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Rated R
Copyright 1971 National Student Film Corporation.
Reviewed by
Andrew Borntreger
on 9 May 2001.
The Characters:
Billy Jack - Judo master, medicine man, and crack shot who loves to wear denim.
Jean - Pacifist founder of a revolutionary school where kids go to explore their creative talents.
Sheriff Cole - A pox upon this worthless creature. Why does he even bother getting out of bed in the morning?
Barbara - Hateful young woman with no self-respect or common sense.
Martin - Young man who is always in the wrong place at the wrong time and usually gets punched in the stomach for his trouble. At long last somebody doesn't punch him in the stomach, they shoot him four times in the head.
Mike - Deputy that acts as a toad for the evil bigwig. He is also doing a fantastic job of raising an abrasive and unhappy daughter, until she runs away and Billy Jack shoots him.
Mr. Posner - Evil bigwig who calls the shots in this small desert town. I don't know why he is the bigwig, especially after seeing the car he drives, but that's the deal.
Bernard - He is the bigwig's son and a complete wuss for the most part. Finds just enough courage to annoy Billy Jack and get his throat crushed.
The Plot:
I've had an epiphany: I really don't understand my parents' generation at all.
All things considered, I wanted to like the movie a whole lot more than I did. Our hero is a soft-spoken man who honestly tries to get along with people, until they do something stupid (usually stupid = racist); then he completely knocks their block off. It's a philosophy to live by.
You also have to understand that Billy Jack will be repeatedly referred to as an "Injun," usually with the adjective "damn" preceding. Tom Laughlin does not look like a Native American to me - at all. Except for the hat, one has to admit that the hat looks like something you'd find in a store selling leather products and Native American crafts. So, just to prevent any confusion for first time viewers, if somebody is called an "Indian" (or nasty derivative) then they are probably referring to the Caucasian guy in the denim jacket and black hat.
After being discharged from the Army, the protagonist has taken up residence among Pueblo ruins near a small southwestern town. There he protects the land, wild horses, and Jean's "Freedom School" from evil white men. Mr. Posner is the leader behind the EWMA (Evil White Man Association) and, just to let you know how much of a bigwig he is, the EWMA spends half a day rounding up horses on the reservation. They plan to slaughter them and sell the meat to dog food companies for six cents per pound. They rounded up about two dozen horses and we will say that each weighed twelve-hundred pounds (healthy). Now, let's also say that they garnered eight hundred pounds of usable dog chow from every horse. After dividing the profit between six men you end up with about two hundred dollars each; probably an appreciable amount of money for your average evil redneck, but if this is how Posner amassed his fortune then it's no wonder why he is driving that station wagon.
The day does not turn out profitable for Posner and his men though; Billy Jack rides up and lays down the law, 30-30 style. Thoroughly cowed, the bad guys drop their rifles and leave the reservation with phantom tails tucked between their legs. Enmity between Posner and Billy Jack now established, we can now learn why Mike sucks as a father.
Barbara is supposed to be a character we see grow and mature. At least that is my hypothesis. In reality she is easy to despise. When we are first introduced to the character she has just been returned home (having run away some time ago) and is encouraging Mike's domestic abuse theology. "I'm back, I hate you, I'm also pregnant and, since I've had sex with every guy between here and there, I don't know who the father is. Oh yeah, it's your fault too dad." Now, the jerk might very well be a grand turd in the hopper of parenthood; it is still hard to feel sorry for his daughter. She actually seems to work at proving herself a selfish and hateful witch. Every time her character appeared I had to scowl.
After yet another thumping Barbara runs away and is found unconscious in a field. Sheriff Cole has to do something about the situation, so he elects to hide her at the Freedom School. What the HELL? Half of this town's problems are the result of the Sheriff turning a blind eye to actions that are plainly wrong. How about blaming the man with the badge? Innocent people die during this film and not one person gets mad at Cole. Heck, everybody is happy to be his buddy.
We have mentioned the Freedom School several times now. It is a commune started by Jean to rescue runaways and turn their energy to creative work. One of the saving graces is an impromptu stage group led by Howard Hesseman, because other than that almost everything that happens at the school is agony. What do you think happens in a commune full of hippies? Darn right, they sing songs.
They sing a lot of songs.
Somebody stop the 70's, I want to get off.
Things start going downhill when the school enters the picture in all its horrible glory, but one of the best scenes in the film results when a busload of students take a trip into town. The kids know that they make the citizens nervous, so what do they do? Drive through town chanting, singing, hanging out the windows, and flashing peace signs at all the squares. Maybe not causing a scene would have been a good idea. Yah think? It was like ringing the dinner bell for Bernard and Dinosaur (an aptly named friend). They come running and bully the kids around until Billy Jack arrives. He sets them straight, but Mr. Posner and a large group of EWMA members have been waiting for a chance like this. Things look glum for Billy, but he calmly removes his boots (butt kicking is best done with bare feet) and does as much damage as possible.
Time to discuss Bernard briefly (let's just waste an entire paragraph). He refuses to shoot the cute horsey for his father's dog food franchise, but loves beating up people and later on rapes Jean. He even murders Martin! I understand that Billy has to have some good reason for killing the young man; it's just that we are all over the board with our villains. Is it a statement about him valuing the life of an animal more than an Indian's?
Who knows?
Eventually the situation, that Sheriff Cole failed to defuse, breaks down and people start getting hurt. Billy Jack avenges Martin's death and then holes up in an adobe fortress when the law arrives. Barbara is with him at first too, largely on account that her father was indiscriminately throwing lead at the pair (doing a much better job of fatherhood now, Mike!). Will the hero surrender to the white man's law? A law he has no reason to trust? Um, there are two more movies in the series and the next starts with "The Trial of." What do you think?
Kudos on some points, but the film quickly goes downhill around the middle. Even some explanations of the strange crossbreed religion the good guys subscribe to only succeeded in confusing me further. Just imagine a mix of Native American spiritualism with Flower Child ideals and adding a healthy dose of Christianity. Jean starts explaining about Jesus talking to a medicine man at one point while Billy Jack is preparing to become a "brother to the snake." The latter involves taunting a very large rattlesnake until it bites the heck out of you. Just in case you were wondering.
I agree with the general themes, but there were far too many songs sung by girls with long hair (straight of course) and guitars.
Things I Learned From This Movie:
Wild horses and mountain goats are distant cousins. Key word being "distant."
Hitting a woman in the face once will cause her to miscarry.
Racial tension is easily fixed with a liberal application of bleached flour.
The naked eye can discern facial features at a quarter mile.
Interactive theater is great training for law enforcement officers.
Corvettes do not float.
Learning how to ride a horse while you are pregnant is not advised.
When selecting a building (for your last stand) try to avoid ones made from mud and pine.
Stuff To Watch For:
4 mins - Yelling loud enough to be understood over a herd of stampeding horses; now that's vocal power.
6 mins - "Hey Earl, did you hear the theme music change?"
20 mins - She really is playing that guitar...
22 mins - Notice how Jean's hair keeps changing; it just depends on what camera angle we are at.
27 mins - I'm confused. Is he holding the flour scoop at waist level or what?
47 mins - Somebody please stop this scene!
65 mins - A suitcase full of yogurt?
67 mins - RANDOM ACT OF VIOLENCE AGAINST A BRA!
74 mins - That is most certainly not Jean...
91 mins - Billy guessed that? Just off the top of his head? Is this man Sherlock Holmes reincarnated or something?
107 mins - So, you castrate him in your mind about twelve times (rounding up) every second?
Angry Girl: "Damn your pacifism! I am not going to let that sick animal get away with this!"
Audio clips in wav format
Starving actors speak out
Posner: "We got the law here Billy Jack."
Billy Jack: "When policemen break the law then there isn't any law. Just a fight for survival."
Barbara: "In other words concerned father: I got balled by so many guys I don't know if the father's going to be white, Indian, Mexican, or black."
A "rainbow, made of children?"
Barbara: "What is the snake ceremony?"
Jean: "The ceremony where Billy becomes a brother to the snake."
Barbara: "How does he do that?"
Jean: "By going on the mountain and being bitten by the snake, over and over."
Theme Song
Listen to a clip from the soundtrack.
Click for a larger image
Scenes from the movie
Watch a scene
MPEG video files
- 3.1m
Here is the scene with Billy Jack surrounded by a crowd of Posner's goons. They are definitely going to put a hurting on him, but the warrior intends to met out some justice before that happens.
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Billy Jack
Reply #65.
Posted on November 25, 2006, 04:10:12 PM by Jacknotbilly
I forgot to mention:
Some here complained that "They" would not not let the 4th movie of the saga, BILLY JACK GOES TO WASHINGTON, be released or shown. Just who this They was/were never got specified. It guess it was the ubiquitous, omniscient, omnipresent, and totaly anonymous They who retain/s tight control over mores, actions, and speech, under threat of well-known, severe, and unspecified punishment. ("You can't do that! What would They say? Don't you know that They will get you for that?")
