.
IV. Other Considerations
A. Analytical Enforcement Methodology
Adequate gas chromatography/nitrogen phosphorous detector (GC/NPD) and liquid chromatography/mass Start Printed Page 54133spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) methods are available for both collecting and enforcing tolerances for tebuconazole and its metabolites in plant commodities, livestock matrices and processing studies. The methods have been adequately validated by an independent laboratory in conjunction with a previous petition. The method may be requested from: Chief, Analytical Chemistry Branch, Environmental Science Center, 701 Mapes Rd., Ft. Meade, MD 20755-5350; telephone number: (410) 305-2905; e-mail address: email@example.com.
B. International Residue Limits
Codex and Canada have established maximum residue limits (MRLs) for tebuconazole in/on a variety of plant and livestock commodities. The tolerance expression for tebuconazole is harmonized between U.S., Codex, and Canada. The proposed tolerances will harmonize established U.S. tolerances on oat and wheat with current Canadian MRLs.
There are currently no Codex MRLs for wheat and oats.
C. Revisions to Petitioned-For Tolerances
The Agency concluded that residues of tebuconazole do not concentrate in wheat bran, flour or middlings, but do concentrate in shorts and germ (2.5X). As a result, a tolerance in/on wheat, shorts and wheat, germ, each at 0.20 ppm (highest average field trial (HAFT) value = 0.08 ppm), is required.
V. Conclusion
Therefore, tolerances are established for residues of tebuconazole, in or on wheat, grain, and oat, grain at 0.15 ppm and wheat, shorts, and wheat, germ at 0.20 ppm.
VI. Statutory and Executive Order Reviews
This final rule establishes tolerances under section 408(d) of FFDCA in response to a petition submitted to the Agency. The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) has exempted these types of actions from review under Executive Order 12866, entitled Regulatory Planning and Review (58 FR 51735, October 4, 1993). Because this final rule has been exempted from review under Executive Order 12866, this final rule is not subject to Executive Order 13211, entitled Actions Concerning Regulations That Significantly Affect Energy Supply, Distribution, or Use (66 FR 28355, May 22, 2001) or Executive Order 13045, entitled Protection of Children from Environmental Health Risks and Safety Risks (62 FR 19885, April 23, 1997). This final rule does not contain any information collections subject to OMB approval under the Paperwork Reduction Act (PRA), 44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq., nor does it require any special considerations under Executive Order 12898, entitled Federal Actions to Address Environmental Justice in Minority Populations and Low-Income Populations (59 FR 7629, February 16, 1994).
Since tolerances and exemptions that are established on the basis of a petition under section 408(d) of FFDCA, such as the tolerance in this final rule, do not require the issuance of a proposed rule, the requirements of the Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA) (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.) do not apply.
This final rule directly regulates growers, food processors, food handlers, and food retailers, not States or tribes, nor does this action alter the relationships or distribution of power and responsibilities established by Congress in the preemption provisions of section 408(n)(4) of FFDCA. As such, the Agency has determined that this action will not have a substantial direct effect on States or tribal governments, on the relationship between the national government and the States or tribal governments, or on the distribution of power and responsibilities among the various levels of government or between the Federal Government and Indian tribes. Thus, the Agency has determined that Executive Order 13132, entitled Federalism (64 FR 43255, August 10, 1999) and Executive Order 13175, entitled Consultation and Coordination with Indian Tribal Governments (65 FR 67249, November 9, 2000) do not apply to this final rule. In addition, this final rule does not impose any enforceable duty or contain any unfunded mandate as described under Title II of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (UMRA) (Pub. L. 104-4).
This action does not involve any technical standards that would require Agency consideration of voluntary consensus standards pursuant to section 12(d) of the National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act of 1995 (NTTAA), Public Law 104-113, section 12(d) (15 U.S.C. 272 note).
VII. Congressional Review Act
The Congressional Review Act, 5 U.S.C. 801 et seq., generally provides that before a rule may take effect, the agency promulgating the rule must submit a rule report to each House of the Congress and to the Comptroller General of the United States. EPA will submit a report containing this rule and other required information to the U.S. Senate, the U.S. House of Representatives, and the Comptroller General of the United States prior to publication of this final rule in the Federal Register. This final rule is not a "major rule" as defined by 5 U.S.C. 804(2).Start List of Subjects
List of Subjects in 40 CFR Part 180
- Environmental protection
- Administrative practice and procedure
- Agricultural commodities
- Pesticides and pests
- Reporting and recordkeeping requirements
Dated: August 17, 2011.
