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Build Guide by Eimin
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Nasus Build
Ability Sequence
Not Updated For Current Season
The masteries shown here are not yet updated for the current season, the guide author needs to set up the new masteries. As such, they will be different than the masteries you see in-game.
Ok this may seem a bit weird Over all,the rune build but I find it very effective lmao feel free to change the runes accordingly,but I find it useful because I do tend to use Nasus Aoe often and well wiping creeps and scaring off other champs tends to be effective
Items are in order I don't get my spirit visage till last I replace Doran's shield,As soon as your warmongs armor is complete I suggest getting Nashor's tooth.
Personally I rather like this build I don't focus on adding AD it just seems like I already have a nice dps when I chain my skills correctly,Nasus can easily change a team battle to your favor if you chain his combo correctly you'll land some easy kills and assists.
I chose to use Siphoning Strike first Use it as often as possible but make sure it is the LAST hit on a minion to ensure you get your attack boost it'll be very helpful when in battle with other champions.
Then work your way to spirit fire to weaken creeps for siphoning strike then at Lv 3 Wither for those champs that try to get greedy or are just weakened great way to ensure a kill also very useful for getting away or helping out a fellow champion escape
There are many combo's that you can do with Nasus with the right teammate you should never have a problem controlling your lane.
I can easily assume this is a unique build style but I find it effective :) feel free to comment and put your input


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Cornerstones: easy to build, costs less than $1, no tools or equipment, takes maximum 15 minutes.
Versions below work indoors or outdoors, with any software defined radio capable of 1090 MHz signal reception.
Subscribe on Twitter @rtlsdr4everyone or by clicking on blue button (top left) to get the latest updates.
Use a metal tin underneath
If you're using a magnetic mount as a starting point, always place the mount on a metallic object, such as a food or sweet tin / can. Mount must "snap" to metal, and should be hard to lift - always lift any mount by the antenna part, not by the cable, as you can rip out the center/braid connection inside with larger Nooelec or rtl-sdr.com mounts, which have a strong magnet.
Substract 2-3 mm from theoretical values with mounts
Full wavelength of the 1090 MHz ADS-B signal is 27.52 cm / 10.83 inches, which is an important value, as radio antennas are built according to wavelength of signal.
However, screw in a magnetic mount does not end where screw meets plastic, there's 2-3 mm more inside:
This only matters with RTL-SDR dongle magnetic mounts, regardless of brand or origin.
Cut back short back antenna
Total length from bottom of screw to top of antenna should be 65 millimeters / 2.56 inches.
Half-wave on mountStill using the same mount, get some multi-stranded wire and wrap it around the bottom screw.
Total length from base should be 13.5 cm / 5.31 inches.
Half-wave with radials
Imaginative (or arachnophobic?) ADS-B devotees also call this the "spider" antenna. Amateur radio operators and government agencies use the same type for decades for communications, but always with four radials.
Update #1: Antenna above had great results with a Pro Stick Plus (amplified and filtered RTL-SDR dongle). Commenters suggested that cutting elements to 1/4 wave (6.88mm) might give better results, so done comparative long-term testing with different dongles (SMArt and rtl-sdr.com v.3) at a different location. Results were somewhat better with a shorter version. I suggest to build antenna as above, run it for a week, then cut elements in half, run it for a week, see which one works out better with your setup and at your location.
Construction is simple, only requires sufficient length of coax cable to reach antenna location plus 4 foot / 1.2 meters for antenna. Leave on the white squashy bit or strip it off, I've built both versions and did not see any performance difference, but removal takes ages.
1. Cut off four lengths of coax 10 inches / 25 cm long.
2. Strip off outer insulation including alu foil if present.
3. Remove white or plastic material from the end for about 1 inch / 2.5 cm. Do this step with all four lengths of plastic.
4. Measure an equal length from end of coax (use pre-cut coax) and remove insulation.
5. Bend ends of pre-cut pieces to a 45 degree angle.
5. Push in the four ends of bare wire inbetween insulation and core material.
6. Arrange the four wires to point N-E-S-W, or 3-6-9-12 o'çlock positions.
7. Tape or cable tie the top to ensure no movement.
8. Optionally, put well-chewed chewing gum at connectors, leave overnight or as long as necessary to harden. More sophisticated waterproofing involves a hot glue gun, which is not available at every corner store in the world.
This antenna will work exceptionally well with the FlightAware Pro Stick Plus, add two F-type female and an SMA Male - F type Female connector to the grab bag for easy connection, or use direct coax to SMA female connection to mate Plus to coax cable.
Keep going, experiment and read up
There are countless versions of various antenna designs utilizing the same or similar principles floating around: an excellent source of more cutting edge technology is this FlightAware discussion thread.
Other antenna types for ADS-B can be found in any ARRL book, try a 5/8 wave or a J-pole for laughs - however, after building quite a few ADS-B antennas, if price, material availability and construction time matters, these three are the best out there.

subset: commoncrawl


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Glenorie was originally part of Dural and later known as North Dural. The name caused confusion for the post office and in April 1894, local resident William Black offered the Colony's Postmaster General two names: Hazeldene and Glenorie, both towns in Scotland. The name Glenorie was accepted because it had the support of the local progress association.
Whilst Glenorie does have a small collection of residential sized lots of land, the bulk of the district is comprised of acreage properties. Glenorie has been one of the Hills District's fastest growing suburbs of the last few years as more and more people start to discover the beauty of the district.
Although the charming shopping village has recently become home to a large Woolworths, due to its abundance of fruit orchards residents of Glenorie are still more likely to pick up a local bargain from the fruit vendors commonly located on the suburbs roadsides.


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BIG PRICE REDUCTION ...BOAT IS READY TO ROLL! Boattest.com says the Four Winns Horizon "is one of the biggest bow rider's money can buy." The boat has a large deep-V hull combined with twin stern drives and a host of amenities putting this sport boat into a league of her own.
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The Company offers the details of this vessel in good faith but cannot
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The 310 Horizon is amazingly nimble and spirited. Yet it's the creature comforts that will delight you time and time again: day berth with optional air conditioning/heating system, generator, microwave, air compressor ... the list of standard and optional equipment is as long as the boat itself.
Hull Shape: Deep Vee
LOA: 31 ft 4 in
Beam: 9 ft 8 in
Minimum Draft: 2 ft 0 in
Maximum Draft: 2 ft 11 in
Deadrise: 21 ° at Transom
Dry Weight: 8360 lbs
Total Power: 600 HP
Engine 1:
Engine Brand: Volvo Penta
Year Built: 2009
Engine Model: 5.7 GI SX EVC
Engine Type: Inboard/Outboard
Engine/Fuel Type: Gas/Petrol
Engine Hours: 186
Propeller: 3 blade propeller
Drive Type: Stern drive
Engine Power: 300 HP
Engine 2:
Engine Brand: Volvo Penta
Year Built: 2009
Engine Model: 5.7 GI SX EVC
Engine Type: Inboard/Outboard
Engine/Fuel Type: Gas/Petrol
Engine Hours: 186
Propeller: 3 blade propeller
Drive Type: Stern drive
Engine Power: 300 HP
Fuel Tanks: (130 Gallons)
Number of single berths: 1
Number of heads: 1
Cockpit speakers
CD player
Inside Equipment
Air conditioning
Electric head
Battery charger
Microwave oven
Electric bilge pump
Electrical Equipment
Shore power inlet
Outside Equipment/Extras
Cockpit table
Cockpit cushions
Cockpit shower
Swimming ladder
Electric windlass
Cockpit cover
Bimini Top
c/o Hellerud Shipping & Trading AS
Postboks 95


