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Organic Surge Fresh Ocean Hand & Body Wash
Organic SurgeSize: 250 ml
Currently not in stock. Receive an email when back in.
For All Skin Types
Fresh Ocean Hand & Body Wash is the natural solution for dry or dull skin, this Hand & Body Wash is enriched with intense natural moisturisers. Organic lemon and lime essential oils cleanse and revive the skin, while rosemary essential oil helps to tone and help to soothe any skin irritation.
Why We Love It98.7% natural shower gel Enriched with organic lime, rosemary and lemon essential oils Conditions and soothes all skin types Delicious, reviving natural fragrance Animal-friendly, suitable for vegetarians and vegans
How to use Organic Surge Fresh Ocean Hand & Body WashTwist the top of the pump to the 'open' position for first use. Apply hand wash to wet hands, lather well and breathe in the organic essential oil fragrance blend.
Ingredients in Organic Surge Fresh Ocean Hand & Body WashNatural Actives Organic Lime - Naturally revives the skin and senses Organic Rosemary - Naturally purifies and tones the skin Organic Lemon - Naturally cleanses and detoxifies, helps to rejuvenate dull skin Aqua (Water), Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate, Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Juice*, Cocamidopropyl Betaine, Coco-Glucoside, Lauryl Glucoside, Benzyl Alcohol, Sodium Chloride, Glycerin, Polyglyceryl-4 Caprate, Maris Sal, Citrus Limon (Lemon) Peel Oil*, Benzoic Acid, Helianthus Annuus (Sunflower) Seed Oil*, Glyceryl Oleate, Citrus Aurantium Dulcis (Orange) Peel Oil*, Citric Acid, Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate, Dehydroacetic Acid, Citrus Aurantium Bergamia Oil*, Sodium Phytate, Cymbopogon Martini Oil*, Rosmarinus Officinalis (Rosemary) Leaf Extract*, Citrus Aurantifolia (Lime) Oil*, Mentha Piperita(Peppermint) Oil*, Limonene, Geraniol, Linalool.*organic origin Natural and Organic Cosmetic certified by ECOCERT Greenlife. 98.7% of the total ingredients are from natural origin. 10.7% of the ingredients are from Organic Farming. Free from animal-derived ingredients. Suitable for vegetarians and vegans. Product colour or texture may vary slightly due to natural ingredients. Store in a cool dry place, out of direct sunlight.
Reviews for Organic Surge Fresh Ocean Hand & Body Wash
Organic Surge provide very goid value for money shower gels and this is an uplifting fragrance that is more subtle. Lovely!
I loved the shower wash, the fragrance was Livvy and it left my skin soft afterwards.
This is my second bottle of the ocean shower gel, and I've tried many of the other scents. It is definitely my favourite; a fresh, clean scent than does remind me of a sea breeze. The product works well and I'm sure to repurchase. My only tiny gripe is I haven't seen this scent in a matching body lotion, which is such a shame!
Good lather but smells a little medicinal.


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The Oakmont
Holiday Retirement's The Oakmont independent living community provides a fulfilling lifestyle in a welcoming environment for retirees. Situated on beautiful grounds in the charming community of Chico, California, residents love the warm atmosphere of the facilities as well as enjoying the conveniences of the nearby community. In just minutes, those living at The Oakmont can travel to shopping, healthcare facilities, dining, golfing, and other popular regional attractions.
With so many opportunities for residents to explore and enjoy, The Oakmont allows residents to stay as active as they want to be, or they may choose to sit back and relax at any given moment. Holiday Retirement's all-inclusive month-to-month rent includes:
- Three delicious and nutritious chef-prepared meals from scratch
- A variety of enriching activities
- Weekly housekeeping and linen service
- Transportation
- Most utilities
- 24/7 Live-in managers
- Emergency pull cords and other safety features
- Holiday Retirement's exclusive travel program
At The Oakmont, Holiday Retirement provides two sets of compassionate live-in managers who are available 24/7 to address any resident needs. While health care service are not provided at this Chico, CA independent living community, the staff is aware that individual needs change over time and welcomes residents to utilize any outside home health care services as needed. The goal at The Oakmont is for residents to continue enjoying independent living to its fullest.
Holiday Retirement's The Oakmont in Chico is a wonderful place to consider for independent living.
Housing Type
Independent Living
Payment Options
Private Pay

subset: commoncrawl


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Get an online estimate FREE today! Your house or your office. It couldn't be easier!
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BD Movers offers discounts and incentives for Seniors moving in or out of Ocean and Monmouth Counties. To assist in the difficult process of moving, especially when set budgets don't allow for additional expenses, BD Movers can help get you where you need to be. Out dedicated Senior Move Coordinator will help with all aspects of your Senior Move.
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Hi, my name is Tony Baumer and I am the owner of BD Movers, here in Ocean County, at the Jersey shore. Moving is one of the most stressful events in your life, so please allow the professional New Jersey Moving team at BD Moves to relocate your home or business with ease.
BD Movers has been moving residential and corporate clients from the New Jersey area since 1989. We are NJ movers licensed and insured and we are an out of state moving company, licensed to handle your interstate moving needs also. We specialize in moves to Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland and New York.
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I think it's time we reevaluate the necessity of courtroom sketch artists. I know what Michael Vick looks like. I know what prison jump suits look like. I know what lawyer-types look like. I know what courtrooms look like. Without the benefit of this picture, I would have imagined a scene much like this one. Now if one of the attorneys had his dick out or Michael Vick was choking out a dog with his handcuffs, by all means sketch away. But a scene so banal requires no artist's rendering.
After we do away with the guys that hand you towels for tips in swanky men's rooms and air traffic controllers, I say we 86 the courtroom sketch artists.


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Notary Public service is available at the DCECU office. A notary public is a State of Michigan commissioned position that allows the notary to acknowledge the official witnessing of another person's signature on a document. Common uses for notarized documents are legal and contractual attestations, oaths, and acknowledgments.
There is no charge to members for this service. To take advantage of this service, stop by the Account Services department during normal business hours.
To help ensure timely service, please use the following steps as a general guideline:


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Review of "Language contact in the Arctic. Northern pidgins and contact languages" by Ernst Hakon jahr and Ingvild Broch (eds.)
MyBook is a cheap paperback edition of the original book and will be sold at uniform, low price.
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Pricing legal matters (Part 1 of 4)
When it comes to offering fee estimates at the start of a matter, far too many lawyers still rely on ballpark estimates that they sometimes pull out of thin air. But even if you follow the "high detail" estimation techniques described in our Legal Project Management Quick Reference Guide (p. 152), the fact that you have a budget does not necessarily mean that you have a price which should be quoted to a client.
Wikipedia lists 25 different pricing strategies suppliers use in other businesses, ranging from loss leaders to premium pricing. The two that are used most often in law are cost-plus and value pricing.
Cost-plus pricing is similar to the traditional hourly billing approach and is exactly what it sounds like: a price is based on the cost of delivering a service plus a markup or profit margin. Normally the markup is already built into the hourly rate, so with this approach you could in fact quote your budget as the price.
Some of the most popular new alternatives for lawyers are built around the idea of value pricing, where the client's perception of value is the most important factor. The best-known proponent of this approach is Ron Baker, author of several books on the topic. In practice, value pricing is much harder than it sounds. (For details, see chapters six and seven of my book, Legal Project Management, Pricing, and Alternative Fee Arrangements.)
In today's highly competitive marketplace for legal services, where some firms seem downright desperate for new work, price competition is a giant wild card.
In his book Growth is Dead: Now What? legal consultant Bruce MacEwen has described:
"Suicide pricing" in response to RFPs. These are bids—from name-brand firms, mind you—that are so breathtakingly low one wonders how they could possibly make any money. The short answer is they can't. These bids come in 5, 10, 20, 40% under what my clients think would be reasonable for the matter. But… firms in an industry with excess capacity face an almost irresistible compulsion to cut prices, even to unprofitable levels. The goal is simply to keep people busy, in service of keeping the firm alive and satisfying clients, and in the hope that once market conditions recover, everything can get back to normal.
The bad news for most law firms is that low prices are the new normal.
When Altman Weil's Law Firms in Transition survey asked 356 managing partners and chairs of US law firms about current trends which represented a permanent change in the legal landscape, the top trend was "more price competition." Ninety-five percent of respondents said this was a permanent change in the legal profession. (Interestingly, number two on their list was a "focus on improved practice efficiency" or LPM, which was rated as a permanent change by 93% of respondents.)
Another challenge is posed by the growing popularity of alternative fee arrangements. When the same survey asked, "Compared to projects billed at an hourly rate, are your firm's non-hourly projects more profitable or less profitable?" 28% said non-hourly matters were less profitable. Of the remaining respondents, 18% said non-hourly arrangements were more profitable, 42% said they were about the same as hourly, and 13% were "not sure."
Would you invest in a company that didn't know which deals were profitable? Of course not. But if you are a partner in a US firm with 50 lawyers or more, there's a 13% chance you already own one.
A few years ago, an AmLaw 100 firm that was just beginning to think seriously about pricing invited me to speak at a practice group leader meeting about pricing trends. When one participant asked what I thought was the most critical issue, I said it was determining the difference between low prices that are acceptable and prices that are simply too low to make business sense for that firm. "Where do you draw that line in the sand?" I asked. The chairman replied, "We don't even know where the sand is."
But that was then. Now that same firm has a pricing director and a number of new pricing and management initiatives in place.
This post was adapted from the recently published fourth edition of The Legal Project Management Quick Reference Guide.


