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President's Report to Academic and Professional Faculty
May 2, 2014
With the shifts in the April schedule of faculty meetings and the focus on the liberal education discussions, I did not distribute a report last month; this is a combined April-May report and will be my final report for this academic year. I know that this is perhaps the busiest time for faculty, and I thank you for taking time to read this report.
I am impressed throughout the year by the dedication, hard work, and creativity of the members of our campus community. As we approach Commencement, those achievements come into sharp focus. Thanks to each of you for creating the many high-quality experiences for our students that are at the heart of our institutional mission. I greatly appreciate your work and contributions.
Campus gun incident and Village shooting fatality. Understandably, the two recent gun incidents shook the sense of safety we have as members of the New Paltz community. While even a single firearm-related act is one too many, we may take some solace that shots have not been fired on the campus since 2004, and before that since the early-mid 1990s. The last time a firearm was criminally discharged in the Village was about a decade ago. The campus and New Paltz are extremely safe, and our campus's federal Clery statistics support that conclusion. We are committed to maintaining a safe learning and working environment for our students and employees.
As is our practice, we always evaluate our responses to incidents such as these. In these two instances, we remain confident that our fundamental decisions and actions were correct and appropriate. In the campus incident, a Brooklyn man visiting a student aimed a handgun at two students and pulled the trigger twice; the firearm did not discharge. In less than five minutes after the incidents were reported to UPD, University Police Department (UPD) officers apprehended the suspect and recovered the firearm. The quick action by residence hall staff and UPD officers negated any threat to others and obviated the need for a further alert. A student has been disciplined appropriately, with immediate consequences, related to this visitor gaining access to a campus residence hall.
The second incident occurred off campus. University Police officers were intimately involved from the beginning, keeping in mind the safety of our students, faculty and staff. The town police and the State Police were the lead agencies, therefore they controlled the release of information. In the judgment of all law enforcement agencies involved, there was no credible information or evidence that the suspect was a danger or threat to the New Paltz community, including the campus community. We shared information about the incident with the campus community once it was gathered and the agencies with jurisdiction were able to share it. The federal Clery Act, by which we are bound and that guides our actions, does not mandate an alert in such an instance. We believe that the NPAlert is primarily an emergency notification system; we use it judiciously so that it does not lose its efficacy as an emergency tool. We also recognize that it is an effective and immediate way to reach our students and employees. We used our professional judgment to employ the emergency notification system later that morning because the shooter was not in custody and we were aware that students and employees may not have seen earlier emails on a Sunday/holiday.
We have received feedback that we did not share enough information, or did not share it soon enough. We also heard concerns that we shared too much information about these incidents, elevating their profile and creating unnecessary anxiety. Some parents were upset with how we handled these incidents, while other parents called to commend the way we communicated about these incidents. Clearly, views on communication and messaging about incidents like these differ. Our actions and judgments in these instances are based on extensive law enforcement experience and best practices. I hope the above information helps you understand the basis for our decisions, and that you will use these insights in your conversations with students about these incidents.
Commencement Speaker/Honorary Degree Recipient. New Paltz alumnus Paul Huth (BS 1972, MS 1979) will be this year's commencement speaker and honorary degree recipient. Paul has been instrumental in the Mohonk Preserve eight-decade-long ecosystem research program for 40 years, first as an assistant to founder Dan Smiley, then as director of the program for 16 years, and as director of research emeritus since 2011. He has published more than 100 articles in local and national professional scientific journals, and has had major impact on the ecological research and scholarship of many other investigators. His honors and recognitions include the Distinguished Environmental Achievement Award from Mohonk Consultations for "leading stewardship, conservation and collaborative research for the Shawangunk Mountains and beyond (2013)"; and the John Campanius Holm Award from the National Weather Service for "remarkably accurate daily weather records that span 32 years [that] are a valuable resource to the Nation's climate program." The long-term record of weather data and associated phenology data and studies that Paul has either led or been part of are among the most remarkable long-term ecological and climate data in North America.
Paul identifies the "very talented and giving faculty" at New Paltz as a prime influence on his "degree and education." He stated, "You don't know when you're going through college that there are individuals who, because of their insight and guidance, change the direction of your life. We might not know who these people are until we're in our career, in our 40s or 50s. You think back about that one professor who said, "Why don't you come take that course with me?" And because of that little guidance, it changes your whole life and opens up a new world. I've had a wonderful career, and I can't say it was because of me, as much as the people around me allowing me to take the opportunity to work with them. It was the kindness of others."
Paul's extensive work and interaction with New Paltz students and faculty over many years exemplifies the longstanding (and growing) relationship between the Mohonk Preserve and the College. Along with his alumni status, his work also fits fully the Board of Trustees requirement that honorary degree recipients have a strong relationship to the institution. You may learn more about Paul and his career here, and hear him speak about connections between the Preserve and the College and his educational perspectives here. It is particularly fitting that Paul is our commencement speaker and honorary degree recipient in the year that the College, the Mohonk Preserve, and another partner organization (The Wallkill Valley Land Trust) are collaborating to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the 1964 Wilderness Act.
Chancellor's Awards. I am pleased to announce the following Chancellor's Award recipients, and ask that you join me in congratulating these colleagues for this recognition of their exceptional contributions:
- Joan Barker, Adjunct Faculty, Art, Excellence in Adjunct Teaching (announced previously)
- Karen Bell, Associate Dean, School of Education, Excellence in Professional Service
- Sue Books, Professor, Secondary Education, Excellence in Teaching
- Paul Chauvet, Senior Linux and UNIX Systems Administrator, Computer Services, Excellence in Professional Service
- David Hobby, Associate Professor, Department of Mathematics, Excellence in Faculty Service
- Mary Kastner, Director of Design, Print and Mail Services, Office of Communication and Marketing, Excellence in Professional Service
- John Ruger, Plumber and Steamfitter, Facilities Maintenance, Excellence in Classified Service
We will now formally present these awards at the first faculty meeting and the first classified staff gathering in the fall, rather than at spring commencement. This will help streamline our commencement ceremony. But more importantly, recognizing and celebrating the award recipients with colleagues – those who can best appreciate the significance of these awards and their underlying achievements – seems much more appropriate.
Strategic Plan. The April 21 Administrative Council meeting, organized and led by the Strategic Planning Council was devoted entirely to roundtable small-group discussion about current departmental efforts that support the strategic plan and about future collaborative opportunities that may warrant reallocation of resources to pursue. Many attendees commented about how much they learned – and perhaps how little they knew – about strategic plan-focused efforts in other units and departments. Many also were surprised at how many colleagues they did not know! There is excitement and interest in collaboration with other units, while it is also clear that increased knowledge of the work of other units is needed to spark creative thinking about future collaborative possibilities. These observations speak to the continuing importance of internal marketing and communication and of creating more opportunities like this to build community – in and of themselves goals of the plan. To that end, I hope you are reading and enjoying the news digest from the Office of Communication and Marketing that arrives in your inbox each Friday and visiting the college's news hub (click here). This compilation of stories from across campus units should help to educate you about faculty, staff, student, and alumni activities.
We also heard consistent interest and enthusiasm about being more involved in developing alumni relationships, which is heartening as we build more campus-wide participation in this top priority of our strategic plan.
Based on the positive impact of this discussion, the Strategic Planning Council will organize further activities like this, including broad-based conversations to educate ourselves about each other and campus-wide strategic planning efforts. Other discussions may focus on particular issues: specific examples and ideas for engaging alumni, in coordination with Alumni Relations staff; ideas for collaboration and overcoming challenges to collaboration; increasing the understanding of particular groups of employees about how they and their work fit into the plan. Thank you to the Student Affairs staff who brought their programming expertise to this important exercise.
Some departments and units have begun working on the departmental "brag sheets" we are developing for internal communication and external marketing and communication, including student recruitment. Office of Communication and Marketing staff have been developing more extensive guidelines and suggested formats for this information, and recently shared these with chairs and directors to outline the support that the office can provide for this important effort.
My Participation in White House Event To Protect Students from Sexual Assault. I was one of only a handful of invited college presidents at a White House event on Tuesday, April 29, highlighting the increasing concern about and attention given to sexual assault and sexual violence on college and university campuses, and outlining new federal initiatives.
This event was organized by the White House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assault. Vice President Joe Biden served as the main speaker on these topics. Others present included higher education representatives, leadership of the American Association of State Colleges and Universities (AASCU), Task Force members and White House staff, Cabinet members, several senators, including United States Senator for New York Kirsten Gillibrand, victim advocacy groups, and students.
