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Primary and Secondary Resources
From the Editor:
The two major articles in this month's newsletter, Primary and Secondary Resources and Contrasting Search Methods, are intended to assist you in improving your research skills in order to raise the accuracy level of your data and to increase the reliability of conclusions based on that data. As every researcher quickly learns, one small error in interpretation of a record, or a single unwise decision to accept an undocumented statement as fact can lead to hours of wasted time and effort, not to mention potential embarrassment. Because written history and genealogy are intended to be shared with other researchers or with the world in general, the researcher has an obligation to be as accurate as possible in both the information gathered and in the analysis of that information.
Both historical and genealogical research require using a combination of primary and secondary resources. Knowing the difference between the two types of resources and recognizing how to interpret information from each source accordingly is vital to the accuracy and quality of the researcher's work and the conclusions drawn from it. The Library of Congress Learning Page, part of the American Memory Web site, provides simplified definitions: "Primary sources are actual records that have survived from the past, such as letters, photographs, articles of clothing. Secondary sources are accounts of the past created by people writing about events sometime after they happened."(http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/ndlpedu/lessons/psources/source.html)
The Ohio Historical Society identifies a primary resource as a source "created by people who actually saw or participated in an event and recorded that event or their reactions to it immediately after the event," while calling a secondary source one "created by someone either not present when the event took place or removed by time from the event." ( http://www.ohiohistory.o rg/resource/teachers/primary.html#definitions)
The University of California at Berkeley Teaching Library states that primary resources "enable the researcher to get as close as possible to what actually happened during an historical event or time period. A primary source reflects the individual viewpoint of a participant or observer." In contrast, a secondary resource is described as "a work that interprets or analyzes an historical event or phenomenon. It is generally at least one step removed from the event." ( http://www.lib.berkeley. edu/TeachingLib/Guides/PrimarySources.html) The UC Berkeley Library lists various types of materials as examples of primary resources. The following is a summarized version of that list:
The UCLA Institute on Primary Resources summarizes: "Primary resources provide firsthand evidence of historical events. They are generally unpublished materials such as manuscripts, photographs, maps, artifacts, audio and video recordings, oral histories, postcards, and posters. In some instances, published materials can also be viewed as primary materials for the period in which they were written. In contrast, secondary materials, such as textbooks, synthesize and interpret primary materials."
A few categories, such as census and county record transcriptions and newspapers, blur the line between primary and secondary resources. When using a transcription of a primary record, such as a census listing, the user must remember that the transcriber has provided his/her own interpretation of the handwriting on the original. The Library staff routinely advises researchers to view the microfilm copy of the original in order to verify the transcribed version. Other records that must be considered cautiously are death records and obituaries, particularly the family history information included. This information is only as reliable as the knowledge of the informant for the record. The same caution applies to Census records, where the researcher must take into account the accuracy of both the census taker who asked the questions and the household member (or neighbor) who answered them. Likewise, newspaper articles must be carefully examined. A first-person account of an event or a published letter are primary sources. Any type of analysis of an event, or a report compiled by someone who did not witness the event, for example, would be regarded as secondary resources.
Unless the item in question is a scanned document or photograph, consider anything you find on the Internet to be a secondary resource. Regard the family trees posted by genealogists on Web sites in the same manner one would approach a family history book taken from a library shelf. The author should list the resources used in compiling the information, or should be able to provide documentation upon request. Use the names, dates and locations provided to look up the original record to verify the accuracy of the data for oneself.
The West Virginia Archives and History Library is a treasure trove of primary sources for West Virginia history and genealogy. Most of our Special Collections section, manuscripts, business and organization records, letters, military muster rolls, governors' papers, the Photograph collection, the moving images and audio collection, state documents, the land grant and tax books, and our microfilmed copies of U.S. Census and county records are all primary resources. In addition to the microfilmed records, we provide reprinted primary sources through such works as War of the Rebellion, The Papers of John Marshall, numerous facsimiles of maps and documents, etc. In addition, we strive to provide a wide variety of secondary resources, such as state and county histories, family histories, biographies, and both scholarly and popular genealogy and history periodicals. We urge all historical researchers and genealogists to familiarize themselves with the definition of primary resources, and to use primary resources to insure the highest level of accuracy possible in their work.
Take a look at this advice to genealogists for searching the Internet:
Less Can Be Better
Thanks to: Julia M. Case
Editor of Missing Links e-zine:
TOO MUCH AND/OR TOO RECENT INFORMATION can create artificial barriers in online research. Try searching on your earliest known ancestor in a particular family because there are more people out there who will be able to connect to him or her. Include only the minimum search terms in case someone has your Ichabod Crane recorded as I. Crane in their files or has no town, parish, or county location listed. If you specify too much in your searches, any portion of it might not "match" in a given search thereby causing you to hit the dreaded brick wall. Reprinted from Rootsweb Review, Volume 5, No. 42, October 16, 2002.
Those experienced in researching the "old-fashioned" way will recognize that this advice is directly opposite to the most effective methods for working with county and census records. Starting with your earliest known ancestor is great for making connections with living, breathing people who may be relatives capable of adding to your family tree, or who may not be your relatives, but are able to help you find your own family; however, this practice will not help you find your ancestors' actual records in a reliable, documented manner and is not conducive to accurately identifying any missing branches between that early ancestor and the present-day family.
All too often these days, first time visitors to the Archives and History Library come armed with printouts of likely looking ancestors found through Internet research, with the intention of jumping into the middle of the story and making connections by working from the past to the present. Accustomed and experienced with Internet research, but unfamiliar with historical research, they immediately become frustrated when trying to trace where people went from a certain location at a given point in time to an unknown location, instead of tracking them back from a time and place where they were known to be. We always recommend beginning with yourself, then working your way back in time, following a trail of documents that will verify or disprove the information you started with. Either way, clues will be found that will lead to additional sources to be checked.
Younger researchers in particular do not always understand that many commonly accepted or tolerated actions in today's society were not accepted in the past. Children born out of wedlock were not always told the truth about their parentage or the circumstances surrounding their conception. Dates given by family members for marriages and births sometimes were changed to conceal conception before marriage, etc. Women were not always married to the fathers of their children, and particularly if those fathers disappeared upon hearing the news, the women called themselves "widows." Children abandoned by a parent were often told that the parent had died, even though the parent may have been living only 100 miles away. Limited travel and communication between communities reduced the likeliness of accidental discoveries of the truth.
These same circumstances gave rise to other situations that complicate research as well. Family members that left the county sometimes lost touch with those remaining on the homeplace, leaving few footprints to follow unless letters or diaries have survived the intervening years. Although the occurrence is rare, a few male ancestors traced in our Library have been discovered to have had two (or three!) families at the same time, living in adjacent counties. In all these examples, various family members usually knew about (but didn't discuss) the fabrications, or told all kinds of stories to cover the family secrets.
Another drawback for Internet users trying to become accustomed to historical research methods is that there are no search engines that lead to neatly typed pages of information. Instead, patrons must learn to make the best use of limited indexes, a few transcription books, lots of murky microfilm and puzzling handwriting. Even those who have discovered that just because something is posted on the Internet does not mean it is true often have trouble accepting that lies, mistakes and errors of omission occur all too often in public records, as well as in history books, obituaries and newspaper stories. We won't even get into the whole nightmare of transcription errors and indexing mistakes!
However, there is one place in any library where broader subject searches are advisable the library catalog. Library subject headings are not intended to pinpoint specific information, but to guide the user toward broad topics, then narrow down the search with subheadings. For instance, a few specific heads of families may be listed by full name and dates in a catalog, but the vast majority of family histories will be cataloged by the surname and the word "family" only, such as "Ruffner family." If you are looking specifically for the Ruffner family that lives/lived in Kanawha County, West Virginia, try searching "Kanawha County (W. Va.) Genealogy." If you are interested in the broader view of surnames common in West Virginia, or of the origins and circumstances of early settlers or later immigrants, look under "West Virginia Genealogy."
As always, when you are not getting anywhere with your family history explorations in general or when you encounter a "brick wall" in your research, ask for help! There are several Web sites and e-zines, such as RootsWeb and its associated periodicals Missing Links and RootsWeb Review, that provide strategies and suggestions for more effectively searching the Internet. For both traditional and Internet research, how-to genealogy books are abundant, many of them tailored toward specific ethnic groups or sets of records. Most are available through libraries, either as reference books or for loan.
Ask an expert our staff is always available to help you regroup and reorganize your West Virginia research. Consider hiring an experienced genealogist to help you work through a tricky problem. The West Virginia Archives and History Library maintains a list of researchers who have notified us that they are available for hire for West Virginia research. Many local historical/genealogy societies provide research services for a fee, as well. Once you untie the knot, or resolve yourself to the lack of an immediate solution with the currently available information, you can return to doing research on your own.
Research of any kind is an on-going learning process. Even those of us who work with historical and genealogical research on a daily basis as professionals constantly encounter problems and surprises that we have to deal with. Sometimes the best you can say is that you have drawn the most reasonable conclusion possible based on the most reliable information currently available, while leaving yourself open to other possibilities and always looking for new clues and new sources. There still will be those days when all of your hard work leads to nothing but ambiguities and dead ends, and you feel like proclaiming the message recently seen on a t-shirt: "I have gone to find myself. If I get back before I return, keep me here."
