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Clinicians working to improve performance for clients in work or school settings need to consider the possible benefits of providing an ergonomic and easily learned keyboard for text generation. The standard QWERTY keyboard was designed to avoid mechanical problems in early typewriters while ignoring ergonomic and cognitive issues for the typist. In spite of this design, previous studies of alternative keyboard arrangements have either shown QWERTY to be superior, or showed no significant improvement when the keyboard was rearranged to a more ergonomic pattern. One likely reason for this finding is the subjects in keyboard studies have many years of experience on the QWERTY keyboard and only a few hours of practice with the alternatives. This study sought to provide a comparison of the Dvorak keyboard with the QWERTY while controlling for prior experience by inverting the familiar QWERTY keyboard. Results of the study support assertions that the Dvorak keyboard allows faster typing, may allow faster learning, but do not support claims for more accuracy when using this alternative keyboard. This study provides support for clinicians seeking a more effective text generation technique for individuals with physical disabilities.
In 1874, the first commercial typewriter was marketed by E. Remington and Sons (Rehr, n.d. b). On the "Sholes & Glidden Type Writer", the keyboard was modified from earlier unsuccessful devices, which used alphabetical order, by arranging the high frequency letters as far apart, mechanically, as possible. This modification minimized key jamming, and allowed, for the first time, typing to be performed at a functional rate. Over the next 130 years, this keyboard, commonly known as QWERTY for the first six letters of the top row, became the standard for all keyboard products, in spite of its generally recognized poor ergonomic design. Because only a relative few people used keyboards for any significant part of the day for the first 100 years of the typewriter's existence, the QWERTY design was generally accepted, and little impetus was felt to change the keyboard layout.
Almost 100 years after the invention of the typewriter, the development of the microcomputer brought a larger portion of the population into contact with keyboards on a daily basis. Nearly half of all American households today use the Internet. More than half of all US classrooms are connected to the Internet (White House, 2000). It has been estimated that over 80% of all jobs require some computer access. As the keyboard became a pervasive factor in daily life, the issue of computer ergonomics became more pressing. In 1994, repetitive stress injuries, commonly associated with keyboard usage, accounted for 60% of all job-related illnesses (Wolkomir, 1994).
Concern about keyboard layouts is not a new phenomenon. "As technology developed from the inception of the typewriter in the 1870's to the 1930's, the problem of key jams decreased accordingly"(Rehr, n.d. a.). "At the same time, the science of studying body motion began to emerge and the QWERTY keyboard was [re-evaluated]"(Maxfield & Montrose, 1998). The Dvorak keyboard, developed and patented by August Dvorak and W.L. Dealy in 1932, offered a more practical "arrangement of the keys that let 70 percent of the typing take place in the home row" (New York Times, 1999). The Dvorak layout "placed the most commonly used letters, both consonants and vowels, on the home row where finger travel was a minimum; thus increasing the speed and efficiency with which one could type"( Rehr, n.d. b ). A 1944 study demonstrated that typists could match their QWERTY typing speeds with an average of 52 hours of training on the Dvorak layout. "At the conclusion of the 83- hour study, the typists had reached speeds that were 74 percent faster than their previous QWERTY speeds while accuracy increased by 68 percent" (Tenenbaum, 1996, pp. 23). Why wasn't this efficient method embraced and adopted by anyone working on a typewriter or keyboard? "Even when daisy wheels and computer printers replaced type bars, forever eliminating the jamming problem that had originally motivated QWERTY, manufacturers of the efficient new technologies carried on the inefficient old keyboard" (Diamond, 1997). Several factors contributed to keep the Dvorak a technological footnote of history; first and foremost, the concept of path-dependence, the idea that small, random events at critical moments can determine choices in technology that are extremely difficult and expensive to change.. [In the end] the weight of numbers makes the leading product more valuable than one based on competing technologies. (Passell, 1996, para. 4)
Secondly, "change is not always readily accepted by those who have already been trained to use one method"(Brooks, 2000). Third, ".a world war impeded the acceptance of the Dvorak"(Rehr, n.d. a ), and by their close, the QWERTY was 'locked-in' to society as the standard keyboard.
Several studies have been conducted in the past that compared the QWERTY to the Dvorak, (see Liebowitz and Margolis, 1990) but biases and confounding variables existed during those research trials that clouded the results - almost everyone has been exposed to the QWERTY format at some point during their life, which gives it a certain familiarity. This new study will attempt to eliminate that factor by flipping the QWERTY format both vertically and horizontally thus creating a ReverseQWERTY. This allows the study subject to begin the study with two new and unlearned keyboards while keeping the biomechanical properties of the QWERTY key layout intact.
As previously mentioned, change is not always readily accepted. In his book, The Design of Everyday Things, Donald Norman (1998) describes the history of the QWERTY and other keyboard layouts. He states, "There is a better way - the Dvorak keyboard - . It is easier to learn and allows for about 10% faster typing, but that is simply not enough of an improvement to merit a revolution in the keyboard.The severe constraints of existing practice prevents change, even where the change would be an improvement"(p. 147-150). Debates continue from various professional & educational arenas about which layout is superior. Diamond (1997) argues against the QWERTY layout stating,
Only 32% of strokes are on the home row; most strokes (52%) are on the upper row; and a full 16% on the bottom row.Not more than 100 English words can be typed without leaving the home row.Qwerty perversely puts the most commonly used English letters on other rows. The home row of nine letters includes two of the least used (J and K) but none of the three most frequently used (E, T, and O, which are relegated to the upper row) and only one of the five vowels (A), even though 40% of all letters in the typical English text are vowels (para. 8).
Is the QWERTY layout as inefficient as Diamond suggests and is the Dvorak far superior as claimed by its proponents? In their article, "Fable of the Keys", S.J. Liebowitz and Stephen Margolis (1990) argue that the Dvorak has no proven advantage over QWERTY. They refer to a study conducted in 1956 by the General Services Administration of the Federal Government. At the end of this experiment, it was "concluded that retraining typists on Dvorak had no advantages over retraining on QWERTY" (p. 7).
Advocates of Dvorak look to a study done in 1944 by the U.S. Navy. This study compared the efficacy of the Dvorak versus the QWERTY. This study claims that subjects learned the Dvorak layout nine times faster than the QWERTY. In addition, the test subjects unanimously noted their approval in the use of the Dvorak keyboard in relation to the ease of learning, increased accuracy, and decreased fatigue (Tennebaum, 1996). Liebowitz and Margolis (1996) imply that the data collected from the Navy study was contaminated due to conflict of interest. August Dvorak himself conducted the study as "the Navy's top expert in the analysis of time and motion studies during world war II" (p. 7). They go on to say "he (Dvorak) owned the patent on the keyboard."
Proponents of Dvorak argue it has advantages other than faster learning, stating Dvorak was generally the first to recognize and focus on the human factors (Shieh & Lin, 1999). He studied digraphs or two-letter sequences commonly found in printed text, such as rt, tr, ed, de, fr, sw, ty, gy, and lo. While using the standard QWERTY keyboard, the two letters of these diagraphs are typed by the same finger, resulting in a decrease in typing speed. In the Dvorak layout, the number of times the same digit types consecutive letters is greatly decreased allowing faster parallel processing of typing. Further, "the Dvorak keyboard.reduces travel of the hands lessening fatigue" (Struck, 1999, p. 55). Due to the growing concern about repetitive stress injuries, or cumulative trauma disorders (CTD) over the past twenty years in relation to typing, researchers were prompted to investigate the use of the Dvorak keyboard in reducing the incidence of CTD.
Rick Robertson, in a study conducted in the Department of Physical Education and Rehabilitation at the University of Pittsburgh noted that using the Dvorak keyboard over the standard QWERTY reduced tendon movement by 6 to 10 percent thereby reducing the potential for CTDs. Robertson also stated, "6 to 10 percent doesn't sound like much, but it can make a significant difference to people who do a lot of typing" (Robertson as cited in Tennebaum, 1996).
Based on the review of the literature and the previously conducted studies, the debate continues as to which layout is superior. Further experimentation is needed to substantiate which layout is better in terms of speed and ease of learning.
Some of the difficulty in comparing the two keyboard layouts for human performance may stem from the pervasiveness of the QWERTY keyboard. While few typists are familiar with the Dvorak layout, most potential research subjects have many hundreds of hours of exposure to the QWERTY keyboard layout. Thus, the QWERTY layout has a marked advantage in direct comparisons of typing speed over any reasonable duration. In order to control for this prior learning, this study uses a variant of the standard QWERTY layout, developed to maintain the biomechanical relationships of the keys while providing a novel arrangement of the keys. This is accomplished by inverting the QWERTY layout vertically and horizontally. A dual axis inversion is considered necessary because Matias, Mackenzie and Buxton (1994, pp.88-94) have demonstrated that right to left inversions are easily learned. The ReverseQWERTY (See Figure 1) pattern, used in this study, allows comparison of two novel keyboard patterns, while maintaining the inter-key relationships of the QWERTY keyboard.
The claims of the advocates of the Dvorak layout suggest the following research hypotheses:
A single-subject repeated measures design was utilized in this quantitative study to test twelve subjects on typing fluency as measured by speed and accuracy. The time required to learn the keyboard was measured by the number of trials it took to reach fluency. During the study, the subject's typing speed and accuracy were monitored to determine the efficacy of the QWERTY, via the ReverseQWERTY design, and the Dvorak keyboards, respectively.
The subjects included seven females and five males subjects. Each researcher located two subjects within their respective communities who voluntarily participated in the experiment. Subjects had to be able to sit unsupported for up to an hour at a time, to read printed English text, and to operate a standard keyboard in order to be included in the study.. The subjects ranged in age from 20 to 40 years. Ten of the subjects had minimal typing experience prior to taking part in the study and 2 had frequent or daily typing experience prior to the study. Three subjects were left-handed and the remaining nine were right handed. The majority of testing was completed in the morning or evening hours. None of the subjects had identified upper extremity limitations, identified cognitive limitations; uncorrected visual limitations, or prior experience with the Dvorak or ReverseQWERTY keyboards.
Although several computer stations were used in the course of this study, each subject completed all trials at a single station. In order to control for possible order effects in learning keyboards, half of the subjects started with the ReverseQWERTY keyboard, and half started with the Dvorak keyboard.
Each researcher utilized a digital countdown kitchen timer to time the 20-minute typing tests. The printed test text was placed on a copyholder on the subjects preferred side of the computer monitor in a vertical position during each test.
Each researcher used a Windows-based standard personal computer with a 104 key keyboard, a 15-inch computer monitor and Windows 95 or 98 operating systems for this study. All computers used during the study had processors operating faster than 200 MHz, and had memory greater than 64 MB. (This was necessary to assure that the computer did not slow down the typist.) The key labels for each layout were affixed to keyboard safe-skins , which were placed over the keyboards for all typing trials. The Dvorak layout was provided using Keyboard control panel of the Windows operating system. The ReverseQWERTY set-up was provided using "Keyboard Layout Manager," a software based keyboard redefinition program.
All text was typed into Microsoft Word 97. No other programs were operating during the testing session.
The Microsoft Word tool 'Compare Documents' was used to determine the accuracy of each test by marking differences in the test document as compared to the original. For purposes of this study, each difference counted as a single error, although there might have been more than one character difference within the detected block of text. A single error might include a missing letter, an incorrect letter, a letter reversal, or even an entire missing line.
The number of words typed in a twenty minute block was determined using the "Word Count" feature of Microsoft Word. The counted number of words typed was divided by 20 minutes to determine the average typing rate in words per minute.