Preparing for and participating in this event reinforced for me the tremendous work that SUNY New Paltz has done and is doing to support victims, provide clear and equitable processes, and broadly educate and train members of our community to prevent sexual violence on our campus and in our community. Most of you are aware that our campus recently underwent an extensive Office of Civil Rights (OCR) review of our policies and practices as part of a more extensive audit of the entire SUNY system. The OCR review of 5 years of New Paltz records did not find a single case of sexual assault or sexual violence that required further inquiry, or that was not handled according to OCR best practices and standards. Our educational and training efforts include elements like risk and risk mitigation, misperceptions, and bystander education (in our "Step Up New Paltz" program). Our model collaborations with New Paltz tavern owners are aimed at reducing excessive alcohol consumption, a clear factor in sexual assault and violence on college campuses.
The newly announced federal standards include new initiatives like an annual anonymous survey to determine the frequency of sexual assaults. We and other colleges and universities are still evaluating the new federal standards and a 53-page letter also released this week by the OCR to help campuses better understand implementation of OCR policies. Our policies and practices are fully aligned with federal expectations.
We should all be very proud of this record of excellent work, while we must also recognize the need for continuing improvement in this critical element of our campus climate and culture. This is an opportunity to remind everyone of our legal responsibility under state and federal law to report incidents of sexual assault shared by students to Tanhena Pachecho-Dunn, Title IX coordinator.
Other Washington Activities. The White House event coincided with several long-scheduled activities in Washington. Vice President Erica Marks and I met with alumni and prospective donors, including a very engaging "conversation with the president" with about 20 alumni Monday evening, joined at that event by Barbara Caldwell of the Development Office and Professor Ellen Konowitz of Art History. These alumni spoke with pride about their New Paltz experiences, and clearly want to be involved with the College and our students in ways that we certainly will follow up on.
As part of SUNY system federal relations efforts, Shelly Wright (AVP, Chief of Staff, Government Relations Officer), Richard Winters (Community and Government Relations Associate), and I met with members of Congress and Congressional staff to convey our support for key elements of the SUNY federal legislative agenda that matter most to New Paltz, share our work on sexual assault/violence prevention and management (this issue has attracted deep Congressional interest), and keep New Paltz "on the radar screen" of our legislators and their staff. That includes offering to host their events on the campus, and reminding them of the faculty expertise available on key current topics. We attended several SUNY sessions with legislative leaders, including Senators Gillibrand and Schumer, and policy analysts from several major higher education organizations to learn about their higher education priorities (hint: affordability, access, outcomes).
During my meeting with Congressman Chris Gibson, I thanked him for his great involvement on the board of our Institute for Disaster Mental Health (including presenting at last week's excellent conference on crisis communication that drew hundreds of regional community emergency responders, students, staff and members of the helping professions as well as the Commissioner of the New York State Division of Homeland Security and Emergency Services, Jerome Hauer) and updated him on campus initiatives, including the great website, "Tick Talk, An Investigative Project on Lyme Disease," put together by our students and Ottaway Professor Sonia Shah this spring. The issue of Lyme disease is a topic of great interest to the Congressman.
Construction Updates. While we await final confirmation, we received word last Friday of progress on the contracting/documentation issues that have put a hold on the new science building project. We are hopeful that construction will resume very soon. Renovation of LeFevre Hall is ahead of schedule, on track for occupancy before move-in day this fall. Construction of the new residence hall is progressing well, and we will be housing students there at the start of the 2015-16 academic year as planned. I had a recent inside look at Wooster (note: no longer Wooster "Science"), and it is an unbelievable transformation -- great spaces, new sight lines, and a new connectivity between the Old Main Quad and the "arts and sciences" quad to the south. The new facilities for anthropology, psychology, engineering labs, several student service functions, and food service will be tremendous assets to campus life and academic programming.
I remind everyone that these projects are financed by long-term bonds, funding that is not interchangeable with operational monies used to hire new faculty and staff, purchase supplies, fund travel, or pay utility costs.
Budget and Enrollment Update. We do not have a clear sense of next year's budget as final details are being worked out at the state and SUNY levels. Our best judgment is to plan for an economy next year that is essentially the same as this year's. Even with a tuition increase, we do not anticipate being able to fund more than a small handful of new positions or to take on new initiatives except by reallocating existing resources, as we are doing to meet our most pressing enrollment needs and for strategic plan priorities. We await word from Albany on several priority requests for small capital projects ($1 million or less) we submitted to be funded out of a $49 million allocation in the state budget for "strategic initiatives" at SUNY campuses.
Our financial situation next year and into the future will depend heavily on whether we meet our enrollment targets, both undergraduate and graduate. I have reported for some time the very challenging student recruitment environment in which we operate. Especially with the increasingly frequent reports of budgetary and programming consequences of declining enrollments at many campuses, we are watching our numbers closely and with some anxiety. But we will not have a clear picture of enrollment – and its financial implications – for several weeks at least.
Convocation, State of the College. I am grateful to the faculty, staff, and students who contributed to recent, lively brainstorming sessions about revamping the Fall Convocation event. One goal of our strategic plan is to actively engage students in their intellectual and personal development. Convocation is a pivotal moment to inspire our students as motivated and responsible learners. This is an opportunity for new students to hear unequivocal messages about our goals for their learning, our expectations for their roles, and the privilege of a lifetime that comes with a college education. Our strategic plan also aims to strengthen the engagement of alumni with the College. Strong alumni loyalty often begins with the first days a student spends on campus. Convocation can contribute to these outcomes.
Our group discussions drew on perceptions of our current convocation format; experiences with similar events at other institutions; the inspiration that many drew from the recent session with Jim Langley about development and alumni relations; a shared sense that this event needs to become more clearly focused on students; and creative ideas about how to make our convocation a more compelling ritual. We will be working with these ideas in the coming months to modify this fall's convocation. No matter how this event evolves, strong faculty and staff presence and participation will be essential, and we will apprise you in advance of the new format.
Please mark your calendars on Friday, August 22, for the annual State of the College address (9:30 A.M., preceded by informal breakfast and social hour beginning at 8:45 A.M.). Our discussions about changing convocation included timing during the day, and we are considering alternatives to the traditional noon slot; we will share this detail early in the summer so that departmental activities can be planned.
Gulliver. An upcoming outdoor sculpture-on-loan being installed on the campus may provide an interesting focal point for classes that might draw on political, literary, philosophical, or other lessons and themes of Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels. "Gulliver" is a 37-foot long bronze sculpture by world-renowned public artist Tom Otterness, whose sometimes whimsical work many of you no doubt have seen in New York City parks and subways or in other cities around the world. Thanks to the impetus of the Dorsky Museum of Art curator Dan Belasco and the campus Arts and Aesthetics Committee, chaired by John McEnrue, Director of Design and Construction, Gulliver will be installed this summer in the courtyard between Smiley Art and Sojourner Truth Library, for 6 months to 1 year, with costs covered by private funds. It is being brought to campus in coordination with an upcoming Dorsky Museum exhibition featuring the work of Dick Polich, founder and president of Polich Tallix, a Hudson River Valley metal casting and fabrication firm. Polich has been the leader in creating many of the world's most recognizable monuments and sculptures, including many of Otterness' pieces.
Wilderness Act of 1964 and Fall-Semester Educational Programming. I wrote last month about the 50th anniversary celebration of the 1964 passage of the federal Wilderness Act, in collaboration with the Mohonk Preserve and the Wallkill Valley Land Trust. Provost Mauceri recently met with faculty to discuss educational programming ideas during this celebration.
One possibility for linkages to your courses will be our fall semester Distinguished Speaker. I am excited to announce that Richard Louv (http://richardlouv.com/; pronounced "Loove") will speak on campus on the evening of October 21. Louv has written eight books on the connections between family, nature, and community. His most recent (2011) book "The Nature Principle" addresses the issue that our society – in his words - " has developed such an outsized faith in technology that we have yet to fully realize or even adequately study how human capacities are enhanced through the power of nature." In his highly acclaimed and very influential 2005 book "Last Child in the Woods," Louv coined and discussed the concept of "nature deficit disorder." His writing has stimulated an international conversation about the relationship between children and nature. A journalist by background, Louv has received numerous writing awards, serves on several editorial boards, and has been a visiting Professor at Clemson University. He is especially drawn to the celebration of the Wilderness Act and its underlying spirit, which aligns so closely with his writing.
START-UP NY. Empire State Development (ESD), the State's economic development agency, has approved our campus plan for START-UP NY, the economic development initiative that establishes tax-free areas for business partnerships with SUNY campuses. In preparing our final campus plan, we considered the feedback we received from faculty and student governance, employee union leadership, and municipalities. We are now able to explore possible partnerships more directly with several companies that we have been in conversation with in recent months. We continue to have new contacts, both directly to the campus and through the START-UP program.
Faculty and Staff Appreciation Picnic. Our all-campus end-of-year barbeque and picnic is scheduled to be held on the Old Main Quad on Wednesday, May 21, 11 a.m.-2 p.m. I hope that you will be able to join us to spend relaxed time at the end of the year with colleagues from across the campus.
I look forward to seeing you at the Faculty meeting on Friday, May 2, where I will be available to respond to questions orcomments you may have about this report or other topics. I wish everyone well for the completion of the semester and for a productive, successful, and rejuvenating summer.
Donald P. Christian


