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Dear Friends
Easter Season
Amazingly, as I write, we are almost at the end of the Easter Season, with Pentecost just three Sundays away! I have enjoyed celebrating this season with the new focus the Revised Common Lectionary gives us (the Anglican Church of Southern Africa moved from the Common Lectionary to the Revised Common Lectionary in Advent last year), as the readings are more thematic and focused. There is also a substantial amount of good commentary available online, which proves invaluable when one needs an idea or two to kick-start one's sermon preparation!
Today's Morning Prayer readings touch on "re-membering" (Wisdom of Solomon 10:1-25), "renewal" (Romans 12:1-12), and I came across this lovely prayer from the Church of England's Common Worship: Daily Prayer in relation to Psalm 106:
"Holy God, when our memories blot out your kindness and we ignore your patient love, remember us, re-make us, and give to us poor sinners the rich inheritance of Jesus Christ our Lord."
It strikes me that re-membering and being re-made is what the Season of Easter is all about. We are reminded of the incredible act of God visible in Jesus' life, ministry, death, and resurrection to new life; the Season of Easter helps us to explore the implications of this for us in our time and context. I have preached in the last few weeks on revolutionary resurrection, hope beyond miracle and inclusive love (these can be listened to or downloaded from http://www.4shared.com/folder/Oj-giFNO/2013_Sermons.html ). Romans 12:2 NRSV encourages us to "be transformed by the renewing of your minds, so that you may discern what is the will of God—what is good and acceptable and perfect." What is the will of God in terms of death and resurrection? We may think that we know the answers as we have walked this same seasonal journey over many years, even decades; but what are the implications for today? We live in a very different world from the last century in whose thinking and understanding many of us were formed. We are entrusted with a Gospel that requires us to be transformed, not just spiritually, but to the realities of the world in which we now find ourselves, a 21st century world that is discontinuous from the last, a space where what made sense no longer is sensible, and where sacrifice and sin are outdated concepts carrying little meaning for many.
We are entrusted to make the Gospel known to this generation, in this century, in this space.
What is "this space"? It is multi-dimensional, multi-Faith, and technologically super-innovative. What are the challenges and implications of Scripture for us in this environment? For example, Jesus' commandment to love as he has loved us after washing the feet of the Twelve, a group Jesus knew included one who would betray him, another that would deny him that very night? Washing their feet, and then sharing sustenance with them; what is more radical than that? How do we live out that type of extreme acceptance of human fallibility in our own relationships? And the cross, where does that fit in? David Lose, of www.workingpreacher.org says, "Jesus did not go to the cross to make God loving, or to satisfy God's justice, or to take on our punishment." If the cross is not about Jesus taking on our punishment, what is it about? David goes on to say, "Jesus went to the cross to show in word and deed that God is love and that we, as God's children, are loved." In today's space we need to unpack how crucifixion (one of the most brutal innovations of human torture ever conceived) makes God's love manifest in our world. Implicit in David's comment is that Jesus' death was not a sacrifice, but a loving gift given to humanity by a loving God; a gift given under the most horrendous of experiences. I struggle to get my mind around the concept of love that embraces the betrayer, the denier, and the cross. In a world that increasingly places emphasis on the rights of the individual, proclaims happiness as the goal of life, where does such love fit? And how do we proclaim it? And what are the implications of resurrection, of death outmanoeuvred, out-flanked by life beyond our own experience? That is a part of challenge of "this space".
We need to re-member, re-create, the Gospel message. Tweaking, re-stating the Gospel of a previous generation is insufficient. We require a discontinuous Gospel of hope for the discontinuous world in which we live.
Your thoughts?


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When my niece was nine, my sister organized a family trip to San Francisco. As my brother-in-law tells it, they'll never be able to afford to go back. See, young Elizabeth wanted to give money to every homeless person she passed. And her parents abided. With San Francisco having the largest homeless population in the U.S., you can see how a generous young lady might have stretched the family budget.
You might think that Elizabeth's parents were teaching her a life lesson. I think it's the other way around: Elizabeth was reminding her parents about the values of compassion and charity.
Elizabeth is not alone in her philanthropic spirit: Hunger and homelessness are among the top issue areas that motivate kids to serve. Kids understand what it means to feel safe and to have food in their bellies. Children know these feelings, and they almost instinctively hurt when they see kids just like them who don't have that same security. What's more, they find it unacceptable, and they are willing and able to do something about it. Their motivation to question why other children don't have a roof over their heads or food on their plates brings to life Dr. King's "fierce urgency of now."
National Hunger and Homelessness Awareness Week begins November 10. Co-sponsored by the National Coalition for the Homeless and the National Student Campaign Against Hunger, the event also marks the project kick-off for many grant recipients benefiting from a national partnership between YSA and Sodexo Foundation. These are schools and community organizations embarking on long-term service projects to raise awareness and create change around the issue of childhood hunger.
Too often, we see kids as problems to be solved, but Sodexo Foundation's view is just the opposite. YSA's partnership with Sodexo Foundation is built on the belief that young people are an integral, and urgent, part of the solution. With one in five children unsure of where their next meal will come from, the work of activating young people to strategic service can't start soon enough.
In just two years, YSA and Sodexo have engaged more than 50,000 young people in service that benefited a million people around the issue of childhood hunger. Even with such powerful results, these kids know that there is still a lot of work to be done. They write to YSA almost every day proposing smart, innovative community service projects, and systemic, sustainable solutions to hunger and homelessness.
One of my favorite leaders in this arena is 13-year-old Zach Bonner. YSA gave Zach his very first grant when he was seven, to fund disaster relief for homeless youth after Hurricane Charlie. The next year, Zach founded the Little Red Wagon Foundation, with a mission to help kids in distressed situations in a way that was simple and fun. He went on to gain international notoriety, walking 4,263 miles and crisscrossing the country to raise funds and engage his peers on behalf of other children who are homeless. Last month, the story of Zach and his Little Red Wagon was released as an independent film. He's an inspiration, and it all started with a little bit of funding and assistance, plus a big vote of confidence from YSA and its partners.
I want to offer every kid the spark that they need to get started in service to others. Just like Elizabeth taught her parents, YSA kids are teaching me about hunger and homelessness every day. In the spirit of Thanksgiving, here are some tips I've learned from YSA grantees about how kids can end childhood hunger:
- We have enough food to feed everyone! Find ways to put surplus food to better use. Kids are adept at "matchmaking" between restaurants and school cafeterias, and food banks and shelters.
- Food banks need help every day, not just on the holidays. Many kids start out in service by volunteering at a food bank, and seeing firsthand the power of their service.
- Kids like competition. Some of our favorite projects have been competitions between schools and community groups to collect the most canned goods, clip the most coupons or contribute the most service hours.
- Hungry kids suffer most during schools breaks, like weekends, holidays and summer vacations. Backpack feeding programs are not only effective, they're a perfect opportunity for kids to make a powerful impact.
- Community resources go untapped because people who are hungry don't know about them. Kids can be a powerful force for spreading awareness.
Want to learn more about what kids can do to take action? YSA and Sodexo are accepting applications now for Sodexo Foundation Youth Grants to fund projects aimed at ending childhood hunger, and Share Our Strength's No Kid Hungry 2 is a great website for kids. YSA also offer a suite of resources, tip sheets, and technical assistance to help kids get started on their first project and take action on issues that matter to them.
Steven A. Culbertson is the president and CEO of YSA (Youth Service America), a nonprofit that improves communities by increasing the number and diversity of youth involved in service and service-learning. www.YSA.org or on Facebook.

subset: commoncrawl


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Sold Out
Descriptions: SparX Candy
SparX are naturally flavored little candy "dots" that are rich in Xylitol. Kids love the great taste while parents can feel confident that they are giving their kids a treat which actually helps improve dental health.* Not only are these candies rich in xylitol, but also in healthy calcium.
Berry SparX contain blueberry, blackberry, raspberry, and strawberry-flavored hard candies.
Citrus SparX contain lemon, lime, orange, and tangerine-flavored hard candies.
Fruit SparX contain apple, banana, grape, and peach-flavored hard candies.
Size: 1 Tube
Ingredients: Xylitol, Gum Arabic, Natural Flavors (lime, orange, and tangerine), Calcium Glycero phosphate, Magnesium Stearate, Beeswax, Natural Colors.
Nutrition Facts: Servings Per 1 Piece : Calories 1.2, Fat 0 g, Saturated Fat 0 g, Cholesterol 0 mg, Carbohydrate 0.5 g, Sugar Alcohols (Polyols) 0.5 g, Protein 0 g.
Category: Candy & Gum, Gluten-Free, GMO-Free, Sweets, TS-Approved, Xylitol Candy, ~12-C-2
Vendor: Xlear
© 2018 Low Carb Canada.


