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Does Hillary Clinton's Appointment to Secretary of State Violate the Emoluments Clause?7 Comments Published by Kedar S. Bhatia November 25th, 2008 in Constitutional Law
Volokh (twice), DailyKos, and some others have been talking about the Emoluments Clause and how it disqualifies Hillary from accepting the position of Secretary of State. First, the clause:
No Senator or Representative shall, during the Time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil Office under the Authority of the United States which shall have been created, or the Emoluments whereof shall have been increased during such time; and no Person holding any Office under the United States, shall be a Member of either House during his Continuance in Office.
The argument goes: Hillary Clinton served in the Senate during a period in which the compensation for the Secretary of State was increased by way of executive order, therefore she is ineligible to assume that position.
I read the clause to disqualify her from the office until 2012 (the 'Time for which [s]he was elected'.) The only necessary condition for the clause is that emoluments 'have been increased' during the time. Most people can agree on this point but there is a small contingency- likely in the single digits- that believes that the Senate may simply lower the wage to pre-election levels for the potential nominee.
The most common fix for the Emoluments Clause is the so-called 'Saxbe Fix' although it was used long before Richard Nixon appointed Senator Saxbe to Attorney General in 1973. President Taft had used it in 1909 and its Constitutionality has been debated by subsequent administrations. Rumor has it that because the Reagan administration decided that the Saxbe Fix was unconstitutional, they avoided appointing Sen. Orrin Hatch to fill the seat left by the retiring Justice Lewis Powell. The administration would later appoint Anthony Kennedy to fill the seat after the failed nominations of Robert Bork and Douglas Ginsburg.
DailyKos has interesting analysis from Madison's notes at the Constitutional Convention. I tend to think the Saxbe Fix conforms quite reasonably to the intent of the Emoluments Clause but does not stand up to what the text of the clause actually reads. Unfortunately then, I would consider the appointment of Hillary Clinton to Secretary of State (before 2012) to be unconstitutional.
7 Responses to "Does Hillary Clinton's Appointment to Secretary of State Violate the Emoluments Clause?"
Nov 26th, 2008 at 12:39 am
Senator Clinton is not eligible for nomination to the Secretary of State post. The terminology of The Constitution is clear, but what is yet to be determined is if President-elect Obama will sidestep the very foundation of this country and temporarily have the emoluments for the lofty position reduced to accommodate the appointment. I am a steadfast Obama supporter, however it would certainly be a disappointment to have this "Washington As Usual" behavior taking place even before his swearing in. I have enormous respect for Senator Clinton. I believe she would pursue her duties in the post of Secretary of State as she historically has, with ferocious vigor, but the ink is on the page. Perhaps it was not meant to be. Regardless, end running The Constitution can not, and will not be viewed as the "change" we have all been promised, and so very desperately need.
God Bless The Obama Family, and every American.
Nov 26th, 2008 at 3:10 am
Look, there are tons of "end runs" on the Constitution that happen all the time. Just look at your post, wherein you use the term "President-elect" to describe Barack Obama; he is, in fact, not the president-elect, but is rather the president-designate until the Electoral College meets on December 15th (or at least until the safe harbor date of December 9th). Until that body meets, no one has been elected president.
The Saxbe Fix is what SCOTUS would probably call a "non-justicable political question" if it were to accept review, which it never would. The "guilty until proven innocent" mantra is just as valid in the separation of powers structure: any action is constitutional until proven otherwise. I imagine Clinton will be nominated and confirmed via a Saxbe Fix, and that will be that. In a way, this reminds me of the controversy over John McCain's eligibility to assume the Presidency since he was born in the Panama Canal Zone: both were manufactured, both are questions of letter and not spirit, and both will be forgotten by history.
Nov 30th, 2008 at 7:15 pm
It's a great choice. Get with it and stop crying you anti-semites.
Dec 3rd, 2008 at 2:07 am
HILLARY CLINTON was appointed Secretary of State on December 1.Her birth number is 8.Also,her name number is 8.On December 1,she was 61 years and 37 days old.The age adds up to 8(61 37=98,9 8=17,1 7=8)
Dec 3rd, 2008 at 7:50 am
Like the Constitution really matters anymore. That One has not proven his eligibility to hold the office of Prez under Article 2, Section 1. Sheesh folks…wake up. We haven't had a Constitional form of government for nearly 100 years.
Dec 4th, 2008 at 6:10 pm
For anyone insisting on strict adherence to the constitution, I should point out that the argument against Senator Clinton's appointment to the cabinet falls apart constitutionally. The article only applies "during the Time for which he was elected".
Clearly the Framers are not addressing female senators.
Oh … but was that really the "intent" of the framers. Shouldn't we follow the "principle" of the constitution rather than the letter?
Well, not as Professor Michael Stokes Paulsen likes to point out "Unless one views the Constitution's rules as rules that may be dispensed with when inconvenient" … because "the plain linguistic meaning of this chunk of constitutional text" does not apply to women. (I'm using Mr. Paulsen's oft-quoted words against his own argument, of course.)
Dec 21st, 2008 at 6:44 am
After discovering that Hillary was not Constitutionally qualified for the Secretary of State job because the salary of the secretary of State was raised while she was in the Senate, Congress and President Bush passed a bill lowering the Secretary Of State's salary. There will likely be a federal lawsuit. I wonder if John Kerry will be the plaintiff?
President Signs Bill Lowering Salary of Secretary of State
December 19th, 2008
On December 19, President George W. Bush signed Senate Joint Resolution 46, which lowers the salary of the Secretary of State from $191,300 to $186,600. SJR 46 had been introduced in the U.S. Senate on December 10, and it passed unanimously that same day. The House passed it unanimously on December 12. The reason for the bill is that Article I, section 6, says that no member of Congress may take an office if the salary for that office had been increased while that individual was in Congress. Senator Hillary Clinton was in Congress when the Secretary of State's salary was increased in 2007. Link here.


