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Thickness and its uses
Thickness -- a short explanation!
'Thickness' is a measure of how warm or cold a layer of the atmosphere is, usually a layer in the lowest 5 km of the troposphere; high values mean warm air, and low values mean cold air.
It would be perfectly feasible to define the average temperature of a layer in the atmosphere by calculating its mean value in degrees C (or Kelvin) between two vertical points, but an easier, practical way to measure this same mean temperature between two levels can be gained by subtracting the lower height value of the appropriate isobaric surface from the upper.
Thus one measure of thickness commonly quoted is
= height (500 hPa surface) - height (1000 hPa surface) [ for those of you, like me, too old to catch up with all the changes the world brings, millibars = hPa!, so 500 hPa is exactly the same as 500 mb. ]
In practical meteorology, the most common layers wherein thickness values are analysed and forecast are: 500-1000 hPa [ abbreviated to TT or TTHK] ; 850-1000 hPa; 700-1000 hPa; 700-850 hPa and 500-700 hPa. By subtracting the lower (height) value from the upper value, a positive number is always gained. The 500-1000 hPa value is used to define 'bulk' airmass mean temperature, and can be seen on several products available on the Web. The other 'partial' thicknesses are used for special purposes, for example, the 850-1000 hPa thickness is used for snow probability and maximum day temperature forecasting, as it more accurately defines the mean temperature of the lowest 1500 m (5000 ft) or so of the atmosphere.
Advection is simply the meteorologists word for movement of air in bulk. When we talk about warm advection, we mean that warm air replaces colder air, and vice-versa. These 'bulk' movements of air of differing temperatures can be seen very well on thickness charts, and differential advection, important in studies of stabilisation / de-stabilisation, can also be inferred by considering advection of partial thicknesses.
If you pull up thickness charts from the web, it it useful to highlight the isopleths of thickness, and work out, from either the mslp pattern, or the 500 hPa pattern, whether cold or warm advection is taking place. It should be possible with practice to find warm and cold fronts (tight thickness pattern), and areas where the thermal gradient (spacing of thickness lines) is changing - note particularly areas where developments tend to decrease spacing of thickness lines -->> increased potential for atmospheric development.
Total Thickness (500-1000 hPa) isopleths (when shown in combination with other fields) are conventionally drawn as long-dash lines, with the values either thus [540] or white numerals on a black/solid rectangle. (Where there is no conflict, i.e. the thickness isopleths are the only ones shown, then usually sold/continuous lines are used.) Certain isopleths are considered 'standard', mainly for historical reasons: They are listed hereunder, with the colour code convention used by the UK Met.Office on internal charts.
474 - red 492 - purple 510 - brown 528 - blue 546 - green 564 - red 582 - purple
Operational charts usually show isopleths at 6 dam intervals but some international forecast output will only have the standard isopleths as above: for example the UKMO 2-5 day charts. (If you want to compare forecast values over and near the British Isles with extremes, see here).
Can the 500-1000 hPa patterns be used to infer the snow risk? Well, yes they can, but because the layer is so deep -- some 5 km, or 18000 ft of the lower atmosphere, its not a good indicator. As a VERY rough guide the following may be used:
Rain and snow are equally likely when the 500-1000 hPa thickness is about 5225 gpm (or 522 dam). Rain is rare when the 500-1000 hPa thickness is less than 5190 gpm. Snow is extremely rare when the 500-1000 hPa thickness is greater than 5395 gpm.
Thickness --- a much longer explanation!
[ Q ] Thickness? ....thickness of what?
[ A ] From time to time in meteorology newsgroups, the word 'thickness' is used, particularly when talking about snow probability, or the prospect of warmer, or colder weather generally. If you simply want to remember that 'Thickness' is a measure of how warm or cold a layer of the atmosphere is, usually a layer in the lowest 5 km of the troposphere, and that high values mean warm air, and low values mean cold air, then you can ignore the rest of this FAQ. If you wish to know a little more, read on!
[ Q ] What is 'Thickness' and how is it measured?
[ A ] Although it would be perfectly feasible to define the average temperature of a layer in the atmosphere by quoting/calculating its mean value in degrees C (or Kelvin) between two vertical points, from the early days of upper air meteorology, it was realised that from the hydrostatic equation, an easy to calculate measure of this same mean temperature between two levels could be gained by subtracting the lower height value of the appropriate isobaric surface from the upper. (** see alternative name below)
The hydrostatic equation, in its simplified form, is -dp/dz = pg/RT ...... Eq(a)
dp being the pressure difference across two defined levels
dz the height difference between those two levels
g the gravitational constant
R specific gas constant for dry air
T average temperature in layer (strictly average virtual temp.)
Eq (a) states that the change of pressure with height (above a point where the total pressure of the column is p), is governed by the mean temperature over the vertical distance involved.
Thus in cold air/low T values, -dp/dz is larger than in warm air/high T. ... or putting it another way, lets start out at 1000 hPa and ascend vertically; in cold air, you would reach the level of 500 hPa sooner (greater rate of change of p) than in warm air. Thus the vertical distance from the level of 1000 hPa to the level of 500 hPa is less in cold air than in warm air
....cold air => low thickness values;
....warm air => high thickness values.
(for a more rigorous treatment/discussion of the hydrostatic equation, see any good textbook on meteorology - there is a list below).
Thickness can be calculated from the heights reported on a radio-sonde ascent, or a thermodynamic diagram can be used to add up the partial thicknesses over successive layers to achieve the net (total) thickness.
An example of the former would be
500 hPa height = 5407 m
1000 hPa height = 23 m
Thickness = 5407-23 = 5384 m (or 538 dam)
Careful note must be made when the height of the 1000 hPa surface is below msl thus: 500 hPa height = 5524 m
1000 hPa height = - 13 m
Thickness = 5524 -(-13) = 5537 m (or 554 dam)
[** NOTE: you will also see 'thickness' charts referred to as 'Relative Topography' charts for this reason - this is especially so on web output from centres in mainland Europe.]
[ Q ] What are the most common layers through which the thickness is analysed / forecast and what are they used for?
[ A ] In practical meteorology, the most common layers wherein thickness values are analysed and forecast are: 500-1000 hPa [ abbreviated to TT or TTHK] ; 850-1000 hPa; 700-1000 hPa; 700-850 hPa and 500-700 hPa.
By subtracting the lower (height) value from the upper value, a positive number is always gained. Some values are quoted in metres, and others dekametres (tens of metres), dependent upon the use to which the value is put. In general, when dealing with the lower atmosphere, metres are used to better refine the output to the inferred surface parameter (e.g. maximum temperature), whilst for the deeper layers, dekametres (10's of metres) are sufficiently accurate.)
500-1000 hPa: (also known by some meteorologists as the 'total' thickness, for historical reasons). This is used to define the broad average temperature for the lower half of the troposphere. From the hydrostatic equation (see Eq(a) and reference (1) below),
Z2 - Z1 = RT/g * ln(p1/p2) ..... Eq(b)
replace p1 and p2 by 1000 hPa and 500 hPa respectively
therefore ln(2) = 0.69
R = universal gas constant for dry air = 2.87 * 10^2 kg^1 K^1
g = 9.81 ms^2
T = mean temperature through layer (K)
Z1, Z2 = heights of isobaric surfaces p1,p2 (in metres)
by substitution, and allowing for the fact that T in the original equation is Kelvin, we have, for the 500/1000 hPa layer....
mean temperature (degC) = (Thickness/20.3) - 273 ..... Eq(c)
thus for 5640 m thickness --- this represents a mean T = +5 degC
5460 m -4
5280 m -13 and so on.
and further, it can be seen that for 10 m (1 dam) change of thickness in this layer, this represents a change in mean temperature through the layer of 0.5 degC. It is useful to remember this when, for example, looking at the Royal Met.Soc 'Weather Log' which shows the deviation from normal of thickness values over a large part of the northern hemisphere ... an anomaly of + 4 dam doesn't mean quite as much as one of + 2 degC!
[ Using this relationship, it is also possible to come up with a crude approximation to the expected surface maximum temperature - for more on this, see here.]
850-1000 hPa: This is useful for defining the temperature structure in the lowest 1500 m or so of the atmosphere, and can therefore be used in such things as rain/snow prediction, maximum temperature forecasting etc.
700-1000 hPa: Similar to 500-1000 hPa but focussed rather more on the lowest 3 km of the atmosphere and therefore an attempt to combine the broader measure of the 500-1000 hPa and the finer details obtained by layers nearer the earth's surface.
500-700 hPa/700-850 hPa: Used in studies of differential thermal advection, particularly when considering possible convection, degrees of instability etc.
[ Q ] What is the historical relevance of 'gridding'?
[ A ] Before the advent of super-fast main-frame computers, and the better understanding of the character and physics of the upper air, upper wind forecasts up to 24 hours ahead depended upon a process known as 'gridding' - the arithmetical manipulation of layer thicknesses. A surface/msl pressure chart would be analysed, then the isobaric pattern would be converted to equivalent 1000 hPa height contours, taking into account the temperature if this deviated significantly from the 'standard'; the thickness pattern would be drawn, using thermal wind relationships and known patterns associated with frontal systems, then the 1000 hPa and thickness patterns overlaid, and at the intersection of the 'grid' of such contours, the resultant 500 hPa (or other height, depending upon the thickness used) could be achieved, using the relationship that h(500) = h(1000)+h'(thickness).
This gave better results than just using the poor network of actual 500 hPa heights/winds, and by using thicknesses (i.e. differences), the systematic errors of differing radio-sondes could be effectively ignored .
More importantly, to produce a forecast upper air chart, first the forecast surface pattern was produced using known empirical relationships/rules of thumb etc., then the thickness pattern adjusted to fit around this forecast pattern, keeping the correct relationship found both in analysis and conceptual models in mind, then again by gridding, or graphical addition of the 1000 hPa contours and the thickness pattern, the upper contour pattern could be produced. It was essentially this process that was used to forecast all upper winds until the work could be put on a more rigorous/mathematical basis by the solving of complex equations using the big number- crunching machines from the late 1960's. (Incidentally, you can tell the vintage of someone working in meteorology by whether they refer to the parameter 500-1000 hPa thickness as the Total thickness ... a hangover from these days of gridding charts.)
Further reading: For a useful summary of this method of upper wind forecasting, see Ref:(2) and for a historical perspective, see Ref:(4) "Bomber Command upper air unit" - RAS Ratcliffe.
[ Q ] Does gridding have any relevance today?
[ A ] The reverse of gridding (graphical addition of thickness values to a lower surface height), is de-gridding, and can be a useful technique to master, both to achieve a surface pattern from a 500 hPa/Total Thickness chart, and to attain a simplified conceptual idea of development due to upper air processes.
From the definition of Total Thickness (h') where: h' = h(500) - h(1000) ..... Eq(d)
where h' = total thickness
h(500) = height of the 500 hPa barometric surface
h(1000) = height of the 1000 hPa barometric surface
re-arranging Eq(d), we have h(1000) = h(500) - h' ... Eq(e)
At levels near msl, the approximate relationship [ see cautionary note below # ] holds that a difference of 6 dam = a difference of 8 hPa. ... Eq(f)