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Facebook is a behemoth when it comes to advertising. There isn't another ad platform out there that can boast over one billion users (except McDonalds and they aren't an ad platform LOL!) With those kinds of numbers, many marketers are wondering if Facebook can deliver. So, it's no wonder that marketers all over the world are seeking to maximize the opportunity that is Facebook advertising. Standard web targeting, even though they are traditional in their delivery, still beats Facebook using standard retargeting. Both are highly effective methods to advertise, but as you can see, investing in both types of marketing is a wise move. Take a look at the Infographic below, and check out the statistics.
Courtesy of: AdRoll Retargeting


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Any Texas judicial authority who presides over the arraignment of a foreign national should offer the arraigned person an opportunity to contact the consular officials of his country of origin.
Under Article 36 of the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, consular officials are entitled to communicate with and to have access to their nationals in detention so that they can provide consular assistance.
The US Department of State Consular Notification and Access provides sample notification statements written in 13 languages. It is available online in a printer-friendly format.
The US Department of State Consular Notification and Access contains instructions and guidance relating to the arrest and detention of foreign nationals and related issues pertaining to the provision of consular services to foreign nationals in the United States. The Guide is designed to help ensure that foreign governments can extend appropriate consular services to their nationals in the United States and that the United States complies with its legal obligations to such governments.
The instructions and guidance herein should be followed by all federal, state, and local government judicial officials, insofar as they pertain to foreign nationals subject to such officials' authority or to matters within such officials' competence.
The continued cooperation of federal, state, and local judicial officials in ensuring that foreign nationals in the United States are treated in accordance with these instructions will permit the United States to comply with its consular legal obligations domestically. Additionally, it will help ensure that the United States can insist upon rigorous compliance by foreign governments with respect to United States citizens abroad. The Office of the Attorney General of Texas appreciates the assistance of all judicial officials in helping to achieve these objectives.


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This section contains 601 words
(approx. 2 pages at 400 words per page)
Chapter 3 Summary
For several days, the family travels in their wagon across Wyoming and Nevada. At night, Jim pulls a canopy over the wagon, and they all sleep in the wagon. They are in high spirits, and Anna sings the whole way. Looking around at the beautiful desert scenery, and hearing her mother's happy singing, Mazie feels closer to happiness than she ever has before. The air is fresh and clean, and soft to breathe, not like the coal-dust wind left behind in Rascoe, the mining town. The ancient wagon makes a happy jingling noise, and Mazie's parents are full of laughter.
When Nellie, the horse, stops suddenly, it is all Jim can do to finally get the horse moving. Then Nellie takes off in a run, with the wagon careening behind her, and Jim can barely catch her. Then, of course, she refuses to...
(read more from the Chapter 3 Summary)
This section contains 601 words
(approx. 2 pages at 400 words per page)


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March 30, 2007
Avanir ends R&D agreements with Novartis, AstraZeneca
Avanir Pharmaceuticals announced that it has ended two drug development collaboration deals -- one with AstraZeneca and one with Novartis -- and is exploring the sale of certain assets. Novartis, which was developing inflammatory disease treatment AVP-28225 with Avanir, will further develop the compound on its own. Avanir will receive a milestone payment if the compound reaches the next stage of development. Avanir also said it would return to AstraZeneca the drug the companies were co-developing for cardiovascular diseases. Avanir would also return all related rights to AstraZeneca, Avanir said in a statement. Additionally, Avanir said it plans to exit its San Diego research facility later this year and move clinical development and support resources to its Orange County, CA headquarters. Avanir is also evaluating options including sale of several investigational compounds and its schizophrenia drug FazaClo, which contributed $6.3 million to Avanir's sales in the first quarter.


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Trying my hardest not to give in to this one: table-top milling machine.
I'm Brett Slatkin and this is where I write about programming and related topics. Check out my favorite posts if you're new to this site. You can also contact me here or view my projects.
27 May 2014
@ 23:49
I'm the author of the book Effective Python. I'm a software engineer and I've worked at Google for the past 12 years. My current focus is survey statistics. I formerly worked on Cloud infrastructure and open protocols.
Follow @haxor if you'd like to read posts from me in the future. You can also email me here if you have questions, or leave a comment below. If you enjoyed this post, look here for some of my other favorites.
© 2009-2018 Brett Slatkin