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Volunteer Brazil
About Brazil
If you're looking for a life-changing experience then volunteering in the favelas of Rio de Janeiro while enjoying the sites and sounds of Brazil is right for you. Spend the weekdays assisting in a community-run daycare that provides support to over 100 children and youth, and spend your free weekends touring Rio.
What's Included
10 days hands-on volunteer project at a daycare centre in a Rio de Janeiro favela, Portuguese Lessons.
Getting to know the locals, volunteering at a daycare centre in a Rio de Janeiro favela (shanty town).
Dossier Disclaimer
The information in this trip details document has been compiled with care and is provided in good faith. However it is subject to change, and does not form part of the contract between the client and the operator. The itinerary featured is correct at time of printing. It may differ slightly to the one in the brochure. Occasionally our itineraries change as we make improvements that stem from past travellers, comments and our own research. Sometimes it can be a small change like adding an extra meal along the itinerary. Sometimes the change may result in us altering the tour for the coming year. Ultimately, our goal is to provide you with the most rewarding experience. Please note that our brochure is usually released in November each year. If you have booked from the previous brochure you may find there have been some changes to the itinerary.
VERY IMPORTANT: Please ensure that you print a final copy of your Trip Details to review a couple of days prior to travel, in case there have been changes that affect your plans.
Itinerary Notes
This volunteer trip, requires a mandatory application form and background check upon booking. Please go to the "Before You Go" tab and see the Important Notes section for more information.
Important Notes
1. The local operator for this tour speaks English and can be contacted throughout your stay however it is likely that the the staff with whom you are working speak little to no English. A phrase book will come in handy to help you when you are stuck but don't worry, signing and good humour go a long way.
2. Please note that a mandatory application is required by all passengers booked on a Volunteer trip. Link to application form will be sent at time of booking
3. As part of our commitment to safety, all individuals contemplating this tour are obligated to undergo a criminal background check. This check is required by the Project to ensure the safety and well-being of the Project itself and its people. Oftentimes children will be involved in the Project, and it is the right thing to do to protect the most at-risk members of the society. G Adventures must receive the criminal background check(s) no later than 60 days prior to travel (If you are booking trip within 60 days prior to travel, background check must be received at time of booking). More information on this procedure can be found at: http://www.gadventures.com/volunteers/background-check/
4. To ensure that this is a meaningful cross-cultural experience for both participants and our host community, the group size of this independent volunteer program is limited to 1-8 participants per tour.
5. Add extra weeks to your volunteer experience, please ask your G Adventures agent for details.
Group Size Notes
1-8 participants
Meals Included
10 breakfasts, 10 lunches
On weekends and for dinner there is a kitchen available to prepare meals and there are small grocery stores close by. During the week, you should plan on cooking as there are no restaurants within the favela. Budget $250 USD for meals not included.
About our Transportation
Land Transfers & Included Tours/activities: Many of the land transfers and included tours will be by private van, car or taxi, while others may be shared with other travellers depending on availability, nature of the activity and destination. For transfers, you may have a local non English-speaking driver only, for included tours, you will be accompanied by an English speaking local guide.
Local Flights
If required all local flights are included in the cost of your tours unless otherwise noted. It is important that we have your passport information at the time of booking in order to process these tickets. Internal flight tickets are issued locally and will be given to you prior to the flight departure.
Hostel in Rio (5 nts), dorms in the favela (8 nts, multi-share)
About Accommodation
Participants will be staying in small house in the favela that was recently built by a family in the community. There are two rooms with two bunk-beds in each room. There are two shared bathrooms, a sitting room and kitchen. The house is approximately a 5 minute walk to the school. While in Rio you will be staying in our centrally-located hostel in Copacabana. The hostel has private rooms with private bathrooms for travellers, but please note that the common areas are shared with other guests of the hostel.
Joining Hotel
For details of your joining hotel please refer to your tour voucher, G Account, the G Adventures App or contact your travel agent.
Joining Instructions
Galeao International Airport is a 30 to 45 minute drive from our joining hotel. There are many private taxi companies with booths inside the building where you can pay a set rate for a taxi to Copacabana (approximately $25 USD), thus avoiding the confusion outside the airport. There is also an airport bus, called 'Real' (approximately $3 USD) which will drop you off at the place of your choice along the route. The closest point to the Santa Clara is at the corner of Barata Ribeiro and the street Figueiredo Magalhaes. From here to the hotel is quite close. You can flag down one of the many official yellow taxis in the street to get the rest of the way to the hotel (approximately $3 USD). There is a money exchange in the Banco do Brazil on the third floor of the international arrivals area, which is open 24 hours.
If you are arriving from abroad and have paid in advance for an arrival transfer, a G Adventures representative will meet you at the airport. If no one is there, take a public taxi to the hotel and we will reimburse you. If you have not paid for an arrival transfer, the best way to get into town is by public taxi. If your taxi driver does not speak English and you do not speak Portuguese, simply show driver the hotel address to simplify communications.
Please note that Day 1 is an arrival day and no activities have been planned, so you may arrive at any time. Similarly the last day is a departure day during which no activities are planned.
Our local representative will contact you at the hotel on Day 1 and make sure you are settled comfortably. If you arrive late, s/he will leave you a message detailing what time and where you should meet the next morning. A short meeting will take place in the evening of Day 1 where you will receive information about general and specific aspects of the trip.
Arrival Complications
We don't expect any problems, and nor should you, but if for any reason you are unable to commence your trip as scheduled, as soon as possible please contact the emergency local contact details provided in this dossier. If an arrival airport transfer is included in your tour and you have not made contact with our representative within 30 minutes of clearing customs and immigration, we recommend that you make your own way to the Starting Point hotel, following the Joining Instructions. Please apply to your travel agent on your return for a refund of the transfer cost if this occurs.
Emergency Contact
Should you need to contact us during a situation of dire need, it is best to first call either the G Adventures Local Representative (if one is listed below) or our G Adventures Local Office. If for any reason you do not receive an immediate answer, please leave a detailed message and contact information, so they may return your call and assist you as soon as possible.
If you have purchased an arrival through G Adventures or if an arrival transfer is included in the cost of your tour, please note that:
Your arrival transfer has been arranged based on flight information provided to us. If you are advised of a flight schedule change within 48 hours of your scheduled arrival time, we will do our best to rearrange your arrival transfer however we cannot guarantee this. If your arrival transfer does not arrive within 30 minutes after you have exited the arrivals area please take a taxi to your start point hotel.
G Adventures Local Operator (Rio – Luiz Fantozzi)
Tel: +55 21 99643-0366 or +55 21 7816 9581
If using Brazilian SIM card purchased outside or Rio: 031 21 99643 0366 or 031 21 9643 0366
If using Brazilian SIM card purchased in Rio: 99643 0366 or 7186 9581
G Adventures Office Buenos Aires, Argentina
During office hours (Weekdays 9am-6pm Local Time)
From outside Argentina: +54 11 5252 3602
From within Argentina, but outside of Buenos Aires: 011 5252 3602
After hours Emergency number
From outside Argentina: +54 9 11 3425 0380
From within Argentina, but outside of Buenos Aires: 15 3425 0380
If you are unable for any reason to contact our local office, please call the numbers listed below, which will connect you directly with our 24 hour Sales team, who will happily assist you.
Toll-free, North America only: 1 888 800 4100
Calls from UK: 0344 272 0000
Calls from Germany: 0800 365 1000
Calls from Australia: 1 300 796 618
Calls from New Zealand: 0800 333 307
Outside North America, Australia, New Zealand, Germany and the UK: +1 416 260 0999
What to Take
For those who may wish to bring supplies to donate to the daycare, needed items include:
Children's Clothing (especially underwear and t-shirts)
School Supplies (i.e. notebooks,folders, pens, pencils)
- Passport (with photocopies)
- Travel insurance (with photocopies)
- Airline tickets (with photocopies)
- USD cash
- Credit or debit card (see personal spending money)
- G Adventures vouchers
- Any entry visas or vaccination certificates required
- Camera and film / memory card
- reading/writing material
- binoculars
- Fleece top or warm sweater
- Windproof/waterproof jacket
- Small towel and swim wear
- 4 shirts/t-shirts
- hand sanitizers/ antibacterial wipes
- Sun hat
- 2 pairs of shorts
- 2 pairs of long trousers
- Walking shoes or sneakers
- Sport sandals
- Sunblock
- Sunglasses
- Insect repellent (you may not need this but it's better to have a small bottle just in case)
- Toiletries (biodegradable)
- Watch or alarm clock
- Water bottle
- Purification tablets (optional)
- First-aid kit (should contain lip salve, Aspirin, Band Aids, anti-histamine, Imodium or similar tablets for mild cases of diarrhea, re-hydration powder, extra prescription drugs you may be taking).
There will be times when you may want to or have to do your own laundry so we suggest you bring non-polluting/biodegradable soap and a piece of nylon rope to use as a clothing line for drying clothes. At the daycare, there is a machine but availability will depend on demand.
Visas and Entry Requirements
All countries require a valid passport (with a minimum 6 months validity).
Americans, Canadians, Australians and some other nationalities need a tourist visa in order to enter Brazil. Please contact your local Brazilian Embassy to find out if you need to apply for one and for further details. If you are required to have a visa you will need to get one before entering Brazil, otherwise you will be refused entry. Processing fees and time frames depend on each country, but can take 2 weeks or longer, so we advise you to apply for it as early as possible.
US citizens: 160 USD
Australian Citizens: 35 USD
Canadian Citizens: 65 USD
Please Note: Some nationalities may also be required to obtain a Volunteer Visa instead of a Tourist Visa to participate on this trip, please make sure to look into this with your local Brazilian consulate or embassy as soon as you confirm your trip.
Spending Money
Every traveller is different and therefore spending money requirements will vary. Some travellers may drink more than others while other travellers like to purchase more souvenirs than most. Please consider your own spending habits when it comes to allowing for drinks, shopping and tipping. Please also remember the following specific recommendations when planning your trip.
Money Exchange
The currency in Brazil is the Brazilian Real (BRL).
Credit cards and debit cards are very useful for cash advances. Visa cards are the most widely accepted cards. While ATMs are widely available, there are no guarantees that your credit or debit cards will actually work in Latin America. Check with your bank.
You should be aware that to purchase products or services on a credit card a fee of 5%-10% usually applies.
Do not rely on credit or debit cards as your only source of money, a combination of US dollar cash and cards is best. Please bear in mind that cost of living in the southern cone countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile) is much higher than the rest of South America, and in the case of Argentina, more comparable with Europe. Always take more rather than less, as you don't want to spoil the trip by constantly feeling short of funds.
We do not recommend bringing travellers cheques as they are very difficult to change in country.
CURRENCY EXCHANGE TIP: Please be advised that slightly torn notes, notes that have been heavily marked or are faded may be difficult to exchange. It is best to bring notes in fairly good condition, in denominations lower than 100USD (or equivalent).
As currency exchange rates can fluctuate often we ask that you refer to the following website for daily exchange rates: www.xe.com
Emergency Fund
Please also make sure you have access to at least an additional USD $200 (or equivalent) as an 'emergency' fund, to be used when circumstances outside our control (ex. a natural disaster) require a change to our planned route. This is a rare occurrence!
Departure Tax
It is customary in Latin America to tip service providers such as waiters, and local guide(s) at approximately 10%, depending on the service. Tipping is an expected – though not compulsory – component of your tour program and an expression of satisfaction with the persons who have assisted you on your tour. Although it may not be customary to you, it is of considerable significance to the people who will take care of you during your travels.
Optional Activities
All prices are per person in Brazil Reais dollar amounts.
Rio de Janeiro:
City Tour (R$110) includes entrance fees for Christ the Redeemer and Sugar Loaf Mountain, a visit to Sambodromo Samba Stadium, the Cathedral and Maracanã Soccer Stadium
Football game (R$70)
Samba and dinner show (R$120)
Favela tour (R$65)
All prices are per person in Brazil Reais dollar amounts
(unless stated otherwise), and are subject to change as services are provided by third party operators.
Please note inoculations may be required for the country visited. It is your responsibility to consult with your travel doctor for up to date medical travel information well before departure.
You should consult your doctor for up-to-date medical travel information well before departure. We recommend that you carry a First Aid kit and hand sanitizers / antibacterial wipes as well as any personal medical requirements. When selecting your trip please carefully read the brochure and itinerary and assess your ability to cope with our style of travel. Please refer to the Physical and Culture Shock ratings for trip specific information.
Safety and Security
Many national governments provide a regularly updated advice service on safety issues involved with international travel. We recommend that you check your government's advice for their latest travel information before departure. We strongly recommend the use of a neck wallet or money belt while travelling, for the safe keeping of your passport, air tickets, travellers' cheques, cash and other valuable items. Leave your valuable jewellery at home – you won't need it while travelling. Many of the hotels we use have safety deposit boxes, which is the most secure way of storing your valuables. A lock is recommended for securing your luggage. When travelling on a group trip, please note that your CEO has the authority to amend or cancel any part of the trip itinerary if it is deemed necessary due to safety concerns. Your CEO will accompany you on all included activities. During your trip you will have some free time to pursue your own interests, relax and take it easy or explore at your leisure. While your CEO will assist you with options available in a given location please note that any optional activities you undertake are not part of your itinerary, and we offer no representations about the safety of the activity or the standard of the operators running them. Please use your own good judgment when selecting an activity in your free time. Although the cities visited on tour are generally safe during the day, there can be risks to wandering throughout any major city at night. It is our recommendation to stay in small groups and to take taxis to and from restaurants, or during night time excursions.
Protests and Demonstrations- Protests and demonstrations, even those that are well intended, have the potential to turn violent with no warning. Counter protests can also turn violent. Action by security forces to disperse demonstrators and protesters may occur at any time. If you are in an area where demonstrators or protesters are gathering, avoid the temptation of staying for a good photo opportunity and leave the area immediately.
Water based activities have an element of danger and excitement built into them. We recommend only participating in water based activities when accompanied by a guide(s). We make every reasonable effort to ensure the fun and adventurous element of any water based activities (in countries with varying degrees of operating standards) have a balanced approach to safety. It is our policy not to allow our CEOs to make arrangements on your behalf for water based activities that are not accompanied by guide(s).
Swimming, including snorkeling, is always at your own risk.
We take all prudent measures in relation to your safety. For ways to further enhance your personal safety while traveling, please visit:
Trip Specific Safety
Safety is important in the favelas. On any normal day, it is extremely safe to walk around alone as there is no risk of robbery or muggings. Yet, if there is a security issue, you will be advised not to walk in the streets and will be accompanied by a resident if necessary.
Medical Form
Our small group adventures bring together people of all ages. It is very important you are aware that, as a minimum, an average level of fitness and mobility' is required to undertake our easiest programs. Travellers must be able to walk without the aid of another person, climb 3-4 flights of stairs, step on and off small boats, and carry their own luggage at a minimum. Travellers with a pre-existing medical condition are required to complete a short medical questionnaire, which must be signed by their physician. This is to ensure that travellers have the necessary fitness and mobility to comfortably complete their chosen trip. While our CEOs work hard to ensure that all our travellers are catered for equally, it is not their responsibility to help individuals who cannot complete the day's activities unaided. Please refer to the physical ratings in this Trip Details document for more information.
Please note that all passengers traveling to Antarctica are required to fill out this questionnaire.
The medical questionnaire can be found online at:
A Couple of Rules
Illegal drugs will not be tolerated on any trips. Possessing or using drugs not only contravenes the laws of the land but also puts the rest of the group at risk. Smoking marijuana and opium is a part of local culture in some parts of the world but is not acceptable for our travellers. Our philosophy of travel is one of respect towards everyone we encounter, and in particular the local people who make the world the special place it is. The exploitation of prostitutes is completely contrary to this philosophy. Our CEOs have the right to expel any member of the group if drugs are found in their possession or if they use prostitutes.
Travel Insurance
Travel Insurance: Travel insurance is compulsory in order to participate on any of our trips. When travelling on a group trip, you will not be permitted to join the group until evidence of travel insurance has been sighted by your CEO, who will take note of your insurance details. When selecting a travel insurance policy please bear in mind that all clients must have medical coverage and that we require a minimum coverage of USD 200,000 for repatriation and emergency rescue. We strongly recommend that the policy also covers personal liability, cancellation, curtailment and loss of luggage and personal effects. If you have credit card insurance we require proof of purchase of the trip (a receipt of credit card statement) with a credit card in your name. Contact your bank for details of their participating insurer, the level of coverage and emergency contact telephone number.
Planeterra-The G Adventures Foundation
The Planeterra Foundation planeterra.org is a Canadian non-profit organization that helps empower local people to develop their communities, conserve their cultures, and create humane and supportive systems for their endeavours. Planeterra provides capacity building and catalyst grants to get community social enterprises off the ground. These businesses address local challenges by providing benefits for indigenous people, empowering marginalized women, and granting disadvantaged youth access to education, employment, and brighter futures. Planeterra also works to ensure these businesses have a thriving customer base by integrating programs into G Adventures' itineraries globally.
G Adventures is Planeterra's largest corporate donor, covering all operating costs so 100% of your donation will bring opportunity to people in need.
Dollar-a-Day Program
G Adventures' Dollar-a-Day Program provides travellers with the opportunity to give back to the people and places visited on our tours by donating one dollar for every day you are on trip. 100% of these donations go directly to support community development projects worldwide that are implemented by Planeterra.
After your travels, we want to hear from you! Your feedback information is so important to us that you'll receive a special discount code for free online prints and we'll give you 5% off the price of your next G Adventures trip if your feedback is completed on-line within 30 days of finishing your trip. Please visit http://www.gadventures.com/evaluations
Our adventure travel e-newsletter is full of travel news, trip information, interesting stories and contests. To avoid missing out on special offers and updates from G Adventures, subscribe at www.gadventures.com/newsletter_signup
Stay current on how our company invests in our global community through our foundation – Planeterra. Sign up for Planeterra's monthly news to learn more about how to give back and support the people and places we love to visit.
Minimum Age
You must be 18 to travel unaccompanied on a G Adventures tour. For minors travelling with a guardian over 21 years old, the minimum age is 12.
International Flights
Check-in times and baggage allowances/restrictions vary by airline and can change at any time. For the most up-to-date information for your flight, please contact your airline. We recommend checking in online in advance to avoid potential delays at the airport.
Max Pax
Group Leader
Local representative in Rio, project coordinator.
Day 1 Rio de Janeiro
Information will be posted about the volunteer program in the weeks ahead and you will be contacted by a local representative to coordinate and answer questions.
Our Project Brazil tour brings you into the root of the favela community and provides an insight into the vibrant spirit of its people. Spend time volunteering in Rocinha, which is the world's largest slum area.
Unable to find accommodation, or pay rent, many people have established homes on any available empty space, which in Rio usually means the slopes of the hills around which the city has grown. Here, the poor live in squatter settlements with sea views while the rich live down below.
Your time living and volunteering in the favela will allow you to interact freely with the local people while having a hands-on cultural experience. The people of the favelas are largely friendly and proud people but travellers are advised never to enter a favela without a guide who is known and respected by the locals.
Included Activities:
Arrival Day
Welcome Package Hotel
Day 2 Rio de Janeiro (1B, 1L)
Spend two weeks volunteering with "Union of Women for the Betterment of Roupa Suja" (UMPMRS) which is a community run, non-governmental, not for profit organization located in the neighborhood of Roupa Suja, one of the poorest neighborhoods in Rocinha, the largest favela in Latin America. UMPMRS's mission is to improve the quality of life for the children and families living in the community.
Portuguese lessons are included on the first two Tuesdays of the trip to help you better connect with project staff and children and locals during your stay (2 hours per 2 Saturdays). Optional activities are available in Rio on the weekend.
There may be the opportunity to help with other programs.
Additional Notes:
The G Adventures local representative will be at the hotel on the morning of Day 2 to answer any questions and take you to the guesthouse and the daycare where you will be volunteering.
Included Activities:
UMPMRS Volunteer Project in Rocinha
Private Vehicle
Days 3-5 Rio de Janeiro
Full-day of volunteering at the community-run daycare, where there may also be chances to help out at other programs run by UMPMRS.
Included Activities:
UMPMRS Volunteer Project in Rocinha
Day 6 Rio de Janeiro (1B, 1L)
Return to the hotel in Copacabana for the weekend in the afternoon. Optional activities are available in Rio on the weekend.
Day 7 Rio de Janeiro
The weekend is yours to enjoy. Optional activities are available in Rio.
Day 8 Rio de Janeiro
The weekend is yours to enjoy. Optional activities are available in Rio.
Day 9 Rio de Janeiro (1B, 1L)
Return to the favela.
Included Activities:
UMPMRS Volunteer Project in Rocinha
Days 10-12 Rio de Janeiro
Continue volunteering with UMPMRS.
Included Activities:
UMPMRS Volunteer Project in Rocinha
Day 13 Rio de Janeiro (1B, 1L)
One last day of volunteering in the daycare before transferring to a hostel for the night.
Included Activities:
UMPMRS Volunteer Project in Rocinha
Day 14 Rio de Janeiro
To add extra weeks to your volunteer experience, please ask a G Adventures agent for details.

