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Boise State Ready for Final WAC Tournament
Western Athletic Conference Championship
"The Club Glove Women's Golf Championship"
Dates: April 15-17, 2011
Location: Mesa, Ariz.
Host Course: Longbow Golf Club (Par 71 - 6,121 yards)
Live Scoring: www.GolfStat.com and www.WACSports.com
► What's Happening
Boise State University's women's golf team is off to its final Western Athletic Conference championship before next year's move to the Mountain West Conference. The Broncos will be one of seven teams competing in the 21st edition of the WAC tournament which runs April 15-17 at Longbow Golf Club in Mesa, Ariz. The Club Glove Women's Golf Championship will be the final regular-season competition for Boise State this year.
► Boise State's Roster
Representing the Broncos at the WAC championship will be sophomore Hayley Young, freshman Jenna Leurquin, redshirt-sophomore Michelle Gooding, sophomore Lori Harper and junior Maria Santisteban. Young and Harper are the only members of this year's championship roster with experience at a previous conference tournament having competed in last year's title event.
► Championship Preview
(Courtesy of WACSports.com) San Jose State is the two-time defending champion after placing three players in the top six last year. Last year's individual champion, Hali Coppin of Fresno State, is gone, but Hawai'i's Kaili Britos and Idaho's Kayla Mortellaro return after finishing second and third, respectively, last year. Mortellaro has averaged a WAC-best 71.71 strokes per round and is currently ranked 15th in the nation by Golfstat after winning two individual titles this season. Nevada's Lauren Hernandez is also a multiple winner this year with two victories while New Mexico State freshman Demi Mak has a tournament victory on the season as well.
► Boise State's History at Championship
The Broncos have participated in nine previous WAC tournaments, 2002-2010, with a top result of fourth-place at the 2003 event which was held at Kapolei, Hawaii. The top individual finish to date is by Marie Beasley who tied for third in 2003 with a 12-over 228. Boise State has finished sixth at the event each of the last three years. Last year the Broncos shot 947 (+95) at Longbow Golf Club, the same course as this year's tournament. Then-senior Iris Ocariza led the Broncos with a 233 (+20) tying for 13th, followed by current-sophomore Hayley Young who placed 17th at 23-over 236.
► Tournament Information
The WAC championship will feature the typical five-person squads with the top-four scores per round counting towards the team tally. The competition format for this event calls for three rounds of stroke play staged over three days. The teams will open the competition on Friday followed by the second round on Saturday and final 18 on Sunday. Each day will start by tee times beginning at 8:30 a.m. (Mountain) from the number one tee. Boise State will be paired with the University of Nevada in the opening round on Friday, pairings will then be set by scores for the final two rounds.
► The Championship Field
This is the Western Athletic Conference championship and as a result only the seven member schools who sponsor the sport will participate in the event. The competing schools include: Boise State, Fresno State, Hawai'i, Idaho, Nevada, New Mexico State and San Jose State. There will be a total of 35 golfers competing for the team and individual titles.
► The Host Course
Longbow Golf Club in Mesa, Ariz., will serve as the host course for this event for the second year in a row. The tournament will be staged as a par-71 played over a 6,121-yard course. Located in North Mesa, Longbow Golf Club is just minutes from Phoenix Sky Harbor Airport and Old Town Scottsdale. The award-winning Longbow Golf Club was honored as one of the "Top 100 Resort Courses in the Country" and ranked as "One of The Top 20 Best Courses You Can Play In Arizona", by Golfweek Magazine.
► What's Happened Recently For The Broncos
Boise State is coming into the WAC championship off its best performance of the spring placing 11th out of 23 teams at the Wyoming Cowgirl Classic April 4-5 in Chandler, Ariz. The Broncos shot a three-round team score of 928 (+64) and were led by Hayley Young who recorded her fifth top-20 finish of the year placing 11th (tied) out of 122 participants with a 7-over-par 223. She was followed by Michelle Gooding at 18-over 234, Lori Harper at 21-over 237 and Jenna Leurquin at 22-over 238.
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Virginia Lee Barden, 65, of 417 S. Herman St., died Tuesday at her home.
She was born in Wayne County Feb. 24, 1940, to the late James Wooten and the late Mary Lena Cox. She was the widow of the late James L. Barden.
A funeral service will be conducted 11 a.m. Tuesday at St. Luke Church of Christ, 430 E. Elm St. The Rev. David Williams will officiate. Burial will follow in the St. John Church Cemetery on Pecan Road, in Dudley.
She is survived by four sons, Jerry Fuller of Norfolk, Va., Eddie Fuller of Riverside, Calif., Bruce Fuller of Goldsboro, and Eric Barden of Columbia, Md.; two daughters, Shiela West of Randallstown, Md., and Nikki Barden of the home; one brother, Willie Wooten of Goldsboro; one sister, Essie Wooten Barden; 12 grandchildren; four great-grandchildren; and four aunts.
A viewing will be held Monday from 3 until 9 p.m. at Hamilton Funeral Chapel. Family will greet friends from 7 until 8 p.m.
Published in Obituaries on March 6, 2005 9:43 AM

subset: commoncrawl


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1. Donation amounts will be kept strictly confidential unless they are so gigantic
that we need to brag about them. However, we will list contributors with special
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Kathy was President of Children Together. They have 500 names of people interested
in early childhood education. They train teachers on new techniques once a year.
The Foundation may trade names with Children Together to increase our data base.
We are, after all, small and need to leverage our size. Trading names of people
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1. They believe god is the master and they are the slaves, and his love is only determined on your faithfullness.


