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The Turkic peoples are a collection of ethno-linguistic groups of Central, Eastern, Northern and Western Asia as well as parts of Europe and North Africa. They speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family.[22] They share, to varying degrees, certain cultural traits, common ancestry and historical backgrounds. The most notable modern Turkic ethnic groups include Turkish people, Azerbaijanis, Uzbeks, Kazakhs, Turkmen and Kyrgyz people.
The first known mention of the term Turk (Old Turkic: 𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰰 Türük[2][2][169] or 𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰰:𐰜𐰇𐰛 Kök Türük[2][2] Chinese: 突厥, Old Tibetan: duruggu/durgu (meaning "origin"),[29][30] Pinyin: Tūjué, Middle Chinese (Guangyun): [tʰuot-küot]) applied to a Turkic group was in reference to the Göktürks in the 6th century. A letter by Ishbara Qaghan to Emperor Wen of Sui in 585 described him as "the Great Turk Khan."[31] The Orhun inscriptions (735 CE) use the terms Turk and Turuk.
Previous use of similar terms are of unknown significance, although some strongly feel that they are evidence of the historical continuity of the term and the people as a linguistic unit since early times. This includes Chinese records Spring and Autumn Annals referring to a neighbouring people as Beidi.[32] During the first century CE, Pomponius Mela refers to the "Turcae" in the forests north of the Sea of Azov, and Pliny the Elder lists the "Tyrcae" among the people of the same area. There are references to certain groups in antiquity whose names could be the original form of "Türk/Türük" such as Togarma, Turukha/Turuška, Turukku and so on. But the information gap is so substantial that we cannot firmly connect these ancient people to the modern Turks.[33] Turkologist András Róna-Tas posits that the term Turk could be rooted in the East Iranian Saka language or in Turkic.[34] However, it is generally accepted that the term "Türk" is ultimately derived from the Old-Turkic migration-term 𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰰 Türük/Törük,[35] which means "created", "born", or "strong",[7] from the Old Turkic word root *türi-/töri- ("tribal root, (mythic) ancestry; take shape, to be born, be created, arise, spring up") and conjugated with Old Turkic suffix 𐰰 (-ik), perhaps from Proto-Turkic *türi-k ("lineage, ancestry"),[35] from the Proto-Turkic word root *töŕ ("foundation, root; origin, ancestors"),[37][38] possibly from a Proto-Altaic source *t`ŏ̀ŕe ("law, regulation").[39] This etymological concept is also related to Old Turkic word stems 'tür' ("root, ancestry, race, kind of, sort of"), 'türi-' ("to bring together, to collect"), 'törü' ("law, custom") and 'töz' ("substance").[35]
The earliest Turkic-speaking peoples identifiable in Chinese sources are the Dingling, Gekun(Jiankun), and Xinli, located in South Siberia.[171] The Chinese Book of Zhou (7th century) presents an etymology of the name Turk as derived from "helmet", explaining that this name comes from the shape of a mountain where they worked in the Altai Mountains. According to Persian tradition, as reported by 11th-century ethnographer Mahmud of Kashgar and various other traditional Islamic scholars and historians, the name "Turk" stems from Tur, one of the sons of Japheth (see Turan).
During the Middle Ages, various Turkic peoples of the Eurasian steppe were subsumed under the identity of the "Scythians". Between 400 CE and the 16th century, Byzantine sources use the name Σκύθαι (Skuthai) in reference to twelve different Turkic peoples.
In the modern Turkish language as used in the Republic of Turkey, a distinction is made between "Turks" and the "Turkic peoples" in loosely speaking: the term Türk corresponds specifically to the "Turkish-speaking" people (in this context, "Turkish-speaking" is considered the same as "Turkic-speaking"), while the term Türki refers generally to the people of modern "Turkic Republics" (Türki Cumhuriyetler or Türk Cumhuriyetleri). However, the proper usage of the term is based on the linguistic classification in order to avoid any political sense. In short, the term Türki can be used for Türk or vice versa.
Origins and early expansion
It is generally agreed that the first Turkic people lived in a region extending from Central Asia to Siberia, with the majority of them living in China historically. Historically they were established after the 6th century BCE. The earliest separate Turkic peoples appeared on the peripheries of the late Xiongnu confederation about 200 BCE (contemporaneous with the Chinese Han Dynasty). Turkic people may be related to the Xiongnu, Dingling and Tiele people. According to the Book of Wei, the Tiele people were the remnants of the Chidi (赤狄), the red Di people competing with the Jin in the Spring and Autumn period.[40] Turkic tribes such as the Khazars and Pechenegs probably lived as nomads for many years before establishing the Turkic Khaganate or Göktürk Empire in the 6th century. These were herdsmen and nobles who were searching for new pastures and wealth. The first mention of Turks was in a Chinese text that mentioned trade between Turk tribes and the Sogdians along the Silk Road.[17] The first recorded use of "Turk" as a political name appears as a 6th-century reference to the word pronounced in Modern Chinese as Tujue. The Ashina clan migrated from Li-jien (modern Zhelai Zhai) to the Juan Juan seeking inclusion in their confederacy and protection from the prevalent dynasty. The tribe were famed metalsmiths and were granted land near a mountain quarry which looked like a helmet, from which they were said to have gotten their name 突厥 (tūjué). A century later their power had increased such that they conquered the Juan Juan and established the Gök Empire.
Turkic peoples originally used their own alphabets, like Orkhon and Yenisey runiforms, and later the Uyghur alphabet. Traditional national and cultural symbols of the Turkic peoples include wolves in Turkic mythology and tradition; as well as the color blue, iron, and fire. Turquoise blue (the word turquoise comes from the French word meaning "Turkish") is the color of the stone turquoise still used in jewelry and as a protection against the evil eye.
It has often been suggested that the Xiongnu, mentioned in Han Dynasty records, were Proto-Turkic speakers.[18][19][20][21][22] Although little is known for certain about the Xiongnu language(s), it seems likely that at least a considerable part of Xiongnu tribes spoke a Turkic language. However, some scholars see a possible connection with the Iranian-speaking Sakas. Some scholars believe they were probably a confederation of various ethnic and linguistic groups.[47] Genetics research in 2003 on skeletons from 2000 year old Xiongnu necropolis in Mongolia found some individuals with DNA sequences also present in some modern-day Turks, suggesting that a Turkish component had emerged in the Xiongnu tribe at the end of the Xiongnu period.[173][51]
In 2009, archaeologists found Turkic balbals which are 2000 years old.[52]
According to another archeological and genetic study in 2010, the DNA found in three skeletons in 2000-year-old elite Xiongnu cemetery in Northeast Asia belonged to C3, D4 and R1a. The evidence of paternal R1a supports the Kurgan hypothesis for the Indo-European expansion from the Volga steppe region.[176] As the R1a was found in Xiongnu people[176] and the present-day people of Central Asia[178] Analysis of skeletal remains from sites attributed to the Xiongnu provides an identification of dolichocephalic Mongoloid, ethnically distinct from neighboring populations in present-day Mongolia.[180]
Xiongnu writing, older than Turkic, is agreed to have the earliest known Turkic alphabet, the Orkhon script. This has been argued recently using the only extant possibly Xiongu writings, the rock art of the Yinshan and Helan Mountains.[59] It dates from the 9th millennium BCE to the 19th century, and consists mainly of engraved signs (petroglyphs) and few painted images.[60] Excavations done during 1924–1925 in Noin-Ula kurgans located in the Selenga River in the northern Mongolian hills north of Ulaanbaatar produced objects with over 20 carved characters, which were either identical or very similar to the runic letters of the Turkic Orkhon script discovered in the Orkhon Valley.
The Hun hordes ruled by Attila, who invaded and conquered much of Europe in the 5th century, might have been Turkic and descendants of the Xiongnu.[23] Some scholars regard the Huns as one of the earlier Turkic tribes, while others view them as Proto-Mongolian in origin.[24] Linguistic studies by Otto Maenchen-Helfen and others have suggested that the language used by the Huns in Europe was too little documented to be classified, but may have been an Indo-European language. Nevertheless, many of the proper names used by Huns appear to be Turkic in origin.[63] In the first half of the first millennium, mass-migrations to distant places were common, geographical borders were fluid and cultural identity was more likely to change dramatically during the lifetime of an individual, relative to the modern era. These factors also made it more likely that the Huns were, initially at least, closely related to the Turkic peoples.
In the 6th century, 400 years after the collapse of northern Xiongnu power in Inner Asia, the Göktürks assumed leadership of the Turkic peoples. Formerly in the Xiongnu nomadic confederation, the Göktürks inherited their traditions and administrative experience. From 552 to 745, Göktürk leadership united the nomadic Turkic tribes into the Göktürk Empire on Mongolia and Cental Asia. The name derives from gok, "blue" or "celestial". Unlike its Xiongnu predecessor, the Göktürk Khanate had its temporary khans from the Ashina clan who were subordinate to a sovereign authority controlled by a council of tribal chiefs. The Khanate retained elements of its original shamanistic religion, Tengriism, although it received missionaries of Buddhist monks and practiced a syncretic religion. The Göktürks were the first Turkic people to write Old Turkic in a runic script, the Orkhon script. The Khanate was also the first state known as "Turk". It eventually collapsed due to a series of dynastic conflicts, but many states and peoples later used the name "Turk".
Turkic peoples and related groups migrated west from Turkestan and present-day Mongolia towards Eastern Europe, the Iranian plateau and Anatolia (modern Turkey) in many waves. The date of the initial expansion remains unknown. After many battles, they established their own state and later constructed the Ottoman Empire. The main migration occurred in medieval times, when they spread across most of Asia and into Europe and the Middle East. They also took part in the military encounters of the Crusades.
Later Turkic peoples include the Karluks (mainly 8th century), Uyghurs, Kyrgyz, Oghuz (or Ğuz) Turks, and Turkmens. As these peoples founded states in the area between Mongolia and Transoxiana, they came into contact with Muslims, and most of them gradually adopted Islam. Small groups of Turkic people practice other religions, including Christians, Jews (Khazars), Buddhists, and Zoroastrians.
Other traditions see Togarmah (grandson of Japheth the son of Noah) as the ancestor of the Turkic peoples. For example, The French Benedictine monk and scholar Calmet (1672–1757) places Togarmah in Scythia and Turcomania (in the Eurasian Steppes and Central Asia). Also in his letters, King Joseph ben Aaron, the ruler of the Khazars in the mid-10th century, writes:
- "You ask us also in your epistle: "Of what people, of what family, and of what tribe are you?" Know that we are descended from Noach's son Japhet, through his son Gomer through his son Togarmah. I have found in the genealogical books of my ancestors that Togarmah had ten sons. These are their names:
- the eldest was Ujur (Agiôr – Uyghurs),
- the second Tauris (Tirôsz – Tauri),
- the third Avar (Avôr – Pannonian Avars),
- the fourth Uauz (Ugin – Oghuz),
- the fifth Bizal (Bizel – Pecheneg),
- the sixth Tarna,
- the seventh Khazar (Khazar),
- the eighth Janur (Zagur),
- the ninth Bulgar (Balgôr – Bulgar),
- the tenth Sawir (Szavvir/Szabir – Sabir)."
Jewish sources also list Togarmah as the father of the Turkic peoples: The medieval Jewish scholar: Joseph ben Gorion lists in his Josippon (c. 10th century) the ten sons of Togarma as follows:
- Kozar (the Khazars)
- Pacinak (the Pechenegs)
- Aliqanosz (the Alans)
- Bulgar (the Bulgars)
- Ragbiga (Ragbina, Ranbona)
- Turqi (possibly the Göktürks)
- Buz (the Oghuz)
- Zabuk
- Ungari (either the Hungarians or the Oghurs/Onogurs)
- Tilmac (Tilmic/Tirôsz – Tauri)."
The Chronicles of Jerahmeel lists them as:[64]
- Cuzar (the Khazars)
- Pasinaq (the Pechenegs)
- Alan (the Alans)
- Bulgar (the Bulgars)
- Kanbinah
- Turq (possibly the Göktürks)
- Buz (the Oghuz)
- Zakhukh
- Ugar (either the Hungarians or the Oghurs/Onogurs)
- Tulmes (Tirôsz – Tauri)
Another medieval rabbinic work, the Book of Jasher, further corrupts these same names into:
- Buzar (the Khazars)
- Parzunac (the Pechenegs)
- Balgar (the Bulgars)
- Elicanum (the Alans)
- Ragbib
- Tarki (possibly the Göktürks)
- Bid (the Oghuz)
- Zebuc
- Ongal (Hungarians or Oghurs/Onogurs)
- Tilmaz (Tirôsz – Tauri).
Arabic records give Togorma's tribes as:
- Khazar (the Khazars)
- Badsanag (the Pechenegs)
- Asz-alân (the Alans)
- Bulghar (the Bulgars)
- Zabub
- Fitrakh (Kotrakh?) (Ko-etrakh. Etrakh means "Turks" [possibly Gokturks])
- Nabir
- Andsar (Ajhar)
- Talmisz (Tirôsz – Tauri)
- Adzîgher (Adzhigardak?).
The Arabic account however, also adds an 11th clan: Anszuh.
Yet another tradition of the sons of Togarmah appears in Pseudo-Philo, giving their names as "Abiud, Saphath, Asapli, and Zepthir". The Chronicles of Jerahmeel, in addition to giving Sefer haYashar (midrash) the above names from Yosippon, elsewhere lists Togarmah's sons similarly as "Abihud, Shafat, and Yaftir".
Middle Ages
Turkic soldiers in the army of the Abbasid caliphs emerged as the de facto rulers of most of the Muslim Middle East (apart from Syria and Egypt), particularly after the 10th century. The Oghuz and other tribes captured and dominated various countries under the leadership of the Seljuk dynasty and eventually captured the territories of the Abbasid dynasty and the Byzantine Empire.
Meanwhile, the Yenisei Kyrgyz allied with China to destroy the Uyghur Khaganate in 840. The Kyrgyz people ultimately settled in the region now referred to as Kyrgyzstan. The Bulgars established themselves in between the Caspian and Black Seas in the 5th and 6th centuries, followed by their conquerors, the Khazars who converted to Judaism in the 8th or 9th century. After them came the Pechenegs who created a large confederacy, which was subsequently taken over by the Cumans and the Kipchaks. One group of Bulgars settled in the Volga region and mixed with local Volga Finns to become the Volga Bulgars in what is today Tatarstan. These Bulgars were conquered by the Mongols following their westward sweep under Genghis Khan in the 13th century. Other Bulgars settled in Southeastern Europe in the 7th and 8th centuries, and mixed with the Slavic population, adopting what eventually became the Slavic Bulgarian language. Everywhere, Turkic groups mixed with the local populations to varying degrees. In 1090–91, the Turkic Pechenegs reached the walls of Constantinople, where Emperor Alexius I with the aid of the Kipchaks annihilated their army.[14]
Islamic empires