Thus, from Eq(e), if at a certain point on a chart, a 500 hPa contour of 540 dam, is crossed by a thickness isopleth of 528 dam, the value of h(1000) = 540-528 = +12 dam. From Eq(f), this relates to an isobaric value of (12/6)*8 = +16 hPa (or 1000+16 = 1016 hPa) All other intersections of the 540 hPa/500 contour, and the 528 thickness isopleth yield the same value. Consideration of other intersections will build up a pattern of 1000 mb (and hence msl) values, and the surface pattern can then be inferred from these two fields.
We can go further, and see that it is clear from Eq(e) that by either decreasing the 500 hPa contour value (trough approaching), or increasing the thickness values (warm advection), the height of the 1000 hPa surface will lower, and because 1000 hPa and mslp are linked, mslp will lower===> development. Where both terms are strong (omega development, whereby an upper short- wave trough engages an area of strong warm advection), then explosive cyclogenesis is possible, all other factors being suitable. This is of course a very simplistic explanation of development, but it is a useful conceptual idea to keep in mind when trying to interpret upper air charts.
[ # The relationship 6 dam=8 mbar is a very approximate one, and was accepted at the time because upper air charts were drawn to 6 dam intervals, surface charts to 8 mbar intervals (or multiples thereof), and accepting the inferred 0.75 dam per millibar (i.e. 6/8) relationship kept things simple. In reality, using the hydrostatic equation (Eq(b) above), for average mean sea level pressure of 1013mbar, average surface temperature of 15degC and taking a narrow 'slice' of the air around mslp, then the true value is 0.83 dam/mbar: other values are 0.80 dam/mbar for mean temperature 0degC and 1000mbar, and at 20degC and 1000mbar, it would be 0.86]
[ Q ] How are thickness isopleths shown on synoptic charts?
[ A ] Total Thickness (500-1000 hPa) isopleths are conventionally drawn as long-dash lines, with the values either thus [540] or white numerals on a black/solid rectangle. Certain isopleths are considered 'standard', mainly for historical reasons, and are coloured (in UK Met.O use) according to the following convention):
474 - red
492 - purple
510 - brown
528 - blue
546 - green
564 - red
582 - purple
Operational charts usually show isopleths at 6 dam intervals but some international forecast output will only have the standard isopleths as above: for example the Bracknell 2-5 day charts.
[ Q ] What about advection? How can I use it?
[ A ] Advection is simply the meteorologists word for movement of air in bulk. When we talk about warm advection, we mean that warm air replaces colder air, and vice-versa. These bulk movements of air of differing temperatures can be seen very well on thickness charts, and differential advection, important in studies of stabilisation/de-stabilisation, can also be inferred by considering advection of partial thicknesses.
If you pull up thickness charts from the web, it it useful to highlight the isopleths of thickness, and work out, from either the mslp pattern, or the 500 hPa pattern, (or indeed any wind in the layer) whether cold or warm advection is taking place. It should be possible with practice to find warm and cold fronts (tight thickness pattern), and areas where the thermal gradient (spacing of thickness lines) is changing - note particularly areas where developments tend to decrease spacing of thickness lines -->> increased potential for atmospheric development. See also the section relating to thermal winds
Below, is an example of a mslp and thickness chart drawn from the NWS site. Red (warm) and blue (cold) arrows show some areas of significant advection.
[ Q ] What about the various patterns of thickness isopleths?
[ A ] The most obvious patterns that the thickness isopleths can take up look very like those you would see on a surface/isobaric chart: highs, lows, troughs and ridges. A closed high-value contour, usually labelled 'W' is referred to as a warm dome; a closed low-value contour (or series of same), labelled 'K' is a cold pool. The 'W' and 'K' denote WARM and KALT respectively - possibly from the Norwegian/German roots of much of the research into upper air patterns. Cold pools are especially important, being often the first indications that the potential for small/mesoscale deep and vigorous convective activity exists, given a suitable trigger action and sufficient moisture. ( They are sometimes not resolved by NWP suites adequately either, particular those with long grid lengths. ) The horizontal spacing of thickness isopleths is also a useful indicator of the potential for development. Close spacing shows that cold air lies adjacent to warm air -- no doubt with an attendant frontal surface. More importantly, the fact that such a baroclinic zone (surfaces of temperature and pressure intersecting at an angle) exists, means that the potential for development is strong -- a slight displacement, i.e. forcing by a high level jet streak, will lead to substantial falls of pressure and consequent 'weather'.
(Examples of all these features, with further notes, can be found by clicking here.)
Meteorologists will always play close attention to zones of 'tight' thickness contouring for this reason. Troughs and ridges denote tongues of cold and warm air respectively, and, from work by RC Sutcliffe (& others) during and after the Second World War, they can also be used to infer the magnitude and sign of development on the surface. The details of the mathematics are beyond this FAQ, but it is only necessary to recognize the patterns as below:
[ Q ] Can the 500-1000 hPa patterns be used to infer the snow risk?
[ A ] Until the advent of NWP suites capable of using model variables to routinely predict the 850-1000 hPa partial thickness (the one now commonly used in the UK to assess likelihood of snow - see below), the 500-1000 hPa total thickness was used much more extensively than now. In the 1950's and 1960's, some studies were published which attempted to refine the TTHK association with snow/rain prediction ... the results are presented below BUT REMEMBER, better predictors are available and should be used where possible.
(1) Lamb: Q Jnl R.Met.Soc. 1955 Critical value for equal probability of rain and snow(NW Europe)
Average: 527 dam (extremes: 521 to 546)
Established snowfields: 536 dam
Windward edge of snowfields: 528 dam
Seas with SST around 10degC and over windward coasts: 523 dam
Lamb's analysis was undertaken for the whole of NW Europe, including places like Riga and Stockholm, which may explain the difference in the average figure from that in the following section. However, Lamb did make a more detailed analysis for inland stations in the British Isles, where he found that when there was snow lying, the critical values were 5305-5335 gpm, and with no snow lying 5225 gpm, which accords more with Murray below)
(2) Murray: 1959 Using an analysis for the UK only, found the following:
Rain and snow are equally likely when the 500-1000 hPa thickness is about 5225 gpm (or 522 dam)
Rain is rare when the 500-1000 hPa thickness is less than 5190 gpm
Snow is extremely rare when the 500-1000 hPa thickness is greater than 5395 gpm; it is rather uncommon when the value is greater than 5305 gpm.
A personal view here, but I have always regarded the 522 dam isopleth as a better 'first guess' at snow vs rain than the 528 value for frontal precipitation. Indeed, I joined the Met.Office at a time when TTHK were still being extensively used for this purpose, and 522 was regarded as the 'snow-line'
(3) Murray: 1959 Also carried out a more detailed investigation using a combination of predictors, the 500-1000 hPa TTHK, the surface (screen) temperature and the height of the freezing level. (I have only shown the TTHK/screen temp relationship as this is the most useful one for those with access to WWW met.products.) He presented the results in graphical form, but for ease of use, I have converted them to tabular format, using the 'standard' TTHK values. The use of a graph implies greater precision than is usual anyway.
(a) percentage probability (P) of type of precipitation in relation to surface temperature and 500-1000 hPa thickness.
|SCREEN TEMPERATURE (degC) >>
|TTHK (dam)
A is P >90%
B is 90% >P> 50%
C is 50% >P> 10%
D is P< 10%
In critical rain/snow situations, one of the variables that is difficult to forecast is the screen temperature. Therefore this method is not the answer it may at first sight seem.
(4) Boyden .
In the course of work to compare various predictors, Boyden gave the following figures. 500-1000 hPa TTHK
5180 gpm: 90%
5238 gpm: 70%
5258 gpm: 50%
5292 gpm: 30%
5334 gpm: 10%
In the course of this work, Boyden confirmed what others have already pointed out, that the 500-1000 hPa thickness parameter is the poorest discriminator for rain/snow. The best was height of freezing level and surface temperature, both difficult to forecast in 'critical' situations, and the next best/least worst was the 850-1000 hPa value, though Boyden devised the correction 'factor' that we all now use to take account of mean sea level pressure and local height.
[ Q ] So, how are the 850-1000 hPa values used.
[ A ] This parameter can be used in several ways, the two of most use to the 'bench' forecaster are: (1) calculation of the risk of rain vs. snow, and (2) forecasting the daytime maximum temperature.
(1). Because the layer from 1000 hPa to 850 hPa covers the lowest 1500 metres or so of the atmosphere, it is better suited to deciding on which phase precipitation will reach the ground ( i.e. whether snow will melt to sleet or rain), than the 'total' thickness layer 500-1000 hPa. Statistical relationships have been produced:
The following are un-adjusted critical values and adjusted values for the 850-1000 hPa partial thickness found by statistical analysis: snow probability:
850-1000 hPa(gpm)..............1279.....1287....1293....1297....1302 (un-adjusted)
850-1000 hPa(gpm)..............1281.....1290....1293....1298....1303 (adjusted-see below)
It is important to remember that when mslp values differ markedly from 1000 hPa, or the height of a station/area differs greatly from msl, a correction has to be made to the partial thickness before assessing the snow risk. Also, the partial thickness only takes into account the mean temperature of the lowest 250 hPa or so of the atmosphere and not the humidity, which is of vital importance for accurate snow prediction. Downward penetration of snow is greatly aided when precipitation falls into dry air.
Boyden found that the following correction should be made to the partial thickness (850-1000 hPa): (Z - h)/30
where Z: height in metres of the 1000 hPa surface above msl
h: height in metres of the ground asl.
... and then the second line of critical values used in the table above.
(2). The 850-1000 hPa is a very good layer within which to determine the air mass likely to affect your station and therefore its use to work out the potential daytime maximum temperature has long been recognised. One such, after Callen and Prescott, relates the partial thickness values.... to the cloud classification for the day ahead.
The relationship between 850-1000 hPa thickness (h*) and the unadjusted maximum temperature (Tu) is given by: Tu = -192.65 + 0.156h* ... Eq(g)
An adjustment is then added to this figure, depending upon forecast 'cloud class' and the time of the year.
The four cloud classes are:(simplified)
Class 0: Low and medium cloud generally less than half cover. High cloud not overcast. Fog only around dawn, if at all.
Class 1: Roughly 50% cloudiness. If fog occurs, it clears slowly during the morning.
Class 2: Mainly cloudy. If fog occurs, clears by midday, but slowly.
Class 3: Overcast with rain/snow etc. Persistent Fog.
Then the following matrix can be used to find the adjustment to be added to Tu. (Whole values degrees C only)
The original work was based on maxima recorded at Gatwick airport, using upper air ascents (12Z) from nearby Crawley radio-sonde .. both sites now no longer providing the appropriate data. They should NOT be used for latitudes well away from the south of England, particularly in the 'winter half-year', when insolation values (due to differing sun angle and daylength parameters) will differ markedly with latitude.
Also, where marine influence is strong then the values will be highly modulated by local sea surface temperatures.
There are a series of graphs, from which it is technically possible to read off the correction to decimals of a degree, and to refine the correction dependent upon the position in the month, but for practical meteorology, these will do!
Some reading/references:
(1): Essentials of Meteorology auth: D.H. McIntosh and A.S. Thom Taylor and Francis Ltd
(2): The practice of weather forecasting auth: P.G. Wickham HMSO
(3): Introduction to Meteorology auth: S. Petterssen McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc.
(4): Meteorology and World War II ed: B.D. Giles Royal Meteorological Society
(5): Handbook of Aviation Meteorology: The Met.Office/HMSO
(6): Source book to the Forecasters' Reference Book: The Met.Office/College