subset: commoncrawl


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Project Runway Profile: Jerell ScottMatt Richenthal at . Comments
Jerell Scott doesn't lack confidence.
The Project Runway contestant recently said: "I'll probably be the most memorable character on the show."
We don't know about that - but we do know Scott is off to a solid start on season five of the series.
His experience as a model led him into design, as Jerell has said this career made it almost necessary for him to combine the two fashion worlds.
"I didn't have money to buy nice clothes, so I started reconstructing stuff and eventually got a sewing machine," Scott said.
Clearly, inspiration took hold of the Houston native, as he moved from the runway to behind the scenes, designing clothes for fellow models.
Scott moved to Los Angeles when he was four. In this city, he's developed his own fashion line, Bloke. The 2007 collection for was referred to "Deconstruction Redefined." It included men's and women's wear.
How far do you think Jerell Scott can advance this season on Project Runway?
Matt Richenthal is the Editor in Chief of TV Fanatic. Follow him on Twitter and on Google+.


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Apache donates $500,000 to Shelter Oklahoma Schools.
"Our hearts go out to the families of those who have suffered due to these horrific storms," said Rob Johnston, Apache Central Region vice president. "Apache has had a home in Oklahoma since the company's first well was drilled there more than 50 years ago. Many Apache employees have close ties to family, friends and [...]Read More


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Forex Islamic accounts are also known as swap-free accounts as they imply no swap or rollover interest on overnight positions. At LCG we offer our Islamic accounts to our clients following the Muslim faith and Sharia law.
To apply for a swap-free account,
Trade from 0 pips with no requotes and direct market access.
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Trade CFD contracts across a wide range of asset classes, including forex, shares, indices, spot metals, futures, bonds and interest rates. Choose between our proprietary web-based LCG Trader platform or MetaTrader 4 with all the benefits of LCG's price improvement technologies and superior execution.
CFD trading is high risk and may not be suitable for everyone.