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HOUSTON HAS FEW topographical impediments to its continuous
expansion. The network of concentric, radially connected freeway loops has
provided an armature for suburban tracts that saturate the land like huge oil
blots, oozing across an incorporated territory of about 580 square miles. Four
of the largest and most successful master-planned developments in the United
States are tethered at the outer edges of this unrepentant sprawl.[1] The
Woodlands, First Colony, Kingwood, and Clear Lake City are the most prominent
of a series of self-zoned subdivisions smugly surrounding a city that would not
allow itself to be planned.
A master-planned development is different from a city in that the development corporation guarantees infrastructure and services that otherwise would be the result of a democratically mandated municipal authority: it privatizes what has traditionally been the prerogative of the community. Home buyers, who pay a yearly fee to the developer or community association for maintenance of services (something like 60 cents per $100 assessed value), are attracted because these havens of zoned orderliness appear free of the problems of the city, such as poor public schools, lack of recreation space, and high crime rates. These developments are, moreover, the ultimate eugenic experiment for PLUs (``People Like Us''), since they are generally reservations of that rapidly declining species, the aspiring white middle class. A great deal of breeding goes on out in what might be called Houston's fertility crescent, where the safety of children, access to good public schools, and well-organized sports programs are the highest priorities.
Like the original Humanist paragon of planning, Thomas More's Utopia (1516) -- the name of which is a play on words meaning ``no place'' -- these settlements on Houston's edges cultivate a certain placelessness. Although each of the four developments described below reflects distinct topographical characteristics, and a great deal of design effort has been applied to their landscaping to create a market identity and special physical attributes, all give the strong impression of being nowhere in particular and are in some ways interchangeable. The redounding lack of orientation created by looping roads and the anonymity and remoteness caused by the setback fabric of these environments suggest a kind of existential camouflage.
The cities on the island of Utopia were all identical and were located approximately 24 miles, or a six-hour walk, apart. The Woodlands is 27 miles and First Colony, Kingwood, and Clear Lake City each 22 miles from downtown, all on the circuit of the proposed Grand Parkway, Houston's beltway beyond the Beltway. All the houses in Utopia were of the same model and were arranged 30 to a street with a community house in the center; this bears some correspondence to the conformity of suburban houses (which are now marketed by national mass builders like packages of potato chips) built on cul-de-sacs with a tot-lot or neighborhood park in the center. Utopians were obligated to change houses every ten years so they would not feel proprietary about their dwellings. Americans change their homes on the average of once every five years, usually for the purpose of trading up, and thus the house is always conceived in terms of the value it will have for some normative other who will be the next to acquire it. Utopia, now with the goal of private rather than communitarian well-being, is closer than was previously thought.
Suburban, low-density developments have, in the half-century since World War II, become the site of the new majority of population distribution, accounting for more than 40 percent of the U.S. population in 1990. The suburbs are in general architecturally undistinguished and difficult to represent in plan or through perspectival means, and they seem beyond the pale of human drama, only suitable for the bathos of television serials. Nothing can happen in the master-planned landscape except sheltered breeding to ensure the survival of Homo suburbanis. Because of the suburbs' exceptional banality but overwhelming economic and social importance, there is something unexpectedly meaningful about their ascendancy. By inverting the conventional semantics and values of urban space, history and its oppressive janissaries, architecture and the city, have finally been usurped. Life on the edges of Houston is yet another instance of space apparently overcoming time.
The ambivalence of the suburbs as placeless places and history-free shapers of civilization is symptomatic of the semantic crisis of the late 20th Century, when meanings no longer seem to adhere to words, when signs and referents are constantly betraying rather than portraying. Take, for instance, the fact that new suburbs such as The Woodlands or First Colony are generically called ``new towns,'' that their advertisers promote them as ``communities,'' and that they are usually broken down into 1,000- to 2,000-acre packages referred to as ``villages.'' Not formally, structurally, socially, or in any other way do these developments resemble the entities referred to by the words that are attached to them. Was there ever a town without a commercial nucleus, a village without a main street, or a community without historical continuity? The language is so delusional that recent arrivals to this real-estate package deal, such as the offices of Duany and Plater-Zyberk or Peter Calthorpe, have felt it their rhetorical mission to supply a form that better corresponds to the name, in hopes of restoring the ``traditional'' values of the phenomenon the original words describe. But the rupture in meaning has already occurred, and there is no turning back.
The master-planned development's street patterns derive from the picturesque, curving streets deployed by Frederick Law Olmsted in such plans as that of Riverside, Illinois (1869), and from the patterns used to separate traffic that were devised by Raymond Unwin for the early garden cities in England during the first decade of this century. The practice of the latter led to street configurations that avoided frequent intersections and provided secluded streets. Arterial fast streets with internal loops and cul-de-sacs were the ingenious solutions.
Locally, Houston's master-planned developments aspire to a combination of the elite 1920s Olmsted-style subdivision of River Oaks, which was given easy automobile access to downtown by Allen Parkway, and the quick-profit middle-class development of Sharpstown, Houston's version of Levittown, located in the next ring of western expansion on U.S. 59. Sharpstown, begun in the mid-1950s, supplied more-affordable houses on smaller lots with such amenities as schools, a golf course, and a shopping mall.[3] The decline in the status and security of Sharpstown, which now embraces a significant minority population, is not likely to be repeated in the current new towns. The new new towns are not named after their developers and tend to have neighborhoods named after natural features, such as Bay Oaks in Clear Lake City, Sweetwater in First Colony, Panther Creek in The Woodlands, and Elm Grove in Kingwood. Although The Woodlands has some commitment to the concept of human diversity, the process of real-estate competition has confined it to marketing strategies that inevitably focus on a middle-class clientele.
Squiggly street patterns as an alternative to the conventional grid made particular sense to developers during the car-crazed 1950s and were encouraged by the FHA guidelines for subdivisions, since they provided a method for keeping houses from facing directly onto loud and dangerous thoroughfares. But while such systems facilitated movement on a larger scale, they tended to fragment the urban fabric and limit interaction at the local scale. Viewed from the air, the patterns of arteries threaded with cul-de-sacs and internal loops bear a remarkable resemblance to plates of microchips found in the innards of a computer, a correspondence first intimated by the novelist Thomas Pynchon in the 1960s, when he referred to suburbs in terms of printed circuits.[4] There is a peculiar morphological resonance between the formal patterns in the item that densifies information into miniscule packages, tools that make spatial contiguities irrelevant, and the formal patterns of the system of maximum dispersal that produces irrelevant space.
The irresistible logic of these street patterns is determined by the primary role the automobile plays in American life. To drive in Houston is a political act. It means support of the industry that linked the city's economy to the destiny of the nation. The settlements at Houston's outermost limits are so intimately linked with the oil economy that the relationship cannot be seen as casual: Friendswood Development Company, an Exxon subsidiary, developed Clear Lake City (1963) and Kingwood (1972); Mitchell Energy developed The Woodlands (1974); and the Royal Dutch Shell Pension Fund has replaced the Ford Foundation as the primary financial partner of the Gerald D. Hines-initiated First Colony (1976). (Mobil Oil is currently developing 11 master-planned suburbs throughout the Sun Belt.) It is, of course, in the interests of the oil and automobile industries to encourage development on the edge, thereby making the demand for their products integral to a way of life -- a round trip to one of these new towns is equivalent to half a tank of gas in my car. That Gerald Hines and George Mitchell supported both light rail and zoning does not necessarily contradict this scenario, since these measures would benefit the center and the edge, where both developers have a lot at stake.
Kimberley Reeves, ``And the Winner Is . . . Fort Bend County Master-Planned Communities,'' Houston Business Journal, 22 February 1993, p. 28. Arthur Andersen Real Estate Advisory Group data show that Houston leads the nation in sales of homes in master-planned communities. [Back to text]
Peter Rowe, Making a Middle Landscape (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1991). Sharpstown was begun by Frank Sharp in 1954. It contained approximately 25,000 residences on 6,500 acres, commercial and retail space, a country club (that went bankrupt), and six schools. The developer coordinated the donation of ten miles of freeway right-of-way for U.S. 59. [Back to text]
Ibid., p. 55. Rowe cites Thomas Pynchon's The Crying of Lot 49 (1966). [Back to text]
firstname.lastname@example.com 5/22/95


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Networking and Our People
Get advice and hear from our people on how to best manage, and get the most from, your networks.
Jennifer, Executive Director Tax, gives us an insight into her achievements in managing women's networks.
Financial Services Audit Partner Amarjit explains why connections are crucial in the Financial Services industry.
Fully connected: working & networking in 2020.
Professional networking
Professional networking in the modern workplace in colloboration with Julia Hobsbawm
We've commissioned a new piece of research and developed a white paper that explores the UK's attitudes towards networking.
We've created an infographic to explore how connected we really are, and how to network better.


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FREE SHIPPING with $50 Purchase. Details
Approx. delivery time 1-2 weeks. Street address required. Delivery time may vary by destination.
Available only in U.S. and Canada. Not available in APO, FPO or U.S. Possessions.
Estimated 3-6 business days for delivery.
Easily go from the trails to the snow with the winter rambler wagon. Simply swap out the pneumatic tires for high-impact skis to pull your little one around snowy fields.
Questions? Chat with an Expert


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Southwestern Bison Burger with Chipotle MayonnaiseLisa Turner | Delicious Living
- Prep Time: 30 mins
- Serves: 4 people
A spicy mayo gives this lean burger a feisty kick; it's also great for making a simple turkey sandwich spectacular. Serving tip: For a lower carb count, skip the bun and serve with two warm corn tortillas.
- Coat grill racks with oil and preheat to medium-high.
- Combine bison, scallions, salt, pepper, cumin, hot sauce, and cilantro. Form into four 4-inch patties and lightly brush with oil. Lightly coat pepper strips with olive oil and sprinkle with salt. Grill burgers and peppers for 12 minutes, turning burgers halfway through and turning peppers three or four times, until burgers are cooked through and peppers are tender and charred.
- While burgers and peppers are cooking, in a small bowl, combine mayonnaise with chipotle pepper and mix well.
- During final 2–3 minutes of cooking, place buns, cut side down, on grill and toast. Remove and spread both sides of each bun with mayonnaise. Spread with avocado and top with peppers. Place burgers on top of peppers, and top with lettuce leaves and onion slices, if desired; then cover with bun tops. Serve immediately.
PER SERVING: 487 cal, 53% fat cal, 28g fat, 9g sat fat, 79mg chol, 27g protein, 30g carb, 4g fiber, 690mg sodium