The subjects were provided with novel text for each typing session from Aesop's Fables found on the Guttenberg Project web site of online books. Aesop's Fables was formatted to 14 point, New Times Roman font. The text was broken up into 500 to 600 word increments for individual text blocks, and labeled from 1-40. The text was printed for use in the test trials and a disk copy was maintained for use in the compare documents tool. Each subject had the same text in equivalent trials (e.g. Trial 5 of the Dvorak), but an individual subject used unique text in each consecutive trial. The degree of difficulty of the typed text, as calculated by Microsoft Word Flesch Reading Ease Score, remained similar throughout the experiment ranging from grade 6.3 to 9.7 for the Dvorak and 6.6-8.9 for the ReverseQWERTY trials.
Of the subjects in the study, all twelve of the participants achieved fluency on both the ReverseQWERTY and Dvorak keyboard layouts. At the point of reaching "fluency," none of the subjects was touch-typing; rather all used some form of two digit typing like "hunt-and-peck." The number of trials, and typing speed at fluency, are shown in Table 1.
Fluency in WPM
Trials to Fluency
|Reverse QWERTY
Reverse QWERTY
While the number of errors varied among the individual participants, there were no systematic patterns in the error rates. This does not support hypothesis 3, that the Dvorak keyboard provides more accurate typing than the QWERTY. The number of trials required to achieve fluency on the Dvorak was typically higher than that required to achieve fluency on the ReverseQWERTY keyboard, with a range of 6-14 trials. The number of trials to reach fluency on ReverseQWERTY ranged from 6-10 indicating that more time was required, on average, to obtain fluency and master the use of the Dvorak as compared to the ReverseQWERTY. Six out of twelve participants required more time to obtain fluency using the Dvorak keyboard layout versus four out of twelve requiring more time on the ReverseQWERTY while two participants demonstrated fluency acquisition on both layouts in the same amount of time. When examined on a trial by trial basis, however, we find that, for those typists who took longer to achieve fluency on the Dvorak keyboard, they had already exceeded their fastest typing on ReverseQWERTY at the number of trials where they had achieved fluency with the ReverseQWERTY. From this point, they continued to make gains before reaching a plateau on the Dvorak keyboard. Thus, while these typists took longer to achieve their final typing speed, they achieved the limiting typing speed of the ReverseQWERTY faster on the Dvorak keyboard than on the ReverseQWERTY. The results of typical typists in this study are shown in Figures 2 and 3. It will be seen that Subject A began typing faster on the Dvorak than the ReverseQWERTY, while, after 7 trials, subject B was typing faster on the Dvorak than the ReverseQWERTY, but continued to make gains over a number of trials.
The results of this study support the assertion that the Dvorak keyboard allows faster typing than the QWERTY. Each of the 12 subjects in the study achieved faster typing using the Dvorak layout than the Reverse QWERTY layout. Ten of the twelve participants showed higher initial typing speeds using the Dvorak than the Reverse-QWERTY.
The results do not support the assertion that the Dvorak keyboard allows more accurate typing than the QWERTY. There were no systematic differences in error rates between the two keyboards, or over the course of the trials. The errors per word did not appear to relate to the keyboard being used, the trial number, or the typing speed of the subject. It appears that some other factor, not examined in this study, determines accuracy of typing, at least for the range of speeds that these subjects achieved.
The assertion that the Dvorak keyboard may be learned faster and more easily is partially supported. While six of the 12 subjects required more time to achieve fluency, they had achieved faster typing rates at an equivalent time. Hence, for a criterion-based measure of learning (time to type 12 words per minute, for example), the Dvorak would be considered faster to learn. When considered from the point of view of ultimate fluency, this argument would not be supported, as half of the subjects took longer to achieve fluency with the Dvorak. The argument that although the overall time required to plateau with the Dvorak keyboard is greater than that of the ReverseQWERTY, the speed of typing is superior.
Additionally, many of the participants perceived the Dvorak keyboard layout to be easier to use compared with the ReverseQWERTY. One subject remarked, "After working with the ReverseQWERTY and the Dvorak layouts, the Dvorak seemed much easier to learn and use." Another subject remarked, "The ReverseQWERTY was very frustrating to use." There are two possible origins for this perceived difference. Since the ReverseQWERTY was presented as related to the QWERTY, but with the keys in different locations, the subjects may have experienced a cognitive dissonance that increased their feelings of frustration in trying to use the keyboard that was not felt when typing on the Dvorak keyboard. If this were true, one would expect the effect to be strongest for the most experienced typists. However, the two subjects with daily typing experience performed at about the same rate as other typists in the study, and did not express any stronger degree of frustration than the other typists. The difference may also derive from the fact that the QWERTY layout was originally based on the mechanical needs of early typewriters, while the Dvorak keyboard was developed based on letter frequency in normal typing. Hence, familiarity with English language and spelling would assist in learning the Dvorak keyboard, while the ReverseQWERTY keyboard provided no such supporting experience. The frustration subjects felt in working with the ReverseQWERTY may mirror the experience of learning the QWERTY keyboard originally, in which case, the Dvorak keyboard may well be easier to learn, as the subjects suggested.
There are some assumptions and limitations in this study that should be considered when applying the results to clinical populations. We assume that the ReverseQWERTY keyboard provides a valid homologue for learning the QWERTY keyboard. This assumption is weakened by the observation that, on the standard QWERTY keyboard, 52% of keystrokes are on the upper row of keys, and only 16% are on the lower row. This relationship is reversed for the ReverseQWERTY. If it is true that reaching to the lower row is more difficult than for the upper, then the effort of typing on the ReverseQWERTY does not mirror that of the standard QWERTY. There are two reasons to question this assertion, however. First, it has not been demonstrated that the "n" key is harder to reach than the "y" key, for example, so the comparative difficulty of top and bottom rows cannot be asserted. Second, none of the typists in this study achieved touch-typing with either keyboard. They all achieved their typing using a one or two digit "hunt-and-peck" approach that makes any differences in rows moot.
The results of a single subject design study may be considered less generalizable than those of a group design with random assignment to control and experimental groups. It must be noted that the subjects for this study were selected from different regions of the United States ( Pennsylvania , Texas , and Arizona ), and that all 12 achieved similar results. This provides strong support for the findings of the study.
Finally, it can be argued that, because the subjects in the study were able-bodied, the results of the study cannot be generalized to a population with disabilities. The main focus of this study was to determine if the use of the Dvorak keyboard led to a superior level of speed and accuracy in keyboarding. As with the wheelchair study performed by Deitz, Jaffe, Massagli, & Anson (1991) where ".the focus was on wheelchair performance," able-bodied subjects were used to separate the effects of the disability from the effects of the technology. Because this study was focused on determining the ease of learning, typing speed and accuracy of two "new" keyboards (ReverseQWERTY and Dvorak); the use of able-bodied subjects should not affect the overall results.
Prior researchers have failed to show any significant advantage of the Dvorak keyboard pattern over the QWERTY pattern. While it is possible that this is because the two keyboards are, in fact, equivalent for typing, it is more likely that this finding is biased by the pervasive experience of subjects with the QWERTY keyboard. The use of a novel keyboard pattern with the same physical relationships between the keys provides a means of comparing learning and speed on two novel keyboard patterns, with results that can be generalized back to the experienced QWERTY typist.
The results of this study support the assertions that the Dvorak keyboard allows for faster and easier learning of typing, and faster typing for the experienced typist. This is an important finding for clinicians who are considering alternative keyboard patterns for clients with fatigue or performance limits to productivity. Because initial typing rates on any new keyboard will likely be lower than on a familiar one, and because the subjects took longer to achieve fluency on the Dvorak keyboard, the study suggests that a clinician teaching this alternative pattern to clients must provide support over the time required to achieve fluid typing. Because the clinician now has evidence that, ultimately, typing will be faster using the Dvorak layout, he or she can provide this support with confidence.
As with any study, there are avenues for suggested advancement. In the current study, none of the subjects worked to achieve touch typing fluency. A future study should extend training on the Dvorak keyboard until touch-typing fluency, and compare ultimate typing speeds. The assertion that the ReverseQWERTY results represent typing on the QWERTY keyboard for a novice typist can be tested by replicating this study with young children who have not yet learned touch typing. (Because of the pervasiveness of the computer in the home, it would be very difficult to find subjects that are not exposed to the QWERTY pattern, but until they attempt touch typing, this may not matter.) Such a study of school-aged children could directly compare Dvorak and QWERTY typing.
Brooks, M. (2000, March). Dvorak comments and history . [Online] Available: http://www.mwbrooks.com/dvorak/comments.html [2001, August 17]
Costa, P.T., Jr., & McCrae, R.R. (1989). Personality continuity and the changes of adult life. In M. Storandt and G.R. VandenBos (Eds.). The Adult Years: Continuity and Change . Washington , DC : American Psychological Association.
Diamond, J. (1997, April). The curse of qwerty. Discover Magazine. [Online] Available http://188.8.131.52/archive/output.cfm?ID=1092 [2000, Sept 26]
Chronister, N. (2000) Friends don't let friends type QWERTY . [Online] Available: http://www.catskill.net/evolution/typing/ [2000, Sept. 26]
Deitz, J.C., Jaffe, K.M., Wolf, L.S., Massagli, T.L., & Anson , D.K. (1991) "Pediatric Power Wheelchairs: Evaluation of Function in the Home and School Environments." Assistive Technology , Vol. 3.1
Diamond, J. (1997, April). The curse of qwerty. Discover Magazine. [Online] Available: http://188.8.131.52/archive/output.cfm?ID=1092 [2000, Sept. 26]
Kincaid, C. (1999). Alternative keyboards. Exceptional Parent, 2, pp. 34-35.
Liebowitz, S., & Margolis, S. E. (1996, June). Typing errors. Reason On-Line . [Online] Available: http://www.reason.com/9606/Fe.QWERTY.html [2000, Sept 26]
Liebowitz, S. J. and Margolis, S.E. (1990, April) The fable of the keys. Journal of Law & Economics, 33 [Online] http://wwwpub.utdallas.edu/~liebowit/keys1.html [2001, July 19]
Matias, E., MacKenzie, I. S., & Buxton, W. (1994). Half-QWERTY: A one-handed keyboard facilitating skill transfer from QWERTY. Proceedings of the INTERCHI '93 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 88-94). New York : ACM.
Maxfield and Montrose Interactive Inc. (1998). Circa 1936 ad: The dvorak keyboard . Madison , AL : [Online] Available: http://www.maxmon.com/1936ad.htm [2000, September 26]
Norman, D.A. (1988). The Design of Everyday Things . New York : Bantam Doubleday Dell.
Passell, P. (1996, May 5). Why the best doesn't always win. The New York Times . [Online] Available: http://www.nytimes.com/archives.html [2000, Sept. 26]
Patton, P. (1998, May 14). Public eye; windows shopping: What price freedom? The New York Times. [Online] Available: http://www.nytimes.com/archives.html [2000, Sept. 26]
Poole , C.J.M. (1995). Computers and the handicapped. British Medical Journal, 311, pp. 1149-1152.
Quinn, E. (1998, February 22). Keyboard ideology . [Online] Available: http://www.gontier.org/Quinn/WWW/ideology/Dvorak.html [2000, Sept. 26]
Rehr, D. (n.d.) Consider qwerty [Online] Available: http://home.earthlink.net/~dcrehr/whyqwert.html [2000, Sept. 6]
Rehr, D. (n.d.) The first typewriter. [Online] http://home.earthlink.net/~dcrehr/firsttw.html. [2001 , July 19]
Shieh, K.K. & Lin, C.C. (1999). A quantitative model for designing keyboard layout. Perceptual Motor Skills, 88, pp. 113-125
Struck, M. (1999). Focus: One-handed keyboard options. OT Practice, 4, pp. 55-56.
Tenenbaum, D. (1996, July). The typist's long-lost friend. Technology Review On-Line. [Online] Available: http://www.techreview.com/articles/july96/trends.html [2000, Sept. 26]
To speed up, typists slowed down . (1999, February, 18). New York , NY : The New York Times. [Online] Available: http://www.nytimes.com/archives.html [2000, Sept. 26]
The White House, Office of the Press Secretary. (January 21, 2000). Information technology research and development: Information technology for the 21 st century . [Online] Available: http://www.whitehouse.gov/WH/New/html/20000121_2.html [2000, Sept. 26]
Wolkomir Richard (1994, May). When the work you do ends up costing you an arm and a leg. The Smithsonian Magazine. pp. 90-102.
Please send all correspondence to Denis Anson at email@example.com
Fentek Industries, Inc., P. O. Box 2278 , 470 South Main Street, Cottonwood , AZ 86326 , U.S.A. (800) 639-0710 . www.fentek-ind.com.
Keyboard Layout Manager: http://solair.eunet.yu/~minya/Programs/klm/index.html .