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A. Quality Assurance
In Parts Six and Seven of the draft report, the OIG makes a series of recommendations for steps to improve the FBI Laboratory and ensure that the Laboratory provides forensic services of the highest quality. [The report makes it clear that the OIG s review was focused on the Explosives Unit (EU), the Chemistry-Toxicology Unit (CTU), and the Materials Analysis Unit (MAU) of the Laboratory. Part Six at 2. The OIG's recommendations are not meant to imply that the shortcomings addressed exist in other units of the Laboratory which were not reviewed.] With few exceptions, the FBI concurs in the recommendations made by the OIG. Many of those recommendations involve initiatives that were first pursued by the Laboratory before Whitehurst made any allegations. In addition, the FBI has adopted other recent measures to improve the Laboratory Division, many of which go beyond the steps recommended by the OIG. These measures aredescribed in the Conclusion below. Our responses to the specific recommendations by the OIG, as summarized in Part Seven of the draft report, follow.
1. ASCLD/LAB Accreditation and External Review
The draft report includes the following recommendations:
(a) The Laboratory should pursue accreditation at the earliest possible time.
(b) In addition to the inspection required for accreditation, external reviews of the Laboratory should occur periodically through audits by the OIG or reviews involving scientists from other forensic laboratories.
Response: The FBI fully concurs in the first recommendation, and has been preparing to apply for formal accreditation by the American Society of Crime Lab Directors/Laboratory Accreditation Board (ASCLD/LAB) for the past two years.
Accreditation is a voluntary process involving an external inspection of the Laboratory's procedures and requires the Laboratory to meet the standards prescribed by ASCLD/LAB. In preparation for accreditation, the FBI Laboratory is currently undergoing extensive internal audits of its operations and procedures. In the Spring of 1997, upon the completion of the internal audits, the Laboratory will have an external, pre-accreditation review conducted by qualified inspectors from the National Forensic Science Technical Center. The Laboratory will then make changes in response to any recommendations resulting from that external review. The Laboratory anticipates that it will complete these preparations in time to permit it to submit an application for accreditation by the end of 1997. The decision to accredit by ASCLD/LAB must be made within 12 months of the completion of its on-site inspection of the FBI Laboratory, giving a target accreditation date at the end of 1998.
To those unfamiliar with the process, this may seem an unreasonably long time to complete accreditation. The filing of an ASCLD/LAB accreditation application, however, is always a time consuming process, typically taking a standard laboratory two years of preparation. Preparing the FBI's Laboratory for accreditation is even more complex, given the fact that it is one of the largest and most diverse forensic laboratories in the world. It is also one of the busiest laboratories in the world. Indeed, in addition to its normal annual case load involving sixteen thousand evidence submissions and several hundred thousand examinations, the FBI Laboratory has had a number of major investigations to which it has had to respond since it began preparing for accreditation over the last two years. During the same period, the Laboratory has been undergoing fundamental changes, including the implementation of numerous new policies and procedures and the transition from nearly all agent examiners to a significant number of non-agent examiners as part of a general reduction in the number of agents at FBI Headquarters. This transition has involved the hiring and training of approximately 100 new examiners.
These factors have slowed the Laboratory's preparation for the accreditation process. At the same time, it is essential that the Laboratory be fully prepared to pass the ASCLD/LAB inspection upon its first application. The importance of the FBI Laboratory's role as a current and future leader in the forensic science community is too great to risk failing to achieve accreditation because of a hastily filed application.
In hindsight, as suggested in the OIG report, the Laboratory could and should have sought ASCLD/LAB accreditation a decade ago. The failure to do so must be attributed in large part to prior Laboratory management having had an insufficient appreciation of the benefits conferred by accreditation and giving insufficient priority to the completion of the application process. Also, limited resources combined with the always competing demand of a heavy work load undoubtedly played a role. The current Laboratory management is, however, fully committed to applying for accreditation at the earliest possible time and no later than the time frame set forth above.
We think it should be emphasized that, even though explosives is not a forensic discipline accredited by ASCLD/LAB, the FBI Laboratory is taking the additional step of requiring the Explosives Unit (which is to be integrated into a new Materials and Devices Unit) to model its substantive personnel qualifications, functions, practices and standards on those required of the eight accredited disciplines which will be subject to inspection (controlled substances, toxicology, trace evidence, serology, DNA, firearms/toolmarks, questioned documents and latent fingerprints). This will ensure that all of the units within the Scientific Analysis Section of the Laboratory which analyze physical evidence either (1) adhere to or exceed established forensic science community standards or (2) in unique disciplines such as explosives analysis, create standards which can withstand peer review and become benchmarks for other experts in the field.
It is also important to emphasize that the fact that the FBI Laboratory has yet to be accredited by ASCLD/LAB does not mean that its past and present work is unreliable or untrustworthy. As noted in the ASCLD Laboratory Accreditation Board Manual, "[t]he fact that a laboratory chooses not to apply for accreditation does not imply that a laboratory is inadequate or that its results cannot be trusted." [ASCLD/LAB, Laboratory Accreditation Board Manual 1 (1994) [hereafter Manual ].] While there are clear advantages to ASCLD/LAB accreditation, good laboratory practices are established and followed by forensic laboratories without accreditation. There are many non-accredited labs whose practices and work-product are demonstrably professional and trustworthy. With very few exceptions, we believe that has been true of the FBI Laboratory. This is a point which has been lost in press discussions of this issue. That point should be made prominently and strongly in the OIG's discussion of its recommendation that the Laboratory should pursue accreditation at the earliest possible time.
The FBI agrees in principle with the OIGs second recommendation that, in addition to the reviews that are part of the accreditation process, the Laboratory should undergo periodic external reviews through audits by the OIG or reviews involving scientists from other forensic laboratories. The nature and extent of such additional reviews, however, should be clarified.
With respect to OIG audits, the FBI believes the OIG can play a useful role by conducting periodic progress reviews regarding the implementation of its recommendations. The FBI makes a specific request for such further OIG inspection below.
With respect to additional periodic external reviews by outside scientists, the draft report does not make it clear as to whether this recommendation is referring to the same kind of quality assurance review that is performed as part of the ASCLD/LAB accreditation process or some more limited type of external review. In order to maintain ASCLD/LAB accreditation, once approved, the FBI Laboratory will be required to (1) file reports annually with ASCLD/LAB documenting compliance with ASCLD/LAB standards; (2) follow a program of internal case review ensuring that examiners are following established procedures and that findings are properly documented; (3) successfully complete internal and/or external proficiency tests; and (4) undergo a complete reinspection every five years. As detailed below, the Laboratory has already established a review procedure before final results are issued by examiners and is developing, under the auspices of the Quality Assurance Unit, an internal audit group which will review a representative sample of closed cases. In addition, Appendix L of the Laboratorys Quality Manual requires each unit to perform annual external proficiency testing. [Such external testing serves, as noted in the ASCLD/LAB Manual , "as a check on inbreeding within a laboratory or laboratory system." Id. at II.]
The FBI does not believe that it is necessary for additional full-scale, external inspections of segments of the Laboratory in the nature of the reinspection that will be performed by ASCLD/LAB at five year intervals. This would unduly disrupt the operations and work of the Laboratory. The Laboratory will, of course, like other FBI Headquarters Divisions, be subject to periodic audit by the FBI Inspection Division. In addition, the Laboratory is pursuing an outreach effort to establish external peer review relationships with other forensic laboratories in various disciplines, which would provide annual consultation on quality assurance issues. An example of this is the current dialogue between the FBI Laboratory and the New York State Crime Laboratory in Albany, New York. In the Spring of 1997, a delegation from the FBI Laboratory will go to Albany to discuss quality assurance measures and a full range of other forensic issues. Thereafter, a delegation from Albany will come to the FBI Laboratory. This type of continuing collaboration should achieve the "perspective broadening" goal sought by the OIG recommendation of additional external review.
2. Restructuring the Explosives Unit
The draft report includes the following recommendations:
(a) The unit should be restructured to clarify its mission and to assure that scientific analyses are performed by qualified examiners.
(b) Within the Laboratory, the primary mission of the EU should be the forensic examination of evidence by qualified scientists.
(c) The investigative and crime scene management functions of the EU should be transferred out of the Scientific Analysis Section of the Laboratory.
(d) The unit chief and examiners in the EU should have scientific backgrounds in pertinent disciplines such as chemistry, metallurgy, or engineering, as well as technical training in the assembly, deactivation, and reconstruction of explosive devices and the examination of bombing scenes.
(e) To avoid contamination, swab kits, clothing, and evidence that are to be examined for traces of explosives should be first sent to a designated area that is physically separate from the main EU facility. The area designated for the receipt of evidence requiring residue analysis should have strictly controlled access and appropriate procedures to monitor and prevent contamination.
Response: The FBI generally concurs with the views expressed in the OIG's first, second and fourth recommendations -- that the EU should be restructured to clarify its mission and to ensure that both supervisory personnel and examiners have appropriate scientific and technical training. Such a restructuring is already underway. [See Electronic Communication from Laboratory Division to Director Freeh dated 1/23/97.] The Bomb Data Center (BDC), which primarily provides training and operational support for bombing matters, is being separated from the EU, and established as a separate unit in the Forensic Science Research and Training Center. In addition, the EU will be merged with the greater portion of the Materials Analysis Unit (MAU) to form the Materials and Devices Unit, which will immediately link two related forensic disciplines.
The restructuring will also involve a number of personnel changes. The prior chief of the EU has been reassigned. The new chief will be Dr. Thomas Jourdan, an accomplished and experienced scientist who is now the chief of the MAU. The current head of the Scientific Analysis Section is Dr. Randall Murch, also an accomplished and broadly experienced scientist. The FBI intends to select a similarly qualified individual as Assistant Director (AD) of the Laboratory.
The FBI also concurs in the OIG's fifth recommendation, that evidence to be examined for traces of explosives should first be sent to an area that is physically separate from the main EU facility and strict procedures to monitor and prevent the contamination of evidence should be in place. The Laboratory has been aware of the risk of potential contamination in connection with explosives residues, and has taken a number of actions to identify, limit and avoid such contamination. The Bureau is now in the process of reallocating space at its Headquarters building in Washington, D.C., the Laboratory's current location, to provide the EU and other units with additional work space. [See Electronic Communication from Laboratory Division to Deputy Director Kennedy dated 2/7/97.] This new space, which is expected to be available by July 1, 1997, [The space sought by the Laboratory is now being used by a number of different FBI divisions. As a result, those divisions must be moved and the space redesigned before it will be ready for use by the Laboratory.] will greatly improve the facilities in which cases involving explosives and other trace evidence are worked.
In addition, the Bureau is in the process of planning a new, state-of-the-art Laboratory facility in Quantico, Virginia. That new facility will be specifically designed to prevent and monitor potential contamination.
The FBI respectfully disagrees with the OIG's third recommendation, that the investigative and crime scene management functions of the EU should be transferred out of the Scientific Analysis Section of the Laboratory. [Part Seven at 1-2.] The OIG suggests that the EU's multiple functions would be "better achieved" if the investigative and crime scene management functions of the Laboratory were "dispersed," and "the functions appropriately left within the Laboratory were performed by qualified scientists." [Part Six at 7.] As noted previously, however, in reaching this conclusion, the OIG has misunderstood the role of forensic explosives examiners.
As the OIG recognizes, the EU's many functions include the investigation of bombing incidents and management of complex crime scenes. [Id.] There are substantial reasons why EU examiners have those investigative responsibilities as well as more traditional Laboratory duties. Even if examiners with more extensive scientific backgrounds are brought into the EU, as the FBI intends to do, those examiners will not merely be experts in a specific scientific field, such as chemistry. They will also be experts in explosive devices generally, in particular the effect those devices can have when detonated. That more general expertise, based upon years of examining explosives and investigating crime scenes, clearly gives EUexaminers valuable "specialized knowledge" that can "assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue . . . ." [Fed. R. Evid. 702.] In addition, firsthand observations by EU examiners at crime scenes are among the facts and data upon which they may base an opinion or inference as expert witnesses. [See Fed. R. Evid. 703, and Advisory Committee Notes thereto.] Precluding EU examiners from an investigative role, as the OIG suggests, would eliminate a significant basis on which those examiners learn about explosive devices, eliminating a potential basis upon which they can provide useful expert testimony and reducing the FBI's overall understanding and knowledge of the workings and effect of those devices. [Through interaction with the field divisions involved in major bombing cases, the Laboratory has learned that they expect and desire more, not less, leadership by Laboratory personnel in crime scene management. To maximize the Laboratory's efforts, however, the FBI has begun initiatives to provide additional training and equipment to the ERT Unit and field ERTs s o they may respond even more effectively with Laboratory personnel in major bombing cases. ]
As a result, the FBI would not be inclined to transfer the EU's investigative and crime scene management functions to the Evidence Response Team (ERT) Unit. [Part Six at 6. The FBI is also not inclined to transfer the chemical analysis of explosives from the Chemistry Unit (previously named the Chemistry Toxicology Unit) to the EU. ( Id. ). Even if examiners with more extensive scientific backgrounds are brought into the EU, the Laboratory s general approach is to have examiners with the greatest expertise in a particular forensic discipline -- i.e. , chemical analysis -- conduct all analyses within that discipline. The OIG s report does not criticize that practice in any way. In the FBI s view, continuing to have examiners in the Chemistry Unit perform the chemical analysis of explosives is more consistent with the OIG s primary recommendation, that the forensic examination of evidence be conducted by highly qualified scientists, than having explosives examiners conduct those tests, even if they have the necessary scientific and technical training. In any event, some of the OIG s concerns will likely be resolved by the FBI s current plan to merge the Materials Analysis Unit (MAU) with the EU, to form the Materials and Devices Unit (MDU). See Electronic Communication from Laboratory Division to the Director dated 1/23/97 at 2.] Rather than require that completely different personnel investigate explosives cases and oversee the collection of evidence, the FBI will continue, as it has long advised other forensic laboratories, to have its experienced explosives examiners participate in that process. [See FBI Handbook of Forensic Science at 55 (advising state and local law enforcement authorities to obtain trained specialists to handle and process bombing crime scenes, stating: " Although the basic principles of conducting a crime scene search apply in a bomb scene search, individuals with specialized knowledge of explosives, improvised explosive devices, damage produced by explosive charges, and other facets associated with bomb scene searches, such as the search and collection of physical bombing evidence are extremely valuable to the effective and efficient processing of a bombing crime scene. " ).]
The FBI disagrees with the OIG's statement that its conclusions "reflect certain trends in forensic science generally and in the examination of explosives in particular." [Part Six at 8.] It is true that knowledge of and analytical techniques for the forensic examination of bombing evidence have become increasingly technical and sophisticated, in part because bombers are becoming more sophisticated in their use of explosives. [Id.] However, the Bureau does not believe that the growing complexity and impact of bombing cases supports the removal of explosives examiners from the crime scene -- an area where they not only can provide substantial assistance, but also have an opportunity to add significantly to their own level of knowledge. Instead, the FBI supports a system that allows EU examiners to develop broad expertise, by exposing them to all areas related to explosives, including crime scene assessment and management.
The FBI does recognize that having a single individual act as both crime scene investigator and forensic analyst could create a risk that examiners will not clearly distinguish their "separate and distinct roles," particularly while testifying at trial. [Id. at 6, 9. ] Accordingly, as a general rule, the explosives examiners who participate in the crime scene investigation will not conduct the scientific analyses that may later be required. In addition, unless specifically designated as a summary witness (see discussion below) or special circumstances arise, the EU examiners investigating the crime scene will not testify at trial regarding the results of those scientific analyses. [While the Laboratory's general practice will be to have different examiners assist the crime scene investigation and conduct the scientific analyses, some modification may be required if extraordinary circumstances arise, such as an extremely large or complex bombing investigation which demands all of the resources of the EU, or an unusual case which requires both the investigative and analytical services of one employee with unique expertise. In that event, all affected employees will receive additional, case-specific training to ensure that trial testimony is appropriately limited.]
3. Principal and Auxiliary Examiners
The draft report includes the following recommendations:
(a) In place of the existing distinction between "Principal" and "Auxiliary" examiners, the Laboratory should instead identify a "Coordinating Examiner" for each case. That person would serve as the contact with the entity requesting the examination of evidence and would coordinate work by other examiners within the Laboratory.
(b) The Laboratory should develop guidelines for the respective roles of the coordinating examiner and other examiners in case work, preparation of reports, and the presentation of testimony.
(c) Disagreements among examiners over forensic methods or the interpretation of results should be resolved based on pertinent scientific knowledge. If supervisors become involved in resolving such disputes, it is important that their ultimate decision be clearly communicated to the examiners involved and that it be reflected in any resulting reports.
Response: The FBI agrees with the OIG that the terms "principal examiner" and "auxiliary examiner" are somewhat misleading given examiners' actual functions. [Id. at 10.] As a result, the FBI has already adopted the OIG's first recommendation and has notified Laboratory personnel of the redesignation of examiner positions. [See Electronic Communication from Acting Assistant Director Donald Thompson to Laboratory Division, dated 1/30/97.] The Principal Examiner will now be known as the "Coordinating Examiner" (CE). As in the past, that examiner will serve as both the contact with the entity submitting evidence for examination and the coordinator for the work done by other examiners in the case. The auxiliary examiner will be known as the "Associate Examiner" (AE).
In accordance with the OIG's second recommendation, the FBI has developed specific guidelines regarding the respective roles of the CE and AE. [See Quality Manual, Appendix F (Evidence Control Policy and Procedures) and Appendix J (Case Documentation and Review Policies and Procedures).] Those guidelines, which will be incorporated into the Laboratory's training programs, clarify examiners' respective responsibilities for report preparation and testimony. Laboratory personnel have already been instructed that they should avoid testifying as to the analyses or conclusions of other examiners. As discussed more fully below, Laboratory personnel have also been instructed to limit their testimony to their area of expertise or personal knowledge. [See Electronic Communication to Laboratory Division, dated 2/6/97 (outlining court testimony policy for examiners).]
In reviewing the Laboratory's major case management procedures, the FBI determined that it would be appropriate to do more than just redesignate examiner positions. As a result, the Bureau is also establishing a program to provide a group of senior examiners with specialized, in-depth training on the management of major cases and evaluation of emerging needs. That group will serve as a source of advice and guidance for CEs handling particularly large and/or complex matters, as well as Laboratory management.
The FBI has also taken steps to implement the OIG's third recommendation, to ensure that examiner disagreements over forensic methods or the interpretation of results are resolved based on applicable scientific principles. A communication was recently sent to all Laboratory personnel describing in detail the procedure to be followed in the event a scientific dispute arises. [See Electronic Communication to Laboratory Division, dated 2/3/97 (addressing resolution of scientific, technical, and administrative conflicts during case examinations and unit operations).] That procedure is now being incorporated into the Laboratory's Quality Manual.
Under the Laboratory's dispute resolution policy, examiners who have a disagreement over forensic results must first attempt to work out their disagreement informally. If they cannot do so, they must raise the issue with the appropriate supervisor(s). If necessary, the supervisor(s) will consult the chief of the relevant section or the special Scientific Resolution Board being established by the Laboratory for this purpose. In any event, if supervisors become involved, their ultimate decision, based on scientific principles, must be clearly communicated to the examiners and reflected in the appropriate documentation.
4. Report Preparation
The draft report includes the following recommendations:
(a) In place of the existing procedures whereby the principal examiner assembles a report based on dictation from other examiners, each examiner who analyzes evidence should prepare and sign a separate report.
(b) In cases where it is desirable for the coordinating examiner to prepare a summary report interpreting the overall significance of findings by other examiners, the CE should circulate drafts of the summary report among the relevant examiners to solicit their views before the report is released.
(c) Reports should be clear, concise, objective, and understandable. They should fully disclose the involvement of the issuing examiner in the case and all pertinent information and findings.
(d) Examiners should limit their conclusions to those that logically follow from the underlying data and analytical results. An examiner should not draw conclusions that overstate the significance of the technical or scientific examinations; nor should an examiner base forensic conclusions on unstated assumptions or information that is collateral to the examinations performed.
Response: The FBI agrees with all of the OIG's recommendations. The Bureau has required each examiner to prepare and sign his or her own report for several months. [See Quality Manual, Appendix J (Case Documentation and Review Policies and Procedures).] That requirement will obviate some of the concerns raised by the OIG. For example, alteration of AE dictation will no longer be possible because AEs will prepare and sign their own reports of examination. To further clarify the individual reporting requirement in light of the redesignation of examiner positions, the FBI will include instructions regarding summary reports in its guidelines on the respective roles of CEs and AEs, as well as in its training materials.
Detailed requirements for Laboratory reports are set forth in Appendix J of the Laboratory's Quality Manual. To the extent that the Quality Manual does not specifically include the language suggested by the OIG, the FBI will make whatever revisions are needed. Those revisions will expressly state that all Laboratory reports must not only be clear, concise, objective, and understandable, but also fully disclose the involvement of the issuing examiner and all pertinent information and findings. [As recommended by the OIG (Part Six at 14), the Quality Manual currently requires Laboratory reports to include detailed information regarding the person submitting evidence for analysis, the type of evidence received, the date and manner of receipt, and the later disposition of the evidence, as well as the results obtained from examination. See Quality Manual, Appendix J, õ õ 6 and 7. In addition, the Quality Manual states that case documentation must be sufficient " to allow a technically competent individual, examiner, or supervisor, independent of the primary examiner, to evaluate what was done. " Id. at 8.]