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Psychiatry wasn't what Dr. M David Kurland's father had in mind when he wanted his son to be a doctor. Before psychiatry "found him" at 24, Dr. M David Kurland tried to "mainstream" time and time again with great effort and some success, only to find his interests and performance elsewhere.
At 12, Dr. M David Kurland read extensively, some of it in science, some of it literature. Dr. M David Kurland went on to Stuyvesant High School in Manhattan. At his school, Dr. M David Kurland excelled in almost every subject. A prodigy in his English courses, Dr. M David Kurland also proved his intelligence and dilligence in his studies of Latin, and etymology. As an extra curricular activity, Dr. M David Kurland was able to express himself and bring joy to others through his studied and disciplined playing of the viola. Dr. M David Kurland realized that a handfuls of his classmates were "naturals" in math and science in a way that he didn't think he would ever acheive.
Despite his observations, there he was, Dr. M David Kurland, entering college with a zoology major. Though it was then a subject of interest, Zoology didn't have as much of a hold on Dr. M David Kurland as did other subjects. Within one year,Dr. M David Kurland switched his major to literature. Dr. M David Kurland loved it, and would never regret this important decision. Dr. M David Kurland didn't then understand why he wrote papers on the mind of Raskolnikov or the physician as a character in the modern American novel, while others (the ones who'd go on to graduate school) were writing about the structure of Donne's sonnets, or the image of x in the poetry of y.
Dr. M David Kurland knew he wanted something more worldly and less ivied than grad school. When Harvard Medical School said "Yes", he went. He knew he was no poet but wasn't quite a regular doctor type either. Dr. Kurland wasn't sure exactly what he was. He labored. He could do the work. Dr. Kurland added research in the Department of Cardiology at Boston Children's Hospital and saw himself as a cardiologist. Haha.
In year three of Harvard University Medical School, Dr. Kurland had his first psychiatry rotation. The experience was dramatic, intense, a self-discovery. Wow! He was able to speak at length with two patients and realized how much he enjoyed writing up his "findings". Dr. M David Kurland read psychiatry with a joy he hadn't experienced since the days in college when he switched to English and philosophy.
Then came the moment when… the instructors approached him. They said "Where have you been?". Dr. M David Kurland had finally found a home. Psychiatry.
Dr. M David Kurland planned to spend a few months as a medical clerk at Queen Square. Instead, Dr. M David Kurland decided to attend Guys Hospital in London for 3 months of psychiatry. Since that fateful day, Dr. M David Kurland has never turned back.