text: While it's not as warm as the phenomenal Glazin', Happy Damage expunges the more low-key production of Jacuzzi Boys' self-titled in favor of hard, fast, fun garage rock. It's 15 minutes of in-your-face, no-holds-barred action. It sounds like touring with King Tuff has rubbed off on them to some extent, and that's more than welcome. The energy on the title track "Happy Damage" is phenomenal, kicking things off perfectly. The only track that comes close to it in terms of anthemic speed is "Electric Days", but the rest of the album is rad and straightforward melodic garage. It's a shame this came out on the tail-end of summer; it's a great summer jam record.

subset: commoncrawl


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Read More UMBC News Blog Stories
March 3, 2003
UMBC Department of Music Presents Percussionist Jonas Larsson in Concert
On Thursday, March 20th at 8 p.m. in the Fine Arts Recital Hall, the UMBC Department of Music's Faculty Recital Series presents percussionst Jonas Larsson in a program of contemporary music. Recognized as one of Sweden's most important percussionists, Larssonstudied at Göteborg University and is the founder and director of thecontemporary music ensemble
The Program
Jonas Larsson's program will include:
- Prism (1994) by Thomas Liljeholm
- Dad's time had come (2001) by Stuart Saunders Smith
- Slideshow (2002) by Frederik Österlin
- Vibraphone Music (No. 1) (2001) by J. Fredric Bergström
- Di-remption (1992) by Franklin Cox
Admission is free.
General Music information: 410-455-2942
UMBC Artsline (24 hour recorded message): 410-455-ARTS
Media inquiries only: 410-455-3370
UMBC Arts website: http://www.umbc.edu/arts
UMBC News Releases: http://www.umbc.edu/newsevents/oci/index.phtml?r=Art
Department of Music website: http://www.umbc.edu/music
From Baltimore and points north, proceed south on I-95 to exit 47B. Take Route 166 toward Catonsville and then follow signs to the Fine Arts Building.
From I-695, take Exit 12C (Wilkens Avenue) and continue one-half mile to the entrance of UMBC at the roundabout intersection of Wilkens Avenue and Hilltop Road. Turn left and follow signs to the Fine Arts Building.
From Washington and points south, proceed north on I-95 to Exit 47B. Take Route 166 toward Catonsville and then follow signs to the Fine Arts Building.
Daytime metered visitor parking is available in Lot 10, near the Administration Building. Visitor parking regulations are enforced on all University calendar days. Hilltop Circle and all campus roadways require a parking permit unless otherwise marked.
Online campus map: http://www.umbc.edu/aboutumbc/campusmap/
Images for Media
High resolution images for media are available online: http://www.umbc.edu/newsevents/arts/hi-res/ or by email or postal mail.
The image file for this event: http://www.umbc.edu/newsevents/arts/hi-res/music/spring03/larsson/larsson.jpg (1.0 Mb jpg file).
Posted by dwinds1 at March 3, 2003 12:00 AM