As the Seljuk Empire declined following the Mongol invasion, the Ottoman Empire emerged as the new important Turkic state, that came to dominate not only the Middle East, but even southeastern Europe, parts of southwestern Russia, and northern Africa.
The Delhi Sultanate is a term used to cover five short-lived, Delhi-based kingdoms three of which were of Turkic origin in medieval India. These Turkic dynasties were the Mamluk dynasty (1206–90); the Khalji dynasty (1290–1320); and the Tughlaq dynasty (1320–1414). Southern India, also saw many Turkic origin dynasties like Bahmani Sultanate, Adil Shahi dynasty, Bidar Sultanate, Qutb Shahi dynasty, collectively known as Deccan sultanates.
In Eastern Europe, Volga Bulgaria became an Islamic state in 922 and influenced the region as it controlled many trade routes. In the 13th century, Mongols invaded Europe and established the Golden Horde in Eastern Europe, western & northern Central Asia, and even western Siberia. The Cuman-Kipchak Confederation and Islamic Volga Bulgaria were absorbed by the Golden Horde in the 13th century; in the 14th century, Islam became the official religion under Uzbeg Khan where the general population (Turks) as well as the aristocracy (Mongols) came to speak the Kipchak language and were collectively known as "Tatars" by Russians and Westerners. This country was also known as the Kipchak Khanate and covered most of what is today Ukraine, as well as the entirety of modern-day southern and eastern Russia (the European section). The Golden Horde disintegrated into several khanates and hordes in the 15th and 16th century including the Crimean Khanate, Khanate of Kazan, and Kazakh Khanate (among others), which were one by one conquered and annexed by the Russian Empire in the 16th through 19th centuries.
In Siberia, the Siberian Khanate was established in the 1490s by fleeing Tatar aristocrats of the disintegrating Golden Horde who established Islam as the official religion in western Siberia over the partly Islamized native Siberian Tatars and indigenous Uralic peoples. It was the northern-most Islamic state in recorded history and it survived up until 1598 when it was conquered by Russia.
The Chagatai Khanate was the eastern & southern Central Asian section of the Mongol Empire in what is today part or whole of Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Xinjiang ("Uyghurstan"). Like the Moghulistan and Golden Horde, the Chagatai Khanate became a Muslim state in the 14th century.
The Timurid Empire were an Uzbek-based Turkic empire founded in the late 14th century by Timurlane, a descendant of Genghis Khan. Timur, although a self-proclaimed devout Muslim, brought great slaughter in his conquest of fellow Muslims in neighboring Islamic territory and contributed to the ultimate demise of many Muslim states, including the Golden Horde.
The Mughal Empire was a Turkic-founded Indian empire that, at its greatest territorial extent, ruled most of the South Asia, including Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Bangladesh and parts of Uzbekistan from the early 16th to the early 18th centuries. The Mughal dynasty was founded by a Chagatai Turkic prince named Babur (reigned 1526–30), who was descended from the Turkic conqueror Timur (Tamerlane) on his father's side and from Chagatai, second son of the Mongol ruler Genghis Khan, on his mother's side.[66][67] A further distinction was the attempt of the Mughals to integrate Hindus and Muslims into a united Indian state.[66][69][67]
The Safavid dynasty of Persia were of mixed ancestry (Kurdish[181] and Azerbaijani,[118] which included intermarriages with Georgian, Circassian, and Pontic Greek dignitaries). Through intermarriage and other political considerations, the Safavids spoke Persian and Turkish,[5] and some of the Shahs composed poems in their native Turkish language. Concurrently, the Shahs themselves also supported Persian literature, poetry and art projects including the grand Shahnama of Shah Tahmasp. The Safavid dynasty ruled parts of Greater Iran for more than two centuries. and established the Twelver school of Shi'a Islam as the official religion of their empire, marking one of the most important turning points in Muslim history
The Afsharid dynasty was named after the Turkic Afshar tribe to which they belonged. The Afshars had migrated from Turkestan to Azerbaijan in the 13th century. The dynasty was founded in 1736 by the military commander Nader Shah who deposed the last member of the Safavid dynasty and proclaimed himself King of Iran. Nader belonged to the Qereqlu branch of the Afshars. During Nader's reign, Iran reached its greatest extent since the Sassanid Empire.
Muslim Turks and non-Muslim Turks
The Muslim Kara-Khanid Turks performed a mass conversion campaign against the Buddhist Uyghur Turks during the Islamicisation and Turkicisation of Xinjiang.
The non-Muslim Turks worship of Tengri was mocked and insulted by the Muslim Turk Mahmud al-Kashgari, who wrote a verse referring to them – The Infidels – May God destroy them![16][183]
The Basmil, Yabāḳu and Uyghur states were among the Turkic peoples who fought against the Kara-Khanid's spread of Islam, the Islamic Kara-khanids were made out of Tukhai, Yaghma, Çiğil and Karluk.[76]
Kashgari claimed that the Prophet assisted in a miraculous event where 700,000 Yabāqu infidels were defeated by 40,000 Muslims led by Arslān Tegīn claiming that fires shot sparks from gates located on a green mountain towards the Yabāqu.[20] The Yabaqu were a Turkic people.[21]
The Muslim Kara-Khanid Turk Mahmud Kashgari insulted the Uyghur Buddhists as "Uighur dogs" and called them "Tats", which referred to the "Uighur infidels" according to the Tuxsi and Taghma, while other Turks called Persians "tat".[79][80] While Kashgari displayed a different attitude towards the Turks diviners beliefs and "national customs", he expressed towards Buddhism a hatred in his Diwan where he wrote the verse cycle on the war against Uighur Buddhists. Buddhist origin words like toyin (a cleric or priest) and Burxān or Furxan (meaning Buddha, acquiring the generic meaning of "idol" in the Turkic language of Kashgari) had negative connotations to Muslim Turks.[81]
Murals and statues of medieval Turks
Professor James A. Millward described the original Uyghurs as phenotypically Mongoloid until they began to mix with the Tarim Basin's original, Caucasoid inhabitants, such as the Tocharians and eastern Iranian peoples.[77]
The Uyghurs of the Qocho and Turfan – whose ancestors had adopted the Buddhism of the Tocharians when they settled in the Tarim – were forcibly converted to Islam during a ghazat (holy war) by the Chagatai khan Khizr Khwaja.[85] After they had converted to Islam, subsequent generations of Uyghurs came to believe, falsely, that the "infidel Kalmuks" (Dzungars) had built Buddhist monuments in the area.[184][100] The Buddhist murals at the Bezeklik Thousand Buddha Caves were damaged by local Muslim population whose religion proscribed figurative images of sentient beings; the eyes and mouths in particular were often gouged out. Pieces of some murals were broken off for use as fertilizer by the locals.[103]
Turks in Arabic texts
The Arab Muslim Umayyads and Abbasids fought against the pagan Turks in the Muslim conquest of Transoxiana. The Muslims built ribats (military fortifications) against the non-Muslim Turks in Transoxiana.
The Medieval Arabs recorded that Medieval Turks looked strange from their perspective and were extremely physically different from the Arabs, calling them "broad faced people with small eyes".[90]
Medieval Muslim writers noted that Tibetans and Turks resembled each other and often were not able to tell the difference between Turks and Tibetans.[91]
The Hadith collection Sahih al-Bukhari records a Sahih Hadith by Muhammad on the Turks- Narrated Abu Huraira: Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said, "The Hour will not be established until you fight with the Turks; people with small eyes, red faces, and flat noses. Their faces will look like shields coated with leather. The Hour will not be established till you fight with people whose shoes are made of hair." (حَدَّثَنَا سَعِيدُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ، حَدَّثَنَا يَعْقُوبُ، حَدَّثَنَا أَبِي، عَنْ صَالِحٍ، عَنِ الأَعْرَجِ، قَالَ قَالَ أَبُو هُرَيْرَةَ ـ رضى الله عنه ـ قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم " لاَ تَقُومُ السَّاعَةُ حَتَّى تُقَاتِلُوا التُّرْكَ صِغَارَ الأَعْيُنِ، حُمْرَ الْوُجُوهِ، ذُلْفَ الأُنُوفِ، كَأَنَّ وُجُوهَهُمُ الْمَجَانُّ الْمُطَرَّقَةُ، وَلاَ تَقُومُ السَّاعَةُ حَتَّى تُقَاتِلُوا قَوْمًا نِعَالُهُمُ الشَّعَرُ ".)[300][93][94][95][96][97][98][99][186][100][101][102][103]
Another Sahih al-Bukhari Hadith says – Narrated Abu Huraira: The Prophet (ﷺ) said, "The Hour will not be established till you fight a nation wearing hairy shoes, and till you fight the Turks, who will have small eyes, red faces and flat noses; and their faces will be like flat shields. And you will find that the best people are those who hate responsibility of ruling most of all till they are chosen to be the rulers. And the people are of different natures: The best in the pre-Islamic period are the best in Islam. A time will come when any of you will love to see me rather than to have his family and property doubled."(حَدَّثَنَا أَبُو الْيَمَانِ، أَخْبَرَنَا شُعَيْبٌ، حَدَّثَنَا أَبُو الزِّنَادِ، عَنِ الأَعْرَجِ، عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ ـ رضى الله عنه ـ عَنِ النَّبِيِّ صلى الله عليه وسلم قَالَ " لاَ تَقُومُ السَّاعَةُ حَتَّى تُقَاتِلُوا قَوْمًا نِعَالُهُمُ الشَّعَرُ، وَحَتَّى تُقَاتِلُوا التُّرْكَ، صِغَارَ الأَعْيُنِ، حُمْرَ الْوُجُوهِ، ذُلْفَ الأُنُوفِ كَأَنَّ وُجُوهَهُمُ الْمَجَانُّ الْمُطْرَقَةُ ". "«وَتَجِدُونَ مِنْ خَيْرِ النَّاسِ أَشَدَّهُمْ كَرَاهِيَةً لِهَذَا الأَمْرِ، حَتَّى يَقَعَ فِيهِ، وَالنَّاسُ مَعَادِنُ، خِيَارُهُمْ فِي الْجَاهِلِيَّةِ خِيَارُهُمْ فِي الإِسْلاَمِ." "وَلَيَأْتِيَنَّ عَلَى أَحَدِكُمْ زَمَانٌ لأَنْ يَرَانِي أَحَبُّ إِلَيْهِ مِنْ أَنْ يَكُونَ لَهُ مِثْلُ أَهْلِهِ وَمَالِهِ.").[301]
A Sahih Hadith is also found in Sahih Muslim – Abu Huraira reported Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) as saying: The Last Hour would not come until the Muslims fight with the Turks-a people whose faces would be like hammered shields wearing clothes of hair and walking (with shoes) of hair. (حَدَّثَنَا قُتَيْبَةُ بْنُ سَعِيدٍ، حَدَّثَنَا يَعْقُوبُ، – يَعْنِي ابْنَ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ – عَنْ سُهَيْلٍ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ، عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ، أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم قَالَ " لاَ تَقُومُ السَّاعَةُ حَتَّى يُقَاتِلَ الْمُسْلِمُونَ التُّرْكَ قَوْمًا وُجُوهُهُمْ كَالْمَجَانِّ الْمُطْرَقَةِ يَلْبَسُونَ الشَّعَرَ وَيَمْشُونَ فِي الشَّعَرِ " .).[13]
A Sahih Hadith is also found in Sunan Nasai – It was narrated from Abu Hurairah that the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said: "The Hour will not begin until the Muslims fight the Turks, a people with faces like hammered shields who wear clothes made of hair and shoes made of hair." (أَخْبَرَنَا قُتَيْبَةُ، قَالَ حَدَّثَنَا يَعْقُوبُ، عَنْ سُهَيْلٍ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ، عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ، أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم قَالَ " لاَ تَقُومُ السَّاعَةُ حَتَّى يُقَاتِلَ الْمُسْلِمُونَ التُّرْكَ قَوْمًا وُجُوهُهُمْ كَالْمَجَانِّ الْمُطَرَّقَةِ يَلْبَسُونَ الشَّعَرَ وَيَمْشُونَ فِي الشَّعَرِ " .)[13]
A Sahih Hadith is also found in Abu Dawud- Abu Hurairah reported the Prophet (May peace be upon him) as saying: The last hour will not come before the Muslims fight with the Turks, a people whose faces look as if they were shields covered with skin, and who will wear sandals of hair. (حَدَّثَنَا قُتَيْبَةُ، حَدَّثَنَا يَعْقُوبُ، – يَعْنِي الإِسْكَنْدَرَانِيَّ – عَنْ سُهَيْلٍ، – يَعْنِي ابْنَ أَبِي صَالِحٍ – عَنْ أَبِيهِ، عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ، أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم قَالَ " لاَ تَقُومُ السَّاعَةُ حَتَّى يُقَاتِلَ الْمُسْلِمُونَ التُّرْكَ قَوْمًا وُجُوهُهُمْ كَالْمَجَانِّ الْمُطْرَقَةِ يَلْبَسُونَ الشَّعْرَ " .)[13]
A Da'if Hadith is found in Abu Dawud – Buraidah said: In the tradition telling that people with small eyes, i.e. the Turks, will fight against you, the prophet (ﷺ) said: You will drive them off three times till you catch up with them in Arabia. On the first occasion when you drive them off those who fly will be safe, on the second occasion some will be safe and some will perish, but on the third occasion they will be extirpated, or he said words to that effect. (حَدَّثَنَا جَعْفَرُ بْنُ مُسَافِرٍ التِّنِّيسِيُّ، حَدَّثَنَا خَلاَّدُ بْنُ يَحْيَى، حَدَّثَنَا بَشِيرُ بْنُ الْمُهَاجِرِ، حَدَّثَنَا عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ بُرَيْدَةَ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ، عَنِ النَّبِيِّ صلى الله عليه وسلم فِي حَدِيثِ " يُقَاتِلُكُمْ قَوْمٌ صِغَارُ الأَعْيُنِ " . يَعْنِي التُّرْكَ قَالَ " تَسُوقُونَهُمْ ثَلاَثَ مِرَارٍ حَتَّى تُلْحِقُوهُمْ بِجَزِيرَةِ الْعَرَبِ فَأَمَّا فِي السِّيَاقَةِ الأُولَى فَيَنْجُو مَنْ هَرَبَ مِنْهُمْ وَأَمَّا فِي الثَّانِيَةِ فَيَنْجُو بَعْضٌ وَيَهْلِكُ بَعْضٌ وَأَمَّا فِي الثَّالِثَةِ فَيُصْطَلَمُونَ " . أَوْ كَمَا قَالَ .).[13]
The Arab Muslims identified Banu Qantura' (بنو قنطوراء) as the Turks.[187][109][110] They were described as the Banu Qantura' people with wide faces and small eyes,[111] or a people with flat faces and small eyes[13] they have faces like shields covered with leather,[113][114][115]
A Hadith is found in Abu Dawud – Narrated AbuBakrah: The Apostle of Allah (peace_be_upon_him) said: Some of my people will alight on low-lying ground, which they will call al-Basrah, beside a river called Dajjal (the Tigris) over which there is a bridge. Its people will be numerous and it will be one of the capital cities of immigrants (or one of the capital cities of Muslims, according to the version of Ibn Yahya who reported from AbuMa'mar). At the end of time the descendants of Qantura' will come with broad faces and small eyes and alight on the bank of the river. The town's inhabitants will then separate into three sections, one of which will follow cattle and (live in) the desert and perish, another of which will seek security for themselves and perish, but a third will put their children behind their backs and fight the invaders, and they will be the martyrs.[117]
Turks in European accounts
The Turkomans observe a difference between their children from Turkoman mothers, and those from the Persian female captives whom they take as wives, and the Kazakh women whom they purchase from the Uzbeks of Khiva. The Turkomans of pure race enjoy full privileges, while the others are not allowed to contract marriages with Turkoman women of pure blood, but must choose themselves wives among the half-castes and Kazakh captives.
As there exists a great animosity between the Yamuds and Goklans they do not intermarry, although they reckon themselves of equally noble lineage. The same hatred is extended to the Tekke Turkomans, whom the Goklans and Yamuds, moreover, look upon as their inferiors, being, according to their genealogies, the descendants of a slave-woman, whilst they are the posterity of a free-woman. (p. 71)