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After years of watching start-up dot-coms gain footholds in their vertical marketplaces, America's biggest corporations are banding together to seize the Web for themselves.
Beginning last month with the announcement by the Big Three automakers of plans for an online supplier exchange, major manufacturers in at least a half-dozen industries have followed suit.
This represents an enormous shift in online business strategy, and raises major challenges for marketers and market makers:
"In a commodity market, you have to make yourself stand for something," said David Potts, VP-business development and product management for The CobaltGroup, an IT provider for the automotive industry.
"There has to be a compelling reason why you would choose one supplier over another, and much of that certainly stems from ongoing marketing communications."
What will happen to existing online vertical marketplaces? If the big buyers now start their own marketplace, can dot-com operations such as Commerx Inc.'s PlasticsNet.com, ChemConnect Inc., VerticalNet and e-Steel Corp. still thrive?
In the automotive industry, the Big Three are explicit that their new partnership signifies that "automakers won't cede the b-to-b market to Web players," said Alice Miles, president-Ford B2B and acting co-CEO of the Big Three's planned online supplier exchange.
Nick Earle, chief marketing officer, business-to-business, for Hewlett-Packard Co. likens the rise of big-business e-commerce to the big bang, where the dot-com start-ups are stars that form early, shine brightly, but are snuffed out early.
"The thing that brings order to a universe is gravity," Earle said. "So Chevron, or some other big company, comes up to form a vertical portal. It will create gravity, which will suck in the stars. Now, if you want to create a mega black hole, you go to your competitors and make them partners. Ford, GM or Chrysler saw that, by sharing, it was game over. All the competitors will go out of business, and we'll share the portal."
For their part, third-party e-marketplaces don't buy that kind of dramatic rhetoric and are talking tough themselves.
"The automakers have a lot of plans," scoffed Jim Zuffoletti, director-market making at FreeMarkets.com, a Pittsburgh-based horizontal auction site. "I would ask, 'What have you already done?' If six months from now, they're still talking about plans, then that's your indication of how much success they're going to have."
Zuffoletti may have an ax to grind, seeing that GM jilted FreeMarkets and selected Commerce One to build the online supplier exchange. But what is clear is that a battle has been joined between the dot-coms and the once not-coms, and trillions of dollars are at stake.
A February report from Forrester Research, Cambridge, Mass., predicted that b-to-b e-commerce would reach $2.7 trillion annually by 2004, representing 17% of total b-to-b commerce. Of that $2.7 trillion in e-commerce, $1.4 trillion, or 53%, will be conducted on e-marketplaces in a range of industries, the report says.
The question is will these e-marketplaces be the kind founded by consortiums of manufacturers, by independent, third-party companies or by a combination of both? In the wake of the Big Three's announcement, other corporations have come together--on customer-facing and supplier-facing initiatives--to create online joint ventures. Among the most prominent:
DuPont, Cargill and Cenex Harvest States Cooperative announced earlier this month that they plan to create an agricultural industry e-commerce site. Called Rooster.com, it is intended to allow farmers to market their crops and to buy fertilizer, pesticides and other farm supplies via the Web. It will compete against established third-party sites, such as farms.com.
Sears, Roebuck & Co. and French retailer Carrefour announced earlier this month a joint venture to form an online purchasing site where the retailers will buy about $80 million in combined purchases.
In conjunction with Grocery Manufacturers of America, Kraft Foods, H.J. Heinz Co. and other major food companies announced they planned to create an industrywide e-marketplace to buy more than $200 billion worth of goods from suppliers.
The Big Three's as-yet-unnamed online supplier exchange, which the automakers are calling "Newco," is at this point the most ambitious of all the planned exchanges.
Eyeing a share of this commerce well beyond the automotive industry, Newco has aggressive plans to become a massive purchasing hub for industry in general. This ramping up for such an endeavor will be funded in part by an initial public offering of Newco.
"Initially, our focus will be succeeding in the automotive vertical for credibility on Wall Street," said Alan Turfe, executive director-GM TradeXchange and another co-CEO of the Newco. "Once we establish that credibility in the automotive vertical, we plan on going into other vertical industries."
Turfe, Ford's Miles and Newco's third co-CEO, Peter Weiss, project manager of e-Extended Enterprise at DaimlerChrysler Corp., say they plan to spin off Newco and take the company public as soon as possible.
They want Newco to function as an independent e-marketplace, but the Big Three will have designed the site and will maintain a hefty ownership stake in the project.
Some b-to-b observers say the PlasticsNets and ChemConnects of the world will be driven out of business. Others say the survivors will ally with the Newco. And still others say even a successful Newco, while it may cause consolidation among the third-party e-marketplaces, won't eliminate the need for them.
Brad Hafer, VP-corporate development for SupplierMarket.com, an e-marketplace for gears, bolts and other manufactured parts, isn't exactly quaking in his boots.
"We believe strongly that this neutrality is necessary for a successful marketplace to become and stay a leader," he wrote in an e-mail.
"The Big Three's online exchange is buyer focused, targeting reduction in direct material costs for buyers. Therefore, suppliers may be hesitant to participate in the exchange."
Adds Steve Kafka, an analyst with Forrester, "They'll never create one single industrial 'mall of America,' the one in Minnesota notwithstanding. But even if they do create a super huge mega-mall, that doesn't mean we won't have strip malls to serve more specialized needs."
Garrett Gee, business manager-plastics at Kline & Co., a Little Falls, N.J.-based consultancy, has a word for the next couple of years surrounding e-marketplaces.
"Chaos," he said with a chuckle. "It's going to be a three-phase adoption process: storming, norming and performing."
He explains, "In the storming phase, people are going to scramble trying to figure it out. The solutions will be unclear. IT providers will be confusing people with what kind of infrastructure they should be using."
In Gee's view, next comes the norming phase. "This is when companies will begin to accept it and understand it," he said. In this period, companies will settle on approaches to balancing their own Web initiatives and e-marketplaces, he explained.
In the "performing" phase, e-business will just become business. The shift will be spurred mainly by the cost-savings of e-commerce, which Kline & Co. estimates will be between $7 and $125 per transaction.
Once the "performing" phase begins in about five years, Gee said most companies will use some combination of direct e-commerce on their own extranets and e-commerce that goes through an e-marketplace. He expects that most companies will sell 70% of their products direct, either through e-commerce or traditional means.
In particular, Gee said, most companies will maintain control of their biggest customers and not cede that to a third-party e-marketplace.
Forrester has a slightly different perspective. By 2004, it projects that 17% of all online b-to-b trade will go through e-marketplaces. The percentage will vary from industry to industry. At one end of the spectrum, the computer and electronics industry will conduct 40% of online trade through e-marketplaces; at the other, heavy industry will conduct just 3% of its online trade through e-marketplaces.
Neutral e-marketplaces will thrive in fragmented industries, such as plastics, chemicals and steel, Forrester projects.
E-marketplaces controlled by corporations will bloom in industries--such as automotive--that are dominated by a few key players, Forrester says.
E-marketplaces founded by dot-com start-ups will thrive, Forrester says, in fragmented industries such as steel, plastics and chemicals. Third-party sites such as e-Steel, PlasticsNet and ChemConnect already have strong positions in these vertical industries.
Most observors expect a wave of mergers, even though new Web hubs continue to sprout almost daily. Giga Information Group, Cambridge, Mass., expects the number to explode to 10,000 by year's end.
Ed Matheny, president of Atlantic Consulting, Decatur, Ga., argues the focus of most e-marketplaces is misguided.
"There's all this focus on procurement, procurement, procurement; auction, auction, auction; exchange, exchange, exchange," he said. "I think the real challenge and the real opportunity is not taking the cost out of transactions, but in finding new ways to manage relationships with customers and finding ways to add more value to what we're already doing for them."


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Residential Homes, Condos, Townhouses, Hotels and Resorts
Decorative concrete floor systems are popular with many home owners for a variety of reasons. There are many colors, styles, and designs available. They are used in the garage, bathrooms, and basement floors as well as kitchens, dens, and living rooms.
Concrete floors are great versatility of design, durability and low maintenance. This is especially true if the property is near a waterfront or part of a resort because these surfaces are mold and mildew resistant.
Stamped concrete or stampable overlays are used extensively on pool decks, patios, walkways and stairs. The color options and textures can be adapted with an antique appearance or ultra modern.
Concrete Flooring Options
- Polished Concrete – easy to clean. Unlike carpets, hard wood, and tiles concrete floors don't trap dust, molds or mildew.
- Concrete Overlays – a very thin layer of concrete that can refurbish damaged floors and expand your color and decorating choices.
- Self-Leveling Concrete – an affordable solution for uneven floors and surfaces with drains, fixtures and other raised features. A good choice for many garages and basements.
- Stamped Concrete – designs with multiple colors and shapes can be created for a fraction of the cost of patio stones and tiles.
- Stained Concrete –modern concrete stains can make cement surfaces look like marble, granite or natural stone.
- Epoxy and Polyurea Coatings –high tech, advanced floor treatments create ultra-durable surfaces and resist micro scratches so they can be quickly cleaned with just soap and water.
Residential Uses for Concrete Floors
Kitchens – Polished concrete and concrete overlays look and perform. Kitchens floors are often the hardest worked floors. Resorts and apartments kitchens often receive the roughest treatment. These floor systems are easy to clean and keep sanitary. Since there are no cracks or rough surfaces they can be cleaned with just soap and water.
Baths – Mosaic and tile floors can get costly. Polished and Stamped Concrete can be matched to your wall tiles so you can achieve beautiful results at an affordable price. Finished concrete is also mold and mildew resistant.
Living Rooms – Stained Concrete and Concrete Overlays create classic floors that work with modern and contemporary interiors. Resort and condo community areas can be made comfortable with a couple of area rugs. These floors are especially smart for family rooms, studies, and living rooms near beaches or swimming areas.
Garages – Unfinished concrete floors are almost impossible to maintain in a garage. A polished or epoxy floor can be mopped in a matter of minutes. These surfaces don't crack and trap moisture, so the garage interior will stay drier which prevents rust on tools and equipment.
Basements – Basement floors are often uneven and may occasionally flood from washing machines, pipes or rain. Self-leveling concrete can even out the floor. Polished, stamped, or stained concrete offer dozens of design options that will make your basement into a viable living space.
Pool Decks, Patios – Outdoor areas can be transformed into fashionable places for a fraction of the cost of patio stones or outdoor tiles. You can achieve almost any popular exterior floor design from stamped and stained concrete.