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Home > LAWREV > GGULREV > Vol. 36 > Iss. 1 (2006)
Golden Gate University Law Review
Ninth Circuit Survey
Newton v. Diamond: When a Composer's Market Is Not the Average Joe: The Inadequacy of the Average-Audience Test
Reid Miller
Property, War Objectives, And Slave Labor Claims: The Ninth Circuit's Political Question Analysis in Alperin v. Vatican Bank
Reuben Hart
Making-Up Conditions Of Employment: The Unequal Burdens Test as a Flawed Mode of Analysis in Jespersen v. Harrah's Operating Co.
Megan Kelly

subset: commoncrawl


text:
E firstname.lastname@example.com
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Gap Road, Watsons Bay
Gap Park is located on a coastal escarpment on Sydney Harbour's South Head. It has spectacular views of both the harbour and the sea. There are a series of basic paths amidst windswept native coastal vegetation that traverse the cliff tops. The area is one of Sydney's most popular tourist destinations. It attracts international and national tour groups, independent visitors, and local residents who use the park for walking, harbour and ocean viewing, bird watching, whale watching and spectating major harbour events. Additionally the park supports a rich history containing early fortifications, shipwreck relicts, and disused gun placements from past wars.
Bus and ferry services at available to Watsons Bay
The gap is a zone of weakness in the cliff face and the erosion and collapse of the overhanging strata that will allow the ingress of the sea through there in time. Discover the history of Gap Park (PDF).
A general need for a site upgrade, and a desire to improve public safety led to Woollahra Municipal Council commissioning the Gap Park Masterplan in early 2007. The Masterplan project has been a collaborative partnership between Woollahra Council, the NSW Police, the Black Dog Institute and Lifeline, with funding from the Australian Government and Woollahra Council itself.
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These measures work together as a comprehensive approach to self harm minimisation. The additional works as per this application will further enhance the scheme. The works to date have been acknowledged by suicide prevention experts as an example of best practice. As a part of the current works we have recently completed a Case Study on the Gap Park Self Harm Minimisation Masterplan produced in March 2012 by the University of Melbourne. The case study has been developed to provide a practical example of multi-stakeholder collaboration to implement such an intervention. It is hoped that this document may assist local authorities in other suicide hotspots to respond to similar situations.
This project has been possible due to funding opportunities from the Federal and State Government and Council Funding. A variety of stakeholders have been involved in the current works ranging from mental health experts, emergency services and the community. These stakeholders have shown a commitment from early on and we will continue to consult with them in future planning.
Gap Park Masterplan was adopted in 2008.
Dogs are prohibited at all times.


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4. Buoyancy and Movement (assisted)
5. Move Forward (assisted)
6. Move Backward (assisted)
7. Front Float and Recovery (assisted)
8. Back Float and Recovery (assisted)