The more intimate connection of the Astrakhan and Kazan Tartars with the Mogols can be traced in their features; with the Nogay it is less visible. In like manner, the Turkomans further off in the desert, and the Uzbeks of Khive, have more of the Mogol expression than the Turkomans who encamp near the Persian frontier. The frequent intercourse of the Nogay, in latter years, with the Cherkess, seems to have improved their race; and notwithstanding the enmity that exists between the Turkomans and the Persians, it is still not unlikely that their close vicinity should have produced on the former a similar effect in a lapse of several centuries. The fact we have seen, that the Turkomans marry Persian women, when they take them as prisoners. The Turkoman women are, like the men, tall, and when young, well-shaped; their faces are rounder than those of the men; the cheek-bones less prominent; the eyes black, with fine eye-brows, and many with fair complexion; the nose is rather flat; the mouth small, with a row of regular white teeth. In a word, a great number of the younger part of the community might be reckoned as fair specimens of pretty women. (p. 73)
Bode, C.A. "The Yamud and Goklan tribes of Turkomania". Journal of the London Ethnological Society, vol. 1, 1848, pp. 60–78.
Modern history
The Ottoman Empire gradually grew weaker in the face of poor administration, repeated wars with Russia and Austro-Hungary, and the emergence of nationalist movements in the Balkans, and it finally gave way after World War I to the present-day Republic of Turkey. Ethnic nationalism also developed in Ottoman Empire during the 19th century, taking the form of Pan-Turkism or Turanism.
The Turkic peoples of Central Asia were not organized in nation-states during most of the 20th century, after the collapse of the Russian Empire living either in the Soviet Union or (after a short-lived First East Turkestan Republic) in the Chinese Republic.
In 1991, after the disintegration of the Soviet Union, five Turkic states gained their independence. These were Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. Other Turkic regions such as Tatarstan, Tuva, and Yakutia remained in the Russian Federation. Chinese Turkestan remained part of the People's Republic of China.
Immediately after the independence of the Turkic states, Turkey began seeking diplomatic relations with them. Over time political meetings between the Turkic countries increased and led to the establishment of TÜRKSOY in 1993 and later the Turkic Council in 2009.
Ethnic groups
Turkic ethnic groups are prominent in the world today and there have been Turkic nations in the past.
The modern list includes:
The historical list includes:
The origins of the Huns, Tuoba, and Xiongnu are unknown but may be of Turkic ancestry.[22][188][9]
Geographical distribution
Many of the Turkic peoples have their homelands in Central Asia, where the Turkic peoples settled from China. According to historian John Foster, "The Turks emerge from among the Huns in the middle of [the] fifth century. They were living in Liang territory when it began to be overrun by the greater principality of Wei. Preferring to remain under the rule of their own kind, they moved westward into what is now the province of Kansu. This was the territory of kindred Huns, who were called the Rouran. The Turks were a small tribe of only five hundred families, and they became serfs to the Rouran, who used them as iron-workers. It is thought that the original meaning of "Turk" is "helmet", and that they may have taken this name because of the shape of one of the hills near which they worked. As their numbers and power grew, their chief made bold to ask for the hand of a Rouran princess in marriage. The demand was refused, and war followed. In 546, the iron-workers defeated their overlords." Since then Turkic languages have spread, through migrations and conquests, to other locations including present-day Turkey. While the term "Turk" may refer to a member of any Turkic people, the term Turkish usually refers specifically to the people and language of the modern country of Turkey.
The Turkic languages constitute a language family of some 30 languages, spoken across a vast area from Eastern Europe and the Mediterranean, to Siberia and Western China, and through to the Middle East.
Some 170 million people have a Turkic language as their native language;[6] an additional 20 million people speak a Turkic language as a second language. The Turkic language with the greatest number of speakers is Turkish proper, or Anatolian Turkish, the speakers of which account for about 40% of all Turkic speakers. More than one third of these are ethnic Turks of Turkey, dwelling predominantly in Turkey proper and formerly Ottoman-dominated areas of Eastern Europe and West Asia; as well as in Western Europe, Australia and the Americas as a result of immigration. The remainder of the Turkic people are concentrated in Central Asia, Russia, the Caucasus, China, and northern Iraq.
At present, there are six independent Turkic countries: Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Turkey, Uzbekistan; There are also several Turkic national subdivisions[119] in the Russian Federation including Bashkortostan, Tatarstan, Chuvashia, Khakassia, Tuva, Yakutia, the Altai Republic, Kabardino-Balkaria, and Karachayevo-Cherkessiya. Each of these subdivisions has its own flag, parliament, laws, and official state language (in addition to Russian).
The Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region in western China and the autonomous region of Gagauzia, located within eastern Moldova and bordering Ukraine to the north, are two major autonomous Turkic regions. The Autonomous Republic of Crimea within Ukraine is a home of Crimean Tatars. In addition, there are several communities found in Iraq, Georgia, Bulgaria, the Republic of Macedonia, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, and western Mongolia.
The Turks in Turkey are over 60 million[162] to 70 million worldwide, while the second largest Turkic people are the Azerbaijanis, numbering 22 to 38 million worldwide; most of them live in Azerbaijan and Iran.
Turks in India are very small in number. There are barely 150 Turkish people from Turkey in India. These are recent immigrants. Descendants of Turkish rulers also exist in Northern India. Mughals who are part Turkic people also live in India in significant numbers. They are descendants of the Mughal rulers of India. Karlugh Turks are also found in the Haraza region and in smaller number in Azad Kashmir region of Pakistan. Small amount of Uyghurs are also present in India. Turks also exist in Pakistan in similar proportions. One of the tribe in Hazara region of Pakistan is Karlugh Turks which is direct descendant of Turks of Central Asia. Turkish influence in Pakistan can be seen through the national language, Urdu, which comes from a Turkish word meaning "horde" or "army".
The Western Yugur at Gansu in China, Salar at Qinghai in China, the Dolgan at Krasnoyarsk Krai in Russia, and the Nogai at Dagestan in Russia are the Turk minorities in the respective regions.
International organizations
There are several international organizations created with the purpose of furthering cooperation between countries with Turkic-speaking populations, such as the Joint Administration of Turkic Arts and Culture (TÜRKSOY) and the Parliamentary Assembly of Turkic-speaking Countries (TÜRKPA).
The newly established Turkic Council, founded on November 3, 2009 by the Nakhchivan Agreement confederation, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Turkey, aims to integrate these organizations into a tighter geopolitical framework.
The TAKM – Organization of the Eurasian Law Enforcement Agencies with Military Status, established on 25 January 2013.
The distribution of people of Turkic cultural background ranges from Siberia, across Central Asia, to Eastern Europe. As of 2011 the largest groups of Turkic people live throughout Central Asia—Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Azerbaijan, in addition to Turkey and Iran. Additionally, Turkic people are found within Crimea, Altishahr region of western China, northern Iraq, Israel, Russia, Afghanistan, and the Balkans: Moldova, Bulgaria, Romania, and former Yugoslavia. A small number of Turkic people also live in Vilnius, the capital of Lithuania. Small numbers inhabit eastern Poland and the south-eastern part of Finland.[162] There are also considerable populations of Turkic people (originating mostly from Turkey) in Germany, United States, and Australia, largely because of migrations during the 20th century.
Sometimes ethnographers group Turkic people into six branches: the Oghuz Turks, Kipchak, Karluk, Siberian, Chuvash, and Sakha/Yakut branches. The Oghuz have been termed Western Turks, while the remaining five, in such a classificatory scheme, are called Eastern Turks.
Much of the Turkic population of Central Asia has significant Caucasoid and Mongoloid ancestry. The genetic distances between the different populations of Uzbeks scattered across Uzbekistan is no greater than the distance between many of them and the Karakalpaks. This suggests that Karakalpaks and Uzbeks have very similar origins. The Karakalpaks have a somewhat greater bias towards the eastern markers than the Uzbeks.[162]
Historical population:
|2–2.5 million?
|150–200 million
The Turkic people display a great variety of ethnic types.[162] They possess physical features ranging from Caucasoid to Northern Mongoloid. Mongoloid and Caucasoid facial structure is common among many Turkic groups, such as Chuvash people, Tatars, Kazakhs, Uzbeks, and Bashkirs.
The following incomplete list of Turkic people shows the respective groups' core areas of settlement and their estimated sizes (in millions):
|Primary homeland
|Modern language
|Predominant religion and sect
|Sunni Islam
|Iranian Azerbaijan, Republic of Azerbaijan
|Shia Islam
|Sunni Islam
|Sunni Islam
|Altishahr (China)
|Sunni Islam
|Sunni Islam
|Sunni Islam
|Sunni Islam
|Bashkortostan (Russia)
|Sunni Islam
|Crimean Tatars
|Crimea (Russia/Ukraine)
0090.5 to 2 M
|Crimean Tatar
|Sunni Islam
|Southern Iran
|Shia Islam
|Orthodox Christianity
|Karakalpakstan (Uzbekistan)
|Sunni Islam
|Yakutia (Russia)
|Orthodox Christianity
|Dagestan (Russia)
|Sunni Islam
|Karachays and Balkars
|Karachay-Cherkessia and Kabardino-Balkaria (Russia)
|Sunni Islam
|Tuva (Russia)
|Tibetan Buddhism
|Gagauzia (Moldova)
|Orthodox Christianity
|Turkic Karaites and Krymchaks
|Karaim and Krymchak
The Turkic alphabets are sets of related alphabets with letters (formerly known as runes), used for writing mostly Turkic languages. Inscriptions in Turkic alphabets were found in Mongolia. Most of the preserved inscriptions were dated to between 8th and 10th centuries CE.
The earliest positively dated and read Turkic inscriptions date from c. 150, and the alphabets were generally replaced by the Old Uyghur alphabet in the Central Asia, Arabic script in the Middle and Western Asia, Greek-derived Cyrillic in Eastern Europe and in the Balkans, and Latin alphabet in Central Europe. The latest recorded use of Turkic alphabet was recorded in Central Europe's Hungary in 1699 CE.
The Turkic runiform scripts, unlike other typologically close scripts of the world, do not have a uniform palaeography as, for example, have the Gothic runes, noted for the exceptional uniformity of its language and paleography.[162] The Turkic alphabets are divided into four groups, the best known of them is the Orkhon version of the Enisei group. The Orkhon script is the alphabet used by the Göktürks from the 8th century to record the Old Turkic language. It was later used by the Uyghur Empire; a Yenisei variant is known from 9th-century Kyrgyz inscriptions, and it has likely cousins in the Talas Valley of Turkestan and the Old Hungarian script of the 10th century.
The Turkic language family is traditionally considered to be part of the proposed Altaic language family.[122][162][162]
The various Turkic languages are usually considered in geographical groupings: the Oghuz (or Southwestern) languages, the Kypchak (or Northwestern) languages, the Eastern languages (like Uygur), the Northern languages (like Altay and Yakut), and one existing Oghur language: Chuvash (the other Oghur languages, like Hunnic and Bulgaric, are now extinct). The high mobility and intermixing of Turkic peoples in history makes an exact classification extremely difficult.
The Turkish language belongs to the Oghuz subfamily of Turkic. It is for the most part mutually intelligible with the other Oghuz languages, which include Azerbaijani, Gagauz, Turkmen and Urum, and to a varying extent with the other Turkic languages.
Early Turkic mythology and Tengrism
Pre-Islamic Turkic mythology was dominated by Tengrism and shamanism. The chief deity was Tengri, a sky god, worshipped by the upper classes of early Turkic society until Manichaeism was introduced as the official religion of the Uyghur Empire in 763. The wolf symbolizes honour and is also considered the mother of most Turkic peoples. Asena (Ashina Tuwu) is the wolf mother of Tumen Il-Qağan, the first Khan of the Göktürks. The horse is also one of the main figures of Turkic mythology.
Religious conversions
Tengri Bögü Khan made the now extinct Manichaeism the state religion of Uyghur Khaganate in 763 and it was also popular in Karluks. It was gradually replaced by the Mahayana Buddhism. It existed in the Buddhist Uyghur Gaochang up to the 12th century.[162]
Tibetan Buddhism, or Vajrayana was the main religion after Manichaeism.[162] They worshipped Täŋri Täŋrisi Burxan,[163] Quanšï Im Pusar[163] and Maitri Burxan.[163] Turkic Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent and west Xinjiang attributed with a rapid and almost total disappearance of it and other religions in North India and Central Asia. The Sari Uygurs "Yellow Yughurs" of Western China, as well as the Tuvans and Altai of Russia are the only remaining Buddhist Turkic peoples.
The Krymchaks of Eastern Europe (Especially Crimea) are Jewish, and there are Turks of Jewish backgrounds who live in major cities such as Istanbul, Ankara and Baku. The Khazars widely practiced Judaism before their conversion to Islam.
Even though many Turkic peoples became Muslims under the influence of Sufis, often of Shī'ah persuasion, most Turkic people today are Sunni Muslims, although a significant number in Turkey are Alevis. Alevi Turks, who were once primarily dwelling in eastern Anatolia, are today concentrated in major urban centers in western Turkey with the increased urbanism.
The major Christian-Turkic peoples are the Chuvash of Chuvashia and the Gagauz (Gökoğuz) of Moldova. The traditional religion of the Chuvash of Russia, while containing many ancient Turkic concepts, also shares some elements with Zoroastrianism, Khazar Judaism, and Islam. The Chuvash converted to Eastern Orthodox Christianity for the most part in the second half of the 19th century. As a result, festivals and rites were made to coincide with Orthodox feasts, and Christian rites replaced their traditional counterparts. A minority of the Chuvash still profess their traditional faith.[163] Church of the East was popular among Turks such as the Naimans.[163] It even revived in Gaochang and expanded in Xinjiang in the Yuan dynasty period.[163][163][163] It disappeared after its collapse.[163][163]
Old sports
The Kyz kuu (chase the girl) – it has been played by Turkic people at festivals since time immemorial.
The Jereed – Horses have been essential and even sacred animals for Turks living as nomadic tribes in the Central Asian steppes. Turks were born, grew up, lived, fought and died on horseback. So became jereed the most important sporting and ceremonial game of Turkish people.[190]
The kokpar began with the nomadic Turkic peoples who have come from farther north and east spreading westward from China and Mongolia between the 10th and 15th centuries.
The jigit which is used in the Caucasus and Central Asia to describe a skillful and brave equestrian, or a brave person in general.