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3 July 2013
PRESSURE (Dir. Horace Ove, 1975, UK) - Diasporic Discontent
Pressure is a British film firmly embedded in the discourse of Black British screen representations. Horace Ove's Pressure was Britain's first Black feature film and while it is clearly a film of its time, the exploration of racial tensions in a changing Britain still resonates with an affecting clarity. Particularly interesting is Ove's ability to critique the limitations of Black militancy, drawing out painful contradictions which lead to a position in which racism is equated with a wider economic disparity linked specifically to a perpetual class struggle. In many ways, it is the film's understanding of hegemony which makes the ideological debate prescient in a contemporary Britain that continues to witness a privileged elite shape not only the interests of a nation but also bamboozle the masses with moral panics concerning an invisible Other. A defining moment is when Anthony, the disillusioned and excluded black teenager, tells his parents a truth which they would rather not hear; that their attempts at economic/social mobility, civil obedience and assimilation are indicative of an unconscious racial inferiority. Once Anthony has made clear his refusal to be subjugated any longer, his anger is echoed by his father who also speaks out against his wife for her selfish desire to be viewed as part of a white 'middle class'. Most striking in this 'speaking out' by the father is his longing for his homeland, The Caribbean, and being forced to leave for a false aspiration that will never be achieved. Pressure may in fact have been the first film to articulate the anxieties of an emerging Diaspora from The Carribean, India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. Although Pressure is a defining statement on race relations in Britain, it is also quintessentially a brilliant piece of filmmaking. Researching Pressure has led me to discover Ove made a number of pieces for television that extend his interests in race, identity and the Diaspora.
Posted by Omar Ahmed
Labels: Black Cinema, British Cinema, Class, Political Cinema, Race, Social Realism
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You are currently browsing the tag archive for the 'pain' tag.
While awareness of qualitative research of lived pain is slowly increasing in the field of pain, it is far from established and needs cultivating from within the field by pain researchers (Mitchell & MacDonald, 2009; Osborn & Rodham, 2010; Price & Barrell, 2012). Pain research has traditionally been dominated by quantitative research methods, which have their roots in physiology, physics, biology, and psychophysics, arising from mathematics, statistics, and psychometrics (Price et al. 2002; Price & Aydede, 2005; Price & Barrell, 2012). This trend continues unabated today, and perhaps explains why Osborn and Rodham (2010) found that many individual pain researchers have not yet accumulated a significant body of qualitative pain research. A body of qualitative pain research would enable researchers to develop their arguments in more depth concerning the nature and types of personal meanings apparent in pain experience, especially clinical pain experiences across the lifespan. The rationale for conducting qualitative pain research is likely not clear to many in the field of pain, and researchers are probably unaware of the potential richness of qualitative pain data to uniquely describe lived pain or the diverse tools available for analyzing qualitative data. In line with this, Osborn & Rodham (2010) found that many of the qualitative pain studies they reviewed used only one type of analysis (i.e., data analysis was not triangulated), description rather than interpretation prevailed in discussion of data meaning, and research methods were not thoroughly described.
A powerful reason to conduct more qualitative pain research is the common complaint from clinical pain patients that they feel they have never had an opportunity to fully explore their lived pain experiences with health care professionals, that no one has ever fully understood what is wrong with them and, most importantly, that no one appears to be listening (e.g., Melzack, 1990; Hoffmann & Tarzian, 2001; Hansson et al. 2011; McGee et al. 2011; Thacker & Moseley, 2012; De Ruddere et al. 2014). Clinical failure to sufficiently appreciate patient pain and its felt meanings can result in profound patient dissatisfaction, exacerbation of feelings of isolation and confusion, among other negative existential appreciations, and cause up-regulation of nociception (Butler et al. 2003). Despite this significant problem in the treatment and management of clinical pain, some pain researchers (e.g., Apkarian et al. 2011; Wortolowska, 2011) and government agencies (e.g., National Research Council of the National Academies, 2008; National Institutes of Health, 2011) have argued for replacing first-person patient experiential pain data with brain-imaging data.
Although qualitative research alone cannot solve these challenges, because of its exploratory nature, it can complement quantitative clinical pain research to describe lived pain and the psychosocial factors that improve or worsen the efficacy of pain interventions, as well as core intervention components that are associated with desired or undesired patient outcomes (Price et al. 2002; Price & Aydede, 2005; Price & Barrell, 2012; Thacker & Moseley, 2012).
Apkarian, A. V., Hashmi, J. A., & Baliki, M. N. (2011). Pain and the brain: specificity and plasticity of the brain in clinical chronic pain. Pain, 152(3 Suppl), S49–64.
De Ruddere, L., Goubert, L., Stevens, M. A. L., Deveugele, M., Craig, K. D., & Crombez, G. (2014). Health Care Professionals" Reactions to Patient Pain: Impact of Knowledge About Medical Evidence and Psychosocial Influences. The Journal of Pain, 15(3), 262–270.
Hoffmann, D. E., & Tarzian, A. J. (2001). The girl who cried pain: a bias against women in the treatment of pain. The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 28(s4), 13–27.
McGee, S. J., Kaylor, B. D., Emmott H., & Christopher, M. J. (2011). Defining chronic pain ethics. Pain Medicine, 12, 1376–1384.
Melzack, R. (1990). The tragedy of needless pain. Scientific American, 262(2), 27–33.
National Institutes of Health. (2011). Biomarkers for chronic pain using functional brain connectivity. Common Fund NIH Government.
National Research Council of the National Academies. Emerging cognitive neuroscience and related technologies. (2008). Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
Price, D. D., & Aydede, M. (2005). The experimental use of introspection in the scientific study of pain and its integration with third-person methodologies: The experiential-phenomenological approach. In M. Aydede (Ed.), Pain: New Essays on its Nature and the Methodology of its Study (pp. 243–273). Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Price, D. D., & Barrell, J. J. (2012). Inner Experiences and Neuroscience. Merging the two perspectives. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Price, D. D., Barrell, J. J., & Rainville, P. (2002). Integrating experiential-phenomenological methods and neuroscience to study neural mechanisms of pain and consciousness.
Thacker, M. A., & Moseley, G. L. (2012). First-person neuroscience and the understanding of pain. The Medical Journal of Australia, 196(6), 410–411.
Wortolowska, K. (2011). How neuroimaging can help us to visualise and quantify pain? European Journal of Pain, 5, 323–327.
<span class="Z3988″ title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.jtitle=http%3A%2F%2Fsimonvanrysewyk.wordpress.com&rft_id=info%3A%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fresearchblogging.org&rft.atitle=Towards+raising+awareness+of+qualitative+pain+research&rft.issn=&rft.date=2014&rft.volume=&rft.issue=&rft.spage=&rft.epage=&rft.artnum=http%3A%2F%2Fsimonvanrysewyk.wordpress.com%2F2014%2F10%2F29%2Fraising-awareness-of-qualitative-pain-research%2F&rft.au=Simon+van+Rysewyk&rfe_dat=bpr3.included=1;bpr3.tags=Health%2Cpain%2C+chronic+pain%2C+qualitative+research%2C+phenomenology%2C+philosophy%2C+psychology%2C+neuroscience%2C+pain+medicine">Simon van Rysewyk (2014). Towards raising awareness of qualitative pain research https://simonvanrysewyk.wordpress.com
The International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) defines pain as "an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage." The IASP definition of pain includes in its notes, "Pain is always subjective". The term "subjective" emphasizes that pain is a conscious experience rather than simply a causal result of unconscious nociceptive processing. The intuition underlying the IASP definition of pain is that if a pain is not being consciously felt by its owner then it does not exist.
Up until the late twentieth century, it was widely believed by pain researchers that conscious pain could not be felt by humans in sleep because sleep is an unconscious state. This pre-scientific intuition about pain has since been undermined by numerous scientific studies showing that both stimulus-induced and non-stimulus induced pain reported during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep does not always result in subject wakefulness and that pain can also feature in dreams (e.g., Nielsen et al. 1993; Zadra et al. 1998; Raymond et al. 2002; Knoth & Schredl, 2011). Concerning dream pain, Zadra et al. (1998) found that 48.2% of subjects reported that they have had at least one pain dream in their lives, although only 0.62% of recorded dreams in home diary studies contain clear reference to pain feelings and meanings. In some subjects, dream pain continues to be felt following wakefulness; in other subjects, it is rapidly terminated after awakening. These divergent findings prompt the causal question: Why does dream pain exist and have the nature it does?
To explain dream pain, Schredl (2003) proposed that there is continuity between wakeful and dream pain such that pain regularly felt when awake is causally efficacious concerning its occurrence in dreams. Raymond et al. (2002) investigated Schredl's "continuity hypothesis" in hospitalized burn patients and healthy control subjects and found that patients reported a significantly higher rate of dreamed pain than controls. The burn patients also reported marginally more intense pain during wakeful medical procedures, a finding which was interpreted by Raymond et al. (2002) to support the continuity hypothesis. The patients reported constant pain during wakefulness, which further supports the continuity hypothesis. However, there are three further competing interpretations of the data presented in Raymond et al. (2002). Since dreamed pain was not always reported as located in injured body regions or in bodily areas patients reported pain in during the night and following awakening, Raymond et al. (2002) speculated that dream pain might not be causally continuous with wakeful pain experiences, but with a personal pain memory trace formed after wakeful pain experiences. In support of this interpretation of the data, Jantsch et al. (2009) showed the existence of a reliable long-term memory trace for experimentally induced pain sensations. This finding would explain the rarity of reported dream pain in controls since pain is rare in their everyday experience. A competing causal explanation of the data in Raymond et al. (2002) is that some dreamers report pain they had never experienced in real life (e.g., dream pain in a fictional fight situation) (Schredl, 2011). In support of this view, Danziger et al. (2009) found that people with congenital insensitivity to pain show patterns of brain activation in shared-circuits for "self" and "other" pain while observing pain in other persons. This finding leads to the proposal that pain observed externally in others or in electronic media might also explain dream pain (Borsook & Beccera, 2009).
Thus, the three explanations on offer to explain why dream pain occurs are: (1) Dream pain is causally continuous with wakeful pain experiences; (2) Dream pain is causally continuous with personal pain memories formed after wakeful pain experiences; and (3) Dream pain is causally continuous with pain observed externally in others or in electronic media during wakefulness. These competing explanations show that the task of explaining why dream pain occurs is still very much an open question in the field, and more research on the topic is needed.
- Borsook D, Becerra L. Emotional Pain without Sensory Pain-Dream On? Neuron 2009; 61(2):153–155.
- Danziger N, Faillenot I, Peyron R. Can We Share a Pain We Never Felt? Neural Correlates of Empathy in Patients with Congenital Insensitivity to Pain. Neuron 2009; 61(2):203–212.
- Jantsch HHF, Gawlitza M, Geber C, Baumgärtner U, et al. Explicit episodic memory for sensory discriminative components of capsaicin–induced pain: Immediate and delayed ratings. Pain 2009; 143(1–2):97–105.
- Nielsen TA, McGregor DL, Zadra A, et al. Pain in dreams. Sleep 1993; 16: 490–498.
- Raymond I, Nielsen TA, Lavigne G, et al. Incorporation of pain in dreams of hospitalized burn victims. Sleep 2002; 25: 765–770.
- Schredl M, Erlacher, D. Lucid dreaming frequency and personality. Personality and Individual Differences 2004; 37(7): 1463–1473.
- Schredl M. Continuity between waking and dreaming: a proposal for a mathematical model. Sleep and Hypnosis 2003; 5: 38–52.
- Zadra AL, Nielsen TA, Germain A, et al. The nature and prevalence of pain in dreams. Pain Research and Management 1998; 3: 155–161.
- Zappaterra M, Jim L, and Pangarkar, S. Chronic pain resolution after a lucid dream: A case for neural plasticity? Medical hypotheses 2014; 82(3): 286–290.
|Philosophical Thesis
|Type Identity
|Realism – Pain is real.
|Materialism – Pain is neurophysiological.
|Minimal Reductionism – Pain is nothing more than neurophysiological mechanism.
|Identity – Pain is identical to a
neurophysiological mechanism.
|Naturalistic – Philosophies of pain are both metaphysical and scientific theories.
|Theoretical – Metaphysical theories of pain can
be assessed according to their theoretical virtues (e.g., simplicity), and competing empirical predictions.
Polger, T. W. (2011). Are sensations still brain processes? Philosophical Psychology, 24(1), 1-21.
The personal experience of pain produces a reliable effect on facial behavior in humans and in nonhuman mammals. Why should pain have a face? What is it for? I will attempt to head towards answering this question by invoking a theoretical framework: polyvagal theory (Porges, 2001, 2006).
1 Polyvagal Theory
According to polyvagal theory (Porges, 2001, 2006), evolution of neural control within the autonomic nervous system (ANS) has tracked three stages, each revealing a specific behavior, and a specific function:
In the first stage, the ancient unmyelinated visceral vagus nerve that enables digestion could respond to danger and pain only by reducing metabolic output and producing immobilization behaviors.
In the second stage, the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) made it possible to increase metabolic activity and inhibit the visceral vagus nerve, thus allowing fight/flight behaviors following perceived threat or pain.
The third stage, which is uniquely mammalian, involves a myelinated vagus that can rapidly control cardiac and bronchi output to enable spontaneous interaction (i.e., engagement or disengagement) with the environment. The interaction of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) with the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, nervous and immune systems change to maximize response to stressors such as nociception. During nociception, the ANS operates together with nervous, endocrine and immune systems to produce stress (Chapman et al. 2008; Porges, 2001, 2006). In terms of polyvagal theory, pain facial expression is a dynamic autonomic response caused by noxious signaling. In terms of polyvagal-type identity mechanistic theory pain facial expression is a type of behavior that is identical to a type of neurophysiological mechanism; namely, the phylogenetically recent brain-heart-face mechanism.
The expansion of cortex in the third stage increased innervation and neural control of the mammalian face: upper face innervation is bilateral and arises from the supplementary motor area (M2) and the rostral cingulate motor area (M3). Lower face innervation is contralateral and arises from primary motor cortex (M1), ventral lateral premotor cortex, and the caudal cingulate motor cortex (M4) (Morecraft et al. 2004). Human pain facial movements of the eyebrows and upper lip are type identical with negative emotional aspects of pain and activation of M1, M2, M3, whereas facial movements around the eyes are type identical with somatosensory aspects of pain, and activation of M2 and M3 (Kunz et al. 2011). Thus, evolution of cranial anatomy enabled a highly integrated facial representation of the multidimensional experience of pain.
2 Why Pain Should Have a Face
In clinical and experimental settings, the pain face is observed to rapidly appear following noxious stimulation, and diminish concurrent with cessation of the noxious stimulus, or when analgesics are administered (e.g., Craig & Patrick, 1985). The brain-heart-face mechanism is an integrated system with both a somatomotor part controlling the striated facial muscles and a visceromotor part controlling the heart through a myelinated vagus nerve (Porges, 2001, 2006). When the vagal tone to the cardiac pacemaker is high, the myelinated vagus acts as a brake or restraint limiting heart rate. Rapid inhibition and disinhibition of vagal tone to the heart supports the rapid mobilization of facial muscles and formation of the pain face concurrent with pain onset. In humans and nonhuman mammals, the main vagal inhibitory pathways in the myelinated vagus originate in the nucleus ambiguus.
The vagal brake supports the low-metabolic requirements involved in the rapidly appearing and disappearing pain face. Withdrawal of the vagal brake is strongly correlated with the rapid appearance of the pain face; reinstatement of the vagal brake is strongly correlated with the rapid diminishing of the pain face. These correlations are not unique to pain facial expression; similar relationships hold with regard to the vagal brake and the timing and duration of aversive, but non-noxious emotional facial expressions (e.g., Pu et al. 2010), and positive emotional facial expressions (e.g., Kok & Fredrickson, 2010).
In terms of the function of rapid pain face onset and offset, the vagal brake makes it possible for the individual in pain to quickly disengage from source of wounding and pain, concurrent with the rapid appearance or diminishing of pain facial expression, which may offer temporary access to additional metabolic resources to aid healing, recovery and self-soothing behaviors, with likely involvement from care givers.
Concerning aid from others, the vagal brake reliably maps onto specific interaction types observed in mammalian pain events. In pain events comprising the individual in pain and care givers, mammalian behavior is typed according to interpersonal communication through facial expressions, vocalizations, head and hand gestures (Hadjistavropoulos et al. 2011; Porges, 2001, 2006; Williams, 2002). A relevant feature is the rapid 'switching' of temporary engagement to temporary disengagement behaviors between the individual in pain and care givers. This interaction type may involve care givers speaking to the one in pain, and then quickly switching to listening; for the one in pain, looking into the face of the care giver, and then quickly switching to vocalizing (Craig et al. 2011; Hadjistavropoulos et al. 2011; Porges, 2001, 2006; Williams, 2002). The brain-heart-face mechanism thus allows the one in pain and the care giver to get the timing right. Some philosophers and neuroscientists claim that evolutionary neurobehavioral solutions to timing problems such as these are implicated in the origin of empathy and ultimately consciousness itself (Churchland, 2002; Cole, 1998; Engen & Singer, 2012; van Rysewyk, 2011).
However, if pain is severe or chronic and the vagal brake is withdrawn (or dysfunctional), the concurrency of increased pain facial expression, cardiac output, and other mobilization behaviors (i.e., increased SNS and HPA output), means that, if care giving is to succeed in promoting healing and recovery, the care giver's vagal brake must be dynamically reinstated. By applying their own vagal brake, care givers may regulate their own visceral distress and thereby succeed in allocating valuable metabolic resources to communicate safety to the one in pain (and themselves) through calming facial and head behaviors, eye gaze, and prosodic vocalizations (i.e., increasing the vagal brake decreases SNS and HPA output). Since the vagal brake of the person in pain has been provisionally withdrawn, the care giver is effectively an integrated external brain-heart-face mechanism (cf. Tantam, 2009, the 'interbrain').
Thus, the pain facial muscles function as neural timekeepers detecting and expressing features of safety and danger that cue the one in pain to quickly disengage from the source of wounding and pain, simultaneous with the rapid appearance or attenuation of pain facial activity, and also cue others who can help.
Chapman, C. R., Tuckett, R. P., & Song, C. W. (2008). Pain and stress in a systems perspective: reciprocal neural, endocrine, and immune interactions. Journal of Pain, 9(2), 122-145.
Churchland, P. S. (1989). Neurophilosophy: Toward a Unified Science of the Mind-Brain. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Cole, J. (1998) About face. Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press.
Craig, K. D., & Patrick, C. J. (1985). Facial expression during induced pain. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48(4), 1080-1091.
Craig, K. D., Prkachin, K. M., & Grunau, R. E. (2011). .The facial expression of pain. In D. C. Turk, & R. Melzack, Handbook of Pain Assessment, 2nd Edition (pp. 117-133). New York: The Guilford Press.
Engen, H. G., & Singer, T. (2012). Empathy circuits. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 23, 1-8.
Hadjistavropoulos, T., Craig, K. D., Duck, S., Cano, A., Goubert, L., Jackson, P. L., Mogil, J. S., Rainville, P., Sullivan, M. J. L., de C. Williams, Amanda C., Vervoort, T., & Fitzgerald, T. D. (2011). A biopsychosocial formulation of pain communication. Psychological Bulletin, 137(6), 910-939.
Kok, B. E., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2010). Upward spirals of the heart: Autonomic flexibility, as indexed by vagal tone, reciprocally and prospectively predicts positive emotions and social connectedness. Biological Psychology, 85(3), 432-436.
Kunz, M., Lautenbacher, S., LeBlanc, N., & Rainville, P. (2011). Are both the sensory and the affective dimensions of pain encoded in the face? Pain, 153(2), 350-358.
Morecraft, R. J., Stilwell-Morecraft, K. S., & Rossing, W. R. (2004). The Motor Cortex and Facial Expression: New Insights From Neuroscience. The Neurologist, 10(5), 235-249.
Porges, S. W. (2001). The polyvagal theory: phylogenetic substrates of a social nervous system. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 42(2), 123-146.
Porges, S. W. (2006). Emotion: An Evolutionary By‐Product of the Neural Regulation of the Autonomic Nervous System. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 807(1), 62-77.
Pu, J., Schmeichel, B. J., & Demaree, H. A. (2010). Cardiac vagal control predicts spontaneous regulation of negative emotional expression and subsequent cognitive performance. Biological Psychology, 84(3), 531-540.
van Rysewyk, S. (2011). Beyond faces: The relevance of Moebius Syndrome to emotion recognition and empathy. In: A. Freitas-Magalhães (Ed.), 'Emotional Expression: The Brain and the Face' (V. III, Second Series), University of Fernando Pessoa Press, Oporto: pp. 75-97.
Williams, A. C. D. C. (2002). Facial expression of pain: an evolutionary account. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 25(4), 439-455.
The official scientific definition of pain was initially formulated in the 1980s by a committee organized by the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP). This definition was updated in the 1990s by the IASP to reflect advancements in pain science and has since been widely accepted by the scientific community:
Pain: An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage.
Note:The inability to communicate verbally does not negate the possibility that an individual is experiencing pain and is in need of appropriate pain-relieving treatment. Pain is always subjective. Each individual learns the application of the word through experiences related to injury in early life. Biologists recognize that those stimuli which cause pain are liable to damage tissue. Accordingly, pain is that experience we associate with actual or potential tissue damage. It is unquestionably a sensation in a part or parts of the body, but it is also always unpleasant and therefore also an emotional experience. Experiences which resemble pain but are not unpleasant, e.g., pricking, should not be called pain. Unpleasant abnormal experiences (dysesthesias) may also be pain but are not necessarily so because, subjectively, they may not have the usual sensory qualities of pain. Many people report pain in the absence of tissue damage or any likely pathophysiological cause; usually this happens for psychological reasons. There is usually no way to distinguish their experience from that due to tissue damage if we take the subjective report. If they regard their experience as pain, and if they report it in the same ways as pain caused by tissue damage, it should be accepted as pain. This definition avoids tying pain to the stimulus. Activity induced in the nociceptor and nociceptive pathways by a noxious stimulus is not pain, which is always a psychological state, even though we may well appreciate that pain most often has a proximate physical cause (IASP-Task-Force-On-Taxonomy, 1994: 207-213).
An apparent immediate and inconvenient fact facing pain reductionism is that pain stubbornly resists identification with only the brain. The original pain identity statement, 'Pain = C-fibre activation' (Place, 1956), neglects two essential features of pain observed in contemporary pain science: (1) Conscious awareness of wounding is multimodal and is correlated with integrated visual, kinaesthetic, and enteric sensory modalities in addition to noxious signalling (e.g., Chapman et al. 2008); (2) Wounding is typically part of overall bodily awareness that is correlated with multiple reciprocal nervous, endocrine and immune states (e.g., Chapman et al. 2008; Lyon et al. 2011; van Rysewyk, 2013; Vierck et al. 2010). Convergent lines of evidence demonstrate that wounding followed by pain is strongly correlated with endocrine and immune operations as well as sensory signaling that together exert an extensive non-neural impact. These operations interact and comprise a defensive stress response to wounding [1].
A consideration of the higher structures of the central nervous system (CNS) alone reveals an extraordinarily complex picture of pain. Unimodal functional brain imaging studies of nociceptive transmission, projection and processing show that signals of wounding reach higher CNS levels via the spinothalamic, spinohypothalamic, spinoreticularpathways (i.e., the paleospinothalamic tract) including the locus caeruleus (LC) and the solitary nucleus, spinopontoamygdaloid pathways, the periaqueductal gray (PAG), and the cerebellum (e.g., Burstein et al. 1991; Price, 2000). The thalamus (THA) projects to limbic areas including the insula and anterior cingulate, which have been identified with the integration of the emotional and motivational features of pain (Craig, 2002, 2003a, 2003b). Noradrenergic pathways from the LC project to these and other limbic structures. Accordingly, pain reveals extensive limbic, prefrontal and somatosensory cortical components. A meta-analysis of the literature described brain operations during pain as a complex network involving THA, primary and secondary somatosensory cortices (S1, S2), insula (INS), anterior cingulate (ACC), and prefrontal cortices (Apkarian et al. 2005). Thus, the brain engages in massive, distributed, parallel processing in response to noxious signaling.
The mechanisms of multimodal integration pose a formidable challenge for pain scientists. Hollis et al. (2004) examined how catecholaminergic neurons in the solitary nucleus integrate visceral and somatosensory information when peripheral inflammation is present. Pre-existing fatigue, nausea, intense physiological arousal, and a systemic inflammatory response induced by proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., Anderson, 2005; Eskandari et al. 2003) are all correlated with sensory signalling in the experience of pain. In addition to Craig (2002, 2003a, 2003b), an increasing number of studies have investigated the integration of information from multiple sensory modalities and central operations correlated with emotion and cognition in pain (e.g., Bie et al. 2011; Liu et al. 2011; Neugebauer et al. 2009). The more we are able to delineate the qualia of pain and map these experiences onto specific multimodal physical operations, the closer we come to identifying pain with those operations.
So, why has Place's (1956) original pain identity statement survived in philosophy of mind? One reason is that the use of 'C-fibre activation' by identity philosophers is merely a placeholder for whatever the eventual mechanisms of nervous systems prove to be. We now know that wounding is identical to specific endocrine and immune operations in addition to sensory signaling. These operations interact and in concert comprise a defensive stress response to wounding. However, the purpose of calling it the identity theory of mind is to separate it from philosophical theories that identify mental states with states of immaterial souls or minds (dualism), abstract machine systems (functionalism), or those theories that reject the reality of mental states (eliminativism). It is not to make any substantive assumption about the sensory modality. This is why Place's (1956) pain identity claim of C-fibre activation has survived, despite being explanatorily incomplete.
[1]In clinical settings, problems of acute and chronic pain do not easily conform to pain-brain type identities. The persistence of chronic pain as a major problem in medicine may indicate that identifying pain with the brain ('pain in the brain') has failed to inform clinicians toward curative interventions (e.g., Chapman et al. 2008).
Anderson, J. (2005). The inflammatory reflex-introduction. Journal of Internal Medicine, 257(2), 122-125.
Apkarian, A. V., Bushnell, M. C., Treede, R. D., & Zubieta, J. K. (2005). Human brain mechanisms of pain perception and regulation in health and disease. European Journal of Pain, 9(4), 463-463.
Bie, B., Brown, D. L., & Naguib, M. (2011). Synaptic plasticity and pain aversion. European Journal of Pharmacology, 667(1), 26-31.
Burstein, R., Dado, R. J., Cliffer, K. D., & Giesler, G. J. (1991). Physiological characterization of spinohypothalamic tract neurons in the lumbar enlargement of rats. Journal of Neurophysiology, 66(1), 261-284.
Chapman, C. R., Tuckett, R. P., & Song, C. W. (2008). Pain and stress in a systems perspective: reciprocal neural, endocrine, and immune interactions. The Journal of Pain, 9(2), 122-145.
Craig, A. D. (2002). How do you feel? Interoception: the sense of the physiological condition of the body. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 3(8), 655-666.
Craig, A. D. (2003a). A new view of pain as a homeostatic emotion. Trends in Neurosciences, 26(6), 303-307.
Craig, A. D. (2003b). Pain mechanisms: labeled lines versus convergence in central processing. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 26, 1-30.
Eskandari, F., Webster, J. I., & Sternberg, E. M. (2003). Neural immune pathways and their connection to inflammatory diseases. Arthritis Research and Therapy, 5(6), 251-265.
IASP-Task-Force-On-Taxonomy (1994). IASP Pain Terminology. In H. Merskey & N. Bogduk (Eds.), Classification of Chronic Pain: Descriptions of Chronic Pain Syndromes and Definitions of Pain Terms (pp. 209-214). Seattle: IASP Press.
Liu, C. C., Shi, C. Q., Franaszczuk, P. J., Crone, N. E., Schretlen, D., Ohara, S., & Lenz, F. A. (2011). Painful laser stimuli induce directed functional interactions within and between the human amygdala and hippocampus. Neuroscience, 178, 208-217.
Lyon, P., Cohen, M., & Quintner, J. (2011). An Evolutionary Stress‐Response Hypothesis for Chronic Widespread Pain (Fibromyalgia Syndrome). Pain Medicine, 12(8), 1167-1178.
Neugebauer, V., Galhardo, V., Maione, S., & Mackey, S. C. (2009). Forebrain pain mechanisms. Brain Research Reviews, 60(1), 226.
Place, U. T. (1956). Is consciousness a brain process? British Journal of Psychology, 47, 44-50.
Price, D. D. (2000). Psychological and neural mechanisms of the affective dimension of pain. Science, 288(5472), 1769-1772.
van Rysewyk, S. (2013). Pain is Mechanism. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Tasmania.
Vierck, C. J., Green, M., & Yezierski, R. P. (2010). Pain as a stressor: effects of prior nociceptive stimulation on escape responding of rats to thermal stimulation. European Journal of Pain, 14(1), 11-16.
The International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) defines pain as 'an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage' (Merskey & Bogduk, 1994). The IASP definition of pain is unique in that it explicitly recognizes that pain is an experience that can be understood in itself, in an internal way, in contrast to prior definitions (Sternbach, 1968; Mountcastle, 1974) that defined pain in terms of external causal stimuli that are correlated in some way with pain feelings and sensations.
External characterizations of pain based on neuroscientific findings remain influential in the pain literature. For example, according to a leading theory, pain feelings and sensations are externally related to a brain image of the 'afferent representation of the physiological condition of the body' (Craig, 2003). Interpreted philosophically, this view of pain is analogous to the traditional rational-metaphysical presupposition that feelings are but 'sensations or emotions of the soul which are related especially to it,' as Descartes put it, and thus are features only of the self and not of the world.
But pain is not only a personal feeling adhering to the self but that through my pain I am connected to a felt reality of the world. This world is not a world of causal reasons but a world that tonally flows in a certain direction and manner (Smith, 1986). When a sharp object is painfully cutting me, I experience a feeling of wincing back and away from the object, and in correlation with this feeling-flow the sharp object is felt to have a tonal-flow of flowing forwards, towards and into me in a piercing manner. When pain makes me fearful, I experience a feeling-flow of retreating backwards and away from the existent that is threatening me. The feeling flows backwards in a shrinking and cringing manner; I have the sensation of 'shrinking and cringing back from' the threatening existent. When my pain presents the quality of anxiety, my experience does not flow backwards as a 'retreat from', but has the directional sense of being suspended over an inner bottomlessness. The feeling flow of anxiety during pain is a flow that hovers before the possibility of flowing in a downward direction. When pain presents angry retaliation, I feel an angry 'striking back' towards the pain-affected body-part, and as such flows forwards, towards the limb at which I am angry. It flows forwards in a violently attacking manner. By virtue of correlated tonal and painful flows, the world and I are joined together in an extrarational and sensuously appreciative way.
Instead of only describing the external things to which pain is externally related, it is also possible to describe pain internally by noting other internal determinations of the feelings and sensations with which it is united. Joint internal-external characterizations of pain very roughly map onto neuroscientific evidence showing that our cutaneous nociceptive system differentiates into interoceptive and exteroceptive causal features, such that our interoceptive nociceptive system signals tissue disorders that are inescapable, and causes homeostatic responses, and our exteroceptive nociceptive system extracts meaningful information about events in the world in order to effect behaviors that protect the organism from external threats (Price et al. 2003).
Craig AD (2003). A new view of pain as a homeostatic emotion. Trends in neurosciences 26(6): 303–307.
Merskey H, Bogduk N (Eds) (1994). Classification of Chronic Pain (Second Ed.). IASP Press: Seattle, pp 209–214.
Mountcastle VB (1974). Pain and temperature sensibilities. Medical Physiology 13(1): 348–391.
Price DD, Greenspan JD, Dubner R (2003). Neurons involved in the exteroceptive function of pain. Pain, 106(3), 215–219.
Smith Q (1986).The felt meanings of the world: A metaphysics of feeling. Purdue University Press.
Sternbach RA (1968). Pain: A psychophysiological analysis. Academic Press: New York.