As part of their mission to visually document West Virginia's past, Archives staff are available to come to your West Virginia location for an organized photograph copying session. Images sought for the collection include anything and everything having to do with West Virginia and West Virginians past and present. Identified images are most preferred, or ones that tell a story in some way. Currently, photographs of businesses are at the top of the want list. Views of coal camps and small town Main Streets, plus scenes of West Virginians engaged in work, recreation and education are highly desirable. Also, the collection's coverage of church buildings and events is in need of expansion.
Either in conjunction with photo shoots or for separate meetings, Archives staff members are available as speakers on the preservation and collection of photographs. If you have technical questions about photographs, call Ed Hicks, Archives Photographer. Direct questions concerning the contents of the Archives Photograph Collection to Ed Hicks, or to Debra Basham, Archivist. To set up a photo session or to arrange for a speaker, call Fredrick H. Armstrong, Director of Archives and History. They may be reached at (304) 558-0230, 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m., Monday through Friday. We also suggest reading the June 2001 issue of Archives and History News on our Web site: http://www.wvculture.org/history.
American Colonies: Alan Taylor, 2002.
Better Day Coming: Blacks and Equality, 1890- 2000: Adam Fairclough, 2002.
Mountain Memories: A Collection of Poems to Soothe the Soul: Jay Harman, 2000.
Oliver's Diary: A record of the weather, notable events and things worth remembering as recorded by Oliver Scott from 1895 to 1901: Oliver Scott. Margradel Richmond, publisher and editor, 2001.
Currier Family Records of U.S.A. and Canada: Volumes 5, 6 and 7: Philip Joseph Currier, 2002.
Retail Trading Areas in West Virginia, 1963: West Virginia Chamber of Commerce, [1965?].
The Brier Patch: 1945 yearbook: Greenbrier Military School, 1945.
1870 Barbour Co., W. Va. Census: Marian Challender, 1985.
Testerman Testament: U.S. Census 1787-1920: Mary Ann Testerman Meyer, 1997.
History of the First Settlers of Cow Run: W. M. King, 1953.
Pauley v. Kelly: Circuit Court of Kanawha County, West Virginia, 1982. Note: "Judge Recht's decision on financing education in West Virginia."
A Story of Progress in West Virginia: The Chesapeake & Potomac Telephone Company of West Virginia, [n.d.]. Note: "Here is what we have accomplished since V-J Day."
My Soul is Rested: Movement Days in the Deep South Remembered: Howell Raines, 1983.
The Killer Angels: Michael Shaara, 1996.
The Jacksonian: 1947 yearbook: Stonewall Jackson High School, Charleston, W. Va., 1947.
Obituaries: Glenville Democrat, 1996-2000: David M. Gillespie, 2001.
Outside Inside Appalachia: Wandah Exline Walters, 1986.
Wirt County WV 1930 Census: Wes Cochran, 2002.
Wood County WV 1930 Census: Harris, Steele & Slate Districts: Wes Cochran, 2002.
Wood County WV 1930 Census: Lubeck & Tygart Districts: Wes Cochran, 2002.
Roane County WV 1930 Census: Curtis, Geary, Harper, & Reedy Districts: Wes Cochran, 2002.
Braxton County WV Deaths 1956-1969: Wes Cochran, 2002.
Rector Records: Larry King, 1986.
Central Station, Doddridge County, West Virginia: James L. Miracle, 2002.
Floral Hills Cemetery, Pocatalico: Sissonville Historical Society, 1999.
The BCG Certification Roster 2002: Board for Certification of Genealogists, 2002.
Ahnentaftels of the Members of the Bucks County Genealogical Society: The society, 1993.
Light That Splits the Dark: The Solitude Papers II: Paul Elmo Keenan, editor. Note: "From five high schools in West Virginia."
1880 Logan County, West Virginia Families Old and New: David Turner and Janet Hager, 1981. Note: Annotated census.
1860 Census of Logan County, Virginia: David A. Turner, 1981. Note: Annotated.
A Selected Bibliography of Black Heritage Materials in the James E. Morrow Library, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia: [The library?], [1980?].
Passenger and Immigration Lists Index, 2003 Supplement, Part 2: Gale Research Co., 2002.
Architects of Our Fortunes: The Journal of Eliza A. W. Otis, 1860-1863 with Letters and Civil War Journal of Harrison Gray Otis: Ann Gorman Condon, 2001.
A Guide to Adventure: An Autobiography: Ellis R. Dungan with Barbara Smik, 2001.
Official Journal and Year Book of the West Virginia Annual Conference: The United Methodist Church: The church, 2002.
A Century of Black Surgeons: The U.S.A. Experience: Claude H. Organ, Jr. and Margaret M. Kosiba, 1987. Note: Volume 2 of 2 only.
The Sarah Morgan McKown Diaries Index: 1860-1899: indexed by Scott Ryneal Grove, [n.d.]
We need volunteers for several projects!!
Effective October 21, 2002, the reading rooms of the Library of Virginia will be closed to the public on Mondays. Visitors will be able to view the Library's exhibits on the first floor, purchase food in the caf', and purchase items in the Library Shop on Mondays. The reading rooms will now be open Tuesday through Saturday (except holiday weekends) from 9:00 a.m. until 5:00 p.m., with limited staff on Saturdays, as posted on the Library's Web site, www.lva.lib.va.us. These changes were necessitated by a 22% cut in the Library's operating budget this fiscal year, which resulted in the loss of 40 positions.
We at the West Virginia Archives and History Library are saddened to learn of this drastic reduction in services by a fellow agency, particularly one that is relied upon by many of the same researchers who use our facilities. We are grateful that even as other, much more well-endowed state archives and libraries have had to endure either permanent or temporary cuts in the past year, we have been able to increase our reading room hours and to add staff member hours in order to better serve our patrons. With your support, we hope to be able to continue this level of service to meet the needs of those unable to visit the library during the regular workday.
Williston Fish is probably looking down upon us all and shaking his head in wonder over the continuing popularity of his essay, "The Last Will and Testament of Charles Lounsberry." (Spellings vary. Our transcribed copy from Mineral County WPA records, which has it entered as an actual will, has this spelling.) Regular readers will recall that in the July 2000 issue of Archives and History News we included this piece, an eloquent and touching testament purported to have been written by an indigent former lawyer confined in an insane asylum. We informed our readers of the essay's history in a follow-up article in the June 2002 issue of Archives and History News. The work was actually first printed as an article in Harper's Weekly in 1898, and in many subsequent book and pamphlet editions, both authorized and unauthorized.
The two newsletter articles were found in an Internet search by Mike Widener, Head of Special Collections, Joseph D. Jamail Fellow in Law Librarianship, Tarlton Law Library, School of Law, The University of Texas at Austin. The Law Library has a donor who is supporting the library in collecting a copy of every edition of every variation of the infamous will! As of September 2002 Mike has identified 57 different publications, with the title appearing in 20 variations. The Tarlton Law Library has purchased 24 of these editions. Mike is actively seeking the rest for purchase. To view a list of their holdings of The Will (Mike has assigned this as a uniform title for all of the variations), visit their online library catalog at http://tallons.library.utexas and search for Williston Fish as author, or "Will" as title. To learn more about the Tarlton Law Library, visit http://www.law.utexas.edu/rare/.
If you want to surf the Web for references to The Will on your own, use Google as your search engine and take advantage of the advanced search option, and the "without the words" feature, typing in "hatchery." If you search for "Williston Fish," you will get thousands of references to the Williston Fish Hatchery! If you search for "Charles Lounsbury," use the "with at least one of the words" feature to type in all of the spelling variations of Lounsbury. You will not find everything by searching under Williston Fish because many people do not know he is the author. The number of Internet references to this work are astounding, as is the impact of The Will on readers more than a century after its composition.
The skill of asking a well-thought out question is one that comes naturally to few people. Most of us must practice and learn from our mistakes in order to develop the ability to ask carefully worded questions that result in the information we want. Here are some tips gleaned from "Asking the Right Question," Archives and History News, December 2000, to think about when writing a research request letter, or when visiting a library for hands-on research:
Find out what records are available from the source you are addressing. Make sure you are asking for information in an area they cover, and that you are supplying the basic data or clues needed for them to find the correct record for you.
Remember the "Five W's": Who, What, When, Where and Why. Supplying the basic data for each of these categories will also improve your inquiries and produce better replies. If the specific item you have requested is not available, knowing why you want the information may help the researcher or library staff answer your question by using a different source.
For tips on defining what you want to know and on framing a specific question to draw the most accurate response, refer to "RootsWeb's Guide to Tracing Family Trees," Lesson 7, "What is the Question." (http://www.rootsweb.com/~rwguide/lesson7.) Important: if you can't formulate a good question, you need to do more research on the generation that led you to this person. If you are writing to the West Virginia Archives and History Library, but aren't sure what to say, call us. We will be happy to discuss how to word your letter, although we can not provide research replies over the telephone.
PLEASE CHECK OUR WEB SITE (http://www.wvculture.org/history) FOR GENEALOGICAL and HISTORICAL SOCIETY MEETING ANNOUNCEMENTS, AND FOR MORE COMPLETE INFORMATION ON ACTIVITIES LISTED BELOW. SHAPING THE CAPITOL COMPLEX: CASS GILBERT, INC.": Collection of photographs and documents on display in the Archives and History Library and on the Archives and History Web site.
ELECTION DAY, NOVEMBER 5: The Library will be open.*
VETERANS DAY, NOVEMBER 11: The Library will be open.*
MINING YOUR HISTORY FOUNDATION ANNUAL MEETING, NOVEMBER 16: Charleston.
THANKSGIVING DAY, NOVEMBER 28: The Library will be closed. Friday, November 29, and Saturday, November 30, the Library will be open.*
HISTORY DAY 2003, FEBRUARY 27: The Capitol and The Cultural Center, Charleston.
U.S. SENATOR RUSH HOLT HISTORY CONFERENCE: "ON THE MOVE: MIGRATIONS AND THE RECONSTRUCTION OF CULTURAL IDENTITY," MARCH 14-16, 2003: West Virginia University, Morgantown.
*Only the Archives Library will be staffed--all other Archives offices will be closed. The State Museum will be open any time the Archives Library is open. The West Virginia Library Commission Library in The Cultural Center is closed weekends and all holidays.
Fredrick Armstrong: Director
Debra Basham: Archivist (photographs, special collections)
Constance Baston: Researcher (Veterans Memorial Archive)
Greg Carroll: Historian (Civil War, Native American history)
Dick Fauss: Archivist (microfilm and moving images collection)
Elaine Gates: Library Assistant (microfilming and microfilm repairs)
Joe Geiger: Historian (Web page)
Ed Hicks: Photographer (archival photography, darkroom)
Mary Johnson: Historian (West Virginia History)
Terry Lowry: Library Assistant (Civil War)
Cathy Miller: Library Assistant (WV State documents, periodicals)
Sharon Newhouse: Secretary
Harold Newman: Library Assistant (microfilming, Revolutionary War)
Pat Pleska: Manager of the Veterans Memorial Archive
Susan Scouras: Librarian (cataloging, Kentucky, library collection, newsletter editor)
Jaime Simmons: Library Assistant (records of the 1700's and early 1800's, Pennsylvania)
Bobby Taylor: Library Manager
Nancy Waggoner: Office Assistant
Working on special projects: Allen Fowler.
Volunteers: Carolyn Conner, Bill Kelley, Angela Tolbert, and Bob and Lucile Foster.
This newsletter is a publication of :
The Division of Culture and History
Archives and History
The Cultural Center
1900 Kanawha Boulevard East
Charleston, WV 25305-0300
(304) 558-0230
Nancy P. Herholdt, Commissioner
Permission to reprint articles from West Virginia Archives and History News is granted, provided:
(1) The reprint is not used for commercial purposes, and (2) the following notice appears at the end of the reprinted material: Previously published in West Virginia Archives and History News, [Volume and issue numbers], [Month, Year], a publication of the West Virginia Division of Culture and History.
Archives and History News