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Elizabeth Shutters is the largest direct-to-consumer shutter manufacturer in California, serving thousands of customers each year. These customers have spoken and their reviews have won us top ratings and accolades from the Better Business Bureau of the Southland, the San Diego Better Business Bureau, Angie's List, the L.A. Times, the Orange County Register, The Press Enterprise, The Desert Sun, The San Diego Union Tribune, Yahoo! Local, Yelp.com and the city of Colton.
Repeat and referral customers are also Elizabeth Shutters' greatest source of new business. The satisfaction our customers feel is reflected in their kind words and testimonials. Below is a sampling of the many notes and photos we receive each year. (If you'd like to see your comment or photo included, please email it to our address on the Contact Us page)
I just want to send this letter for a job well done and thank you for the beautiful shutters that your crew install for us. Steve Brewer did a great job explaining the options we could chose and guided us with care and precision. The installers were quick, careful and through with the installation. This resulted in a very satisfied customer. It is nice to see that some companies can still produce a quality product here in the US and you should be proud of your crew. Many thanks. Sincerely
Warren Hair -
Installer was super; couldn't be better.
Dolores Ignacio - LA
Excellent work: everyone did a beautiful job. Thank you so very much.
Joyce Moore - Placentia
Everyone was accommodating and efficient. The shutters are gorgeous.
M. Kreuper - Torrance
The Installers were FANTASTIC!
Prohaska - Redondo Beach
Low Price Guarantee
Elizabeth Shutters will meet or beat any comparable big box or chain store bid.
Elizabeth Shutters is the only major U.S. shutter manufacturer to build our standard painted shutters with whole basswood and acrylic lacquer. We offer this product at the same price as others who employ cheaper finger-jointed or lesser products coated with water-based paints.
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-Angie's List SuperService Awards 2016


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What's In A Name?
Researching a surname with multiple ways of spelling is always difficult. Some surnames are completely changed for many reasons. I've heard stories of names that have been changed at Ellis Island because the immigration clerk had no idea who to spell a last name (for example Duke basketball coach, Mike Kryzewski's ancestors could have easily been renamed "Smith or Jones" or whatever the clerk felt like writing).
I have several Shelby County ancestors who have last names that were spelled multiple ways, which makes researching them very challenging. I'm sure everyone does.
One of my ancestral names that was completely changed is LISHER. The Lishers lived in Van Buren Township and owned large tracts of land in the early history of Shelby County. They migrated to Indiana from Ohio in the late 1820s to early 1830s. However, when they came to Ohio, the name was LARCHER. Why the name was changed while they lived in Ohio is a mystery (probably a county clerk wrote down the name in the manner that it was pronounced…..who knows?).
My cousin, Kitty, has done extensive research on this line. Many years ago, she went to Ohio and discovered that the LISHERS were originally LARCHERS. She was able to do this through court, deed and marriage records. She did this before records were available online and I doubt that she could have accomplished this without going to Ohio. (Finding those original documents is the BEST and only real proof of lineage.)
Why do I think this is important? Why put this in my Shelby County blog? Because the Larchers were an important link from Shelby County to New England. They were sea captains and lived on Martha's Vineyard, then Providence, Rhode Island. Our ancestor, John Larcher, piloted the French fleet into the Newport harbor when they arrived to help the Americans during the Revolutionary War. He also supplied housing for French officers during the war. The family has an extraordinary history -- dating back to the founding of Providence.
I have wondered if the Lishers who lived and farmed in Shelby County knew about their ancestors who helped to shape America's freedom of religion, beginning at Providence Plantation which was established by Roger Williams. They were brave and hardy American pioneers. The Larcher / Lisher pioneer spirit prevailed as they moved westward from Rhode Island to Ohio to Indiana.
It is so important to investigate every possible way a surname can be spelled. Think of the different ways a name SOUNDS and keep digging. You might just find a genealogy gem!
I could not write this without telling you about the Lisher Cemetery, near Fountaintown. It is a wonderful memorial to these hardy pioneers. Once in ruin, the cemetery is now restored to its former beauty. Sitting on a hill, overlooking endless green fields, it is surrounded by a lovely antique black iron fence. The grave stones have lovingly been repaired. It is a small piece of heaven in Shelby County and a fitting monument to those brave pioneers who played an important part in the religious freedom of this great country and the growth of Shelby County.
THANK YOU to Jon and Julie for your hard work and for caring! It is GREATLY appreciated. The beauty and serenity of the Lisher cemetery could never have been re-created without you.
As an addition to this story, Julie told me that the deer in the photo of the Lisher cemetery were her wildlife rehab patients from last year. She felt the deer who were at the cemetery conveyed the feeling of the serene resting place that is truly is.
If you have family buried in the Lisher cemetery and want information on how to find and visit it, please email me and I will pass your email on to Julie. She is very interested in meeting the descendants of the Lishers.
My email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Photo courtesty of Julie Bielefeld -- many thanks!


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Full Time Geography Teacher Required. – Norfolk Area
Full Time Geography Teacher Required. – Norfolk Area
Are you a secondary teacher? justteachers currently require an enthusiastic and committed Humanities teacher to work within one of our partner secondary schools located in Norfolk. The school has been awarded Outstanding OFSTED 2014 and currently holds academy status. The position is full time and to start in September 2016.
Ideally you will have:
- Experience in KS3 & KS4.
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- Have a professional and flexible attitude inline with justeachers policies.
- Have a desire to become part of a committed team.
- Justeachers are committed to helping NQT's and will consider those applicants.
The salary is competitive and will be dependant on experience.
If you are interested in this role, click 'apply now' to forward an up to date copy of your CV, or call us now on 0800 832243.
If this job isn't quite right for you but you are looking for a new position please contact us, we have hundreds of roles available nationwide.
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Some of the benefits to using justteachers include:
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We are committed to safeguarding and promoting the welfare of children and young people and expect all staff to share this commitment and to undergo enhanced DBS checks.
Make the most of our Recommendation Bonus Scheme. Simply email email@example.com with the name and contact details of the teacher you wish to recommend together with your name and address and we will send you £50!


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UPDATE: We have a new story about Sonic coming to Staten Island.
STATEN ISLAND, N.Y. -- Sonic, the drive-through burger chain that's near the top of wish lists among Staten Island foodies, is poised to announce the opening of a Staten Island outlet in the coming months.
A Staten Island source with knowledge of the plans said final agreements are awaiting signatures, which could come in a matter of days, and that a Richmond Valley site is being prepared as the home of the borough's first Sonic.
The fast-food outlet this week posted online ads seeking workers for a "Sonic Drive-In Opening in Staten Island in the New Year." Those workers will train at the store in Edison, N.J. But otherwise, corporate spokespersons would not comment on specifics of a Staten Island store opening.
The Oklahoma City-based chain boasts 3,500 stores, but none in New York City. To satisfy their cravings, Staten Islanders have had to traverse a bridge to New Jersey -- any one of them. There are outlets in Bayonne, Elizabeth, and Edison, all just moments from the Bayonne Bridge, Goethals Bridge and Outerbridge Crossing, respectively.
I checked out the Edison outlet (near the Menlo Park Mall) with my kids earlier this month. Here are my observations:
- There's no "inside." They mean it when they call the place a drive-through. You either order from and dine inside your car at one of the many parking spots, or you can eat at one of the covered outdoor picnic tables. Carhops deliver the food to your car or table.
- Tell the intercom. Even if you choose to eat at the picnic table, you place your order through an intercom -- just press the red button.
- Food is tasty. The New York hot dog (yup, I traveled to New Jersey for a New York hot dog -- go figure) featured a tasty blend of brown mustard, grilled onions and sauerkraut. Spicy popcorn chicken was juicy, crispy and zingy. The bacon cheeseburger hit the spot. All the food was cooked to order, and delivered hot and fresh.
- Crispy, crunchy tater tots were a hit. Recommended instead of ordinary french fries. Yum.
- Lots of cool drink options. A watermelon slush and vanilla shake were cool summer treats. The chain boasts 400,000 drink combinations.
- Service was prompt and pleasant. The bill for everything above, plus two sodas, was $23.91.