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This is the present and future electronics for consumers—that is CES 2016. In CES 2016, all participants are trying to tell people that their products and technologies are for both present and the future. And here the most expected products like the newest models of cellphones and technologies like VR technologies are shown to the public. As the leader in the intelligent scooter industry, Airwheel will take part in CES 2016 and tell people that Airwheel intelligent scooters are the vehicles for both present and the future city travels.
What do people need in the present city travels? They need the convenience and speed, and these are what Airwheel is good at with the quickly developing technologies in both intelligence and batteries. All Airwheel intelligent scooters can offer riders the powerful performances and great convenience they need. Moreover, Airwheel intelligent scooters satisfy the differential needs of Airwheel in both the designs of appearances and the whole structures. M3 electric skateboards satisfy the personalized tastes and needs for excitements of young people.
Video Link: http://www.youtube.com/embed/PAVwabHhCqo
Airwheel intelligent scooters lead citizens to the future of city travels. The endeavors of people in trying to combine all products concerning people's daily life with intelligence technologies reveals that the future of intelligent technologies and electronics is to improve or reinvent these everyday products with intelligent technologies. Airwheel has discovered such issue and developed many pioneering products following such a trend. Airwheel M3 electric skateboards are the products which are developed based on the traditional skateboards. The S6 sitting posture intelligent scooters are the vehicles which free people from holding the steering wheels. Most importantly, Airwheel has successfully integrated intelligence technologies into its products. The intelligent self-balancing system and the smart phone APP add many intelligent functions to Airwheel products.
Airwheel electric scooters tell people the present and the future city travels. Welcome to CES 2016 and experience Airwheel intelligent scooters!
Media Contact
Company Name: Airwheel Technology Holding (USA) Co., Ltd
Contact Person: Mr. Tang
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Phone: +8618861270200
City: LA
State: CA
Country: United States
Website: http://www.airwheel.net/


text:
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Originally posted by jcutler12888
Oh, my goodness. I still have about thirty people ahead of me in line.
Originally posted by Hollie
Originally posted by jcutler12888
Oh, my goodness. I still have about thirty people ahead of me in line.
Psssh that is nothing! I have 59 ahead of me I check everyday when Toasty replies to this thread to see where I stand.
Originally posted by TheToastmanCometh
I know a lot of these have been done, but I need the practice with my cards and where else to ask than ATS?
All I need is Hair color and eye color to choose your Court card (I do Keltic Cross), and a specification whether you want your reading in a reply or in a U2U message
Thanks much!
Originally posted by TheToastmanCometh
hey all...
sorry for abandoni the thread again. I had a family emergency and technology breaking on me for the time being.
but never the less, i have readings ready, but I believe I'm going to just U2U them and just save the thread for requests.
I should have a few out tonight
regards, Toast


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(PRWEB) July 09, 2014
R.J Stokley, a world traveler and insightful writer, has completed her first book "Destini's Regret"; an innovative work of romantic fiction that is adventurous and engrossing.
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|(Courtesy of Perry Adams Antiques)
Park rangers at Monocacy National Battlefield have had seen success and setbacks in their bid to learn more about the life and death of a Confederate soldier wounded when a bullet passed through his Bible and went through his chest.
Pvt. Thomas Cox, a member of the Red House Volunteers, Company A, 21st Virginia Infantry, was wounded and captured on July 9, 1864, at the battlefield near Frederick, Md. The 33-year-old farmer from Carroll County died on Aug. 15, 1864, at a Baltimore hospital.
A park intern conducting research this past summer learned that Baltimore hospital records had been damaged or destroyed, possibly in a fire, curator Tracy Evans told the Picket.
What is known about Cox' final weeks was that he asked a fellow prisoner at the squalid West Building's Hospital to inscribe a message in his battered Bible.
"The ball that struck this book entered my left brest (sic) and came out of right – it saved instant death & will be the means of saving my soul. Thomas Cox," reads the penciled writing on the margins of a few pages. On succeeding pages is written: "Blessed are the dead that die in the Lord."
In 2015, the park purchased the New Testament for $12,500 for brokers in Petersburg, Va.
The park intern learned that Cox and his wife had two children before the war and one on the way when he enlisted in 1861. The soldier was able to return to his farm several times during the war and fathered two more children. He recuperated from two illnesses at home while on medical leave.
|(Courtesy of Perry Adams Antiques)
The 21st Virginia had seen considerable action, including at Gettysburg, before the fight at Monocacy.
"After the men forded the Monocacy River, they formed up in battle line and assaulted the Union line. 5 According to Sgt. John Worsham, the men in the 21st tore down a fence railing and with the years of hardened experience behind them, rushed forward in a charge against Union positions without orders from their officers. Somewhere in this rush and exchanging volleys of fire, Private Cox was struck by a bullet," intern Chris Sniezek and ranger Kelly Henderson wrote.
Cox died five weeks later of infection and was buried in Baltimore, where he remains buried.
Evans said the research led to emails to potential descendants, but officials have not heard back. They did learn from research of a relative in the Confederate unit that Cox' widow remarried and was believed to have additional children.
The bullet-struck Bible is remarkable in its own way. There's a gaping hole in the center of the book. "We are thinking it must have gone in sideways," said Evans, adding that is perhaps the reason Cox was not killed outright.
Officials want to display the Bible next year, but they know it likely can hold up only to certain lighting conditions, and perhaps for brief periods of exposure. They are looking for more information on Cox and other soldiers whose names and information were written on the Bible's pages. There is no known photo of the soldier.
"The Bible itself has been given an initial condition assessment and will likely go for light preservation next year with recommendations on how it should be put on display and for how long," said Evans. "We would also like to have a better analysis done of possible blood on the Bible." She cautioned there is no evidence of blood, but officials are curious as to whether small traces remain on the pages.
|(Perry Adams Antiques)
Conservation experts at the National Park Service's Harpers Ferry Center also will give advice on mounting of the Bible and whether it should be displayed opened or closed.
In an article prepared for an upcoming issue of Civil War News, the park researchers also delved into the story of the Bible's publication. This one was published in 1862 by Wood, Hanletter, Rice and Company of Atlanta.
"Prior to the Civil War, Bibles were mostly printed and distributed by the American Bible Society based in New York. When the war broke out, the American Bible Society decided to continue distributing Bibles to Confederate soldiers, but a Union blockade soon left the South in a severe shortage. Faced with this shortage, the Confederate States Bible Society was established to print and distribute new Confederate Bibles."
The dying Cox got the writing assistance from Pvt. H.S. Shepherd, a Confederate who was captured at Gettysburg in July 1863 and assisted sick comrades while serving as a ward master at the Baltimore hospital.
"I was with Thos. Cox when he died," Shepherd wrote in the Bible. "He was willing … & appear ready to leave this world for a better one to come."
Another inscription indicates Cox asked that his ring be sent to his widow, Frances.


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Our Abpromise guarantee covers the use of ab111942 in the following tested applications.
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Please note: All products are "FOR RESEARCH USE ONLY AND ARE NOT INTENDED FOR DIAGNOSTIC OR THERAPEUTIC USE"


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(credit: ThinkStock)
WARD, Colo. (AP) — A firefighter who helped rescue an injured hiker in western Boulder County is dead after collapsing on the trail.
The Indian Peaks Fire Department firefighter was one of several people from different agencies who treated and evacuated a hiker who had a broken ankle near Brainard Lake on Wednesday afternoon.
After a helicopter arrived to pick up the hiker, the unidentified firefighter collapsed while descending the trail. The sheriff's office says other rescuers immediately began CPR but the firefighter didn't respond.
(© Copyright 2014 The Associated Press. All Rights Reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.)