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Let's begin by covering the basics of electronic devices and control technologies, then proceed to specific applications of lighting controls. Assuming you're from an electrical power background, a brief overview of electronics is pertinent to many of the lessons in this course. To many of us "power" people, the device names are intimidating: Zener diodes, field-effect transistors, PNP junctions, and so on. But when you realize these are just fancy names for such things as automatic switches, a lot of the mystery fades away.
Electronic components. The first thing to remember about electronics is: The basic laws that apply to the operation of electricity (Ohm's law, Kirchoff's voltage law, Watt's law, calculations of parallel resistance) also apply to electronics. In reality, electronic work is not that different from many types of electrical work: The main differences relate to the amount of power used as well as the exotic-sounding names of many electronic components. Secondly, there are five things electronic circuits do that are not possible with normal electrical circuits:
Respond to very small signals and from those signals, they produce a much larger signal (e.g. how transistors amplify signals);
Respond much faster than electrical devices (such as relays);
Produce magnetic signals, such as radio waves, X-rays, or microwaves when operating at high speeds;
Respond to light (certain devices such as photocells); and
Control the direction of current flow.
With that general information as background, let's get into component details.
What is a diode? A diode, in lay terms, is a semiconductor with two electrodes passing electric current in one direction only. An ideal diode offers no impedance to current flow in one direction and an infinite impedance in the other. A typical solid-state diode has a very low forward resistance (resulting in a 0.5V to 1.5V drop) and a reverse current of a few milliamperes when blocking several hundred volts.
What causes current flow? A typical semiconductor diode has N-type and P-type materials. These are created by altering their crystal structure; in other words, some atoms within their crystal are replaced with atoms from another element.
An N-type material is created by adding atoms from an element that has more electrons in its outer shell than the crystal. This provides more free electrons. Since they have a negative charge, we call the material N-type ("N" for negative).
The same procedure is used to create P-type material, except that atoms from an element having fewer electrons in its outer shell are added to the crystal. This results in empty holes in the crystalline structure, and these represent positive charges; hence, the name P-type ("P" for positive).
When voltage is applied to a diode, the holes in the P-type material are filled with the free electrons from the N-type material; thus, the current flow from negative potential to positive potential. (In electron theory, current flows from negative to positive, whereas conventional current flow is positive to negative.)
The above is a simplified explanation; however, it provides justification for unidirectional current flow.
Which end is which? When you apply the proper polarity to a diode, it's called forward bias and results in forward current. When you apply the opposite polarity, it's called reverse bias. This results in a reverse current very close to zero.
As shown in Fig. 1 of the original article, the symbol for a diode has two parts: a straight line representing the cathode and a triangle representing the anode. As we discussed earlier, electrons flow from the cathode to the anode.
Manufacturers denote anode and cathode locations in various ways. One method has the diode symbol on the surface of the diode; another uses a band around the diode indicating the cathode; a third has the cathode end larger than the anode end; and a fourth has the cathode end beveled.
If you're unsure about the polarity, use an ohmmeter for verification. An ohmmeter's polarity is usually denoted by the markings on its face (` or 1) or by color coding (red for positive; black for negative). However, the ohmmeter's battery actually determines the external polarity.
To find the polarity (forward and reverse bias) of a diode, you place the diode in one direction between the known polarities of the ohmmeter and take a resistance reading; then reverse the diode's direction and take another reading. A low resistance reading indicates forward bias, while a high resistance reading indicates reverse bias. Since the ohmmeter's polarity is known, the diode end connected to the negative lead during forward bias must be the cathode; and the end connected to the positive lead must be the anode.
Testing diodes. While diodes are reliable, they certainly aren't indestructible. What can damage them? Anything from high voltages to improper connections to overheating. As such, you may have to verify the condition of a diode during troubleshooting of inoperative solid-state equipment.
Open and shorted diodes are the two most common problems. Here's how to interpret ohmmeter readings to determine a diode's condition.
Open diode. When taking two sets of resistance readings, one with test leads connected positive-to-anode, negative-to-cathode, and one with negative-to-anode, positive-to-cathode, high resistance readings are obtained in both cases.
Shorted diode. When taking two sets of resistance readings, one with test leads connected positive-to-anode, negative-to-cathode, and one with negative-to-anode, positive-to-cathode, low resistance readings are obtained in both cases.
Good diode. When taking two sets of resistance readings, one with test leads connected positive-to-anode, negative-to-cathode, and one with negative-to-anode, positive-to-cathode, the first connection provides a low resistance reading. The second connection provides a high resistance reading.
Diode capacity and derating. The amount of current at which a diode can operate without damaging itself is limited by two factors: the size of its heat sink, which helps dissipate heat; and its P-type/N-type material (PN) junction temperature rise.
Most diodes are rated to operate at 25oC, or at room temperature. This is a reflection of the diode's PN junction temperature rise. If the ambient temperature increases, the diode can't dissipate as much heat and must then be derated. This means you must reduce the diode's maximum operating current. Manufacturers offer derating tables to help find these limits.
Solid-state equipment manufacturers usually install heat sinks to permit internal diodes to operate at or close to maximum operating current. In retrofit or troubleshooting activities, you may want to install a heat sink to overcome frequent diode damage. Again, this information is available from solid-state equipment manufacturers.
Typical diode application. You can usually find diodes in rectifiers, gates, modulators, and detectors. Let's talk about rectifiers here. While AC power is generally the most available, many electronic devices require DC power for operation. As such, you must convert AC power to DC. Circuits that provide this conversion are called rectifiers, which use semiconductor diodes.
The simplest form of a rectifier circuit is the half-wave rectifier. The circuit includes a load resistor, RL, along with a diode across an AC source. A rectifier circuit affects the AC voltage by cutting it in half, or as is commonly said, rectifying it. Because the signal now travels in only one direction, it's called pulsating DC. This type of power supply circuit is only one in which diodes are used.
What's a Zener diode? A Zener diode is a type of diode that acts as a voltage regulator when installed by itself or with other semiconductor devices. This device is unique because we primarily use it to conduct current under reverse bias conditions. Standard diodes most often conduct current in the forward bias condition; as such, they can be damaged or destroyed if the reverse voltage or bias is exceeded.
Another name for the Zener diode is avalanche diode. This name is applied because the Zener diode usually operates in reverse breakdown.
How does a Zener diode work? To better understand how a Zener diode works, let's refer to Fig. 4. Here we see an operating characteristic curve for a typical Zener diode. Relatively speaking, a Zener diode's forward and reverse characteristics are similar to those of a standard diode. However, there are some very important differences.
Forward direction source voltage. When a source voltage is applied to a Zener diode in the forward direction, the result is a breakover voltage and a forward current.
Reverse direction source voltage. When the source voltage is applied in the reverse direction, the current remains very low until the reverse voltage reaches reverse breakdown, or what is commonly called Zener breakdown. At this breakdown point, a Zener diode will conduct heavily, or avalanche. This is the important difference between a standard and Zener diode: When a Zener diode conducts, it may continue to conduct for some time, and at considerable current, without damage in the reverse direction.
What's important about this characteristic? The voltage drop across a Zener diode remains almost constant, despite the very large current fluctuations.
How is voltage regulation maintained? The Zener diode acts as a constant voltage source because of resistance changes taking place within the PN junction.
When a source voltage is applied in the reverse direction, the PN junction's resistance stays high; thus a reverse current only in the microampere range will be produced. However, as the reverse voltage is increased, the PN junction reaches a critical voltage, and the Zener diode begins avalanching.
What's happening at this particular point? Once the avalanche voltage is reached, the PN junction's normally high resistance drops to a low value. The current then increases rapidly, but a circuit resistor or resistance RL generally limits it. The breakdown current usually will not destroy the Zener diode; however, it may be destructive if it becomes extremely excessive or if the Zener diode's heat dissipating capabilities are exceeded.
What are pertinent ratings? As we mentioned earlier, Zener diodes are designed to have a specific breakdown voltage rating, usually a close approximation of the necessary circuit control voltages. Examples include 4.7V, 5.1V, 6.2V, and 9.1V.
Zener diodes are manufactured to certain breakdown voltage tolerances, such as 520%, 510%, or 5 5%. For high-precision applications, they are available in the 51% range. Zener diodes are available in wattage ratings of one millionth of a watt to 50W; popular ratings are 1W and lower. These dissipation ratings are usually given for a specific operating temperature, which is usually an ambient of 25 DegrC.
This temperature will affect a Zener diode's breakdown voltage. As such, manufacturers usually list a Zener voltage temperature coefficient, which identifies the percentage of change in Zener voltage per degree of temperature change. Typically this change is about 0.1% per degree Centigrade.
How are Zener diodes tested? Either a Zener diode provides voltage regulation, or it fails. If it does fail, you obviously must replace it so the circuit can operate properly.