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Villa Agri is located in Lido Specchiolla. The accommodation will provide you with a TV and a balcony. There is a full kitchen with an oven and a refrigerator. Featuring a bath or shower, private bathrooms also come with a bidet. You can enjoy garden view from all the rooms.
At Villa Agri you will find a garden and barbecue facilities. Other facilities offered at the property include a shared lounge.
Free on-site parking is provided. The Torre Guaceto Nature Reserve is 4 km from the property, ...and the Castellana Caves are a 50-minute drive away.
Brindisi Salento Airport is a 20-minute walk/drive away. Lecce can be reached in 35 minutes by car.
|Via Agri
Torre San Sabina

subset: commoncrawl


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This week's colour combo at the Play Date Café is simply gorgeous! Love love love the mix of deep red, mustard and off blue!!! And as it is opened to any medium I decided to go for a layout.
As I really have been enjoying my "stamps only" layouts lately (as well as some of you!) I have decided to do it again! Once more the stamps I used are from Waltzing Mouse. I used the brand new "chicken wire" and "heirloom patterns" sets as well as a stamp from the "off beat background" set and the star that come in the "bitty banners" set. All the inks used are from Stampin'up and all the letters are American Crafts stickers and Thickers.
As well I was absolutely gobsmacked to find out that I had been picked as a "Fab Four" two weeks in a row! Thank you soooo much Play Date Café!!!!
On another note, I want to try my best to get back to you regarding you questions so let's start right here right now! This question was asked in the previous post:
Thank you Vee! I am happy you like my designs! Sadly I did not make the flower myself... it is from Prima and it is under the name "Calcutta Dogwood Cameo".
Also I was very honoured to be awarded the"Liebster Blog" award by two lovely ladies:
- Pass the award on to five other blogs that have inspired me, they have to have less than 200 followers
- Put a comment on their blogs so that they know.
- Link back to the person who gave me the award.
- Post the award on my blog.
So, drumm roll, my five blog love are:
-Lynn from "the Mango Boys and Me"-Amy from "Ink about Me"-Helen from "Helen Berry Design"-Ifa from "Ifa Zainon blog"-Angeline from "the Creation of Creativity"
Well, this was a pretty long post don't you think? I hope this inspired you!!!


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32-day stretch of no US military combat deaths is longest in 6 yearsThe Star-Ledger
Texas bill would allow veterans to skip police trainingKTVT-TV
Defense cuts no longer may be political sacred cowNPR
The best jobs for veterans in 2013CareerCast.com
GOP senator's backing gives Hagel enough support to be Pentagon chiefThe Associated Press via Fox News
Beale Air Force Base reserve squadron eliminatedKTXL-TV
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contact Ben Maitland, director of advertising. He can be reached at 972.402.7025.
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North County and St. Mary's advanced to the semifinal round of the Noel Girls Basketball Classic at Archbishop Spalding High School yesterday.
Fourth-seeded North County (6-0) downed fifth-seeded Mercy, 59-53, rebounding from a 12-0 deficit early in the first quarter.
"I don't think we were (mentally) there during the first quarter," said Knights head coach Entsminger. "It must have been the layoff, because we weren't running the offense the way it was supposed to be run. We forced a lot of shots and committed 14 turnovers (during the quarter). We played better as a team during the second half."
Kim Miller led North County with 27 points and eight rebounds, followed by Renita Johnson's 15 points and six rebounds. Mercy's Stephanie Rowe led all scorers with 34 points in a losing effort.