Yes, there is Freedom of Speech, a precious right in the USA.
But Freedom of Speech does NOT carry with it the concomitant Obligation to Listen by others.
Furthermore, the right toFreedom of Speech does not protect one from the consequences of saying untrue, unpopular, or offensive things.
In practical terms, you p**s off the Hollywood Movie Establishment once, you don't get your next flick distributed or shown.
Billy Jack
Reply #66.
Posted on January 26, 2006, 06:44:55 PM by Jacknotbilly
BTW--Did anyone but me notice the cameraman and later on microphone plainly visible in the rape scene?
Billy Jack
Reply #67.
Posted on November 25, 2006, 04:10:12 PM by Jacknotbilly
Well, I spent the afternoon watching the very move that the omnipotent They would not allow to be shown or distributed: Billy Jack Goes to Washington.
It's a very poor imitation of the Frank Capra classic MR SMITH GOES TO WASHINGTON.
E. G. Marshall's performance brightens up the movie just as flowers brighten up a sickroom.
Question: If BJ had wound up owning these 400 acres originally intended for a nuclear power plant (i/o a camp), by that very fact they used forged documents to give it to him he could has simply STOPPED the building o the nuke plant! Nobody but me noticed this inconsistency.
No, this movie is just another platform for Laughlin to agitate for laws passed in an extra-Constitutional manner--in the movie by national initiatives and referenda (which would mean ZILCH at law, even this may be a good idea), or now (according to his site) having "televised citizens' hearings" to impeach Bush and Cheney (even though the Constitution is VERY specific about such impeachments must originate in the House before they are tried by the Senate).
But hey! It's just the US Constitution. What does that matter to the Laughlins?
Billy Jack
Reply #68.
Posted on November 25, 2006, 04:10:12 PM by Ryan J. Kenner
All I can say is that this is the best swewering of Billy Jack since Mad magazine took Tom Laughlin to task with their parody "Billy Jerk"
Does anyone rememeber the magazine parody?
As a film the movie is laughably bad with some of the worst music ever and what's worse is that like Jabootu points out it inspired On Deadly Ground. The gift that never stops giving, i'm waiting now for Vin Diesel to preach about hippy bullcrap.
Billy Jack
Reply #69.
Posted on November 25, 2006, 04:10:12 PM by jUDY
Tom Laughlin's caring, self sacrifice and contributions to the enlightenment of this country's people through his 'Billy Jack' series of movies is just staggering in my humble opinion. As relevant today in 2006, as it was back in the seventies.
I personally felt as if a bolt of lightening had just hit me in the head (and heart) as I walked out of that theatre after my first 'Billy Jack' experience so long ago. This young sophmore kid in high school determined to go out into the world and be an example myself, to try to make a personal and positive difference henceforth, no matter how large or small. And, all those ticket sales verifying the 'Billy Jack' movie(s) popularity....just can't be wrong! To date, the number one selling independant movie of all time!
While I'm no expert on the workings and goings on of Hollywood, CA nor Washington D.C., I have no doubt that he (and his wife Delores Taylor) hit the nail on the head when they created these films.
I bought the (new in 2005)DVD set and can't say enough great things about these movies AND their creators, Tom Laughlin & Delores Taylor. What wonderful people they were then and are now! They took the chances most people are afraid to take and stood up for what they believed in and I am so grateful to them for that. And grateful for the lessons they have taught me which are as valuable as any I've ever learned in my life.
When the singer sings the song 'Golden Lady' and the line "you are my teacher" at the end of 'Trial of Billy Jack' I surely can relate!
Back in the 70's these movies literally enlightened and changed my life! And after watching them all over again (including the 'Billy Jack Goes to Washington' which never got released) I have to say I think they are changing things yet again in my life, in ways I never imagined.
I get upset with all the negative comments I read regarding the karate scenes (there are only 2 karate scenes in each movie, 'Billy Jack' & 'Trial of B.J.') probably less than 5-6 minutes of the total movie, yet people seem to ONLY remember those scenes and not all the PEACE & LOVE demonstrated throughout the movies.
I'd recommend this set to anyone today and feel it's as current now (yes, just listen to the current daily news!) as it was in the 70's.
I think all kids in high school should see this also, as a lesson. Just look at what the government was up to then, as it is now and you may agree.
I truly do hope Tom Laughlin can pull off another movie about the issues currently raging in this country....we all could use it! PEACE & LOVE....that was the overall message then, as it should still be today!
Billy Jack
Reply #70.
Posted on November 25, 2006, 04:10:12 PM by Little Hawk
I was fascinated to see Al Caroll's comments above about John Pope, aka "Rolling Thunder". Everything he says is correct, but the reason that I was tickled to see it is that I spent lengthy periods in the late 70's and in 1980 visiting Rolling Thunder (called "RT" by all of us visitors who knew him), and staying at the camp he set up on private land a few miles outside Carlin, Nevada.
The camp was called Meta-Tantay, which I was told means "Walk In Peace" (presumably in Shoshone). I don't know if that's correct, but that's what I was told.
I went there in '77 for a couple of reasons.
1. I was crazy about anything that had to do with Native Americans. Always have been since toddlerhood, although I am white, racially speaking. Let's put it this way...when I was a little kid my heroes weren't the cowboys and the cavalry, they were Crazy Horse, Sitting Bull, Cochise, Gall, Red Cloud, and so on. Why? I love underdogs. I detest the John Wayne mainstream kind of thing.
2. I went there because I had read an article about RT in a magazine, got interested, and read Doug Boyd's quite well written book about RT. Doug Boyd had visited RT in the early 70's and written a book which you can still find called "Rolling Thunder". The book blew my mind. I read it in one day, and immediately decided to go to Nevada and see RT.
What happened when I got there? Well, for a kid who was crazy about Native Americans (whom I called "Indians" at the time)...and so did THEY, by the way..."Native American" had not become the only politically correct term to call them by YET. No siree. Listen to Buffy Sainte-Marie, the great Cree folksinger, sing "He's An Indian Cowboy In The Rodeo" and "your great great grandfather from Indian blood sprang"...and you'll see that only a few decades ago Native Americans quite often happily referred to themselves as "Indians" and did not consider it a pejorative or racist term at all. My, how times have changed! You can get in total s**t with various terribly earnest people for saying that word "Indian" now, unless you mean someone from Inda.
Sorry...got carried away there...well, when I got there I discovered right away that RT was a VERY charismatic character, a born showman. He knew how to impress and entertain a receptive audience, no doubt about it. By the same token, I'm sure some of the not so receptive hated his guts, because he was always railing against rednecks, the white middle class and rich people, the government, the CIA, the US military, etc, etc...
That man just loved taking on major opposition. He lived to fight with people about stuff. ;-) Al is entirely correct that he had a paranoid worldview. More about that later.
Anyway, I was impressed. Hell, yeah! He was saying everything I had dreamed of. So I went out and stayed at the camp for nine months. There I met a lot of people who became among my dearest friends for some years. Yeah, they were almost all white hippies (or "freaks", as we called ourselves at the time), although there were a few NA's too (I'm SICK of typing out "Native American", so it's NA from here on).
I always wondered if RT was really NA at all, because he looked white to me. He claimed to be Cherokee. Well, his wife was clearly NA. Her name was Spotted Faun, and she had pretty typical Shoshone features. His son, Mala, had the same basic Shoshone features, as did RT's older son, Buffalo Horse. Mala was the camp leader. Another NA was the number 2 man and his name was...and I kid you not..."Running Bear"...and he was a hell of a nice guy, from California, I think. We called him "RB" normally. Then there were a lot of white kids, a couple of blacks, some mixed-blood people, but Al Carrol is basically right when he says that RT worked mainly with white hippy types. Not exclusively, but mainly.
Now...a word or two on the movie, Billy Jack. I saw it in '71. It made a huge impression on me. It was the perfect time for that movie, because the counterculture kids were in exactly the right mood for it at the time. This explains its huge success. There was tremendous anger and cynicism about the Vietnam War, the US government, the straight society, the rednecks...a tremendous sense of all us young people being brothers and sisters together in a struggle against massive oppression by the government and the right wing forces in America. So the movie hit a nerve all right! I walked out of the theatre afterwards feeling like I was on fire. Never was a movie more perfectly timed to suit its youthful audience.
In retrospect, many years later, I'd have to say that it's an embarrassing film in a number of respects. The extremely sanctimonious, martyr-like, whiny attitude of the kids at the Freedom School can curdle your gut now, watching it. But we just didn't see ourselves like that at the time. We believed in our cause 100%.
Many of the ideals that Laughlin espoused, I still support, but I do not see the world in such blatantly black and white dichotomies of good and evil as I did in my early 20's. It's not that simple. And I do not see us "freaks" through the rosy glasses of idealism as back then. We were far too sure of our own moral superiority, let me tell you! I mean, what ARROGANCE! What presumption! My God, it's amazing what you can be like when you're young, passionate, and you think you know everything. We thought we were going to save the world somehow, and we thought that all those who opposed us were totally, iredeemably evil and stupid. It must be something to be that innocent.