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Steadfast Love by Lauren Chandler
Weekly on Saturday until February 24, 2018
There are times when worship overflows effortlessly from a heart full of gratitude and praise. And there are times when God seems far and we feel we have nothing to offer. Throughout it all, God shows us His steadfast love. Psalm 107 is a call to worship. It reminds us that each season of life is an opportunity to reveal the anchor of our souls. In this 7-session Bible study, learn to face both storms and deserts with courage and trust in Jesus, and discover how tests in our journeys of faith reveal the true condition of our hearts. For there is no fear for the one who fears the Lord, the one whose soul is anchored in His steadfast love.
Event Details
When: Feb 17 2018 9:30 am - 11:30 am
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text:
Dendrite International, Inc. v. Doe No. 3
|Dendrite International, Inc. v. Doe No. 3
|New Jersey Superior Court
|Full case name
|Dendrite International, Inc. v. John Doe No. 3
|May 22 2001
|July 11 2001
|342 N.J. Super. 134, 775 A.2d 756 (App. Div. 2001)
|Case history
|Prior action(s)
|On appeal from Superior Court of New Jersey, Chancery Division, Morris County, Docket No. MRS-C-129-00.
|Affirmed the Chancery Division's decision that Dendrite's prima facie case did not merit the unmasking of Doe No. 3.
|Court membership
|Judge(s) sitting
|Stern, Rodríguez and Fall
|Case opinions
Dendrite International, Inc. v. Doe No. 3, 342 N.J. Super. 134, 775 A.2d 756 (App. Div. 2001), is a New Jersey Superior Court case in which Dendrite International, Inc., a purveyor of computer software used in the pharmaceutical industry, brought a John Doe lawsuit against individuals who had anonymously posted criticisms of the company on a Yahoo message board. When Presiding Chancery Judge Kenneth MacKenzie rejected one of Dendrite's requests to compel Yahoo to reveal the identity of an anonymous defendant, Dendrite appealed. The appellate court upheld the district court's decision, and in doing so, created a set of guidelines for determining the circumstances under which an anonymous online speaker may be unmasked.[1] This standard has since been applied to other cases, such as Mobilisa, Inc. v. Doe,[2] Gallucci v. New Jersey On-Line LLC,[3] Independent Newspapers v. Brodie,[4] and The Mortgage Specialists, Inc. v. Implode-Explode Heavy Industries, Inc.
No uniform standard exists in the United States for determining the circumstances under which an anonymous online speaker may be unmasked.[5]
The original Superior Court case, Dendrite International, Inc. v. Does, was a lawsuit brought by Dendrite International, Inc. (since acquired by Cegedim),[6] a company that provided pharmaceutical-industry-specific customer relationship management software, against fourteen anonymous defendants. These individuals had posted messages on a Yahoo message board which Dendrite claimed were breaches of contract, were defamatory and contained trade secrets.
The plaintiffs requested that the court reveal the identity of four of the Does.[7] However, unlike judges in previous similar cases, the trial judge ordered that a notice be posted on the message board alerting the Does that Dendrite was subpoenaing Yahoo, enabling some of the Does to contest the action.[8] In November 2000, the trial judge granted the company's motion to conduct limited discovery to ascertain the identities of Does No. 1 and 2, but denied access to Does 3 and 4.[7]
Doe No. 3's comments were related to alleged changes in the company's accounting practices and discussed the CEO's unsuccessful attempts to sell the company. The trial judge felt that Dendrite had failed to prove that it was harmed by the allegations, and found that the conduct of Does No. 3 and 4 did not warrant the revocation of their constitutional protections.[7] Dendrite appealed the decision with respect to Doe No. 3.
The appellate court affirmed the Morris County court's opinion, finding that Dendrite's prima facie case did not merit the unmasking of Doe No. 3. The panel cited cases ruling that constitutional free speech protections extend to anonymous or pseudonymous comments made online, and stated that in order for Doe No. 3 to forfeit those protections, Dendrite had to demonstrate that the statements were defamatory in that they were both false and harmful. The court felt that Dendrite had not met these criteria. In measuring harm, the appellate court affirmed the trial court's use of the price of company shares on the stock market in the time period following the posting of the comments.[7]
In making a decision with regards to Doe No. 3, the court set forth a five-prong test for judges to apply in future cases when deciding whether to compel disclosure of an anonymous poster's identity: (1) the plaintiff must make good faith efforts to notify the poster and give the poster a reasonable opportunity to respond; (2) the plaintiff must specifically identify the poster's allegedly actionable statements; (3) the complaint must set forth a prima facie cause of action; (4) the plaintiff must support each element of the claim with sufficient evidence; and (5) "the court must balance the defendant's First Amendment right of anonymous free speech against the strength of the prima facie case presented and the necessity for the disclosure of the anonymous defendant's identity."[1] Dendrite's claim was rejected because it failed to produce adequate evidence of the harm element of the defamation claim as required by the fourth prong of the test. The five prongs had been offered by an amicus brief from Public Citizen, the American Civil Liberties Union, and the ACLU of New Jersey.[9]
These guidelines build upon the summary judgment standard, but provide additional protection in that they allow the court to "balance" the defendant's rights against the strength of the plaintiff's prima facie case.[7] The standard set by this case has been applied to several others, some in states other than New Jersey,[5] including Indiana.[10]
See also[edit]
- Doe v. 2themart.com Inc.
- Cable TV Privacy Act
- Electronic Communications Privacy Act
- Strategic lawsuit against public participation
- ^ a b Dendrite International, Inc. v. Doe No. 3, 342 N.J. Super. 134, 775 A.2d 756 (App. Div. 2001).
- ^ 170 P.3d 712 (pdf) Archived March 13, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. (Ariz. 2007). Retrieved on 2011-03-01.
- ^ Gallagher, Mary Pat. "N.J. Suit Could Be Test Case for Anonymous Web Posts", New Jersey Law Journal, February 26, 2007.
- ^ Court of Appeals of Maryland, Feb. 27, 2009, No. 63 (pdf). Retrieved on 2011-03-01.
- ^ a b Miller, Jason. Who's Exposing John Doe Journal of Technology Law & Policy, Vol. 13, No. 1, 2008
- ^ Business Wire. Dendrite's Shareholders Approve Acquisition by Cegedim. Retrieved on 2011-03-01.
- ^ a b c d e Bartlett, Michael, Court Upholds Anonymous Net Posting Decision, USA Today. Retrieved on 2009-03-15.
- ^ Saitz, Greg. "Walking a Fine Line on Cyber Rights." New Jersey Star-Ledger. Retrieved on 2011-03-01.
- ^ {https://www.citizen.org/our-work/litigation/cases/dendrite-international-v-does-1-through-4] Dendrite International v. Does 1 through 4
- ^ Techdirt: Indiana Court Says Anonymous Commenters Deserve High Standard Before Being Exposed, But Aren't Necessarily Protected By Shield Laws
External links[edit]
- Text of Dendrite International, Inc. v. Doe No. 3, 342 N.J. Super. 134, 775 A.2d 756 (App. Div. 2001) is available from: CourtListener Findlaw Google Scholar
- Citizen Media Law Project
- Defamation Law Blog


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I used some of the matching My Complements for embellishment. This paper will be retiring soon. I need to stock up!
X7170B Laughing Lola X7170C Laughing Lola Complements
Have you heard? CTMH is giving away a FREE Cricut cartridge (your choice) when you sign up to be a consultant in April! The consultant kit is only $99 and you get a FREE Cricut cartridge worth $99, plus a kit with a value of $300. How could you go wrong??? Look at all the fabulous products in the new consultant kit. Aren't they pretty?
If you would like more information, be sure to drop me an email. Ready to sign up? Click here to be taken to the application.
One more exciting thing! I've put together a fun rewards program for my team members. I'm looking forward to handing out the prizes. Here's what will go into effect tomorrow.


text: Intro: A A F9 E9 A A7 Well, I came down to Nashville in 1993 D A 'Cause my friend Jim said Nashville had money growin' right on the trees E A F9 E9 So I thought I'd go pick some, and I don't mean musically. A A7 Now it's 4 years later, and I'm wonderin' where I went wrong D A Shook a lotta hands, ate a lotta lunch, wrote a lotta dumbass songs E A F9 E9 But I couldn't get a break in Nashville, if I tried my whole life long A A7 So, fuck this town...fuck this town D D9 A Fuck it end-to-end, fuck it up and down E C6 Can't get noticed -- can't get found -- can't get a cut, so B B6 A Fuck this town. Hey, this ain't country-western! It's just soft-rock feminist crap! And I thought they'd struck bottom back back in the days of Ronnie Milsap Now they can't stop the flood of assholes: there ain't a big enough ASCAP. Sure, I like old Tim Carroll, and BR5-49 But Nashville don't need that noise, no, Nashville'll do just fine As long as there's a moron market And a faggot in a hat to sign. A Fuck this town! Fuck this town! E C B B6 A G# A7(B5) Fuck...this...town.


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With 20 years of experience, I know and have lived how Project Management over the years has changed. Submitting my CV with project management experience is not really cutting it now, you know why? Because companies and organisations are going through major change and need leaders who can take them on that change. Continue reading
Tag Archives: Freelance IT Consultant
Recruitment reflections – from a candidate
"It's all in the power of the candidate now"
"Things happen for a reason, you'll find something"
"Recruitment is a two way street"
It's spring, there's been time for lunch today in your working day. Maybe you're finishing early and are just having a mooch around LinkedIn to pass the time? Well I am in that mood today is a Friday, of reflection, reflections from the last three months of looking for my next opportunity. Also receiving your P45 in the post also helps you reflect quite a lot!
Not too late to plan 2014 – Top 5 Tech Tips for your business
It's not too late, even if it is already the last day of the month. You can make today your first day to focus on your goals for 2014.
Have you set your goals for 2014? Have you thought about how technology is going to help you achieve them? No then don't worry, I've thought about it for you. Here's my top 5 goals…
Want to grow your business? Why you want to leave Facebook…
I speak to many people about how it can be difficult to setup a small business or shared interest group on Facebook. I quickly reply, "That's because they want you to pay. It won't be free forever" I get baffled looks and people ask for more about this 'not free Facebook' I talk of. I generally give an example.
"Did you know when you post an update from a group or page not all of your followers see it?" I get inquisitive looks back. I continue…
Demystifying Digital Stategy
Many people ask me how do you define your Digital Strategy? Well cliche I know, but it depends…
Who is the 'your'? Are you a large corporation governed by standards and regulations? Are you a small charity and you don't think you need any digital strategy? Are you a business owner and don't have the time or think it's important? Well here's some thoughts on this area. One digital strategy does not fill all types of business, sizes or organisations or industry areas. Customising and applying a best approach is what's required.
Technical age brings new condition – Have you got Digital Dementia?
Can you remember what you last read? Maybe traveling to work this morning. It was an interesting read but what was it about? who did it involve? can you remember? you read it whilst checking SMS on your smartphone, picking up the newspaper on the seat next to you at the same time as listening to music through your headphones. What did you husband, or wife say to you when you last spoke? Did you organise to meet a friend and discover it was the same evening as your wedding anniversary, but you'd forgot because your mind just wasn't thinking clearly; this being a real example. Can you remember birthdays if Facebook or your birthday reminder application only reminds you first?