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Expanding the Reach and Impact of
|Table of Contents
|Executive Summary (Stand-Alone)
|Preface: A Vision of e-Health Benefits for All
|Executive Summary
|Chapter 1. Introduction
|Chapter 2. Mapping Diversity to Understand Users' Requirements for e-Health Tools
|Chapter 3. Assessing the Evidence Base for e-Health Tools for Diverse Users
|Chapter 4. Strategic Factors in Realizing the Potential of e-Health
|Chapter 5. Partnerships for Meaningful Access
|Appendix 1. Environmental Scan of 40 e-HealthTools
|Appendix 2. Project Interviewees, Experts Consulted, and Reviewers
|Appendix 3. Chapter 3 Literature Review Summary
|Appendix 4. A Comparison of Internet Use and Health Status of Populations That Experience Health Disparities
Chapter 3. Assessing the Evidence for e-Health Tools for Diverse Users (Part 2)
Usage Over Time
Studies that monitored login rates showed that logins were most frequent in the beginning of the intervention. They also found that participants used the programs less frequently and/or did not complete all modules as time passed (Clarke, Reid, Eubanks, et al., 2002, TR#7; Glasgow et al., 2003, TR#13; Irvine, Ary, Grove, et al., 2004, TR#17; McKay et al., 2001, TR#22; McKay et al., 2002, TR#21; Pinto et al., 2002, TR#27; Tate et al., 2001, TR#34; Tate et al., 2003, TR#33). Four studies found evidence of a dose-response relationship, with increased use leading to better outcomes (Celio, Winzelberg, Wilfley, et al., 2000, TR#5; Delichatsios et al., 2001, TR#9; Frenn, Malin, Bansal, et al., 2003, TR#42; McKay et al., 2001, TR#22). However, Pinto et al. did not find this effect (2002, TR#27).
Although the decline in usage may indicate some level of dissatisfaction, users in the intervention groups had higher login rates than persons in the computer-based control groups throughout the duration of the studies (McKay et al., 2001, TR#22; Tate et al., 2001, TR#34; Tate et al., 2003, TR#33). Further, the studies by Glasgow et al. (2003, TR#13) and McKay et al. (2002, TR#21) used multiple intervention groups. Similarly, they found that not only did the intervention groups use the program more than the control groups, but also the intervention groups that included a social support component had more logins than the other intervention groups.
There is almost no information on how this decrease in utilization compares to what might occur in traditional face-to-face interventions. The only exception is that McKay et al. reported that their dropout rate of 16 percent was "somewhat" higher than a similar intervention conducted in person (2002, TR#21).
Researchers identify several factors with the sites and users that might have caused attrition. Participants in a study by Napolitano et al. reported that because the Web site did not change over time, they did not need to return (2003, TR#23). Lenert and Cher reported that their site was too complex, relied too heavily on text, and required too much self-direction to locate pertinent information (1999, TR#65). They further hypothesized that people who enroll in an Internet-based program may not be as committed as those who enroll in traditional face-to-face interventions. McKay et al. thought that the Internet might be more conducive to surfing behavior and less to use of a single site (2001, TR#22). Developing Web sites that keep users coming back is a challenge (Glasgow et al., 2003, TR#13), and more research is needed to determine how to stimulate ongoing use (McKay et al., 2001, TR#22).
Other studies have identified some strategies that can be used to attract and keep users. Bowen, Ludwig, Bush, et al. found that the use of e-mail cues increased the number of women who logged in to a breast cancer information site (2003, TR#50). They found that the most common reason for nonusage was finding the time to get online. Feil et al. found no difference in attrition between groups receiving a $10 incentive and groups receiving a $20 incentive, and no difference in response to follow-up using either e-mail or regular postal service reminders (2003, TR#10). Although large numbers of people search the Internet and see many advantages to the Internet as a channel for health information, research has yet to focus on what will hold the interest of diverse sets of users and motivate them to return to a tool again and again.
Applicability is related to utility and outcomes. Because most research studies treat e-health tools as an intervention, studies typically are designed to measure the impact of the tools on a wide range of outcomes, ranging from changes in knowledge to health status. Many different types of tools were found to produce different types of positive outcomes. The findings summarized here are from studies using control group comparisons, either in randomized clinical trials or quasi-experimental designs. Only one study involved the evaluation of a commercial Web site (Womble, Wadden, McGuckin, et al., 2004, TR#38).
Knowledge and Information Needs
e-Health tools have been found to increase knowledge in a wide range of areas, including:
Gustafson et al. found that race, education level, and insurance status interacted with use of CHESS (2001, TR#15). This system helped women of color, more than Caucasian women, to overcome the perception of unmet information needs and increase their perception of participation in their own health care. Education levels and health insurance status were found to interact in the same way as race and ethnicity, with women with less education and less health insurance receiving more benefit. McTavish et al. found that women of color used a CHESS discussion group differently than white women in that the communications by women of color focused more specifically on information about breast cancer and its treatment, whereas white women were more likely to discuss daily life or offer mutual support (2003, TR#88).
Attitudes and Beliefs Theorized to Mediate Behavior Change
Positive changes in attitudes and beliefs were seen in the following areas as a result of interacting with e-health tools:
Social Support
Two randomized controlled trials measured perceived social support and showed that it can be affected (Barrera et al., 2002, TR#2; Gustafson et al., 2001, TR#15). One of these studies examined a multifunctional program (CHESS), so the relative contribution of the support components cannot be determined (Gustafson et al., 2001, TR#15). Barrera et al. found that those in the support conditions (social support alone and combined social support with coach) increased their perceptions of the availability of social support as compared to the information-only control group or the group that had access to a "personal coach" (2002, TR#2).
Decision Support
Two studies examined decision support tools designed to be used as an adjunct to clinical care. Green et al. studied the effect of using a computer-based decision aid about breast cancer susceptibility and genetic testing (2004, TR#14). Those in the intervention group interacted with the computer and received genetic counseling; the control group received only genetic counseling. After using the computer program, women with a low risk of breast cancer were able to reduce their perceived risk of getting breast cancer and their intention to undergo genetic testing, and this perceived risk was further reduced after the genetic counseling session. At baseline, more than 80 percent of women in both groups indicated their intention to receive genetic testing; at follow-up, only 19 percent had actually undergone testing.
Chewning et al. studied the effect of a computer-based contraceptive decision aid designed to promote effective selection and contraceptive use in sexually active adolescent girls during visits to family planning clinics (1999, TR#6). The decision aid was evaluated in two clinics, one with a primarily Caucasian population (Madison, Wisconsin) and the other with a primarily African American population (Chicago, Illinois). They found that significantly more of those in the intervention group in Chicago followed through with their intention to use oral contraceptives as compared to the Chicago control group, with a similar but statistically nonsignificant trend in Madison.
Health Behaviors
Use of specific e-health tools has been shown to affect health behaviors as follows:
Two studies compared their findings to objective outcome goals. Although Baranowski et al. (2003, TR#39) and Frenn et al. (2003, TR#42) found that they were able to positively impact the dietary habits of study participants, the improvements were not enough to meet dietary guidelines.
Health Outcomes
Researchers have used a variety of e-health tools to affect health outcomes. The results, which are mixed, are summarized in the following.
Weight Loss. Two studies by Tate et al. found that an Internet-based weight-loss program led to significant weight loss in overweight adults (2001, TR#34; 2003, TR#33). Harvey-Berino et al. found no difference in weight loss between those using an online program as compared to those attending an in-person group (2002, TR#16). Womble et al. compared weight loss in overweight women who were randomly assigned to use a commercial dieting site (eDiets.com) or a weight-loss manual (2004, TR#38). In the strictest analysis of data, they found that the group using the manual lost significantly more weight than the group using eDiets.com.
Pregnancy. In a study of contraceptive use, there were no differences between control and intervention groups in the discontinuation of oral contraceptives. There was a statistically nonsignificant trend toward decreased pregnancy in Madison for those who used the computer-based decision aid, but no difference between groups in the Chicago sample (Chewning et al., 1999, TR#6).
Mental Health and Quality-of-Life Outcomes. Proudfoot et al. found decreased levels of depression and anxiety in people with those conditions (2003, TR#28). Clarke et al. found no effect of their Internet program on depression; however, process evaluation showed low usage of the program overall (2002, TR#7). Winzelberg et al. found significant changes in measures of depression, stress, and cancer-related trauma in women with breast cancer, but no difference in anxiety or coping for women (2003, TR#37). A possible explanation is that the intervention was not designed to affect these measures directly. Smith and Weinert found no differences between study groups on psychosocial and quality-of-life measures in women with diabetes, although this may be due to a small sample size (2000, TR#32). The participants did report that the project provided a great deal of support and feelings of connectedness. No changes in quality-of-life measures were found in adults with type 2 diabetes (Glasgow and Toobert, 2000, TR#12). Both groups (eDiets.com and manual) in the study by Womble et al. showed improvements in quality-of-life measures and less depression during the course of the study, but there were not significant differences between the groups (2004, TR#38).
Physiological Measures. Modest changes were found in cholesterol and lipid ratios along with small reductions in glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels in adults with type 2 diabetes (Glasgow et al., 2003, TR#13; Glasgow and Toobert, 2000, TR#12), but no change was found in these measures in a study by McKay et al. (2002, TR#21). No difference was found in blood pressure, glucose, lipids, or lipoproteins between groups in the Womble et al. (2004, TR#38) study.
Possible Negative Outcomes
Some researchers have posited possible negative effects, such as increased depression or social withdrawal, from Internet use. Several studies show that those who seek help in online communities may have more serious conditions than those who do not (Beebe, Asche, Harrison, et al., 2004, TR#47; Epstein, Rosenberg, Grant, et al., 2002, TR#55; Erwin, Turk, Heimberg, et al., 2004, TR#56; Houston, Cooper, and Ford, 2002, TR#44). However, these studies were not randomized controlled trials. It is not clear that Internet use is the cause of this greater impairment. It is equally possible that those who need support and lack it in their face-to-face relationships are trying to attain support via the Internet (Beebe et al., 2004, TR#47).
Another area of concern relates to the possibility that patients could become distressed or anxious by something they read as a result of having electronic access to their medical records (Tang et al., 2003, TR#76; Masys et al., 2002, TR#68). Tang et al. used hyperlinking to link medical terms to a dictionary to improve patient understanding, but they did not evaluate the impact of this feature (2003, TR#76). Masys et al. set up safeguards, including a toll-free hotline number, to protect patients; however, they found that this concern was unfounded for this group of participants (2002, TR#68). Participants using SPPARO (System Providing Patient Access to Records Online), a Web-based online medical record, did not report any negative effects (Ross et al., 2004, TR#30).
Cost Savings and Return on Investment
Although not part of the "Five A's" framework, described at the beginning of this chapter, the effect of e-health tools on costs and return on investment for healthcare organizations, insurers, employers, and the Government is of strong interest in the policy and healthcare communities.
Researchers are beginning to calculate the financial impacts of the use of e-health tools. Krishna et al. provided evidence that using an e-health tool for asthma self-management education is cost-effective (2003, TR#18). This study showed reductions in emergency department visits in the intervention group that translated into a savings of approximately $907.10 per child as compared with a savings of only $291.40 per child for the control group. Other indirect savings were discussed but not calculated. For example, the children in the intervention group used a significantly lower average dose of inhaled corticosteroids by their third clinic visit, thus leading to a reduction in medication expenditures. In addition, they reduced school absences during the study period by an average of 5.4 days per child per school year as compared with 1.6 days for children with asthma in the control group. These indirect savings would be realized by working parents and their employers.
In a randomized clinical trial, 59 children and adolescents, age 8 to 16, improved their self-care and reduced their emergency clinical utilization after playing Packy & Marlon, a health education and disease management video game (Lieberman, 2001, TR#20). They reduced diabetes-related urgent and emergency visits by 77 percent after 6 months of access, compared to no reduction in clinical utilization in a control group of youngsters with diabetes who used an entertainment video game with no health content.
Ross et al. found no difference in hospitalizations or mortality between patients who used SPPARO and those who did not have access (2004, TR#30). Those who used SPPARO did have more emergency department visits; however, these did not temporally relate to use of SPARRO.
e-Health tools can also result in savings by enabling patients to perform monitoring tasks that professionals would do. For example, Finkelstein et al. demonstrated that lung function test results collected during home asthma telemonitoring were comparable to those collected under the supervision of trained professionals (2001, TR#11).
Summary and Discussion
This chapter provides a review of recent research pertaining to e-health tools and factors affecting their use by diverse population segments. Overall, the research continues to inspire a sense of promise for these tools as many positive findings have been reported across different categories of tools with a wide variety of components. The lack of diversity in the samples used in these studies, however, makes very clear one of the key messages of this report. The body of knowledge about which groups will engage with and benefit from e-health implementation is thin and must be developed using a model of diversity if the tools are to achieve their potential as public health interventions. This section summarizes the research reviewed in this chapter and examines the limitations and challenges of current research.
The Body of Research
Existing research on e-health tools clusters around two broad areas: (1) evaluation of public domain e-health tools and Internet use, and (2) development and evaluation of specific tools developed and tested in research settings. Research on tools in the public domain includes quality assessments and readability analyses of online content, content analyses of online communities, and surveys and observations about how people use the Internet.
The general public appears satisfied with the information and support online; however, content analyses find that the quality of the information is less than optimal. Furthermore, readability and other access issues may make online use difficult for members of diverse populations. Evaluation of e-health tools can benefit users by improving the quality and effectiveness of the tool, minimizing the chance of harm, promoting innovation in the tools, conserving resources, and allowing users to make informed choices about tools (Eng, Maxfield, Patrick, et al., 1998). Only one study evaluated a widely available commercial e-health tool (eDiets.com) in a randomized controlled trial, the results of which were not favorable.