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Salmon Essay
This paper was written as part of the 2000 Alaska Ocean Sciences Bowl high school competition. The conclusions in this report are solely those of the student authors.
Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus, sp.)--An in-depth research paper on the population decline of Pacific salmon in Alaska
Written in part by each of the following:
Georgjeana Hilbish
Beth Poland
Diana Richmond
Serena Sterrett
East Anchorage High School
4025 East Northern Lights Blvd.
Anchorage, Alaska 99508
AbstractThere has recently been a significant change in salmon populations throughout the Pacific Northwest. Although we know of many possible reasons for this change, as of now, scientists and researchers do not have a definitive reason why this is occurring. The problem set before us is how do we avert a downward spiral before its consequences become permanent. We have examined a wide array of possibilities as to why this is happening. In conducting research, we discovered two major sources from which all possible causes branch from, human influences and natural occurrences. From these two categories affecting salmon populations, some factors appear to be more significant than others. These possibilities include factors such as habitat destruction, increased demand placed on salmon by commercial fishing industries, disruption of populations through the addition of hatchery fish, the long lasting effects of oil from major oil spills, and changes in the temperature of the ocean caused by El Niño and other weather patterns. An added concern is the current political controversy on the management of subsistence fishing which plays a significant role in traditions within our state.
IntroductionSalmon play a very prominent role in Alaska's economy, recreation, politics and heritage. Natural fluctuations in salmon populations, as well as stresses induced by man, have wide reaching effects. In Alaska there are five distinct species of salmon. The chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus twhawytscha ), also know as the king salmon, is the most highly prized by sport fisherman. The chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) is also called the dog salmon and has the widest distribution of all Pacific salmon. The coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) is also called the silver salmon; they are extremely adaptable and found in almost all accessible bodies of water. The pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) is known as the "humpy" or "humpback." In some coastal fishing communities the humpy is called the " bread and butter" because it supports so much of the villages industry. The sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) or red salmon is becoming increasingly sought after by sport fisherman, and it is an important mainstay of subsistance fishers. Salmon are very sensitive to any change in the environment: loss of breeding ground, warmer ocean temperatures, and increasing legal and illegal commercial fishing. All these species of salmon are essential to the Alaskan economy, heritage and sustenance of life in the ocean environment. Protecting and maintaining these salmon populations is crucial.
The " Four H's" of salmon population declineHuman intervention into the salmons' natural habitat typically appears in four primary ways. They include hydroelectric dams, habitat degradation, harvesting, and hatchery practices, dubbed by scientists as the "Four H's." Although hydroelectric dams are not so much of a problem in Alaska, they create numerous difficulties for salmon attempting to navigate their way through streams and rivers on which these dams are placed. The mortality rate for salmon swimming through these dams is extremely high. The large turbines that run the dams cause the salmon to get caught in underwater currents, which suck them in and kill them instantly. Another effect of hydroelectric dams on the salmon is their tendency to warm the water of the nearby streams and rivers. This creates lower levels of food and nutrients for the salmon as they migrate through these waters and could accelerate development stages.
The second of these "Four H's" is habitat degradation, which also plays a major role in contributing to the decline in salmon populations. The natural habitat of Pacific salmon can be affected by both natural fluctuations in the environment and by anthropogenic disturbances. Some of the ways in which salmon habitat can be affected include logging and deforestation, road construction near salmon inhabited streams and rivers, and pollution. All of these problems will influence salmon populations eventually if they go unattended, the only way to avoid a serious problem is to change peoples attitudes toward these resources so that they will still be plentiful in the future.
Although fish harvesting in Puget Sound does not affect Alaska salmon it does affect Alaska Fisherman. This specific area suffers greatly from over-fishing. The primary reason this body of water is over fished is that Puget Sound marks the spot of intersection between Alaskan and Canadian fishermen causing this area to be hit twice as hard by many large fishing vessels. Because of this heavy fishing a smaller number of adult salmon reach breeding grounds resulting in low numbers of salmon the following year.
Hatcheries, the fourth and final "H", also play an important role in the genetic aspect of salmon survival. Although hatcheries can positively affect the salmon populations, the negative affect is greater. When salmon fry are brought up in hatcheries, they are not always genetically prepared for the wild.
Habitat Loss & DestructionHabitat loss is one of the most serious problems affecting salmon populations. A great deal of small disturbances made by humans to the environment add up over time. With growing populations, the amount of land used for urban development increases causing people to intrude into the salmon's natural habitat. In order for spawning to be successful the stream must have the following characteristics:
Access: The breeding and rearing grounds must be accessible to adult salmon migrating up stream.
Stream Flow: The stream flow must be stable, with a low number of extreme freshets and droughts occurring.
Substrate: Salmon require clean gravel of 1 to 15 cm in diameter to provide an adequate concentration of dissolved oxygen for developing embryos and alevins. This also allows for the disposal of metabolic wastes such as carbon dioxide and ammonia.
Cover: Salmon require undercut banks, overhanging streamside vegetation, and deep pools, to provide feeding, resting places, and escape for juvenile salmon.
Temperature: The temperature of streams should be between 12 and 14 degrees Celcius to maintain the ideal amount of dissolved oxygen.
Clarity: Salmon require clear streams in order for the sunlight to reach the bottom where most primary production occurs. Highly turbid water can inhibit the salmons naturally ability to feed, and highly abrasive concentrations of suspended solids can directly damage the salmon physically.
Each of a streams qualities can be negatively impacted by human and natural acts. The stream can handle brief natural fluctuations, but humans have come and changed characteristics. Some problems humans can impose on salmon are damaging the surrounding cover, trampling on the flood plains, creating debris in the water cutting down on clarity, and logging which allows for increased bank erosion.
Forestry practices play a significant role in the decline of salmon populations. They affect salmon in two ways: they destroy critical habitat and add to the difficulties of migration.
In the 1890's many rivers were used to transport logs (University of Oregon,1995). During this process, many foresters constructed a dam and then filled the river with logs until no more room existed. When this point was reached, the dam was destroyed, causing a large rush of logs to flow down the river. These logs in turn decimated all the salmon in their path as well as changing stream and river dynamics. The logs removed spawning gravel, altered stream channels, and destroyed riverbank vegetation. This practice continued well into the 1950's and 1960's.
Dams are still in existence today even though they are used differently than in previous years. Still a threat to salmon, dams are said to be responsible for between 70% and 90% of salmon mortality incurred by man (New York Times, 1995). Most of these dams are built in a way that prevents returning salmon from navigating either through or around them. Fish ladders were created to help salmon progress upstream past these obstacles; however, many of these devices were designed for salmon travelling upstream, offering no help for young salmon moving downstream to the ocean. Dams may also increase the time required for salmon to travel from their spawning ground to the sea. A journey once made in a week may now take the salmon over a month (Trilling, Smith).
Commercial FishingAnother factor affecting the decline of the salmon populations is the increased occurence of commercial fishing. The Alaska Division of Economic Development states that the Commercial Fisheries Entry Commission needs to reduce the operating costs of processing plants, utilize investments to promote a sustainable industry for the salmon, investigate how to retain fishing permits, and give enhanced revenues to the local fishermen (Hickel, 1992). An example of this would be the reexamination of current loan policies, as well as helping to increase wages for industry workers.
Many communities, as well as private companies and other agencies, depend on fishing as their sole source of income and food. Commercial fishermen need smaller processing plants to reduce costs and to establish economic development growth plans. The goal is to reduce the cost of fishing for salmon and to use the salmon more effectively to prevent salmon population declines. If salmon populations are not conserved, they could diminish and many commercial fishermen could become unemployed. In 1998, the Northwest Fisheries Science Center coordinated a multi-agency data bank for advice to both harvest management and restoration efforts for the salmon. Researchers must be able to follow the salmon with tracking devices. This will help scientists determine migration patterns and locate spawning areas.
In 1976, the Magnuson Act was established. The act delineated a national border of 200 miles that prohibits foreign fleets from harvesting Alaskan salmon in this zone. Since the enforcement of this act, the world harvesting of salmon has tripled from 365,000 tons to 1.2 million tons of salmon (The Alaska Department of Commerce and Economic Development Division of Economic Development, 1993). The competitors are China, Russia, Norway, and Japan that all increased in market shares. (Global Business Network, 1993)
To improve the gathering of salmon by commercial fishermen, a person needs current detailed knowledge of the consumer's needs, the competitor's products, and information on the cost of production. Another strategy employed by the Alaska Seafood Marketing Institute is to have fishermen help finance operation costs. The processors should get on loan programs, so they can more effectively market their products to sell. Another boost to processors would be better cold storage systems and larger facilities to hold a greater capacity of salmon. The commercial fishermen also need to have shorter and more frequent opportunities to fish to decrease the amount of waste from fish that has spoiled. (State of Alaska Department of Commerce and Economic Development Division of Economic Development, 1992)
Some of the factors that contribute to loss of production money are inefficient use of processing equipment and lack of cold storage facilities all contribute. With improvements on these above factors, the costs facing commercial fishermen would decrease (The Alaska Department of Commerce and Economic Development Division, 1992).
HatcheriesHatcheries were originally introduced as a solution to the problem with salmon populations; however, instead of preventing a problem they appear to be creating a much larger one. In the wild, less than 10% of the eggs laid in the stream survive long enough to become smolts (Lord, 1994), whereas controlled breeding at hatcheries ensures nearly 100% egg survival rate (The Oregonian, 1995). Even though the survival rate of the eggs in hatcheries is higher, many problems arise following emergence.
Hatcheries were designed to increase salmon populations; however, in doing so people forgot about what was in the best biological interest of the species. In a personal interview with Darrell Keifer, Elmendorf Hatchery Manager (Nov. 1999), we learned that mixing salmon stocks can cause returning salmon to be smaller with a lower average survival rate. Fish produced in hatcheries are raised in concrete pools where they will stay from the time they reach alevin stage, when they are released into the wild. Since hatcheries do not duplicate conditions in the wild, once the fish are released it is difficult for them to survive. This point is discussed in The Problem with Hatcheries (Brewer, 1995), a research paper concerned with the impact and effectiveness of salmon hatcheries. "Hatchery raised salmon quickly mutate to become more adapted to the survival in hatcheries than to survival in natural riverine conditions" (Sterne, 1993). Hatchery fish often swim near the surface, which in turn makes them an easy target for predators in the wild. Humans, who the salmon previously relied upon for food, are now a threat to their survival. Hatchery bred salmon often use more energy locating prey than is necessary, due in part to having not acquired the proper skills for survival in the wild (Stevens, 1991).
Many stocks of hatchery raised salmon are very similar genetically, due to controlled breeding in hatcheries. When hatchery raised salmon are released, they breed with wild salmon. Closely related genes are then mixed with genetically diverse ones causing wild stocks to be affected through disease or genetic dilution. Inbreeding can also cause genetic changes. "[All] available evidence is consistent with the conclusion that the effective number of breeders per year averaged 50 or less in most of the hatcheries"(Waples and Teel, 1990). Over time when a generation of species relies on just 50 fish to continue their survival, genes become less and less similar to their original make-up. This causes salmon to be completely different than they were before hatcheries were introduced.
Oil SpillsAlthough countless oil spills occur every year, most are so minor that they go unnoticed; however, in March 1989, the Exxon Valdez tanker spilled nearly 11 million gallons of oil in the bay at Bligh Reef. The oil rapidly moved along the coast line contaminating portions of Prince William Sound, the Kenai Peninsula, the lower Cook Inlet, the Kodiak Archipelago, and the Alaska Peninsula. The oil spread up to 470 miles southwest of the reef where the tanker ran aground. An estimated 1,500 miles of shoreline were contaminated, as shown in figure 1 (Rosen, 1999).
Ten years after this tragedy, many scientists are surprised that they are still seeing the side effects of the oil spill recurring in present generations of salmon. In 1993, a group of National Marine Fisheries Service scientists began a study as to why this was still an issue of concern ten years after the event. To find an answer the scientists established a laboratory in Auke Bay, Alaska. They simulated the conditions found in salmon spawning habitats. They raised alevin in water containing old weathered oil, like that still found on many beaches along Prince William Sound. The result was gross deformities in salmon, such as extra fins, retarded development, and other problems that would decrease the probability of the salmon surviving through adulthood. Putting this idea in perspective, Stanley Rice of National Marine and Fisheries Service, states, "Think of fetal-alcohol syndrome in humans, in the wild environment, that's kind of what we're having" (Rosen,1999).
The results of this study contradict previous assumptions that the light weight elements of oil, which are the most toxic and cause the acute side effects in marine animals, would evaporate within days, but apparently they have not. In the 1970s scientists were mainly concerned with short-term toxicity. Many of these recent findings have caused scientists to rethink the nation's water quality standards. Alaska has some of the nation's highest standards, with hydrocarbon levels allowed to be at most 15 parts-per-billion. The scientists who conducted the Auke Bay research reported that even at levels of 5 to 20 parts-per-billion of hydrocarbons the laboratory salmon showed the same side effects and had a return rate of 40% less than the average. " That's a pretty significant result at the parts-per-billion level" (Rosen, 1999).
Weather and El NiñoMany weather patterns affect salmon populations such as excessive flooding, drought and dry conditions, and changes in ocean temperatures. One of the major weather phenomenons that affect these ocean temperatures is El Niño. This disturbance occurs when a predictable upwelling of cold water, from the ocean floor, ceases. El Niño is part of a global climate system called the "southern oscillation," this is the primary indicator of El Niño. El Niños can last from several months to several years and vary in intensity. This phenomenon affects weather throughout the world. El Niño patterns create a problem because the water from the ocean floor is extremely nutrient rich and contains the smaller microscopic organisms that the salmon depend on for food. This change in temperature and the accompanying lack of food supply causes most females to produce fewer eggs. This also causes many salmon to die prematurely, and those that do survive have a lower average weight (Gentle, 1996).
Although we now have the capacity to predict an El Niño event, the accuracy in doing so is only slightly better than guessing. Because of this inaccuracy, there have been times (such as the 1982-1983 El Niño year) when fishery experts have predicted a certain number of salmon to return, and unfortunately only a small percent of the salmon were successful, leaving staggering populations due to over fishing. An improvement of El Niño forecasting accuracy needs to be made available for utilization in determining fishery management decisions. When a salmon stock is projected to have a certain return rate, the management teams implement the number of salmon that can be taken without damaging the population, but as you can see in figure 2, the predictions often exceed the eventual return rate. The ability to predict significant changes in the climate would allow for a greater oppurtunity to aviod over fishing of the returning salmon. Richard Adams, a professor of agricultural and resource economics at Oregon State University, comments that "Improved El Niño forecasts would allow fishery managers to make more effective decisions and perhaps reduce the need for drastic short-term measures, such as closing the commercial and recreational coho fishing seasons."(Gentle, 1996)