Lois Rossi,
Director, Registration Division, Office of Pesticide Programs.
Therefore, 40 CFR chapter I is amended as follows:Start Part
PART 180—[AMENDED]End Part Start Amendment Part
1. The authority citation for part 180 continues to read as follows:End Amendment Part Start Amendment Part
2. Section 180.474, paragraph (a)(1) is amended by:End Amendment Part Start Amendment Part
i. Revising the introductory text;End Amendment Part Start Amendment Part
ii. Revising the entries for "oat, grain" and "wheat, grain" in the table; andEnd Amendment Part Start Amendment Part
iii. Alphabetically adding entries for "wheat, shorts" and "wheat, germ" to the table.End Amendment Part
The amendments read as follows:
(a) * * *
(1) Tolerances are established for residues of tebuconazole, alpha-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)ethyl]-alpha-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol, including its metabolites and degradates, in or on the commodities in the table below. Compliance with the tolerance levels specified below is to be determined by measuring only tebuconazole [α-[2-(4-chlorophenyl) ethyl]-α-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol], in or on the commodity.
|Parts per million
|* * * * *
|Oat, grain
|Wheat, grain
|Wheat, shorts
|Wheat, germ
|* * * * *
[FR Doc. 2011-22138 Filed 8-30-11; 8:45 am]


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I'm probably being immensely dense but I cant quite see the distinction between the two! Since there aint a cure arent DMTs there only to aleviate symptoms??
Anyway great work Dig much appreciated


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Effects of Microbial Inoculants on the Fermentation, Nutrient Retention, and Aerobic Stability of Barley Silage
Journal title :
Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
Volume 19, Issue 10,
2006, pp.1429-1436
Publisher :
Asian Australasian Association of Animal Production Societies
Title & Authors
Effects of Microbial Inoculants on the Fermentation, Nutrient Retention, and Aerobic Stability of Barley Silage
Zahiroddini, H.; Baah, J.; McAllister, T.A.;
Fermentation characteristics, nutrient retention and aerobic stability of barley silages prepared using 6 commercial inoculants were evaluated using 126 mini-silos (3-L) in a completely randomized design. Whole barley forage was chopped, wilted to 39% DM and treated with water (control, S) or one of six inoculants: A (containing Lactobacillus plantarum); B (L. plantarum and Enterococcus faecium); C (L. plantarum and Pediococcus cerevisiae); D (L. plantarum, Pediococcus pentosaceus and Propionibacterium freudenreichii, plus hydrolytic enzymes); E (Lactobacillus buchneri plus hydrolytic enzymes); F (L. buchneri and P. pentosaceus plus hydrolytic enzymes). Samples of treated forage were collected for analysis at the time of ensiling, and then 18 silos of each treatment were filled, capped and weighed. Triplicate silos were weighed and opened after 1, 3, 5, 7, 33, and 61 d. On d 61,
of material from each silo was placed in 1-L styrofoam containers, covered with cheesecloth and held at room temperature. Silage temperature was recorded hourly for 14 d via implanted thermocouple probes. Chemical composition of the forage at ensiling was consistent with previously reported values. At d 61, pH was lowest (p<0.01) in silage S. Ammonia-N was lower (p<0.05) in silage A than in silages S, B, E, or F. Compared to pre-ensiling values, water soluble carbohydrate concentrations were elevated in silages S, A, B, C and D, and decreased in E and F. Lactic acid concentrations were similar (p>0.10) across treatments. Acetic acid levels were highest (p<0.01) in silage E and lowest (p<0.01) in silage D. Recovery of DM was lower (p<0.01) in silage F than in silages S, A, B, C, or D. On d 61, yeasts were most numerous (p<0.01) in silage D, which was the only silage in which temperature rose more than
above ambient during aerobic exposure. Silage D also had the highest (p<0.01) pH and ADIN content after aerobic exposure. Lactic acid and WSC content of silage D decreased dramatically during the 14-d aerobic exposure period. Yeast counts (at d 14 of exposure) were lowest (p<0.01) in silages E and F. In general, the commercial inoculants did not appear to enhance the fermentation of barley silage to any appreciable extent in laboratory silos.