Well, RT hung out a lot with Tom Laughlin in the early 70's, so I heard, and helped with the movies. He can be seen in a couple of short scenes here and there, specially in The Trial of Billy Jack, which is in my opinion a terribly badly scripted film...I mean, like a 1.5 out of 10! Buffalo Horse also appears in one of those scenes, yelling about blowing people up or shooting them or something (a perfect scene for him to do...he was a very aggressive, macho character in real life).
Tom Laughlin had donated a medium sized truck to the camp, with his famous funky hat logo on the doors. It was called the "Billy Jack" truck, and is no doubt in the junkyard by now, but at the time it was one of our best vehicles.
Life at the camp was wonderful in '77 because the shared idealism there was phenomenal. It was almost the only place I've ever lived where everyone was united in mind and purpose, where you could trust everyone to tell the truth...it was true brotherhood. You had to be there to know it. Better than that danged Freedom School in the movie, lemme tell you! ;-)
I was there for 9 months and it utterly changed my life. I have to thank RT for making that possible. I don't even care if he was a "fake", he did something remarkable there.
Went back in '78 and again in 1980, but by 1980 a lot of the people first there had come and gone, and new people came in, and the spirit of the place was souring in a way that was hard to pin down. To make a long story short, it broke my heart how the place had gone down. I believe some people's egos simply got way out of hand. They got very competitive in trying to outdo each other or something as "super-Medicine Way Indians" or "Thunder People" or whatever the hell you would call it...and they got awfully arrogant toward newcomers and outsiders and anyone who wasn't in the in-group (which was a handful of people). There wasn't the good-humoured openness and heart that had been there before. My God, it was sad. I suffered in it for about 6 months, couldn't take it anymore, and left. I think the camp shut down a couple of years after that and everyone scattered in all directions. Some people settled nearby, like in Elko (Smokestack Steve, for one). Others went here there and everywhere.
I visited RT again in '87, just passing through, stayed about a week at his house. He wasn't well, and I doubt that he lived much longer after that. I am not aware as to when he passed away.
RT was an unusual man. He was a consummate showman. If he was playing phony "medicine man" (and perhaps so) then he did it with real style. He affected a lot of people profoundly. So did the Billy Jack movie.
The really weird thing is this: Take all the reviews written above about Billy Jack. ALL of them. Take the reviews of people who love the movie. Take the reviews of people who downright hate it.
Just about EVERYTHING they all say is true. The good stuff and the bad stuff is true. That's what's amazing about people, they all perceive their own part of the Truth...the sad thing is how little tolerance they have for anyone else's part, if it doesn't match their own.
It was the perfect movie for 1971. If you want to know what the psychology of the long-haired freaks was, right at that tiny moment in history...it's in that movie.
We were inspired. We were self-indulgent fools. We were full of youthful idealism. We were self-important and pompous and inexperienced. We were dead serious about it. We demanded respect of straight society, but detested it in return. We were intense in our love for the counterculture and our hatred for the System. We were laughably naive. We were soft-hearted and hopeful. We were full of love. We were arrogant as hell. We were every good and bad thing you can imagine.
It's all true, people. All of it. But if you deny 95% of a truth for only the 5% you personally like and feel comfortable with...what good will that do after all this time has passed?
Billy Jack
Reply #71.
Posted on November 25, 2006, 04:10:12 PM by Peter Hassall
Yes, Billy Jack is dated and preachy and slow...but...it has some classic dialogue quotes and that amazing fight scene in the park. The leadup to the fight is brilliant ("I'm going to take this foot and kick you on that side of your face...").
Master Bong Soo Han doubles him for the tricky kicks in the park fight (including the amazing kick to the face at the start - camera angle cuts to looking down from overhead). Full contact kicks to heads and bodies!
He doesn't use Judo or Karate. It is Hapkido.
BTW there is an amazing fight with Bong Soo Han and Tom vs. several axe wielding opponents in The Trial of Billy Jack.
Billy Jack
Reply #72.
Posted on November 25, 2006, 04:10:12 PM by Rob
In "I Hated Tonto (I Still Do)," Alexie says that Indians worshipped Billy Jack, even though Laughlin is white. I see some of you disagree. Is Alexie wrong, then? Can anyone tell me if there were any protests against or critiques of the film by ndns?
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PokerTek Announces Appointment of Joseph Lahti as Chairman of the Board
Oct 03, 2011, 08:30 ET
MATTHEWS, N.C., Oct. 3, 2011 /PRNewswire/ -- PokerTek, Inc. (NASDAQ: PTEK) today announced that its Board of Directors has appointed Joseph Lahti to serve as Chairman of the Board effective October 1, 2011. Mr. Lahti has been a member of the Board of Directors since 2006 and also serves on the Audit, Governance and Compensation Committees.
As Chairman of the Board, Mr. Lahti will have an increased role in providing guidance for PokerTek's strategic planning and long-term capital planning activities. Lyle Berman, who has served as Chairman of the Board since the Company's inception, will continue to serve as a member of the Board, including as a member of the Audit, Governance and Compensation Committees of the Board.
"PokerTek has established itself as the industry leader in electronic poker. With its new ProCore platform, PokerTek has now gained access to the blackjack and specialty electronic table markets. Both products provide the opportunity for significant high margin recurring revenue growth," said Joe Lahti. "I am excited about my increased involvement with the PokerTek team and hope my past experiences will prove useful in creating shareholder value."
Lyle Berman, Chairman of the Board, stated, "Joe has been a tremendous asset to our Board over the past five years. His leadership will enhance the management team's ability to drive profitable growth."
Mr. Lahti has served on PokerTek's Board of Directors since March 2006. Previously, he held the positions of President, Chief Executive Officer, and Chairman at Shuffle Master, Inc., a gaming-supply company to the casino industry. As recently as 2010, Joe was the CEO of a private company that designed and patented a specialty gaming device which was successfully sold to a gaming equipment company. He has also served on the board of public companies, Zomax, Inc. and Voyager Oil & Gas, Inc. Mr. Lahti is also President of JL Holdings, through which he provides funding and management leadership to numerous private companies. Mr. Lahti received a B.A. degree in economics from Harvard University.
About PokerTek, Inc.
PokerTek, Inc. (NASDAQ:PTEK) is a licensed gaming company headquartered in Matthews, NC that develops and markets electronic table game solutions for the gaming industry. www.PokerTek.com. Please direct questions to Tracy Egan 704.849.0860 x106.
This press release contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, which are made in accordance with the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Our actual results may differ materially from those implied in these forward-looking statements as a result of many factors, including, but not limited to, the impact of global macroeconomic and credit conditions on our business and the business of our suppliers and customers, overall industry environment, customer acceptance of our products, delay in the introduction of new products, further approvals of regulatory authorities, adverse court rulings, production and/or quality control problems, the denial, suspension or revocation of permits or licenses by regulatory or governmental authorities, termination or non-renewal of customer contracts, competitive pressures, and our financial condition, including our ability to maintain sufficient liquidity to operate our business. These and other risks and uncertainties are described in more detail in our most recent annual report on Form 10-K and other reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date they are made. We undertake no obligation to update or revise such statements to reflect new circumstances or unanticipated events as they occur, except as required by applicable laws, and you are urged to review and consider disclosures that we make in the reports that we file with the Securities and Exchange Commission that discuss other factors germane to our business.
Contact Information: Tracy Egan
704.849.0860 x106
SOURCE PokerTek, Inc.


text:
Standards for Hydrographic Surveys
These standards are based on the fifth edition of IHO Special Publication No. 44 (S-44), (February 2008) and on the previous standards versions of the Canadian Hydrographic Service (CHS).
It shall be noted that the issue of a new standard does not invalidate charts and nautical publications based on previous standards, but rather sets the standards for future data collection to respond better to user needs. Regions are encouraged to develop estimates of the positional and depth accuracies of hydrographic surveys conducted prior to the implementation of these new standards.
The principal aim of these standards is to specify requirements for hydrographic surveys in order that hydrographic data collected according to these standards is sufficiently accurate. An additional aim of the standard is to ensure that the spatial uncertainty of data is adequately quantified.
Previous versions of CHS Survey Standing Order (SSO) concentrated primarily on specifying accuracies for hydrographic surveys for the compilation of nautical charts. These standards do not include procedures that are included in other related documents. These standards must be used in conjunction with the Hydrographic Survey Management Guidelines, the ISO quality system process documentation, and the data coding guides. These standards will help Hydrographers and contractors to meet CHS survey precision and quality requirements.