Sometimes, however, a Zener diode may fail only in certain situations. This type of failure is called an intermittent. To check for an intermittent, the Zener diode must be tested while it's in operation. Here, an oscilloscope is the best troubleshooting tool, because it displays the diode's dynamic operating characteristics.
Another workhorse of electronic equipment is the transistor. There are two types of transistors commonly used: PNP and NPN. As shown in Fig. 5, the PNP transistor consists of a thin layer of N-type material between two layers of P-type material. The NPN transistor has the opposite: a thin layer of P-type material between two layers of N-type material.
Transistors have three terminals: an emitter (E), base (B), and collector (C). These terminals have identical locations for both types of transistors. Note that the PNP transistor symbol has an arrow called the transmitter arrow pointing toward the base while an NPN transistor has the transmitter arrow pointing away from the base. In both, however, the transmitter arrow points away from the P-type material and toward to the N-type material.
Terminal arrangement. Transistors are available with two or three leads extending from their case. If you need a specific shaped transistor, you specify a transistor outline (TO) number. Note that the TO-3 configuration has only two leads or terminals. Many times, the transistor's metal case is used as the C lead.
You can identify specific leads by their spacing. For example, the E and B leads are usually close together, while the C lead is farther away. Also, the B lead is always in the middle.
Sometimes, transistors come with index pins. To identify terminals on such transistors, start with the lead closest to the index pin and work clockwise. The first lead is always the E lead; the B lead (always closest to the E lead) is next; and the C lead is last.
Transistor junction biasing. The base-emitter junction in a transistor circuit must always be forward biased while the base-collector junction must always be reverse biased.
Voltage in a transistor. There are certain voltages in the base circuit of a transistor. There are others associated with transistors, namely those in the collector circuit.
We have a bias voltage (VCC) applied across the emitter-collector circuit. This voltage will be divided between the emitter-base and collector-base junctions (based on their individual resistances), because these junctions are in series with each another. The voltage across the collector and emitter is VCE, and the voltage across the collector and base is VCB. VCB is greater than VCE because the collector-base junction has a much greater resistance than the base-emitter junction. However, base voltage VCB is greater than base-emitter voltage VBE.
SCR. Frequently used in solid-state equipment such as lighting dimmers and variable speed controls is the silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR). It's a semiconductor device having three electrodes: an anode, cathode, and gate. An SCR's anode and cathode are similar to those of a semiconductor diode.
How does an SCR differ from a diode? For one thing, it has the aforementioned gate electrode, which is its control point. For another, it will not pass significant current, even when forward biased, unless the anode voltage equals or exceeds the forward breakover voltage. Once this breakover voltage is reached an SCR will switch ON and become highly conductive.
SCR characteristic curve. An SCR operates like a regular Zener or avalanche diode in reverse bias: There is a small amount of current flow until avalanche is reached, after which the current increases dramatically. In forward bias, a certain value of forward breakover voltage must be reached before an SCR will conduct. In this mode, an SCR operates like a regular Zener or avalanche diode. In other words, there is a small amount of current flow until avalanche is reached, after which the current increases dramatically. And, as is the case with a Zener diode, this current can cause damage if thermal runaway begins.
When an SCR is forward biased, there's a small current, the forward blocking current. This current will stay relatively constant, at least until the forward blocking voltage is reached. At this point, which is called the forward avalanche region, the current will increase rapidly. Here, an SCR's resistance is very small. In fact, an SCR acts the same as a closed switch here, with the current limited only by any external load resistance. As such, a short in an SCR's load circuit will destroy the SCR if inadequate overload protection is provided.
Gate control. As mentioned earlier, an SCR works just like a mechanical switch: It's either ON or OFF. When the applied voltage on an SCR is below its forward breakover voltage (VBRF), the SCR fires (is ON). It will stay ON as long as the current stays above the holding current value; it will turn OFF when the voltage across it drops to a value too low to maintain the holding current.
How does an SCR's gate electrode come into play? When the gate is forward biased and current begins to flow in the gate-cathode junction, VBRF is reduced. The higher the forward bias, the less VBRF needed to get the SCR to conduct.
Once an SCR is turned ON by its gate current, this current loses control of the SCR's forward current. Even with its gate current completely removed, an SCR will stay ON until its anode voltage is removed. It also will stay ON until the anode voltage is reduced enough so the current is not sufficient to maintain a proper holding current level.
SCR applications. Basically, an SCR is used as a DC switch because of its many advantages over mechanical DC switching. These include arcless switching, low forward voltage drop, rapid switching time, and no moving parts. You can use an SCR for AC switching, although you need two SCRs.
Varying power to a load is perhaps an SCR's most prominent application. This is because of its ability to turn ON at different points in its conducting cycle; thus, it's useful in varying the amount of power delivered to a load. This type of variable control is called phase control. Don't confuse the term "phase" as used here with that pertaining to power distribution systems. Here, "phase" refers to the time relationship between two events, in this case, between trigger pulse and the point in the conducting cycle at which the pulse occurs.
Testing an SCR. You can "rough" test SCRs using an ohmmeter and test circuit. If an SCR does not respond as indicated for each of these steps, it's defective, and you should replace it.
Step 1. Set the ohmmeter on the "R 3 100" scale. Connect the ohmmeter's negative lead to the SCR's cathode and its positive lead to the SCR's anode. The ohmmeter should read infinity. (Resistance will actually be more than 250,000 ohms.)
Step 2. Close the switch. This will short circuit the gate to the anode. The ohmmeter should read almost 0 ohms. (Resistance will actually be about 10 ohms to 50 ohms; this range of readings will not register on the "R 3 100" scale.) Open the switch, and the ohmmeter should still read zero ohms.
Step 3. Reconnect the ohmmeters leads, positive lead to the SCR's cathode and its negative lead to the SCR's anode. The ohmmeter should read infinity. (Resistance will actually be more than 250,000 ohms.)
Step 4. Close the switch. This will short circuit the gate to the anode. The resistance reading should remain high because the SCR is reverse-biased and, therefore, can't conduct.
Step 5. Open the switch. The resistance should remain high because the SCR is reversed-biased and has no gate current.
Low-voltage switching. Probably the most widespread use of low-voltage controls is low-voltage switching. This technology operates by replacing power wiring between lighting fixtures and switches (typically individual conductors in conduit) with inexpensive, low-voltage cables. Italso replaces the more expensive 120V switch with a low-voltage switch.
You do this by reducing the voltage at which the switch leg operates. If these conductors operate at less than 50V, NEC Art. 725 covers them. This makes cheaper and easier-to-install conductors possible.
The new generation of low-voltage switches operates at 24VAC, and uses a Class 2 power-limited circuit. You can derive this type of circuit directly from a transformer, without any additional overcurrent protection.
Yes, you'll need an extra transformer to make this work, but small transformers of this type are inexpensive. You can install them inside some lighting fixtures or on to a standard wiring box through a knockout. Some of the new low-voltage devices combine the transformer, relay, and connections between them in one modular unit.
Applications. While we think of low-voltage switching as a system of lighting control, there are many other applications: energy management control of 120V loads; fire alarm shutdown relays; security system 120V load control; and controls for fans, pumps, signs, livestock feeders, HVAC units, lighting contactors, motor control circuits, exit lighting, pool lights, and yard lights.
Actually, low-voltage switching makes good sense any time you have to run a medium to long switching or control circuit. This list of equipment simply shows the most common uses; there could be many others.
Some people use low-voltage switching for dual switching (inboard and outboard pairs) of fluorescent light fixtures. There could be hundreds of possible industrial applications.
Lighting control. There are two primary ways of controlling lighting expenses:
Use more efficient lights, and
Use your light sources more efficiently (for fewer hours).
In this lesson, we won't cover reduced-wattage lighting technologies, but we will spend some time on the reduction of wasted lighting. Actually, reducing watts represents only about half of the potential for maximizing energy savings. Reducing operating hours through automatic controls is the other half.
Occupancy sensors are devices that ensure lights energize only when occupants are present.
Occupancy sensors save energy by automatically turning off lights in unoccupied spaces. When the sensor detects motion, it activates a control device that turns on the luminaires (lighting fixtures). If it detects no motion within a specified period, it turns the lights off until it senses motion again.
Occupancy sensors are suitable for a very wide range of lighting control applications, and you should consider them for every upgrade. You can install occupancy sensors to provide on/off control in several situations. You can use them with incandescent or fluorescent loads, and with bi-level control, capacitive-switching HID luminaires.
Most occupancy sensors have adjustable settings for both sensitivity and time delay. The sensitivity setting enables you to finetune the sensor for specific activities. In this way, you can detect normal motion without triggering responses to extraneous signals.
The time delay setting refers to the amount of elapsed time with no motion detected before the luminaires turn off. The time delay prevents the luminaries from switching off when people are in the room, but are moving too little or slowly for the sensor to detect them.
Some occupancy sensors provide daylight switching with their occupancy switching control. Typically, these won't shut off the lighting system due to sufficient daylight while people occupy the space. Rather, they'll prohibit the lights from turning on when an occupant enters a space when daylighting is sufficient. Make use of a trial installation to assess user acceptance of this technology.