text:
The Frame Up
Welcome to The Frame Up.
The Frame Up is a friendly, stylish family owned and operated custom picture frame shop that has been serving the Fort Worth metroplex since 1970. At The Frame Up, we will assist you in designing a product that reflects your personality and tastes, while enhancing your artwork or personal treasures. We take tremendous pride in the reputation and legacy that has been developed over the years serving you, our customers.
At The Frame Up, we feature the largest selection in Fort Worth of the best frames priced much lower than other shops, and we constantly update our selection to give you access to the latest and most original styles. We also offer museum quality materials and archival processes to protect your art and your investment. All this in a friendly, welcoming, and professional atmosphere for first-timers and seasoned designers alike, at a lower cost.
Whether you're framing a new snapshot on a budget, a priceless oil you've been reluctant to entrust to strangers, that special gift for a loved one, or just need a mat, you can rely on our expertise, and find more choices at great prices at The Frame Up.
The Frame Up – Where Quality and Customer Satisfaction is the Lasting Impression!
The Frame Up
4919 Camp Bowie Blvd.
Fort Worth, Texas 76107
Phone: (817) 731-2551
Store Hours:
Tuesday – Friday: 10:00 am to 5:30 pm Saturday: 10:00 am to 4:00 pm
A Bend in the Brazos
Blair Currin
Oil on Board, 18" x 24"