The second broad area of research focuses on the development and evaluation of specific e-health tools. These studies provide information about the usability, efficacy, and effectiveness of the tools. The quantity and quality of the research is uneven across topics and tools. Some areas, such as tools for behavior change, are theory-based and have generated sound research and evaluation to support their use. Many multiple randomized controlled studies across several health topics have found positive outcomes. Other tools, such as healthcare tools, that are emerging in response to market and policy demands do not yet have much of a scientific basis to suggest that they will have their intended effect. Most of the research on these tools is focused on satisfaction and usability.
Unfortunately, many research-based tools are not widely distributed or easily accessed by the general public. It is important to bring evidence-based e-health tools to those who can benefit from them. The reverse is also true. It is just as important to use the findings about what people actually need, desire, and do while online to guide the development of research-based e-health tools. Much work remains to be done to bridge the gaps between these areas. Chapter 4 discusses this topic in greater detail.
The Tools
Although the literature review and the scan of tools in the field identified a large number of tools, there are no standard, accepted definitions for purposes or components of tools for consumers. In general, the tools tend to be multicomponent programs that have been designed for many purposes: to inform, provide support, aid behavior change, assist decisionmaking, help manage disease, and facilitate interaction with the healthcare system. Some research studies clearly describe the tool being studied; others provide only vague descriptions. Some tools with similar stated purposes have notably different components. The wide range of tools reflects the array of burgeoning and exciting possibilities that can be offered through electronic media, but it also makes the comparison of different studies and future replications difficult.
More needs to be known about e-health tools, including the identification of critical components and combinations of components as well as the optimal conditions for use of these tools. Individual studies may answer one or two questions about use, but there is not yet a body of research that indicates who should use these tools, when, where, how frequently, and how intensively. Factors that lead to user adoption and ongoing use as well as factors that lead to attrition also need to be identified.
It is encouraging that many studies have found positive changes in knowledge and intention after just one interaction. Findings on actual behavior change and health outcomes have been less clear. However, many of these studies may not have provided interventions with enough frequency or intensity to bring about desired changes in these areas.
Key Findings of the Review by Access, Availability, Appropriateness, Acceptability, and Applicability
Millions of people are using the Internet for health-related purposes, and estimates can be made about the deployment of e-health tools in large, closed systems, such as the VA's My HealtheVet. Beyond this, little is known about actual uptake and use of e-health tools. Few if any data exist on the distribution of e-health tools across the population or within subgroups. Population and subgroup data on level of interest in and attention to these tools also are not available. Large numbers of e-health tools have been developed, but it is not known how many people know about these tools, how many are using these tools, and how many could be influenced to try them. The ability of interested users to locate and access these tools, particularly those with a credible research basis, is also unknown.
A major issue that emerges from this review is the limited external validity of much of the research, as so many of the studies utilized convenience samples or required computer ownership. This approach has led to a disproportionate amount of information on Caucasian women with higher education. Even when studies reported the demographics of their samples, most did not analyze their findings according to these variables. A few exceptions exist, such as the findings from CHESS, in which women of color, women who were less educated, and women with less health insurance appeared to derive greater benefits from interacting with CHESS (Gustafson et al., 2001, TR#15). Similarly, Oenema and Brug found that respondents with less education seemed to have benefited more from the tailored nutrition feedback than did those with higher education (2003, TR#25). Frenn et al. also found evidence that their intervention had a differential effect based on race and gender of users (2003, TR#42). The lack of diversity in the research samples and evidence of differential effects based on demographics suggest major gaps in our knowledge about how to address issues of access as well as the acceptability and appropriateness of personal e-health tools for diverse segments of the population.
Some tools have been recently developed that target special populations, and some of these were developed with input from the target audience. These studies show that with careful attention to cultural, literacy, and technological needs, successful tools can be developed for and used within these subpopulations (Campbell et al., 1999, TR#4; Jantz et al., 2002, TR#45). User-centered design and usability research, along with participatory research methods, can be used to bridge the gap between what designers and researchers envision and what the ultimate end users actually find engaging and helpful. It is critical to seek input about the diverse needs of all potential users during tool development and ensure that they are represented in the evaluation studies.
Any review in this area should consider how technology is used in the research projects. The studies that required participants to use their own computers found that the capabilities of users' technology can vary tremendously. At times, researchers have found that participants were not always able to access all parts of the programs being tested. These kinds of studies are important because they help determine the feasibility of delivering e-health tools over the Internet. Other studies had participants interact with an e-health tool in a lab or clinical setting. This allows for potentially greater representation in the study sample, helps minimize potential technical problems, and gives an idea of the efficacy of a tool, that is, its success under very controlled conditions. Information from both of these kinds of studies is important for building the knowledge base for e-health tools.
Findings from the studies in the Acceptability section reveal that people like e-health tools and generally find them easy to use. There does seem to be a decline in usage over time, but the declines were not as steep as those found in the control conditions. It is not known how this decline compares to other intervention formats, such as in-person educational or therapeutic programs. Several researchers have ideas about why dropoffs occur; they posit that sites are too complex or not dynamic enough. Research will need to continue to investigate these factors. A research path would be to examine what personal qualities lead to preferences for online interventions or whether differences exist between those who seek help online and those who seek face-to-face interventions.
The studies in this section found many positive findings, but some design issues deserve further mention.
Measures. These studies showed a strong reliance on self-reported data to document change. Typically, self-reported data are considered weaker than other types of objectively collected data and subject to bias. Because participants tend to make their responses more socially desirable, the effects may be overstated. Also, many of the studies use questionnaires or adapt existing questionnaires without reporting reliability or validity. This could affect findings in unknown ways. To establish firmly the effectiveness of these tools, researchers must continue to develop and utilize objective, reliable, and valid measures.
From a health literacy perspective, an equally important issue may be the mismatch in understanding between researchers and study participants about what is being measured. The health literacy construct highlights the frequent gap in understanding between health professionals and nonprofessionals. Particularly when the use of technology is involved, attitudes, beliefs, and expectations may play an important role in shaping how users interact with the systems and report data.
Frequency, Duration, and Intensity. The studies examined a variety of tools under a variety of conditions. Some studies exposed participants to the intervention for only one short session; others made a Web site available to users over a specified period of time. Because of the differences in the tools, it is difficult to compare the effects of frequency, duration, and intensity across studies. There does appear to be a dose-response relationship in which those participants who showed the greatest use of a tool also showed the greatest benefit. No studies formally manipulated the frequency, duration, or intensity of use.
Types of Control Groups. The types of control groups used in these studies varied. Some control groups received no intervention. Others received treatment as usual, which might include in-person contact or informational brochures. It is possible that the positive effects of such comparisons in these studies are due to the use of the computer itself rather than the specific intervention.
Studies are beginning to appear that have control groups using alternative computer-based activities. For example, while the intervention group in the study by Jantz et al. used a program about nutrition, the control group interacted with a program on household budgeting (2002, TR#45). This type of comparison allows researchers to make a stronger case for attributing findings to the computer-based intervention itself rather than the novelty of the channel. Gustafson et al. points out that some of the benefits seen in their study may be due to loaning participants a computer, although they dispute this because their data showed significant actual use of the CHESS program (2001, TR#15). Further evidence is seen in the study by Barrera et al. in which the control group had computer access, but did not show the same benefits as the intervention groups (2002, TR#2).
Capitalizing on Digital Technology for Research. Although evaluation of e-health tools shares many similarities with evaluation of other health-related media, some unique opportunities are specific to the use of digital technology. Research is beginning to capitalize on these attributes. For example, several studies used computer-based assessments that can streamline the data collection and entry process. Anecdotal evidence suggests that this approach can be a less threatening way of collecting data from populations with low literacy. Other studies have used online tracking systems that can help determine if participants actually used the programs and in which areas they spent their time. This type of process information can be very important in helping to determine what users find attractive and which program components are effective.
Final Thoughts
The research enterprise will need to be harnessed in a more coordinated and focused manner to ensure access and the availability of appropriate tools for people who want and need them. As noted in Chapter 1, "doing better" in the application of e-health tools to population health improvement means finding the best approaches to create tools that are "participatory, deeply meaningful, empathetic, empowering, interactive, personally relevant, contextually situated, credible, and convenient" (Neuhauser and Kreps, 2003). Meeting these requirements will entail much greater attention to the use of participatory research methods and samples that reflect population diversity than demonstrated in the current body of research.
Endnote: Search Terms
The following search terms were used in the search strategy for Chapter 3:
Health Information: A preprogrammed PubMed search was conducted under Healthy People 2010 Objective 11-4—Increase the proportion of health-related World Wide Web sites that disclose information that can be used to assess the quality of the site—using the following search terms: (internet/standards[majr] AND (web OR website OR websites) AND (quality assurance OR quality control[mesh] OR confidentiality[mesh] OR privacy[mesh] OR ethics[mesh] OR health education/standards[mesh] NOT letter[pt] AND English[1a].
Behavior Change/Prevention: (Internet OR computer OR CD-ROM OR interactive multimedia) AND (behavior change OR health promotion OR prevention)
Online Communities: (Online OR Internet OR computer-mediated) AND (communities OR chat groups OR chat rooms OR listservs OR discussion groups OR support groups) AND health
Healthcare Tools: Personal electronic health record, personal electronic medical record, electronic messaging. Searches also were conducted for research related to specific healthcare tools as identified in the expert interviews.
Decision Support: Decision support, decision support tools, decision support AND online, decision aid
Disease Management: Disease management, disease management health tools, self-care tools, consumer health management tools
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Andrey Shanshin
Sergey Samoilenko
Vitaly Polovnikov
Natalia Ershova
Anna Odintsova
Vera Sabantseva
Maxim Grishenkov
Mikhail Lifentsev
Roman Polkovnikov
Anna Germizeeva
Olga Grishenkova
Ksenia Zakharova
Maria Kuzmina
Anastasia Lifentseva
Natalia Lifentseva
Ekaterina Likhova
Maria Shlemova
Evgeny Graschenko
Konstantin Alexentsev
Oleg Bondarchuk
Ilia Golovchenko
Alexey Tyutyunnik
Evgeny Basalyuk
Mikhail Nedelsky
Nikolay Maltsev
Eloise Hazlewood
Anna Kholkina
Olesya Sanguliya
Tatyana Nosova
Alexandra Golovinskaya
Anna Arkhipenko
Eva Gluzkaya
Margarita Solodova
Elizaveta Barannikova
Anna Osipova
Anna Marusina
Maya Grigorieva
Margarita Shepeleva
Nadezhda Sorokina
Julia Kutnyakova
Natalia Shokot
Sofia Tsiplukhina
Ellina Khilay
Oxana Utochkina
Anna Zimina
Svetlana Slatvitskaya
Julia Rudakova
Olga Poteshkina
Ekaterina Plesovskikh
Maria Nikolaeva
Zemfira Nazemtseva
Maria Mashkina
Ksenia Maruschak
Ekaterina Malko
Angelina Laperdina
Diana Kozhurenko
Elena Zaretskaya
Nina Evseeva
Alyona Dyakina
Irina Drobysheva
Sofia Dernova
Glafira Soboleva
Tamara Tiunova
Julia Goncharova
Natalia Golovchenko
Marina Gaskova
Anastasia Vedernikova
Anna Bikovskaya
Vincenzo Drogo
Vasily Sidorenko
Kirill Bogdanov
Paolo Randon
Tetsuya Imura
Kirill Kruglov
Kohey Fukuda
Philipp Tran
Arno-Stin Tsembengoy
Elisey Inshakov
Konstantin Blinov
Denis Golov
Anton Bashmakov
Danil Pikarenko
Yuri Zinnurov
Dashi Sakhiyaev
Nikita Ksenofontov
Semyon Goncharenko
Ilya Solomonov
Vasily Sobolev
Ruslan Sagdakov
Kirill Novitsky
Artyom Klimov
Maxim Zimin
Evgeny Dubrovsky
Dmitry Zheleznyak
Milan Voronyuk
Oleg Banin
Maxim Babkin
Tatiana Kladnichkina
Larisa Vasilevskaya
Nina Furalyova
Galina Sedova
Victoria Ryazhenova
Zhanna Sharifullina
Victoria Solomina
Italia Novikova
Olga Grishenkova
Graduated from Novosibirsk Choreographic School (2007).
Joined the ballet Company of the Novosibirsk State Opera and Ballet Theatre in 2007. Performed the following parts on stage of the Theatre: Fleur de Farine Fairy ("Sleeping Beauty" by Tchaikovsky, choreography by Petipa, revised by Sergeev); Sugar Plum Fairy ("The Nutckracker" by Tchaikovsky, choreography by Ivanov, Vainonen, Vikharev); Four Soloists ("Serenade" with music by Tchaikovsky, choreography by Balanchine); Soloist ("Mess" by Bernstein, choreography by Simonov, Russian production premiere); Twins, Tribe of The Sun ("The Rite of Spring" by Stravinsky, choreography by P. de Bana, world production premiere).
Toured with the Theatre Company in China and South Korea.
- Phrygia. "Spartacus" by Khachaturian (choreography by Kovtun)
- Two Willis. "Giselle" by Adam (choreography by Coralli, Perrot, Petipa)
- Street Dancer. Grand Pas of the IV act. "Don Quixote" by Minkus (choreography by Petipa, Gorsky)
- Gazmatti. The Three Shadows. D'Jampe. Grand Pas D'action. "La Bayadere" by Minkus (choreography by Petipa, revised by Chabukiani, Ponomarev)
- Masha Princess. Waltz of The Snowflakes. Rose Waltz. "The Nutcracker" by Tchaikovsky (choreography by Vainonen)
- Magnolia. Countess Cherry. "Cipollino" by Khachaturian (choreography by Mayorov)
- Diana Mireille. Liberty. "The FLames of Paris" by Asafiev (choreography by Vainonen, revised by Messerer)