Prepared by:
Canadian Hydrographic Service
Fisheries and Oceans Canada
Second Edition
June 2013
Table of Contents
- Introduction
- 1 Classification of Bathymetry
- 2 Position
- 3 Vertical Datum
- 4 Depth Measurement
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.2 Sensor Calibration
- 4.3 Sound Speed Measurement
- 4.4 Sounding Density
- 5 Various Other Measurements
- 6 Data Processing
- 7 Quality Control
- 8 Data Attribution
- 9 Data Management
- 10 Reporting
Hydrographic surveying is undergoing fundamental changes in measurement technology. The advent of satellite positioning systems, multibeam and multitransducer acoustic systems and sophisticated data processing systems have drastically changed the way hydrographic surveys are conducted. With these advanced technologies, the Canadian Hydrographic Service and contractors can now collect data with higher precision and quality. It is therefore necessary to update the standards taking into account these technological advancements.
The required positioning accuracy in previous versions of SSO was largely based on the practical limitations of draftsmanship at a given scale. Automated data management allows data to be presented at any scale. Therefore, the accuracy requirements for positions in this standard are a function of the errors contributed by positioning and sounding systems to some degree, but is mostly based on the perceived accuracy requirements of the user.
These standards are based on those of the IHO. The CHS adopted the conclusions of the S44 working group of this organization on the evaluation of the measurement equipment technologies stating that it is likely that many hydrographic surveys will continue to be conducted with single beam echo sounders that only sample discrete profiles of the seafloor, with the 100% seafloor search only being employed in critical areas and/or in areas where a total coverage is required. This assumption led to the decision to retain the concept of line spacing even though it is no longer directly related to survey scale.
When specifying depth accuracy, this standard departs from previous versions by specifying different accuracy requirements for different areas according to their importance for the safety of navigation. The most stringent requirements entail higher accuracy than previously specified, but for areas of less critical nature for navigation the requirements have been relaxed. Furthermore, this version makes the new requirement that surveyors strive to attribute all new data with a statistical estimate of its probable error. Equipment and procedures used to achieve the standards laid down in this document are left to the Survey Management Guideline and the quality system procedures.
1 Classification of Bathymetry
To accommodate different accuracy requirements for areas to be surveyed and to classify old surveys, six orders of survey are defined. These are described below and in Table 1 and summarize the overall accuracy requirements.
Unlike IHO S44, the 100% bottom search is not compulsory. In the CHS, it is strongly recommended to obtain 100% bottom search in critical areas, but in certain circumstances (client need, costs, time, etc.), it may not be achievable.
One other major difference with the IHO S44 is the way CHS classify surveys. The classification is divided into four components: the horizontal accuracy, the vertical accuracy, the target detection capability and the type of coverage. For instance, a survey can attain an horizontal accuracy of Special Order, a vertical accuracy and a feature detection of Order 1a and the type of coverage could be 1a (complete coverage).
Table 1 Standards for Hydrographic Surveys
|Examples of Typical areas
|Shallow water in Harbours, berthing areas, and associated critical channels with minimum under-keel clearances or engineering surveys
|Harbours, berthing areas, and associated critical channels with minimum under-keel clearances
|Areas shallower than 100 metres where under-keel clearance is less critical but features of concern to surface shipping may exist.
|Areas shallower than 100 metres where under-keel clearance is not considered to be an issue for the type of surface shipping expected to transit the area.
|Areas generally deeper than 100 metres where a general description of the sea floor is considered adequate.
|All areas where the accuracies do not meet the requirements of the previous orders
|Horizontal Accuracy (95% Confidence Level)
|5m + 5% of depth
|5m + 5% of depth
|20m + 10% of depth
|> 20m + 10% of depth
|Depth Accuracy for Reduced Depths (95% Confidence Level) Footnote 1
|a = 0.15m
b = 0.0075
|a = 0.25m
b = 0.0075
|a = 0.5m
b = 0.013
|a = 0.5m
b = 0.013
|a = 1.0m
b = 0.023
|Same as order Footnote 2
|System Detection Capability
|Features > 0.5m cubed
|Features > 1m cubed
|Features > 2m cubed in depths up to 40 m; 10% of depth beyond 40m Footnote 3
|Type of coverage (M270)
|1. complete coverage (multibeam, multi-transducer, acoustically swept);
|2. systematic survey (single-beam echo sounder lines run parallel at pre-planned line spacing, LiDAR);
|3. sparse coverage (lead-line surveys, reconnaissance, track soundings, spot soundings);
|4. unsurveyed
Guidelines for single beam and punctual surveys
|Maximum Line Spacing Footnote 4
|The lesser of: 3x average depth or 25m in depths to 10m; or 50m in depth of 10-40m; or 100m in depths deeper than 40m. Closer line spacing may be required in doubtful areas.
|The lesser of: 3x average depth or 200m.For Bathymetric LiDAR a spot spacing of 5x5 metres or less.
|The lesser of: 3x average depth or 1000m.
The rows of Table 1 are explained as follows:
- Row 1 "Examples of Typical Areas" gives examples of areas to which an order of survey might typically be applied.
- Row 2 "Horizontal Accuracy" lists minimum positioning accuracy for each depth sounding to be achieved to meet each order of survey.
- Row 3 "Depth Accuracy" specifies parameters to be used to calculate minimum accuracy of reduced depths to be achieved to meet each order of survey.
- Row 4 "System Detection Capability" specifies the detection capabilities of systems used when 100% bottom search is required.
- Row 5 "Coverage type" specifies the seabed coverage bases on the system and the methodology used to achieve a survey.
- Row 6 "Maximum Line Spacing" is to be interpreted as:
- Spacing of sounding lines for single beam sounders and spot soundings surveys.
This table gives the different accuracy requirements for different areas to be surveyed according to a specific order of precision. The highest accuracy requirements are found in Exclusive order while the least order of precision is given in Order 4.
Feature detection implies that the bottom will be completely insonified for the width of the multibeam or the multitransducer array and that there will be no gaps (areas of no insonification) between sounding lines. When the feature to be detected is smaller, 200% coverage is recommended. It implies that the surface insonified by the multibeam or multitransducer will be covered at least twice from a minimum of two separate passes or swaths.
This, however, does not necessarily mean that all targets will have been detected. The detection of targets as described in the various survey orders will depend on the following factors:
- the speed of the sounding platform
- the depth of water (multitransducer systems will not give full bottom coverage in shallow waters)
- the stability in maintaining strait line navigation
- beam angle
- beam width
- ping rate
Even though an echo sounding system may be capable of detecting target features as defined in Table 1 System Detection Capability, efforts will have to be taken to ensure that all the cubic features are found when conducting a full bottom search.
1.1 Exclusive Order
Exclusive Order hydrographic surveys are based on the IHO Special Order with higher accuracy and their use is intended to be restricted to shallow water areas (harbours, berthing areas and critical channels) where there is an optimal use of the water column and where specific critical areas with minimum under-keel clearance and bottom characteristics are potentially hazardous to vessels. This order also applies to high precision engineering surveys. All error sources must be minimized. Exclusive Order requires very precise positioning systems, closely spaced lines (when target detection is required) and a rigorous control on all aspects of the surveys.
The use of side scan sonar or multi transducer arrays or high-resolution multibeam echo sounders is required to detect the feature size to be detected. In required areas, appropriate sounding equipment and methodologies must be employed in order to ensure that all features greater than 0.5m cubed are detected. The use of side scan sonar in conjunction with multibeam or multi-transducer echo sounders may be necessary in areas where pinnacles and dangerous obstacles may be encountered.
1.2 Special Order
Special Order hydrographic surveys are intended to be restricted to specific critical areas with minimum under-keel clearance and where bottom characteristics are potentially hazardous to vessels. These areas have to be explicitly designated by the agency responsible for survey quality (harbours, berthing areas, and associated critical channels. All error sources must be minimized. Special Order requires the use of closely spaced lines (when target detection is required).
The use of side scan sonar, or multi transducer arrays, or high-resolution multibeam echo sounders is required to detect the feature size to be detected. In required areas, appropriate sounding equipment and methodologies must be employed in order to ensure that all features greater than 1m cubed are detected. The use of side scan sonar in conjunction with multibeam or multi-transducer echo sounders may be necessary in areas where pinnacles and dangerous obstacles may be encountered.
1.3 Order 1
Order 1 hydrographic surveys are intended for harbours, harbour approach channels, recommended tracks, inland navigation channels, and coastal areas of high commercial traffic density where under-keel clearance is less critical and the properties of the seafloor are less hazardous to vessels (e.g. soft silt or sand bottom). Order 1 surveys shall be limited to areas with less than 100 m water depth. Although the requirement for seafloor search is less stringent than for Exclusive Order and Special Order, full bottom search may be required in selected areas where the bottom characteristics and the risk of obstructions are potentially hazardous to vessels. In required areas, appropriate sounding equipment and methodologies must be employed in order to ensure that all features greater than 2m cubed in water depths up to 40m, or features representing 10% or more of the depth in areas deeper than 40m are detected.