subset: commoncrawl


text:
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Elizabeth Olwen, ORGANIC, CORDUROY, Floratopia Soft 5 Total
Each 1/2 Yard measures: ~18" x 44/45"
You will receive a 1/2 yard of each of the following:
CORDUROY, Blush
CORDUROY, Peaceful Easy Feeling Ivory
CORDUROY, Limestone
CORDUROY, Go Your Own Way
CORDUROY, Pool
Fiber Content: 100% ORGANIC Cotton
If you would like to have 1 full yard of each, please enter 2 in the Qty Box.
Yardage is cut in one continuous piece when possible.
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text:
The series will gravitate around a edible experiment where, as the winter evenings draw in, we will challenge a chef to cook up a cure for melancholy, following the suggestions for food, drink and lifestyle in Robert Burton's seminal 1621 text The Anatomy of Melancholy.
Bad Behaviour In The Kitchen. Thursday 29 September 2011
Packed Lunch: Breastfeeding. Wednesday 5 October 2011
Healthcare and Housewifery. Thursday 6 October 2011
Library Insight: Nourishing the Nation. Thursday 13 October 2011
Library Insight: The Cook's Tour. Tuesday 25 October 2011 & Thursday 3 November 2011
Supper Salon: Future Food, with Stefan Gates. Wednesday 26 October 2011
A Feast to Cure Melancholy. Friday 11 November & Saturday 12 November
Reading Between the Lines. Thursday 17 November 2011


text:
James W. Wright Jr.
Vocational teacher
Services for James W. Wright Jr., who taught in the Baltimore school system's vocational schools for about 10 years, will be held at 7:30 p.m. today at Cookley's Community Baptist Church, 1208 Walnut Ave.
Mr. Wright, who was 66 and lived on Willow Avenue, died Thursday at Johns Hopkins Hospital of a respiratory illness.
Since September, he taught science at the Harford Institute after teaching courses in electronics at the Westside Skills Center.
Before becoming a teacher, he worked for the State Highway Administration and earlier for Martin Marietta Corp. after being transferred to the Baltimore area while working for the Radio Division of Bendix Corp.


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Volunteer Opportunities
The Zero Waste Squad program is a joint peer-led volunteer program open to UBC students brought to you by UBC Sustainability, AMS Sustainability and Common Energy UBC. Get involved today and help UBC become a zero waste campus! We are currently hiring volunteers for Jumpstart and Imagine Day. Please contact us if you are interested in helping out with the Squad, and making a difference through educating the campus community about recycling and composting.
Email: email@example.com


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Carrizozo Works
Services / Professional Services
Call (575) 648-8500Directions
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location on Google Maps.
location on Google Maps.
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on social media.
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The mission and purpose of Carrizozo Works Inc. is to improve the quality of life in Carrizozo, NM and the surrounding area though careful planning, education and open communication so as encourage community development, economic growth, and cultural diversity.


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We were going away for the weekend, so I hired a dog sitter, a young woman named Karen. I gave her the house key a few days in advance and we reviewed the dog's routine. "If you need me, just call my cell," she said.
After we'd arrived at our destination, my husband urged me to call Karen. "Just make sure everything is okay," he said. I didn't want to call. I didn't want to seem like an overbearing mother. Instead, I did what any modern woman would do. I texted.
I typed in her cell phone number and sent the following message: "Hi, it's Lisa. Hope all is well. I miss my guy." I pushed send.
Moments later I heard the Sherwood Forest hunting horn signaling an incoming text. I read.
"This is Cindi. You texted my husband's phone. Who the hell is Lisa?"
I dropped the phone. "Oh my god," I said, shaking my hands as if they'd been tased. "I sent the text to the wrong number."
My husband picked up the phone from the floor between my feet and read the curt exchange. His eyebrows rose and he took a step back, putting distance between us. "That's bad." He held out the phone but I clasped my hands together, refusing to take it back. He placed it on a chair and tiptoed away. With his hands up in surrender, he said: "That's really bad."
We stared at the phone. "What is going to happen?" I whispered. What was I expecting? That Cindi and her husband were going to hunt us down and demand a reasonable explanation?
"Seems to me," my husband said, "Cindi's husband has some 'splainin' to do." His Ricky Ricardo accent did nothing to calm my panic.
"What do you think I should do?" I asked. "If I write back that it was a wrong number, she will be instantly suspicious."
"Too late," he shrugged. "She's already suspicious." I did the only thing I knew how to do. I reached over and very surreptitiously turned the phone off.
We met friends for dinner that night. "What should I do?" I'd explained my texting mishap and asked their advice.
Send an apology. Don't send an apology.
Call to explain. Don't call to explain.
No one had any idea what the proper procedure was.
"I'm sure this happens all the time," one friend said. "There must be an app for that," one woman joked, pulling out her phone. "I'll Google it."
I arched away. "I've had enough phone excitement for one day. Anyway, I'm not much of a texter."
"Obviously," my husband laughed, but he quickly, wisely, cut himself off. His cell phone skills were hardly limber; neither of us felt the need to embellish that point.
"I never text," one man said. "My fingers are too big for the touch screen."
"Mine too," his wife agreed. "I wish they hadn't changed to the touch screen. I was just getting good at the buttons."
The Google search was hardly helpful. "It says not to text while having dinner with friends," she read aloud, seemingly unaware of an obvious incongruity. "And you shouldn't text while intoxicated." She sucked an olive off the skewer and washed it down with a gulp of martini.
"You should really use T9," the man across from me said. "It makes texting so much faster."
I shook my head. "I'm waiting for that technology to become obsolete so I don't have to figure it out," I said. "Shouldn't be too long."
I never did decide what to do about Cindi. I asked my grown children, but they did not seem to grasp my interest in propriety. "Basically you're screwed," one son said.
The other son simply studied my face as if to determine what species I was from. No help there.
Somewhere, some poor guy is looking up at the long, narrow end of a shotgun, and there is nothing I can do to help him.
I'm sorry, whoever you are.


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The first U.S. public viewing of a high-definition television production opened here last week to mixed reviews, technical difficulties and a picket line.
But by week's end, the glitches, at least, had been eliminated, and over 700 people had attended the five-night run at the newly renovated Ed Sullivan Theater.
The taped show, an HD Pacific production of the Seattle Opera's performance of Prokofiev's "War And Peace," drew decent notices from most of the New York dailies. The Daily News and The New York Times both mentioned the technical hangups but generally praised the opera; only New public York Newsday panned both the technology and the show, a four-hour depiction of the events leading to the Russian Revolution, featuring a Soviet-American cast of 250.
The April 23 preem, marking the 100th anniversary of Prokofiev's birth, was fraught with problems, according to program co-producer Robin Willcourt. Opening night had the program simultaneously projected on two side-by-side 20-foot-wide screens, and the double image, Will court noted, troubled many people, "especially the opera critics."
Subtitles projected between the two screens further distracted some observers. And Willcourt said that at one point the screens filled with video color bars.
Also, there were some inconsistencies involving the quality of the projection. Willcourt said part of the problem was that the high-definition image was being transmitted via an analog tape. He said that future performances will use a digital version. (Negotiations are underway to take the production to England.)
By April 25, the show, carrying a $25 admission, was running without a hitch. After a reported tirade by Speight Jenkins, head of the Seattle Opera, the show was projected on one screen only, with subtitles at the bottom.
Outside the theater, however, a different kind of problem was taking place as Local 306 of the Projectionist's Union set up a picket line.
"They refused to employ our members," said union spokesman Steve D'Inzillo. "We were told there was no need for attention to the machines once they were set up. Apparently that wasn't the case." He said he's hoping to sit down with theater owner David Niles this week to iron out an agreement.
Niles, the HDTV producer and impresario who recently bought the Sullivan Theater, said only, "It's a long story."
Willcourt said he is negotiating with at least two companies for the homevideo rights to "War And Peace." Homevid viewers will, of course, see an ordinary tv version of the show. Down-conversions from HDTV to NTSC and PAL broadcast standards are being done at NHK in Tokyo.
The production, which used six HDTV cameras, cost $750,000 to shoot. Postproduction expenses drove the total production cost to about $1 million, which Willcourt said still is cheaper than using conventional 35m film.