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Ouch! Chinese real estate developer accused of attacking tenants with 100 pounds of scorpions
The tenants of an apartment complex in Shenzen, China believe a real estate developer is behind an invasion of live scorpions! Tenant's lives were rudely interrupted when 110 pounds of live scorpions mysteriously found their way inside the apartment complex. One resident was even awoken by a scorpion crawling on his stomach!
Some residents reported seeing a man walking out of the developer's office with a bucket, and then later going around to the open windows pouring the contents inside. Hmm, sounds fishy huh? Well apparently this particular complex is scheduled for demolition, but residents have yet to sign any compensation contracts for being displaced.
The real estate developer denies that he's behind the scorpion invasion saying there's no reason to force the tenants out when they have to leave regardless. Well he's right that they need to leave regardless, but 110 pounds of scorpions just don't appear overnight. If anything, don't you think he's trying to get out of paying the compensation owed to the tenants by literally scaring them away? Besides that, what other reason would there be?
No one was reported to have been hurt by the loose scorpions but the tenants and police officers who were on the scene did spend a good 24 hours ridding the complex of the creepy crawlers.
KrisE! @K_Kisses_KrisE


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Sunday, February 19 at 2-4 p.m. at Mint Museum Randolph
FREE and open to the public
These church-day events are a response to South Carolina artist Dr. Leo Twiggs' nine works of art in the exhibition Requiem for Mother Emanuel, which honors those lost to tragedy in June 2015 at Mother Emanuel AME Church in Charleston, S.C. During these special Sunday programs, local churches will remember this time of mourning and redemption with vocalists, musicians, choir selections and bell ringing. Guests will have an opportunity to view the exhibition and respond themselves via interactive message boards.
This program is generously co-sponsored by Quincy and Christy Lee, Juan and Jonell Logan, and community partner Friendship Missionary Baptist Church-Charlotte.
Image credit: Leo Twiggs (born 1934), Requiem for Mother Emanuel #7, 2016, batik on cotton. The Johnson Collection. Photo by SailWind.


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Because to the depths of me, I long to love one person, With all my heart, my soul, my mind, my body… Because I need a forever friend to trust with the intimacies of me, Who won't hold them against me, Who loves me when I'm unlikable, Who sees the small child in me, and … Continue reading
Category Archives: Love and Marriage
The Story of Us
I met Greg at WNED in Buffalo just after New Year's in 2008. I remember the day I met him, in the hallway, and exactly what I was wearing. Black sweater with bright green flowers. It was a gradual friendship, involving me finding any excuse to talk to him, including things like needing a new … Continue reading


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GCER will be held July 25, 2018 – July 29, 2018 at the Hyatt Regency Indian Wells Resort & Spa located in Indian Wells, California. Everyone who wishes to attend the conference events and/or compete with a team for any of the tournaments, must be registered for the conference.
GCER is one of those all-too-rare experiences that seamlessly mixes fun, education, and competitive spirit. Some of the fondest memories of my youth took place during GCER.
I have met most of my best friends at GCER and most of my favorite memories and life experiences are due to Botball.
GCER isn't all about the robots. It's about listening to speakers who are in the industry, networking with people in the robotics community, and making international friends!
I love GCER because I can meet people from over 3 different continents and still be able to have a friendly competition with them while forming a strong relationship to last.
Botball is a fun way to learn about what goes into creating successful robots in a fun encouraging environment that will benefit me in many ways wherever I go from here.
At GCER I love seeing the different ways teams accomplish the same tasks, discussing what struggles they went through, and sharing learned information with all the international teams!


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The bustling capital of Bangkok is home to the region's most daring and boundary-pushing performance art. If you love arts and culture be sure to explore some of Bangkok's incredible theatres.
As a city that is teeming with incredible creative and artistic energy, Bangkok is naturally one of the best cities in the region to see live theatre. Most troupes in the city are fiercely independent and employ dynamic combinations of Western-style theatre and traditional Southeast Asian performance art in their work. Exploring the theatre scene in the Thai capital is one of the most interesting, illuminating and genuinely unique ways to learn about Thailand. These are some of the best and most unique theatre troupes in the city, as eclectic as they are phenomenally talented.
B-Floor Theatre
B-Floor Theatre is perhaps Bangkok's most thrilling example of avant-garde performance art. Performing stunning on-stage art since its genesis in 1999, B-Floor has taken to the stage many visually arresting performances that combine multimedia and installation work with live action performance. Their shows often have little or no script, and rely on a troupe of talented local artists and performers to bring the stories to life. Many of their shows are based upon themes that challenge social and political issues, and aim to bring awareness to issues that are central to Thailand and its people.
By bringing in elements of martial arts, dance, mime, gymnastics and acrobatics to their theatre shows that creative dynamic visual environments. Their performances have gained so much attention that the troupe has performed around the world as well as in Thailand, traveling to stages as far as Denmark, India, Korea, France and the United States. And, since their performances are focused upon visual mediums and communication rather than strictly spoken word, B-Floor Theatre is a perfect opportunity for visitors to take in Thai culture despite the language barrier.
Peel the Limelight
Peel the Limelight, although relatively new on the Bangkok theatre circuit, is bringing to the city stage a new level of professionalism and diversity. Established as one of the city's first troupes with both foreign and local thespians performing together, Peel the Limelight's performances are performed in English with professional theatre, television and film actors cast in leading roles. Despite the high calibre of its performers, Peel the Limelight follows in the footsteps of Bangkok's independent theatre scene by remaining non-commercial and not-for-profit.
Peel the Limelight's shows explore diverse yet universal themes like love and loss in classical theatre performances. Their color-blind casting also illustrates the company's dedication to cultural understanding and collaboration. As a visitor, their performances are perhaps the best stepping stone into exploring what the Bangkok theatre scene has to offer.
Crescent Moon Theatre
Crescent Moon Theatre was established in the 1970s by a group of students, and to this day has continued as one of Bangkok's enduring theatrical groups. Passed from generation to generation, Crescent Moon has been performing original work in 1975, when it was established as a formal theatrical group. Like many of Bangkok's performance art, Crescent Moon is influenced not just by classical theatre technique, but also a decidedly experimental approach to performances that focuses on collaboration and the artistic energy of its performers.
With their stirring working philosophy "We Are Laborers of Art", Crescent Moon illustrates poignant tales that transcend cultural borders and instead explore the universal concepts of the human condition. Although performances in recent years are not as frequent as its theatre counterparts like B-Floor, Crescent Moon continues to operate out of its small theatre and art space in downtown Bangkok.
Save the Date! The Bangkok Theatre Festival (BTF)
To showcase the truly wide and exceptionally diverse collection of theatre, performing arts and creative stage troupes in Bangkok, the annual Bangkok Theatre Festival brings together the best and brightest of Thailand's theatre companies. From small community theaters to major professional troupes, over 60 groups from around the country gather in the capital to perform over two weeks on many of the city's stages.
The festival is organized by the Bangkok Theatre Network and the Ministry of Culture to take place yearly (usually in November), and is one of the best opportunities for visitors to see a side of Thailand not often glimpsed by passing travelers. Among the city's incredible architectural marvels, bustling nightlife and cultural diversity, the Bangkok Theatre Festival is perhaps one of the best ways to see the city and its people at its most creative and thriving.
It will be the most unforgettable trip for you if joining these amazing shows in Bangkok, Thailand! If you need any further information about theatres or shows in Bangkok this time, just book a Thailand tour with us and let our experts in Bangkok take you there!