The FBI already requires that, prior to release, reports be reviewed by a unit chief or other qualified examiner for compliance with all applicable requirements. [Id. , Appendix J.] The FBI has also adopted an internal audit program, pursuant to which reports will be subject to annual audits by the Quality Assurance Unit to confirm that all necessary documents are included in the case file. [Id. , Appendix M.]
Consistent with the OIG's recommendation, the FBI further requires that, in both reports and testimony, examiners limit their conclusions to those that logically follow from the underlying data and analytical results. However, to emphasize that point and better monitor examiners' compliance, the Bureau will be reexamining its training materials and has modified its program to evaluate examiner testimony. (See discussion below).
5. Adequate Peer Review
The draft report includes the following recommendation:
(a) Before being released, each report should be substantively reviewed to confirm that its conclusions are reasonable and scientifically based. This review should be done by the unit chief or by another qualified examiner if the unit chief lacks the requisite expertise.
Response: The FBI fully concurs in this recommendation. As already stated, the FBI requires that, prior to release, reports be reviewed by a unit chief or other qualified examiner for compliance with all applicable requirements.
6. Case Documentation
The draft report includes the following recommendations:
(a) The Laboratory should assure that case files include all notes, printouts, charts and other data or records used by examiners to reach their conclusions.
(b) The case files should contain sufficient information that another qualified scientist can understand all the analyses that were done, the results obtained, and the basis of the examiner's conclusions.
(c) Retrospective case file reviews or "audits" -- which we distinguish from a substantive review at the time of report preparation -- should be conducted periodically to assure that reports are supported by appropriate analysis and documentation.
Response: The FBI has already taken a number of steps to implement these recommendations, and ensure that case files contain sufficient information that another qualified scientist can understand all of the analyses that were done, the results obtained, and the basis for the examiner's conclusions. [Part Six at 17.] The Bureau's Quality Manual imposes that precise requirement, [Quality Manual at 8.] which will be explained in more detail in a communication to Laboratory personnel. In addition, the FBI has adopted an internal audit program which provides for an annual review of Laboratory files for appropriate documentation. [Id. , Appendix M, Audit Questionnaire at 5 (during audit, Quality Assurance Unit to determine, among other things, whether examiners generate and the Laboratory maintains all the notes, work sheets, photographs, spectra, printouts, charts and other data or records used by examiners to support conclusions).]
The FBI is also in the process of developing an additional internal audit system, separate from the program already established, which will provide for a new internal audit group within the Quality Assurance Unit. That group, which will be comprised of qualified individuals in each forensic discipline practiced by the Laboratory, will conduct an independent, all-encompassing review of a statistically representative sample of closed cases, from inception through final disposition. This additional review process will ensure that Laboratory management continues rigorously to enforce the Quality Control Program.
7. Record Retention
The draft report includes the following recommendation:
(a) The Laboratory must develop a record retention and retrieval system that assures case files are complete and readily retrievable.
Response: The FBI is implementing this recommendation as well. The plans for the new Laboratory facility at Quantico include room for a separate file system for Laboratory records. Until the new facility is complete, however, the Laboratory will utilize a room recently established at FBI Headquarters for all of its case-related files. [See Electronic Communications from Special Projects Section to Laboratory dated 12/10/96 and 2/7/97.] Files will be retained in the Laboratory file room for a period of five years. Unless the case remains active after that time, Laboratory files will then be transferred to the FBI's general record system.
The new Laboratory file room has already been equipped with necessary shelving and other equipment. Laboratory personnel are now in the process of organizing existing files and transferring them to the new space. That process is expected to be completed within the next six months.
8. Examiner Training and Qualification
The draft report includes the following recommendations:
(a) The Laboratory should implement a uniform curriculum for examiner training that addresses common issues such as case documentation, report preparation, examiner ethics, and testimony.
(b) The moot courts used in the qualification process should address not only substantive knowledge and presentation skills, but also an examiner's ability to recognize the limits to his or her opinions and expertise.
(c) The Laboratory should consider using experienced examiners from other laboratories as participants in moot courts for examiner qualification.
(d) Qualified examiners should participate periodically in exercises simulating court room testimony, both to reevaluate their skills and to provide training demonstrations for less-experienced examiners.
(e) The uniform training curriculum should emphasize that the Laboratory's function is to provide reliable and objective forensic results. The training program should also address the roles and responsibilities of the various Laboratory components and the importance of open communication and cooperation among examiners.
(f) Training curricula for specific units should be clearly stated. Documented completion of the approved curriculum should be required before an examiner issues reports and conclusions. Any departures from the specified curriculum should also be documented and approved by both the unit chief and the SAS chief.
Response: The FBI concurs in all of these recommendations. Many steps have already been taken by the Laboratory to improve its training and examiner qualification program.
As for the first and fifth recommendations, the Laboratory is refining and expanding its preexisting core curriculum for new examiner qualification, which addresses issues common to all forensic disciplines. The newly expanded core curriculum will include, among other things, Laboratory policies and procedures relating to (1) the Laboratory's basic mission of providing objective analysis of evidence based on recognized scientific methods in accordance with either validated protocols or procedures which can otherwise withstand peer review; (2) Laboratory organization and the roles and responsibilities of its various components; (3) evidence response and evidence control; (4) case documentation; (5) report preparation; (6) open communication and cooperation among examiners; (7) scientific dispute resolution procedures; (8) the quality control program; (9) the fundamentals of reliable expert testimony (including the Laboratory's new court testimony policy, detailed below); (10) science and the law; and (11) examiner ethics. The revised core curriculum is being developed by the Forensic Science Training Unit and will be finalized by June 1, 1997.
Concerning the second and third recommendations relating to moot courts, the Laboratory will invite experienced examiners from other laboratories to participate in all future moot courts used to qualify examiners. In addition, the Laboratory will coordinate with the Office of the General Counsel to provide experienced trial lawyers at the moot courts to assist in providing comment and direction on recognizing the limits of an examiner's expertise, when and how it is appropriate for an examiner to act as a summary witness regarding results produced by others in the Laboratory, and the general care and precision with which the examiner's opinions must be stated in response to aggressive questions asked in the pull and tug of the adversarial process.
To address the fourth recommendation, the Laboratory will hold an annual seminar for experienced examiners to update them on new developments in procedure and policy and provide refresher training on courtroom testimony. The seminar will include a featured speaker, such as a Federal district court judge or prosecutor with substantial experience in cases involving testimony by forensic experts. The seminar also will include exercises led by experienced examiners, followed by discussion and critiques. The Laboratory's target date for the first such seminar for experienced examiners is the Fall of 1997.
With respect to the sixth recommendation, over the last several years the Laboratory has sought to clearly define and document examiner progress in the existing training programs of the forensic units. Refinements to these training programs are in progress and will be completed by June 1, 1997. In addition, it is the current policy of the Laboratory that examiners must complete their unit's training program before being qualified, and that only qualified examiners may issue reports and conclusions. Most units already require examiners to sign-off on their training manuals as their training progresses, although this has not been a universal practice. All unit chiefs will now be required to ensure that a new examiner's completion of the unit's training program is documented.
9. Examiner Testimony
The draft report includes the following recommendations:
(a) The Laboratory should include courtroom testimony as part of the uniform training curriculum for new examiners.
(b) The Laboratory should adopt written guidelines concerning examiner testimony. Such guidelines should expressly state that examiners in testifying should: (a) accurately and completely disclose their involvement in the matter; (b) be clear, straightforward, and objective in their answers to questions on direct and cross-examination; (c) limit their conclusions to those that logically follow from the underlying data and analytical results; (d) decline to answer questions beyond their expertise; (e) attempt to avoid phrasing their testimony in an ambiguous or possibly misleading manner; and (f) be accurate and complete in describing the analyses done or conclusions made by others, while remaining careful not to stray beyond their own expertise.
(c) Where it will be necessary for one examiner to testify about work done by others, the Laboratory should attempt prospectively to identify which examiner is best able to address the various matters and to assure that he or she is adequately prepared.
(d) Testimony by examiners should be monitored at least once each year through observation or transcript review by the unit chief or another qualified examiner.
Response: The FBI concurs in all of these recommendations.
A preliminary comment is in order with respect to the OIGs second recommendation relating to guidelines for testimony. It should be emphasized that the principle of providing straightforward, clear and objective testimony within the bounds of one's expertise is not new to the FBI Laboratory and its examiners. The basic testimonial role of a Laboratory examiner is the same as that of any expert witness, i.e., "assisting the trier to understand the problem they are to decide and use discriminating judgment in reaching a decision." [Ladd, Expert Testimony, 5 Vand. L. Rev. 414, 429 (1952).] The FBI has always recognized that the credibility of its Laboratory examiners relies not only on their vigorous exercise of a scientific ethic in performing objective examinations, but in clearly and impartially testifying to their conclusions based on "facts or data relied upon by experts in the particular field in forming opinions or inferences upon the subject." [See Fed. R. Evid. 703, and Advisory Committee Notes thereto.] As noted by one commentator, to be useful and persuasive, an expert's explanation of the techniques and reasoning used in reaching his conclusions must be such that "a juror should be able to say 'My conclusion is in accordance with the opinion of the expert, not because he has expressed the opinion, but because he made me understand the facts in such a way that my opinion is the same as his." [Ladd, "Expert Testimony," 5 Vand. Law Rev. at 428.] In accordance with these fundamental principals of expert testimony, the moot courts that have long been a part of the Laboratory's qualification process have rigorously tested the clarity, precision, logic and objectivity of a new examiner's testimony. The OIG report should acknowledge that these are not new concepts to the Laboratory. To suggest otherwise is unfair and inaccurate.
The nature of the adversarial process is such that the party sponsoring an examiner's testimony will naturally attempt to present the examiner's opinions in a manner which best supports that party's position. At the same time, cross-examination has played, and will continue to play, an important role in checking the reliability of the testimony of experienced examiners. Overstated, incomplete, inaccurate, ambiguous, or unsupported testimony by examiners is subject to attack on cross-examination or rebuttal by opposing experts. [One commentator lists the following points for testing an expert upon cross-examination: The cross-examination of skilled and expert witnesses, if undertaken, should be directed to: (a) showing a lack of qualification, (b) a motivating interest, (c) error in the observed or assumed facts, (d) error in conclusions or opinions, (e) specific impeachment, i.e. , previous contradictory or inconsistent statements or writings, or lack of general credibility. Unless a cross-examination can be effectively directed to one of these objectives, it should not be undertaken. Busch, Law and Tactics in Jury Trials 633, 635 (1949).] Tomaintain their objectivity and credibility, however, Laboratory examiners must ensure that their responses to questions on both direct and cross-examination are not overstated or misleading and are supported by facts and data of the type reasonably relied upon by experts in the field.
In order to reinforce these principals in all of its examiners, the Laboratory has adopted a Courtroom Testimony Policy which codifies the guidelines suggested in the second recommendation. The policy incorporates all of the guidelines for examiner testimony suggested in the items (a) through (e) of the recommendation. [See Electronic Communication, dated 2/6/97, to the Laboratory Division from Donald W. Thompson, Jr., entitled, "Court Testimony and Court Testimony Monitoring Policy."] The Policy is more restrictive, however, concerning an examiner's description of the analyses and conclusions of others (item (f) of the second recommendation). The OIG suggests that examiners should "be accurate and complete in describing the analyses done or conclusions made by others, while remaining careful not to stray beyond their own expertise." On this point, the Laboratory policy states that examiners should "avoid describing the analyses or conclusions of others, particularly when the discussion is outside the discipline or expertise of the employee." [Id. at 1.] The policy then goes on to state that if instructed by the court to answer questions about the work performed by others, the examiner:
should begin by indicating he/she did not perform the examination(s) under discussion, or he/she lacks the qualifications to provide that kind of testimony if outside the examiner's discipline. If instructed by the judge, it is permissible to read the report prepared by another into the record. If it becomes necessary to testify about the work performed by others, the examiner (employee) should be one who is qualified in that discipline. If an examiner (employee) is assigned to handle the testimony for another examiner, the new examiner should have access to notes, charts, tests, reports, and any other material relevant to the case. [Id. at 2.]
This restrictive policy concerning testimony about the work of others supports the third recommendation. Knowing that examiners must be qualified in the relevant discipline before they may testify about the analyses and conclusions of others, the coordinating examiner will be required to determine before trial, in consultation with the prosecutor, which examiner or examiners will be best able to testify in order to present all the required elements of the forensic analyses performed in a particular case.
With respect to the first recommendation, as noted above, courtroom testimony is a key part of the core curriculum being developed for new examiners and will train future examiners in the Courtroom Testimony Policy. In addition, moot court training in asubstantive discipline will now include detailed training on the testimony policy. Finally, the annual seminar for the Laboratory's experienced examiners, described above, will include refresher training on courtroom testimony.
The Laboratory has amended its policy with respect to court testimony monitoring in a manner that satisfies the fourth recommendation. Unit Chiefs are now required to monitor an examiner's courtroom testimony at least once per calendar year by either direct observation (in person or by videotape) or by obtaining and reviewing an official written transcript. [Id.] If the monitoring is done by transcript review, the issues of demeanor, appearance and conduct will be monitored through either written or telephonic evaluations provided by court officials. [Id.] In addition, the Laboratory has taken the added step of requiring that the testimony review include a finding that the examiner's testimony remained within the bounds of his/her discipline or area of expertise. [Id.]
10. Protocols
The draft report includes the following recommendations:
(a) The Laboratory should complete the preparation of written protocols that is under way as part of the accreditation process.
(b) Through an effective program of file review, the Laboratory should assure that the authorized protocols are followed in practice.
Response: The FBI concurs in these recommendations. With respect to the first recommendation, the Laboratory is currently refining its existing protocols and writing previously undocumented protocols. This process should be completed by June 1, 1997. This will include the preparation of protocols in areas which are not subject to ASCLD/LAB inspection and accreditation.
It should be noted that our concurrence on this point should not be read to imply that the Laboratory has not previously established and followed validated protocols in its various forensic disciplines. The use of established methods and procedures for analyzing evidence is and has been the general policy and practice of the Laboratory. In some cases, examiners may determine that a departure from an established protocol is appropriate or the development of a new analytical method is in order to perform an accurate and informed analysis of the evidence. Such departures from established protocols must be scientificallyjustifiable and documented with enough specificity so that another examiner can determine from a review of the records what was done and why.
With respect to the second recommendation, all cases are now being technically reviewed before examiner reports are formally issued. In addition, as noted above, the Laboratory plans to have the Quality Assurance Unit create an internal audit group. This group will be made up of qualified personnel who will be responsible for conducting an independent review of a statistically representative sampling of closed cases, from their inception through their final disposition.
11. Evidence Handling
The draft report includes the following recommendations:
(a) The Laboratory should continue to refine its written procedures for handling evidence and for avoiding contamination.
(b) Concerns for the appropriate handling of evidence and prevention of contamination should be incorporated into the design of the proposed new Laboratory facility.
(c) The Laboratory should support continuing efforts to address contamination issues. Examiners and technicians in the Explosives Unit should receive focused training on this topic. Knowledge of contamination issues should be addressed in the training, qualification, and periodic review of all Laboratory examiners.
Response: The FBI concurs in these recommendations. With respect to the first recommendation, the Laboratory issued an Evidence Control Policy in November 1996 which expanded and clarified prior policy in this area. The policy requires the processing of all evidence under sufficient controls to ensure and document the integrity of the evidence at all times while it is in the possession of the FBI Laboratory. Under the policy, the Evidence Control Center is responsible for receiving physical evidence and distributing it to units as assigned. The policy specifies procedures covering all stages of the handling of evidence by the Laboratory, including receipt of evidence, receipt of damaged or non-compliant submissions, sealing and labeling of evidence, chain of custody, transfers of evidence, storage of evidence, and return of evidence.
With respect to the second recommendation, we note that evidence handling and contamination avoidance is a high priority in the design of the new FBI Laboratory.
With respect to the third recommendation, we also note that evidence control is a part of the core curriculum for new examiners and new developments on this issue will be part of the annual seminar for experienced examiners. Moreover, greater collaboration between the Explosives Unit and the Chemistry Unit has already taken place on the issue ofcontamination avoidance. Finally, as discussed above, steps are being taken to expeditiously increase the physical space available in the current Laboratory in order to reduce the potential for cross-contamination.
12. The Role of Management
The draft report includes the following recommendations:
(a) The Laboratory Director and others with significant management responsibilities in the Laboratory should have scientific backgrounds, preferably in forensic sciences. Such persons must also be strongly committed to advancing the Laboratory's quality assurance program and to effective and responsive management.
(b) Management should strongly reaffirm that the Laboratory's primary function is providing reliable and objective forensic results.
(c) Management should seek to cultivate among examiners and other Laboratory personnel a stronger attitude of cooperation and commitment to objective inquiry.
(d) The Quality Assurance Unit (QAU) should be physically located where the Laboratory's forensic work is primarily conducted, and the person in charge of the QAU should report directly to the Laboratory Director.
(e) Management should promote more interaction with other laboratories through such things as technical working groups, and in appropriate cases, FBI examiners consulting with scientists from other laboratories.
(f) In responding to concerns about the quality of the Laboratory's work, management must assure that issues are investigated promptly and thoroughly, that the investigation is conducted appropriately by qualified persons, and that any necessary corrective steps are taken. Disagreements about methodology or the interpretation of data must be resolved professionally based on pertinent scientific knowledge and the resolution must be clearly communicated to those involved.
Response: The FBI concurs in the recommendation that those with significant management responsibilities in the Laboratory have scientific backgrounds. The FBI is initiating a search for a new Assistant Director (AD) to lead the FBI Laboratory. That search will encompass individuals outside the FBI and among the principal qualifications for the position will be an outstanding academic and practical background in forensic science and a reputation for excellence in the forensic community. A strong commitment to quality assurance will be expected of the new AD.
In addition, the Laboratory is creating the new position of Deputy Assistant Director (DAD) for Science and Operations. The new DAD must also possess outstanding scientific credentials and extensive experience in the practice of forensic science. In close collaboration with the AD, the DAD for Science and Operations will spearhead the Laboratory's quality assurance programs and accreditation process. Consistent with the fourth recommendation, the Quality Assurance Unit will be transferred to the Laboratory Division's Front Office and report to the new DAD for Science and Operations. This measure will affirm and emphasize to Laboratory personnel that the management is fully committed to quality assurance and is taking aggressive steps to ensure that quality assurance procedures and policies are vigorously followed in practice.
The Laboratory is also taking steps to establish four supergrade level scientist positions in the areas of biological sciences, chemical sciences, physical/materials sciences, and computer/information sciences. These individuals will have management responsibilities that include special problem solving, scientific and technical advancement, liaison with the relevant scientific communities, and, most importantly, quality assurance of the scientific practices in the Laboratory.
With respect to the sixth recommendation, as discussed above, a Scientific Dispute Resolution process has been established to deal with disagreements about methodology or the interpretation of data. Concerns raised about the quality of the Laboratory's work will be promptly investigated by the Quality Assurance Unit under the supervision of the new DAD for Science and Operations and, when appropriate, corrective steps will be taken.
Consistent with the second and third recommendations, the Laboratory management has and will continue to emphasize and communicate a steadfast commitment to its recently articulated core values of integrity, excellence, responsibility, respect, teamwork and growth. [See 11/21/96 communication to All Laboratory Employees, from Don Thompson, Acting Assistant Director, Laboratory Division, enclosing "FBI Laboratory Core Values."] The core value of "integrity" is defined as "The Laboratory serves justice and pursues truth by ensuring its work is ethical, lawful, objective, and credible." The core value of "excellence" is defined as "The Laboratory provides products and services of the highest quality through a personal commitment to hard work, accuracy, thoroughness, and timeliness." The Laboratory will reinforce these core values in its employees through regular staff conferences and seminars and appropriate communications.
Finally, consistent with the fifth recommendation, the Laboratory has and will continue to interact with other laboratories both on specific cases and in technical working groups and professional organizations studying broader questions. The Laboratory recognizes the value of seeking outside expertise and capabilities to assist it in problem-solving in complex cases. This was done in the UNABOMB, OKBOMB and TWA 800 investigations, and assistance was sought from and provided by the Oakridge NationalLaboratory and Sandia National Laboratory. In addition, as detailed in the conclusion below, the Laboratory is keeping current with, and advancing, developments in various fields of forensic science by initiating technical working groups and maintaining a regular liaison with professional groups such as ASCLD and the American Academy of Forensic Science.
B. FBI Request to the OIG for Further Inspection
The FBI remains firmly committed to enhancing the quality of its Laboratory, and we are grateful that the OIG has dedicated significant resources and time to this inspection. The FBI requests that the OIG conduct progress reviews on the implementation of its recommendations every six months until both the OIG and the FBI are satisfied that the Laboratory has made the changes necessary to address the issues raised in the OIG draft report.