subset: commoncrawl


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The Battle of Algiers (1966)
Ben M'Hidi: It's hard to start a revolution. Even harder to continue it. And hardest of all to win it. But, it's only afterwards, when we have won, that the true difficulties begin. In short, Ali, there's still much to do.
Ben M'Hidi: Jaffar says you weren't in favor of the strike.
Ali La Pointe: No, I wasn't.
Ben M'Hidi: Why not?
Ali La Pointe: Because we were ordered not to use arms.
Ben M'Hidi: Acts of violence don't win wars. Neither wars nor revolutions. Terrorism is useful as a start. But then, the people themselves must act. That's the rationale behind this strike: to mobilize all Algerians, to assess our strength.
Col. Mathieu: There are 80,000 Arabs in the Kasbah. Are they all against us? We know they're not. In reality, it's only a small minority that dominates with terror and violence. This minority is our adversary and we must isolate and destroy it.
Col. Mathieu: We aren't madmen or sadists, gentlemen. Those who call us Fascists today, forget the contribution that many of us made to the Resistance. Those who call us Nazis, don't know that among us there are survivors of Dachau and Buchenwald. We are soldiers and our only duty is to win.
Col. Mathieu: Should we remain in Algeria? If you answer "yes," then you must accept all the necessary consequences.
Journalist: The law's often inconvenient, Colonel.
Col. Mathieu: And those who explode bombs in public places, do they respect the law perhaps? When you put that question to Ben M'Hidi, remember what he said?
Col. Mathieu: What were they saying in Paris yesterday?
Journalist: Nothing. Sartre's written another article.
Col. Mathieu: Will you kindly explain to me why the Sartres are always born on the other side?
Journalist: So you like Sartre, Colonel?
Col. Mathieu: Not really, but I like him even less as an adversary.
Journalist: M. Ben M'Hidi, don't you think it's a bit cowardly to use women's baskets and handbags to carry explosive devices that kill so many innocent people?
Ben M'Hidi: And doesn't it seem to you even more cowardly to drop napalm bombs on defenseless villages, so that there are a thousand times more innocent victims? Of course, if we had your airplanes it would be a lot easier for us. Give us your bombers, and you can have our baskets.
Col. Mathieu: The word "torture" doesn't appear in our orders. We've always spoken of interrogation as the only valid method in a police operation directed against unknown enemies. As for the NLF, they request that their members, in the event of capture, should maintain silence for twenty-four hours, and then they may talk. So, the organization has already had the time it needs to render any information useless. What type of interrogation should we choose, the one the courts use for a murder case, that drags on for months?
Col. Mathieu: To know them means to eliminate them. Consequently, the military aspect is secondary to the police method.
Col. Mathieu: Interrogation becomes a method when conducted in a manner so as always to obtain a result, or rather an answer. In practice, demonstrating a false humanitarianism only leads to ridiculousness and impotence. I'm certain that all units will understand and react accordingly.
Col. Mathieu: We need to have the Kasbah at our disposal. We have to sift through it and interrogate everyone. And that's where we find ourselves hindered by a conspiracy of laws and regulations that continue to operate as if Algiers were a holiday resort and not a battleground. We've requested a carte blanche, but that's very difficult to obtain. Therefore, it's necessary to find an excuse to legitimize our intervention and make it possible. It's necessary to create this for ourselves, this excuse. Unless our adversaries think of it themselves, which seems to be what they're doing.


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My niece recently went to Hawaii on vacation, where she watched a behemoth whale glide underneath the modestly-sized boat she and her dad were on. I've never had the experience, personally, but found myself mesmerized by her description and in awe of what that moment must have felt like.
Whales have always seemed a bit like a superior alien species to me. A closely knit community with a communication style both haunting and musical, peaceful sentient beings with wise, calm eyes. I've often wondered what grooviness the universe was channeling when whales were imagined and created. Something wonderful and higher thinking than perhaps when rodents burst on the scene a bazillion years ago.
So what message does the whale have for me? The whale teaches about listening to your inner voice (there's that listening message again) understanding emotion and their impact on your day, and following your own truth. The whale as a totem animal symbolizes creativity, communication, physical strength and emotional healing and rebirth.
Whales, with their magical, musical language, communicate over thousands of miles. The whale teaches us to communicate clearly from our heart center to span the gap between ourselves and other people (which can feel enormous at times). The whales immense size can point to our feeling overwhelmed, overburdened and over scheduled (the words beginning with "over" are prevalent in my life right now!), and they remind us to cut back a bit until things feel manageable.
So today I will channel my inner whale and focus on clear communication and truth, perhaps while immersed in a small body of water (i.e.: bathtub). And then maybe cross a couple of things off my calendar.
These pieces are available. Inquiries: firstname.lastname@example.com


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An Earthling. Compare Earther, Earthie, Earthperson, Tellurian, Terran, Terrestrial, Terrestrian. 1932 R. Gallun Revolt of Star Men Wonder Stories Quarterly (Winter) 240/1 A sickening giddiness came over the two Earthians ...
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text:
Oct '17
The SDNPA today, 19 October, considered its response to the Highways England consultation on three options for a new bypass at Arundel.
The Society's Policy Officer took the opportunity, alongside MP Nick Herbert, Sussex Wildlife Trust and local residents and campaigners, to address the meeting. The text of the Policy Officer's "speech" is reproduced below. In line with his plea the SDNPA agreed the recommendations of their officers and resolved to object to all three bypass options on the basis of their significant adverse impacts on the national park.
A27 Arundel bypass
I am speaking for the South Downs Society but also on this occasion for CPRE Sussex branch and for the Campaign for National Parks.
I have addressed this Authority and its Planning Committee on many occasions but seldom on an issue of greater importance.
The idea that a bigger, better road will lead to less congestion, more jobs, environmental benefits is out of date and discredited. I speak as someone who headed East Sussex County Council's environment division for 15 years but also, for a decade, its transport planning, road safety and economic development functions.
Any road scheme which achieves short term reduction in congestion will attract traffic from other routes and from public transport alternatives but will also "induce" additional traffic – in this case adding to congestion at Chichester, Worthing and Lancing along the A27 and adding to pressures for more road building in or close to the national park. If not already familiar with CPRE's recent extensive study into the effects of major highway schemes I would highly recommend it.
Highways England's recent consultation was fundamentally flawed by its inevitable restriction to what benefits an improved trunk road might bring. No real consideration of public transport or the traffic and access issues of Arundel or the national park. Just "what kind of bypass to take traffic off the existing bypass?"
Any benefits to through traffic will be limited and short term. The disbenefits to the environment will be long-lasting and will range, in the words of Highways England, from predominantly "moderate adverse" for option 1 to "major adverse" with options 3 and 5A. What a choice you have before you!
The focus of the bodies for whom I speak today is the same as yours, the impact on the national park, its statutory purposes and special qualities. The South Downs Society and CPRE Sussex strongly object to all three options on the table. We are aware that a letter, which I believe you have seen, has been sent by nine national transport and environmental organisations to the Secretary of State for Transport making the same points. We saved our heaviest criticisms for options 3 and 5A and we asked for variations on option 1 – referred to as the "new purple" route and devised by local residents – to be taken seriously.
Your excellent officer's report recommends you to object to all three options on the basis of significant adverse impacts on the national park. I strongly urge you to take his advice.
- Tagged: A27, Arundel bypass, National Park, South downs National Park, South Downs Society, transport
- 2
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There are 2 comments so far
Ian Galbraith10 months ago · Reply
I take it that the impact of rat-run traffic on the B2139, and the consequent appalling air quality in Storrington carries no weight with your organisations.
Steve Ankers Author10 months ago · Reply
These are of course important considerations. Highways England and other highway authorities use origin and destination surveys, mobile phone data and other methods to try to establish where traffic is actually trying to go when using so-called alternative routes with a view to forecasting what difference a new or improved link might make. In the case of the Arundel bypass schemes it doesn't seem clear what difference the various options would make across the road network, especially in the absence of any major changes at Worthing/Lancing or Chichester. Does a faster A27 mean less traffic diverting through places like Storrington or will it draw more traffic towards it? But we can be certain that overall it will mean an increase in traffic and changes in air quality (plus and minus) at various places.
Leave a Comment to Steve AnkersDon't worry. We never use your email for spam.
- Society pledges public support for the National Park Authority July 12, 2018
- A27 Dual carriageway between Lewes and Polegate May 3, 2018
- 'Friends of the South Downs' support Centurion Way ! March 13, 2018
- Shaping the future of England's strategic roads February 8, 2018
- South Downs Society lobbies for better weekend rail services December 13, 2017


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Nice TM session. Fingers crossed the weather holds out for your game.
You've got to login or join dailymile to do that
Looking for
Reading, Exercising, Volleyball, Singing, Volunteering, Spending time with kids and hubby and of course, Running!!
- Site:
- http://notsofastmomma.blogspot.com
- Miles:
- 1883 total / 0 in 2018
- Goal:
2014 goals - get back running and conquer a marathon...also focus on nutrition and fitness overall.
Wendy ran: It was storming this ...
Track and share your training!
Dailymile makes it easy to keep track of your workouts. Map your routes and share with a community of active people.
- 4 miles
- 00:41 time
- 10:13 pace
- 519 calories
- details
great TM 4 mi 00:41 10:13 pace
It was storming this morning so to the gym I went. The run felt pretty good. Followed it up with extra leg work. Softball tonight if weather cooperates!