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As a business owner you are used to working hard. But is your hard work focused on the correct goals for your business? Are you clear about what your goals should be? And even with clear goals, how can you stick to those goals while responding to your customer's needs? Read on to learn about our productivity tips business owners.
Productivity Tips for Business owners
The challenge is to work smart and be productive. There are simple but effective changes you can make to achieve this. So here are some ideas to get you started.
1)Decide You Want to Take Control
The first step in any change process is the commitment to do things differently. Aim to protect your time for productive work. Be prepared to challenge yourself and your team. This can mean saying no to enjoyable distractions like social media alerts. It can mean pushing yourself to spend more time on the tougher tasks you sometimes avoid.
2)Know Your Environment
And to optimise how you work you need to know how you work. Understand your environment, your challenges and your distractions. What work gets priority, which customers get the most attention, what response time is expected? What percentage of work can be anticipated and therefore planned? When do you work most productively? Is it the same time every day?
You can do this by simply reflecting at the end of each day. But by using a more structured approach, like keeping a TimeLog every day for a week, you can gain further insights. The data you gather will help you decide what needs to change to improve your productivity. Here is a link to our Be Productive TimeLog template.
3)Set Priorities for Your Business
To be truly productive, you need to be clear about what is important for your business. What are you trying to achieve; what are the priorities? Does everything link back to the overall vision and strategy?
By using the SMART approach to objective setting you can ensure that all planned work is specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and timed. This can provide a purpose for every task list or project plan and clarity for everyone on your team. Read more about prioritising here.
4)Get Organised and Plan Your Week
Once you are clear about what needs to be done, develop a plan to achieve it. Have a yearly plan which feeds into the monthly, weekly and daily plans. Make your weekly plan on a Friday afternoon or first thing Monday morning. Use a "To Do" list if you find it useful but make sure it connects to your schedule so that tasks on the list are actioned and most importantly, completed.
Schedule the week using a structured approach that best suits your business and your customers. Different techniques such as batch working or timed working can help to maximise efficiency and productivity. Here is a link to our Be Productive Weekly Planner template.
5)Manage Email, Meetings and Distractions
Your TimeLog data will identify the activities that consume most time in your week. Emails and meetings tend to be top of most lists while interruptions from colleagues can also eat into your time.
So here are some e-mail productivity tips to consider:
- Working with email notification constantly switched on can result in the day being controlled by other people's priorities. There will be days when you need to be constantly in touch. But ask yourself are there other days or time blocks when you can check your emails at planned intervals only.
- Actively manage your meetings to increase the chance of productive outcomes by using a meeting process. This can include: 1) preparation beforehand, 2) use of a timed agenda during the meeting and 3) post meeting follow-up of actions agreed
- Eliminate or reduce as many distractions as possible, even if sometimes those distractions are a welcome change from tougher tasks. But remember to be diplomatic when colleagues or clients are involved!
For more detailed advice on this check out our Email, Meetings & Managing Distractions productivity articles here:
6)Develop New Skills and Techniques
Keep improving to make sure you stay productive in this ever changing world. Nowadays there are lots of free apps available that promote efficiency and collaboration such as Microsoft OneNote. Do some research or talk to colleagues and peers to get recommendations. Make sure you are using your desktop applications as efficiently as possible by learning relevant time-saving functionality and features.
7)Review, Analyse and Repeat
To maintain control of your time and sustain any improvement in productivity, it is important to review and analyse what you have achieved. Return to the Timelog to track what worked and what didn't. Compare back to the baseline data you collected at the start. Improvements gained from protected blocks of time and fewer distractions can include: reduced email processing, shorter meeting times, higher task completion, increased output and productivity.
Be Productive
In conclusion, these business owner productivity tips won't work every day or in every business. But I encourage you to take the ideas and develop improvements that will work for you. Send us some feedback in the Comments and keep checking this blog for more detailed articles over the coming months on many of the topics discussed above.


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Jan 04, 2018 from 09:00 PM to 09:30 PM (EST)
It is the most magical time of the year...the time of the year when we start to dream and hope for more. Crafting the perfect response to, or avoiding the age old question: "What is your new year's resolution?"
How many years have you sworn that "THIS will be the year...", the year that you would finally make the changes you know you need or want to make? You have hoped to be healthier, nicer, more successful or maybe just happier, but what are you going to do this year differently than the last?
Have you ever wondered why you make and break resolutions every year? Do you get excited only to let yourself down? Do you start off the year strong only to be distracted by work and life?
Instead of feeling let down, stuck, or frustrated can you imagine what it would feel like if you created lasting changes in 2018?
On January 4th, join Growth-U Certified Advisor, Ashley Banks, for a thirty minute virtual workshop as she guides you through the three key ways of turning your dreams into reality in 2018. Get ready to learn, have fun and harness your ability to turn dreams into reality. This virtual training will provide you with the insight you need to kick off your New Year right!
Enjoy special offerings and bonus gifts waiting for you at the completion of this virtual workshop. Join Ashley Banks as she challenges you to Forget Resolutions and Turn Your Visions and Dreams into Reality!


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Click for a high res gallery of the VV Eco Performance concept
Out in sin city at the SEMA show, Volkswagen - like everyone else - is showing off modified versions of its everyday products. Most of what's on display is either about bling, power or both. Volkswagen however, has one car on display that adds efficiency to the mix. The Performance CC is based on the new four door coupe-sedan that debuted a few months ago. Starting with the base engine, a 2.0L four cylinder TSI with direct injection and turbo charging, APR added a new turbo system with driver selectable performance levels. The engine goes from a stock 200 hp to 222 hp in Eco mode, to 252 hp in GT mode and up to 311 hp in Full Power mode. Volkswagen collaborated with APR on the turbocharger and exhaust systems and claims that even with the increased power levels fuel efficiency is improved across the board. The standard 2.0L CC is rated at 19/28 mpg city/hwy. In Eco mode, the car is claimed to get 27/33 mpg city/hwy. A 47 percent boost in efficiency combined with 11 percent more power is pretty impressive. The question that remains unanswered is whether the car can pass an emissions test in this form. The most likely answer would be "fat chance." Too bad.
[Source: Volkswagen]
311 HP Super CC ups the performance ante in luxury for the people
LAS VEGAS – Powerful performance meets luxury in the Super CC performance concept Volkswagen unveiled at the 2008 SEMA show in Las Vegas.
The Performance CC brings a sleek exterior treatment highlighted by black chrome exterior accents, grey pearl paint with custom front and rear bumper, side panels and machined aluminum spoiler. The black treatment continues inside with high-gloss piano black accents offset by matte black graphics. Customer black leather Recaro seats and matching floor mats are highlighted with white piping.
While the Performance CC looks striking, the upgrades will get hearts racing, the 2.0L TSI engine has been upgraded with an APR stage 3 turbocharger system with three performance levels. In Full Power mode the Performance CC brings 311 hp and 313 lbs. ft. torque; GT mode offers 252 hp and 268 lbs. ft. of torque; and in the Eco mode 222 hp and 236 lbs. ft. of torque. Also included is the APR stainless steel performance exhaust system. Key fact to take note of is that in the Eco performance mode, horsepower went up, as well as fuel economy. A production 2.0T CC automatic gets 28 hwy/19 city and our CC in Eco mode gets 33 hwy, 27 city. Even the full power mode showed a fuel economy increase!
The Performance CC sits on custom designed 10-spoke, 20-inch wheels and high performance 245/30 R20 Yokahama tires with an H&R street coil over sport suspension kit. With all this power to handle, Volkswagen has upgraded the brakes to provide extra power to stop. The Performance CC features 14-inch Brembo brakes with 4-piston Aluminum Alloy Brake Calipers and 355x32mm 2-Piece Floating Cross Drilled Discs with Billet Aluminum Hats.
The Performance CC was designed by the Volkswagen Design Center in California with assistance from APR, LLC (www.goapr.com), Recaro, H&R Suspension and Brembo North America.
Volkswagen of America, Inc.
Volkswagen of America, Inc. recently announced Electronic Stability Program (ESP) as standard equipment on all its 2009 vehicles. As a result, Volkswagen is one of the only original equipment manufacturers to offer an electronic stability control system on their entire product line – ahead of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's (NHTSA) deadline requiring vehicles in the 2012 model year to include stability control systems. Volkswagen's ESP technology works in conjunction with anti-lock brakes and helps reduce loss of control.
Founded in 1955, Volkswagen Group of America is headquartered in Herndon, Va. It is a subsidiary of Volkswagen AG, headquartered in Wolfsburg, Germany. Volkswagen is one of the world's largest producers of passenger cars and Europe's largest automaker. Volkswagen sells the Rabbit, New Beetle, New Beetle convertible, GTI, Jetta, Jetta SportWagen, GLI, Passat, Passat Wagon, CC, Eos, Routan, Tiguan and Touareg through approximately 600 independent U.S. dealers. Visit Volkswagen of America online at vw.com.