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It is an understatement to say that the quilt world is abuzz about the upcoming exhibit at the American Folk Art Musem in NYC, "Infinite Variety: Three Centuries of Red and White Quilts." I've read about quilters worldwide who are making a special trip just to take in this show (now that is dedication!). Others have committed to making red and white quilts this year. Red and white quilts for sale on Ebay are fetching a premium these days.
So, I am joining the celebration by compiling an online red and white quilt show. Do you own an antique red and white quilt? Have you made a new one yourself? Do you have a friend who will let you take a picture of her quilt? If so, I hope you will blog about your quilt and add a link to that post below. If the linky thing works properly, we will be able to compile our own virtual red and white quilt show. I will start things off with the quilt above which I recently purchased through Ebay and will be adding a couple more in the coming days.
To add some fun for participants, I bought three sets of magnets from the museum (that's them above) and will have a drawing among those of you who participate. So, to recap, blog about a red and white quilt and add a link to that post (directly to the post, not your general blog address). If you do more than one post you are welcome to add more links - it will get you an extra shot at the magnets. We will wrap up our online quilt show when the NYC exhibit closes (March 30) and I will draw 3 winners from the links. I will send them to you no matter where in the world you live. If you don't have a blog, send me your photo and I will post it for you.
Now, let's take a closer look at my quilt. The red fabric is in pretty rough shape but if you've heard the saying, "the quilting makes the quilt," this quilt will bring it to life for you. I also love the quirky arcs reverse appliqued into the borders and those corners were the piece de resistance, particularly when it showed up near Valentine's Day.