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We have.
We thought, if only we had the time to find something personal, something unique. Something you might find in one of those little village boutiques where you know someone has personally selected the products. Where every item possesses a certain kind of charm, a certain je ne sais quoi that's tough to find anywhere else.
So we set to work rummaging for the rarest and most charming products from some of the most original designers in the country. And we put together a collection of goodies and gifts you might find in a boutique store in an enchanting little village.
Everything you see at Little Village Boutique has been carefully-sourced based on uniqueness, quality and elegance. Many of the products are hand-crafted and personalised, making the perfect gift for a special someone, or simply to treat yourself.
Take a stroll
You can stroll through the Village and search for gifts using our easy search panel. We've sorted our products into categories to make it easier to find what you're looking for –gifts for her, gifts for him, gifts for baby & kids, gifts for the home, or gifts for weddings. We've also tagged products by occasion, so you can find something special to accompany your message – whether it's "I love you", "thank you", or "just because".
Bag your gifts
Add your desired items to your basket and place your order using our PayPal secure payment system. You can order from different boutiques within the same order, so it's easy to purchase multiple gifts at once.
Once you've made your purchase, our Boutiques get to work dispatching your order. Your goodies are usually delivered within 3-7 days, direct from the Boutique. Personalised or custom gifts may take a little longer. We know you'll be eagerly anticipating your gifts, so we'll let you know the progress of your order every step of the way.
Support local businesses
It's our philosophy at the Village to support the best creative small Australian businesses, and we are always excited to hear from new suppliers who are keen to join.
See you in the Village!
Our goal at LittleVillageBoutique.com is to inspire you with delightful and enchanting gifts for you, your friends and your family.
We hope you enjoy your time in the Village!