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Scott Cleland is an influential precursor and proven thought leader on internetization, the Internet's transformational process.
As an internetization strategist, Cleland is the expert's expert on how internetization affects business, investment, competition, markets and the economy. Cleland organizes chaos. He is an original thinker who specializes in bringing clarity of thought and applying framework analysis to big complex internetization problems before others.
Cleland is President of Precursor® LLC, an internetization consultancy serving Fortune 500 clients. Cleland authors the widely-read PrecursorBlog, chairs NetCompetition® a pro-competition e-forum, and publishes the watchdog site Google Monitor. Cleland served as Deputy United States Coordinator for Communications and Information Policy in the George H. W. Bush Administration.
Eight different Congressional subcommittees have sought Cleland's expert testimony and Institutional Investor twice ranked him the #1 independent analyst in his field. Scott Cleland has been profiled in Fortune, National Journal, Barrons, WSJ's Smart Money, and Investors Business Daily; and sixteen publications have featured his op-eds.
As President of Precursor® LLC since 2006, Cleland has served Fortune 500 clients as an industry expert's expert consultant on various internetization issues. Precursor LLC specializes in bringing clarity of thought and applying framework analysis to big complex internetization problems before others.
Since 2006, Cleland has served as Chairman of NetCompetition® an e-forum promoting Internet competition choices for consumers, which is supported by broadband interests. Cleland is a front-line champion and leading public voice for market-based broadband competition over government-managed competition. He also has spearheaded new thinking underlying efforts to modernize: communications law, federal spectrum management, and the Federal Communications Commission (FCC).
In addition, Cleland is a world-leading research authority on Google and author of the only critical treatise/book on Google: Search & Destroy: Why You Can't Trust Google Inc., which has been translated into Portuguese and Korean. Since 2011, he has published GoogleMonitor.com, a watchdog site dedicated to making Google more transparent and accountable.
Scott Cleland was the first analyst to foresee that Google's acquisition of DoubleClick would tip Google to a global monopoly and that its unprecedented market power -- in combination with its aversion to accountability -- would lead to serious ongoing antitrust, privacy, and property problems.
Scott Cleland is the only Google expert to have testified three times before U.S. Congressional Subcommittees on Google. Government's on four continents have sought out or used Precursor's Google research. Overall, The New York Times described Cleland in a front page story on Google as "a consultant for Google competitors and a consumer watchdog whose blog maintains a close watch on Google's privacy issues."
Previously, Scott Cleland served institutional investors as Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of the Precursor Group Inc. Cleland founded and co-built the Precursor Group Broker Dealer from scratch to the #1 Institutional Investor-recognized independent research firm in communications in four years. The firm served most of the top investment institutions in the U.S., including 39 of the top 50. At that time and in that role, Cleland was well-known as one of the most-widely quoted and interviewed analysts in the United States. Overall Cleland has thirteen years experience in the institutional investment business including working for Legg Mason and the Schwab Washington Research Group.
As the Precursor Group's lead communications investment analyst, Cleland was known for making two seminal communications investment calls. Cleland's research was first to spotlight that the Internet dotcom bubble would burst because the market incorrectly assumed that Internet traffic was growing about twelve times faster than it actually was. And Fortune profiled Cleland as "ahead of the pack in raising questions about WorldCom's debt, profitability, and survival" before WorldCom went bankrupt.
Scott Cleland served as a member of the United States Department of State Advisory Committee on International Communications and Information Policy for several terms. In 2002, Cleland conceived and was the Founding Chairman of the Investorside Research Association, the first and only association of independent research firms serving investors. Also in 2002, Institutional Investor Magazine called Cleland "the de facto spokesperson for the independent research community." Cleland was the lead source and primary analyst for Hedrick Smith's Emmy Award winning PBS Frontline Special, "The Wall Street Fix." Immediately following the surprise announcement of Enron's bankruptcy, Cleland was the first analyst asked to testify before Congress to explain how its then near record corporate fraud could happen.
Cleland has testified before Congress sixteen times before eight different subcommittees on a variety of forward-looking public policy issues.
Scott Cleland's career as a public servant concluded in 1992 as the Deputy United States Coordinator for Communication and Information Policy at the U.S. Department of State, serving President H. W. Bush. Previously, Cleland served as a Senior Policy Advisor to the then Secretary of State James A. Baker III. He received the Superior Honor Award for his role as the lead congressional briefer to Secretary Baker on all foreign policy matters during the first Gulf War and the dissolution of the former Soviet Union. Prior to that, he served as Director of Legislative Affairs for the U.S. Department of Treasury and as a Budget Examiner for OMB in the U.S. Executive Office of the President.
Scott Cleland earned a Masters of Public Affairs from the LBJ School of Public Affairs at the University of Texas at Austin in 1984 and a BA in Political Science from Kalamazoo College in 1982. In 2000, Cleland earned Kalamazoo College's Distinguished Achievement Award.
This is the other side of the Google story—the unauthorized book that Google does not want you to read. In Search & Destroy, Google expert Scott Cleland, shows that the world's most powerful company is not who it pretends to be.
Google pretends to be a harmless lamb, but chose a full-size model of a Tyrannosaurus Rex as its mascot. Beware the T-Rex in sheep's clothing.
Google has acquired far more information, both public and private, and has invented more ways to use it, than anyone in history. Information is power, and in Google's case, it's the power to influence and control virtually everything the Internet touches.


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Strike Is Actually Kind of Fun, Says Picketing Writer
Free cupcakes!
Writers Guild member Mike Johnson sends us the following dispatch from the Hollywood picket lines:
So, as even my mom knows, the Writers Guild of America has been on strike since Monday. We've been picketing the fourteen major studios and our numbers have grown from 3,000 to over 3,500 in the last few days. I've never been on strike before, but I must say that, as far as these things go, it's actually kind of fun. Every day, I'm surrounded by 50 smart-asses, comparing movie trivia and making each other laugh. You can see how this might not totally suck.
On Tuesday, the front page of the L.A. Times had a picture of Jay Leno handing out doughnuts to his writing staff, all of whom were on strike. At our little gate near the western entrance of Prospect Studios, my team of ten had been delivered at least five boxes of doughnuts by random well-wishers before noon. It made me wish Leno had been handing out smoothies instead, but the support from him and everyone else has been very sweet. One mother drove by with a bag of apples and rolled down her window so her 3-year old daughter could hand us a six-pack of raisins and give us a thumbs up. Solidarity!
Today, another little girl and her mom brought us these awesome cupcakes. If pastry quality continues to increase at the rate it has been, we'll be eating fondants within a week.
Yesterday, the cast of Grey's Anatomy joined our line, grabbing signs and chanting for an hour. Luckily, by the time the news crews showed up, one of the WGA organizers thought to ask the nearby gourmet-coffee truck to move out of sight — something about holding picket signs in one hand and iced blendeds in the other makes strikes look slightly less tough.
This, of course, doesn't take away from the seriousness of what we're doing, which I won't get into because I'm sure you've read about it elsewhere. It's just to say that we're all happy to be here, enjoying ourselves as much as we can in this situation. We're writers — we can sit out here for another year and just tell stories to one another. It's the studio guys who are going to get bored.
—Mike Johnson


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|Property type
|Minimum Stay
|7 nights
This gorgeous, fully furnished, spacious, two bedroom, two bath condominium at the Golden Arms features lots of tile and huge wrap-around balcony overlooking a heated pool and the Atlantic Ocean. Walk to boutique shopping and restaurants along historic Flagler Avenue while your car is safe in an assigned garage space. Its miles of beautiful sandy beaches with surfing, fishing, biking, boating, and strolling make New Smyrna a wonderful beachside resort. The charming old-Florida downtown features festivals of all sorts, including arts, crafts, and foods and wines from around the world.
The unit sleeps a maximum of 6 (six) people and features a beautifully furnished living room with Queen-size sofa bed and all the amenities of a home-away-from-home. The spacious dining room overlooks the Atlantic Ocean. There are 2 twin size beds in the guest bedroom. The master bedroom features a king-size bed with separate dressing area, its own TV, huge walk-in closet, and sliding doors leading to the oceanfront balcony. Linens and beach towels are provided. The spacious fully equipped kitchen has been updated and renovated and features new appliances, Corian counter tops, solid wood cabinets, and microwave oven. All dishes, glassware, cooking utensils, and silver wave are ready to use when you choose to prepare your dinner while overlooking the ocean.
New Smyrna Beach is a perfect vacation location, close to Daytona Beach, historic St. Augustine, Orlando's fabulous theme parks, and the Kennedy Space Center. Every imaginable activity can be found within just a short ride.
Keywords: Condominium
We used the week to have some quality time with our two daughters and grandson. We all enjoyed swimming in the nice pool and walking the sandy beach. The balcony was great for watching the active sea life in the ocean. The structure and grounds were well maintained. The condo security was very adequate. We certainly would stay again.
This was our second stay in this unit on New Smyrna Beach, and each time we come, it just gets better! The beautiful view, the excellent accommodations, the restful quiet sleep- this is our definition of a successful vacation! We also explored the area a little more this trip. We had never visited St. Augustine before, and it was an easy day trip to enjoy this historic city (had lunch at La Cocina Restaurant at Castillo Real Resort Hotel on St. Augustine Beach- 5 star!) There were also many wonderful restaurants to explore in New Smyrna Beach, and we will look forward to our next visit and another famous burger at The Breakers! Thank you, Elizabeth, for another memorable stay!
Our family of 4 (2 daughters 11 & 17) had a wonderful stay at your condo unit. We had a wonderful & very comfortable week. Times like this are going to be what memories are made of since my older girl will be off to college next year. This unit was very nicely appointed - we had all we needed and the beds were very comfortable. We cooked a quite a few meals in the kitchen - which was stocked with everything that we needed to prepare our meals. This is a beachfront unit - so access is really a non-issue. We came up for lunch and then right back out when we wanted. This is a public beach and there are surfing classes that are available if that is something your children or you are interested in. Finally location could not be better. You can walk to all the restaurants on Flagler Ave. where you have your choice of shopping, restaurants, ice cream places and cafes. Seriously it is more convenient to walk (ok I like to walk anyway) - then to drive and then have to look for a parking spot. All in all I had a wonderful time - & it was such a joy working with Elizabeth. She went out of her way to be of help with questions we had and suggestions of things to do & places to eat. I highly recommend her unit. Give her a call.
The owner was very helpful from the first phone conversation to the day we checked out. This is our second year staying at Golden Arms and we love it here. Its so close to Flagler we hardly ever had to drive anywhere. The condo has a beautiful view of the beach and the pool. We will definitely book this room for our next vacation to New Smyrna.
We had a wonderful week at the condo.... great location, great view, and great accommodations. The beds were very comfortable, and the condo furnishings were sufficient so as to contribute to a very relaxing week. Nearby Flagler Avenue restaurants offered excellent dining choices, and we rarely got the rental car out of the garage with selections in such close proximity. Publix grocery store is a few miles down South Atlantic Avenue and very easy to access. We will definitely return to enjoy future memorable vacation weeks at Elizabeth's condo. We found Elizabeth to be very trustworthy, kind, and helpful. Thank you for sharing your beautiful sunrises with us!
Abbie and myself thoroughly enjoyed our trip and stay in your condo at New Smyrna Beach last year! Your condo had everything we needed to make our trip enjoyable and the view was amazing! Elizabeth was extremely cordial and great to interact with. The condo location is right on the beach and within walking distance of Flagler Ave. which proved very convenient. We hope we will be able to stay there in the future!
Unit #304 is on the third floor of the Golden Arms Condominium. You see eye level the swimming pool, the beach and the ocean. Truly Direct oceanfront, located in New Smyrna Beach, one of the nicest and most desirable vacation and beach resorts on the Atlantic Coast, much to see, to do, you will enjoy the ambience, character, the very best that the Sunshine State, Florida, has to offer. St. Augustine [the oldest city in USA], Cape Kennedy, the Sea World, Epcot Center, DisneyWorld, all the theme, historical and cultural centers and parks are within easy driving distance. If you like to shop, there are several outlet shopping malls in the area.
|Cleaning Fee
|$75 + Tax