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SARATOGA SPRINGS >> As part of the Saratogian On The Record sports podcast, The Saratogian sports staff launched its first "Just a Bit Outside" segment in which sports writers Dave Johnson, DJ Eberle, James Costanzo, Chris Pennamacoor and Shane Marshall give their take on everything from Section II sports to national sports news.
In the first segment, Johnson and Costanzo offered insight on Saratoga Springs and Hoosic Valley baseball. Both teams are chasing state titles and play in the state semifinals on Saturday. Costanzo then teamed with Pennamacoor to provide insight on the Hoosic Valley and Averill Park softball teams who are both in the state semifinals, and show no signs of slowing down.
Eberle, Costanzo and Johnson then tackled Section II's headline in the upcoming state track meet at the University at Albany this weekend. Colonie, Greenwich, Shenendehowa and Saratoga Springs all have strong competitors in the events with many looking to break records while winning state titles.
The staff then switched over to national news with Eberle, Pennamacoor and Marshall providing insight and analysis on the NBA Finals between the Cleveland Cavaliers and Golden State Warriors. Eberle is all-aboard the Cavs winning in seven, however, Marshall doesn't think LeBron James can single-handedly will the Cavaliers to their first NBA title.
Marshall then teamed with Johnson to break down the Stanley Cup finals between the Tampa Bay Lightning and Chicago Blackhawks. Through three games, the Lightning hold a 2-1 advantage in a series with minimal production from Lightning superstar Steven Stamkos and Blackhawks trio Patrick Kane, Jonathan Toews and Patrick Sharp.
The sports crew then wrapped up the inaugural podcast with Yankee fans Eberle and Pennamacoor breaking down New York's "varsity" MLB team, while Costanzo and Marshall provided their takes on the injury-riddled Mets.
To subscribe to The Saratogian On The Record sports podcast, visit https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/saratogian-on-record-sports/id1003565599?mt=2
Just a Bit Outside will be a weekly segment posted every Tuesday night. Fans are encouraged to join in and offer their perspective through the Sports Sounds Off by calling and leaving a message at 518-899-YELL (9355).