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Modification of signalling resources in a communications system
Modification of signalling resources in a communications system
Patent Drawings:
(4 images)
Kauppinen, et al.
Date Issued:
November 16, 2004
September 28, 2001
Kauppinen; Risto
(Espoo, FI)
Skog; Jari
(Virkkala, FI)
Nokia Corporation
(Espoo, FI)
Primary Examiner:
Pezzlo; John
Assistant Examiner:
Tsegaye; Saba
Attorney Or Agent:
Squire, Sanders & Dempsey LLP
U.S. Class:
Field Of Search:
International Class:
U.S Patent Documents:
Foreign Patent Documents:
Other References:
Joachim. Zepf & Gerhard Rufa; "Congestion and Flow Control in Signaling System No. 7--Impacts of Intelligent Networks and New Services", IEEEjournal on selected areas in communicatins, Apr. 3 1994, vol. 12, pp. 501-509.*.
Martino De Marco et al; "Bandwidth Re-Negotiation in ATM Networks for High-Speed Computer Communications", GLOBECOM 1995 IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference, Singapore, Nov. 14-16 1995, vol. 1, pp. 393-398..
Yuan R et al; A Signaling and Control Architecture for Mobility Support in Wireless ATM Networks, 1996 IEEE International Conference on Communications, ICC Converging Technologies for Tommorrow's Applications, Dallas, Jun. 23-27 1996, vol. 1, pp.478-484..
Crosby et al; "In-call Renegotiations of Traffic Parameters' Networking: foundations for the Future", San Francisco, Mar. 28-Apr. 7 1998, vol. 2, pp. 638-646..
Lee WC et al; Dynamic Management for Call-Level QOS Guarantee in Integrated Communication Networks Proceedings of the Conference on Computer Communications (INFOCOM), Toronto, Jun. 12-16 1994, vol. 3, pp. 1073-1082..
ITU-T Q.2725.2, "Series Q: Switching and Signalling, Broadband ISDN--B-ISDN application protocols for the network signalling", B-ISDN User Part- Modification procedures, Jul. 1996..
ITU-T Q.2763, "B-ISDN Application Protocols of the Network", Broadband Interated Services Digital Network (B-ISDN)--Signalling System No. 7 B-ISDN User Part (B-ISUP)--Formats and Codes, Feb. 1995..
Recommendation Q.2931, Feb. 1995..
ITU-T Q.2963.1, "Series Q: Switching and Signalling Broadband ISDN--B-ISDN application protocols for access signalling", Peak cell rate modification by the connection owner, Jul. 1996..
Disclosed herein is a method for changing characteristics of a signalling link in a communications system including at least two signalling points and at least one signalling link through which signalling information is transmitted from a first signalling point to an adjacent signalling point. The signalling traffic to be relayed is monitored at a signalling point. A procedure for modifying user connections is performed. A modification request message including an identifier value for identifying the object of modification is sent to the adjacent signalling point. The system flexibly adapts to a temporary increase in signalling load. A set of identifier values are used for identifying signalling links allocated in advance to signalling links between adjacent signalling points. When signalling traffic meets a predetermined condition, a signalling link is modified by inserting in the modification message an identifier value belonging to the set.
What is claimed is:
1. A method for changing the characteristics of a signalling link in a communications system comprising at least two signalling points and at least one signalling linkseparate from user connections through which signalling link only signalling information is transmitted from a first signalling point to an adjacent signalling point, the method comprising: allocating a set of identifier values to the signalling linksbetween adjacent signalling points, the identifier values being used for identifying the signalling links; monitoring signalling traffic to be transferred at the first signalling point; starting a modification procedure in which a modification requestmessage including an identifier value selected from the set of identifier values allocated to the signalling links is sent to the adjacent signalling point; and when signalling traffic meets a given predetermined condition, sending the modificationrequest message including said identifier value.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the system further comprises a unique identifier value allocated to each signalling link for identifying the signalling link.
3. The method according to claim 1, wherein a part of the system further comprises a unique identifier value allocated to each signalling link for identifying the signalling link.
4. The method according to claim 1, further comprising one common identifier value being allocated to all signalling links in the system, and the modification request message being sent on that signalling link to which modification relates.
5. The method according to claim 1, wherein a part of the system further comprises one common identifier value being allocated to all signalling links in said part, and the modification request message being sent on that signalling link to whichmodification relates.
6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the signalling link is restored to the state that prevailed before modification as soon as the signalling traffic meets a predetermined criterion continuously for a predetermined time.
7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the signalling link is restored to the state that prevailed before modification by monitoring the state of the signalling point, by performing an interrogation of a state of the signalling point atpredetermined intervals, and initiating restoration as soon as the state meets predetermined criteria.
8. A communications system comprising: at least two signalling points, at least one signalling link separate from user connections through which signalling link only signalling information is transmitted from a first signalling point to anadjacent signalling point, the signalling point comprising: means for transferring signalling traffic, means for monitoring signalling traffic to be transferred, means for modifying capacity characteristics of an individual connection by a modificationprocedure in which a modification request message including an identifier value for identifying an object of modification is sent to the adjacent signalling point, wherein a set of identifier values to be used for identifying signalling links areallocated in advance to the signalling links of the system, a specific identifier value being associated with each individual signalling link, the means for modifying are responsive to means for monitoring to initiate the modification procedure inresponse to a detected quantity of signalling traffic, and the means for modifying are adapted to use the identifier value allocated to the signalling link in the modification request message when the means for monitoring initiate the modificationprocedure.
9. The system according to claim 8, wherein a dedicated, unique identifier value is allocated to each signalling link in the system.
10. The system according to claim 8, wherein a dedicated, unique identifier value is allocated to each signalling link in a part of the system.
11. The system according to claim 8, wherein the same identifier value is allocated to all signalling links in the system.
12. The system according to claim 8, wherein the same identifier value is allocated to all signalling links in a part of the system.
The present invention relates generally to implementation of signalling in a communications system. More specifically, the invention relates to changing the characteristics, particularly the capacity, of a signalling link in a communicationsnetwork, specifically in an ATM-based communications network. In this context, a signalling link denotes the signalling channel between two adjacent network elements.
As is well known, ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) is a connection-oriented packet-switching technique, which has been selected by the international organization for telecommunications standardization, ITU-T, as the technology for implementing abroadband multimedia network (B-ISDN). In an ATM network, the problems of conventional packet-switched networks (such as X.25 networks) have been overcome by transmitting short packets of a constant length (53 octets) called cells. Each cell comprisesa 48-octet payload portion and a 5-octet header. In addition to other data, the header comprises address information on the basis of which a cell is routed in the network. Further discussion of an ATM network herein will be omitted as non-essentialsubject to the understanding of the invention. A closer description can be found in international standards and textbooks of the art.
B-ISDN, which on the conceptual level can be construed as the aim of integrating broadband and narrowband services in the same network, is based on the earlier (narrowband) ISDN model in which the interface between the network and the subscriberis fully digital. However, the services offered in a B-ISDN network require transmission rates that are above the transmission rate of the ISDN network primary rate access. Also in signalling, B-ISDN complies with the out-of-band signalling that isused in the ISDN model (cf. signalling channel D). Out-of-band signalling means that signalling and user data do not share the same channel, but a separate channel is provided for signalling. In a B-ISDN network, virtual channels offer the possibilityof separating user channels and signalling channels from each other. In B-ISDN, the signalling messages are thus transmitted as out-of-band messages on separate virtual connections of the ATM layer. Also, the signalling is common channel signalling inwhich control data pertaining to several communications connections is transmitted on one signalling connection. Dedicated virtual channels are employed for different signalling purposes.
Since the SS7 (Signalling System No. 7) is the international standard for out-of-band signalling systems, it has been modified to suit broadband networks as well, so that it is suited, besides establishing, managing and releasing virtualconnections, also for other operations required by an ATM-based network.
The drawback of the present signalling systems and methods is, however, that they are not capable of flexibly and rapidly adapting themselves to a temporary increase in the signalling load. This is due to the fact that there is no resilientmodification procedure available for fixed connections, signalling connections included, wherewith their capacity could be changed. Thus, so far it has been necessary to modify fixedly defined connections by means of network management. However,specifically connectionless signalling traffic, which includes e.g. retrieval of various data from databases located in the network, is of such a nature that it may involve--especially in the future-load peaks that are difficult to anticipate. For thisreason, it is desirable that also the signalling capacity could be modified more flexibly than heretofore.
It is an objective of the present invention to offer a remedy to the drawbacks described above by providing a solution wherewith the signalling capacity can be flexibly changed in the network when the signalling load increases temporarily.
This objective is achieved with the solution in accordance with the invention, which is defined in the independent claims.
The idea of the invention is to reserve for signalling links between adjacent network elements one or more identifiers that cannot be used for signalled connections, and thereafter to use the standard modification procedure intended for userconnections for a novel purpose, i.e. for changing the characteristics (capacity) of the signalling link. The known modification pro cedure intended for user connections is thus utilized to change the capacity of the signalling link between two adjacentnetwork elements. Modification is initiated only in those network elements in which a need for modification is detected, and thus the modification usually only relates to a specific link between two adjacent exchanges and extends from one end to theother of a signalling connection only if a need for additional capacity is simultaneously detected at all successive signalling points in the connection. Also in this case, the modification of each signalling link is independent of the other signallinglink. Thus, the modification of successive links in the same connection are not dependent on one another, as is the case in user connections.
The capacity can be restored to its original value for example after no blocking or excess load has been detected during a predetermined period of time (e.g. during one hour). The restoration can be based on measuring the signalling load in thenode, but also on the traffic situation or capacity requirement of the user connections.
With the solution in accordance with the invention, a dynamic signalling network is achieved that can automatically increase the signalling capacity in those parts of the network in which the signalling load increases temporarily.
An important further advantage of the solution in accordance with the invention is that it makes efficient use of the modification procedures according to the current recommendations, with the result that it can also be added with very smallchanges to a network in which said procedures have been implemented.
The invention and its preferred embodiments will be described more closely in the following with reference to examples in accordance with the accompanying drawings, in which
FIG. 1 illustrates the signalling protocol stacks at UNI and NNI interfaces,
FIG. 2 shows an example of connection set-up and release carried out at an NNI interface,
FIG. 3 shows an example of successful modification of the capacity of a user connection,
FIG. 4 illustrates the advance configuration of signalling links in accordance with the invention,
FIG. 5 illustrates message exchange performed by two adjacent exchanges when the capacity of the signalling link between the exchanges is changed in accordance with the invention,
FIG. 6 illustrates internal operations in an exchange initiating modification in accordance with the invention,
FIG. 7 illustrates internal operations in an exchange receiving a modification service request in accordance with the invention, and
FIG. 8 is an example of message exchange when the capacity of the signalling link is changed in accordance with the invention at an UNI interface.
FIG. 1 illustrates the known protocol stacks by means of which signalling at the UNI interface (User-Network Interface) and NNI interface (Network-Network Interface) of a B-ISDN network is carried out. As can be seen from the figure, in bothcases the three lowermost layers comprise a physical layer PHY, an ATM layer ATM, and an SAAL layer (Signalling ATM Adaptation Layer), the last-mentioned being the layer corresponding to the ML layer on the Control Plane, i.e., constituting thesignalling AAL. In the B-ISDN Protocol Reference Model, the Control Plane is the plane containing the functions of call and connection control and the functions of the signalling relating thereto.