text: Hey, I recently bought a new blue psp, but its 4.01 OFW. I dont have a CFW PSP and tried, and failed, to hardmod a stamina battery, so can anyone please make a pandoras battery and magic memory stick for me for free? I have a original sony psp slim battery and a 1gb memory stick pro duo. ill pay shipping both ways. i would prefer someone in canada... better on the west side near BC too lol. thanks EDIT 4.01 OFW


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Lewin, David, 1943-
From Library of Congress Name Authority File
Lewin, David, 1943-
Instance Of
Scheme Membership(s)
Collection Membership(s)
Additional Information
Use For
Exact Matching Concepts from Other Schemes
- found: His Public sector labor relations, 1977.
- found: His The modern grievance procedure ... c1988: t.p. (David Lewin) p. 6 (Prof. of Business, Columbia Univ., New York, N.Y.)
- found: New research on labour relations and the performance of university HR/IR programs, 2000: CIP t.p. (David Lewin, Anderson Grad. School of Management, UCLA, L.A.)
Change Notes
- 1979-08-08: new
- 2007-12-04: revised
Alternate Formats


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The Puls3
About This Show
Lots of people do online talk radio, I just do it better. I've got my finger on the Pulse of all the latest and greatest from current events and life to technology and business to sports. My goal to share this with you in an entertaining way. You wont always know the topic but you can always count on a fun and unique show. Here is our Amazon link for your shopping- http://goo.gl/y8dHB9 Buy your official Puls3 merchandise here http://thepuls3.spreadshirt.com. Every purchase helps the show improve and keep going. Like The Puls3 on Facebook for updates and information regarding the show www.facebook.com/ThePuls3 Follow me on Twitter @Alexcrter.Read more »


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By Chris T. Wilson
As the plans for modernizing the Ojai Valley Community Hospital continue to come together, a new equipment purchase, two sizable cash donations and the hiring of two new doctors are helping to bring shape to the upgrading process. Recently it was leaked that $100,000 has been donated anonymously to help in this renovation process. According to the hospital's new chief operating officer, Haady Lashkari, the money will be used for the modernization of the radiology department, an out-patient addition and improvements to


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Date: 9/19/2018 9:00:00 AM
Course Length: 03:00:00 hours
Location: Project Harmony, 11949 Q Street
The purpose of this training is to educate about the perspective of those who live in poverty. This session will discuss strategies to increase skilling and knowledge related to the culture of poverty, raise our individual and group awareness about biases as it relates to poverty and enhance the understanding of children and families to assist in strengthening interactions.
Participants will:
Contact: firstname.lastname@example.com
Partner Agencies
Project Harmony also shares building space with
staff of the following agencies, allowing for more
integrated services.
Accredited by


text:
SOURCE: Citibank
July 06, 2017 00:29 ET
Unparalleled career opportunities for university students
Unparalleled career opportunities for university students
HONG KONG, CHINA--(Marketwired - Jul 6, 2017) - Citigroup Inc. (NYSE: C)
Citi Hong Kong will be hosting the Citi Career Fair on Thursday, July 27, 2017 in its new headquarters -- Citi Tower in Kowloon East. The full-day event provides a platform for pre-penultimate university students graduating in 2019 to explore the wide range of career programs offered by Citi and the different career paths in financial services through interactive booths and workshops. Citi aims to introduce both Citi and banking to students by connecting them with the current summer interns and business lines. On the day, the current 2017 summer interns will share what they have learned and experienced thus far in their internships. The workshops will also highlight unique themes from the business lines that offer summer internship programs and include mock interview sessions, which will help students develop more competitive applications for the 2018 summer intake.
"At Citi, we are committed to enabling growth and progress in the community we serve. The Citi Career Fair is an ideal opportunity for university students to better understand the diverse career paths in banking and how they can contribute to progress through a career with Citi. We are keen to connect with the most talented and driven individuals, irrespective of the stage they are at in their university studies," says James Mendes, Head of Recruitment, Citi Asia Pacific.
In addition to the full-time career programs for undergraduate and Master's degree holders, and MBA graduates, Citi offers internship programs around the world for penultimate-year students, which generally run for 10 to 12 weeks over the summer. The interns will undergo a structured program, which combines on-the-job learning and soft skills training. At the end of the internship, Citi offers the best performing interns full-time positions, starting after graduation.
"The Citi Internship Program is critical to forming a strong pipeline for our full-time graduate programs as it is the main way through which we identify the best campus talent. These internships enable students to develop both personally and professionally, and establish a good foundation for their future careers," said Mendes.
Details of Citi Career Fair
Date: Thursday, July 27, 2017
Location: Level 5, Citi Tower, One Bay East, 83 Hoi Bun Road, Kwun Tong, Kowloon
Morning Session (9:30 am to 1:00 pm), Afternoon Session (2:30 pm to 6:00 pm)
Interested parties should register via oncampus.citi.com under Events in the University Programs section with their resumes.
Registration Deadline: Friday, July 14, 2017
Website: oncampus.citi.com
About Citi
Citi, the leading global bank, has approximately 200 million customer accounts and does business in more than 160 countries and jurisdictions. Citi provides consumers, corporations, governments and institutions with a broad range of financial products and services, including consumer banking and credit, corporate and investment banking, securities brokerage, transaction services, and wealth management.
Additional information may be found at www.citigroup.com | Twitter: @Citi | YouTube: www.youtube.com/citi | Blog: http://blog.citigroup.com | Facebook: www.facebook.com/citi | LinkedIn: www.linkedin.com/company/citi
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We would like to extend our thanks for your interest in applying for and acquiring scholarships. UTC scholarship funds are limited and the awarding process is competitive. Meeting the eligibility requirements does not guarantee a student will receive a scholarship. The best way to improve your candidacy is to always submit all required materials as soon as possible. Keep in mind, to be screened for UTC Scholarship funds, all accepted students must complete the UTC Online Scholarship Application.
The UTC Online Scholarship Application
The 2018-2019 UTC Online Scholarship Application is now closed. If you've already submitted an application, you can still review your answers through the Scholarship section of the Money Tab in your MyMocsNet.
We're gearing up for the 2019-2020 UTC Online Scholarship Application! The application opens mid-September 2018, so be an early bird and review our Dates & Deadlines as well as our How To Apply link.
As always, keep in mind that university scholarships are very competitive and funds are limited, so please apply early. Also, be sure the information you include in your application is accurate. Finally, don't forget that the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA) opens every OCTOBER 1 for the next academic year. We encourage you to complete this online as soon as it's available, since it provides much needed information as well. The FAFSA is also your application for the Tennessee Lottery HOPE Scholarship, so put October 1 on your calendar every year. For more information on federal/state financial aid, specifically UTC's Steps to Apply, visit the UTC Financial Aid home page.
Types of Scholarships:
Institutional Scholarships:
These awards are funded by UTC and other sources. The primary awards include the Chancellor's Scholarship, Provost's Scholarship, Mocs Scholarship, Chattanooga Yes!, Academic Service Scholarship and Transfer Scholarship.
Endowed Scholarships:
These awards are generously provided to our students through private donations to UTC. There are many scholarships available to students based on various criteria, but not limited to, financial need, major, grade point average, community or campus based activities, and student classification. A list and brief description of these endowed scholarships are available through the Search UTC Scholarships link.
Departmental Scholarships:
The different departments on campus have various scholarships they award throughout the year. A list and brief description of these departmental scholarships are available through the Search UTC Scholarships link, including contact information for each respective department.