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After landing, please proceed to the baggage claim area of the airport. Take your luggage and leave the security area, the person transfer will be waiting for you so please look out for a sign with your name.
All Inclusive from 3 p.m.
Bar Crawling "Playacrawl"
The meeting point for the bar crawling event is located on the Quinta Avenida in Downtown Playa del Carmen in walking distance to the hotel El Tukan [about 10 minutes by foot]. Start at 10.15pm until 03:00 am
Experience an unforgettable bar crawling evening in Playa del Carmen with three exclusive bars and clubs. VIP entrances, reserved tables, a guided bar crawl, bottle service and much more will expect you in a public group or even privately, if desired. Look forward to a fantastic evening in the dazzling night live of Playa del Carmen.
(All you can drink all night (10:15 pm to 03:00 am) - Drinks include domestic Vodka, Rum, Tequila, Gin, (Margaritas, Mojitos, Daiquiris, etc. all cocktails you can make with this liquors) and beer (no premium alcohol or energy drinks are included), also unlimited bottle service on at least two clubs per night)
All inclusive available all day.
Tulum & Beach (SIB Pick-Up and SIB Drop-Off at meeting point at Gran Porto Hotel* [about 3 minutes by foot]) Start at 07:00 am until 04:00 pm
Your tour will take you to the Mayan rock fortress of Tulum, located di-rectly on the Caribbean Sea. What remained of the great Mayan city is only the temple area with the palace. Other buildings include the Templo del Dios Descendente and the Templo de los Frescos. Tulum`s appeal lies in the interaction of the ruins with the white sand and turquoise water. Experience the breathtakingly beautiful ruins of Tulum and enjoy a re-laxed lunch at the beach with enough time for a jump into the crystal-clear water.
*The meeting point for the Pick-Up/Drop-off may change, but any chang-es will be forwarded to the clients
Playa del Carmen - Xel-Ha (Journey / 48.0 km / 50 Min.)
Xel-Ha (SIB Pick-Up and SIB Drop-Off at meeting point at Gran Porto Ho-tel* [about 3 minutes by foot]) Start at 07:15 am until 07:00 pm
The water eco-park Xel-Ha consists of a large lagoon with cenotes and mangrove forests and is considered the largest natural aquarium in the world. The park offers you all kinds of watersports activities from snorkel-ing to aquatic zip-lines and many more to explore the park and have a fun day. You will be picked up directly at your hotel and guided through the astonishing surroundings of Xel-Ha.
(Includes: Eat and drink all you want with buffet and domestic open bar during your visit: continental breakfast from 9:30 a.m. to 11:30 am, lunch buffet from 11:30 am to 5:30 pm, domestic open bar and unlimited non-alcohol beverages.)
Xel-Ha - Playa del Carmen (Journey / 47.0 km / 40 Min.)
*The meeting point for the Pick-Up/Drop-off may change, but any chang-es will be forwarded to the clients
The club Coco Bongo is situated in walking distance from the hotel El Tukan [about 5 minutes by foot]
Enjoy a memorable night in one of Playa del Carmen's most exclusive clubs and watch the fascinating performance of acrobats, dancers and singers. With a regular ticket you will waste no time waiting in line to get in and enjoy unlimited national drinks from 10:30 p.m. to 3:30 a.m.
Transfer back to the airport
All inclusive available until 12 midday.
Accommodation is 12 minutes walk from the beach. Surrounded by tropical flora and fauna located on the famous 5th Avenue and features free WiFi throughout.
La Ceiba Bar & Buffet restaurant offers breakfast, lunch and dinner; while the à la carte restaurant Los Tulipanes Bar & Cenote overlooks the 5th Avenue and serves international dishes and Mexican-style cuisine.
The Legends Sport Bar & Grill features a variety of beverages and a terrace, and the Kool Beach Club Bar & Restaurant offers stunning sea views
Trusted by travellers since 1979
We guarantee to beat any price
Low deposits, Book now. Pay later.
24/7/365 Help on the road
Trip Name: Beach Break Riviera Maya
Duration: 6 Days
From Price: $2,130
Supplier Tour ID: RIMBC5/206215
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We specialise in gas hot water systems; storage or continuous flow, natural gas and LPG.
We Offer
- Free, no-obligation quotes
- Fully itemised invoices right down to the last fitting
- Gas certificates for all applicable gas works
- Open communication from beginning to end
- 100% satisfaction guarantee
We offer reliable advice on all aspects of plumbing and gas fitting and can provide expert advice.
With ECL Group you'll get fast, efficient and friendly service, We expect nothing less than the highest standards of workmanship from our team, and back all of our work with a 100% satisfaction guarantee - If for any reason you're unhappy with the job, your tradesmen or the products used, just let us know and we'll fix the problem at no extra cost.
We offer reliable advice on all aspects of plumbing and gas fitting and can provide expert advice for all commercial work.
Commercial Maintenance
For all your commercial, facilities and managed property plumbing needs nationwide, rely on the quality workmanship and experience of the nationwide ECL Group team.
Gas Fitting
Enjoy endless hot water with a continuous flow water heater, gas fire installations or cooktops.


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Real Betis vs. Barcelona: 6 Things We LearnedNovember 10, 2013
Real Betis vs. Barcelona: 6 Things We Learned
Real Betis' Estadio Benito Villamarin ground was, as expected, packed full for the visit of Barcelona.
A trip to this part of Andalusia is always a test for any visiting team, and Pepe Mel wasn't going to allow some disappointing form get in the way of how he would set his stall out in this one.
Tata Martino continues to just "get on with it." As we approach mid-November, a pragmatic approach to every game has seen him yet to lose a game of any description. A quite astonishing statistic.
Let's take a look at six things we learned from the match.
The Continuing Emergence of Marc Bartra
Tata Martino elected to leave Gerard Pique at home and pair the returning Carles Puyol with young Marc Bartra.
Frankly, the young Catalan could've done nothing more to persuade Martino to give him a more permanent residency at the heart of the Barca defence.
Strong in every tackle, his timing was perfect and he covered the ground with ease to rebuff any danger.
A magnificent goal-saving challenge on 50 minutes was the highlight of an accomplished performance.
A growing confidence in the role is in stark contrast to the error-prone Pique.
Food for thought, Tata?
Betis Deserving of Bottom Place in La Liga?
Right from the off, and not unexpectedly, Real Betis stood up to be counted against their more celebrated opponents.
Despite having nine first-teamers unavailable, Pepe Mel's bottom-placed side looked anything but in the opening exchanges.
That Neymar's opener was against the run of play gives a flavour of how poor the Blaugrana had been to that point, even if they were to step things up thereafter.
The manager and supporters of the Beticos will expect more performances to the standard of the first 30 minutes throughout the rest of this La Liga season.
No Protection for Neymar and Messi
Perhaps his reputation precedes him, but Neymar was afforded no protection from the officials this evening.
Time and again he was buffeted, bullied and harangued, but the referee was content to let things go in the main. Marcus Steinhoffer's assault on the Brazilian as early as the 12th minute, that went unpunished, set the tone for the rest of the match.
However, the challenge which saw Lionel Messi leave the field was criminal in its intent.
That the official didn't even produce a yellow card for that challenge is indicative of the refereeing standards in Spain.
Superior Victor Valdes
The first-class concentration levels and goalkeeping excellence of Victor Valdes were once again to the fore in this game.
Twice in two first half minutes, Valdes produced saves that were simply world class.
Out quickly to deny Jorge Molina after a period of relative inactivity, Valdes then produced something akin to the famous Gordon Banks save from Pele.
Covering the entire width of the goal as he raced to the right-hand side, Valdes managed to push Juan Carlos' header aside, hitting the post as he did so.
A last minute penalty to deny him a clean sheet was hard luck on the keeper.
A stunning performance.
A Convenient Two Week Break for Messi?
The evidence was there for all to see, the challenge on Messi disgusting.
If the officials had the benefit of slow motion replays, then Real Betis would certainly have been a man lighter for the rest of the game.
However, the Argentine has survived closer attention than that which he received tonight.
A distinct lack of urgent medical assistance both as Messi stood by the touchline, and whilst on the bench, suggest that the injury is perhaps not as bad as feared.
It affords the player a two week rest coming as it does at the start of international week. Games that mean nothing as the Albiceleste have already qualified for World Cup 2014.
State of the Pitch
For a top level fixture, the state of the Betis pitch was simply not good enough.
Threadbare in places, as early as the fourth minute a sliding tackle from Alex Song took up a huge divot of the pitch.
By half-time, the pitch had cut up so badly, it's a wonder either team could play any sort of cohesive football.
It was more paddy field than lush green carpet.


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Sunspree Hotel - Reader Reports & Opinion
These reports are a combination of questions and comment posted in our Sunspree Hotel forum and visitor reports added via the 'Add Report' tab above. The votes awarded are weighted by volume and date to give a truer representation of reader satisfaction [more details].
Reader Satisfaction Ranking: Weighted ranking based on 16 votes = 4.6 (max 5)
Guest Report
Ann-Marie Potter-Nanton from Trinidad visited in August 2015 and awarded
My stay at Sun Spree Resort was very satisfying and relaxing. The accommodations are great, and very affordable; you have absolute privacy in the rooms, which are equipped with a mini refrigerator, AC and cable TV and the swimming pool was great for relaxing after a long day at the beach. i definitely would be returning for a visit and have recommended this hotel to other persons.
Guest Report
Jodi & Darrin from Trinidad visited in September 2013 and awarded
This resort is recommended to visitors looking for a cosy, affordable vacation getaway. The premises is well maintained with the landscaping features adding to the beauty of the resort. The additional touch of relaxing lounges around the pool is unique and also makes your getaway experience. The rooms for two persons were spacious enough and very clean, simple but cosy. The staff is warm and very friendly especially the caretaker and Arlene who is just the sweetest, very accomodating and a blessed soul. On check out Arlene enquired about our departure and when she heard that the boat schedule changed she allowed us to stay in the room and use the facilities until we were ready to leave at 8pm.
I enjoyed my three day getaway at the resort conveniently located close to Store Bay and I will definitely be returning maybe sooner that I was anticipating.
Thanks Sunspree, keep up the excellent service.
Guest Report
Emery Grant from Trinidad visited in January 2013 and awarded
Friendly staff,rooms very well upkept cant complain.Fresh towels everyday was a plus,great room service. Dining area could have a little improvment to promote more ambients and even a more "wow" feeling about hotel.But generally great place to stay.
Guest Report
Sasha Persaud from Trinidad visited in May 2012 and awarded
Spent 5 nights with my family at Sunspree and it was well worth it. The price per night was worth every dollar for the great service, serene atmosphere, clean/spacious rooms and wonderful location. I would recommend this hotel to anyone! There is a restaurant on the compound and I do recommend you try at least breakfast- Darcelle is a wonderful cook!! The staff here go the extra mile to ensure that your stay is as comfortable as possible and that you a always happy! Great going Sun Spree!!!
Guest Report
Emmanuel Navarro from Trinidad visited in May 2012 and awarded
I didn't stay at Sunspree hotel but I was at the restaurant with a friend of mine who stayed there for a night the only problem she got was that it didnt have any shower curtains in the bathroom. The place is very nice it's just like there pictures I will be staying there with my fiancée on June 29th 2012 for 3 days but I must say the food there is great look out for my full review in July 2012


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GARLAND (CBSDFW.COM) – Yesterday 7-11 clerk Yosef Tulu was shot and killed. Today police arrested the teenager who they believe is responsible for the crime caught on tape.
Police arrested 18-year-old Colten Jon Moore without incident.
Officials say a tip received had enough credible information that a search warrant was obtained for a house in the 2900 block of Creek Valley Drive. Moore was arrested at the house that sits, which sits less than one mile from the 7-11 store where Tulu was murdered.
It was in the early morning hours of January 21 when a person wearing a mask and dark-colored jacket walked in to the convenience store at Firewheel Parkway and Pleasant Valley.
Video showed the person, believed now to be Moore, carrying a rifle by his side. The person immediately walked to the clerk and robbed the store. After shooting Tulu the killer walks out of the store carrying a bag. A deliveryman later discovered Tulu's body.
Moore is being charged with Capital Murder. His bond has been set at $1,000,000.
(©2014 CBS Local Media, a division of CBS Radio Inc. All Rights Reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed.)
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"Every block of stone has a statue inside it and it is the task of the sculptor to discover it." Michelangelo
When I see a horse I see a piece of art or at least the raw materials. As a trainer it is my job to see beyond the surface and look for the possibilities. Then slowly, over years of training, it is my job to uncover and make visible to others what I have seen.
That is also my job as a parent in a way. When we influence others it can either be in a positive way that uncovers the beauty that we see or it can be in a destructive way that destroys the potential.