The signalling protocol for UNI interfaces is defined in ITU-T specification Q.2931 (Digital Subscriber Signalling System No. 2). These operations attend to the connection set-up and release. At NNI interfaces, on the other hand, the signallingapplication protocol is provided by B-ISUP (Broadband-ISUP), beneath which there is an MTP3 layer. Both of these have been modified from the relevant parts of the SS7 standard (MTP3 and ISUP). B-ISDN uses the third level of the message transfer part(MTP) only, since the functionalities of MTP1 and MTP2 have been implemented with the SAAL layer and the layers beneath.
The SAAL layers are also differently configured depending on whether they are located at the UNI interface or the NNI interface.
B-ISUP is responsible for processing messages relating to call and connection control and also for the new functions of connection control. Transaction Capability Application Part TCAP and Service Connection Control part SCCP, which are todaywidely used e.g. in intelligent network applications, are used to implement the new functions of call control.
Since all of the protocol layers described above are known as such, they will not be described in detail in this context.
In the following, the invention will be described first with reference to examples relating to NNI interfaces, since the advantage afforded by the method of the invention will be greatest with NNI interfaces. First the known procedures uponwhich the invention is based will be described.
FIG. 2 illustrates message exchange between two adjacent exchanges (A and B) in typical connection set-up. To start with, exchange A sends an initial address message IAM. At this stage, exchange A assigns an identifier to this side of theconnection. This identifier called OSIDA (Origination Signalling ID A) is included, among other things, in the initial address message to be sent. When the IAM message arrives at exchange B, the latter also assigns a corresponding identifier OSIDB(Origination Signalling ID B) to the connection. By means of these identifiers, the exchanges can identify messages pertaining to said connection. Thereafter, exchange B sends to exchange A an acknowledgement message IM (IAM Acknowledgement Message),indicating that the IAM message has been accepted and resources are available. Exchange B incorporates into this message, among other things, identifier DSIDA (Destination Signalling ID A) which is the same as OSIDA assigned by exchange A and identifierOSIDB. If the IAM message is complete and contains all data needed for processing the call, exchange B additionally sends to exchange A a message ACM (Address Complete Message), including e.g. identifier DSIDA. Thereafter exchange A knows thatconnection set-up is being proceeded with in the direction of the called subscriber.
When the called subscriber responds, exchange B sends to exchange A a message ANM (Answer Message). Also this message includes the identifier DSIDA. After exchange A has received said message, a bidirectional virtual connection has beenestablished and the calling and called subscriber can communicate with one another.
When any of the subscribers terminates the connection, the exchange associated with the terminating subscriber sends a message REL (Release Message), which initiates the release of the connection. (The message includes the identifier DSIDB,which is the same as OSIDB). Having received such a message, the exchange at the opposite end releases the identifier assigned to the connection for new use and sends to the opposite end a message RLC (Release Complete Message), indicating to theopposite end that the relevant virtual connection has been released. (The message includes the identifier DSIDA, which is the same as OSIDA). As a result, also the opposite end releases the identifier of the connection for new use.
In the present invention, the identifiers described above will be utilized in the manner to be described hereinbelow.
As stated above, a modification procedure wherewith the traffic parameters of a user connection can be modified has been defined for user connections in the current recommendations (ITU-T Recommendation Q.2725.2 for an NNI interface andRecommendation Q.2963.1 for a UNI interface).
FIG. 3 illustrates an example of how the bandwidth is successfully changed on the virtual connection between exchanges A and c when there is one transit exchange between the exchanges. The exchange initiating the modification sends to the nextexchange a special modification message MODREQ (Modify Request), including e.g. identifier DSID (Destination Signalling ID), the value (B1) of which will identify at the next exchange (B) the connection to which the request relates. In addition to thisidentifier, the request message also contains e.g. information on the requested ATM cell rate. Upon receipt of this message, transit exchange B allocates resources as indicated in the message on the incoming and outgoing side of the exchange andforwards the MODREQ message to exchange C. In this message, the value (C1) of the identifier DSID is naturally the one by which exchange C will identify the virtual connection concerned. Since exchange C is a terminal exchange, it allocates theresources on its incoming side. In response to successful resource allocation, it sends to exchange B an acknowledgement message MODACK (Modify acknowledge), including e.g. an identifier by which exchange B can identify the virtual connection that theacknowledgement relates to. Exchange B forwards the acknowledgement to exchange A, using the identifier assigned by exchange A to said connection as the value (A1) of identifier DSID. Thereafter, the new bandwidth is available. It should be noted thatsince exchange B is a transit exchange, two values (B1 and B2) have been allocated for said virtual connection therein, one in each direction.
The bandwidth of the connection can be changed in one or both transmission directions, and the bandwidth of each transmission direction can be decreased or increased independently of the reverse direction.
The modification of the user connections is carried out in the manner described above link by link from the initiating terminal exchange to the opposite terminal exchange. The modification will only be successful if it is successful in everylink span of the connection. The modification procedure can be performed only when connection set-up and release processes are not in progress, that is, at the point indicated in FIG. 2, for example.
Since the modification procedures are known as such, they will not be described more closely in this connection. If the reader so desires, he can find more background information in the recommendations referred to above. The formats of B-ISUPmessages have been specified in ITU-T Recommendation Q.2763, wherein more background information is to be obtained.
In the present invention, the modification procedure described above is utilized to change the capacity of a signalling link, employing the connection identifiers described in the context of FIG. 2. The modification takes place between twoadjacent exchanges only in those parts of the network in which a need for changing the capacity of the signalling link is detected.
As stated in the above, an identifier of the kind described above for identifying a connection does not exist for permanently defined connections, such as signalling connections. However, in order that modification messages may be identified aspertaining to a specific signalling link, in the present invention one or more values are reserved in advance for the signalling links from the SID space, and this value cannot be used for the signalled connections. In the following, the latteralternative (reservation of more than one value) will first be described, since it is regarded as the primary alternative.
In the primary embodiment of the invention, a dedicated, unique SID value is assigned to each signalling link within the network or a part thereof. FIG. 4 illustrates this principle by depicting a network or sub-network comprising nodes A, B, Cand D, wherein the signalling links between the nodes are denoted by lines between the nodes. In this example, the signalling links are assigned values SID=1 . . . 8, said values not being available for identifying signalled connections. It shouldfurther be noted that the signalling links are signalling channels between two adjacent signalling points, and the figure does not discuss how they are located on the physical transmission medium. Each signalling link has its dedicated, unique valueeither within the area of the entire network or in its own sub-network. What is essential to the invention is that two adjacent network elements are provided with values by means of which the signalling links can be unequivocally identified. Hence,reuse of the SID values used by the signalling links in other parts of the network is possible.
FIG. 5 shows an example of message exchange in connection with a successful change of the signalling link capacity in accordance with the invention, when it is presumed that exchange A in FIG. 4 detects a need for additional capacity in thedirection of exchange B. The modification-initiating exchange A sends a modification message MODREQ in accordance with the recommendations to exchange B at the opposite end of the signalling link. However, in this message identifier DSID has a valuethat has been configured in advance to point to a specific signalling link in the network. The receiving exchange finds on the basis of this value that a modification request relating to a signalling link between said exchanges is involved, upon whichit initiates a process for allocating the requested bandwidth to said link. When the desired resources have been allocated, exchange B sends an acknowledgement message MODACK back to exchange A. The message exchange is thus fully in accord with therecommendations, but the messages include a DSID value that points to a specific signalling link between said exchanges.
FIG. 6 illustrates the modification process within the modification-initiating exchange A. The different steps of the process are denoted by circled numbers. Initially the exchange detects the need to increase the signalling capacity in thedirection of exchange B. The need for change can be monitored for example at the MTP3 layer, since the tasks of said layer include management functionalities of the signalling network, e.g. monitoring of the signalling traffic to detect overload andcongestion situations. Hence, the observation regarding the need to add signalling capacity is obtained from the MTP3 layer (step 1), which informs the modification control block MCB of the detected need by sending it an internal message (step 2)including e.g. the signalling point code of the exchange in the direction of which congestion or an excess load has been detected. Having received said message, the control block MCB sends (step 3) a request for additional capacity to block CAC, whichperforms the call admission control (CAC) procedure in the exchange. The request relays the above signalling point code and information on the new capacity need. The need for additional capacity is defined in control block MCB.
CAC examines on the basis of the message which signalling link in said direction (to exchange B) can be assigned additional capacity, so that the desired total capacity is reached. CAC allocates the relevant capacity and informs the controlblock MCB as to the SID value of said signalling link. (It should be noted that in this context allocation denotes logical distribution of resources among virtual connections, as in reality the connections utilize common resources, such as buffers andthe bandwidth of the physical transmission medium. Logical distribution is necessary in view of managing the degree of utilization of the resources.) Thereafter the modification control block sends a modification request to B-ISUP (step 5). Thisrequest includes the signalling point code for exchange B, the SID identifier of said signalling link, and the necessary traffic parameters, such as the capacity allocated. Having received this internal message, the signalling protocol performs amodification procedure of the kind described above, that is, sends a MODREQ message to exchange B (step 6). The next step (step 7) is to receive a MODACK message from the network (cf. FIG. 5). Having received this acknowledgement message, B-ISUPinforms the control block MCB of the fact that the modification was successful (step 8). The control block reports the successful operation to CAC (step 9), which carries out the change of capacity in a known manner similarly as in the case of userconnections.
FIG. 7 illustrates the internal process in exchange B receiving the modification request message. On the receiving side, B-ISUP first receives a MODREQ message, including e.g. a special value for SID (step 1). B-ISUP is aware of the SID valuesreserved for the signalling links, and thus it recognizes that the message concerns modification of a signalling link and informs the modification control block MCB of the arrival of a modification request (step 2). This message relays the SID value andthe traffic parameters received in the message as well. The control block MCB relays the request to CAC (step 3) which checks whether there is existing capacity, i.e., whether the request can be granted. If this is the case, CAC accepts themodification and informs the control block MCB of the acceptance (step 4). The control block relays the acceptance message to B-ISUP (step 5), which sends the MODACK message to the network (step 6) in response to said message. Thereafter CAC changesthe capacity in the known manner similarly as in the case of user connections.
Instead of CAC allocating the entire capacity to one signalling link, it can also allocate additional capacity in such a way that the desired total capacity is divided between more than one signalling link in said direction in the desiredproportion. In such a case, the modification procedure described above is performed separately on each signalling link to which capacity is allocated.
In the first embodiment described above, unique SID values were used for all signalling connections in the network or a part thereof. In another embodiment of the invention, the same predetermined SID value (e.g. the value 1) is always used inthe entire network (or sub-network). In such a case, the modification request is sent, in order to identify this link, specifically on that signalling link that one wishes to modify. Since MTP3 makes the decision as to which signalling link the messageis sent to, MTP3 must be separately informed within the node as to which signalling link is concerned. On the transmitting side, this is easy to implement. On the receiving side, however, the required changes are more difficult to carry out, since theB-ISUP layer must interrogate "downwards" which link this message came from when it detects a predetermined SID value in the message. This is due to the fact that the MTP3 layer does not examine the received message and neither do the layers beneath,but the MTP3 layer relays the message arriving at the node directly to the B-ISUP layer. Hence, upon receipt of the message the B-ISUP layer must interrogate "downwards" which signalling link said message came from.