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A 54-year-old man who once said he planned on shooting up Las Vegas City Hall was indicted on charges he sent threatening letters to Mayor Carolyn Goodman and an administrative law judge, prosecutors said Wednesday.
Alfred Blackwell faces two gross misdemeanor counts of intimidating a public officer for sending the letters in October. If convicted, he could face up to two years in jail.
Prosecutor Emily Montgomery said the threats arose over a workers compensation dispute.
State hearing appeals officer Georganne Bradley received one of the letters Oct. 8. In the letter, Blackwell, who says he was a Marine, disagreed with a decision Bradley made in his workers compensation case, police reports show.
"It is BULL (expletive)," Blackwell wrote, according to the reports.
Blackwell went on to say that on Oct. 21 "all Hell will break out and he will show his power," the police reports said.
He signed the letter, "You will remember my name."
Bradley told police it was the first time in her career she felt scared.
It's wasn't clear what the status of Blackwell's case was late Wednesday, what his job was or where he worked.
Goodman received a similar letter the same day Bradley received Blackwell's correspondence.
It's unclear why Goodman was targeted. Blackwell did not work for the City of Las Vegas, a spokesman said.
In the obscenity-laced letter to Goodman, Blackwell didn't say exactly what he wanted to do to the mayor, but that it would happen Oct. 21.
During their investigation, Las Vegas police spoke to Blackwell and showed them the letter that was sent to Goodman. "Yea- that's my letter. I wrote that," Blackwell told investigators, according to reports.
He was promptly arrested.
This isn't the first time Blackwell has made a threat against the city. In June, he threatened to shoot up City Hall, the police reports said.
Goodman declined to comment, a city spokesman said.
Bradley did not immediately return a message seeking comment.
Blackwell was being held at the Clark County Detention Center on $10,000 bail. An arraignment hearing was set for Nov. 14.
Contact reporter Francis McCabe at fmccabe@review journal.com or 702-380-1039.


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Teacher Aides who reach TAOO2 level 04 without a Certificate III or higher qualification are entitled to undertake a Certificate III qualification through Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL) at no cost to the individual.
State Schools have an ongoing obligation to fund RPL for such teacher aides, if requested. (Department of Education and Training Teacher Aides' Certified Agreement 2011, Part 10, 67.0).
All Registered Training Organisations (RTOs), also called providers, offer RPL for any course they deliver, including:
Schools negotiate costs directly with RTOs. For more information about the courses see the Education Support qualifications page.
There is no need for teacher aides to wait until they become eligible for RPL before undertaking a course. School funding may be available at an earlier stage and the school might welcome the opportunity to stagger payment over several months rather than make a one-off payment for the whole course.
There may also be a subsidy available for teacher aides to undertake the Certificate III course under the Queensland Government's Certificate 3 Guarantee .
Experienced, eligible teacher aides who do not hold a qualification may choose to enrol in the Certificate IV or Diploma of Education Support. The suitability of these qualifications should be discussed in Developing Performance conversations. You may also be eligible for a government subsidy to undertake a Certificate IV in Education Support under the Higher Level Skills arrangements in the Great skills, Real opportunities action plan.
This page was last reviewed on 01 Dec 2016 at 05:01PM
Copyright | Disclaimer | Privacy | Right to information | Access keys | Other languages
© The State of Queensland 2018.


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We're an innovative, industry-focused university located in the heart of London. We're champions of creativity and collaboration, dedicated to giving our learners the specialist skills and opportunities they need for outstanding careers in digital media and design.
We have a community of approximately 2,400 students and offer practically focused digital media and design courses from pre-degree, undergraduate and postgraduate to professional short course level.
Driven by industry standards and supported by the latest high-performance technology, we produce highly employable and enterprising graduates. We have a strong track record in graduate employability and business creation.
Ravensbourne also hosts alongside its student community more than 100 creative technology businesses that utilise its leading edge technologies and media resources, and collaborate with its student body and industry partners.
We hope you will choose Ravensbourne and become a member of this hugely talented community of staff, students and creative businesses based in the heart of the digital Greenwich Peninsula, in London.
Professor Linda Drew, Director and Chief Executive, Ravensbourne - Read more...
Ravensbourne commended for "excellent" teaching and learning quality in the government's Teaching Excellence Framework (TEF)
The institution, which specialises in digital media and design, was commended for its commitment to widening participation and recruiting students from a diverse range of backgrounds, high levels of practice-based approaches to learning such as industry projects, combined with excellent digital resources. Read more about it here.
EU referendum statement
Ravensbourne is a global, open and inclusive place of learning and our student community is enriched by students from Europe and other parts of the world.
With a strong history of welcoming students and industry partners from across the globe, the result of the recent referendum does not change our view.
We remain committed to reaching out to creative individuals and companies on the global stage.
Barring any unilateral action from the UK government, we do not forsee any immediate impact on current EU staff or students at Ravensbourne.


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For the best experience on the Abcam website please upgrade to a modern browser such as Google Chrome
Synthetic peptide: sequence surrounding the acetylated lysine 9 of histone H3
Our Abpromise guarantee covers the use of ab22550 in the following tested applications.
The application notes include recommended starting dilutions; optimal dilutions/concentrations should be determined by the end user.
|Use a concentration of 3 µg/ml.
|Use a concentration of 10 µg/ml.
|1/100 - 1/500.
|1/500 - 1/2000.
Immunoflouroescence analysis of HeLa Cells labelling lysine acetylated proteins with ab22550. Formalin fixed cells were permeabalized with 0.1& Triton X-100 in TBS for 10 mins at room temperature and subsequently blocked with BSA at room temperature for 15 mins. Cells were then probed with ab22550 at 1/100 for 1 hour at room temperature. The secondary used was a DyLight® 488 goat anti-mouse used at 1/400 for 30 minutes at room temperature. Additional counterstains used were F-actin with a DyLight® 554 Phalloidin and Neuclei stained using a Hoechst 33342 conjugate. Image was taken at X20 magnification.
Chromatin Co-Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analysis using ab22550 binding acetylated lysines in 10E+06 LNCaP cells. Protein binding was detected using real-time PCR.
Positive control: Fold enrichment of ab22550.
Negative Control: Non-specific IgG.
Please note: All products are "FOR RESEARCH USE ONLY AND ARE NOT INTENDED FOR DIAGNOSTIC OR THERAPEUTIC USE"


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Did you know:
Because stroke is a medical emergency, early recognition and treatment are critical. Saving valuable time helps to minimize brain damage and potential complications. At UPMC Passavant, you get the stroke treatment you need close to home.
UPMC Passavant was named a Primary Stroke Center by The Joint Commission. As a Primary Stroke Center, UPMC Passavant offers its patients the following benefits:
UPMC Passavant received the Get With The Guidelines® Stroke Gold Plus Quality Achievement Award from the American Heart Association and American Stroke Association. Most hospitals that implement Get With The Guidelines® realize measurable results, including improved patient outcomes and fewer recurring events. It's a difference that shows in the lives of patients and their families and in the satisfaction felt by caregivers empowered to do their best.
The UPMC Stroke Telemedicine Program allows physicians at UPMC Passavant to have 24-hour-a-day access to specialists at the UPMC Stroke Institute in Pittsburgh, bringing you a higher level of stroke treatment and care.
At UPMC Passavant, our specialists work together to diagnose and determine the most appropriate stroke treatment. Our team includes specialists in:
Our team of experts use advance therapies to treat stroke with the goal of restoring cognitive and physical function.
Visit the UPMC Stroke Institute website to learn more about the causes, risk factors, and warning signs of strokes.
UPMC Passavant9100 Babcock Blvd.Pittsburgh, PA 15237-5842412-367-6700
Affiliated with the University of Pittsburgh Schools of the Health Sciences
| Supplemental content provided by Healthwise, Incorporated. To learn more, visit www.healthwise.org
For help in finding a doctor or health service that suits your needs, call the UPMC Referral Service at 412-647-UPMC (8762) or 1-800-533-UPMC (8762). Select option 1.
UPMC is an equal opportunity employer. UPMC policy prohibits discrimination or harassment on the basis of race, color, religion, ancestry, national origin, age, sex, genetics, sexual orientation, gender identity, marital status, familial status, disability, veteran status, or any other legally protected group status. Further, UPMC will continue to support and promote equal employment opportunity, human dignity, and racial, ethnic, and cultural diversity. This policy applies to admissions, employment, and access to and treatment in UPMC programs and activities. This commitment is made by UPMC in accordance with federal, state, and/or local laws and regulations.
Medical information made available on UPMC.com is not intended to be used as a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. You should not rely entirely on this information for your health care needs. Ask your own doctor or health care provider any specific medical questions that you have. Further, UPMC.com is not a tool to be used in the case of an emergency. If an emergency arises, you should seek appropriate emergency medical services.
Pittsburgh, PA, USA | UPMC.com


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Enchantment Resort
A magical fusion of luxury and tranquility set amid red rock canyons.
Nestled within the beautiful canyon country of West Sedona, this southwestern flavored spa resort offers some of the most peaceful and luxurious accommodations anywhere in the west. The natural setting is truly gorgeous---a palette of red rock canyons, deep blue skies and verdant juniper forests---and although Sedona is not a large town, it will feel like a major metropolis when compared to the seclusion of Boynton Canyon. Sedona is believed to have magical, healing energy and guests are likely to believe this after a stay in one of the adobe casitas tucked right into the canyon. Amenities include outdoor pools, whirlpools, saunas and a full service spa, Mii amo. Mii amo is the reason many come to the resort, with its Kiva style architecture and vast collection of natural healing treatments exhibiting distinctive southwestern and Native American influences. Guests can also enjoy such recreational activities as jeep tours of vortex sites, hiking, horseback riding and biking.