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Sustainable toothbrush where one can continually replace the head of the toothbrush as and when the bristles wear out. Saves plastic and $$.
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Keep and share insights with simplicity.Great ideas start small. So even if you're thinking really big, two images and a tweet should be enough to explain the essence of your thoughts. Give it a try. It'll make your ideas more clear and shareable. And sometimes, even more achievable.


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Reggie Kelly has spoken to various venues around the country, some of the topics include motivation and character while relating it to his own life experiences and sports. Some of the places he has had the opportunity to speak include:
- Indiana Wesleyan University
- Florence Baptist Church, Florence, KY
- 7 Hills Church: Night of Champion, Florence, KY
- Chapel for Rutgers Football Team
- Chapel for Cincinnati Bearcats
- Chapel for Cincinnati Bengals
- Upward Football Appreciation Program
- Conducted Football Camps & Participated In
- Spoken & inspired students at various schools
To schedule Reggie to speak, please email email@example.com. We will contact you about Reggie's availability and more details about your request. Sending an email does not guarantee that he is available, but we will try to accommodate according to his calendar.
Thank you and we look forward to hearing from you!


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Paleo Recipe Book Review – The Final Book For Your Diet
The Paleo Diet has been one of the most famous diets on the planet since it detonated in prominence in 2012. In 2013, the Paleo diet was the most searched diet on Google, not to be mistaken for the Pagen Diet. Today, individuals over the world are looking for the best Paleo Recipe Book pdf to enable them to remain on track and eat food that is gainful and also really tasting great. Here is our Paleo Recipe Book review
Numerous health diseases including immune system illnesses, obesity, heart issues, and malignancy have turned out to be regular nowadays, in spite of the progressions that have been made in current medication. Current advancements have given us so much comfort. Quite a bit of society has turned out to be lazier and has also turned out to be bigger. Now there are more than 560 million people on the planet that are enduring weight, which has now turned into a disease.
What Is Paleo?
The fundamental premise of the Paleo lifestyle is to eat foods that would be sure by our paleo ancestors. These are foods that are not processed. They are entire, nutritious foods. As a matter of fact, Paleo removes chemicals and additives.
A portion of the adaptations of paleo implies this is any food that you can eat that is custom made. This can be breads, pastas, freezer meals, or canned foods. The main point is that you made it. What's more, that the ingredients came to you entirely (or you know the source). the forms of paleo are somewhat more strict. They mean just foods that were around in ancient circumstances. And all the food should be new. Since wheat is a later food, it's off the list. Numerous strict versions need just natural foods. One example permits you just crude foods and foods you cook over a start fire.
Can I Lose Weight On Paleo?
For most people, that answer is a huge YES! If you are already thin and/or fit, then most likely not. You will get lots of nutrition, but weight loss isn't the goal for the fit. If you have more than 20 pounds to lose, you will see a slow weight loss. You won't be taking in the extra sugars a processed food diet has. You won't be bogged down with chemicals and preservatives.
Is It Restrictive?
The thought is to remove all foods from your diet that have been invented lately, as our precursors would not have had these things around. The "prohibited" list incorporates prepared foods, processed foods, junk foods, fast food, white bread and treat, but become easier and easier to implement as time goes on. When you understand that these prepared foods are loaded with sodium, artificial colors, additives and a large group of different things which cause obesity and disorder, you will need to treat your body well and dispose of these things. Eating a greater amount of the healthy, regular foods that human beings evolved to eat a large number of years prior will change both your health and your figure.
Why Is This The Best Paleo Recipe Book?
With various different books available, this one is famous for numerous reasons, beginning with its high achievement rate. This diet really works and simple to execute. Additionally, because it can be gotten to utilizing any gadget, the recipes contained are convenient; urging you to adhere to its standards wherever you are. Accessible to download today at an exceptionally reasonable value, you could be making a course for another you at the touch of a button.
Who Is The Author?
With any new book purchase, it's a smart thought to look at the credentials of the writer. For this situation, he is a no called Sébastien Noël, who turned out to be exceptionally enthusiastic about health, nutrition and helping individuals to accomplish the confidence and meaning of a very much balanced diet. Beforehand having experienced a huge number of health issues, he investigated his diet which comprised of eating an abundant excess sugar, wheat, journal, and soy, which is also nowadays a really basic standard in the US. Having encountered headaches, IBS, leakey gut, hypersensitivities and a debilitated invulnerable system, Sébastien started finding a characteristic approach to rest easy.
Who Is The Book Designed For?
The Paleo Recipe Book pdf has been made to profit any number of individuals with a variety of different ills. For instance, it is a successful weight management program if you are somebody who knows they have given obesity a chance to show signs of improvement of them. It's additionally extraordinary at giving an approach to diminish sugar, which is a quiet executioner; connected to numerous issues. A variety of issues, for example, those examined over that Noel himself experienced, or hypertension, diabetes, and other diet-related diseases would all be able to be mitigated utilizing this exceptionally viable and flavorful formula book.
What Are Some Benefits?
Inside it's very much looked into and trialed pages, The Paleo Recipe Book offers many points of interest to enhance your life. Will your pains vanish, as well as you will be slimmer, and have brighter eyes and clearer skin. You'll take in the significance of healthy proteins, which will help you to assemble new cells and increment your bulk. You'll perceive how your body can adjust its digestion, by eating the correct foods.
The Paleo Diet clarify how irritation inside your intestinal tract affects the body, for example, with IBS, broken gut and other colon-related ills. Removing the incendiary foods, for example, sugars and prepared starch will enable you to battle various diseases. Including tips to formulas and meal designs, in addition to a large group of other accommodating data, this Paleo Recipe Book pdf comes at an exceptionally moderate cost, and with a 60 day money back guarantee, which implies it represents no hazard.
Final Verdict
As long as you can stay with it, you will begin seeing positive changes in your life in next to zero time! If you are keen on getting more data about the Paleo diet, trying doing some research all alone to perceive by what other means a Paleo diet can definitely impact your life. You will be wonderfully shocked with your revelations. Additionally, if you do try out the Paleo diet with this formula book, keep in mind to impact your outcomes to your family and companions. Along these lines, they can approach a healthier lifestyle, much the same as you. Even if they are not experiencing any health issues right now, the Paleo diet is also a decent path for them to keep up their health to prevent conceivable health issues from coming up later on. Hope our Paleo Recipe Book review helped you.


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Opera's next generation
Opera de Montreal's production of La Boheme is underway.
We want to introduce you to two young up-and-comers who are involved in the production.
Pierre Rancourt and Jérémie Pelletier are both members of the Opera de Montreal's "Atelier Lyrique". Pierre is a baritone, and Jérémie is a pianist and vocal coach.
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- Chesters Roman Fort - East gate
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'Her Majesty's Heroes' - British troops in South Africa
Images copyright © From personal collection,. Click on the entry for a larger version
Another image from Underwood and Underwood (from a stereoview) clearly showing the uniforms and equipment in use by the British troops during the Anglo-Boer War. It is entitled "Her Majesty's Heroes marching into Colesberg, S.A. after the Boers retreat, Dec 31st.
South Africa 1901