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The newest ranges of furniture, newly added manufacturers we supply from, updated brochures and expansions in finishes and fabrics.
Seating in a wide range of finishes, with choices of modern and traditional styling for use in a broad spectrum of commercial interiors.
A large selection of dining, poseur and coffee tables in a choice of finishes, both functional and stylish, virtually limitless combinations of frame and top options.
Soft upholstered seating giving a wide varied choice of finish, modern and traditional options, complete collections or individual feature items.
High and low stools in a large choice of finishes with a huge selection of styles, for use in all types of interior projects.
Tough and robust selection of chairs, armchairs, tables and sofas for all year round exterior use, in a large choice of finishes.
Bespoke wardrobes, desk units, bedside and console tables, headboards and drawer chests in a wide range of finishes and styles.
Interior and exterior lighting systems in a range of finishes. Chair trolleys, chair linking devices, stacking panels, coat stands, planters and bars.
Furnishing of hotels as part of a chain, independent hotels and related venues.
Schools, colleges, universities, canteens, student union bars, student accommodations.
Football stadiums, golf clubs, shooting ranges, museums.
Bars, pubs, café's, fast-food restaurants, brasseries, banqueting and more.
Senior homes, care and dementia facilities, hospital and surgery waiting areas.
Corporate locations, commercial projects and public venues.
Project: Instalment of all public areas
Location: Hertford
We were delighted to be involved with Leisure Concepts in the specification and supply of lounge and dining furniture to a number of Signature Senior Lifestyle communities in the south east. Each venue featured products from our More Contract range along with the new Milla compact high back lounge armchair developed for these projects.
Project: Installment of all public areas
Location: Ashington
Ashington Hall is a small luxurious residential care home, where Protocol was tasked with the supply of lounge and dining room furniture.
Project: Instalment of all public areas
Location: Crookham
Anchor Church Crookam is a beautifully designed luxury senior residence, where Protocol was tasked with the supply of lounge and dining room furniture.
Project: Lounge and dining areas
Location: Huntingdon
Protocol are proud to have worked with Samantha Lord Interior Design on the latest edition to the Country Court Care portfolio in Huntingdon. Ferrars Hall Care Home is a purpose-built residential home designed specifically to create a welcoming residential environment for their residents. Our Peniche and Marty ranges featured in the Dementia dining area, with the Cassis and Liberty ranges creating a more relaxed atmosphere in the Piano Lounge.
Project: Instalment of all public areas and bedrooms
Location: Southampton
Anchor Mayflower care home is a beautifully designed luxury senior residence, where Protocol was tasked with the supply of lounge, dining and bedroom furniture. We developed a stylish case goods range that meets the healthcare specifications and extended a couple of our More Contract ranges to include sofas with a middle arm.
Project: Residential Care Home
Location: West Byfleet
The designers, Atkins and the client Anchor selected Protocol to supply the M+re Contract range of seating and tables for this prestigious development. Based around the listed West Hall Manor House (which has been carefully restored) and acts as a focus and a hub to the site, the residential units offer modern and extremely comfortable living areas. Walnut timber furniture and high quality fabrics were specified throughout the project, a wide selection of seating and tables was used in all areas including bedrooms, lounges, restaurants and exterior areas.