Another effect of El Niño on salmon populations is a change in migratory routes due to the change in ocean water temperatures. El Niño is often accompanied by a substantial migration of the surface phytoplankton to deeper region of the water column. This change encourages fish to migrate to cooler waters in search of food. Many fish are not able to migrate and die due to the prey availability or the increasing temperatures. Salmon arriving in the cooler waters may be unable to bear the dramatic temperature decline and also perish (Arntz, Tarazona, 1989).
Subsistence Fishing and PoliticsSubsistence fishing is the taking of fish for personal use. About two percent of harvested salmon populations go to subsistence fishing (Metcalfe, 1998). A member of the Alaska Federation of Natives, states that subsistence does not play a major role in salmon populations; subsistence takes only three to four percent of the overall harvest (Irvin, 1999). George Irvin of the Alaska Federation of Natives said that what affects salmon populations is the warming of the waters, or El Niño and other natural occurences.
Although the patterns and intensity of subsistence activities have changed in recent years due to the availability of modern equipment and the integration of a cash economy, subsistence is still an important part of the rural resident's social, cultural, and economic well-being (Kelly, 1998). Today, a major difference between traditional and modern subsistence is the availability of equipment such as snow machines and motorized boats, which have increased the efficiency and success of subsistence hunting and fishing while minimizing the time required for harvest. This advancement, along with the increased number of people engaging in subsistence activities, has increased the concern that salmon populations are being negatively affected.
In spring, inland village harvest activities typically focus on fishing through the ice and along open leads. During summer, villagers intensify their fishing activities, setting seines and gill nets for salmon, whitefish, and sheefish. During the fall and winter months, they fish for sheefish and burbot under the ice (Kelly, 1998).
Alaska Statute 16.05.258, backed by several Alaska Supreme Court decisions, make clear that consumptive subsistence uses take priority over all other uses of subsistence and commercial fishing. The laws passed in Alaska concerning the future of salmon industries greatly impact the economy. No single action by a politician will solve the problems of the salmon industry. Organization and cooperation are needed in order to achieve more successful long term and short term goals.
Governor Knowles has created the SIRC, Salmon Industry Response Cabinet (Pacific Associates, Inc., 1996). The cabinet is to develop and implement long and short term strategies in the communities affected by the declining prices of Alaska's salmon. The goals of the Salmon Cabinet are as follows:
- to increase new salmon product options to the consumers
- to expand markets, both domestically and abroad
- to increase overall quality and increase cost efficiency
- to maximize the value of the salmon resource and increase job available to Alaskans
Achieving these goals will help the coastal communities and regions of Alaska that depend entirely upon the salmon industry for economic and social stability. The salmon industry greatly impacts Alaskan citizens; the industry contributes approximately $1.3 billion annually to the state's economy.
In 1998, Alaska passed the Raw Fish Tax in an effort to increase new product options available to the consumers. The tax imposed is 3% of the value if the fish is processed at a shore-based facility into any product form other than canned, 4.5% if the fish is canned, or 5% if the fish is processed on a floating processor.
In order to expand markets for the Alaska salmon industry the Alaska Seafood Marketing Institute (ASMI), which is the primary tool for generic marketing of salmon, additional funding must become available. This institute was founded by the salmon industry in order to obtain this funding, harvesters are assessed 1% of their salmon ex-vessel value income, whereas while processors contribute 0.3% of the ex-vessel value of all seafood species. In recent years, state and federal contributions have declined greatly, affecting the funding available to ASMI. Alaska Seafood Marketing Institute is crucial to the recovery of the Alaska salmon industry so that Alaska can better expand the domestic export market opportunities.
The quality of Alaskan salmon is a factor that needs to be considered in improving the industry. Some regions of Alaska, such as Southeast, consistently chill the fish they have harvested, whereas in other regions, such as Bristol Bay, approximately 80% do not chill the harvested fish because of the high cost (Alaska Division of Fish and Game, 1996). As a result, many tons of harvested fish go to waste every year. Through mandatory chilling the quality of Alaska's salmon will significantly improve, meeting or even exceeding the markets the quality the market demands. By creating and implementing industry wide quality standards, we could expect an enhanced overall value of Alaskan salmon.
The responsibility of managing the wild salmon stocks when populations are endangered has been given to the Alaska Department of Fish & Game (ADF&G) and the Board of Fisheries. By working side by side with the ADF&G, the Board of Fisheries has successfully established a record returns of healthy stocks for the last two decades.
Management PlanTo address the recent trend of population declines in salmon, we introduce a variety of options. The major problem effecting salmon is human apathy. Many Alaskans either feel that they are not affecting salmon populations or they simply do not care about the outcome of their actions. A major factor humans are pose upon salmon is increased urbanization. Examples include the existence of dams, housing developments, logging practices, and careless recreational use of streamside areas.
Fritz Kraus of the Alaska Department of Fish and Game states that the primary solution to the population problem is to keep people off the flood plains (personal interview, Nov. 1999). Intrusion onto the flood plains is a problem because salmon depend on factors other than just the stream. When necessary to invade this area it must be done thoughtfully. Careful use can be accomplished by building bridges instead of colverts to minimize intrusion. Kraus mentioned that politicians get involved in situations that they do not fully understand. Politicians need to work in partnership with scientists. Much less confusion would arise when it came to making fish management decisions, "They need to let the scientist do their job" says Kraus (Nov.,1999).
Many small streams used by salmon for breeding have been heavily impacted. The filling and polluting of these small streams as a result of development and recreational use results in a lack of shallow water protection for salmon. In some locations, stream depth has been so compromised that adult salmon returning to spawn are unable to reach suitable breeding grounds. To remedy the continuing degradation of small stream habitat, regulations need to be established and enforced limiting development, building, and recreational use along many small streams.
Many Alaskans are unaware of the importance of preserving salmon habitats. To make more people aware of the situation there needs to be an increase in public involvement, especially that of children. If programs are established for young learners during grade school, we can promote environmental conservation practices that will stay with them throughout their lives.
To improve the quality of salmon harvest, the state could develop quality standards for companies involved in the harvesting and processing of salmon. These standards could be optional for the company, with those companies choosing not to comply assessed an additional rate on their fisheries business tax. Products processed from these companies should include the lack of compliance with quality standards on the label. With an annual average production of close to 800 million pounds of salmon, a one cent decline in the average price of salmon in the market would be an eight million dollar loss.
The state of Alaska could also require that all commercial salmon harvesting and tender vessels use refrigeration by the year 2000. Enforcing the chilling of harvested salmon would contribute to the quality of marketed salmon. The state of Alaska could provide an incentive for the use of refrigeration through the use of a financial aid package or marketing preference over other companies.
Young children are the generation of the future. It will be up to them to maintain this fragile resource. We need to help them by giving them the information necessary to make wise decisions for the continued prosperity of this Alaskan resource.
ConclusionTo put the situation in perspective we have conducted a number of interviews and have reviewed pertinent research papers. Human activity plays the largest role in affecting salmon populations. To protect salmon we must change our attitudes toward how we deal with their habitat and the salmon as a resource. Nature does play a role in this decline by imposing certain changes, but salmon can adapt to most of these natural fluctuations. However, they can not deal with the growing number of situations that humans are imposing upon them.
Salmon play a vital role in the food chain, the environment, the economy, and to many Alaskans they provide a means of survival. Salmon resources and habitat are not carefully used. Alaskans rely on salmon as a resource, but if misuse persists, salmon will no longer provide a sustainable harvest for future generations.
Management strategies to protect the resource salmon provide need to include limits on harvesting, continued research and monitoring of hatcheries, public awareness campaigns and limits on the recreational and developmental use of vital salmon habitat.
Works CitedAlaska Department of Commerce and Economic Development. 1993. "Developing a Strategy for the Future of the Alaska Salmon Industry." Division of Economic Development and Global Business Network, Alaska.
Alaska Division of Fish and Game. 1996. "Alaska commercial Salmon Harvests, 1970-1995" TIX database system. Online, aol. Available HTTP: http://www.cf.adfg.state.ak.us/geninfo/FINFISH/SALMON/catchval/history/1970-95s.htm (September 1999).
Angermeier, et al. 1990 . "Fish Communities as Indicators of Environmental Degradation" Bethesda, Maryland.
Arntz, Wolf and Tarazona, Juan. 1998. " The effects of the El Nino-Southern Oscillation on fish of the Eastern Pacific" Weslyan University Library. Online, Dogpile. Available HTTP: http://www.weslyan.edu/libr/scourse/elnino/fish.htm (September, 1999).
Bollinger, et al. 1995. "The Conflict over Alaskan Salmon hatcheries: University of Oregon. Online, aol. Available HTTP: http://www.kenyon.edu/projects/envs61/fro.htm (September, 1999).
Brewer, et al. 1995. " Decline of the Salmon" University of Oregon. Online, yahoo. Available HTTP: http://biology.uoregon.edu/classes/bi130/webprojects/43/sec2.html (September, 1999).
Brewer, et al. 1995. "Hatcheries: Purpose and Process" University of Oregon,. Online, yahoo. Avaiable HTTP: http://biology.uoregon.edu/classes/bi130/webprojects/43/sec3.html (September, 1999).
Brewer, et al. 1995 . "The Problem with hatcheries" University of Oregon. Online, yahoo. Available HTTP: http://biology.uoregon.edu/classes/bi130/webprojects/43/sec4.html (September, 1999).
Bulkis, Lawrence. 1989. "Chum Salmon" Alaska Department of Fish and Game. Wildlife Notebook Series.
David, et al. 1990. "Conservation Genetics of pacific Salmon." Conservation Biology. June. pp. 144-155.
Delany, Kevin. 1988. "Chinook Salmon" Alaska Department of Fish and Game. Wildlife Notebook Series.
Elliott, Steve. 1989. " Coho Salmon" Alaska Department of Fish and Game. Wildlife Notebook Series.
Gentle, Tom. 1996. "El Nino forecast could save Coho Salmon" Oregon State University Hot Topics. Online, Dogpile. Avaliable HTTP: http://osu.orst.edu/dept/ncs/newsarch/1996/96October/elnino.htm (October, 1999).
Hickel, Walter J. and Glenn A. Olds. 1992. "Task Force Recommendations" State of Alaska.
Irvin, George . Telephone interview. 23 November 1999
Keifer, Darrell. Personal Interview. November15, 1999
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Kingsbury, Alan. 1989. "Pink Salmon" Alaska Department of Fish and Game. Wildlife Notebook Series.
Kingsbury, Alan. 1989. "Sockeye Salmon" Alaska Department of Fish and Game. Wildlife Notebook Series.
Kosh, A.M. 1998. "Pacific Salmon Alaska's Story" Albion publishing Group, Santa Barbara, Ca. pp. 8-11.
Kraus, Fritz. Personal Interview. November 16, 1999.
Lord, Nancy. 1994. "Born to be Wild." Sierra. Nov/Dec. pp. 60-73.
Metcalfe, Ray. 1998. The Anchorage Press, April 9-15/vol.7, Ed. 14. Online. Internet Explorer. Available HTTP: (November, 1999).
The Oregonian. 1995. "River of Ghosts." Sunday, October 29 edition.
Orth, Franklin L. 1978. "The Alaska Salmon Enhancement Program: Imperatives for Economic Success". Alaska Sea Grant Program, School of Management, University of Alaska, Fairbanks.
Knowles, et.al. 1996. "Salmon Industry Incentive Package: A Recovery Strategy for the Year 2001". Pacific Associates, Inc. Juneau, Alaska.
Knowles, et.al. 1997. "Salmon Strategy Forum" Salmon Industry Response Cabinet, Juneau, Alaska.
Rosen, Yereth. 1999. "Oil's impact on Alaska's Pink Salmon" MSNBC News Online. Online. Dogpile. Available HTTP: http://ww.msnbc.com/news/256219.asp(November,1999).
Rue, Frank. 1998 . "Taku Listed Among Nation's Most Threatened Rivers" Press release, #98-087,. Online, aol. Available HTTP: http://www.gov.state.ak.us/press/pr040998a.html(September ,1999)
Staff, Fred. 1983. "Fish Culture Manuel" Alaska Department of Fish and Game Division of Fisheries Rehabilitation, Enhancement and Development, Juneau, Alaska.
Sterne, Jack K. 1993. "Supplementation of Wild Salmon Stocks: A Cure for the Hatchery Problem or More Problem Hatcheries?" Coastal Management. vol. 23 no. 2, pp. 123-141.
Stevens, William. 1991. "Hatched and Wild Fish: Clash of Cultures" The New York Times. July 23. pp. C1 and C10.
Trilling, Sarah and Smith, Bryan. 1995. The Impact of Dams on the Columbia River Salmon Population" University of Oregon. Online, Yahoo. Available HTTP: http://biology.oregon.edu/classes/bi130/webprojects/47/rylee.html (September,1999).
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Genetically Modified Salmon Essay
1157 Words5 Pages
What if the food you were eating right now was not what you thought it was? Instead of being grown like that rest of your food, taking a certain length of time or only growing during certain seasons, it was genetically modified to grow faster and with no consideration to season at all. This concept as farfetched as it may sound is not so farfetched after all with the production of genetically modified GM salmon trying to make its way into our fishers markets and grocery stores today. This process has been going on for almost 20 years, being done to crops and animals alike, however, GM salmon will be the first commercial GM food animal to hit the American market. However, with first come questions such as "what is the difference between…show more content…
Some of the benefits or rewards for being able to use this technology are that as the world's population continues to surge, so does the consumption of foods like seafood. GM foods, such as the salmon, provide a partial solution to not only support more people, but will also help preserve the remaining animals that have been overexploited and farmed (Zohar, 2010). Another benefit of GM salmon would be that it could save the industry millions of dollars in fish feed, while preventing loss in revenue do to diseased fish (Zohar, 2010). However with benefits follow the risks, which are what some consumer groups are focused on. Consumer groups such as Consumers Union, Food and Water Watch, and Center for Food Safety have created a petition in which they are claiming that genetically modifying the salmon changes the nutritional value and alters the composition of the fish, therefore making the fish a food additive (Barret, 2012). If GM salmon are considered to be a food addictive, then the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) will have to place the GM salmon under extensive testing to make sure that it is safe for consumption (Barret, 2012). Other concerns are based on the consequences of these GM fish escaping into the wild and reproducing with other non GM fish (Barret, 2010). Another concern that many consumers and consumer groups have is whether or not these GM salmon should be labeled
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INDIANAPOLIS, Ind. -- A teen that police said was caught in the act of robbing a pharmacy early Saturday morning on the northwest side marks another incident of a crime that's historically plagued the state.
Investigators said Alpha Diallo, 18, jumped the counter of a CVS pharmacy in the 5600 block of Georgetown Rd. and demanded pain medications. Police said the suspect was putting drugs in his pockets when police entered and arrested him.
The robbery isn't isolated.
"It continues to happen because we have an epidemic of large proportions in the Midwest," State Sen. Jim Merritt (R-Dist. 31) said.
Merritt said pharmacy robberies are tied to the opioid epidemic.
"We have 300,000 addicts in the state and that is quite an audience, if you will," he said.
Now lawmakers are working to curb that by getting to the root of the problem. One proposed measure would limit the amount of opiates a doctor can prescribe to certain patients and another could impose harsher penalties for teens caught robbing pharmacies.
The payoff of past efforts:
"IMPD in Indianapolis has done a real good job to cut down on the pharmacy robberies, the pharmacies have played a large role," Merritt said.
According to federal officials, Indiana saw 168 reported pharmacy robberies in 2015 and that number cut more than half last year.
CVS released a statement:
"These incidents are a challenge to all pharmacies and our priority remains the safety of our employees and customers. We regularly review our security policies to ensure effectiveness, but we don't comment on specific policies because we don't want to undermine them."
The company also said time delay safes for controlled substances it implemented in all of its pharmacies in Indianapolis about 2 years ago have helped to significantly reduce the number of robberies.
"The bottom line is we need to put a tourniquet on the need and the want and the sale of those pills," Merritt said.
Police said Diallo is facing a preliminary charge of robbery.