1.4 Order 2
Order 2 hydrographic surveys are intended for areas with depths less than 200 m not covered by Exclusive Order, Special Order and Order 1. These are areas where a general description of the bathymetry is sufficient to ensure there are no obstructions on the seafloor that will endanger the type of vessel expected to transit or work the area. Full bottom search may be required in selected areas where the bottom characteristics and the risk of obstructions may be potentially hazardous to vessels.
1.5 Order 3
Order 3 hydrographic surveys are intended for all areas not covered by Exclusive Order, Special Order, and Orders 1 and 2 in water depths in excess of 200 m.
1.6 Imprecise order
This order is intended for the classification of old imprecise surveys. It must not be used to determine the precision of a new survey.
1.7 Order classification
The choice of technology is normally made to meet a specific order. The classification of the bathymetry is applied to a set of data and may include as many systems and/or survey vessels. The order is determined by the worst horizontal and vertical accuracy found in the data of a dataset. It is recommended to separate the data with the same type of coverage to help the identification of the survey type. It is strongly recommended to classify surveys by statistical method after completion of these surveys. If the use of statistical method is not feasible or practical, the survey techniques shall be rigorously controlled to ensure the best results.
- For Exclusive Order, Special Order and Order 1 surveys the Project Manager may define a depth limit beyond which a detailed investigation of the seafloor is not required for safety of navigation purposes in the surveyed areas.
- Side scan sonar shall not be used for depth determination but to define areas requiring more detailed and accurate investigation.
2 Position
2.1 Introduction
If the accuracy of a position is affected by different parameters, the contributions of all parameters to the total position error must be accounted for.
A statistical method, combining different error sources, for determining positioning accuracy must be adopted. The position error, at 95% confidence level, must be recorded together with the survey data (see § 8 Data Attribution).
Positions must be referenced to the World Geodetic System 84 (WGS 84) or the North American Datum 83 (NAD 83, CSRS). It is important to understand and document which coordinate system was used to account for the fact that these two systems are no longer considered equivalent.
Whenever positions are determined by terrestrial systems, redundant lines of position shall be observed. Standard quality assurance checks techniques shall be completed prior to, during and after the acquisition of data. Satellite systems shall be capable of tracking at least five satellites simultaneously, and integrity monitoring for Exclusive Order, Special Order and Order 1a surveys is recommended.
2.2 Horizontal Control
Primary shore control points shall be established by ground survey methods to a relative accuracy of 1 part in 100,000. When geodetic satellite positioning methods are used to establish such points, the error shall not exceed 10cm at 95% confidence level with respect to WGS84 or NAD83 (CSRS).
Secondary stations for local positioning which will not be used for extending the control shall be located such that the error does not exceed 1 part in 10,000 for ground survey techniques or 50cm at 95% confidence level using geodetic satellite positioning.
For more information on GPS positioning, refer to the appropriate national and/or provincial geodetic agencies.
2.3 Soundings
The position of soundings, dangers, and all other significant submerged features shall be determined such that the horizontal accuracy is as specified in Table 1.
The accuracy of the position of a sounding is the accuracy at the position of the sounding on the bottom located within a geodetic reference frame.
2.4 Navigation Aids and other Features
The horizontal positions and/or elevations of navigation aids and other conspicuous features shall be determined to the accuracy stated in Table 2, at 95% confidence level.
The order to use for the positioning of navigation aids and other features such as bridge piers, wall, clearances, etc. should be determined in accordance with the importance for the safety of navigation in the surveyed area. As an example, bridge piers located along a critical channel have a higher significance than those located in an intertidal area and should therefore be positioned with higher accuracy. The examples of typical areas stated in Table 1 can be used as a guideline.
Table 2: Standards for Positioning of Navigation Aids and Important Features
|Exclusive Order
|Special Order
|Order 1a
|Order 1b
|Order 2
|Fixed aids to navigation and features significant to navigation
|Mean position of floating aids to navigation.1
|Natural Coastline (high and low water lines)
|Topographical features (not significant for navigation)
|Overhead clearances
|Range line and sector lights limits azimuths
|All range lines and sector lights limits must be drifted to confirm the theoretical azimuth. The maximum difference between the theoretical and drift azimuths is : 0.5°
3 Vertical Datum
3.1 Sounding Datum
All depths must be reduced to a low water datum, which can be defined as "a level where the water level will but seldom fall below it during the navigation season".
In tidal waters, soundings are reduced to Lowest Low Water Large Tide (LLWLT) whereas in non-tidal waters the soundings are reduced to a low water datum determined from long term (period) water level records.
Sounding datum must be referred to a minimum of 3 vertical benchmarks whose elevations must be determined to the accuracy stated in the Canadian Tidal Manual.
3.2 Datum for elevations
All elevations and clearances must be referenced to a specific datum. In tidal waters, elevations and clearances are referenced to Higher High Water Large Tide (HHWLT). In non-tidal waters, elevations are referenced to sounding datum (ex. IGLD '85).
3.3 Water Level Observations
Water level observations should be made throughout the course of a survey for the purpose of:
- Providing water level reductions for soundings.
- Providing data for tidal analysis and subsequent tidal constituent determination and prediction. For new sites or sites with poor historical records, observations should extend over the longest possible period and preferably not less than 29 days.
- To establish the vertical datum, (both Low Water and High Water), of an area. For this purpose, observations should extend over the longest possible period.
Water level heights should be observed so that the total measurement error at the gauging station, including timing and filtering errors, does not exceed +/- 5cm at 95% confidence level for Exclusive Order and Special Order surveys, for tidal analysis and for the determination of vertical datum. For other orders +/- 10cm at 95% confidence level should not be exceeded.
In order for the bathymetric data to be fully exploited in the future using advanced satellite observation techniques, water level observations and consequently sounding datum should be related both to a low water datum (usually Chart Datum) and also to a geocentric reference system, preferably the World Geodetic System 84 (WGS 84) ellipsoid or the North American Datum 1983 (NAD83) ellipsoid.
Independent water level measurement techniques should be used to verify the calibration and operation of the water level gauge. As a minimum, these are to be made at the beginning and the end of the tide gauge deployment and if possible at both high and low stage and more frequently during sounding operations.
4 Depth Measurement
4.1 Introduction
The navigation of commercial vessels requires increasingly accurate and reliable knowledge of the water depth in order to exploit maximum cargo capabilities safely. It is imperative that depth accuracy standards in critical areas, particularly in areas of marginal under-keel clearance and where the possibility of obstructions exists, are more stringent than those established in the past and that the issue of adequate bottom search is addressed.
4.2 Sensor Calibration
4.2.1 Multibeam Echo Sounding System (MBES)
Field procedures prior to any survey must be undertaken to determine any residual biases and the corrections that will be used to fine-tune the calibration of the MBES. These field procedures are commonly referred to as a "Patch Test" and involve logging data while the survey vessel is run over specific lines over different types of bathymetric relief at differing speeds, reciprocal directions, and offset to identifiable targets. The aim of the patch test is to determine any residual roll angle, pitch angle, azimuth angle, and time offset of the MBES with respect to the motion reference unit. The patch test is also conducted at the end of the survey to confirm that the system has not changed during the course of the survey. A patch test must also be conducted whenever there is a change of significant mechanical, hardware, or software components of the system.
More information on patch tests calibration can be found in "The Calibration of Shallow Water Multibeam Echo-Sounding Systems" by André Godin.
4.2.2 Multitransducer Vertical Sweep System (MTES)
At the beginning of the survey season with a multi-transducers system, it is essential to calibrate every components of the system. The Hydrographers will have to measure and position the components on the launch like: establish the spatial coordinates (xyz) of the GPS antennas, moving sensor, each transducers including the individual draught of those transducers. They will then have to calibrate components like the moving sensor, the gyro, etc. over a known area and analyze the results. It is recommended to establish a ground truth area to validate the system and compare the results with other vessels.
On a daily basis, it is necessary to calibrate the system with a "bar check" on at least one transducer to determine the sound speed in the surveyed area. It is also required to measure the draught variation of the vessel (vary with the fuel and water expense and after re-supplying).
4.2.3 Single beam Vertical System (SBES) and multitransducers (MTES)
The "Bar Check" is the field procedure for calibrating the MTES and SBES and involves a metal cone or plate device lowered to a maximum depth of 60 meters and recording the true depth versus the measured depth and compiling a depth correction table that will be used later to correct the measured depths. The bar check may be used to determine the correct draft entry in a MBES if the size and shape of the vessel permit. This methodology should be used at least once a day and possibly at the end of the day to ensure that no problems occurred during the day.
4.2.4 Sound Velocity Profile Sensors
These sensors are to be factory calibrated according to the manufactures schedule and specifications or sooner if the data has become suspect.
4.3 Sound Speed Measurement
4.3.1 Introduction
The speed of sound in the water column shall be measured either directly, using a sound speed sensor, or indirectly calculated from conductivity, temperature and pressure measurements. In planning the measurement of sound speed profiles, the type of acoustic survey instrumentation as well as other potential uses for the sound speed data must be considered.