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Miranda Lambert Won't Cry Over Blake Shelton — Unless He Marries Gwen Stefani
No more tears for Miranda Lambert! Divorcing from Blake Shelton was tough for the singer, but now that she's moved on with Anderson East, she's not crying over the heartbreak any longer. But if her ex decides to take the next step with Gwen Stefani, that might change fast, HollywoodLife.com has EXCLUSIVELY learned. Get the scoop here!
Is Miranda Lambert, 32, finally over Blake Shelton? The 32-year-old has found love again following her divorce from the "Gonna" singer, but there's still something that would totally tear her apart when it comes to her ex, an insider tells HollywoodLife.com EXCLUSIVELY — and it involves his new lady, Gwen Stefani, 46, of course.
"The tears are long gone. Miranda seeing Blake having his relationship with Gwen out in the open has eventually become more of a healing process for her," an insider tells HollywoodLife.com EXCLUSIVELY. "At first she thought he was flaunting it, but it has come to a point where she sees he is just moving on and that is exactly what she should be doing herself. Admittedly, though, if Blake has a child with Gwen or gets married to Gwen, that will hit a little hard."
Luckily, the "Little Red Wagon" singer has her own man, Anderson East, 27, to help keep her distracted. "She is seeing with her new relationship that amazing things still happen to her and she wants to embrace that and she wants that for Blake as well," our source adds. "She has come to a point where she has accepted things and almost completely moved on from Blake."
While Blake and Gwen have been flaunting their relationship all over for months, Miranda just confirmed her romance with Anderson on New Year's Day, and things seem to be going great ever since! The pair actually just spent the weekend together, and Miranda revealed she spent a lot of time songwriting during the weekend getaway. We can't wait to hear the songs that come out of all this!
HollywoodLifers, do you think Miranda is really over Blake? Let us know below, and check out videos about these two and more RIGHT HERE.


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Back to Church Sunday 2018
Get your church ready for September 16, 2018
5 Life-Altering Parables
A new preaching series from Luke 14-16
Discovering Truth When it Hurts
4 week sermon series from the Psalms
Teach Your People to Get Connected
Understanding the next steps to following Jesus
I Love My Church
5 week campaign on the beauty of Christ's bride
Hear Jesus Whisper, "Follow Me"
6 week series about Jesus changing ordinary people
This sermon looks at the transformation process and the story of David and Saul, and if we want to be transformed towards significance what we need to do.
Transformed for Significance
After three generations of living in the back country with no contact to the outside world, a father decided it was about time they saw what had become of the world. They finally came to the big city where they saw buildings so tall that they quickly became
...read more
Romans 12:1-2, 2 Samuel 3:1
Transformation, Significance, Transformed
Message 16 in our exposition of Nehemiah. Nehemiah describes the elements of the covenant the people signed.
This message explores the commitment to be people of distinction.
Chico Alliance Church
"People of Distinction" Pt 1
We have all talked about revival. It is a word frequently used in Christian circles. We readily use the label "Revival Meeting" or a "Renewal Conference". Yet few of us have ever experienced renewal in the sense that many of us
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Nehemiah 10, Romans 12:1-2, 1 John 2:15-17
Covenant, Sanctification, Distinctiveness, Nehmiah
Christian Missionary Alliance
A sermon on being living sacrifices to God, transformed by the renewal of our minds.
This has been a rough week on the cultural scene in America. First, Kate Spade. Then, Anthony Bourdain. Suicide has become a major public health concern in the United States. It is the tenth leading cause of death in the U.S., according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and
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Romans 12:1-2
Discipleship, Renewal Of The Mind, Transfomed Lives
This message continues the exploration of the discipline of sacrifice by making some practical suggestions.
Chico Alliance Church
Pastor David Welch
"Sacrifice" Practical Application
One who regularly engages in the spiritual exercises or habits prescribed in scripture will enjoy greater spiritual vitality and broader eternal impact. So far we have identified seven.
Solitude and
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Philippians 2:17, Romans 12:1-2
Sacrifice, Money, Dedication
This is message 11 exploring the basics of the Christian life. This message continues discussion of element three resolutely restoring righteousness and resisting evil. Specifically Refuse conformity with the world.
"This World Is Not My Home"
I. Continually cultivate a dynamic relationship with God.
II. Persistently Pursue, develop and maintain meaningful community with the body of Christ.
III. Resolutely restore righteousness and Resist the world the flesh and the devil
A. Renew and purify Your
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Ephesians 2:1-3, Acts 17:23-28, 1 Peter 1:4, Romans 12:1-2
The World, Resist The World
How do we become Holy? The Hebrew word translated Holy is Qodesh it means a sacred place or object set apart consecrated and dedicated to God. Beloved there is a vast difference between Holy and Purity.
For those not familiar with an Anglican Service there are three Scripture readings prior to the Message. The appointed Scriptures for this day are: 1 Samuel 1:4-20; Hebrews 10:10-25, and Mark 13:1-8
When Satan,..... tempted the woman in the garden, it was not with great theological points of
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Romans 12:1-2, Philippians 3:13-16, Isaiah 35:8, Genesis 3:6, Hebrews 10:10-25
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Holy, Sin, Purity, Holiness, Sanctification, Set Apart, Transformed, Perfected, Sanctified
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Message 2 in our exploration of the the foundation directives for a healthy walk. This message continues exploration of the elements involved in continually cultivating a dynamic relationship with God.
Chico Alliance Church
"CPR for a Healthy Walk" Part 2
Paul identifies an internal war between the flesh and the spirit for control of the soul.
Are we living on a spiritual plane or a fleshly plane? Is God our primary focus or our fleshly appetites? Is our mind set on the
...read more
Galatians 6:7-8, 1 Peter 5:6-7, Romans 12:1-2
Humility, Submission
Message 3 in our discussion of the foundation elements of a healthy walk. This message continues fleshing out the first element of continually cultivating a dynamic relationship with God with a focus on renewing our thinking.
Chico Alliance Church
David Welch
"CPR for a Healthy Walk" Part 3
Paul identifies an internal war between the flesh and the spirit for control of the soul. We only have the strength to wage this war when we have a strong heart. We must focus attention on four areas of the daily
...read more
Romans 12:1-2, 1 John 2:15-17
Right Thinking, Renew The Mind
Part 8, the final part of this series, explores Christian worship as it existed in the first century and what it portended for Christians in later generations.
This 13-part series of classes has been many years in the making. About 25 years ago I began in earnest to examine the features, character and characteristics of the church as it existed in its earliest years. As I sometimes do, I kept my notes all along the way, and this series of classes is to a
...read more
Hebrews 10:24-26, Deuteronomy 12:11, John 4:3-26, Revelation 1:10, 1 Corinthians 16:2, Acts 2:46, Matthew 14:19, Acts 20:7, 1 Corinthians 14, 1 Corinthians 11:20, Romans 12:1-2, Revelation 22:8-9, Colossians 2:18, Acts 10:25-26, Philippians 3:3, Deuteronomy 6:13, Matthew 4:10, Acts 21:19-20, John 4:23, Exodus 20:3
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Worship, Assembly, Early Church, Ekklesia, First Century, Sermon, Woman At The Well, Samaritans, Church Of Christ, Restoration Movement, Worship Service, Worshiping, Assembling, Gerazim, Order Of Worship, First Christians
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Christian/Church Of Christ
In Romans 12:4-5 we saw that we are all interconnected members of the Body of Christ. In verses 6-8 we see that members of the body receive gifts in order to use them to meet the needs of others. Both the gifted and the receiver must be present for this.
Please stand as we read or recite our memory Scripture for this quarter ...
Romans 12:4-5
"Just as each of us has one body with many members, and these members do not all have the same function, so in Christ we who are many form one body, and each member belongs to all the others."
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Romans 12:1-8, Philippians 2:3
Jesus, Holiness, Spiritual Gifts, The Body Of Christ, Members Of The Body, The Necessity Of Gathering, Communion Of The Saints
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Romans 12:4-5 describes the universal and local church as a body, and in this body all of the members belong to each other. But how do we get there? The answer is found in Romans 12:1-3.
Before we get started this morning let's say together our current memory Scripture ...
Romans 12:4-5
"Just as each of us has one body with many members, and these members do not all have the same function, so in Christ we who are many form one body, and each member belongs to all the others."
...read more
1 Thessalonians 3:12-13, Romans 8:5-8, Romans 12:1-8
Humility, The Church, Living Sacrifice, The Body Of Christ, Transformed Mind, Members Of The Body, Mind Transformation
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When invited to church many folks will reply with some variant of , "I don't need to go to church ...". And, that phrase is usually follow up with , "to worship" or "to get to heaven" or "to be a good Christian". What does the Bible say, True or False?
Before we get started today let's run over our newest memory Scripture and review one of our past memory Scriptures!
Romans 12:4-5 (new)
"Just as each of us has one body with many members, and these members do not all have the same function, so in Christ we who are many form one body, and each
...read more
Romans 12:4-5, Romans 12:1-5, 1 Corinthians 10:17, 1 Corinthians 12:12-13, 1 Corinthians 12:20, Ephesians 3:6, Ephesians 4:4, Ephesians 4:25, Colossians 3:15, Acts 20:28, 1 Corinthians 5:9-13, 1 Corinthians 5:5, Jude 1:24-25
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Salvation, The Church, Christ The Head, Members Of The Body, Spiritual Independence, Spiritual Interdependence, Belong To One Another, Jesus The Head
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Message 30 from Philippians exploring Paul's admonition to think properly.
Chico Alliance Church
April 9, 2017
"Contemplate Positive Things"
Paul's letter to the Jesus followers living in a Greek city called Philippi presented some practical principles for maintaining the joy of the Lord no matter what.
I. ADOPT THE RIGHT AXIS – A Passion to praise Christ
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Philippians 4:8, Romans 12:1-2
Positive Thinking, Pure Thought
Message 21 from Philippians exploring the admonition to stand firm. This message discussions the need to stand against the evil world system.
"Stand Firm Against the World"
Paul addresses the important things around which to align our life that enables us to find joy no matter what in a letter written to followers of Jesus living in the Greek city of Philippi. The letter organizes around four passions.
...read more
Philippians 4:1, John 15:18-19, Romans 12:1-2, 1 John 2:15-17
World, Flesh, Stand Firm
As an act of gratitude for God's mercy, we submit our bodies to Him as Living Sacrifices. This will involve Renewing our Minds.
Romans 12:1-2
"I beseech you therefore, brethren" (Romans 12:1) begins the application of Paul's letter to the Romans. These words introduce the practical building blocks laid upon the theological foundation of the previous 11 chapters: hence the "therefore". This is an
...read more
Mercy, Mercy Of God, Living Sacrifices, Renewing Mind