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ADDIS ABABA (Reuters) - The African Union denounced South Sudan's occupation of a vital oil field in a disputed border region with Sudan as illegal, and urged the two former civil war foes to work to avert a "disastrous" war.
Fighting between Sudan and South Sudan this week has brought the two closer to a resumption of full-blown conflict than any time since the south seceded last year under a peace deal that ended decades of devastating war between north and south.
South Sudan took control of the Heglig oil field on Tuesday and was widely condemned for doing so. Sudan has vowed to retaliate if the south does not withdraw.
Heglig, which the south also claims, is vital to Sudan's economy because it has a field accounting for about half of its 115,000 barrel-a-day oil output. Production there has stopped because of the fighting, a Sudanese official said on Thursday.
African Union Peace and Security Council Commissioner Ramtane Lamamra said the body was demanding an "immediate and unconditional withdrawal" of South Sudan's forces from the area.
"The Council is dismayed by the illegal and unacceptable occupation by the South Sudanese armed forces of Heglig, which lies north of the agreed border line of 1st of January, 1956," he told reporters following a meeting late on Thursday.
"The feeling within the Peace and Security Council is that it is time now for the two leaders ... to display the required leadership so that the two countries would avoid a disastrous war which the two people do not need."
The African Union was helping mediate talks between the two countries over oil payments and other disputed issues, but Khartoum pulled out of the negotiations on Wednesday after Juba seized Heglig.
The U.N. Security Council on Thursday added its voice to the chorus of demands that Sudan and South Sudan stop the clashes. Sudan's U.N. ambassador said South Sudan must heed to the call or Khartoum would "hit deep inside the south.
The South seceded from Khartoum's rule last year, but the two sides have not agreed on issues including division of the national debt, the status of citizens in each other's territory and the exact position of the border.
Landlocked South Sudan shut down its roughly 350,000 barrel-per-day oil output in January in a dispute over how much it should pay to export crude via pipelines and facilities in Sudan.
Oil accounted for about 98 percent of the new nation's state revenues, and officials have been scrambling for ways to make up for the sudden loss.
Some 2 million people died in Sudan's civil war, fought for decades over ideology, religion, ethnicity and oil.
(Reporting by Aaron Maasho; Writing by Alexander Dziadosz; Editing by Jon Hemming)


text: For Windows ME, extract to a Temp file. Using Temp file, copy Directory labelled Disk 1 to a floppy, and Disk 2 to a floppy. Install using floppies from Drive (A) by selecting "setup" in Disk 1. Insert Disk 2 when instructed to do so. This worked for Windows ME.


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Major News and Events of 23 July 2016
What Happened on 23 July 2016
Kohli's maiden 200 with Ashwin's Ton puts India in Command in Test 1
Vedanta-Cairn India Merger Deal Sweetened to appease Minority Shareholders
National Leaders across the Political Spectrum visit Una on Dalit Row
Defence Minister visits Chennai and Monitors Search Op for Missing IAF Plane
Rajnath to visit J&K Today, Rules out Engagement with Separatists
External affairs minister Sushma Swaraj today tweeted that the 40-year-old-Judith who was abducted in Afghanistan's Kabul on 9 June 2016 has been rescued. Judith D'Souza, who is a senior technical adviser at Aga Khan Foundation, was kidnapped by alleged militants from Kabul over a month back. After the abduction, Judith's family residing in Kolkata, wrote to PM Narendra Modi, asking him to secure her release. Judith was working as a goodwill ambassador for well being of Afghan people and also participated in "developmental programmes" of Afghanistan.
Indian test captain Virat Kohli continued his stellar performance by hitting his maiden test double century against the mighty West Indian pacers on second day of the first test against the Caribbean team at Sir Vivian Richards Stadium of Antigua's North Sound. Ravichandran Ashwin's third test century, along with Wriddhiman Saha's brisk 40, helped Team India to reach 566/8 and declare their first innings. By the end of Day 2, West Indies was struggling at 31/1 and was trailing by 535 runs.
Boards of Vedanta and Cairn India met yesterday to revise final terms for their merger deal to make it more attractive for the minority stakeholders, who termed the earlier deal unfair. The merger terms have been sweetened by promising each minority stakeholders of Cairn India 1 equity share along with 4 redeemable preference shares (having face value of Rs 10) in Vedanta. The preference shares can be redeemed after 18 months with an option of redeeming them within 30 days of allotment.
With Gujarat's Una surfacing as the face of Dalit atrocity going on across the country and Gujarat Chief Secretary G R Aloria calling to stop hooliganism "in the name of self-proclaimed gau raksha samitis", national leaders across the entire political spectrum are making a beeline in the west Gujarat town to express solidarity with the dalits. A day after Gujarat CM Anandiben Patel visited family members of the victims who were mercilessly beaten up by the so-called 'cow protectors', national leaders including Congress's Rahul Gandhi and Delhi CM Arvind Kejriwal have visited Una. CPI's D Raja, CPIM's Lok Sabha member P K Biju, senior JD(U) leader Sharad Yadav, and BSP supremo Mayawati will visit Una tomorrow. TMC's senior leaders and grandson of Baba Saheb Ambedkar, Prakash Yashwant Ambedkar, are also expected to visit the dalit victims' families. Meanwhile reports of dalit atrocities in Bihar's Muzaffarpur district also surfaced.
Defence Minister Manohar Parrikar today visited Chennai and monitored the search and rescue operation (carried out jointly by the IAF, Navy and Coast Guard) of the missing IAF AN-32 aircraft. The Antonov-32 transport aircraft, en route to Port Blair from Chennai, went missing yesterday with 29 people (17 military personnel, 4 officers, and 8 civilians) onboard. 18 warships and vessels, 3 Dornier aircrafts, 2 Poseidon-8I, and one C-130J Super Hercules have been deployed for the search and rescue operation in the probable crash zone. Parrikar carried out aerial survey over Bay of Bengal under rough weather conditions. Reports say, the missing IAF aircraft suffered 3 technical snags earlier this month even after undergoing life-extension, overhaul and upgrade refit not even a year back.
Home Minister Rajnath Singh today started his two-day visit to violence-torn Kashmir to take stock of the prevailing situation. Reports say he started his tour by holding a high-level security meeting in J&K capital Srinagar and was accompanied by top brass of ITBP and CRPF. He's also scheduled to meet J&K Governor Narinder Nath Vohra and CM Mehbooba Mufti separately. Rajnath will also hear out civil society groups (including NGOs and rights activists), political parties, local businessmen, media representatives, state government officials, and security agencies. However, Union home minister will not engage with Kashmiri separatists such as Hurriyat Conference, who were seen hobnobbing with Pakistan for stalling Indo-Pak dialogue.
MapsofIndia has updated its Terms and Privacy Policy to give Users more transparency into the data this Website collects, how it is processed and the controls Users have on their personal data. Users are requested to review the revised Privacy Policy before using the website services, as any further use of the website will be considered as User's consent to MapsofIndia Privacy Policy and Terms.


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- Home
- About RCAH
- People
- Student Life
- Academics
- Contact
- News and Events
How did you decide on RCAH?
My grandpa actually found the RCAH for me and after talking to my parents, he suggested I learn more about the college. What I found most compelling about the major and what I'm sure my family realized I needed, was that the staff and faculty are really committed to supporting and guiding their students; cultivating their interests. I had just returned from my gap year, a 10-month exchange program in Thailand, and I was convinced I liked everything except boiled chicken feet and 105 degree weather… RCAH classes have allowed me to maintain and add to my interests while at the same time introducing new ways to approach those interests.
What are your academic interests?
Oh goodness! I really enjoy learning languages and the cultures they reflect, exploring different methods of teaching/organizing people and learning about food!
What are your favorite aspects of the RCAH experience?
The RCAH is huge on networking. We help each other out. If you've found your way to the RCAH, there is a good chance you have interests similar to those of your peers and professors. We are all trying to sustainably preserve and encourage growth in our areas of interest. We are ultimately united in our cause. We help give voice to people who don't have the same resources college students are privileged to have access to. The RCAH is a really great story and reality. Each step is crucial to achieve a rolling result and while some days are smoother than others, it's hard to favor one part over the other.
What are your future plans?
My future plans revolve around working with people. Beyond that requirement I'm not entirely sure what I'd like for myself. Maybe join Peace Corps, work with a non-profit in Asia, learn Yiddish, or help sustain endangered languages and cultures. For now I'm going to focus on expanding my skill set so I can be prepared for any opportunity.
What are your hobbies and interests within and outside of RCAH?
My hobbies outside of the RCAH change with the seasons. During the summer I play soccer, run, read fantasy novels, play banjo and ukulele with friends, shop at farmers markets, experiment with/mess up new recipes, (this happens quite often) and talk to my parents about life. When it starts to get cold out you can find me crocheting hats, playing indoor soccer, walking, singing, doing my homework, and if I've had a really long day I'll drop everything to spend a few hours learning new phrases in some random language.
Have you ever taken part in Study Abroad/Study Away at MSU? If so, which programs?
Yes, indeed I have. I went to Costa Rica for two months with an RCAH run study abroad program called Ethics of Ecotourism and Sustainable Development, which was seriously fantastic. I highly recommend it.