As stated previously, a corresponding modification procedure pertaining to user connections is specified in ITU-T Recommendation Q.2963.1 for DSS2 signalling (Digital Subscriber Signalling System No. 2) for use at a UNI interface. DSS2signalling employs a Call Reference field of 4 octets in the messages to be sent for identifying the connection. This field is made use of in the present invention in accordance with the first or second embodiment described above. In other words, oneor more Call Reference values that cannot be used for the signalled connections are reserved for the signalling links. The Call Reference field includes a one-bit Call Reference flag, identifying which end has assigned the Call Reference value. In themodification of a signalling link in accordance with the invention, this flag is used in a similar way: the end transmitting the modification request message assigns the Call Reference value and uses the value zero for the flag. The opposite end usesthe same Call Reference value and value one for the flag. FIG. 8 illustrates message transfer across a UNI interface in an exemplary case where the characteristics of the signalling link are successfully changed. Thus, the existing recommendations aremade use of at both UNI and NNI interfaces to increase the capacity of a signalling link. In the case of a UNI interface, the SAAL-UNI layer is the entity making known the need for adding signalling capacity (cf. FIG. 1).
Even though the procedure in accordance with the invention is implemented between two adjacent network elements, in an end-to-end connection the above procedure can be initiated at any (one or more) network element in which a need for modifyingthe capacity of a signalling link is detected. The signalling point detecting the need for additional capacity is capable of increasing the capacity on one or more signalling links.
The restoring of the capacity of the signalling link back to its original value can be realized in a variety of ways. For example, the MTP3 layer can continuously send information on the current load situation to the control block. On the otherhand, the control block can interrogate the MTP3 layer about the load situation at given intervals and initiate retrieval if the response received meets predetermined criteria The restoration can also take place in slightly different ways depending onhow vital the restoration is for the other connections. The control block can for instance interrogate CAC how vital it is to restore the additional capacity to the use of the user connections and adjust the intervals of the interrogations made to theMTP3 layer accordingly, so that vital resources are restored as soon as possible to the use of the user connections. The restoration can thus be dependent on, besides the quantity of signalling traffic, also on the quantity of user traffic.
Even though the invention has been explained in the foregoing with reference to the examples in accordance with the accompanying drawings, it is evident that the invention is not so restricted, but it can be varied within the scope of theinventive idea set forth above and in the appended claims. For example, although the invention has been described using as examples the current signalling protocols of the ATM-based network, it is evident that the invention can also be applied to futurenetworks whose signalling methods or protocols support a modification procedure of the kind described above.
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Part 4, Chapter 10 Summary and Analysis
"Cross the Blue Mountain" is another homage, a personal reminiscence of McCullough's friend, the overlooked American author Conrad Richter. They first meet in 1963, when McCullough visits Richter's home across the Blue Mountain in Pine Grove, PA, to research an article that never materializes. They become fast friends, despite the age difference in their ages. Richter is born in Pine Grove and at 15 begins working in the mines and other tough jobs before starting to write for the Johnstown Journal. He marries Harvena Achenbach and in 1928 takes her to New Mexico to cure her tuberculosis. There he cares for her and struggles to survive on his writing during the Depression, mostly for The Saturday Evening Post. His first novel, The Sea of Grass (1937) ends financial worries. Feeling like a late bloomer, Richter writes daily to make up for lost time...
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Last week's discussion about visuals and interfaces really got me thinking about user interfaces. One of the biggest and most important challenges of user interface design is to organize your information in the best possible way—you can't just put it on the screen and assume your visitors will know what to do with it.
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Malt MeccaIt's no secret that Southern California - especially San Diego - is a mecca of the craft beer world. Plugging in "craft brewery" into Google Maps while you're in the area is a great way to turn the map into a pincushion - to say there's a ton is a bit of an understatement, and if you ever have the pleasure of being in the area, you owe it to yourself to pick one or two (or three or four...) breweries to seek out.
|They have a guild. Does your Guild have beer?
What you might not know, however, is that a short trip north (about two hours by car...and on a separate occasion, please, I don't think "I'm studying craft beers!" will hold up against a DUI charge) will put you in Torrance, a beer-fertile region, ripe with brewery-friendly industrial parks, that is sprouting up baby-breweries and quickly becoming a more local bastion of surprisingly talented brewers peddling their wares. From Strand to Dudes to the two we'll discuss in a bit, the area seems to have ambitions of becoming a sort of Mini Diego, a treasure trove of "little guys," and a much more local option for the Los Angeles beerheads like myself. It's going to be a place to watch in the upcoming years.
The notion of the craft brewing phenomenon (a term that is well earned and well suited by now, I think) is indeed a romantic one; a bunch of lil' brewery Davids beating their little hydrometers on the massive leg of InBev and the other Goliaths. But, as much as we want all of those little guys to stick it to the man and end the reign of, as Stone calls it "Fizzy Yellow Beer," the harsh truth is that a lot of the little guys just can't make reliably good beer (yet).
As a humble blogger (with a phenomenal beer pallet and nearly unrivaled penchant for the written word and other such skills you should be jealous of), I don't think I'm in a position to give a bulleted list of breweries that aren't quite there. A homebrewer myself, I cannot imagine the difficulties of translating your little homebrew recipe that you've toiled over and multiplying it to a degree that makes it viable for distribution, so I do think that some patience is required - I'm not so arrogant to assume that just because I didn't care for a beer or two the brewery is doomed. I genuinely believe that any hiccups in the brewpot can be sorted out, and besides, even a bad craft beer is leaps and bounds better than the uninspired stuff being sold by the truckload (literally) by those Goliaths. But still, the concern remains; just because you want to open a brewery (and it does indeed seem to be a popular dream) doesn't mean you should. Lots of those aforementioned "little guys" get caught up in the dream, and their plans spiral into the impractical and poorly realized.
That said, the breweries you're going to experience in Torrance do not seem to have fallen victim to any such kinks in the line. Especially these two:
The NeighborsIt's common for breweries to be a stone's throw away from one another; it's what makes brew tour buses so feasible in San Diego. But for breweries to be literal neighbors is practically unheard of. And yet, Torrance start-ups Monkish and newbie Smog City are walking distance from one another, and make for a wonderful afternoon of some truly inspired beers.
Smog City Brewing
The newest brewery in a town of old friends, Smog City represents the efforts of Jonathan and Laurie Porter (talk about destiny), a talented couple that just seems to be excited about being a craft brewery. I was lucky enough to be in attendance for their tasting room's grand opening earlier this month, and it was one of my favorite beer memories. They seemed to be overwhelmed by the turnout - but responded not with panic, but rather gracious smiles. It was abundantly clear they were having the time of their lives.
|Before the rush began, the brew room was quiet . Too quiet.
Given that it was the grand opening, the line twisted around the entire tasting area. The wait was notable, but as Laurie noted, no one seemed to mind the wait, especially when there was handcrafted beer waiting on the other side.
|After all Helles broke lose (Haha!..Hop puns)
Offering both a selection of dependable standbys (Penumbra Stout and their IPA, Sabertooth Squirrel- seriously) and oddities (Quercus and the aptly named Weird Beer), the gamut present is unexpectedly excellent. They don't appear to have a clear-cut inspiration, opting to instead pick and choose their favorite influences from throughout the industry or, better yet, whatever they feel like doing. Here's a quick breakdown of some of the excellent brews on showcase at Smog City's tasting room debut:
|Tell me this wouldn't look good framed above their bar. THANKS ART SCHOOL.
- Groundworks Coffee Porter - Coffee and beer isn't a particularly new concept, but it does have the unfortunate potential to come off as sort of gimmicky ("You got coffee in my beer! No, you got beer in my coffee!"), but if done well, the natural roast flavors of both unite to make a wonderful concoction. Groundworks, for the un-caffeinated (and the East Coasters), is my favorite local coffee chain, so putting it in beer is is sort of awesome by default, and was innately tempting. The distinctly rich flavor Groundworks coffee is on the pedestal here, and is full-bodied but surprisingly light and crisp. Potentially could replace your morning cup, if you seek two sorts of buzz at once (and I, for one, wouldn't judge you for an instant).
- Quercus Circus - Smog's funky beer evokes those crazy sours that are so en vogue right now. Cidery with a touch of that oaky and acidic goodness. Fun and approachable, it may not impress those who prefer their beers pucker-worthy, but Quercus is, well, quirky enough to warrant a taste.
- Sabre-toothed Squirrel - Their entry in the obligatory "We're From California So Let's Make Something Obnoxiously Hoppy" category, this squirrel has quite the bite (hehe). It's undeniably hop-forward and should please the hopheads in search of the next tongue-scraping experience.
- Weird Beer - As advertised, this beer has a unique pedigree that made me think my Christmas had crashed into my summertime. Vanilla, cinnamon, spiciness, lemon - it sort of reminded me of a lighter, more drinkable version of The Bruery's 5 Golden Rings (that Christmas beer I loved so much; needless to say I dug this one quite a bit).
- Penumbra Stout - By the books stout, with no frills (or thrills, really). Solid, but the least memorable of what I tried.
- Bourbon Red - For me, the crown jewel of the whole lineup was this beautiful ruby-colored goblet of burning love. Tremendously oaky with a wonderful collection of robust aged flavors, the smoothness of this one belies its strength. Very excellent.
If you've had the pleasure of drinking extensively with me (it's awesome and highly recommended), you know I have a bit of a bone to pick with the craft industry: as craft beer finds its place grow in the market, so too do the egos of many of the brewmasters, who consider their work to be godlike, as though beer has suddenly transcended the bar and bottle and has become the burden of some deity ("Solve overpopulation strain" is right up there with "brew a killer stout using cumin," as it were). I don't decry a sense of adventure, but I do grow weary of snobby beer bars and craft elitism (a recent encounter at work told me that he "doesn't drink hoppy beers that aren't refrigerated." I'm still trying to find my eyeballs after they rolled out of my head).
Which is why I'm a fan of the Davids out there, the Davids like Smog City. It's an excellent and wonderfully welcome place that I genuinely wish great things for. They're not bottling, yet. That'll supposedly happen before the end of the year, and it'll be considerably longer still for their saturation to increase, but I'm tellin' ya (and you should listen to me because of my many, many books), Smog City is going places. They're just, you know, starting in Torrance.
Monkish Brewing
A few uncoordinated stumbles to the left will put you at Monkish, a homebrew-turned-brewery with a decidedly Belgian influence and a veritable pantry's worth of unique and unexpected spices. Like the beers brewed by the brewery's namesake, all of the offerings are yeasty and malty, but make use of interesting ingredients that add a level of fascination to each brew.
|Trade tokens for different tasters of Monkish's impressive lineup.
Crux, a Beglian style single with elderflowers, and Feminist, a Trippel with hibiscus, were born of small batches before being joined alongside the likes of Lumen and Vigil as the brewery grew. Pink peppercorns, rose hips and thyme are just a few of the unique ingredients that have found their way into the beers, and the brewers claim that they have a dozen more in their back pocket for future adventures.
Magnificat was the leftover Christmas offering from Monkish, a delicious and warming ginger-wrapped brew that rocketed me straight into December. Anomaly was also another favorite, a rich and silky dark Belgian strong ale with tremendous yeast and caramel character. I was so taken with this one that I walked away with a growler's worth. It was gone within a day.
Monkish is a bit closer to being ready to bottle and distribute, and the head brewer claims they should be up and running in about a month or two. Naturally, I asked if collaborations were imminent with their new neighbor. They seemed to think that was certainly the case, and were excited to have the company.
Go to Torrance, if you happen to be driving between two of the big southern cities in California, or even if your Saturdays need some variety. It's a goldmine of fantastic David breweries and should certainly be experienced, if only to gain some hipster points.
Just remember, I liked them before you ever heard of them.