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Sales Manager in London (Milan)
An international company that is working with financial markets is looking for a
SALES MANAGER in London
As a sales manager you will:
create and develop contacts with existing and new customers and business partners;
create and present offers for cooperation;
provide the most efficient and successful customer service;
set and achieve the goal;
prepare various reports to management.
Professional skills:
very good English language skills;
excellent communication skills;
at least 2 years experience within sales;
understanding of local customs;
the product selling skills;
not standard thinking ;
applying innovative tactics;
work planning skills ;
compliance with the plan and work in accordance with the chosen strategy.
Personal skills:
the passion to succeed;
creative & consultative approach;
commitment and orientation to result.
We offer:
an interesting and dynamic job;
your potential and career growth opportunities and training;
good working conditions;
salary based on professionalism, initiative and results.
Please email your CV and motivation letter at Protected content specifying the position (Sales Manager) you are applying for.


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Semantic Stargate Wiki — The semantic reference regarding the Stargate universe.
(Redirected from Michelle)
Michel, Michele or Michelle may refer to:
Cast and Crew[edit]
- Michelle Addison, the actress who portrayed Doctor Johnson (SGA: "Hot Zone").
- Michel Jean-Philippe, the actor who portrayed a Horus guard (Stargate).
- Michele Poulik, set dressing buyer in Stargate.
|This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title.
If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.


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Crown with controversy
CBA tops Troy in OT after foul not called at end of regulation
ALBANY — Joe Krong missed nine of his 11 shots Monday night at Times Union Center. The four-year varsity basketball player from Christian Brothers Academy received one last chance to salvage his final game in Section II competition.
Trailing by two points with 12 seconds remaining against Big 10 champion Troy High, CBA inbounded the ball and it eventually found its way to Krong, the 6-foot-4 guard who had it at the left elbow. He put the ball on the floor and advanced a few feet before lofting a leaner from 12 feet.
The shot fell, and that is when things really became crazy.
With the game now tied, Troy tried to inbound the ball as CBA senior guard Chaz Lott and Troy eighth-grader Dyaire Holt got tangled up. Contact was made, and time may or may not have expired, but no foul was called by officials as regulation ended. Troy coach Rich Hurley, like many of his players and his team's fans, thought a foul was going to be called. As he retreated back to his bench, Hurley was given a technical to start overtime.
Krong made the foul shots before the start of the four-minute extra session and the Brothers proceeded to score the first 11 points, giving the Brothers enough of a cushion to hold off a late rally by the Flying Horses as CBA captured its fourth straight Section II Class AA title with a riveting 62-57 overtime triumph.
"I'm very sad — at a loss for words right now," Troy senior guard Trahmier Burrell said. The senior, who led all scorers with 27 points, paused for a few seconds and continued. "I'm really ... sad."
The Brothers (20-2) won for the second straight time in overtime against the Flying Horses (19-3), propelling back to state regional play Saturday night at Hudson Valley Community College vs. Section III champion Proctor. The game is scheduled for 8 p.m.
Krong, the tournament's Most Valuable Player, saved the Brothers' season after Troy controlled the majority of regulation play. Even with CBA making its first three shots of overtime on a 3-pointer by Chaz Lott, a drive from Christian Leppanen and inside basket by Greig Stire, the Brothers still shot just 29.6 percent from the field against the Flying Horses' 2-3 zone.
CBA never led in the second half and Krong's shot provided his team its only tie after intermission.
"I kid him all the time about that leaner; 'Joe, you're a much better shooter when you are straight up.' Thankfully, he still practices it and it was the one he needed to use," CBA coach Dave Doemel said. "What a great shot."
"Joe's been doing that his whole varsity career," Lott said. "I'm fortunate to play with a guy like Joe, who is never nervous to take that kind of a shot."
"It was a great shot. I'm very happy for him and happy for CBA. They deserved to win the game," Hurley said.
"With time expiring, I thought I had to do it and it went in," Krong said. "We really didn't panic. We were in this spot against Shen (Feb. 26) and got through it. We are experienced and we knew what we needed to do late. Last year, Galal (Cancer) came up with the big plays against Albany in the semifinals and the seniors came through at the end."
Suddenly trailing 59-48 with 2:06 left in overtime, Troy stormed within 61-57 with 41.1 seconds remaining on two foul shots from Burrell. After two missed foul shots from CBA sophomore Nick Marini, Troy's Jerrell Reid and Khalil Paul missed shots.
"In my opinion, what really gave them the momentum to thrive was the technical foul," Burrell said. "They went up two, then they scored again (on the 3-pointer by Lott). I congratulate CBA. They are a great team and they never quit. I congratulate coach Doemel too. He's a great coach. Always has been and always will be. He will retire as one of the greatest coaches, by far."
Troy certainly left the Brothers and Doemel scrambling after using a 12-0 surge in the opening quarter to grab a 18-6 after eight minutes.
CBA remained close over the next two quarters largely on the contributions of 6-6 junior Nate Robinson (16 points, 10 rebounds) and Stire (12 points, 14 rebounds), a 6-5 sophomore forward.
"Coach has been telling us all postseason that someone needs to step up every game, and I guess this one was mine," Robinson said. "I really enjoyed this game. I love this atmosphere. Greig was fantastic."
"We were rushing shots in the first half. Even without Javion (Ogunyemi, Troy's injured 6-9 center), they are so big in the paint. It took us out of our comfort level," Krong said. "We really got our momentum with Stire and Nate. Without them, I don't know what would have happened."
After things quieted down 15 minutes after the awards ceremony, Doemel reflected on the Brothers winning a fourth straight title.
"It means that I've coached pretty good kids. They could have quit at any time tonight. They have a lot of heart," CBA coach Dave Doemel said. "We might not be pretty and may not always look good, but we've got a lot of heart."
firstname.lastname@example.com • 518-454-5062 • @TUSidelines


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David Remnick's editor's letter in The New Yorker of Oct. 15 a lovely grace note.
The 12th annual Glamour mag "women of the year" awards are at the Metropolitan Museum in Manhattan Oct. 29, 7 p.m.
MPA got Ken Auletta to speak at the group's Nov. 12 session in N.Y.
Golf Magazine named John Donnelly ad director. He was with Golf Digest. Don't know his handicap.
Publisher Paul Turcotte of Men's Health says, "Despite the dreadful year...newsstand sales are up 7.2%." But do we need "10 seduction secrets" coverlines?
Has anyone inquired of his cardiologist just what all this being hustled in and out of bomb shelters may be doing to poor Dick Cheney?


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Home & DesignDIY Home
Find Your Flower Power: Arrange like a Pro
We've partnered with Stella Artois to host Genius Recipes dinners in some of our favorite cities across the country. Today, our Art Director, Alexis Anthony, shows you three quick flower arrangements to top off your table.
Our Art Director Alexis shows how to build three different centerpieces.
With flower arranging comes choices, especially when you're taking on the task yourself. Peeking into a cold case full of unfamiliar blooms and buds might initially leave you saying, "But how? What? Why? And should I use twine?" But we like to think that it just takes a few flicks of the wrist (supplemented by a little help from a professional).
Our Art Director Alexis Anthony—a stylist and master of finishing touches—is here to show you three easy arrangements that are quickly dinner table-ready. Watch the video above, harness your flower power, and then read on for more on each bundle:
Height differences
"This arrangement is one of my favorites because it celebrates the beauty of both the individual stems and the bottles. Placed together, they create an arrangement," Alexis says. As for the flowers, you can use whatever you like—however, wildflowers and greenery are particularly stunning. Use bottles with tapered necks to give the flower stems a little support.
Twined and true
A variation on the first, this arrangement takes individual bud vases and ties them together with twine. This time, Alexis used three different blooms and three different bottle heights. "The bottles do the work of a traditional flower frog, keeping the blooms in place," she says.
Keep it together
The last one incorporates five different stems in one arrangement. Seem like a lot? A little unstable? It's not! A tape criss-cross serves as the support. "This arrangement works well for a table setting because it doesn't block sight lines," Alexis says, and you can use almost any vessel, like a small Ball jar.
Extra pointers for when you make your first (or fiftieth) arrangement:
- "When looking for color schemes, you can't go wrong with combinations found in nature."
- Celebrate whatever grows in your area.
- "One of the most important tips for any arrangment is to cut the stems at 1.5 to 2 times the height of the vase."
- Strip leaves from stems below the water line to extend the life of arrangements.
Video and stills by Kyle Orosz
To learn more about hosting beautifully with Stella Artois, head here, and use the hashtag #hostbeautifully to share photos and tips from your own dinner parties.