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New York City Luxury Condos
- All Regions
- Upper East Side
- Upper West Side
- Midtown
- Downtown
- Financial District/BPC
- Brooklyn
- Bronx
838 Fifth Avenue
At The Southeast corner of East 65th street | Park/Fifth Ave. to 79th St. View on Map
The building includes an elegant lobby, a 24-hour doorman, a separate 24 hour security staff, fitness room, commercial laundry room and an emergency generator. With Central Park at your front door, this sought-after condominium is perfectly located near world-class shopping along Fifth and Madison Avenue, fine dining, museums, theatre, and a wealth of neighborhood services.
432 Park Avenue
Between East 56th Street & East 57th Street | Midtown East View on Map
432 Park Avenue is a stunning skyscraper that when built was the tallest in the city without a spire as well as the tallest residential tower. It is 1,396 feet high with 96 floors and 104 condominium apartments.
Harry B. Macklowe and the CIM Group were the developers.
Raphael Viñoly, the architect of the bulbous 20 Fenchurch Street tower in London that is known as the Walkie-Talkie building, was the design architect. SLCE was the "executive" architect.
Interiors were designed by Deborah Burke, Bentel & Bentel, which is the firm that designed 11 Madison Park restaurant and Gramercy Park Tavern.
The building, which is on the northwest corner at 56th Street and goes through to a large mid-block site on 57th Street, was completed in 2016.
Part of the building's site was formerly occupied by The Drake Hotel.
Office units are located on the 18th through the 20th floors.
Walker Tower
212 West 18th Street, between Seventh Avenue & Eighth Avenue | Chelsea View on Map
This 24-story building tower known as Walker Tower at 212 West 18th Street betweeb Seventh and Eighth Avenues in Chelsea was converted to 50 condominium apartments in 2012.
It is named after Ralph Thomas Walker, the Art Deco-style architect whose other buildings include One Wall Street and the Barclay-Vesey Telephone Building at 140 West Street, two of Lower Manhattan's masterpieces, and The Western Union Building at 60 Hudson Street.
The lower 8 floors in the 1929 building house a Verizon switching station with an entrance on 17th Street. The residential entrance is through a small, two-story high wing on 18th Street.
JDS Development Group and Property Markets Group undertook the conversion that was designed by Cetra/Ruddy and added four stories to the building and four thin spires atop the western end of the building, which was not an official city landmark.
JDS Development Group and Property Markets Group's recent developments include 50 North 1st Street and 202 8th Street. Other Property Markets Group projects include 823 Park Avenue, 500 West End Avenue and 171 MacDougal Street.
15 Central Park West
Between 61st Street & 62nd Street | Central Park West View on Map
Robert A.M. Stern designed 15 Central Park West between 61st and 62nd Streets.
15 Central Park West is comprised of two limestone towers and features 202, one- to four-bedroom residences. Units offer multi-directional views and full-floor, duplex penthouses are extremely spacious, with some ranging between 5,000 and 6,000 square feet. Kitchens have top-of-the-line appliances and bathrooms are equipped with deluxe fixtures and finishes.
Amenities at 15 Central Park West include a 24-hour doorman, a private dining room and library, a screening room and a health club and pool. Many units also have individual wine cellars.
It is near the restaurants and shops of Columbus Circle as well as Central Park and the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts.
Residences at the Mandarin Oriental
80 Columbus Circle, between West 58th Street & West 60th Street | Central Park West View on Map
Designed by David Childs of Skidmore, Owings and Merrill and completed in 2004, the Time Warner Center is located at 80 Columbus Circle on the Upper West Side.
Much of what has drawn eager buyers is the Time Warner Center's premier location. It offers more than geography, though, as residents enjoy elegantly designed spaces with first-rate finishes and premium appliances.
Time Warner Center amenities include a screening room, party rooms, a children's playroom, an in-house garage with valet parking, a chauffeur's lounge and access to such Mandarin Oriental Hotel conveniences as a spa, a pool, a fitness center, room service, valet service and maid's service. In addition to 198 apartments, the twin 750-foot towers house the 250-room, five-star Mandarin Oriental Hotel and the Jazz at Lincoln Center performance space.
The Time Warner Center is also occupied by a multi-story galleria called the Shops at Columbus Center with many restaurants and retailers, including Masa, Per Se, L'Occitane, Pink, Armani, Hugo Boss and Whole Foods.
Whitney Condos
33 East 74th Street, between Madison Avenue & Park Avenue | Park/Fifth Ave. to 79th St. View on Map
After a long planning process, the southward expansion of the Whitney Museum of American Art on the Upper East Side has retained the cornice line of the existing low-rise buildings and only their façades that have been redeveloped in 2014 into 10 large condominium apartments at 33 East 74th Street and no space for the museum that decided to relocate to a new building designed by Renzo Piano at the southern base of the High Line Elevated Park in West Chelsea and let the Metropolitan Museum of Art use its great building for contemporary art.
The development is known as Whitney Condos.
Beyer Blinder Belle was the architectural firm handling the conversion and Champalimaud Interior Design, which has worked recently on interiors at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel and the Pierre Hotel, was responsible for the interiors.
JZS Madison LLC, an affiliate of the Straus Group, was the developer. The Straus Group is headed by Daniel E. Straus, who purchased the properties in the complex from the museum for $95 million.
A January 14, 2014 article in The New York Daily News by Matt Chaban said that "in 1984, he and his brother took over their dad's five nursing homes in North Jersey" and "turned them into one of the largest assisted-living empires in the Northeast - leading to a $1 billion sale in 1997."
157 West 57th Street, between Sixth Avenue & Seventh Avenue | Midtown West View on Map
With reports of billionaires jockeying to pay record-setting prices for its trophy penthouse apartments, One57 from Extell Development is the very model of Billionaires' Row living. The 90-story building houses both a hotel and private residences.
Designed by Pritzker Prize-winning architect Christian de Portzamparc, the tower rises more than 1,000 feet above 57th Street just south of Central Park. The top portion of the building, which has a private entrance on 58th Street, contains 92 condominium apartments that feature interiors designed by Thomas Juul-Hansen. In the tower's lower floors is the Park Hyatt's new U.S. flagship.
The building offers such luxury amenities as 24-hour doorman and concierge service, an indoor pool, a private fitness center, a performance room, a private dining room, a library and lounge area, a full-catering kitchen and on-site parking. Residents will also have full access to the hotel's amenities including room, catering, and housekeeping services.
One Beacon Court
151 East 58th Street, between Lexington Avenue & Third Avenue | Midtown East View on Map
One Beacon Court at 151 East 58th Street is located at the nexus of Midtown and the Upper East Side.
Its 105 condominiums are located on the 30th to 55th floors and are equipped with white, double-stacked cabinetry, modern, premium appliances and washers and dryers.
One Beacon Court amenities are run by London-based Quintessentially and include a 24-hour doorman, concierge service, a garage and valet parking. What's more, residents have access to the Beacon Club, which is located on the 29th floor and includes a children's playroom, a business center and a fitness and health spa. The lower floors of the tower contain offices for Bloomberg L.P.
151 East 58th Street occupies an entire city block and is bounded by Lexington and Third Avenues, and 58th and 59th Streets. Residents have easy access to public transportation, Bloomingdale's, and other popular shopping and restaurants.
Millennium Tower
101 West 67th Street, between Columbus Avenue & Broadway | Lincoln Center View on Map
The Millennium Tower at 101 West 67th Street is a high-rise, mixed-use building that occupies a full city block, with Broadway, Columbus Avenue and 67th and 68th Streets on its border.
The 47-story Millennium Tower is located in a prime Upper West Side location just north of the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts. It is one of the tallest structures in the area and is comprised of 282 apartments that offer generous and varied layouts. Many residences have great views of Central Park and kitchens and bathrooms are equipped with topnotch appliances and premium fixtures.
Among the Millennium Tower's amenities are a 24-hour doorman, concierge service, central air conditioning, a health club and a pool. It is close to excellent public transportation options – including a subway station less than a block away – and there are many restaurants and shops nearby in Lincoln Square and Columbus Circle.
The Plaza
1 Central Park South, between 58th Street & Central Park South | Midtown West View on Map
Sporting one of the most famous names in the city, the Plaza has two addresses, 768 Fifth Avenue and 1 Central Park South.
The Plaza features 181 apartments facing to the north and east and hotel rooms facing south. Residences are equipped with high ceilings, period moldings and mantelpieces. Kitchens contain stone countertops and mosaic marble-tiled backsplashes.
Residents have access to the hotel's notable restaurants – including the famous Palm Court – as well as its Caudalie Vinotherapie Spa, the Warren-Tricomi Salon and a La Palestra fitness center. Additionally, the Plaza offers such amenities as a 24-hour concierge and doorman, nanny service, limousine service, turn-down service and a private butler.
The Plaza is located close to some of the best shopping and nightlife in New York City, as well as public transportation.
515 Park Avenue
Between East 59th Street & East 60th Street | Park/Fifth Ave. to 79th St. View on Map
Completed in 2000, 515 Park Avenue has only 30 apartments on 43 floors and is the tallest building on Park Avenue in the Upper East Side.
Residences at 515 Park Avenue are designed on a grand scale: some apartments have large terraces and its designers took care to employ expert craftsmanship in such details as mahogany paneled libraries, coffered ceilings, marble and herringbone wood floors and cherry wood cabinetry. Other features include fireplaces, billiard rooms, high ceilings, granite and marble countertops, marble bathrooms and butler's pantries.
The amenities are equally impressive: there are 15 private, climate-controlled wine cellars, 38 storage rooms, a private gym with state-of-the-art equipment, a full-time doorman, concierge, valet services, a dining room and individual staff suites on the second floor for residents' use. There's also a kitchen for Chef Daniel Boulud, the exclusive caterer for 515 Park Avenue.
135 East 79th Street
Between Park Avenue & Lexington Avenue | Carnegie Hill View on Map
The second best pre-war apartment building in the city in the post-war period is this limestone-clad, 19-story, mid-block building at 135 East 79th Street between Park and Lexington Avenues.
The building was erected in 2013 and has 32 condominium apartments. It was built by The Brodsky Organization and designed by William Sofield, a designer whose clients have included Gucci and Tom Ford.
The Four Seasons Private Residences
30 Park Place, between Broadway & Church Street | Tribeca View on Map
This 82-story, mixed-use tower at 30 Park Place just to the west of the Woolworth Building at 233 Broadway combines a 175-room Four Seasons Hotel on the lower 22 floors and 157 luxury condominiums on the upper floors numbered 39 through 82.
Silverstein Properties, the developer of nearby towers at the World Trade Center, and the California State Teachers Retirement System (CalSTRS) are the developers.
Robert A. M. Stern is architect.
The project is scheduled for completion in the middle of 2016.
200 Eleventh Avenue
Between West 23rd Street & West 24th Street | Chelsea View on Map
200 Eleventh Avenue is best known for a singular amenity: residents do not park their cars in a garage, but rather, within their units. It opened in 2010.
Situated just south of 24th Street, the 19-story 200 Eleventh Avenue contains 16 expansive residences that boast views of the Hudson River and the skyline. It has simplexes with terraces, duplexes and penthouses ranging in size from 1,300 to 3,500 square feet. Minimum ceiling heights of 11 feet – along with some double-height ceilings measuring between 16 and 24 feet – enhance open layouts.
Fourteen of the apartments have access to the innovative parking system. Amenities also include a full-time attended lobby, a fitness center with a terrace and central air conditioning.
200 Eleventh Avenue is located a block from the Hudson River and is close to the Chelsea Piers entertainment complex, as well as many restaurants, boutiques and art galleries.
Baccarat Hotel & Residences
20 West 53rd Street, between Fifth Avenue & Sixth Avenue | Midtown West View on Map
From the outside, the Baccarat is a 50-story, mixed-use tower at 20 West 53rd Street that looks like a tall, slim, mid-block tower on a low base.
Its form is simple and a bit routine, but one should regard it, however, as a jewel case for its interiors are quite dazzling.
Designed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill for Starwood Hotels, which is headed by Barry Sternlicht, it contains 61 residential condominiums above 114 hotel rooms.
Tony Ingrao was the interior designer.