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Local Eighth Grade Students Honored with Coach's Award
By Friends Academy | Dec 06, 2017
Last Wednesday, seven Friends Academy eighth graders were recognized with the distinguished Fall 2017 Coach's Award. This award is given to individual athletes who have worked to demonstrate leadership, sportsmanship and team spirit throughout the fall season. Congratulations! This year's recipients are:
Pedro Conceicao, New Bedford
Dylan Marshall, South Dartmouth
Frances Gebhard, South Dartmouth
Field Hockey:
Sophia Babineau, New Bedford
Fionnuala Gormley, Mattapoisett
Cross Country:
Anton Boxler, Westport
Veronica Bernier, Achushnet


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Just finished going through an experience with the Rio Blanco County Informational service. They have begun to write a communication each week in the local paper, I guess to inform the folks of what is going on in the county, etc. Actually what is happening is that they are exposing their mind set to the people of the county for the first time. We are now seeing their closed door environment issuing forth weekly and their "justification" for it.
The first article was entitled "Drill, Baby, Drill" – an interesting title for the first communication. So it was a must read. I couldn't get past the fact they are very sincere even if their numbers or facts are no where near correct. There is the "state" line to follow. Anyway, below is the article itself and my response to this article, which was published in the same local paper this July 8, 2010.
The Herald Times
Rio Blanco County
Meeker, Colorado
Article Published 6/29/2010
The County Cubicle: Drill, baby, drill is county policy
Posted by Special to the Herald Times on 6/29/10 • Categorized as County
Editor's note: In an effort to keep residents informed on happenings within county government, county employees will contribute biweekly articles for "The County Cubicle."
These articles may include responses to reader questions or expression of interest. Readers are encouraged to submit questions or suggestions to County Administrator Pat Hooker at 878-9436 or email@example.com
Want to know one of the least-known facts about the natural gas industry in Colorado? The state produced a record amount of natural gas in 2009. What? How can that be, what with the drop in gas prices, the national recession and the new state drilling rules?
"I thought the gas industry was gone," you say. Actually, the natural gas companies in Colorado produced 61.8 trillion cubic feet of gas in 2009, compared to the previous high of 44.4 trillion cubic feet in 2008.
"Well, maybe, but the number of drilling rigs operating in the state was way down, so isn't the number of new wells also way down?" For Colorado, permits for new wells numbered 5159 in 2009 compared to 8027 in 2008, which was the highest year ever. But how does this number compare to previous years? Again a surprise, 2009 was the fourth-highest year on record for Colorado. In Rio Blanco County, there was an even smaller change. Here, 141 wells were drilled in 2008 and 139 in 2009. This compares favorably to the rest of the state and nation, where well numbers were off 30 to 40 percent.
The rig count is down in Colorado and in the county, yet with the recent advances in drilling methods many of the companies can drill a well in 30 percent less time than was possible just a couple of years ago. The gas companies are also drilling multiple wells from one pad and so do not have the usual downtime associated frequent moving the drilling rig. So a reduced rig count does not mean a reduced number of new wells. Wells are now being drilled with a lot fewer rigs.
What is Rio Blanco County doing to support the gas companies in the extraction of gas locally? The county has always taken the position that we support the responsible extraction of natural resources. By working closely with all the operators, we are able to process and approve applications for new wells in a matter of days, not the months typical of other regulators. We have also permitted a number of large pipeline projects in the county, which have allowed prices for local gas to equalize with the rest of the nation. This is in part why we have not seen the same reduction in the level of drilling experienced elsewhere.
Granted, things are much quieter in town than they were two years ago. That is to be expected with the completion of the fourth major gas plant and two major pipelines in the last three years. Each of these projects required hundreds of workers during the construction phases. The day-to-day operation of each facility requires only a few people. Other gas plants and pipelines are in the planning stages, but they will probably not go forward until the price of natural gas rebounds. With that rebound, we may again see full motels, restaurants with waiting lists and long waits to turn onto Market Street.
If you have questions or comments, contact the Rio Blanco County Planning Office at 878-9580.
My Response was originally four pages filled with real facts and statistics – way to big to print; hence the condensed version.
Enjoy the paper as usual! I especially enjoyed the fact that the county has begun an informational column entitled "The County Cubicle." I believe the dialogue will be very useful. So in order to put the first article "Drill, baby, drill" into prospective with a solid footing, I would like to present information that is of record via the EIA, COGCC, Baker Hughes and other reference sources regarding the base statistics presented in the column and then introduce some public discussion points for the county.
First some basic definitions:
Tcf – means a trillion cubic feet of natural gas, predominately made up of methane, measured at a standard temperature and pressure.
Bcf – a billion cubic feet of gas.
MMBO – million barrels of oil
COGCC – Colorado Oil & Gas Conservation Commission
According to the EIA, the statistical arm of the DOE, the entire United States uses approximately 22 Tcf gas per year – this has been a fairly consistent number for more than a decade. The gas producers produce from 19-21 Tcf/year. Yes, the US has to import natural gas also – some 3.5 Tcf/year (source EIA).
According to the COGCC, the yearly production sales numbers for ALL the counties in Colorado are:
2010 First four months 0.546 Tcf + 7.94 MMBO
2009 1.839 Tcf + 28.57 MMBO
2008 1.792 Tcf + 28.78 MMBO
2007 1.669 Tcf + 24.51 MMBO
Current Production Numbers (Sales) for the county are (source COGCC):
Rio Blanco:
2009 61.94 Bcf + 4.94 MMBO
2008 42.30 Bcf + 5.46 MMBO
2007 40.05 Bcf + 5.68 MMBO
2006 42.33 Bcf + 5.68 MMBO
Note the oil falling off – is Rangely Field is going away?
So far in the first four months of 2010 Rio Blanco reports production (well at least the State says so) at 14.44 Bcf. This would equate to a 43 Bcf yearly pace, clearly falling off as the Piceance Basin needs to be drilled heavily and consistently to keep the production numbers high. So how does that affect the severance tax base to the state and county? To address one of the points made in the article, yes 2009 saw a peak in the gas production, but that was mainly work coming on line which was budgeted, permitted and drilled by the crash. The lead time to come online here in this state is measured in years not months as in most other states.
As to the permit discussion:
There has been much said about this permitting action at the state level as an indicator of interest in doing business in the State of Colorado. The numbers in the article for a total of 5,159 new drilling applications are true as put out by the State of Colorado. As far as I can tell, there is really no way to get an independent check on that number – all we have are COGCC staff reports to sort through. In March 2009, the month before Ritter's new environmental laws took effect, a record 1,476 applications were submitted. In the first two months of 2009 a total of 930 new drill applications were submitted, making a total of 2,406 drill applications submitted in the first three months of the year. The final note the State of Colorado released was that only 1, 274 new drill applications were approved during the last six months of the year. From the staff reports only 2,159 new drilling applications were received from April 1 through the end of the year, a nine month period. So it appears more than half of the business was conducted in the first three months of the year before the new law went into effect. I don't see any joy in the permit fall off numbers. In actual practice, however, the number of drilling applications does not necessarily portend actual drilling.
Maybe we should just look at the "show me the money" approach to see the potential effects of all this state regulation upon this county in the era of the "low gas price." Before the latest bust the Colorado rig count was clicking along at 120+ rigs drilling as the nation was clocking along at about 2,000. As we rolled through the elections and the new regulations; the gas companies began leaving Colorado for places unknown. Today the national drilling has recovered to the 1,500 rigs level (data is from the Baker Hughes). Nationally then the rig count has bounced back an average of 69% since this time last year but Colorado rig count is up only 25% from last year.
Here's how various other states have recovered:
Wyoming: up 43%
Utah: up 68%
New Mexico: up 71%
Pennsylvania: up 93%
Oklahoma: up 59%
Texas: up 98%
Hmmm…wonder why interest in drilling in Colorado didn't come back even as close as some of the neighbors with same gas price of course? Current rig count this week in Rio Blanco County according to Baker Hughes is a whopping 7 wells. The entire state lost over 70% of the oil/gas business in the crash and it hasn't come back and may not ever if we are to believe VP Biden.
Some of the article's discussion details the lack of "gas prices" as being the prime driver that keeps business away. As long as the free market can continue to hold on in this nation, prices are based on supply and demand. Costs of doing business in equipment long hauls because there is no infrastructure here, the radical environmentalists, the permits, taxes, and manpower hours to get approvals from every federal, state, county, municipal and yes even the neighborhood agency doesn't give this state much of a chance to compete for business. In addition to all those front end load cost factors, there is an unknown amount of regulation and taxes associated with the construction of well pads and plant construction. So when a businessman looks at a project based in Colorado that has the same amount of geological risk (the normal risk he is trained to evaluate rate of return on) as say a Barnett Shale well in Texas or even a gas well in Wyoming and sees this cloud of regulation settled over Colorado – he doesn't think too long before the decision is made to go elsewhere. This is basically what we are experiencing now – the remaining operators here are just drilling their current reserve base that they can make work for less than $4.00/Mcf – there is no new gas exploration going on.
As to the county's motto "we support the responsible extraction of natural resources" misses the point of the energy industry completely. That statement focuses on the energy industry means and methods to generate income. What if we focused on competing for the support businesses for those gas companies that are left and develop our industrial areas that would support this community for this 100 year industry? What if we spent time working with the state on these severance issues so we don't have to "negotiate" with them for our fair share all the time?
So the conclusion is that even with a rebound in gas prices, drilling, gas plants, pipelines, etc the energy business will not return here unless there is a complete new spirit inserted in the definition of "responsible extraction of natural resources."
Some fast fact resources:
David Meece
While digging through the files I came upon the following chart that gives a visual of what has happened to Colorado:


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Patagonia Women's Lightweight Snap-T® Hooded Jacket
This fun full-zip hoody, made of lightweight recycled polyester fleece (heathers: 80% recycled polyester; solids: 85% recycled polyester), is durable, easy care, comfortable and warm.
- Made of warm, lightweight polyester fleece (heathers: 80% recycled polyester; solids: 85% recycled polyester)
- Full-zip jacket with roomy hood trimmed with contrasting spandex trim; center-front Vislon® zipper with contrasting grosgrain zipper pulls
- Two zippered handwarmer pockets with contrasting grosgrain zipper pulls
- Left-chest pocket with nylon flap and snap closure
- Cuffs and hem have spandex trim
- Hip length
- 453 g (16 oz)
Solids: 7.5-oz 100% polyester (85% recycled) double-sided fleece.
Heathers: 7.9-oz 100% polyester (80% recycled) double-sided fleece.
Prints: 7.5-oz 100% polyester double-sided fleece.
Solid and heather fabrics are bluesign® approvedView The Footprint Chronicles
bluesign® Approved Fabric
Patagonia has worked with bluesign technologies since 2000 to evaluate and reduce resource consumption in our materials supply chain, and to assist us with managing the chemicals, dyes and finishes used in the process. bluesign technologies, based in Switzerland, works at each step in the textile supply chain to approve chemicals, processes, materials, and products that are safe for the environment, safe for workers, and safe for the end customers.
In 2007, Patagonia became the first brand to officially join the network of bluesign® system partners.
Any fabric you see that's bluesign® approved offers the highest level of consumer safety by employing methods and materials in their manufacture that conserve resources and minimize impacts on people and the environment.
Recycled Polyester
In 1993, we adopted fleece into our product line made from post consumer recycled (PCR) plastic soda bottles. We were the first outdoor clothing manufacturer to do so. PCR® clothing was a positive step towards a more sustainable system – one that uses fewer resources, discards less and better protects people's health.
Today, we're able to utilize more sources for recycled polyester and offer it on more garments such as Capilene® baselayers, shell jackets, board shorts, and fleece. We now recycle used soda bottles, unusable manufacturing waste, and worn out garments (including our own) into polyester fibers to produce many of our clothes.
Using recycled polyester lessens our dependence on petroleum as a raw material source, curbs discards and reduces toxic emissions from incinerators.
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The main appeal of Bouncies is that they are carefully handcrafted and are not plastic. The retail price point is between $16.95 and $18.95, while wholesale is $8 to $8.50 per unit. As for minimum orders, retailers must order at least 20 Bouncies to receive wholesale prices. Most retailers order between 40 and 50.
Ammon USA reports that in order to be really successful selling Bouncies, retailers should have a shelf full of perhaps 60 units for customers to choose from. Ammon USA has over 100 figures in its catalogs, with more coming later this year. There seems to be a strong appeal in the U.S. for historical figures, and Ammon USA will be introducing Einstein and Mozart later this year, followed by William Shakespeare.
Ammon USA notes that Bouncies make a great kiosk product. In fact, over the recent holiday season, it opened a kiosk in Florida and sold a considerable amount of product to enthusiastic buyers.
For more information:
Ammon USA, LLC
1408 State Street
Sarasota, FL 34236
Tel.: 941-330-0877
Email: email@example.com
Website: www.ammon-usa.com


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The data relating to Huntsville AL Real Estate on this Web site derive in part from the Valley MLS IDX datashare program. Listings marked with the ValleyMls logo are provided courtesy of the Huntsville Alabama Real Estate Information Service, Inc. (ValleyMls) IDX Database. © 2015 Valley MLS, Inc. All information provided is deemed reliable but is not guaranteed and should be independently verified.


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Can we resurrect the Wooly Mammoth?
13Wooly mammoths are an ancient creature, and while there are none alive today, that may soon not be true. With the towering size of an elephant and long wooly hair, seeing one would seem like taking a step back thousands of years. But with the technological innovations of today, we may soon be able to resurrect this extinct creature, and maybe some others as well.
History's deadliest colors
What's your favorite color? Do you love blue, the color of the sky and ocean? Or maybe you're more of an orange sunset person. Did you know that some colors don't always come from such innocuous backgrounds? For example, there are some colors that have a more sinister and deadly background.
3 NEW places better than Craigslist to buy and sel
It's been a little while since the last time we talked about Craigslist alternatives, but once again you've fallen out of love with some items in your closet, and gotten some new electronics that make you less interested in your older ones. It's time to sell some things - but where can you go these days that still isn't Craigslist?
Every map of Louisiana is a lie
There are many things that you learned in high school that aren't true. For instance, there aren't just 5 senses, there are many more! But one of the things you probably trusted were those geography lessons, especially on maps of the U.S. However, there's one state that's always been wrong.
Where do ships go to die?
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This anti-personnel landmine will finally be donat
After war ravages a landscape, there's usually not a cleaning crew that goes through after, and many of the dangerous artifacts stay hidden until they get unearthed by the civilians living in the forgotten area. For some, it can be a deadly encounter. But one corporation, the HALO trust, has just received a rig specifically designed to find and separate anti-personnel mines from soil.
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Podcast: Hi-tech farms – Is automated techno
When you think about farms and ranches, what comes to mind? You'll be surprised to know just how hi-tech they have become. Drones, self-driving tractors and sophisticated imaging are about to revolutionize the way our food is grown. Will technology replace farmers?
Podcast: Alex Jones, the First Amendment and Big T
The First Amendment states that our government can't regulate our right to free speech but what about Big Tech? Facebook, Twitter, Apple, and other tech companies have been cracking down on conspiracy theorist and radio show host Alex Jones. In this Consumer Tech Update podcast Kim explores the topic of free speech and Big Tech.
Podcast: How to outsmart hackers and scammers when
You go on vacation to escape. But one thing you can't escape is the danger of being hacked, scammed or tracked - and as traveler, you're a prime target! In this episode of Komando on Demand, you'll learn crucial safety practices to safeguard your internet security, whether travelling for business or pleasure. So before you even log on to book a flight, hotel, or car you need to arm yourself.
Slay vampire electronics to save big money
Americans spend $19 billion a year (that's around $165 per household) on something completely wasteful. You've probably never thought about it, but idle electronics, also known as "vampire electronics," consume all day and night. They us nearly a quarter of an average home's energy. Do you know how much energy is being sucked away in your home? You'd be surprised.
How to raise awareness for worthy causes
Stephen from Texas has been battling kidney disease for several years. He called in to the show asking Kim about the best ways to raise awareness about kidney donation on social media and more specifically about his own need for a kidney transplant. Kim gives Stephen some tips on how to start an awareness campaign that can help him and others in need.
How to stop Google from tracking and targeting you
Have you ever noticed that Google's ads seem to know more about you than you know about yourself? When Google posts an ad about horror movies, for example, and you happen to be a horror movie buff. Google has a way of knowing what topics interest you. Did you know you can tell Google to stop tailoring its ads to your interests?
What I streamed and what I liked: "Nailed It
Do you enjoy baking? Then you know how important it is to follow a recipe. You're going to enjoy the Netflix Original called "Nailed It", where contestants compete to win a $10,000 grand prize to create edible masterpieces. But there's a twist: the contestants have a terrible baking track record. It's a hilarious show that is guaranteed to make you laugh.
The best low-cost cellphone plans for 2018
Have you taken a look at your cellphone bill lately? It's most likely higher than you thought and you wonder why that is. Fortunately even the most expensive of carriers offer cheaper options, and while they may not be offered at the same price point as what is sold by lesser carriers, they provide the top-notch quality at a more affordable rate.
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3 new online marketplaces better than Craigslist
Once upon a time, Craigslist was a great idea. Post classified ads for free! Meet cool singles! Craigslist was stripped-down and straightforward. You could throw up text and photos, then take them down whenever you wanted. You didn't even have to post your email address. Thirty years later, Craigslist is a ghost of its former self. As goes the internet, new marketplaces keep opening up, and I've been very pleased with many of these alternatives.
Best streaming service: Netflix vs. Vudu vs. Amazo
When you're picking a streaming video service, so many questions pop up: how much does it cost? What movies does it have? Can you find current episodes of your favorite TV show, or are they all from past seasons? Is there an app, and how well does it work? The list goes on and on.
5 ways to slash your smartphone bills
Remember, a smartphone is a small computer, and computers are expensive. Even older-model phones can cost hundreds of dollars, never mind the $1,149 you'd have to pay for an iPhone X with 256GB, or the Samsung Galaxy S9, which costs upwards of $950. No matter the carrier, the freefall days of free and discounted phones are over, at least among mainstream providers. The pressure to own a smartphone is high, so how do you keep those expenses as low as possible?
Insider tricks to keep hackers and scammers from s
Cybercriminals are out in full force looking for ways to steal your data. It's worth money to them. That's why we've seen a massive uptick in the number of data breaches over the past few years. Unfortunately, most folks don't know they've been hacked until it's too late. With cybercrime so rampant, you need to be proactive about protecting yourself.
Tips and apps for office administration
Terry from Baton Rouge, Louisiana, called in to the show to learn how to optimize their on site security reporting. Their community hires off-duty police officers to patrol the neighborhood and are looking to update how officers check in, how they report, and how they can communicate more effectively in the field.
Clever Alexa commands you can use again and again!
More than any other device, Alexa has become our closest approximation of artificial intelligence. She has a voice and personality, and if you ask the right question, she'll even get sassy with you. Users even refer to Alexa as "she." We usually prefer to say her name, rather than the name of the device itself, Amazon Echo. For many owners, Alexa is more than a mere virtual assistant; she has become something like a domestic companion, a Rosie or R2-D2 that can also order takeout.
Incredible useful travel apps you didn't know ab
Have smartphone, will travel. Nowadays, your phone may operate in many different countries, or you can easily stick a SIM card into the slot and pick up a local data plan. Another option is to keep your phone off and only use Wi-Fi whenever you find it. In short, your phone is still useful when you travel, and you can access your apps in seaports and souks around the globe. Many apps are designed to enhance the travel experience.
Komando Flash Tips
Introducing my new video site!
After months of hard work, I am excited to share with you my new and improved video site! I know you're going to love it. It's faster, more user-friendly and has fewer ads! You'll still find my popular categories like flash tips, Komando reports and a slew of other fun stuff like recipes and viral videos. And don't forget, if you are a member of Kim's Club, you'll also be able to watch me record my radio show live from the studio! Check it out for yourself! Click here to see my new and improved video site!
Get clearer sounds from your TV with this one hidd
It's a common problem with flatscreen TVs; sometimes, you can hardly hear the dialogue in TV shows and movies. In one scene, spoken words sound so soft that you can't help but turn the volume up. Then suddenly, the next scene barges loudly into your living room, filled with explosions and gunshots. Try these tricks to smooth it all out.