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At Believe Big we offer wellness grants to help support patients as they learn about Mistletoe and Connect patients with physicians trained in mistletoe therapy, and the resources necessary to help them advocate for their own health.
Grant Purpose
To see cancer patients and their families discover their pathway to healing.
1. The patient must have a diagnosis of cancer.
2. Grants may be made for or on behalf of the patient, family member or unrelated care giver.
3. Grants may be made for the purpose of providing stipends for the initial consult to a physician trained in mistletoe or nutrition therapy.
4. Physician must be approved with Believe Big and located in the United States.
To Apply:
Please first email us at: email@example.com or call 888-317-5850 and speak to a Believe Big patient advocate.
Grants will be processed within 30 days.


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June – a revolutionary oven from founders of iPhone
The big iron box for the cooking, standing in the middle of your kitchen, not strongly changed the last 50 years. Pair of konvektsionny fans here, pair of light-emitting diode displays there, but the main technologies remained untouched. What a difference the oven of June which by right applies to become the following innovative device after the invention of the microwave oven.
Her founders are known for such brands, as iPhone, FitBit, GoPro and Lyft.
June is the first furnace, capable to understand that you are going to prepare. She is ready to make for you all work irrespective of, it is how sure you feel in kitchen.
Matt van Horn (Matt van Horn), one of coauthors of the project, says that big technological innovations in kitchen was not observed since 1970. The second cofounder of June is the former engineer of Apple Nikhil Bkhogal (Nikhil Bhogal).
The desktop oven of June is the first product of these children, and it is not similar to one kitchen device in your house. One party of the furnace is executed from transparent threefold glass. Instead of several switches one is used only. As addition to it the 5-inch touchscreen built in a door serves.
High heatproductivity of June is reached at the expense of use of carbon fiber heating elements. In only two minutes the oven is warmed up to 350 degrees, and without the aid of konvektsionny fans. The standard furnace gets warm to such temperature approximately in 15 minutes. Thus the case of an oven of June remains cold even at temperature of heating of 500 degrees that is very important if small children are a row.
However one of the main features of June is automatic control of temperature and a preparation time of dishes. Here where to a course there is an intelligence. The furnace independently distinguishes and weighs the loaded components. Eyes of June is the internal chamber. Such is not present in one oven with heating to 500 degrees, developers speak.
It should be noted that the June team has a wide experience of work with chambers. Bkhogal developed chambers for several generations of iPhone. On his name some patents of Apple are written down. Besides the hi-tech chamber and the 4-nuclear NVIDIA Tegra K1 processor the intellectual furnace uses the algorithms of machine training similar on what are used by Google for search of photos in a content. It allows June to distinguish various types of food.
To watch cooking it is possible through iPhone. The smartphone also will let know when the dish will be ready.
The intellectual June furnace is available to the advanced order on an advance payment of 95 dollars. The overall cost of a gadget makes 1495 dollars. Deliveries are planned for spring of 2016.


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Faith and Begorrah! Rovio is adding some more holiday themed levels to its massively popular Angry Birds application, just in time for the holiday that marks my favorite day to enjoy a Guinness.
Sometime in the next few days, we should expect to see the Saint Patrick's Day addition to the Angry Birds Seasons application hit the Android Market. No word yet on how many levels will be added, but if the Valentine's Day addition is any indication, chances are we'll see another 15-20 or so with the Saint Patrick's Day update.
Stay tuned to Rovio's twitter account and/or Android and Me for the latest and greatest info on when these new levels become available. Meanwhile, check out Rovio's teaser video below.


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Citrix Receiver and SmartAccess provide the best user experience and strongest security for XenDesktop and XenApp.
XenMobile Micro VPN provides users access from any device without the risk of opening a full tunnel between mobile devices and your data center.
Strengthen desktop, application, and data security with adaptive and highly granular policy-based access controls, and easily provision mobile security services with virtual appliances.
Choose virtual appliances or hardened physical appliances, business continuity options, and more.


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Geosoft talk in Beijing on recent advances in 3D Potential Field Inversion
Ash Johnson, Geosoft VP of Global Business, will be presenting a talk on Recent Advances in 3D Potential Field Inversion, during the Near Surface Geophysics Asia Pacific Conference in Beijing, China, Friday, July 19, 2013.
The conference, organized by the Society of Exploration Geophysicists (SEG) and the Chinese Geophysical Society, focuses on near-surface issues within the Asia Pacific region and provides a forum to discuss technical advances, developments and applications in near-surface geophysics.
Johnson's talk will provide insight into new and innovative methods to significantly improve discovery success. He will present three ways to improve real world 3D inversion modelling: Magnetic Vector Inversion (MVI) modelling, Cartesian cut cell methods (CCC), and Iterative Reweighting Inversion Focussing (IRIF). Johnson will demonstrate how all three of these advances significantly improve exploration outcomes, with little or no effort from the interpreter.
Learn more about Johnson's presentation on Recent Advances in 3D Potential Field Inversion. Register for the Near Surface Geophysics Asia Pacific Conference.


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ProEx announces that Mary Kate Frey of Boston, Massachusetts has been named an Exercise Technician/Intern at the High Street location in Boston.
In this role, Frey, under the supervision of staff physical therapists, will instruct, motivate, safeguard and assist patients with their therapeutic exercise programs.
Frey is presently pursuing a Doctor of Physical Therapy from Northeastern University.
Originally from Uxbridge, Frey now lives in Boston and enjoys field hockey, running and reading in her spare time.
"It's a pleasure to welcome Mary Kate to the ProEx family," said Matt McManus, Regional Clinical Director at ProEx. "Her energy and dedication to clients fits our people focused organization perfectly."


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Death is one of the Cosmic Entities in the universe.
The walls of the Temple Vault on Morag displayed the four entities that created the Infinity Stones: Entropy, Infinity, Death, and Eternity.[1]
After Loki's defeat in the Chitauri Invasion, The Other told Thanos that humanity was not as weak as they had predicted and battling them is "to court Death", to which Thanos smiled.[2]
- "Death embodies decay and can possess the soul of a living being. Often taking the form of a woman, Death can manipulate reality, time, and space, and came into existence at the same time as Entropy, Eternity, and Infinity. Immortals are immune to Death's ability. Thanos wanted to rule the universe with Death. In an attempt to impress her, he killed half of the life in the universe with the snap of his fingers."[3]
- In an interview, Josh Brolin expanded on Thanos' relationship with Death, and confirmed that Death will be portrayed as a woman in the Marvel Cinematic Universe: "His relationship with Death, who is actually the woman, I love that. You can take Sin City (in which Brolin plays a man obsessed with a dark-hearted woman) and pump it full of steroids, and then you have Thanos. I like that he's motivated by that — not just motivated by destruction or death or this or that. He's motivated by a very identifiable, human trait."[4]
- Hive, a powerful Inhuman who HYDRA reveres, was referred to as "Death" due to its fearsome nature and reputation.
External Links
- Death on the Marvel Wiki
- Death on Wikipedia


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Robert Pattinson: Times Talks with David Cronenberg!
Robert Pattinson and his Cosmopolis director David Cronenberg attend the Times Talks chat about their film on Wednesday (August 15) at TheTimesCenter in New York City.
The 26-year-old actor recently opened up to Time magazine in a joint interview with David about a sex scene in the film, which was added at the last moment.
"That was probably one of the most difficult scenes in the movie. It wasn't a sex scene in the script. In the script, we'd finished having sex, and we were getting dressed. [To Cronenberg:] I think you only told me like the day before or something," Rob said. "I'd have done some sit-ups."
10+ pictures inside of Robert Pattinson at the Times Talks event…


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|Sun 15 Oct 2017, 5:00pm
Callum Allardice, undisputed champion of NZ Jazz Composition (2016-2017) returns to the Rogue and Vagabond with a quintet drawn from the ranks of local jazz heavyweights The Jac.
Performing a mixture of Allardice and Baxendale originals, this concert is a New Zealand preview of the programme the group will tour in five cities throughout South Korea this October.
- Callum Jephson Allardice - guitar
- Jake Baxendale - alto sax
- Chris Buckland - tenor sax
- Nick Tipping - bass
- Shaun Anderson - drums
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University Accreditation
Dominican University is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission as a baccalaureate and master's degree granting institution. The university is approved by the Illinois State Board of Education, the Illinois Department of Registration and Education and the State Approving Agency for Veterans Affairs.
Program Accreditation
The Master of Library and Information Science program is accredited by the Committee on Accreditation of the American Library Association (ALA).
The Brennan School of Business is accredited by the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB).
The Graduate School of Social Work is accredited by the Commission on Accreditation of the Council on Social Work Education (CSWE).
The School of Education is accredited by the National Council for Teacher Education (as of July 1, 2013 consolidated with the Council for the Accreditation of Educator Preparation or CAEP) for baccalaureate and graduate programs for the preparation of teachers and other professional personnel for early childhood, elementary and secondary schools. In addition, the university's education programs are approved by the Illinois State Board of Education.
The Physician Assistant Studies Program has received Accreditation - Provisional from the Accreditation Review Commission for the Physician Assistant, Inc (ARC-PA).
The program in nutrition and dietetics has development accreditation from Accreditation Council for Education in Nutrition and Dietetics (ACEND).
The baccalaureate degree program in nursing at Dominican University is accredited by the Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education, One Dupont Circle, NW, Suite 530, Washington, DC 20036, 202-887-6791.
Dominican University is approved by the Illinois Department of Registration and Education, and the State Approving Agency for Veterans Affairs.