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Monday, March 12, 2012
Dog & Cat
New painting for a baby shower gift. These are the pets of the house, Brutus and Kitty, awaiting the new arrival. Acrylic on canvas, 9"x 12"
Posted by David Hagen at 8:33 AM No comments:
Labels: baby shower painting, cat painting, dog painting
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* Officers and directors for the Gloucester Unit of the American Heart Association were elected at the annual meeting in June.
They are: Milton Early, president; Rachael Burnette, president elect; Ruth Hershner, secretary; Emma Woodson, treasurer; Dr. Robert T. Davis, medical adviser; Mary Lou Fary, memorial chairman and Fred Biggs, campaign chairman.
Directors elected were JoElla Adams, Hattie Carey, Thomas M. Emory, Vy Hansen, Estelle Harris, Marie Jordan, Robert Millikin, Bobbie Snyder and Jane Koelble.
About $5,000 was raised at the Cardiac Arrest on June 2, helping the unit surpass its yearly goal of $23,000 by $2,000.
Certificates and awards were presented to Milton Early, Estelle Harris, Beverly Williams, Hattie Carey, Emma Woodson, Fred Biggs, Mike Martin, Mary Lou Fary, Ruth Hershner, Dr. James Dudley, Rachael Burnette, Bobbie Snyder, Carol Clark, Marion Dixon, Connie Mowry, Catherine King, Janet Leigh and Vy Hansen for their work in supporting the unit's activities.
Early was elected a delegate to the delegate assembly held in Richmond June 24.
* The Gloucester Fair Association has named committee chairmen for the Gloucester County Fair to be held Aug. 10-13 at Gloucester Intermediate School.
Faith Groom will serve as premium chairman.
Department chairmen are Pauline Simmons, field crops and horticulture; Frank Wojcik, poultry, rabbits and eggs; Lillian Cox, home products, Mrs. Lewis H. Burruss, clothing; Jean Crowder, needlework; Renee Mathews and Betsy White, crafts and hobbies; Anne Brown, art; Tommie Bowers and Irene Thomas, photography; and Geneva Shackleford, flowers.
Also, Christie Lewis and Sylvia Sterling, Expo; Milton Early, commercial and crafts; Karen Rowe and Jeannie Foster, food and concessions; Virginia I. Meekins, membership; Robert W. Thayer, Jeff Merrill and Tommy Dame grounds; Charles and Elaine Stubblefield, Betty Bowman and Julie Harris, advertising; Marilyn Morris, 4-H shows and Rachael Burnette, program and publicity.
Reservations are now being accepted for food, craft and commercial booths. For information, call Rachael Burnette at 693-2729.
* Homemade ice cream, barbecued ribs and fried chicken and fish are just some of the goodies on the menu for the annual barbecue July 15 at the Bethlehem Star Lodge 249 on Route 33 in Saluda. A $5 donation will be collected. The event is from noon to 6 p.m.
* Gloucester Lodge 886, Loyal Order of Moose, recently made two charitable donations: $1,000 to the sheriff's child safety program to be used for National Child Safety Council literature for the DARE program, and $1,000 to the Children's Miracle Network Telethon, sponsored by the Children's Hospital and Children's Medical Center of MCV hospitals.


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How to make inflatables?
Answers Given
Answers Favorited
Is there a good book or a good website with technical instructions on how to make inflatables? Big ones, small ones? What size blower is needed? How to seal seams? Suggestions for anchoring? How to create sewing patterns? Or whether to even sew? Etc.0
You should check out packrafting forums for info on home made inflatables. The community is very active, and while there aren't a ton of home made projects there are a few. This forum at BackPackingLight (http://www.backpackinglight.com/cgi-bin/backpackinglight/forums/thread_display.html?forum_thread_id=20903) has some good information on materials to use.
I also found a few write ups which are pretty detailed and easy to understand (even after Google translated two of them from German). This one is a home made PVC packraft (http://www.packrafting.de/2011/12/myob-make-your-own-boat.html), and the maker explains what adhesives and seams to use and the placement and production of tiedowns (http://www.packrafting.de/2011/09/tiedowns-richtig-ankleben.html)
It also seems that people have had success contacting people at Stephenson's Warmlite (http://warmlite.com/) for advice given that they make simple but rugged inflatable mattresses, or even talking to the folks at Alpacka (http://www.alpackaraft.com/) who are the current kings of super tough packrafts.
Here are a few more: Packrafting.org (http://packrafting.org/forums/) Backpacking Light's Packraft forumhttp://www.backpackinglight.com/cgi-bin/backpackinglight/forums/display_forum.html?forum=56 Flyweight Designs (newcomers to the ultralight packraft world, but very successful) http://flyweightdesigns.com/default.aspx
A cool tool can be any book, gadget, software, video, map, hardware, material, or website that is tried and true. All reviews on this site are written by readers who have actually used the tool and others like it. Items can be either old or new as long as they are wonderful. We post things we like and ignore the rest. Suggestions for tools much better than what is recommended here are always wanted.Tell us what you love.
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This 401(k) Retirement Calculator will calculate how much your 401(k) will be worth by the time you reach the age you plan to retire.
The calculator includes options for factoring in annual salary increases and employer matching contributions. You can also print out printer-friendly reports for any number of what-if scenarios.
Finally, the calculated results include a year-by-year salary, contribution, and balance chart, plus a written summary.
If you want to see how your 401(k) fits within your overall retirement needs I suggest you visit the comprehensive Retirement Plan Calculator.
What led to the creation of this calculator was the following excerpts from an email I received from a visitor to the site.
Of course, the first thing I realized after receiving the email is that I didn't have a 401(k) calculator on the site, much less have one with a "Save Your Raise" feature.
Well, after building the calculator and seeing for myself what a huge difference it can make to contribute all (or even a modest percentage) of your future raises to your 401(k), it's no wonder employers are encouraging their employees to save their raises.
Thank you, Trey, for taking the time to submit your valuable and enlightening request.
A 401k is basically a tax-deferred, retirement savings plan that is sponsored by an employer.
In other words, as long as you don't withdraw the funds until age 59-1/2, you pay no income taxes on the portion of your salary you contribute to your 401k, nor on the interest earned, until you actually withdraw the funds.
One of the reasons 401k's are popular with employees, is because in many cases employers offer to match all or part of their employees' contributions -- usually up to a certain percentage of their annual salary. However, in most cases you will need to work for your employer a minimum number of years before you become the actual owner of the matching contributions (also known as becoming "fully vested").
While there are multiple variations and exceptions, a 401k typically works like this:
You choose where you want the funds invested (usually from a selection offered by your 401k plan).
You designate an amount or percentage of your wages to contribute to your 401k.
Your employer withholds your contributions from your gross wages (before taxes are taken out) and deposits the contribution -- along with any employer match -- into your 401k.
Earnings on your 401k grow on a tax-deferred basis.
Once you reach age 59-1/2 (or age 55 if you officially retire) you can begin making withdrawals from your 401k without penalty. Prior to that you may be assessed a 10% early withdrawal penalty. In either case, your withdrawals will be subject to income taxes.
Lastly, the tax implications created by 401k plans can be very complex, so please be sure to consult with a qualified tax professional before making any decisions related to your plan.
With that, let's use the 401(k) Retirement Calculator to forecast how much your 401(k) will be worth when you retire, and how much annual retirement income that value might provide.
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Financial Retirement Calculators
To Help You To
Calculate Your ...
Your current age (#): Enter your current age in years. Enter as an integer (no decimal points or fractions).
Enter the age you plan to retire at: Enter the age you plan to retire at. Enter as an integer (no decimal points or fractions).
Current 401(k) balance: Enter the current balance of your 401(k). If you have yet to start your 401(k) contributions, enter a zero.
Rate of return: Enter the annual rate of return you expect to earn on your 401(k). When planning for the future it is always best to estimate income low and expenses high, so I suggest you enter a conservative rate.
Annual salary: Enter your current annual salary. If you are not sure how much your period wages add up to over a 1-year period, use the Online Pocket Calculator in the upper right-hand column to multiply your gross wages per pay period by the number of pay periods per year.
Annual salary increase: If you expect your salary to increase by a certain percentage each year, enter the percentage here. Again, it is best to be conservative when it comes to forecasting future income. If you don't foresee an annual percentage increase in your salary, leave this field blank.
Pay period frequency: Select how often you get paid. The calculator will use this frequency to add contributions to your 401(k), as well as for compounding the interest.
Percent of base salary to contribute: Enter the percentage of your salary you plan to contribute to your 401(k). If you don't check the box on the next line, your contribution will increase along with your projected salary increases. On the other hand, if you check the box on the next line (the Save Your Raise feature) and enter a percentage of raises to contribute, then your beginning base year contribution will be used for all remaining years, but each total annual contribution will be a combination of the base plus the entered percentage of the cumulative total of all raises from prior years. In either case, if the calculated contribution exceeds the maximum allowed by the IRS (plus the catch-up amount if age 50 or older), the maximum contribution will be used instead.
Percent of raises to contribute: If you would like to contribute all or a percentage of all future raises, check the box in this row. Once a checkmark appears on this line, the percentage field will be enabled. If you want to contribute 100% of all raises, enter 100%. Otherwise enter your preferred percentage. Note that if the calculated contribution exceeds the maximum allowed by the IRS (plus the catch-up amount if age 50 or older), the maximum contribution will be used instead (see the note above this description for the current maximum and catch-up amounts).
Employer match: If your employer will be matching all or part of your contributions, enter the percentage on this line. The actual employer match will depend on whether or not the matching amount exceeds the percentage of your salary as indicated on the next line. If the calculated amount exceeds the maximum percentage of your salary, then the maximum amount will be used instead of the calculated amount.
Maximum percentage of salary: Enter the percentage the employer uses to limit the matching contributions -- expressed as a percentage of your annual salary.
Number of years till retirement: This is the number of years between your current age and the age you plan to retire at.
401(k) balance at retirement age: Based on your entries, this is how much your 401(k) will have grown to by the time you retire. Note that this amount is subject to income taxes as portions are withdrawn.
Total of your contributions: Based your entries, this will be the total of your contributions to your 401(k) between now and when you retire.
Total employer matching contributions: Based your entries, this will be the total of the contributions made by your employer between now and when you retire.
Total interest earnings: Based your entries, this will be the total of your interest earnings your 401(k) between now and when you retire.
Before-tax annual retirement income: Based your entries, this is your estimated, before-tax annual retirement income from your 401(k).
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Press Release
Contact: 1LT Jarrett Feldman, Curator
National Guard Militia Museum of New Jersey
PO Box 277
Sea Girt, NJ 08750-0277
Phone: 732-974-5966
Fax: 732-974-5984
The National Guard Militia Museum of New Jersey in Sea Girt recently had the privilege of facilitating two connections between men looking to fill in what were, for them, some blank spaces in their late fathers' World War II experiences and the men who could fill them in for them.
In October, 2007, the Library of Congress (LC) contacted Museum Oral History Director and Assistant Curator Carol Fowler of Lincroft, New Jersey, regarding one of her war veteran oral history video interviews, with Jerry Ciampoli of Red Bank, New Jersey on file at the Library. As a partner in the Library's oral history program, the Sea Girt museum sends a copy of each interview, along with documentary material, to the Library of Congress collections.
Mr. Glenn Freedman of Westchester County, New York had been searching for information on his father's unit, the 100th Chemical Mortar Battalion, off and on for years, but with indifferent success. Freedman recalled that he had been able to pick up "bits and pieces" of information, but the whole story had eluded him until he typed in the unit's designation in the Library of Congress website and discovered the existence of Ms. Fowler's oral history interview with Ciampoli, who had also served in the 100th.
The LC referred Mr. Freedman's request for a copy of the interview to Ms. Fowler, who in turn contacted Ciampoli, and, to Freedman's delight, put the men in touch with each other and provided him with a DVD copy of the interview.
Mr. Freedman offers the discovery of Mr. Ciampoli's oral history interview as evidence that such records are not only of great value to historians and scholars, but also to ordinary folks attempting to understand the experience their parents and grandparents went through in the cauldron of World War II. He stated that "with World War II veterans dying at the rate of 1,000 a day, I believe it is absolutely essential for surviving veterans to record an oral history interview and for their relatives and friends to encourage them to do so.
Similarly, Californian Mr. Jon Merksamer, seeking information on his late father Ralph, of Sacramento, who passed away in 1988 and was a captain in the 3210 Quartermaster Service Company. Ms. Fowler was able to facilitate a connection between Mr. Merksamer and his old first sergeant, John B. Knox, of Montclair, New Jersey and provide Mr. Merksamer with a DVD copy of Mr. Knox's oral history about his own experiences and those of the 3210 Quartermaster Service Company in the war, which led to other connections with veterans of the 3210. Needless to say, Mr. Merksamer was as delighted as Mr. Freedman with the tangible results of the NGMMNJ's oral history program.
Ms. Fowler may be contacted for comment or further information at 732-974-5966 or by email at firstname.lastname@example.com. Mr. Freedman may be contacted at email@example.com and Mr. Merksamer at firstname.lastname@example.com. A summary of Mr. Knox's oral history video may be viewed at http://www.state.nj.us/military/museum/knox.html.