4.3.2 Single Beam or Multitransducer System Survey
The measurement of sound speed profiles for the use of a single beam survey is desired to correct for the sound speed propagation differences caused by changes in sound speed through the water column. This results in a vertical correction only. Sound speed profiles are to be taken at an interval dictated by the variability of conditions in the survey area. Where possible, the entire sound speed profile shall be applied directly by the echo sounder. If only a single value is accepted by the echo sounder in use, a calculated harmonic sound speed shall be used. Bar checks shall be done at a frequency sufficient to validate the sound speed being used.
4.3.3 Multibeam Survey
The measurement of sound speed profiles for a multibeam survey is required to correct for the sound speed propagation and ray path variability through the water column. This results in a vertical and across-track correction. Sound speed profiles shall be measured at a sufficient frequency to ensure that the horizontal and depth accuracies for the order of the survey as defined in Table 1 are met. If a continuous profiling system is available, sound speed profiles shall be measured at the maximum rate that logistics and vessel traffic allows.
Continuous monitoring is required to determine if a change in the sound speed profile has occurred. Monitoring is done in two distinct means, the data and observable water conditions. Data monitoring consists of watching for refraction effects in the data. These will include mismatch in the overlap of survey lines and a trend towards an arcuate ping profile. Observable water conditions consist of effects that give an indication of a change in the sound speed profile. These include, but are not limited to, an observation of: a change in measured surface sound speed, an inflow of fresh water, or a sediment plume, wind/wave action causing surface mixing, significant rainfall, traversing of currents, surface water temperature change, etc. Any such indications shall result in a new sound speed profile being measured.
18.104.22.168 Surface sound speed
The surface speed of sound shall always be measure and applied in real time for a multibeam sounder whether it is an arcuate array (e.g. barrel array) or a flat, electronically steered array.
4.3.4 Oceanographic Purposes
Sound speed profile measurements shall be recorded with the sensor details, UTC time and geographic position of measurement. When sound speed is measured directly, it is desirable to measure temperature as well to enable the calculation of salinity for oceanographic purposes. When sound speed is calculated from conductivity, temperature and pressure, these values shall be retained along with the calculated sound speeds.
4.4 Sounding Density
4.4.1 Introduction
In planning the density of soundings, both the nature of the seabed in the area and the requirements of the users have to be taken into account to ensure adequate bottom search.
It should be noted that no method (not even 100% search, although desirable) guarantees the reliability of a survey by itself. Furthermore, it cannot disprove the existence of hazards to navigation with certainty; in particular, the existence or non-existence of isolated natural hazards or man-made objects such as wrecks between survey lines if conducting a SBES survey, or in the absence of redundant overlap in the case of MBES surveys.
If 100% seafloor search is required, it is recommended to use MBES/MTES or SBES combined with accurate sidescan sonar to achieve your results
4.4.2 Line Spacing
For SBES surveys, appropriate line spacing for the various orders of survey is proposed in Table 1. The results of a survey have to be assessed using procedures developed by the Project Manager responsible for the survey quality. Based on these procedures, it has to be decided whether the extent of bottom search is adequate and whether the line spacing shall be reduced or extended.
These procedures may include an appropriate statistical error analysis which shall take into consideration interpolation errors, as well as depth and positioning errors of the measured depths (see § 8.5 Error Sources and Budget).
For MBES, line spacing is replaced with percentage of coverage or density of soundings per square grid cell. To ensure adequate sounding density in shallow waters (<50m water depth) which are deemed critical to navigation, it is recommended that surveys use 200% coverage or 100% overlap. The sounding density should be at least 5 pings per cell to achieve the desired resolutions as described in table 1 of the CUBE Bathymetric data Processing and Analysis (CHS February 2012).
4.4.3 Shoal Examination
A shoal is a distinct rise of the seabed, which could be a hazard to navigation. Considering the draught of some modern ships, any isolated indication of shoaling of less than 50m may be of sufficient importance to warrant an examination for a possible shoal. A 10% rise in the seabed depending on the depth, the relative character and the navigation type (maximum draught, etc.) of the surrounding area may indicate the existence of a shoal or some other serious hazard to surface navigation and therefore be investigated.
One method of shoal examination, when operating a SBES, consists of running a detailed pattern of sounding lines over the shoal area. The line pattern and density is determined by the surrounding bathymetry, the system used and the navigational characteristics of the area. Another method is to sweep an area for 100% bottom coverage by either a mechanical or electronic sweep system.
Depending on the bottom characteristics, systems used and the client's needs, the Project Manager will determine if the shallowest depth at each shoal examination shall be verified and bottom sample obtained (mechanical or inference method).
For MBES surveys, ensure that there has been sufficient redundant data over the peak of the shoal to ensure the least depth has been accurately determined.
4.4.4 Depth Measurement over hazards
Determination of the general seabed topography, tidal reduction, detection, classification and measurement of seabed hazards are fundamental hydrographic surveying tasks. Depths above hazards need to be determined with, at a minimum, the depth accuracy as specified for Order 1a in Table 1.
For wrecks and obstructions that may have less than 50 m clearance above them and may be dangerous to normal surface navigation, the least depth over them shall be determined either by high definition sonar examination or physical examination (diving). Mechanical sweeping may be used when guaranteeing a minimum safe clearance depth.
All anomalous features previously reported in the survey area and those detected during the survey shall be examined in greater detail and, if confirmed, their least depth is to be determined. The Project Manager responsible for survey quality may define a depth limit beyond which a detailed seafloor investigation, and thus an examination of anomalous features, is not required.
5 Various Other Measurements
5.1 Aids to navigation
All aids to navigation (fixed and floating) and conspicuous objects significant to navigation shall be determined to the accuracies given in Table 2.
All range lines and sector lights limits must be drifted to confirm the theoretical azimuth. The maximum difference between a theoretical and a drifted azimuth is given in Table 2.
5.2 Elevations and clearances
All elevations and clearances shall be determined to the accuracies given in Table 2.
5.3 Bottom Sampling
The nature of the seabed shall be determined by sampling or may be inferred from other sensors (e.g. single beam echo sounders, side scan sonar, sub-bottom profiler, video, etc.) up to the depth required by local anchoring or trawling conditions; under normal circumstances sampling is not required in depths greater than 200 m. Samples have to be spaced according to the seabed geology. Spacing of samples shall normally be 10 times that of the selected line spacing. In areas intended for anchorage, density of sampling shall be increased. Any inference technique (e.g. Acoustic Seafloor Classification from single-beam echo sounder, multibeam echo sounder or side-scan sonar) must be ground-truthed by physical sampling, or use a standard catalogue developed for that specific sonar and vessel.
5.4 Natural coastline
The high and low water line shall be determined to the accuracies given in Table 2.
5.5 Current Observations
The speed and direction of tidal streams and currents, which may be of sufficient strength to affect surface navigation (normally more than 0.5 knots), should be observed at the entrances to harbours and channels, at any change in direction of a channel, in anchorage and adjacent to wharf areas. Survey parties should verify all current information portrayed on Charts and Field Sheets of the survey area during the course of their surveys. Survey parties are encouraged to make note of channels and harbours that exhibit negligible current as this information can be provided to mariners through Sailing Directions. It is also desirable to measure coastal and offshore currents when they are of sufficient strength to affect surface navigation.
6 Data Processing
6.1 Data verification
All calculations must be verified and counter-signed by an experienced hydrographer before the results can be used to further the acquisition of hydrographic data. The bathymetric data must be processed as soon as possible after it has been collected to analyse and verify the work.
Processing best practise is outlined in the document "CUBE Bathymetric data Processing and Analysis (CHS February 2012)".
6.2 Data codification and presentation
All data must be coded using the most recent version of CHS coding and presentation standards, otherwise, data must be separated into layers and a comprehensive layering documentation must be included as metadata information or in a final report including all pertinent information that may help CHS to qualify the data better.
7 Quality Control
7.1 Introduction
To ensure that the required accuracy is achieved it is necessary to check and monitor performances. Establishing quality control procedures shall be a high priority. All related pertinent documentation should be preserved for further consultation.
7.2 Positioning
Quality control for positioning involves monitoring the proprietary hardware/software quality indicators for accuracy, precision, signal strength, signal to noise ratio, cycle tracking, solution type, etc. A position check by the survey vessel occupying or offset to a known ground position must be done at the start of a survey, periodically during, and at the end of the survey. Redundant lines of position or redundant satellites must always be observed. The use of a position monitor station to monitor position accuracy and system performance is desirable but often not practical. The use of two independent positioning systems along with ground position checks is also a very desirable situation.
7.3 Depths
A standard quality control procedure shall be to check the validity of soundings by conducting additional depth measurements. Differences shall be statistically tested to ensure compliance of the bathymetric data with the standards given in Table 1. Anomalous differences shall be further examined with a systematic analysis of contributing error sources. All discrepancies shall either be resolved by analysisor re-survey during progression of the survey task.