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Leonardo DiCaprio drinks water with ice and a single drop of pomegranate juice.
DiCaprio composes complex musical pieces that can only be played on the Theremin.
He often cheats at poker and frequently announces before starting a game, "I'm going to cheat and you can't get mad." Nonetheless, he still mostly loses.
He becomes angry and sometimes violent when referred to as "Clyde."
The actor collects toasters from around the world. He is particularly fond of those that toast an uneven number of slices at a time.
Leonardo DiCaprio has said that he plans to retire from acting at age 40 and to then pursue a career in Astrobotany, a scientific field that currently does not exist.
He occasionally directs films using the name "Paul Thomas Anderson."
DiCaprio named his testicles "Chico" and "The Man," but refuses to reveal which is which.
Due to a rare inherited glandular condition, DiCapro's shit does not, in fact, stink. Rather, it is said to smell vaguely like fresh grapes.
The actor once prevented a bloody turf war between the Crips and the Bloods in L.A. by settling their dispute via a juggling contest with himself as judge.
No FIFA matches can take place in Iceland without his written approval.
He has a patent pending for a device known as the "pastry grenade."
Along with his friends Toby McGuire and Seth Green, DiCaprio describes himself as a "ladies' elbow fancier."
Leonardo DiCaprio once hired two former Israeli paratroopers to break both of comedian Rip Taylor's legs. His reasons are unknown.