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Yad Ezra's Annual Fundraising Event
Every fall, Yad Ezra hosts an annual fundraiser which pays tribute to a person or couple in the community whose efforts on behalf of our organization are recognized. The event, combined with a Program Journal, accounts for a major portion of Yad Ezra's operating budget and is used to purchase nutritious groceries, healthcare items and household goods for the organization's 1,300 client families. Almost 3,000 individuals rely on Yad Ezra every month for assistance. One in twenty members of the metro Jewish community relies on Yad Ezra!
Yad Ezra, an independent agency, is supported by the generosity of thousands of families in metro Detroit. The partnership between Yad Ezra and the community enables more than 1,100,000 pounds of groceries to be distributed annually.
This year, we will honor Ellen and David Sherman on October 8th, 2018 at 6PM at Adat Shalom Synagogue.
Past honorees include:
- 1991 Rabbi A. Irving Schnipper
- 1992 Arthur Horwitz and The Jewish News
- 1993 Florine Mark
- 1994 Shelley and Michael Eizelman
- 1995 Susan and Howard Tapper and family
- 1996 Sharon Hart
- 1997 Doreen Hermelin
- 1998 Susie Citrin
- 1999 Barbara and Irving Nusbaum
- 2000 Ruth and Irwin Kahn
- 2001 Bluma and Bob (z"l) Schechter
- 2002 Susie and Norm Pappas
- 2003 Esther and Neal Zalenko
- 2004 Edie and Don Slotkin
- 2005 Joel Jacob
- 2006 Ellen and Jim Labes
- 2007 Beverly and Arthur Liss
- 2008 Sally and Richard Krugel
- 2009 Ron Charfoos
- 2010 Margot and Jerry Halperin
- 2011 Jan and Mark Hauser
- 2012 Rissa and Sheldon Winkelman
- 2013 Nicole and Matt Lester
- 2014 Anita and Bob Naftaly
- 2015 Linda and Tom Klein
- 2016 Rachel and Jason Zimmerman
- 2017 Aimee and Richard Simtob


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LUPIN and programme staff continue to work together to develop processes to help increase and improve feedback to trainees from the users of their services (i.e. clients on placement) around key areas of their practice.
Discussions within the LUPIN meetings have upheld findings from research that many of the aspects of therapeutic work that service users value the most are associated with the therapeutic relationship. In particular LUPIN members have spoken of how they value their therapists' listening skills, engagement skills and empathic understanding.
The work of LUPIN and the programme aims therefore to find ways to help trainees gain accurate constructive feedback from their clients on these dimensions, in order to help them use the feedback to improve their practice.


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Brucey babes is tweeting up a storm that Sam & he are doing the previously gestured series now, set for a 2015 release.
Set 30 years after whatever the last one did canonically. It could be really shit or awesome.
Sam Raimi's gonna do the first ep with guest directors doing the rest. Edgar Wright is runoured to do an episode.
There's a blurb somewhere but my phone internet is cunted.


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FORT LAUDERDALE -- Salem Cossaboon plans to turn the pavilion at Lake Lauderdale from a dance floor into a dragstrip.
But nearby residents of the Lauderdale Manors neighborhood need not worry about sleepless nights due to revving engines and screeching tires.
Cossaboon, a Fort Lauderdale letter carrier, will be racing miniature, radio- operated cars on the site that had been home to the unsuccessful Spring Break Carnival.
According to Cossaboon, the thousands of motorized-miniature-car enthusiasts in South Florida have to travel to Orlando, where the closest track is located, to indulge in their hobby.
Three months ago, Cossaboon said he started looking around for a site to build a track so that racers, most of them teen-aged boys, would not have to use empty parking lots, without organization or facilities such as restrooms.
Last week, Cossaboon signed a contract with the city and will pay $500 a month to use the park surrounding Lake Lauderdale, on the east side of Interstate 95 and south of Oakland Park Boulevard.
Besides the dragstrip, Cossaboon said he will build an asphalt track and a dirt track where gas and electric cars will race.
Gas cars can travel at speeds of up to 80 mph and electric cars at 50 mph, he said.
A concession stand and restrooms will be available.
Cossaboon said he hopes to open the track within the next couple of weeks. Races will take place on weekends only and the entrance fee is $1.