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DealsGoRound, a two-year-old Chicago startup, has raised $950,000 in new funding and reshaped itself into a company called MyCabbage that allows members to store and share daily deal vouchers, coupons and gift cards.
Founder and Chief Executive Kris Petersen created DealsGoRound as a Craigslist-like service for consumers to sell daily deal vouchers they had purchased but would not be redeeming. As the online platform evolved, users were able to upload their vouchers from multiple providers into a central repository and marketplace. The company also raised $300,000 in seed funding from Chicago-based venture capital firm Lightbank, whose founders were also early backers of Groupon.


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Pelham Plantation Trace
Pelham, Georgia is centrally located between Thomasville and Albany, Ga. Named for Major Pelham of Civil War renown, Pelham has a grand history as a commercial epicenter of the Southwest Georgia agricultural community. Pelham's Wildlife Festival, held on the first Saturday in October, attracts over 12,000 visitors annually. It is also home to the Pelham Jamboree, a "Slice of Summer," Pelham Wildlife Art Auction, and the historical Hand Trading Company building.
Visitor Information Center
119 E Railroad St SE
Pelham, GA 31779
Phone: 229-294-4924
OfficialVisitor Information
Free Georgia Travel Guide
The state's official Travel Guide is your complete resource to planning a vacation in Georgia. Find trip ideas, attractions, dining, events, activities, accommodations, map travel resources and much more.
Website: http://www.exploregeorgia.org
Phone: 1-800-VISIT GA (847-4842)
Amoco Food Shop2369 US Highway 19 NEView on Map
Tank & Tummy233 W Railroad St SView on Map
Shaquita Bar & Lounge221 Bowen St NWView on Map
Hornets Country Buffet196 E Railroad St SEView on Map
The dining information on this page is supplied by the Georgia Restaurant Association.