Aerobic Stability;Barley Silage;Fermentation;Inoculant;
Cited by
1time(s) in
Effect of Microbial and Chemical Combo Additives on Nutritive Value and Fermentation Characteristic of Whole Crop Barley Silage,;;;;;
아세아태평양축산학회지, 2015. vol.28. 9, pp.1274-1280
3time(s) in
Effect of Microbial and Chemical Combo Additives on Nutritive Value and Fermentation Characteristic of Whole Crop Barley Silage, Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 2015, 28, 9, 1274
A nutritional evaluation of common barley varieties grown for silage by beef and dairy producers in western Canada, Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 2016, 96, 4, 598
Effects of hybrid and bacterial inoculation on fermentation quality and fatty acid profile of barley silage, Animal Science Journal, 2017, 13443941
Bolsen, K. K., G. Ashbell and Z. Weinberg. 1996. Silage fermentation and silage additives-Review. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 9:483-493
Buchanan-Smith, J. G. 1990. An investigation into palatability as a factor responsible for reduced intake of silage by sheep. Anim. Prod. 50:253-260
Driehuis, F., S. J. W. H. Oude Elferink and P. G. Van Wikselaar. 1999. Lactobacillus buchneri improves the aerobic stability of laboratory and farm scale whole crop maize silage but does not affect feed intake and milk production of dairy cows. In: Proceedings of the 12th International Silage Conference, Uppsala, Sweden. pp. 264-265
Filya, I., G. Ashbell, Y. Hen and Z. G. Weinberg. 2000. The effect of bacterial inoculants on the fermentation and aerobic stability of whole crop wheat silage. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 88:39-46
Filya, I. 2003a. The effect of Lactobacillus buchneri, with or without homofermentative lactic acid bacteria, on the fermentation, aerobic stability and ruminal degradability of wheat, sorghum and maize silages. J. Appl. Microbiol. 95:1080-1086
Filya, I. 2003b. The effect of Lactobacillus buchneri and Lactobacillus plantarum on the fermentation, aerobic stability, and ruminal degradability of low dry matter corn and sorghum silages. J. Dairy Sci. 86:3575-3581
Ham, J. S., H. S. Kim, K. H. Hong, J. G. Kim, S. J. Jeong, H. S. Chae, J. N. Ahn, D. K. Kang and H. U. Kim. 2003. Inhibitory activity of lactic acid bacteria against hazardous microbes. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 16:1550-1554
Henderson, N. 1993. Silage additives. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 45:35-56
Higginbotham, G. E., S. C. Mueller, K. K. Bolsen and E. J. DePeters. 1998. Effects of inoculants containing propionic acid bacteria on fermentation and aerobic stability of corn silage. J. Dairy Sci. 81:2185-2192
Hill, H. A. and J. E. Hill. 1986. The value of plasmid profiling in monitoring Lactobacillus plantarum in silage fermentations. Curr. Microbiol. 13:91-94
Holzer, M., E. Mayrhuber, H. Danner and R. Braun. 2003. The role of Lactobacillus buchneri in forage preservation. Trends Biotechnol. 21:282-287
Inglis, G. D., L. J. Yanke, L. M. Kawchuk and T. A. McAllister. 1999. The influence of bacterial inoculants on the microbial ecology of aerobic spoilage of barley silage. Can. J. Microbiol. 45:77-87
Jones, G. M., R. E. Larsen and N. M. Lanning. 1980. Prediction of silage digestibility and intake by chemical analyses or in vitro fermentation techniques. J. Dairy Sci. 63:579-586
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Mahanna, W. C. 1993. Silage fermentation and additive use in North America. In: Silage Production from Seed to Animal. Proceedings of the National Silage Production Conference, Syracuse, New York. pp. 85-95
McAllister, T. A., L. B. Selinger, L. R. McMahon, H. D. Bae, T. J. Lysyk, S. J. Oosting and K.-J. Cheng. 1995. Intake, digestibility and aerobic stability of barley silage inoculated with mixtures of Lactobacillus plantarum and Enterococcus faecium. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 75:425-432
McAllister, T. A., R. Feniuk, Z. Mir, P. Mir, L. B. Selinger and K.- J. Cheng. 1998. Inoculants for alfalfa silage: Effects on aerobic stability, digestibility, and the growth performance of feedlot steers. Livest. Prod. Sci. 53:171-181
McCartney, D. H. and A. S. Vaage. 1994. Comparative yield and feeding value of barley, oat and triticale silages. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 74: 91-96
McDonald, P., A. R. Henderson and S. J. E. Heron. 1991. The Biochemistry of Silage. 2nd edn. Chalcombe Publications, Marlow, Bucks, England. pp. 340
Moshtaghi Nia, S. A. and K. M. Wittenberg. 1999. Use of forage inoculants with or without enzymes to improve preservation and quality of whole crop barley forage ensiled as large bales. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 79:525-532