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The Chairman: Colleagues, there was some disquiet after our last meeting. Right hon. and hon. Members and, indeed, noble Lords, had difficulty identifying participants during the debate and questions. Difficulties were encountered in identifying participants by constituency, there were a lot of Christian name and surname referrals and one or two others that were even more questionable. In order to adjust that, we insist, more firmly this time, that the protocols of the House should be followed. A list of the names of formal members of the Committee has been distributed. Several hon. Members are, of course, not mentioned on the list, so, to cater for that eventuality, extra copies of ''Dod'' have been put on both tables in the central aisle.
The Committee has up to one and a half hours to hear statements from parliamentary and alternate representatives and to put questions to them, after which will follow a debate on the motion.
I shall put the question on the motion when the Committee has sat for two and a half hours, if the debate has not concluded beforehand. In addition to Committee members, any hon. Member or noble Lord may ask questions and participate in the debate. I know that many hon. Members will wish to participate and I hope that questions and contributions to the debate will be brief to allow as many hon. Members as possible to get in on the act.
Mr. William Cash (Stone): On a point of order, Mr. Cook. In view of the fact that the Government have endorsed the principle of the European constitution, would it not have been appropriate for the Foreign Secretary at least to come to these sittings? The Government have committed themselves to the principle that we are about to discuss.
The Chairman: I am sure that, with all the experience that the hon. Gentleman has gleaned in the years since he left Stoneyhurst, he will know that that is not a point of order. That point should have been raised in the Chamber. We now come to the statements.
Ms Gisela Stuart (Birmingham, Edgbaston): Thank you, Mr. Cook, for calling the second meeting of the Committee, which allows the parliamentary representatives to report back to both Houses on the progress of the Convention. I shall limit my remarks to the areas that my colleagues cannot cover. We now have 10 working groups on the Convention. Since we last met, the first four have produced their recommendations.
It is important to appreciate how the decision-making process works. Working groups meet—some of them sit on 10 to 15 occasions—and take evidence
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I hope that the final report on the role of national Parliaments will be available in due course. That report was approved yesterday and it will go to the Convention on Monday. The plenary session of the Convention will debate that report for a whole day. At that stage, there would not be an attempt to arrive at a consensus that could be taken forward. The report will simply be taken into account for further discussions.
The Convention is, in a sense, a marathon. We have had a year, and now another nine months, so it would be wholly inappropriate for groups to take positions, which that they then feel that they must defend, before we even discuss issues such as institutional arrangements. That would defy the virtue of the Convention, which is a process by which all elements, including the Commission, European Parliament, national Governments and Parliaments, can learn from one another.
There are four reports already on the table from the working groups on legal personality, subsidiarity, the charter and national Parliaments. As my colleagues are and have been members of some of the groups, they may want to speak about them during the question period. Apart from the working group on national Parliaments, I am also a member of the defence group. Therefore, if Committee members want to question us further on the particulars of the working groups, that will be the best time to do so.
There has been a change in the dynamics of the group. The first months, which provided a listening phase when papers were not on the table, saw general discussions. We are now moving into a period in which not only do we have working papers on the table and the emergence of diverging views, but Governments by and large are starting to take the Convention far more seriously. It was clear in the early days that although the British Government took it seriously and provided a strong representation, several others did not. More specifically, the German Government have now decided that their Foreign Minister will represent them, and I await with some interest what the French Government will do. After the recent elections, their Government representative refused to go, so there was almost an ''opposition'' Government representative. I would expect some changes on the French side.
We are continuing to meet at different levels, so interchange continues between national parliamentarians and the political families. The political families are playing an important role. The European People's party and the Socialist group have each produced a paper on the subject, and if Committee members want to know more, I will be happy to answer their questions.
I should say a few words on the final report of the working group on national Parliaments, which has been available to read today. There are several main issues. One is an anchoring of European Union decision making in national Parliaments. The report
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Another recommendation is for much closer, more systematic and structured co-operation between national Parliaments and the European Parliament. We recommend that the European Parliament should routinely invite national parliamentarians to some of their committees. We will also propose a European week, so that when the Commission puts its legislative proposals to the European Parliament, it does to national Parliaments too. Should they choose, national Parliaments across Europe can then debate, during a window of time, the European Union and where its legislative programme is going during the next 12 months. That is significant.
We also examined the potential for reforming the Conference of Community and European Affairs Committees and discussed the idea of a congress. There was some resistance in the working group to considering a congress, not least because we felt that if our job was to simplify the European Union, the creation of a new institution would not be a logical way forward. However, it was accepted that there was a need for a meeting forum for national Parliaments and where MEPs and national parliamentarians could meet. We have not progressed much further on that, but the idea will be discussed during the next month.
For the record, I notice that in this week's The House Magazine Lord Brabazon of Tara said that he was unhappy about some of the methods of the scrutiny reserve being exercised. I hope that he will be pleased by some of the report's recommendations, which include no longer taking a preliminary position, but respecting the six-week period and making the process more transparent.
We also support all the proposals to reform the Council so that its decisions are in the open and people know what Ministers have done on their behalf.
As the Government are asserting themselves more, we still have some way to go before parliamentarians find a collective voice. Members of the Convention still do not see national parliamentarians standing up and saying, ''I speak for Parliament.'' I hope that we in the various political families will be able to make some progress on that.
Finally, the one institution that appears to feel the most threatened at the moment is the European Parliament. It arrived at the Convention with a position, which national parliamentarians perceived to be a threat: we were a diverse group and there was that block with a position. Of course, things have moved on, and it is difficult to change that position. Some of the tensions relate to the fear of being undermined. The national parliamentarians group did not want to set up a competition between the European Parliament and national Parliaments. We wanted the role of parliamentarians to be recognised, and for some to operate on a national level , and
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Mr. David Heathcoat-Amory (Wells): The Convention has reached a critical stage. On Monday, as we heard, the President, Valéry Giscard D'Estaing, will unveil a draft constitution for Europe that follows the conclusions of several working groups, and the interim conclusions from other groups.
I must say at the outset that I am disturbed by the direction of events, as they overturn several of what I believed were established British cross-party views. It is now certain that the European Union will have a single legal personality, as part of which the intergovernmental pillars will be collapsed into a single institutional structure. The working group further recommends that the European Union, with its new-found legal clothing, assumes responsibility for negotiating agreements in the intergovernmental areas of justice, home affairs, foreign policy and security, and that the current requirement that agreements in those areas should be ratified by the Parliaments of member states should go. That is alluded to in the documents before the Committee. If followed, that would certainly be a diminution in the powers of this Parliament.
It has also been agreed in principle that the charter of fundamental rights of the European Union should become legally binding, and that the European Union should, as a body, accede to the separate European convention on human rights. What is surprising is that the Government recently resisted all those developments. They resisted a written constitution, strongly supported the intergovernmental pillars, and opposed the European Union's having a legal personality. They also promised us that the charter of fundamental rights of the European Union would not be made legally binding. It was only on that basis that we signed up to it when the treaty was last changed. We all remember the former Minister for Europe, the hon. Member for Leicester, East (Keith Vaz), saying that the charter was no more legally significant than the Beano. I am sure that that statement was made in good faith, but it has not long survived.
The significance for this House is that these proposals will take decisions further into a single legal and institutional structure—more remote and less democratic. We are offered the compensation that national Parliaments will have an early opportunity to comment on matters of subsidiarity and I should like to congratulate the hon. Member for Birmingham, Edgbaston (Ms Stuart) on advancing that proposition in her own working group. It opens up a new possibility that national Parliaments will be allowed to have an early input into the legislative process. I share the disquiet of the European Scrutiny Committee in its recent press release when it said that that was an inadequate response to the democratic deficit. It does not begin to offset the
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I am a member of the working group on competences—who does what and at what level powers are exercised—which is shortly to report. For my part, I want it established that all powers reside at member state level, unless they are exercised at European Union level, in which case, whether exclusive or shared, they must be precisely and clearly spelled out. Provision should also be made for the return of competences of powers to member states. Above all, the certainty and clarity in treaty law must not be undermined, as it has in the past, by the use of other general treaty articles, such as single market powers, or by the activism of the Court, which can override the apparent clarity of negotiated treaties.
Lastly, I am also a member of a working party on justice, freedom and security. I can speak only a word or two on the subject because the working party has only just started meeting and has conducted just two evidence sessions. I understand that persistent calls have been made for the European Union to do more in the sensitive area of crime, policing and justice. If those matters are removed to a higher tier of government in the European Union, the democratic deficit and the sense of alienation and remoteness, which led to the setting up of the Convention, might well get substantially worse.