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"It can be hard for physicians to follow current thinking of experts on medical care. It must be exponentially harder for the public to make sense of it. Recently, the United States Preventative Services Task Force changed its recommendation on prostate cancer screening from a D (that is, don't do it) to a C (discuss it with your doctor)". What does this mean for you?
Continue reading "Experts Are Changing Their Minds About Whether or Not to Recommend Prostate Cancer Screenings to Patients"


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The lines "She said I'll throw myself away, There just photos after all ,I can't make you hang around, I can't wash you off my skin, Outside the frame, is what we're leaving out" is referencing when she takes him out sight, he no longer exist to her but he still has feelings for her and they don't wash away. What's outside of those pictures is what she's forgetting.
The second verse makes me wonder if they are both the victims of emotionally damaged relationships. The first meaning. The second set of lines is the game she is playing. "It's so safe to play along, Little soldiers in a row, Falling in and out of love, Something sweet to throw away" It describes her game. Little soldiers are the future guys who will date her just to have the same thing happen. "I want something good to die for, To make it beautiful to live" He wants a real relationship with someone with reciprocating feelings.
"I want a new mistake, to lose is more than to hesitate" Interesting twist on words here but I believe he want another relationship even if he loses the next one also. To lose love is better than to hesitate and not have love. The second meaning could also mean he may be as damaged and he always finds women like this and he reacts the same way in every relationship. Thinking of it this way could also change the second verse of lines saying it's basically his game and he constantly finds women who are emotionally unavailable. The soldiers are the women he will date just to be constantly rejected.
Either way, it's about emotionally damaged people who go through fucked up relationships. Great rock song with an awesome vid.
jonjon5124on February 20, 2012 Link


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Since 2003
Foreign, Domestic & European
2564 Merrychase Drive
Cameron Park, CA 95682
For premier automotive repair specialists that you can rely on for affordability and reliability, call on our staff here at S & D Automotive. We feature exceptional service for both domestic and foreign cars, and have the skill to tackle just about any size challenge that you have to present.
Here at our shop, we don't rely on expensive advertising campaigns because we don't need to. We have been at this same location for 9 years & in business for 22 years. Most of our business comes from referrals by loyal customers who trust our integrity..
If you're still not convinced, then visit us today for our competitive pricing and witness the dependable service we offer.
Guarantee on Work Performed
12 Months, 12,000 Miles
Walk-In's Welcome
S & D Automotive | 530-672-1750 | 2564 Merrychase Drive | Cameron Park, CA 95682 | firstname.lastname@example.com
Business Hours: Monday – Friday, 7:30 a.m. – 5 p.m.
Since 2003
Foreign, Domestic & European
2564 Merrychase Drive
Cameron Park, CA 95682


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(3 star hotel)
including 8 days parking
from the airport
customer rating
Enter your postcode for directions:Longitude -0.18535
Latitude 51.13676
Ibis Address
London Road,
County Oak,
Directions- Leave the M23 at junction 10 and take the A2011.
- At the first roundabout go straight on, staying on the A2011.
- At the second roundabout take the last exit onto the A23 towards the airport.
- After about a mile and a half, go straight on at the roundabout onto the dual carriageway.
- You will see the hotel on your right; you'll need to go right round the next roundabout and come back along the dual carriageway to get to it.


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17th Aug 18
Sheffield, in South Yorkshire, is one of the largest cities in the UK. The city is built on the hills and valleys which have been formed by the River Don and several small rivers which feed into the Don. One of these rivers, the River Sheaf, has given its name to the city.
The rivers and streams have played a very important role in the development of Sheffield from its beginnings as a collection of small hamlets to the present day city.
With this web site, we hope to develop a collection of material about the River Sheaf, the small feeder streams and its surroundings. We will try to bring together information, views, facts and opinions about the places, people and organisations which have been part of the geography and history of the area. By collating evidence of human activity, both past and present, we hope to highlight continuity and change in the landscape and its use over time.
As well as supporting an interest in the past, we hope this site will also help to raise the profile of local community groups, local crafts people and local businesses in the area.
The River Sheaf web site has been set up as an open resource with an invitation to others to contribute to its development.


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Oct 30,2007
Ashland doctor sentenced to 10 months for failing to file tax returns
by Bend Weekly News Sources
An Ashland physician was sentenced this week to ten months' imprisonment for willfully failing to file income tax returns. U.S. District Judge Anna J. Brown imposed the sentence on Franklin H. Ross, Jr., M.D., 63, following his plea of guilty in August to willfully failing to file a federal income tax return for 2003. He will begin serving his sentence in late January 2008.
In April 2007, a federal grand jury returned a four-count indictment charging Dr. Ross with failing to timely file federal income tax returns for the years 2000 through 2003. As part of a plea agreement with the government, Dr. Ross pled guilty to only the 2003 count, although he agreed to pay full restitution to the Internal Revenue Service for all taxes due and owing for each of those four years. Dr. Ross also agreed to cooperate with the IRS in the assessment and collection of income taxes due and owing for each of those four years.
Dr. Ross will be on supervised release for one year following his term of imprisonment. As conditions of his supervised release, Dr. Ross must timely file true and accurate income tax returns, and must pay all back taxes due and owing for tax years 2000, 2001, 2002, and 2003, as determined by the Internal Revenue Service.
The maximum penalty provided by law for failing to file income tax returns is imprisonment for one year, a $25,000 fine, or both. In imposing the ten-month sentence, Judge Brown noted that Dr. Ross had considerable education and experience, and found "no excuse" for his failure to file income tax returns. She rejected as "not credible" Dr. Ross's claims that he had simply fallen victim to bad advice from others, and that he was acting with altruistic motives. Judge Brown imposed the ten-month sentence to deter Dr. Ross and others like him, and to promote respect for the law.
United States Attorney Karin Immergut said that the sentence imposed on Dr. Ross sends a strong message about the importance of each citizen filing income tax returns. "Every citizen is responsible for filing returns and paying their fair share of taxes, regardless of their level of education, their occupation, or their social status," she said. "Nobody is above the law."


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With ShareBase by Hyland, empower users to share files in the cloud without losing ownership over the shared information.
ShareBase is designed specifically for your enterprise, allowing you to:
For more information, visit ShareBase.com.
Infographic: 5 Steps to Content Collaboration Nirvana
Whitepaper: Content Collaboration and Processing in a Cloud and Mobile World
Enterprise File Sync and Share Key Features
ShareBase by Hyland Executive Brief
ShareBase by Hyland Product Summary


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- slide 1 of 2
Every web developer needs a tool that calculates website statistics. With dnScoop, you can find easily look up various information about your website on one page. dnScoop is a free online tool that tells you how much your website is worth, among other things, on one, simple page.
What can dnScoop do for you? One of the best things about dnScoop is that you have several tools in one, instead of having to go to various sites to gather the information you need. The website is not exactly accurate, but it's a great barometer for your site's value.
- slide 2 of 2
This is the information you can expect on dnScoop:
Domain Age
You will find out when the domain was created, and its approximate age in years, months, and days. dnScoop interfaces with Archives.org for a day by day analysis of published pages.
Pagerank Check
This shows the current pagerank of your site, and whether the pagerank is valid.
Inbound Links
This is a handy tool, because you can see how many websites are linking to your site. You can also see who is linking to your site, through Yahoo!'s Site Explorer.
Traffic Rank
Using AlexaRank, dnScoop shows you how much traffic your website incurs.
Domain Name IP Report
This tool shows you how many other sites share your same IP address. It's good to know who your neighbors are.
Link Value Report
Working with Text-Link-Ads, you'll find out the estimated monthly value of an ad on your site.
Site Value Report
This is the cornerstone tool-- it shows you how much your website is worth based on its age, the amount of traffic, and inbound links. You also have the option to buy, sell, and trade domains on dnScoop marketplace forum.
Create a Widget
You can copy an html code into your website to inform your visitors of your site's worth. It's only impressive when it's over $10.
As you can see this tool is very valuable to all web developers, as you can see what all your hard work is worth.


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The Medium Banner in Patchwork Leather and Python
All orders will be fulfilled by Burberry Limited and shipped from the UK. When you place your order, you accept Burberry's Terms and Conditions and confirm that you have read our Privacy Policy.
Size Guide
Use the Size Guide to choose the best fit for your measurements.
In this window, you can find out the shipping and returns options for the selected item.
In this window, you can contact customer service for further assistance.
- The Medium Banner designed in a patchwork of calf leather and python, with House check side panels. Made in Italy, the bag is inspired by equestrian styles from the Burberry Heritage Archive.
- 34 x 16 x 25cm/13.4 x 6.3 x 9.8in
- Min. shoulder strap length: 81cm/31.9in
- Max. shoulder strap length: 91cm/35.8in
- Outer: 100% calf leather
- Trim: python skin, 100% wild python reticulatus, country of origin: Indonesia
- Side panels: 100% cotton
- Lining: 100% cotton
- One central zip compartment
- One interior zip pocket, two interior pouch pockets
- Rolled leather handles
- Detachable, adjustable leather shoulder strap
- Double magnetic press-stud closure, press-stud clip on handles
- Hand-painted edges
- Polished metal hardware
- Raised Burberry lettering at the front
- Made in Italy
Item 40413491
Wear this with
Side-slit Tropical Gabardine Trench Coat
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