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Two weeks ago while visiting with my parents, I tried my sister's Japanese Cherry Blossom body products from Bath & Body Works…and ever since, I've been jonesing for my own. So today on my lunch break, I paid a visit to my local store to pick up the Creamy Body Wash and Body Cream.
Lucky for me, Bath & Body Works was having a sale: buy 2, get 1 free (Signature Collection). So after I tossed the body wash and lotion in my basket, I set out to find a third product that would be the charm. When I came across a display for the brand spankin' new Foaming Body Wash, I knew I'd found it.
The Signature Foaming Body Wash gently cleanses skin, leaving it fresh, clean and lightly fragranced. High-foaming and oil-free, this nourishing formula soothes with apple and oat extracts so skin feels soft, conditioned and ultra-pampered. It's basically my favorite hand soap, in a body wash formulation. Available in six fragrances, I picked up a bottle of the Coconut Lime Verbena. I suggest you do the same.


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Many professional resume writers will try to make you believe otherwise but the simple truth is that no resume or any resume writing tip will ever secure the job for you. The role of your resume is to get you an interview.
Having said that, the very first step in landing that ideal job is to write a professional resume and covering letter. Without those two most primary of introductions, there most likely won't be a first interview!
You may wonder why I talk about a " professional resume" – the answer is quite simple;
When it comes to resumes there is no middle ground, your resume will either get you an interview, or it won't. A professional resume should compel your prospective employer to give you an interview.
What to expect from this site.
This web site will give you all the resume writing tips and advice you need to make sure that you get that all important interview. I will take you step-by-step through everything you need to know to create a professional resume.
When searching the net for resume writing tips, free resume examples, and help on resume covering letters it is very easy to get confused and lose a lot of time going from one web site to the next. I have designed this site to give you all the help you need concentrated in ONE place.
By simply following the resume writing tips given throughout this site you will DRAMATICALLY improve your resume and thereby your chances of successfully landing interview after interview.
Why me, why this site?
By now you will hopefully have asked yourself what qualifies me to provide you with resume (and job interview) advice? This is an important question since it appears that "every man and his dog" seems to be a resume expert out on the internet.
For the past 9 years I have been the Managing Director of a very successful engineering and consulting firm. During this time I've looked at hundreds of resumes in order to find good quality candidates. Believe me when I tell you that by now I know exactly what kind of information a resume should contain to get the attention of the reader.
Any manager worth his salt will tell you that the secret to success is to gather the best possible team around you. To help me compile these resume writing tips I've involved two additional people.
My wife is a Human Resources consultant with more than 14 years experience. She has worked for big name consultant firms as well as large employers. As a result she has extensive experience reviewing resumes and conducting interviews (this is a large part of what HR does). By asking her to help me with this site you get the benefit of knowing how to approach HR, what to do, what not to do, how to ensure you get noticed – the ultimate "inside track".
Finally, the last member of my "team" is published author Julie Ann Amos. Do yourself a favor and "Google" Julie Ann Amos – (by that I mean type Julie Ann Amos into Google and see the results that come back). You will find she has written a number of published books on the subject of writing resumes and how to handle job interviews. The articles and books available from this site incorporates "the latest and greatest" material from Julie Ann. She is the co-author of the two books we've put together.
Enough about me – let's get back to your resume
Employers are forever on the lookout for the resume that jumps out at them. And I am not just talking about being fancy and pretty to look at…
More than anything, employers are looking to be impressed! Reading your resume, they want to be able to feel that YOU are the right candidate for the job. Your resume needs to do this without your prospective employer ever setting eyes on you!
Your resume is not about compelling drama or clever prose; it should be a few simple pages, expertly written, containing information that is all about you.
Next Steps…
Let's get started! Simply work your way through the rest of this site – it will give you all the resume writing tips you need. These include;
- Free Resume Examples – great for getting started but you should avoid certain pitfalls. What to look out for and how to use them.
- How to write a free resume – a step-by-step guide to help you break writer's block and create the perfect resume. A choice selection of the best resume writing tips available anywhere.
- Resume templates – Some samples and guidelines on designing your own (it is easier than you think…)
- Resume cover letters – your covering letter creates your "first impression", make sure it is positive…
- Resume format – should the format of your resume be Chronological, Functional or a combination of the two?
- Sample resume objectives – should you use/include a resume objective at all? See this link for the latest trends when it comes to resume objectives.
- Resume Power Words – use these resume writing tips to add some punch to your resume.
- Electronic resumes – how are they different and what should you do?
- Resume thank you letters – Do not forget this important resume writing tip.


text:
The Reader Services department at Oregonian Media Group handles problems regarding Oregonian subscriptions, and customers can contact the department by telephone or manage their own subscriptions online. Customers can access contact numbers and online services by navigating to the Reader Services section of the Contact page on OregonianMediaGroup.com.Continue Reading
The Reader Services Contact page lists the daily hours that the telephone lines are open. The online subscription management platform has many features and can handle some customer issues, such as vacation holds, bill payments and delivery problems. Customers can access online services by clicking on the Subscriber Account link on the Reader Services Contact page.Learn more about Public Records


text:
Definition of Transparently
1. Adverb. So as to be easily understood or seen through. "His transparently deceitful behavior"
2. Adverb. So as to allow the passage of light. "The red brilliance of the claret shines transparently in our glasses"
Definition of Transparently
1. Adverb. in a transparent manner; with nothing hidden. ¹
2. Adverb. (context: manner) So as to admit light without distortion. ¹
3. Adverb. (context: modal) So as to be readily perceived and understood. ¹
¹ Source: wiktionary.com
Definition of Transparently
1. [adv]
Transparently Pictures
Click the following link to bring up a new window with an automated collection of images related to the term: Transparently Images
Lexicographical Neighbors of Transparently
Literary usage of Transparently
Below you will find example usage of this term as found in modern and/or classical literature:
1. My American Diary by Clare Sheridan (1922)
"One or two in night attire were completely and transparently silhouetted in their doorways. The streets in this district being thronged, there is perfect ..."
2. The Gate Beautiful: Being Principles and Methods in Vital Art Education by John Ward Stimson (1903)
"... and the principles of symmetrical balance and decorative contrast, are now more beautifully and transparently evident. It would be well, also, ..."
3. A Natural History of the British Lepidoptera: A Text-book for Students and by James William Tutt (1904)
"Viewed transparently, the anterior borders of the abdominal segments show numerous pits, which are somewhat oval, with their anterior margins raised or ..."
4. The Common Law by Robert William Chambers (1911)
""Tall, transparently pale, negative in character." His father glanced up over his spectacles, and h« hesitated; then, as his father resumed his reading: " I ..."
5. The Common Law by Robert William Chambers (1911)
""Tall, transparently pale, negative in character." His father glanced up over his spectacles, and he hesitated; then, as his father resumed his reading: " I ..."
6. Eucalyptus by Abbot Kinney (1895)
"E. piperita, Sm. Leaves less shining beneath, much transparently dotted ... E. microcorys, FM Leaves thin, much paler beneath, much transparently dotted, ..."


text:
Looking for house/flat-share (Sydney)
Hi All,
I'm a mobile industry professional looking for reasonable and pleasant house/flat-share starting from either 17th or 24th August , Protected content . Preferably, accommodation needs to be close to Central Station or any of the surrounding suburbs such as Paddington, Surry Hills, Darlinghurst, Cenntenial Park to allow me to commute to work in reasonable time (no further than half and hour commute away would be ideal!).
I have been visiting family in Germany for the past month and am planing to return to Sydney on 17th August. I have been living in Australia since Protected content to great job opportunities and have just recently signed a new perm. full time contract with a reputable digital agency and will start work on 19th August Protected content .
I am a friendly, respectful and sociable person who likes meeting new people and going to new places. I consider myself to be a tidy and clean guy, and would like to live in a fairly tidy house or flat with some other sociable, young-professionals. I speak fluent German and English, love to cook and staying active in general. If you would like to know more about me, please feel free to get in touch.
Thanks for looking and I look forward to your replies.