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Today you will say things you can predict and other things you could never imagine this minute. Don't reject them, let them come through when they're ready, don't think you can plan it al out. This day will never, no matter how long you live, happen again. It is exquisitely singular. It will never again be exactly repeated.
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Monthly Archives: September 2009
Evidence-Based Reasoning
By rmidgley | Published: September 28, 2009
Evidence-based reasoning? Strange. Google says almost no one searches for this phrase (73 times/month vs. over 300,000 times/month for "critical thinking"). Yet, identifying evidence and drawing logical conclusions based on this evidence lie at the heart of problem solving, learning, and, yes, critical thinking. Imparting the skills needed for evidence-based reasoning [...]
Posted in Uncategorized | Leave a comment


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Martin Keown promises to join Arsenal fans in any protest against club's ticket prices
Arsenal legend Martin Keown has promised to join the club's fans if they decide to protest against ticket prices at the Emirates.
Liverpool performed a sensational u-turn on their decision to increase ticket prices at Anfield this week after the club's supporters performed a mass walkout on the 77th minute against Sunderland last Saturday.
The Gunners have the most expensive matchday tickets in the Premier League, while their highest priced season ticket of £2013 is the costliest in England.
Leicester City fans are urging Arsenal supporters to join them in boycotting the first five minutes of Sunday's clash after the game was rescheduled for television purposes and Keown has admitted he would join in with the fans if it came to a protest.
'Jamie Carragher made a stand by joining in the Anfield protests last week and if there was a similar one at Arsenal, I would follow suit,' said Keown.
'The clubs have to support what the majority of fans want and it's time to stand up for them.
'It's hard-earned money that's being spent and fans travel the length and breadth of the country to support their teams. They deserve to have their voices heard.'
MORE: Wenger reveals key star is fit again


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Directed by Robert Philpson, the short documentary T'Ain't Nobody's Bizness: Queer Blues Divas of the 1920s, will be featured next month at the Pan African Film Festival. The doc explores the private sexual lives of lesbian and bisexual "blues divas" in the 1920's, a time when the subject was even more taboo than it is today, and how these women created "a space for themselves", as they struggled with the alienation faced from society.
Here's the full synopsis:
"T'Ain't Nobody's Bizness" excavates the hidden sexualities of Black female entertainers who reigned over the nascent blues recording industry of the 1920s. Unlike the male-dominated jazz scene, early blues provided a space for women to take the lead and model an autonomy that was remarkable for women of any color or sexual orientation. The fact that some of these women, still famous 90 years later, successfully conducted same-sex relations with friends and working partners is a tribute to their independent spirit and a marker of the relaxed mores that shaped the world of Black entertainment.
Ma Rainey, "Mother of the Blues," recruited a devoted following touring the vaudeville circuit in the deep South and along the Mississippi River. Jazz historian Chris Albertson reveals the result of her partying with her chorines in Chicago, where she also recorded almost 100 sides. A true original, Ma Rainey wrote and recorded several songs about sissy men and mannish women—not all of them derogatory.
The most famous blues artist of her day, Bessie Smith, was a sexual predator to both men and women. Her affair with Lillian Simpson, a dancer in her show, triggered one of the greatest fights in Smith's violence- soaked marriage to Jack Gee. Renowned Bay Area vocalist, Linda Tillery, talks about the inspiration Bessie provided for her life and music.
Chris Albertson confirms the lesbianism of Alberta Hunter and Ethel Waters, an early blues singer who later earned stardom as a headliner on Broadway and as a Hollywood actor. And, finally, "T'Ain't Nobody's Bizness," resurrects the reputation of Gladys Bentley, a Harlem nightclub singer famous in her day for wearing a tuxedo and boasting of her affairs with other women.
Cultural historian Brian Keizer puts the early blues scene in its social context, pointing out that these women, alienated from mainstream society by race and cultural practice (the blues being regarded as the devil's music), created a space for themselves that presaged the freedom later claimed by the civil rights movement and, by example, gay liberation.
Taking its title from a popular song of the day (written by gay musician Porter Grainger), "T'Ain't Nobody's Bizness" introduces contemporary audiences to the transgressive practices of the distaff side of the early blues. It wasn't all about cheatin' men and low times. To quote from the song, "If I go to church on Sunday/Then shimmy down on Monday/T'ain't nobody's bizness if I do."
Watch the trailer below and the opening sequence underneath it.
T'Ain't Nobody's Bizness Trailer from Robert Philipson on Vimeo.
T'Ain't Nobody's Bizness Opener from Robert Philipson on Vimeo.
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ISL9 for 2013. Better. Every Call.Cummins ISL9 is built to last. This engine is built for endurance with features such as replaceable wet liners, roller followers, by-pass oil filtration and targeted piston cooling for longer service in demanding fire and emergency vehicle applications. It uses the XPI fuel system and shares the same Electronic Control Module (ECM) with all other Cummins on-highway engines for powerful, , clean and quiet operation. Every call.Better. Where It Counts.Cummins ISL9 is designed to deliver better performance, reliability, fuel economy and durability. The ISL9 is easily customizable, including many electronic engine features and adjustable parameters. Emergency vehicle ratings for the ISL9 range from 270-450 hp (201-336 kW) with a peak torque of 1250 lb-ft (1695 N•m). Maintenance is virtually unchanged from previous models. Plus, every ISL9 is backed by the largest and most capable customer support network in the business, with Cummins Care representatives available at 1-800-DIESELS™ to answer product questions and provide assistance during a repair or service event from Cummins Care.Cummins ISL9 for 2013 will help every firefighting crew and EMT unit respond better in every emergency situation. Every time.Better Coverage.In addition to a comprehensive base warranty, Cummins ISL9 is available with a variety of extended coverage plans for up to 10 years/200,000 miles (321,869 km).
Cummins PowerSpec is an electronic tool that makes it possible to tailor the operation of Cummins engines in every on-highway application.
Advertised Horsepower
270-450 hp
201-336 kW
Peak Torque
800-1250 lb-ft
1084-1695 Nm
Governed Speed
2100 - 2200 rpm
Clutch Engagement Torque
500-550 lb-ft
678-756 Nm
Number of Cylinders
System Weight
1912 lb
867 kg
Engine (Dry)
1695 lb
769 kg
Aftertreatment System*
98 kg
*Increase over standard muffler; does not include chassis OEM-supplied components
VGT™ Turbocharger from Cummins Turbo Technologies – The patented design is widely recognized as the industry leader for performance. Electric actuation improves precision and responsiveness. The VGT Turbocharger also increases fuel economy and braking horsepower.XPI Fuel System From Cummins Fuel Systems – Delivers superior performance regardless of engine rpm. Multiple injection events per cycle improve fuel efficiency and enable smoother, quieter operation.Cummins Aftertreatment System from Cummins Emission Solutions – Proprietary system consists of a Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) and Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) technology for near-zero emissions.Fleetguard® Fuel Filters, Lube Filters and DEF from Cummins Filtration – Fleetguard filters protect against corrosion and contaminants that can cause performance issues. High quality DEF is widely available at authorized Cummins and Fleetguard locations, as well as in bulk delivery.Single High-Capacity Electronic Control Module (ECM) – A single ECM manages the engine and aftertreatment system for optimum performance and fuel efficiency.
Maintenance Item
Oil & Filter*
15,000 mi
24,000 km
Fuel Filter
Coolant Filter
Valve Adjustment
150,000 mi
240,000 km
Standard Coolant
60,000 mi
96,000 km
Crankcase Breather Filter
Every 3rd to 4th Oil Change Interval
DEF Filter
200,000 mi
320,000 km
Particulate Filter
Consult your Operations and Maintenance Manual for more information.*Assuming severe duty cycle for fire/emergency vehicle applications
Cummins Inc, Box 3005,
Columbus, IN 47202-3005 USA
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