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India on Wednesday morning created a world record as ISRO successfully launched a record 104 satellites on a single rocket from the Sriharikota spaceport in Andhra Pradesh.
"One hundred and four satellites have been put into orbit," Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) Chairman A.S. Kiran Kumar said soon after the launch, congratulating the space agency's team on its success.
Exactly at 9.28 a.m. the PSLV-XL variant rocket standing 44.4 metres tall and weighing 320 ton tore into the morning skies with fierce orange flames at its tail. Around 28 minutes into the flight, the rocket completed its birth 'karma' slinging all the 104 satellites into their intended orbits as per the scheduled sequence.
"The Cartosat satellite is the fourth one in the Cartosat-2 series of earth observation satellites. Already three are in the orbit and two more will be launched. Once all the six Cartosat-2 series satellites are launched the Cartosat-3 series would begin," an ISRO official said.
The total weight of all the satellites carried on-board is about 1,378 kg.
Prime Minister Narendra Modi on Wednesday hailed scientists for the successful launch of 104 satellites on board a single rocket from the spaceport of Sriharikota. He tweeted:
Congratulations to @isro for the successful launch of PSLV-C37 and CARTOSAT satellite together with 103 nano satellites!
— Narendra Modi (@narendramodi) February 15, 2017
This remarkable feat by @isro is yet another proud moment for our space scientific community and the nation. India salutes our scientists.
— Narendra Modi (@narendramodi) February 15, 2017


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1971 8c American Revolution Bicentennial
1971 8c Emily Dickinson
1971 8c San Juan
1971 8c Prevent Drug Abuse
1971 8c Antarctic Treaty
1971 8c CARE
1971 6c Blood Donor
1971 8c Missouri Statehood
1971 6c Gen. Douglas MacArthur
1971 6c American Wool Industry
1972 8c Sidney Lanier
1972 8c Peace Corps
1970 6c United Nations
1972 15c 20th Summer Olympic Games
1971 8c Historic Preservation
1970 6c Landing of the Pilgrims
1971 8c Christmas Adoration of the Sheph
1972 15c Mt. McKinley
1971 8c Christmas Partridge & Pear Tree
1972 8c Family Planning
This is a great album to start with because it pictures U.S stamps that are easy to find and buy. Pages illustrated on one side only, high quality paper, every stamp identified with Scott numbers. Includes history of each stamp. Affordable - same design as Mystic's American Heirloom album.
America's best-selling album. Pictures most every U.S. postage stamp issued 1847-2016, over 5,000 stamps with Scott numbers. Pages filled with stamp history. This album is a great value!
Similar to standard American Heirloom album but includes mounts that are already attached to pages, saving you time and effort. Sturdier pages than American Heirloom. Includes Scott numbers and stamp history. This volume is for stamps issued 1935-1966, over 600 stamps. Higher quality album than Heirloom.


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Engagement Rings Hupp Jewelers | Fishers IN
The search for unique engagement rings can be a daunting prospect, yet you have not tried to find the diamond engagement ring of your dreams here at Hupp Jewelers. We are your destination for all your wedding rings needs. We can help you find that bridal jewelry you have struggled to find at the chain box… Read More »


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Frequently Asked Questions
- What is tweetymail?
- Why use tweetymail
- How does it work?
- Is it safe?
- What are the differences between FREE, FULL, and MAX access?
- How can I review tweetymail for a news article or blog post?
- Does tweetymail support international characters?
- Sender verification failed for my custom domain. How do I fix this?
- How do I use tweetymail to tweet reminders from Google Calendar?
- I have a problem / found a bug / would like a feature / etc...
- About
What is tweetymail?
tweetymail is a complete email interface to Twitter. It provides three powerful sets of features for interacting with Twitter via email:
- Email-based Twitter app: tweetymail allows you to use most of Twitter's features by sending a quick email. You can tweet, view your timeline, send and reply to direct messages, follow users, and more. It's just like a desktop or mobile app for Twitter - except that it works anywhere you have access to your email!
- Automatic email alerts: tweetymail provides quick and easy email alerts for Twitter. You can automatically receive mentions, create Twitter searches, receive tweets from a Twitter list, and receive your Twitter timeline. tweetymail email alerts are really fast and often arrive in less than 2 minutes. Best of all, you can retweet and reply to tweets directly from your inbox!
- Awesome Twitter notifications: Let's face it - the standard notifications that Twitter sends for new followers and direct messages are not very useful. tweetymail can replace these notifications with detailed emails that contain links to take action immediately.
Why use tweetymail?
Simply put - tweetymail is the most convenient and full-featured email service available for Twitter. For some users, tweetymail is their primary Twitter application. For others, it provides the fastest way to post and keep up with tweets while on the go. tweetymail works anywhere you have to access to email and is especially designed for email-capable mobile phones. Unlike other "email-to-twitter" and "twitter alert" services, tweetymail provides a comprehensive feature set and there are no secret email addresses to use. tweetymail is also really, really fast. Whether you prefer to work out of your email inbox or not, using tweetymail will add an entirely new level of convenience to your Twitter experience.
How do I use tweetymail?
You start by telling tweetymail what email address you want to associate with your Twitter identity. You can then use that email address to send and receive information from Twitter. For example, you can tweet by sending an email to firstname.lastname@example.com or request the latest tweets from your timeline by sending an email to firstname.lastname@example.com. tweetymail will know who you are based on the "from" address of your emails. You can also create alerts and automatically receive mentions and other tweets at your email address. It takes less than 30 seconds to setup.
Is it safe?
Yes. tweetymail utilizes a "sender verification" feature to ensure that emails "from" you are truly coming from your email account. This features relies on common email authentication protocols and works with most email providers. By default, tweetymail will reject any email that fails verification. You also have the option of disabling verification in the rare case that your email provider has not configured their servers to follow authentication protocols. In that scenario, the best protection is to send your emails from an email address that is not known by someone who might try to forge your emails.
What are the differences between FREE, FULL, and MAX access?
We continually work to add powerful and convenient features to tweetymail. In order to use these features more frequently, and get access to the best of these features, you need a subscription to either FULL access or MAX access. Without a subscription, you are limited to a subset of tweetymail's features and are allowed less usage: this is known as FREE access. FULL access and MAX access provide complete access to all of tweetymail's features. The primary difference between the two is that MAX access is intended for users who require the highest amount of usage (see usage comparison below). Here is a brief summary of the advantages of signing up for a subscription:
Sign up right now to get started with FULL access or MAX access!
Regardless of whether you choose to sign up for FREE access, FULL access, or MAX access, we are confident that you will find that tweetymail is by far the best email service available for Twitter.
- Send more tweets and direct messages per month
- Request timelines and tweets from your friends more often per month
- Retweet and reply to tweets directly from your inbox
- Post tweets longer than 140 characters
- Create more than just two automatic email alerts
- Receive email alerts in seconds or minutes (versus several minutes with FREE access)
- Receive detailed and powerful notifications for new followers and direct messages
- Schedule tweets and other actions at a specific time or based on a time delay
- Take advantage of simple retry options when an action such as a tweet fails
- Receive access to new features as they are added
- Get customer support
|Access level
|Tweets per month
|Latest (timeline) requests per month
|Follows/unfollows/blocks per month
|Direct messages per month
|Email alerts
How can I review tweetymail for a news article or blog post?
If you are a journalist or blogger interested in reviewing tweetymail, please contact us for free access to the full feature set.
Does tweetymail support international languages?
Absolutely! tweetymail supports the Chinese, Japanese, Spanish, French, Dutch, German, and Russian languages just to name a few. Just make sure your email client is configured to use "UTF-8" character encoding.
Sender verification failed for my custom domain. How do I fix this?
This usually happens because you have not published a valid SPF (Sender Policy Framework) record for your custom domain. If you are using Google Apps or the Gmail "send as" feature, you can fix this by following these instructions for publishing an SPF record. It is easy to find similar instructions for creating an SPF record if you manage your domain name using another hosting service.
How do I use tweetymail to tweet reminders from Google Calendar?
This is really easy to set up! Since Google Calendar always sends reminders to your Gmail account, you first need to create a filter in Gmail that will forward the reminder to "email@example.com" (see this how-to if you need help). On the tweetymail side of things, you simply need to link your Gmail address in your tweetymail setings. Do not link "firstname.lastname@example.com" as your email address because this will not work.
I have a problem / found a bug / would like a feature / etc...
Sure thing! Follow @tweetymailApp on Twitter and visit our support forum. We love to hear your feedback!
tweetymail was created by Anil Chawla and is a product of ExactByte Labs, LLC. The tweetymail logo was designed by Eric Azares.


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BBC gets 700 complaints over F1-induced Antiques Roadshow delay
The BBC has received more than 700 complaints from furious antiques fans after Antiques Roadshow was postponed due to the abnormally long rain delay in Sunday's Formula 1 race and the over-running coverage that resulted.
The Antiques Roadshow was due to air at 8.15pm, after the end of the race, but the action in Canada was still going at 10pm. Only at 9pm did the coverage switch to BBC2 from its BBC1 starting point, but fans of trinket valuations missed out on their weekly fix entirely.
More than 8 million people watched Jenson Button storm from the back of the pack on more than one occasion before sensationally overtaking Sebastian Vettel on the final lap of the race to claim victory.
But even though we were treated to arguably one of the greatest races the motor sport has ever seen in the last twenty years, this was not enough for fans of Fiona Bruce and her team of valuers (of which there are supposedly up to 7 million). One said: "I'm disgusted family shows should be treated with such disregard.
"Instead of Roadshow we were left staring at pundits standing in the rain for hours on end."
The BBC defended its decision, saying: "It was not possible to predict exactly when the race would resume."


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New consumer mobile trends have created a "digital gold mine" of customer insight for merchants.
Seattle, WA (PRWEB) January 17, 2013
Venuelabs, the leader in local consumer monitoring, measurement, and insight, today announced the company's CEO, Neil Crist, is scheduled to lead a technology innovation forum for retail executives at the 2013 Convenience Retailing University, January 28 to January 31, 2013.
Mobile Trends Create New Opportunities for Merchants
Rapidly changing consumer behaviors and trends in mobile are creating a "digital gold mine" of voice of the customer insight and feedback about every aspect of a business. Leveraging Venuelabs proprietary customer intelligence technologies, leading brands are tapping into these channels, and driving continuous and meaningful improvement in marketing, operations, products, staffing, customer service - and most importantly, the bottom line.
The forum will explore how brands are operationalizing critical real-time feedback to improve their marketing, customer service, training, and strategic planning. Additionally, the company will share Venuelabs industry benchmarks from it's platform that is now monitoring nearly 300,000 merchants.
"We are honored to be a part of this event again this year," said Venuelabs CEO Neil Crist, "The landscape of consumer insight while growing at an exponential rate, has become highly fragmented, and rooted in consumers sharing local experiences across the mobile and social web. Without Venuelabs unique technology, these problems are left unsolved and merchants are left blind to valuable customer learning."
Venuelabs has built a comprehensive enterprise scale platform that discovers and listens holistically to hundreds of consumer channels, combining proprietary and customer-specific data to provide merchants and chain stores with dashboards, alerts, in-store sentiment and metrics that drive actionable analysis. Today, Venuelabs brings together local insight from sites like Google+ Local, Foursquare, Instagram, Yahoo Local, Facebook , City Search and over 100 more.
About Venuelabs
Venuelabs is the leading provider of local listening, measurement, and engagement solutions for merchants. Venuelabs technology connects merchants to their local customers by transforming mobile, social, and local signals into actionable business intelligence. Venuelabs now tracks nearly 300,000 locations in over 40 countries for thousands of brands, including McDonalds, Subway, Chevron, Red Robin, IMAX, Ace Hardware and Mercedes Benz. Learn more at http://www.venuelabs.com.