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San Francisco. The land of the Giants, bridges, startups and hipsters. With so many conferences at The Moscone Center, we wanted to provide a simple guide to help you navigate the 7x7 square plot of land. First and foremost, if you plan to play tourist, here is a map to understand the different neighborhoods of San Francisco.
Photo credit: http://www.christinachung.com/Area-Information
To build this list, we crowdsourced recommendations from our employees at Brocade (Brocadians) and our social media communities. Be sure to check back from time to time because we will continue to expand and improve the list for attending a conference in San Francisco. Did we miss your favorite stop? Leave us a comment!
You can't actually avoid traffic, but you can improve your chances.
Many Brocadians suggest taking public transportation or walking whenever possible. If you are visiting from out of town, you are probably staying in one of the 20,000 hotel rooms within walking distance of The Moscone Center, so that is probably your best option.
Since our Headquarters is located in San Jose, many of us commute to San Francisco for conferences and rely on BART, MUNI Metro, or Cal Train. These are all located within a short walk to The Moscone Center.
Finding the right coffee shop near The Moscone Center is important.
In all reality, this should have been first because no sane person would dare start their day without a cup of coffee.
There is no shortage of great coffee in San Francisco, but how do you decide which coffee shop suits your tastes best? Our community provided a variety of recommendations for around The Moscone Center, check the map below to find which ones you want to try.
Note: Since Starbucks is located on nearly every corner in San Francisco (slight exaggeration), we opted to leave it out of this list. We figured it was an obvious option for the caffeine addict and would overwhelm our map.
Caffe Centro – "It's a short walk from Moscone but I love Café Centro in South Park. A nice scenic escape from the city and amazing caps!" @laurenbarnard (Instagram) Philz Coffee – "@PhilzCoffee for sure!" @katieobrienSF (Twitter) Blue Bottle Coffee – "@bluebottleroast is all you need."@_drbruced (Twitter) The Creamery – "The Creamery is my go-to coffee stop every time I'm in the area." Jeni Lloyd (Product Marketing at Brocade)
View the map here
How do you chose where to eat when there are so many options?
The great thing about San Francisco is that Yelp! is widely used. You can easily find places around you that are recommended by "Elite" users with detailed reviews.
While the lunches served at conferences in The Moscone Center are generally very good, if you are looking for a walk outside we have a few recommendations for you. Try The Grove for sandwiches and salads, they get two thumbs up from our Global Events Manager, Melissa Osburn. You can also check out Mel's Drive-in, @IPv6Freely (Twitter) is a fan of this blast from the past diner.
There is a reason people leave their hearts in San Francisco.
Whether you love the city lights, majestic bridges, or the Pacific Ocean, there is a view for everyone in San Francisco. You can't come to this city without losing your breath at least once, and it isn't only due to climbing the hills.
The general consensus from Brocadians is to check out the view from the rooftop bar at the Marriott Marquis, aptly named The View. We also received a recommendation from our Facebook friend, Storage Bear, who suggests visiting Baker Beach.
Thank you to everyone who participated in crowdsourcing these tips. We were given many recommendations from both Brocadians and our social media community, it was hard to decide which ones to use!
We have had a lot of fun creating this best practices guide and we hope you find it useful. Did we miss your favorite stop in San Francisco? Leave us a comment!


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Originally posted by seattletruth
9/11 was an inside job. The "trouser bomber" was an inside job. Blame the neo-cons if you have to blame anybody. I'm not even gonna argue that ridiculous point that the Muslims did those terrorist attacks. You are a tool if you swallow their propaganda and lies, and hating Islam is what they want you to do.
Originally posted by BO XIAN
reply to post by seattletruth
uhhhhh . . . no.
Nothing taken out of context from the Koran.
Read page after page . . . the context itself is plenty horrid.
100+ hideously violent exhortations and instructions re what to do with Non-Muslims!!!
No amount of rationalizing works.
No thanks.
Originally posted by seattletruth
1 -- Please specify some of these "demands" that are made by Muslims who move here, for USA to change. The Muslims who move here simply want to make money and have a better life. Isn't that the American dream? Just because they still keep their culture and clothing, doesn't mean that they want you to change. They simply want to live their lives. If looking at them wearing different clothing hurts your feelings too bad, and makes you feel like you should change your clothing, then maybe that's a personal problem.
2 -- There have been a few acts by Muslim parents killing their kids, but there are countless more acts by naturalized Americans that kill their kids every year. No joke. Parents of every race, creed, and religion sometimes turn out to be psychos. You only seem to recognize the Muslim ones, and focus on those.
3 -- Name one suicide bombing that has happened on American turf. Look at if from their standpoint: the US army comes in and bombs the crap out of their own country, sets up illegally occupied bases, destroys their government and patrols their streets with armed soldiers. What if that happened to YOUR land? Wouldn't you want to fight back? And whats the most effective way for them to fight back? Suicide bombing. The founding fathers of our own country did the same thing, but instead of using bombs they lined up huge lines of men with muskets that were ready to die at the hands of the British occupation.
If someone invaded your country and illegally occupied it, would you be ready to die for the sake of sovereignty? Like I said, there have been no suicide bombings on US soil. They have their own problems to worry about, in their own countries.
1. America was founded on Christian beliefs, the majority of people since America was formed have been Christian, so when the people of Islam move to this country and then DEMAND their beliefs and ways superseed those of the majority and founders...your going to have problems.
2. We in America are definitly not perfect, and we have people who do some dumb, VERY dumb things, but when you read about fathers killing their kids because of boys, phones, hair, make-up, etc...it sets a bad tone...now yes we have people who do this stuff to, but not at the same rate as those of Islam.
3. Americans have never been face to face with such serious people before. I mean when someone is willing to strap bombs to themselves, their kids, their friends, etc...and blow the crap out of themselves and others...that alone will make any OTHER culture say..whoa...and second guess thier true intentions...
Originally posted by seattletruth
What if a black man tried to rape you? What if a black man tried to rob you? What if it happened multiple times, by different black men? Does that mean that all black men are evil? No. It means your a racist.


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This was the original book on the market for Learning Thai, to provide a quick, simple and effective system for learning the Thai symbols. Use a tried and trusted system, that thousands of other readers have used over the past 6 years.
Learn the alphabet, without being stymied by useless details.
Thousands of copies have sold since its launch in 2005 And the book has received very positive reviews on many leading sites including:
LivingThai.Org, ZDNet.com, WomenLearnThai.com
Entrepreneur.com etc
Recieve how to swear in thai,
absolutely free!
Impress your friends with your newborn swearing knowledge! Or get the ability to show your displeasure in your next trip!
The book contains over 70 simple Illustrations, that enable you to instantly recognize the shape and sound of each
thai symbol.
If you are able to memorise the following,
you can memorise the thai alphabet
(a detailed sample of the book is found
further down this page)
What you'll receive:
Fully updated version of the book, in a digital flip book style pdf version of the book.
Payment processing:
Our payments are processed through Paypal.com. The Paypal return policy is as follows: I will, at its option, replace or repair any defective product within 60 days from the date of purchase. After 60 days all sales are final.
The book is based on a core principle of memorization: find connections between the new information, and what you already know. In this book, we have created pictures that will enable you to almost instantly remember the shape and sound of the Thai letters with little effort.
Like scaffolding on a building, the system acts as a temporary support, to permit your mind to build a memory of the letters. But over time, you will automatically picture the letter, and hear the sound, without needing the stepping stone or scaffold, afforded by these images.
They enable you to surmount the primary obstacle in learning thai and the letters - which is relating to the abstract shapes, and associating these shapes with their respective sound.
Learn the Thai Alphabet
There are 44 consonants in the Thai alphabet, and 32 vowels. However, some of these vowels are just long and short versions of each other, so it is actually only necessary to learn around 20 different vowel shapes. This may sound daunting - but carry on reading. We assure you that even the most casual of tourists will be easily able to learn these characters effortlessly.
How to Learn The Thai Tones
Thai words are broken up into syllables, and each syllable has a distinct tone.
The five tones in Thai are as follows:
1- Low (said in the lower part of your voice's register)
2- Middle (said in the middle part of your register)
3- High (said in the higher part - as if you are calling someone at a distance)
4- Falling (like the word no, when saying oh no if you are disappointed)
5- Rising (like the tone used, when asking someone if they are coming along: coming? )
How consonants affect the syllable's Tone?
Thai consonants are broken into 3 groups known as classes: called low, middle and high for convenience. These names don't mean that the syllable will be low, middle or high tone - the names of these groups might as well as be 1, 2 and 3 - it's just a way of separating the consonants into three groups.
The reason you need to know the class, is because the class affects how the syllable is pronounced, so when you learn the thai consonant, you will have to recall both its sound and its class.
The rules for determining the tone of a syllable are given in the Tones Section, at the end of the book, but we'll give a quick example here, to give you an idea of why you must learn the classes:
Example 1: When a High Class consonant with the sound "s", is followed by a dead-sound (ie a sound that ends quickly), like at or ad, then the tone of the syllable is Low.
Example 2: When a High Class consonant with the sound "s", is followed by an open sound (a sound that lasts longer, like a long vowel or a nasal sound like n or m that kind of hums on), then the Tone of the syllable is a Rising Tone!
Seems complicated, but the technique will enable you to remember these rules in seconds. For now just be aware that you'll need to remember the class as well as the sounds of the thai letters - easy really, with the special technique you'll learn about below.
Introduction to the consonants
Introduction to the consonants
To get you going on how to learn thai, lets just concentrate on learning the sound of each letter, and its class. Certain Thai letters also have different sounds, depending on whether the letter appears at the start or end of the syllable. So in summary, when you look at a Thai Letter, you must be able to recall three things:
1- its sound when its at the start of a syllable
2- its sound at the end of a syllable
3- its class.
The memory Technique
The memory technique which we'll use to learn the alphabet, is best illustrated with an example.
Take a look at the Thai letter below on the left, and notice how it resembles the image to the right:
Chariot Traveller
The similarity is high-lighted, by the dashed red-line in the image.
The picture resembles a Chariot with a Traveller onboard, driving through a High Mountainous Terrain.
This image encodes all the information that you need to recall, when looking at this Thai letter.
1- Its sound is "Ch" (chariot), when at the start of a syllable
2- Its sound is "T" (traveller), when at the end of a syllable
3- Its class is High, symbolised by the high mountainous terrain in the background
Memorising the Classes
To help you memorise the classes, we represent the three different classes, with different backgrounds:
1- High class consonants have a mountainous background
2- Middle class consonants have an urban background
3- Low class consoants have a sea level, sea-side background - simple and logical!
How it works in Practice:
1- You look at the Thai letter and automatically think of the image.
2- The easy-to-remember title will spring to mind and tell you the sounds.
3- The image's background will tell you the class (low, middle, high)
Easy and remarkably effective!
About Memorisation:
The key to memorisation is to get a foot-hold on what you are trying to remember. The thai alphabet is something you've never seen before, and is pretty alien, so the best way to get your head around it, is to find things that it resembles, and create connections with what you know. This book has done that already for you, so you have an automatic connection for every letter, shaving months off the learning process.
Concentrating on the letters
1- Concentrate on how the letter resembles the image, and how the image's title encodes the sounds of the thai letter.
2- Visualise the situation in your mind until you clearly see the resemblances. Remember that the background will encode the consonant's class.
3- There are some explanatory notes to the right of each image, which should only be necessary the first time you look at the image.
So the next time you see the Thai character, just think of the image that the letter resembles. The title and background will spring to mind without effort. Then you'll automatically know the letter's sounds, and class!
How to approach the learning process:
Visualise each image in your mind, and then move on to the next one - don't sweat or worry about it. Don't overly tax yourself, instead just spend 20 to 30 minutes looking at some images, and then take a break for around 10 mintues. Come back and cover up the images, and try to remember the image, title and background, from looking at the thai letter. Don't worry about not memorising it perfectly first time off - just get an idea of things.
Move on, and try some new images, or take a break until the next day.The key to remembering though, is to repeat your exposure to the images often, until you remember them.
An example of a revision schedule would be something like this:
1- Practice and revise the images 10 minutes after the first exposure.
2- And then, 1 day after the first session, a couple of days after, a week after, a month after etc.
The images are like a scaffolding that will help you to build your memory of the letters, and will fall away after, as your mind
automatically recognises the sounds and class of the letters.