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The Finance and Administration program provides financial and administrative services to all the programs of the Nation.
The program has the responsibility to ensure that all the financial, personnel, and administrative data, records and related reports are accurate and complete. The financial and personnel services are also provided to the Nation's wholly owned corporations.
Financials for 2017
Swan River FN – 2017 FS's


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Everything That Makes You by Moriah McStayEverything That Makes You
Author: Moriah McStay
Publisher: HarperCollins, Katherine Tegen Books
Date: March 2015
352 pages
Source: Review copy from publisher
Genres: Contemporary
Buy the Book • Goodreads
One girl. Two stories. Meet Fiona Doyle. The thick ridges of scar tissue on her face are from an accident twelve years ago. Fiona has notebooks full of songs she's written about her frustrations, her dreams, and about her massive crush on beautiful uber-jock Trent McKinnon. If she can't even find the courage to look Trent straight in his beautiful blue eyes, she sure isn't brave enough to play or sing any of her songs in public. But something's changing in Fiona. She can't be defined by her scars anymore.
And what if there hadn't been an accident? Meet Fi Doyle. Fi is the top-rated female high school lacrosse player in the state, heading straight to Northwestern on a full ride. She's got more important things to deal with than her best friend Trent McKinnon, who's been different ever since the kiss. When her luck goes south, even lacrosse can't define her anymore. When you've always been the best at something, one dumb move can screw everything up. Can Fi fight back?
Hasn't everyone wondered what if? In this daring debut novel, Moriah McStay gives us the rare opportunity to see what might have happened if things were different. Maybe luck determines our paths. But maybe it's who we are that determines our luck.
Everything That Makes You started out as solid 4 wing rating until my curiousness wore off and I became bored and uninterested in the story. I had very high hopes for this book as I do enjoy the "What If?" stories. What if Fiona never had her accident and grew up as a normal teenager? The thought behind how one event can change your life entirely is a great premise for a book. It makes the reader start to wonder how their life might be different if certain events hadn't taken place. Sadly, once the intriguing factor wore off, this book started to become boring and you find yourself not interested in the characters or what happens to them.
This novel is told in alternating points of view. One character is Fiona, the character who becomes horribly scarred at the age of 5 in an accident at the zoo, while the other POV is Fi and how her life might have been unscarred. Fiona started out as a likable character. Reading about how Fiona adapted and adjusted to living with such terrible scars made you want to connect with her. You wanted to protect her from the judgments and snickers other people gave her. Yet Fiona has learned to cope with how people see her and tries her best to hid her self-esteem issues and insecurities. On the other side of the story, Fi has grown up to live a pretty normal teenager-type life, other than being a very unlikable character. Fi comes across as a spoiled, whiny snot that you don't want to cheer for. Fi has one hope and dream and that is to play lacrosse, until an injury shatters her chance at a full college scholarship. Fi does not have an insecurities or self-esteem issues, she's just a jerk that gives up because things aren't going her way.
There was very little romance in this book. Well, if there was I didn't connect with it. Both characters, Fiona and Fi, talk about the high school hottie, Trent. Trent is supposed to be the "dream guy" but he doesn't come across that way. He really comes across as a jerk who knows how much the girls want him and that's not a good characteristic for me. Fiona seems deeply in love with him, though this is all one-sided. Fi has Trent as a best friend, he wants more, she doesn't and things seem to fizzle out. Whoopie. I just never got the attraction both characters had to Trent. It all started to become directionless and I wasn't sure who's perspective I was reading anymore. I had a hard time keeping the perspectives straight because the story lines started to become the same.
Throughout the entire book I was expecting there to be some big "OOOHHHH!" moment, something that was really thought-provoking or a meaningful realization but that never happened. Instead you get to read about two fairly average teenagers that end up being not interesting at all. Also, the book seemed really predictable. I saw the endings coming about a third of the way through. I only finished the book to prove to myself I predicted it correctly. There were no surprises and I truly didn't care how the characters ended up. This book did not hit my feelings like I had hoped it would. I was not the biggest fan of this book when it was over. It really was a great idea for a novel but the execution was lacking.


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City Clerk's Office
About the City Clerk's Office
The council elects the City Clerk. The Clerk's office processes zoning ordinances, special permits, financial transfers, and ordinances, collects fines for non-criminal violations of certain ordinances, and records births, deaths, and marriages. Notices of meetings of public boards and commissions are filed with the city clerk and posted on a bulletin board in the main lobby of City Hall. The clerk's office maintains files of business certificates, uniform commercial code filings, city contracts, and state tax liens. Licenses for marriages, raffles, solicitation permits, dog licenses, and yearly auto stickers for entrance to Forest Park, Blunt Park, and Five Mile Pond may be obtained at the clerk's office. Municipal records, some going back to the founding of Springfield, are maintained by the clerk and are available for research purposes. Visitors to City Hall may receive parking validation for municipal lots at the clerk's office.
Meetings and Agendas
City Council Meetings - View the schedule, agendas, and vote results, documents and video for City Council meetings 2013 to present. Meeting notices are also posted to the city calendar.
Agendas and vote results for meetings 2007-2012 are archived separately.
Open Meetings
In the State of Massachusetts, M.G.L. Chapter 39, Section 23B states all governmental bodies must have meetings that are open to the public and readily available to anyone who wishes to attend.
The Massachusetts Open Meeting Law applies to governmental entities at the state and local levels. In general the Law requires that meetings of such entities be open to the public, that notice of such meetings be publicly posted and that accurate records of the meeting be kept and made available to the public.
The City of Springfield provides access to meetings online in a variety of ways. First, by listing on our Municipal Calendar the scheduled meetings that will be taking place today along with those that will be taking place in the near future. Regularly scheduled meetings are held in Springfield by the City Council, Standing Committees and Boards & Commissions. Meetings of the City Council are televised live on Springfield's Government Channel 17. Additionally, agendas and minutes for the meetings as well as supporting documentation for agenda items are posted for public review.
The City of Springfield has a strong commitment to keeping everyone engaged in local government.
View the Municipal Calendar for meeting agendas and notes >>
Information of the Open Meeting Law from the Massachusetts Attorney General's Office >>
As of January 1, 2015 the Clerk's Office no longer sells Birth Verification ($5.00 Short Form) Birth Certificates.
The Springfield City Clerk's Office has stop selling Hunting, Fishing, Trapping, Sporting, Archery and Wildlife licenses.
CPHB Reports 2014-2015
CPHB Reports


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Ten-year-old Mason Cole-Schweizer was cast against type as the antagonistic Dr. Bartolo in Rossini's comedic opera, "The Barber of Seville."
But the cherubic blond with freckles rose to the occasion, thanks to the support of the professional singers performing alongside him as part of the San Francisco Opera Guild's in-school education program.
During a recent dress rehearsal and performance in early October at St. Luke Lutheran School in Santa Rosa, Cole-Schweizer honed his acting skills, dutifully producing frowns and grimaces.
"You're going to grab this rose and throw it out the window and shake your fist," said coloratura soprano Maya Kherani, playing the role of Bartolo's ward, Rosina. "You're grumpy. You're always grumpy."
Bringing bona fide opera singers together with budding student actors is one of the most unusual aspects of the educational program Opera a la Carte, which is mounting opera performances in 110 Bay Area schools this fall.
"A lot of the kids have never seen an opera before," Kherani said. "We teach line delivery, simple staging ... things they can use in other productions."
As part of that program, the San Francisco Opera Guild will hold performances in 21 schools in Sonoma County this fall.
"The kids are into it," said Neva Turer, president of the Sonoma County chapter of the San Francisco Opera Guild. "We're bringing culture and beauty to them, and they are exposed to operatic voice, classical music, set design, costume design - everything that goes into a live performance."
The guild's local chapter, which boasts 140 members, raises money for the educational program through a series of preview lectures and a benefit concert. In addition, guild members take high school students to dress rehearsals and back-stage tours of the San Francisco Opera.
Among the other local schools participating in Opera a la Carte this fall are the Alexander Valley School in Healdsburg; El Verano Elementary, Flowery and Sassarini schools in Sonoma; Bellevue, Steele Lane Elementary and Santa Rosa Charter School for the Arts in Santa Rosa.
In order to take part in the program, a teacher from each school must oversee the project and help students learn their speaking parts.
"The entire school has been listening to the music, learning the story, and becoming familiar with the opera," said Jennifer Griego, who oversees the program at St. Luke Lutheran School. "All the students help sing the final song."
All the operas are 40-minute adaptations, sung in English. The professional singers perform as soloists all over the Bay Area, from Opera San Jose to Cinnabar Theater in Petaluma.
At the Santa Rosa Charter School for the Arts, teacher Sierra Bradley has watched the program blossom over the past seven years. When she auditions students from her multi-age fourth/fifth grade class, the hardest part is telling those who did not get a speaking part.
"It's become part of the culture of our school," she said. "By the time most students leave our school, they will have seen six full operas, and that's more than most people."
Bradley, who studied classical voice through college, taught the students about the coloratura style (agile runs and leaps) and the Italian style of bel canto singing.
"We listen to different versions of the same aria, and how different people have added their own style to it," she said. "They think it's funny when they sing really high, but they recognize the music now, and they love the story."