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Wedding Photography 101 by Antony Hands
Lesson 5 - Wedding Poses 101
The title for this lesson is a little deceptive, because while I will be going through some tips for poses, and some dos and don'ts for the big day, I won't be giving you a guidebook of different poses to do. Wedding photography can be broken into two parts - the "record of the day" photos, and the "creative" photos. If I tell you exactly what poses to do, where is your creativity getting a chance to develop? Additionally, even experienced wedding photographers are constantly looking for new ideas. You can learn more from other talented photographers, you just need to make the effort to do it.
The best way to do this is to spend some time browsing other photographers work to get some ideas of poses and photographs that you really like. Years ago this was so much harder than it is today, now with the internet we can view photographs from some of the best photographers in the world from the comfort of our homes. Some people might say that to copy someone else's style or poses is wrong, that you should develop your own style. Personally, I think it is perfectly acceptable, as long as you are learning from their work, and not slavishly copying it. After all, artists have been creating in the style of previous artists for lifetimes, or have been influenced by other artists. In fact, every professional photographer who learns under a pro will adopt some of the style of their teacher into their wedding photography. This is one of the reasons why studios develop a distinctive style, even when they have multiple photographers working for them.
When you find images that you really like, make notes about them, and gradually build up a list of images that appeal to you. Then before you shoot your first wedding find a couple, preferably the bride and groom, and shoot a practice session with them. Take the opportunity to practice all of the poses that you have seen and liked, and try other things as well. On this day you are not pressed for time so really look at the poses you set up. Look at the little details, the way the light falls, the positioning of hands, the naturalness of the pose. Make sure you set up some photos where they are interacting with each other, rather than the camera. Get the groom to whisper something cheeky in the bride's ear while they are embracing and capture her reaction.
When shooting these shots, remember to make sure you do the moving, rather than the couple. What I mean is to walk around the couple, shooting them from a variety of different angles. This helps create a range of different shots without causing too much work for the couple, and without wasting time. One of the things most beginners do is to set up a pose and then shoot ten shots of it, with only very minor differences. This is a waste of time. Once you have a couple of shots move around the couple looking for different aspects of the same pose.
The practice session is very valuable for an inexperienced photographer, as it helps improve your chances of success on the big day in several ways:
So as you can see, having a practice shoot is very beneficial and really should be done if at all possible. Once done, print off a page of thumbnails of poses you and the couple really liked to prompt you on the wedding day.
Key photo list and hints for the day
I have listed below a range of photos to act as a guide for the inexperienced photographer on the wedding day. This is one area where everyone will have a difference of opinion, and there will also be likely to be many shots which are not done here in Australia, but are important in other cultures. Accordingly, please consider this as just a suggestion, and add or subtract items as you feel appropriate, or based upon the specifics of your wedding day.
In Australia the bride will normally get prepared at her house or her parents house before being driven to the wedding. Generally I like to arrive when the bride is finalising her make-up, but before the dress has been put on. By having the bridesmaids made up first and dressed it means that photos can be taken of the bride getting ready with all the bridesmaids present. Shots I take at the bride's house before she is fully dressed include:
After the bride gets into her dress the following shots normally get taken.
After this I normally head for the ceremony venue. In Australia shots of the groom and family are normally done at the ceremony location).
This is all done normally in the 20-30 minutes before the arrival of the bride. When the time of the Bride's arrival is near, leave the groom and head to the front of the venue to capture the bride arriving. I prefer to get one of the bridesmaids to call me when the bride is about 5 minutes away to make sure I get out in front without wasting time standing around doing nothing. This is also a good time to have your assistant (if you have one) positioning themselves in the church to capture the groom's face as the bride walks down the aisle.
It is at this point that you will often get a few minutes to check everything. The next key shots you need will be of any people giving readings, or of the exchange of rings and the kiss. Make sure your cameras are set up correctly. You have practiced this before so you probably are on top of it, but just make sure you are set up for the key shots. Check ISO, settings for flash, camera settings etc.
The photos during the ceremony are pretty obvious, with differences based upon the nature of the wedding. Make sure you know what the key parts of the ceremony are if it is an unfamiliar wedding where there may be cultural differences from those you have attended before. The bride and groom can tell you what is important to them if this is the case. In most cases in Australia the key shots are of the ring exchanges and the kiss. If I have an assistant shooting I will normally ask him or her to use a telephoto to try to capture close-ups of the ring exchange. IMPORTANT POINT: Make sure you check your card has room for several photos before these key moments – you don't want to miss the kiss due to a full CF Card!
There are some important rules when shooting in a ceremony. First of all, you should have spoken to the celebrant/father/pastor before the ceremony to know if there are any specific rules to follow re. where you can stand etc. or the use of flash. Normally this is not the case and you have free reign (within reason). Try to never move in front of the parents of the bride and groom, and move slowly and quietly if you do need to move.
In Australia immediately after the service the bride and groom and witnesses will sign a marriage certificate. It is normal practice to pose for photos of this before leaving the church. If so, try to incorporate plenty of ambient light. If you can set up your tripod quickly and the light is low enough to require it, then use it opposed to just blasting away with flash (normally I leave it set up and ready to go near to the altar in these circumstances).
After these photos the bride and groom will normally greet the parents – this happens quickly and requires similar settings for when the bride is walking down the aisle – a smaller aperture, faster shutter speed (say 1/125 minimum) and more reliance on flash. Capture the bride and groom leaving the church, normally I pose them for a shot immediately outside the door. NOTE: YOU HAVE MOVED OUTSIDE, TURN YOUR ISO DOWN, AND CHECK YOUR CAMERA SETTINGS.
When moving outside, make sure your flash is set to high speed sync, otherwise you will start getting overexposed photos as your flash tries to restrict your camera to your maximum sync speed. The first time this happens to you it can be frustrating as you try to work out why the camera is overexposing. Also ensure you turn down your Flash Exposure Compensation as described in previous lessons.
After the bride and groom leave and are being greeted and congratulated by friends take a breath and gather your equipment together for the next location. I like to shoot some candid shots of the couple being congratulated, and if you have an assistant this is a good time for them to shoot these shots while you prepare for the next stage.
After a few minutes, as previously agreed by you with the bride and groom, remind them of the time and move them to the area where the family formals will take place. You should already know what shots are required due to your preparation, make sure the delegated family members are rounding up those required for the shots. Some tips for the formals are as follows:
Upon completion of your formals, it is time to shoot your wedding portraiture. Get the bridal party away from the guests so they aren't distracted and take the shots you need to take, including the formal bridal party portrait. Try to ensure that everyone enjoys themselves, and have a bit of fun. When shooting portraits of the bride and groom it is often nice to have the bridal party mingling in the background, out of focus.
Finally, the reception. Normally in Australia the wedding coverage ends at the start of the reception. We do a mock cake cutting, take photos of the room and the little details on the tables, the bride and groom's place cards etc. I also like to take some dance shots. These can often be done nicely before the actual reception starts by simply shooting with a moderate telephoto at a wide aperture from waist up. Get the bride and groom to be still, enabling you to shoot with only a small amount of bounce flash, if any. The results look surprisingly good, and mean that you can leave and let the bride and groom relax and enjoy their night.
An amateur shooting their first will normally be shooting as a guest, and so you can wait for the actual dance and shoot that then. In this circumstance, remember that they will be moving so if you can't freeze action due to low light make sure you use flash, preferably bounced off the roof.
As discussed, this portion of the guide is somewhat "Aussie-focused" as the types of shots I take are based upon the nature of most weddings over here, and the cultural settings. In the USA for example, I know the photos at the reception are a vital part of the wedding coverage, including the cake feeding shots etc. As long as you make sure that you are ready for all of these key events you should be fine.
The main things to take away from the above are the importance of preparation and practice. Shooting the couple before the day can make a real difference and will help you perform better on the day. Doing a list of all of the formal photos needed and getting the bride and groom to organize a family member to round up all of the people in the shots will make the formal shots run smoother and be a lot faster. Having a reminder page of the poses the couple liked or you preferred to refer back to when you need inspiration makes a big difference. Preparation by looking at the photos of photographers you admire and incorporating lessons learned from these into your poses will help you get better results.
About the author
Antony Hands is an experienced professional wedding photographer . He is the principal of Chasing Summer Photography, a studio which specialises in wedding photography and fun stop motion wedding films and services the surrounding districts including Tamworth, Armidale, Port Macquarie, Kempsey, Nambucca Heads, Grafton and as far North as Ballina.


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Carolina, which is in third place in the Carolina League's Southern Division and 6 1/2 games behind Myrtle Beach, won the opener of their four-game series on Friday night and have seven more games left against the Pelicans with 25 games left in the first half.
Tonight, Carolina ace Shawn Morimando (5-2, 3.83) will take on the Pelicans' Sam Wolff (4-3, 3.06). Carolina hitting coach Tony Mansolino is managing in place of Scooter Tucker, who has taken a short personal leave.
And on this night the Pelicans get the best of it, scoring four runs in the seventh inning in a 6-2 win.
But the Mudcats even it up in the bottom as Xhoxian Medina leads off with a single and scores on Alex Monsalve's two-out single.
Carolina takes the lead in the fourth as Monsalve leads off with a single and scores on James Roberts' two-out single.
But Myrtle Beach ties it in the fifth, as Hanser Alberto draws a one-out walk and scores on Williams' two-out single.
And the Pelicans put it away off reliever Rob Nixon in the seventh. Highlights of the four-run inning are RBI singles from Williams and Preston Beck.
Alex Claudio gets the win for Myrtle Beach in relief, striking out seven against two walks and four hits in five shutout innings.
They said it …
Mansolino: "Up until last week we had swung the bats real well. Now the guys are starting to recover a little bit. Shawn had had a couple of bad games, but he's made a couple of adjustments and starting to come around. For the most part the guys are taking pride in their work and there's a ton of energy."
Morimando: "I felt good. Just tried to keep my team in the game. They had some good hitters and I tried to be aggressive and keep us in the ball game. It's my second year here, and I'm trying to slow the pace down and do my thing here."
Jerrud Sabourin: "I've been working on a couple of things in b.p. and it's starting to pay off. I felt pretty good out there tonight. Baseball is always a tough grind. You just have to stick with what you're doing, have confidence in your team and do the little things right."
What does it all mean?
That the Mudcats' hole just got a little deeper.
Stars of the game
1. Williams.
2. Claudio.
3. Morimando.
Play of the game
Medina's two-run error in the seventh.
Mudcats: Lost 1.
Myrtle Beach: Won 1.
Season series
Tied 1-1.
On deck
Mudcats (D.J. Brown 2-4, 3.92) vs. Myrtle Beach (Chi Chi Gonzalez 5-2, 2.28), 6 p.m.


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From Kevin Booth, director of How Weed Won the West:
Californians: Are you voting no on Prop 19? We're not preaching to the choir. Don't be willfully ignorant and vote against your best interests this Tuesday. Prop 19 does NOT interfere with Prop 215 and the current medical marijuana laws. Cannabis will never be legalized by the general public without a tax attached to it. VOTE YES ON PROP 19!


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No this was not a lover's warning, this was rather Gorbachev's assertion, on the eve of taking power, that something was fundamentally wrong. He believe change had to come, and it came, but not in ways he could have predicted. In 1988 the state history exams were cancelled because as "glasnost" unrolled, the lies of the soviet textbooks became more and more evident.
Singled out as one of the most oppressive regimes by White, Honecker's GDR, being depicted in our movie, was a place where Gorby had to muscle in and force some change. Some of the claims in the film, problems of corruption, prostitution, are supported by White here, as are the existences of the subversive authors and artists who, in White, want to push harder and harder for reforms.
I think its in Pipes, but it might be in Kissinger to come, someone makes the claim the regimes are at their most vulnerable when they begin to institute reforms. Reforms begin to trickle in and they're like "salted peanuts" to use Kissinger's analogy from before. People want more and more.
Why did change come in the way that it did? White has some musings on possible answers. What do you think?