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Food - The World's Greatest Need
( Originally Published 1917 )
"We eat to live." Food is the first demand of physical life. There are climates in which it is possible to live without clothing or shelter, but the necessity for nourishment is the same the world over. Neither man, beast, nor any other living thing can withstand this demand for more than a few days.
For this reason the most important question we can ask about any country is: What does it yield to the world's food supply? The land that gives little or no food for the support of the human race is too barren to claim the interest of an intelligent man or woman, boy or girl. The search for gold and precious stones has been shrouded in romance, but this line of exploration is of little significance when compared with that which ransacks the most remote corners of the earth for foods with which to nourish mankind more generously, wholesomely, and pleasingly.
The bill-of-fare and the map. It would be hard to suggest a more fascinating pastime than that of taking our daily bill-of-fare apart to learn where every element of it has come from, how far it has traveled, and by what strange and devious ways it has journeyed to reach our table. Apply this suggestion to every bit of food served in your home for one week and you will learn more real geography than in a month of memorizing meaningless statements which seem wholly removed from your personal experience. Certainly the food you eat comes close to your daily life; and to trace to their sources the things that nourish you is to show only a reasonable degree of human curiosity.
Altogether the most interesting way in which to get a grasp of the distant background of the foods that come to your plate and of the many remote and mysterious regions of the globe which contribute to your meal, is to spread a map of the world before you. Then with a penciled line connect the spot that stands for your home and that from which hails each article of food on your table. Now,, if you would realize still more vividly the pains the food merchants have taken in order to set before you an ever-increasing variety of tempting delicacies, get another world map on which are marked the ocean pathways traveled by ships of commerce. Then trace on this map the trade routes over which each food element has been brought to this country.
In this connection the term "tempting delicacies" is used deliberately, because, if you follow this interesting line of .inquiry, you will soon learn that no other country in the world is capable of producing so generous a supply of the real food necessities as the United States. There is scarcely a single food in all that may be mentioned which is not produced in large quantities in this country. Or, to put the situation in the simplest terms possible, scarcely any food is furnished by other countries that we could not do without. But if the food merchants should suddenly stop drawing on the distant regions of the earth for our table supplies, we would be brought to a quick and keen realization of the service they are rendering the public. For we would miss a multitude of delicious things which make our meals not only more tempting but also a great deal more wholesome.
We can never appreciate what the world-searching industry of the food merchants means to us unless we keep in mind the fact that we demand variety in our food as well as in our work and our play. Also narrow living is likely to mean unwholesome living, and the human stomach as well as the human mind abhors and rebels against monotony. There-fore, he who adds a new and agreeable food to the list from which we are able to choose our fare does us a distinct service.
The foods of yesterday. It is almost impossible to realize how narrow and limited was the range of diet in the days of our grandfathers and great grand-fathers. But we need not go back to the pioneer days of this country to illustrate the meager variety of foods with which the average family larder was stocked. The day book of a retail grocer located in a midwestern town shows that the entire list of imported articles of food sold by him in the year 1862 was as follows: coffee, tea, figs, mustard, pepper, cloves, allspice, nutmeg, ginger, cinnamon, lemons, oranges, sago, prunes, raisins, and almonds. This day book also shows that the principal line of foods then handled by the country storekeeper would add to this list only eggs, molasses, dried apples, dried peaches, cranberries, potatoes, sugar, vinegar, saleratus, butter, cheese, crackers, lard, smoked halibut, whitefish, dried herrings, rice, sirup, salt, cream of tartar, beans, rye coffee, peanuts, beef, veal, pork, lemon extract, onions, cabbage, turnips, and native nuts.
Possibly this storekeeper kept other foods, but if so, his charge accounts for two years give no evidence of that fact. How strange a stock of goods confined to these items would appear in contrast with the. wide range of articles required by the modern retail grocery! A man living in eastern New York declares that he remembers when a pound of loaf sugar lasted his family a year. As a schoolboy, his luncheon was "hasty pudding"—cornmeal mush—and milk. In his boyhood on a New York state farm his family lived almost entirely upon the products of their immediate neighborhood, the principal things purchased being tea, pepper, salt, and cinnamon. . The foods of today. Contrast with this narrow and monotonous diet the range of delicacies now available to the American family of average means,and to the housekeeper who carefully considers her outlay for foods, while giving her family a generous variety of things good to eat. Possibly the best way to make you realize the wonderful expansion in the range of our food supply would be to repeat the statement of a large food jobber who recently said:
"The cost book of the smaller inland grocery jobber to-day contains from 5,000 to 15,000 separate and distinct items, while there are more than 40,000 items listed in the cost book of this house, which does a nation-wide business. A majority of articles in that list are brought in from foreign countries; and, measured in dollars, we do a larger volume of business in imported foodstuffs than we do in domestic. goods. We are food explorers, ran-sacking the entire earth for the things with which to satisfy the cultivated appetite of the American consumer. The stock in the most ordinary country grocery store is brought from the four corners of the earth.
"The only way in which to get a vivid and graphic realization of the economic service which the wholesaler in this line renders to the consumer is to try to imagine what would be the food situation in this country if every grocery jobbing house were suddenly struck out of existence, together with all of their accumulations of food supplies. For all practical purposes we should then be thrown back to the old, crude system of the earliest pioneer days,when each community lived almost entirely on the narrow range of foods that could be produced locally. But such a situation would be wonderfully illuminating. It would reveal as nothing else could the position of the wholesaler of foodstuffs in the economic scheme of modern living. `Also it would show most vividly how immense and complex is the fabric of modern food demands—a fabric woven of threads drawn from every part of the civilized and semi-civilized earth."
In view of these facts, the statement that the study of geography from the standpoint of the dining table and the food store becomes a fascinating pastime, seems only too true. When you meet every kind of food that passes your lips with the question, "Where did it come from and what has been its history, its travels, and its demands upon the labor of mankind?" you are in a way to learn much about geography, government, and economics and to learn it with little conscious effort.