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Little Johnny is so proud to have left these big fresh wet ones at the park!
He hopes that Mommy will pick them up later, but he wants us to enjoy them first!
Thanks Little Johnny! Thanks Ruff!
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The Britax B-Agile 3 is a budget friendly high ranking stroller that earned a Best Value award in this review. This stroller has the best score for weight and folded size and impressive scores for ease of use and maneuverability. While this small option has much to offer with a large storage basket, a cozy seat, and bigger canopy, it doesn't come with some of the conveniences you may be hoping for like a parent console or cup holder. The B-Agile 3 is easy to push, navigates tight spots with ease, and is light enough to do double duty as a travel stroller. This option is definitely one we recommend to friends.
Britax B-Agile 3 ReviewPrice: $270.00 List | $344.23 at Amazon
Pros: Price, lightweight, compact easy fold
Cons: Average maneuverability, few conveniences
Bottom line: An above average option with a budget friendly price
Folded Dimensions: 24"W x 9.5"H x 29.2"L
Capacity Limits: Minimum: Birth Maximum: 55 lbs/44"
Manufacturer: Britax
The Skinny
RELATED REVIEW: The Best Full-size Strollers of 2018
Our Analysis and Test Results
Juliet Spurrier, MD & Wendy Schmitz
September 5, 2017
In February 2017, Britax announced a recall on their Click & Go car seat attachment adapters for the Britax B-Agile 3 strollers. While the stroller itself is still safe to use, the adapters used to create a travel system with the Click & Go car seats are not. In some cases, the car seat adapters may disengage from the stroller causing a fall hazard for baby in the infant carrier. Consumers should cease use of adapters and get in touch with Britax for their remedy kit. If you are looking for more information on this matter, or to find out if yours is one of the affected strollers, you can go to the Britax Safety page. Also, Britax is redesigning the infant car seat adapters for other brands, which includes Chicco, Peg Perego, and Graco. These adapters will not be available for purchase until sometime in 2018.
Britax was originated on the idea that parents and children should live life fully and make the most of every moment. Britax strives to design products that are both safe and smart. They have been making baby gear for over 70 years. Britax first launched in the United States in 1996 after significant success in Europe with the best-selling car seat. The company is taking a special interest in side impact protection (SIP), car seat installation, and strollers of various kinds. Britax partners with car manufacturers, governments, and child passenger safety experts in order to construct new and safe products for families. Britax recently acquired BOB strollers.
Performance Comparison
The chart below is a comparison of the overall scores for all 19 products we purchased and tested for this review including the B-Agile (in blue).
The sections below provide details on how this stroller performed in our tests for each metric. The scores earned for each metric are used to determine the overall score with an emphasis on Ease of Use and maneuverability.
Ease of Use
The B-Agile 3 earned a 6 of 10 for ease of use. This is one point higher than the similar Baby Jogger City Mini.
Ease of use impacts your daily experience with a product. The B-Agile has features that include an easy fold, large storage, and large canopy.
Fold and Unfold
The B-Agile has a simple one-handed fold that requires the pull of a handle located on the seat. This is similar to the fold found on the Baby Jogger City Mini, but it has a safety release button as well to prevent little ones from folding the stroller while climbing in. This stroller has an automatic lock and a carry strap, but it does not self-stand. Unfolding the B-Agile is also easy, but is a two-handed operation.
The B-Agile has single action brakes with a large pedal that is easy to press and lift, which makes it sandal foot friendly.
The B-Agile storage bin holds a maximum of 10 lbs, and we were able to fit our Extra-large Diaper Bag inside (above left). The bin has easy access from the back and sides and is a better design than the similar Baby Jogger City Mini, which has a bar that interferes with access. You can even access storage with the seat reclined. This stroller has two small pockets on the back of the canopy, but they don't close completely, and larger items could fall out. Previous versions of the B-Agile 3 had a large zippered pocket that we preferred (above right).
The B-Agile has a large sunshade, but not quite as big as the one found on the Baby Jogger City Mini. It does have a nice mesh peek-a-boo window that allows easy viewing of baby and works as ventilation on hot days. The window cover is a hook and loop closure, which can be sort of loud if your baby is sleeping. This shade works well and looks sharp, covering past the seat bottom edge.
The B-Agile has an average 5-point harness. The buckle has two pieces and is fairly stiff to connect and release, but it won't hurt your hands to operate. The harness straps are average to adjust, and they slide up and down. The shoulder straps have additional padding that increases comfort but makes adjustment more difficult. The height adjustment is a rethread style and requires pushing the plastic strap end through the back slot and reinserting into the new chosen height.
The seat on the B-Agile 3 has a very deep recline that is almost flat for cozy napping. The recline adjustment is average to use. While it is one-handed to lower two-handed to lift, the one hand can get a little out of control if a baby is in the seat when you lower it so using two hands is just easier. There is nice padding on the seat bottom and back, including the leg rest that is non-adjustable. This stroller has no real foot, and there is a fairly thick seam on the seat behind the knee bend that could chafe bare legs.
Car Seat Compatibility
Britax is currently redesigning the majority of infant car seat adapters for use with the B-Agile. At the moment, they are only offering the Britax Infant Car Seat Adapters for Cybex, Nuna, Maxi Cosi and the Britax adapter that comes with the stroller. All other brands adapters will be available sometime in 2018, though a specific date has not been disclosed.
Ease of Setup
The B-Agile 3 took us 5:42 minutes to set up, which is a low average time. This time includes unpacking the stroller from the box up to fully assembled and ready to use. It requires no tools to assemble, and the manual is only average. This stroller is very easy to put together compared to some of the competition.
The B-Agile earned a 6 of 10 for maneuverability. This is one point lower than the Baby Jogger City Mini that earned a 7. This stroller's three-leg design makes it good at navigating tight spaces, and it is so easy to push and turn you can often do it one handed depending on the terrain. Moving off-road is only a little more difficult as it rolls easily through grass, as long as you don't try to turn. It can be a little rough over gravel as the dual front wheel can catch on smaller bumps and rocks causing the stroller to struggle to stay on course. We were unable to push this stroller over a 1-inch curb, and popping up onto a curb is about average with a stiff handlebar to keep things steady.
This stroller has all-wheel suspension, compared to the Baby Jogger City Mini's single front wheel shock. It also has a foam covered stationary handlebar that is 42 inches from the ground, a sling-style seat, and adequate padding for passengers.
The tires are foam filled plastic, which isn't as nice as rubber, but they are larger than other plastic wheels which translates to a smoother ride. We think passengers, as well as pushers, will be comfortable and enjoy using the B-Agile 3.
Weight and Folded Size
The B-Agile 3 earned an 8 of 10 for weight and folded size, which is the high score for the metric. This Britax stroller weighs 17.4 lbs and measures 6,658 cubic inches when folded. It is the lightest and smallest stroller in this review, making it a good option for those with limited space or parents hoping to use it as a lightweight stroller as well as their full-size option.
The lighter weight and smaller size helped the B-Agile make the cut-off for inclusion in our Umbrella Stroller Review. This stroller earned a Top Pick award for a lightweight umbrella that can also work as your everyday stroller.
This stroller earned a 5 of 10 for quality compared to the competition. The B-Agile 3 has a nicer shaped frame than the Baby Jogger City Mini, which translated into less axle kicking while strolling. The fabric is skin-friendly and made with ripstop material. The overall look is simple and functional without a lot of fluff or standout features or materials. The frame has little flex (even when curb popping), and the components and connections are nicely finished and tightly connected with few to no flaws in construction.
Manufacturer Video
The B-Agile 3 is relatively bare bones and parents hoping for more will want to consider adding some accessories to their stroller. Britax offers some accessories that will definitely make strolling life easier. We think the following are worth a look-see:
- Britax Infant Car Seat Adapters for Cybex, Nuna, Maxi-Cosi — This is the single adapter available for combination with the B-Agile until sometime in 2018 when Britax plans to relaunch adapters for other brands.
Other Versions
Britax also makes a few other strollers that we have reviewed and tested in the past. These include:
- Britax B-Ready — The Britax B-Ready stroller can grow with your family thanks to versatile seating options that can accommodate two and a possible third. This stroller is compatible with a variety of infant car seats, will work with two at the same time, offers a large storage bin, and has rubber foam filled tires. This stroller did not score that well in our Double Stroller Review coming in 11th out of 18 products tested.
- Britax B-Agile Double — The B-Agile Double is a side-by-side two-seater with identical features and functionality for both seats. This stroller can accept only one infant car seat, so it works for children of different ages or older twins who no longer need a car seat carrier. The B-Agile Double has a large storage bin, simple fold, and large sun shades. This stroller mimics the B-Agile 3, only with features and seating for two.
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