7.4 Check lines
Check lines crossing the regular lines shall always be done to confirm the accuracy of the positioning, the depth measurement and other depth corrections. They shall be run as close to perpendicular to the principal lines as possible. The differences between principal lines and check lines shall fall within the limits of the survey order. If possible, check lines shall be collected using an independent system, different survey vessel and/or time and on a rough bottom.
Check lines crossing the principal sounding lines shall always be run to confirm the accuracy of positioning, sounding, and depth corrections. Check lines shall be spaced so that an efficient and comprehensive control of the principal sounding lines can be done. As a guide, it may be assumed that the interval between check lines shall normally be no more than 15 times that of the principal sounding lines.
7.5 Sounding Density requirements
7.5.1 Single-beam Echo Sounders (SBES)
Depending on the characteristics of the seafloor the line spacing from Table 1 may have to be reduced or, if circumstances permit, expanded. Check lines shall be run at discrete intervals (see § 7.4 Check lines).
7.5.2 Side scan Sonar (SSS)
Where SSS is being used in conjunction with SBES or MBES, the line spacing from Table 1 may be increased, whilst ensuring adequate coverage of the area directly beneath the towfish.
7.5.3 Multibeam Echo sounders (MBES)
MBES have great potential for accurate seafloor coverage if used with proper survey and calibration procedures. An appropriate assessment of the accuracy of measurement with each beam is compulsory when full bottom coverage is required for use in areas surveyed to Exclusive Order, Special Order and Order 1 standards. If any of the outer beams have unacceptable errors, the related data are to be excluded or weighted accordingly. If not hampered by geographical constraints, all lines shall be crossed, at least once, by a check line to confirm the accuracy of positioning, depth measurement and depth corrections – squat, draft, tide, and sound speed. Accuracy's can also be confirmed by redundant measurement on a small seafloor target.
7.5.4 Multitransducer systems (MTES)
Multitransducer (sweep) systems provide one technology for ensuring the accuracy while a full bottom coverage is required for Exclusive Order, Special Order and Order 1 standards. It is essential that the distance between individual transducers shall be matched to ensure a 100% bottom coverage. If not hampered by geographical constraints, all lines shall be crossed, at least once, by a check line to confirm the accuracy of positioning, depth measurement and depth corrections – squat, draft, tide, and sound speed. Accuracy's can also be confirmed by redundant measurement on a small seafloor target.
7.5.5 Airborne systems
Airborne laser systems are capable of measuring depths to 50 m or more provided the water is clear. Hazards to navigation detected by airborne laser shall be examined using an independent method (see § 4.4.3 Shoal Examination). A check line to confirm the accuracy of positioning, depth measurement and depth corrections shall cross all lines, at least once.
8 Data Attribution
8.1 General
To allow a comprehensive assessment of the quality of survey data it is necessary to record or document certain information together with the survey data. Such information is important to allow exploitation of survey data by a variety of users with different requirements, especially as requirements may not be known when survey data is collected.
The process of documenting the data quality is called data attribution; the information on the data quality is called metadata. Metadata shall comprise at least information on:
- The survey in general as e.g. date, area, equipment used, name of survey platform
- The geodetic reference system used, i.e. horizontal and vertical datum; including ties to WGS 84 if a local datum is used
- Calibration procedures and results
- Sound velocity
- Tidal datum and reduction
- Accuracy achieved and the respective confidence levels.
Metadata shall preferably be in digital form and an integral part of the survey record. If this is not feasible, similar information shall be included in the documentation of a survey such as the final field report.
8.2 Point Data Attribution
All soundings should be attributed with a 95% statistical error estimate for both position and depth. Although this should preferably be done for each individual sounding, a global estimate will be provided for an entire dataset and the worst-case survey error must be shown.
In the case of positions, they shall be qualified by analyzing redundant lines of position (terrestrial systems) or independent positioning check (satellite systems); in the case of depth observations, they could be qualified by analyzing redundant depths observed at, for example, check line crossings.
It is understood that each sensor (i.e. positioning, depth, heave, pitch, roll, heading, seabed characteristic sensors, water column sensor parameters, tidal reduction sensor, data reduction models etc.) possesses unique error characteristics. Each survey system shall be uniquely analyzed to determine appropriate procedure(s) to obtain the required spatial statistics. For more information, see the Survey Management Guidelines.
8.3 Depth Accuracy
Depth accuracy is to be understood as the accuracy of the reduced depths. In determining the depth accuracy, the sources of individual errors need to be quantified. All error sources shall be combined to obtain a Total Propagated Uncertainty (TPU). TPU results from the combination of all contributing errors, which include among other things:
- measurement system and sound speed errors
- tidal measurement and modeling errors, and
- data processing errors.
A statistical method for determining depth accuracy by combining all known errors shall be adopted and checked. For example, CUBE processing can provide this information.
The TPU, determined statistically at the 95% confidence level, is the value used to describe the depth accuracy achieved. The TPU shall be recorded together with the sounding value.
Recognizing that there are both constant and depth dependent errors that affect the accuracy of depths, the formula under Table 1 is to be used to compute the allowable depth errors using a and b from row 3.
8.4 Geostatistics
When the seabed has not been totally searched during a survey, the soundings only provide samples of the seabed at discrete points. In such a case, it is necessary to interpolate depths derived from soundings to obtain a bathymetric model, which provides an estimate of depth information over the entire seabed surface. Geostatistical interpolation techniques may be used to estimate the error introduced by interpolation between soundings, taking into consideration the accuracy of reduced depths and positions as well as the spatial distribution of depth measurements. Using the values for a and b from Table 3 below, the formula under Table 1 is to be used to compute, at 95% confidence level, the allowable errors for the bathymetric model. If these errors are exceeded, the density of soundings shall be increased.
Table 3 Bathymetric Model Accuracy
|a = 0.02
|a = 0.50
|a = 1.0 m
|a = 2.0 m
|a = 5.0 m
|Model Accuracy (95% Confidence Level)
|b = 0.01
|b = 0.01
|b = 0.026
|b = 0.05
|b = 0.05
These interpolation techniques, based on an appropriate statistical error analysis that quantifies the roughness of the seabed, shall not be used as the only means to assess the quality of a survey, as they may not provide reliable estimates of the accuracy of the bathymetric model in all cases; particularly, if surveys were conducted with excessive line spacing or if there is a high likelihood that man-made features exist.
8.5 Error Sources and Budget
Although the following text focuses on errors of data acquired with multibeam systems, it should be noted that it is in principle applicable to data acquired with any echo sounding system.
With multibeam and multi-transducer echo sounding systems, the distance between the sounding on the seafloor and the positioning system antenna can be very large, especially in deep water with a wide swath system. Because of this, sounding position accuracy becomes also a function of the gyrocompass heading accuracy, beam angle (or transducer location for sweep systems) and the water depth (swath systems only).
Roll and pitch errors will also contribute to the relative error of the sounding from the transducer. Overall, it may be very difficult to generalize what is achievable as typical position accuracy for each sounding as a function of depth in some of these modern systems. The errors are not only a function of the echo sounder but also the vessel and the location and accuracy of the auxiliary sensors.
The use of non-vertical beams introduces additional errors caused by incorrect knowledge of the ship's orientation at the time of transmission and reception of sonar echoes. Errors associated with the development of the position of an individual beam must include the following:
- positioning system error,
- depth measurement error,
- the uncertainty associated with the ray path model (including the sound speed profile),
- the accuracy of the vessel heading,
- the accurate identification of system pointing errors resulting from transducer misalignment as determined by patch test,
- vessel motion sensor, i.e. roll, heave and pitch accuracy, and
- time latency.
Project managers responsible for the survey quality shall develop and document error budgets for their particular systems.
9 Data Management
9.1 Data security and archiving
The Project Manager responsible for all survey data shall ensure that original sensor datagrams are archived on a suitable media and stored in a safe location promptly after acquisition. Processed data shall be backed-up on a daily basis on a suitable media and stored in a safe location.
10 Reporting
10.1 Reporting of Navigational Hazards
Upon discovery of any depth or obstruction that may be considered a hazard to navigation, the Project Manager shall inform the closest Canadian Coast Guard office and have a Notice to Shipping issued.
All actions shall be documented and a copy sent to the Regional Director of Hydrography and the Regional Manager of Hydrographic Surveys, who will initiate appropriate actions.
- Date modified:


text: PUTNAM The Putnam United Presbyterian Church located at 326 County Route 2, Putnam, will host its annual chicken-n-biscuit dinner. It will include all the trimmings coleslaw, cranberry sauce, vegetables and home made pies. Dinner will be served from 4 to 6 p.m. Take out available. Tickets are $8 for adults and $4 for children ages 3-10. In addition there will be crafts and a white elephant table.