Muck, R. E. 1993. The role of silage additives in making high quality silage. In: Silage Production from Seed to Animal. Proceedings of the National Silage Production Conference, Syracuse, New York. pp. 106-116
Muck, R. E. and R. E. Pitt. 1993. Ensiling and its effect on crop quality. In: Silage Production from Seed to Animal. Proceedings of the National Silage Production Conference, Syracuse, New York. pp. 57-66
Muck, R. E. and L. Kung, Jr. 1997. Effects of silage additives on ensiling. In: Silage: Field to Feedbunk, Proceedings of the North American Conference, Northeast Registered Agricultural Engineering Services Cooperative Extension, Hershey, Pennsylvania. pp. 187-199
Oude Elferink, S. J. W. H., J. Krooneman, J. C. Gottschal, S. F. Spoelstra, F. Faber and F. Driehuis. 2001. Anaerobic conversion of lactic acid to acetic acid and 1,2-propanediol by Lactobacillus buchneri. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67:125-132
Pahlow, G. 1991. The role of microflora in forage conservation. In: Forage Conservation Towards 2000-Proceedings of the Conference (Ed. G. Pahlow and H. Honig). Braunschweig: Landbauforschung Volkenrode, FAL, Sonderheft 123. pp. 26- 36
Ranjit, N. K. and L. Kung, Jr. 2000. The effect of Lactobacillus buchneri, Lactobacillus plantarum, or a chemical preservative on the fermentation and aerobic stability of corn silage. J. Dairy Sci. 83:526-535
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Taylor, C. C., N. J. Ranjit, J. A. Mills, J. M. Neylon and L. Kung, Jr. 2002. The effect of treating whole-plant barley with Lactobacillus buchneri 40788 on silage fermentation, aerobic stability, and nutritive value for dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 85:1793-1800
Weinberg, Z. G., G. Ashbell, A. Azrieli and I. Brukental. 1993. Ensiling peas, ryegrass and wheat additives of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and cell wall degrading enzymes. Grass Forage Sci. 48:70-78
Weinberg, Z. G., G. Ashbell, Y. Hen and A. Azrieli. 1993. The effect of applying lactic acid bacteria on the aerobic stability of silages. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 75:512-518
Weinberg, Z. G., G. Ashbell, K. K. Bolson, G. Pahlow, Y. Hen and A. Azrieli. 1995a. The effect of a propionic acid bacterial inoculant applied at ensiling, with or without lactic acid bacteria, on the aerobic stability of pearl millet and maize silages. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 78:430-436
Weinberg, Z. G., G. Ashbell, H. Yaira and A. Azrieli. 1995b. The effect of cellulase and hemicellulase plus pectinase on the aerobic stability and fibre analysis of peas and wheat silages. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 55:287-293
Weinberg, Z. G. and R. E. Muck. 1996. New trends and opportunities in the development and use of inoculants for silage. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 19:53-68
Weinberg, Z. G., G. Szakacs, G. Ashbell and Y. Hen. 1998. The effect of temperature and Lactobacillus amylovorus and L. plantarum, applied at ensiling, on wheat silage. J. Appl. Microbiol. 84:404-408
Woolford, M. K. 1975. Microbiological screening of the straight chain fatty acids (
) as potential silage additives. J. Sci. Food Agric. 26:219-228
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Woolford, M. K. 1990. The detrimental effects of air on silage. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 68:101-116
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Zahiroddini, H., J. Baah and T. A. McAllister. 2004. Effect of an inoculant and hydrolytic enzymes on fermentation and nutritive value of whole crop barley silage. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 117:317-330
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Cary Boy Scouts earn Eagle Scout rank
Mark Menechella, Zach Brothers and Jordan Tsolis of Troop 213 became Eagle Scouts, the highest achievement in Boy Scouting.
Mark, the son of Gino and Ruth Menechella of Cary, is a sophomore at Middle Creek High School. For his Eagle Scout project, he built an information kiosk for the community garden at Kirk of Kildaire Presbyterian Church.
Zach, the son of Mike and Linda Brothers of Cary, is a sophomore at Apex High School. He built a pair of tumbling composters for the Compost Education Center at Fred G. Bond Metro Park.
Jordan, the son of Ron and Julie Tsolis of Cary, is a junior at Green Hope High School. He led a team of friends, family and Scouts to make a stone path near the Page-Walker Arts & History Center.


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FD 2015 and HR 1301 Update
Hello, Field Day beginS in just a few hours. I hope everyone has a great time participating in the largest test of Amateur Radio preparedness in the world! I'll be visiting clubs in Northern New Jersey this year. Vie-Director Bill … Continue reading →