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Hill pens new QPR deal
Defender Clint Hill has signed a new one-year contract at QPR as the club prepare for life back in the Premier League.
The 35-year-old captained the side to an immediate return to the top flight via the Championship play-offs last season and will now embark on a fifth campaign at Loftus Road.
"I was always hopeful that I'd get a new deal, so to get it sorted so soon is great," he told the club's official website.
"I've enjoyed some great experiences at QPR over the last four years, I'm settled here, and I'm excited about being part of this club for another season."
But Hill is in no doubt as to the size of the challenge he will face in trying to pin down a starting spot when the new term begins at home to Hull City on August 16.
"Every year I always think it will be tough to keep my place in the side, and this season I've brought myself round to thinking that I won't play as much and new players will come in," he added.
"Maybe I'll need to take on a different role this season. The most important thing is the club and how that progresses. I want to take a keen interest in that."
Hill, who joined from Crystal Palace in 2010, is a fans' favourite at the London club and won the supporters' player of the year award in the 2011-12 and 2012-13 campaigns.


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Each fall, millions of parents purchase new clothes and supplies to prepare their children for the new school year. We often forget to prepare a strategy for our child�s growth during the year. �It�s important to remember that God has given parents, not schools, the primary responsibility for shaping and guiding their children�s development. Furthermore, God has hardwired children to respond to their parents� leadership, no matter how much they appear to resist.
Children will spend the overwhelming majority of their waking hours in the company of their fellow students and under the authority of their teachers, unless they are homeschooled. This presents a formidable challenge to parents nonetheless with diligent preparation; parents can still be the primary influence in their children�s lives. Let me give you a biblically based five-step strategy to help your children survive and thrive in school. �
5 Steps to Back-to-School Preparation
The best preparation for school parents can give their children is a strong sense of family identity. Children must know who they are in Christ and in the family where their heavenly Father has placed them. They should feel absolutely secure in their parents� and siblings� unconditional love and acceptance. They should feel a sense of intimacy and belonging that is not easily damaged. If these things are lacking at home, children will seek to have their God-given need for affection and care met by friends. This leads to peer dependency and makes them much more vulnerable to negative peer pressure.
Building family intimacy can include simple activities like ensuring the family shares a meal together whenever possible, to taking special time to bond with and grow close to each child. Hopefully, your family made the most of the summer, taking the opportunity to make memories together and strengthen your relationships with one another.
Second, as parents and grandparents, we should pay attention to their children�s friends. Outside of school, elementary school-aged children should only socialize with the friends their parents select. But older children soon begin to choose their own companions. Are they eager to follow after children who do not share their parents� values? Or do they exert a positive influence on their peers?
Third, as parents we must closely monitor our children�s academic development to ensure their courses are appropriate for their ability levels and goals. A child who struggled in a general chemistry course should probably not take AP Chemistry without engaging extra help. Despite this simple rule of thumb, a child with the goal of attending a competitive college will be expected to complete several AP or IB courses with success.
How do you monitor your child�s academic progress? Pay attention to your children�s grades and standardized test scores, but also have them demonstrate their abilities at home, whether it�s by reading aloud to you from their favorite novels, showing you how to work a math problem or discussing the content of their history and science courses. Even straight-A report cards mean little if students are not taking the most rigorous courses available to them.
Fourth, parents should anticipate the challenges their children are likely to face. Are your children going to encounter anti-Christian arguments from their teachers in any of their subjects?
In middle school and high school, the challenges become much more complex. Temptations may range from cheating on school work to the availability of sex, alcohol and drugs. Even parents with children in Christian schools should not assume that their kids will be completely protected. Recent studies have confirmed that evangelical young adults are nearly as likely as their non-Christian peers to engage in premarital sex. Fortunately, students with a strong sense of self-respect and family identity are far less vulnerable.
Fifth, parents should do their best to ensure their children are able to pursue interests and hobbies that allow them to challenge themselves, build character and express themselves creatively. Multiple studies have demonstrated that children who study a musical instrument exhibit better cognitive skills and superior academic performance when compared with children who don�t. Organized sports are another good outlet for youthful energy. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend that children get at least 30 minutes of vigorous physical activity five days a week, but a growing number of American children are inactive and obese. Girls who participate in organized sports in high school are less likely to be sexually active, use drugs or become depressed.
These five steps may sound overwhelming to parents who are struggling to balance demanding jobs and family responsibilities. The good news is that if you set some clear parental goals and monitor your child�s progress, both of you will grow this year. �God will give you grace to take strategic action. �


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The Life and Times of Ken Schrock
Monday, June 06, 2005
I believe this building was a meeting place for Dignitaries, both foreign and domestic to meet and discuss issues.
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Ken Schrock
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"The nice thing is that EML can parse off payments from each property and automatically pull the funds from their respective bank accounts."
WOW! Internet, TV and Phone
Downtown Lawrence
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20|20 Research
Waasland Shopping Center
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Edge Loyalty
"We have always viewed the winnings card solution as a unique and successful way for bookmakers to provide a better experience for their customers. The fact that Ladbrokes has embraced this and has now expanded it to all their brands reaffirms this belief. The EML platform is perfectly designed to enable these types of solutions. By providing an instant access to funds it allows for an organization to develop a better customer engagement and interaction strategy by being able to provide the tools to integrate in a seamless manner."
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Warehouse Pro
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Pandora Western Europe
"We chose to work with EML because the flexibility of their technology and systems allowed us to have a closed loop gift card program that would reflect our brand appropriately, with little operational or technical involvement on our part. Their implementation team, customer support and card sales have exceeded our expectations and they very much see the development of our program as a partnership endeavor. I would not hesitate to recommend their product and services."
Bluewater Shopping Center
"EML launched the Bluewater Gift Card program in 2008 and since then we have worked in partnership with them to significantly grow sales year on year. The EML team is professional, reliable and easy to work with and their team provides excellent customer service for our guests. We would highly recommend EML and we see our relationship continuing with them over the coming years."
Meadowhall Shopping Center
"We launched the world's first shopping center virtual card with [EML] and it has been received incredibly positively by our retailers, plus they have a suite of new innovations that we are currently discussing. We see our partnership with EML being a long one and would highly recommend anyone working with them that want to improve their reliability, innovation and service levels."
Land Securities
"Moving from our old supplier to EML has been a massive improvement in almost every way. We have seen huge increases in sales, the technology is more user friendly, and most importantly reliable. The approach is very much one of partnership and at the core of everything is a focus on customer service (for us, our retailers and shoppers). Even if it might seem daunting to switch suppliers – EML makes it much easier than you would think."
Liverpool ONE Shopping Center
"We've been working with EML since the launch of Liverpool ONE and they have helped us to see the value that a gift card program can directly provide our customers and retailers, and how it can positively reflect and promote our brands. The gift card program is a key part of our marketing strategy and EML is very much part of the Liverpool ONE team. I would recommend working with EML if you are looking for a partner that understands your strategy, rather than just a supplier."


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Perky dog perfume or night lamp in shape of SKYE/SILKY/SCOTTY/ Briard dog or other type terrier.... early first casting detail shows lot of defined fur with hand painted tan/brown accents...big glass eyes...., nicely hand painted black nose w nostrils, open mouth with pink tongue, black collar.......8.5" tall ....heavy quality porcelain.... no chips,cracks,crazing... marked ORIGINAL AEROZON.. OLD 1940s wiring included
45 other shoppers have this item in their Cart or Wish List
Specializing in SIGHTHOUNDS since 1977
ROSENTHAL SALE...... we specialize in international sales and service. . .


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Little Apple robot - Printable Version
+- iDevGames Forums (http://www.idevgames.com/forums)
+-- Forum: Development Zone (/forum-3.html)
+--- Forum: Designer's Studio (/forum-6.html)
+--- Thread: Little Apple robot (/thread-5857.html)
Little Apple robot - Carlos Camacho - Feb 21, 2005 01:23 AM
I was looking on the QT7 page and spotted this image:
I really like that little robot. I'm planning to commission someone to model our robot from uDevGames into 3D (anyone want to do it for free?) Anyways, I've been thinking for a long time that I would love to have a little character for iDG. Something to complement uDG's robot. This little guy on Apple's site is pretty cool IMHO. Not that I want to copy him, but I would like to be inspired by it. (ie. the ONE eye robot)
Anyone have time to work on a 2D and 3D bot for iDG? As I said, it should complement our uDG bot:
Little Apple robot - jamie - Feb 21, 2005 07:10 AM
I'd be happy to model a 3d robot for you/the site. Are you thinking it would be a 3d rendition of the "command-r" or something new and different?
Little Apple robot - EvolPenguin - Feb 21, 2005 07:25 AM
My friend does some modeling and he's pretty good. I could ask him if you can't do it jamie.
Little Apple robot - jamie - Feb 21, 2005 01:23 PM
It's been a painfully slow day at work so I started this on the job...
A large image can be seen here:
Little Apple robot - Carlos Camacho - Feb 21, 2005 08:13 PM
Jamie, looks great.
To answer your question... I'm asking for two things...
(1) model the uDG Robot in 3D, which you seem to be doing.
(2) create a new robot, that is like the uDG Robot, but a bit different for iDG's mascot. Only criteria is that this robot have one eye.
It would be super if you posted screenshot of each milestone in the modeling.
If this works out, I will make it worth your time.
Little Apple robot - jamie - Feb 22, 2005 08:00 PM
I will certainly post screen shots/samples as I go. I'd love feed back as the model moves along.
Little Apple robot - aarku - Feb 22, 2005 08:19 PM
It looks nice so far. Perhaps it is squashed a little in the vertical direction? Yours looks more spherical, and the drawing looks a little more daring with a taller head.
Little Apple robot - chrisco - Feb 23, 2005 11:13 AM
After a crazy couple of months, I've finally made my way back to this site. Just started programming again about a week ago after getting my illustration business up and running (my last time before that was my failed attempt at the uDG contest).
So I haven't posted in quite a while (and have completely forgotten my old user name), but when I came across this thread, I couldn't resist throwing something up here.
It's quick and dirty, but if it's along the right path, I'd be happy to do up a nicer version with revisions and all
Jamie - Nice work on the model so far - it's pretty cool to see something I made in 3D
Little Apple robot - aarku - Feb 23, 2005 11:23 AM
Hey Chris,
It's great to see you back! I really like your sketch, the wings are a great touch. I'm not positive if it is okay to use that firewire logo, but I'll look into it. Looks great, though!
edit: Your old account was named Roosterhouse, and was at one time in "Purgatory" due to an invalid email address, and looks like the history of it has been Cleansed.
Little Apple robot - iefan - Feb 23, 2005 11:33 AM
chrisco Wrote:
He's in Target Disk Mode! Just look at his chest.
Little Apple robot - jamie - Feb 23, 2005 01:32 PM
Chris I really like the floating, one eye robot as well, very nice. Since your back, did you ever have any ideas or sketches on what the uDG robots lower half might look like?
Little Apple robot - Carlos Camacho - Feb 23, 2005 04:39 PM
I think that his "eye" might be better a tad smaller. At the moment, he looks like an underwater diver. Something more like a camera lens perhaps?
Good to see you again!
Little Apple robot - SethWillits - Feb 23, 2005 09:59 PM
Why the one eye requirement Carlos?
Little Apple robot - aaronsullivan - Feb 23, 2005 10:03 PM
I think it's because the site is not named eyesDevGames. There is only one "eye" in iDevGames. It's a play on words and makes the robot different from the uDevgames robot, I suppose. Plus, I think Carlos secretly relates to cyclops monsters. Just a theory.
Little Apple robot - SethWillits - Feb 23, 2005 10:06 PM
I wondered that possibility. The relating to cyclops monsters that is...


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At the annual meeting in Salt Lake City on December 8th, America Outdoors Association members approved a slate of officers and directors nominated for 2015 – 2018. Officers and Directors elected are as follows:
President – Brian Campbell – Adventures on the Gorge (West Virginia)
1st VP – Don Roberts – Front Royal Outdoors (Virginia)
2nd VP – Jack Rich – Rich's Montana Guest Ranch ( Montana)
Treasurer – Eric Martin - Wilderness Voyageurs (Pennsylvania)
Eastern Region
Josh Gray – Mohican Adventures Canoe (Ohio)
Nathan Depenbrock – Canoe Kentucky (Kentucky)
Sutton Bacon - Nantahala Outdoor Center (North Carolina)
Western Region
Duke Bradford – Arkansas Valley Adventures (Colorado)
Brian Merrill – Western River Expeditions (Utah)
Tyler Wendt – O.A.R.S. (California)
Donna McDonald – UCO Ranch (Montana)
Aaron Bannon – N.O.L.S. (Wyoming)
Robert Bass – Ozark Outdoors Resort (Missouri)
Jeff Greiner – Wildwater Ltd (North Carolina)
Scott A. Teuber - WI River Outings (Wisconsin)
Congratulations to the new Board and many thanks to outgoing President Mike Mills and Secretary/Treasurer Greg Henington!
AOA is the national association of outfitters and guides and their suppliers. Check out our list of members.
Read More >>
Trip Date: September 17 - 21, 2018Moab, UT
Join us for the 2018 George Wendt Memorial Raft Trip. Call AOA office to register. Click below to view the flyer.
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