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Quick Navigation
Japanese Cultural Heritage Initiatives
|Fall 2006 Calendar of Events
November 30, 2006 (Thursday)
In honor of the Twentieth Anniversary of the Donald Keene Center of Japanese Culture
The Riverside Theatre at Riverside Church
Paid parking is available at Claremont Avenue Garage.
The Ono Gagaku Society, which celebrates its 120th anniversary next spring, was founded in 1887 by Ryōdo Ono, chief priest of the Ono Terusaki Shrine in Tokyo. It is the oldest public Japanese gagaku orchestra and dance group in Japan and is one of the very few public troupes of musician-dancers to be trained exclusively by retired masters of the Music Department of the Board of Ceremonies of the Imperial Household Agency (Kunaichō shikibushoku gakubu). The Ono Gagaku Society, currently comprised of ninety members, performs at Shrine ceremonies and public venues throughout Japan. Since 1972, it has performed in the United States and Europe and was awarded the 1980 Grand Prix by the France Records Association for distinguished performance in the category of Non-Western Music. The Ono Gagaku Society maintains a training school for gagaku musicians in Tokyo.
This event is free and open to the public. No reservations are necessary.
This concert is presented by the Institute for Medieval Japanese Studies, Columbia University and sponsored by the International Shinto Foundation (New York) and the International Foundation for Arts and Culture (Tokyo).
December 14, 2006 (Thursday)
Columbia University Gagaku Ensemble Class Performance
Casa Italiana, Columbia University
© 2018 Institute for Medieval Japanese Studies


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When Russell Bennett arrived at the Mississippi Bankers Association to assume his duties as vice president for government relations, the public perception of the banking and financial services industries was at an all-time low. However, the Jackson native has worked with the Mississippi Legislature for the past three years to reverse the perception. Bennett said ...
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Fear is something that most of us have to deal with at some point when it comes to horses. It can range from a small, nagging fear that drains your joy to an almost overwhelming, crippling fear that prevents you from moving forward.
For me age and kids increased my concerns of how quickly I would recover from injury and judging by the questions that I get that may be true for others as well.
When Heidi asked if she could interview me for this book I said, "Yes!"
Fear is not something we should hide but instead look at and discuss. When I feel fear, horses or not, I try to stop and think about what 'fear' is trying to tell me. Is it a warning that I haven't been complete? Is it a warning that I should get some advice from someone with more knowledge? Is it related to something going on in another area of my life?
I was able to read much of this book before it was published (a benifit of contributing to it:) and would recommend it for anyone with fear issues or as a gift to someone who is dealing with fear. This link should take you to an Amazon site where you can read more or order.


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Build Guide by Scrowlol
Not Updated For Current Season
This guide has not yet been updated for the current season. Please keep this in mind while reading. You can see the most recently updated guides on the browse guides page.
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Vladimir Build
Ability Sequence
Not Updated For Current Season
The masteries shown here are not yet updated for the current season, the guide author needs to set up the new masteries. As such, they will be different than the masteries you see in-game.
Vladimir: The Crimson ReaperThis is really a devastating build for Vladimir it helps you do insane damage early game and an unbreakable middler . It's all about ganking and late game team fights you`ll be the main harasser and in the same time you won't be focused even if you jump 1st .
(a) Impossible at mid : there will be no one who can stand against you mid if played right
(b) Great Ganker : mid game you`ll get insane KSs and help teammate push more
(c) Immortal : too many ppl QQ about vlad insane survivability in mid game and late game
(d) 1 vs many Champion : he is a champion who can stand 1v2 fights easily or 1v3 if he was well fed
(c) Great harraser : spam Transfusion rank 5 and ur enemy will flame you in chat
(a) uses too much health : doing Sanguine pool much would cost you really much health and it would be Really hard late game to gain the lost health with spam transfusion
(b) not as good as mid game : mid game will be the best period for you do well in it .. if not you screwed .
(c) decent at team fights : you won't do better in team fights than ganking or soloing so try to focus on ganking more .
(d) long slow is bad for you : if you get ganked with long slow ( nunu ice blast for example ) sanguine pool won't help you get away flash would if its ready if not you're in big trouble ( unless you have mercury boots )
Early Game(level : 1-7)
Try to take Tome and 1 potion and please try to take mid because there is no one ever could beat you in mid .
try to harass ( if you could ) if there is not way you can harass just keep your health up by spamming transfusion . If your enemy in mid is so L33t just try to keep up with him spamming your Transfusion . Now you are lvl6 you can kill your mid easily with the following combo :
Transfusion > Ignite > Sanguine pool > ulti ( or another transfusion then ulti if he have much health ).
if he plays terrible defensive geek just ignore him and try to gank up or down lane with the same combo.
in early game make sure you by feet early so you can gank easily feet is really important for ganking .
Mid Game(Level : 8-15)
now it's your time to shine ( buying soulstealer is really important early mid game ) once you are lvl 8 just gank , gank , gank and gank more . If your teammates are doing terrible and feeding your enemy you can still do much .
you got some kills then buyasap this staff really helps you for easy gank and in the same time helps you if u are chased by champion faster than you ( spam transfusion whenever the CD is up ) he`ll get slowed and he`ll never get u .
But try not to form group fights and try to gank because group fights isn't really your type but you can do a hell of a job in mid game fight if you were fed ( ulti > sanquine pool > tides of blood > and transfusion anyone about to die . But still you won't be the same hero late game ( lvl 18 - 35 mins + ) so try to be a killing machine before the tide turns in late game .
Late Game(level : 18)
As i said before late game try to be a main harasser and do as much damage as you can do when both teams collide togather but don't worry do everything you could easily because you`ll never get focused with the right items your health would be 4.5k+ with 600~700 AP approx so that huge health with survival abilities .. who would focus you . But dont get too cocky jumping too early to enemy group with sanguine pool because if your friends didnt reach in time they would kill you in 2 secs ( remember you have too much health but no armor or magic res or reduce damage abilites so u still can die fast ) .
Items Order( really important )
2ndorif you facing heavy CCers ( specially slowers )
3rdreally important to take early so u can benefit from the ganking
4thhelps you gank and helps you escape plus insane health and AP .. what do u need more than that ?
5thbasic caster item get it between mid and late game or late game if things going terrible .
6tha Core item you should get it
7thi found it really good item for vlad health + AP + Magic penetration ..
vlad core items would be health and AP coz as u can see his passive ability is :
1 AP = 2 Health
25 Health = 1 AP
really rocking passive ability.
Suggested Summoner Spells
Ignite : A must have spell its the core spell for vladimir it really works with the killing combo i entered earlier, plus it gives u 10 AP from talent when used
Flash : I found it the best ability for Ganking and short chasing running flash is really supreme killing spell and it have the element of surprise which all u need to gank
Ghost : still a good method of running away or following enemies in short chases flash is better for escaping .. long chases ghost but ghost dont have the element of surprise when you need to gank so i prefer flash coz all you do is gank
Not Suggested Summoner Spells
Teleport : you dont really need it , you found your self rarely to go back to base and in the same time teleport ruins the element of surprise so it won't help you ganking.
Heal : your power is health regenerative you completly dont need this .
Cleanse : some ppl could use it but u cant change ignite or flash for cleanse ... if you see ur enemy heavy CCers just buy mercury threads .
Clairvoyance : maybe it helps you to find players to gank but it's actually not a core tool for ganking leave it for champions dont depend on spells much .
Fortify : Nope you dont need it you won't stay at towers you are ganker .. gank them while attacking the tower instead .
Revive : you are immortal ... cmon you won't die if you play basic vladimir
Rally : its a meh spell you are not melee and you cant reach the improve rally from talent .
Clarity : i found my self stupid to put this spell in the guide ...
I hope you enjoy with vladimir .. really fun to play champion and some ppl say .. OP .. does it ... ? you decide :)