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How to Prep Your Airbrush Tan With Sharidust
*This post is sponsored, but all opinions are my own.* I discovered Sharidust through my friend, Nicole, at The Bronzed Beauty. Nicole taught me how to prep your airbrush tan with Sharidust. I'm so in love with their products now.… Continue Reading


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SOURCE: Anord Critical Power
December 09, 2014 07:15 ET
Partnership Expands Mission-Critical Switchgear Territory to Virginia, Washington, DC, and Maryland
Partnership Expands Mission-Critical Switchgear Territory to Virginia, Washington, DC, and Maryland
RICHMOND, VA--(Marketwired - Dec 9, 2014) - Anord Critical Power, Inc., a leading independent provider of critical-power infrastructure to the global data center industry, today announced its partnership with Infrastructure Service Solutions (ISS). The partnership allows ISS to leverage Anord's Form 4b Type 7 design AMS switchgear to target mission-critical facilities in one of the top U.S. data center markets -- Virginia, Washington, DC and Maryland.
Infrastructure Service Solutions (ISS) is a market leader in Mission Critical Services Solutions -- providing a comprehensive line of power and cooling offerings that support today's next-generation data centers. The company anticipates the addition of Anord's Form 4b Type 7 design AMS switchgear will help drive more than $5 million in new revenues.
Anord Critical Power's Form 4b Type 7 design AMS switchgear is a compact, fully compartmentalized and robust switchgear product for mission-critical applications. The AMS switchgear allows data centers to invest in superior power system protection, system fault resilience and enhanced operator safety for their facilities.
"In the same manner as servers and software solutions are evolving to better meet the demanding needs of today's data centers, so too is the supporting power gear," said Gerry Jepson, President, ISS. "Anord's AMS switchgear's modular design is an upgrade from typical products on the market. The gear allows facility personnel to work on mission-critical power components without the need to power down operations -- preserving uptime and revenue. We are excited to bring this innovative and new power technology to our market and look forward to a strong partnership with Anord."
As Anord continues the expansion of its U.S. operations, the company most recently finalized a sales partnership agreement with CCI, and added a number of top executives to its U.S. operations team to better serve the North American data center market.
"Today's data centers facilities require reliable and sustainable power systems to continue processing and distributing data," said John Day, Vice President of Sales and Marketing for Anord Critical Power, Inc. "Our modular switchgear design has proven its benefits by enabling safe power maintenance to be performed safely and efficiently. We are proud to include ISS within our valued partner community -- a company that has demonstrated exceptional customer support and industry knowledge."
About Anord Critical Power, Inc.
Anord Critical Power, Inc. is a U.S.-based subsidiary of Anord, a leading independent provider of critical power infrastructure to the global data center industry, entering the American market with the delivery of a robust switchgear product offering superior system resilience and enhanced operator safety. Its compact, fully compartmentalized switchgear system offers a "best-of-both-standards" solution to meet the needs of critical power businesses. Established in 1969, Anord has a strong pedigree and successful track record in providing mission critical Low Voltage, Power Switchgear, Bus Duct, and Energy Management Systems to many of the world's leading cloud computing, colocation, and enterprise data center businesses across EMEA as well as North and Latin American markets. Anord's proprietary "AMS" switchgear system provides customized power switchgear equipment from a type tested and certified modular platform fully compliant with the IEC LV Switchgear standard 61439-2, and was recently tested and approved to UL891. For more information visit: www.anordcpi.com.
For more information, contact:Jackie Abramian
BridgeView Marketing (for Anord Critical Power, Inc.)
Twitter: https://twitter.com/AnordCritical
For more information, contact:Jackie Abramian
BridgeView Marketing (for Anord Critical Power, Inc.)
Twitter: https://twitter.com/AnordCritical
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Vox Pathfinder 10 Bass Combo Amp
Vox Pathfinder 10 Bass Combo AmpDetails
Boasting 10W power and the distinct VOX look, this Bass Amplifier is a dual-speaker amp with portability.
Product Ref: 16111View Full Description
Buy on finance from £1.99 per month Finance from £1.99 per month
Please note: This is only available where all items in the order are dispatched in a single delivery.
To make it as easy as possible for you to get the gear you want, we offer a range of instant finance options. If you spend £50 or more online, you can choose to pay over 48, 36, 24 or 12 months. The majority of decisions are given instantly, so you could get your new gear sooner than you thought!
Representative Example
To help you understand how our finance options work, the examples below are based on a total order value of £50:
|Deposit to Pay
|Total Payable
|48 months
|No Deposit
|48 months: £1.41Final Payment: £1.41No settlement fee
|36 months
|No Deposit
|36 months: £1.78Final Payment: £1.78No settlement fee
|24 months
|No Deposit
|24 months: £2.57Final Payment: £2.57No settlement fee
|12 months
|No Deposit
|12 months: £4.69Final Payment: £4.69No settlement fee
How to Apply
Applying for finance couldn't be easier - if your order totals £50 or more, simply proceed through the checkout as normal, then select Pay by Klarna Finance on the payment page, then click the orange PLACE ORDER USING FINANCE button. This will start your application with Klarna Retail Finance, our finance partner, and completing this form should take approximately 10 minutes.
You should get an instant answer on whether your application has been successful, though in some rare cases Klarna may need to look at the application in more detail.
Please note: This is only available on orders placed via the website consisting of a single delivery, and is not available in store or via phone currently.
Full DescriptionView Full Description
Comments from customers who bought this item:
With the Pathfinder Bass 10, Bass players can experience the legendary VOX brand. Boasting the distinct diamond grille cloth and basket-weave vinyl leather to the vintage chicken-head knobs, it's definitely a VOX by look.
The Pathfinder Bass 10 is dual-speaker, deep-thumping, portable amp which is great for bass players looking to play when on the move. Along with Treble and Bass tone-shaping controls, there's the Bright switch which offers an edgy boost to the upper harmonics. Turn up the Drive control to get warm, bass distortion.
This amp pumps out 10 watts into a pair of 5" VOX bulldog speakers. You can also practice in silence or record by using the headphone/line output jack.
- Output Power: 10 Watts RMS
- Speaker: VOX Bulldog 5" x 2 (4 ohms)
- Input: INPUT jack
- Output: PHONES/LINEOUT jack
- Controls: DRIVE, TREBLE, BASS, VOLUME, BRIGHT switch
- Dimensions:
- Width: 380 mm (14.98")
- Depth: 170 mm (6.69")
- Height: 277mm (10.91")
- Weight: 5.6kg / 12.32 lbs
The product price includes 6 years' warranty and 180 day money back guarantee.
However, the Gear4music extended warranty scheme provides an enhanced service, and is designed to offer a higher level of protection than many 'free' warranties offered by some retailers and manufacturers.
The highlights of this enhanced warranty service are:
- Warranty is extended to 6 years from the date of delivery.
- Our Money Back guarantee is extended from 30 days to 180 days (terms apply after 30 days)
- Collection and delivery costs are included for the first 2 years
- Claim 50% cash back on the cost of the policy after 6 years if it has not been used!
- Warranty is transferable if the item is re-sold
- Loan or replacement equipment will be provided if the product isn't repaired within 30 days
- If an item can not be repaired, a similar alternative product or cash discount (as defined in this policy) will be offered
- The policy can be cancelled within 30 days, and at any time after that for a pro-rata discount
Please note that this extended warranty is currently only available on products sold within the EU or EEA, and is subject to the terms and conditions as detailed on the extended warranty certificate provided.
For customers in outlying areas of the country, the price of the Extended Warranty may be marginally higher, due to the potential for higher collection and redelivery transport costs.
This enhanced warranty is in addition to the standard Gear4music and manufacturer warranty policies, and the Gear4music terms and conditions of trade. No statement or condition of sale contained within these terms affects or restricts your statutory rights as defined under the Consumer Contracts Regulation 2014.
Once the product is delivered, you have 180 days to decide that you definitely want to keep it. If you decide it is not suitable for any reason, you can return it back to us for replacement or full refund, including standard delivery charges.
All Products are new unless stated, and include a minimum of 2 years warranty.
Some items are only eligible for money back guarantee if they are returned to us unused and sealed in the original packaging, and in the case of software, unregistered. These items include:
- Software
- CDs & DVDs
- In-ear Monitors
- Earplugs and Ear Protection
- Mouthpieces, Reeds etc… for Woodwind and Brass instruments
- Mouth / Lip Care Products
We are unable to accept returns of any custom made items designed to work together as a unique package, such as computer system built to a customer's personal specifications. Exceptions may only be possible with prior agreement of the vendor, and may be subject to a cancellation fee.
If you also purchase items that do not qualify for free delivery, some delivery charges may be applied to your order which will be shown in your shopping basket.


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It takes a variety of skills to be successful in today's professional work environment. Our workplace readiness coursework can help you brush up, with topics including communications, cultural skills, productivity, initiative, critical thinking, and much more. Give yourself the best shot at success with MTC's workplace readiness classes.
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