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Design a CSGO trading website and help to setup trade bots.
Budget €250-750 EUR
Build a CSGO trading website and help setup bots.
25 freelancers are bidding on average €756 for this job
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What's 'old' is 'new' in Ithaca with the launch of the brand new radio station Pure Oldies which debuts this Wednesday, February 1.
"We are really excited to bring this format back to the region" said Operations Manager Chris Allinger. "These are songs that are truly loved by listeners…so many of them have called asking 'when is it starting?'"
Pure Oldies will focus on the years of 1955- 1968, covering the best music from Elvis, The Beatles, Aretha Franklin, Frank Sinatra, Jackie Wilson, The Supremes and other premier musical artists of the era. The station will broadcast at 1470 AM (which is the same dial position that legendary Ithaca station broadcast Oldies on WTKO in the 1970s). In addition the station will air on a metro signal in stereo at 94.1FM and on HD Radio at WQNY 103.7 HD-2.
Cayuga Radio Group President and General Manager said, "Pure Oldies will be a fun format for our region. It represents some of the best music ever recorded at an amazing time in America. The British Invasion, Motown, and great crooners like Sinatra, along with the stars like Elvis that become the most popular stars in America through the power of radio and the early years of TV."
"The listening audience will be primarily comprised of Adults over 45 years old, and this is a very attractive audience for our local businesses to reach active Baby Boomers. This audience has great discretionary income that allows them to travel around the world yet also eat at our local restaurants. In Pure Oldies, they will enjoy their favorite music and we plan on adding some special programming elements to give our station a very local sound." Osadchey added.


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The destinations in Grand County are close enough to be convenient (located just 67 miles from Denver), yet far enough to truly get away.
Granby, CO (PRWEB) February 01, 2013
Couples longing for a romantic Valentine's getaway need look no further than Grand County, Colo. Today, Grand County announced a list of Valentine's vacation getaway ideas. The destinations in Grand County are close enough to be convenient (located just 67 miles from Denver), yet far enough to truly get away. To keep things interesting, each community has its own special approach to romance.
- Winter Park: Proclaim love from mountaintop vistas with Grand Adventures Snowmobile Tours. Ride to the top of the Continental Divide for a birds-eye view of the valley from a snow-covered mountain trail. They can help make the occasion truly special by packing along hot chocolate, a cake or whatever else is needed to complete the celebration. Another idea: "float on air" with Grand Adventures Hot Air Balloon Tours. The cost of the flight includes a champagne toast and breakfast, and they can even arrange a way to exchange vows in the air.
- Fraser: Enjoy the truly unique experience offered by Dog Sled Rides of Winter Park, cuddling under a cozy blanket as the sled flies through the woods of the scenic Fraser Valley. After a day of outdoor adventure slow down with a candle-lit dinner at the romantic, historic stagecoach stop, the Tabernash Tavern.
- Granby: Sweethearts can enjoy the quiet beauty of the area at Snow Mountain Ranch/YMCA of the Rockies. "The Y" offers miles of Nordic and snowshoe trails through pristine snow-covered woods or a romantic sleigh ride for two from the Sombrero Stables. Later, retire to Brickhouse 40 in downtown Granby to sip a glass of wine by the fire or enjoy fare from the Mediterranean-influenced menu.
- Kremmling: Experience romance Old West style at Latigo Ranch. The tranquil scenery, colorful sunrises, and horseback rides through a snowy forest make this a truly special getaway. In fact many couples make a tradition of it, rekindling romance for anniversary trips each year. For quality time of a different kind, spend the day ice fishing together under the expansive sky and neighboring mountains at Wolford Mountain Reservoir.
- Grand Lake: The quaint town of Grand Lake lies on the quiet side of Rocky Mountain National Park, where lovebirds can spend the day snowshoeing or cross-country skiing in near-solitude. Later, stroll and window shop along the town's boardwalk, stopping for a romantic dinner at the historic Rapids Lodge and Restaurant on the banks of the Tonahutu River.
- Hot Sulphur Springs: Once known to the Ute and Arapaho Indians as "Big Medicine," the waters that now make up Hot Sulphur Springs Resort and Spa are still a destination for those seeking to pamper themselves. Options include a private cabin or motel-style rooms, private pools, massage and spa service. Purchase sweets for a sweetie at Taste of the Rockies, where they have candy that ranges from modern-day to retro.
For those who want to take their Valentine vacation to the most romantic conclusion possible, a wedding license can be obtained at the old court house in Hot Sulphur Springs. Rocky Mountain Wedding Services is ready to officiate and help plan a special Grand County wedding, whether spur-of-the-moment or months in advance.
To connect with Grand County Colorado's six places to feel the love, check out Winter Park's facebook page at http://www.facebook.com/grandcountycolorado and follow @grandcountyco on Twitter or http://www.pinterest.com/grandcountyco/ on pinterest.
About Grand County, Colo. (http://www.visitgrandcounty.com)
Located 67 miles west of Denver, Grand County is home to wide-open spaces, breathtaking mountain scenery and authentic old-west towns. Outdoor recreational activities include golf, boating, fishing, biking, hiking, fishing, hunting and horseback riding. The area features more than 600 miles of mapped and marked trails, one national park, two national forests, two wilderness areas, two national scenic byways, two major ski resorts, five world-class dude ranches and four mountain golf courses. Grand County's extensive water network includes Colorado's largest natural lake, 1,000 miles of streams, 1,000 acres of high-mountain lakes and 11,000 acres of reservoirs.


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ucian Blaga" University provides accommodation for over 1,500 students in its 7 hostels and boarding in its 2 refectories.
Students can be regarded as a specific social category due to the characteristics of their particular age group and its place against a cultural and social background that is defining for the status and role of the student. In as far as the status of the students is concerned, since most of them are young of age, their main interest is in issues typical for their age group, as well as in issues concerning their specialized training. As for the students' individual personality, they manifest a vacillation between an emotional life and patterns of behaviour typical for late adolescence and a tendency towards asserting their independence as young individuals. The students form a particular cultural group. The fact that they attend classes and study together, that they participate in extra-curricular activities carried on in the student hostels, as well as life in the student hostels as such inspire specific patterns of behaviour, regulations and values.
Student social management plays an essential part in university management and its main concern is the most delicate and difficult aspect of it, that of dealing with the students, most particularly providing accommodation, boarding and entertainment for them.
The present accommodation and boarding conditions for the students are exceptional. The student hostels have been renovated and modernized every year and no efforts have been spared both financially and in as far as manpower is concerned to bring them to their present condition through large scale renovation operations performed during the summer holidays.
More Information
Info | Sitemap | Support


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Why did I build FindMeByIP.com?
As we all know different browsers have varying levels of support for advanced features. If we follow best practice, then it's generally accepted that people using more "modern" browsers get a better experience than those using older models.
What does FindMeByIP.com do?
How does it work?
The website relies heavily on Javascript and the use of CSS descendant selectors to achieve its results.
- The Modernizr library adds a suitable classname on the <html> tag if a feature is supported by your browser.
- The site's CSS file contains a list of rules which mirror those used by Modernizr and apply a background icon of a "tick" if matched.
- Each "feature" is enclosed within a list-item and given a class which matches the rule used in the CSS file (eg: the "border-radius" list-item has a class of "borderradius" and the "canvas" list-item has a class of "canvas").
- The result is if the feature is supported then a tick appears next to the list-item with the classname that matches that added to the <html> tag by Modernizr.
It's certainly not the most accessible method ever seen, but as the whole site (necessarily) doesn't work without Javascript it's something I can live with.
The future
In the coming weeks we'll be adding some great new features to the site and implementing some of the feedback we've received so keep checking back for upgrades.
We'd also love to hear from you. So if you have anything you'd like us to know please leave a comment below.


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Hack a phone jack to access a hidden USB drive
I've always wondered what I would do if I came into some vital information that needed to be hidden from prying eyes. You know the kind, the data that could potentially bring down the government and bring the world as we know it to a standstill. Sure, I have no idea how someone like me would come into such information, but I've seen enough movies to know it could happen. Thankfully I now know that I would hide it in an unused phone jack.
This project requires a lot of skill and some steady hands. Then again if you're the kind of super spy that needs this, you should be able to manage. What you'll do is wire up a USB drive into the phone jack, which as you would imagine requires some seriously difficult soldering. In the end you'll be able to use a custom USB to RJ11 cord which will grant you access to your data. Sure, it's going to be a slow connection, but no one will ever find it.
Source: Dvice
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