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James G. Tibbs, beloved son of the late John C. and M. Kay Tibbs; loving brother of Laurie (Jim) Mitchell, John, Jr. (Jo Anne), Michael (Chris), and Patrick Tibbs; fond uncle of Jen and T.J. Mitchell, Katie, Amber, and Caitlyn Tibbs.
Funeral Tuesday.
11:15 a.m. fromSmith-Corcoran Funeral Home, 6150 N. Cicero Ave., to St. Mary of the Woods Church for Mass at 12 noon.


text: The Lyric Theatre at UNT's Murchison Performing Arts Center features flexible seating for up to 300 depending on staging requirements, making it both intimate and versatile. The room's configurations range from traditional proscenium to in-the-round and everything in between. Two balcony levels provide additional seating and/or staging options. An orchestra pit accommodates a 60-piece ensemble.


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Historic Routt County is an award-winning, nationally-recognized historic preservation nonprofit with a mission to preserve and to promote the historic character of Routt County communities and rural areas by saving the places that tell the story of our county and its people. Historic Routt County collaborates with willing property owners to preserve, document, and celebrate Routt County's unique historic resources for future generations.
Third-party vendors charge credit card and electronic check processing fees when you make an online donation. Two percent of each donation helps to cover these fees and ensures the program's long-term sustainability. The two percent processing fee is one of the lowest processing fees in the country.
You will automatically receive an on-screen acknowledgement letter and an e-mailed copy for your donation. Every donation is tax deductible as a charitable contribution to the full extent permitted by law. If you make a donation to a charity that offers Child Care or Enterprise Zone credits (additional Colorado state tax credits), Community First Foundation will acknowledge that your donation was processed successfully, but the charity will issue you an additional receipt pursuant to that. To learn more about these tax credits, contact the specific nonprofits.
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In late February, Related Cos. received final approval from the New York City Council for its planned $394 million retail and hotel center in one of the country's poorest neighborhoods — not far from Yankee Stadium.
Investment in the borough, especially in the long-neglected South Bronx, is rare. But Related is convinced consumers will flock to the 1 million-square-foot center when it opens in 2009 with national, regional and local stores.
Called Gateway Center, it will be built on the site of the deteriorating Bronx Terminal Market. The remaining merchants will be moved to a new location. Details are scarce.
The community is 54 percent Hispanic and 41 percent African American.
Related is working on the project with BTM Development Partners LLC.


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Ben 10 Zombie Halloween
A zombie outbreak suddenly occurred near Ben 10's town and now they are on their way to Ben's town. But Ben isn't going to sit out and do nothing. Ben got his gun and prepares for a fight. He hopes to stop the zombies before they can get to his home town. The idea of the game is defend the town of Ben and there are no alien heroes to back him out here. It is just Ben against the hordes of zombies. Pick up those health packs that are drop from the sky and those guns. The guns are auto reload so you don't have any problem with reloading them.


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How Much Did Manny Ramirez's Trade Benefit the Boston Red Sox?August 11, 2008
If you are a regular reader of my columns, you probably know what I am going to say in regards to this issue.
In all honesty, I was fearful of the backlash I thought I'd receive in writing this article, and I put off doing it based on the negative response to my last piece on Manny.
However, I know in my heart that Zander Freund is a man of integrity and intelligence.
He also knows two things: That I'm a Boston sports fan, and that I will give a fair and honest assessment of this transaction.
That's why I believe he asked me to write this piece.
In all honesty, part of me misses Manny, but I'm mostly glad he's gone. In his final days, he was nothing more than a distraction.
Manny's days were numbered in Boston once he pushed traveling secretary Jack McCormick to the ground in Houston, after he denied Ramirez's request for 20 extra tickets.
He then gave a lengthy interview to ESPN Deportes in which he basically said his heart wasn't in Boston anymore, and he wanted to be traded.
Now comes the revelation that the commissioner's office is investigating whether or not Manny forced the Sox to trade him by dogging it during an important series against the Angels.
Clearly, something had to be done.
On Aug. 2, Sean McAdam of the Providence Journal reported that Sox GM Theo Epstien held a private meeting with veteran players such as David Ortiz and Jason Varitek, in which he indicated he was going to explore trade possibilities for Manny. No one objected to the news.
And so, the next day, Manny was sent off to sunny southern California and native Canuck Jason Bay came to the Sox as part of a three-team deal with the Pirates.
But what about Bay? Does he have the same offensive pop in his bat that Manny had?
In this reporter's humble opinion, yes.
When he came to the Red Sox, Jason Bay had more home runs and more RBI on the years than Manny Ramirez.
He's also seven years younger and admitted in his introductory press conference that he grew up a Sox fan.
Judging from those indications, it's hard to see why Jason Bay wouldn't fit in well with the Red Sox.
While it may be true that Bay isn't as feared a hitter as Ramirez was/is, his production is virtually the same as Ramirez's, and I believe he is a better defensive outfielder then Manny ever was.
Theo Epstien obviously knew this, and that's why he likely had no trouble pulling off this trade and agreed to eat the $7 million owed to Manny this year by getting him out of town.
In addition, the Red Sox no longer have to worry about picking up a $20 million option on Manny's contract for next season.
With Bay already under contract at a cost $7.5 million next season, the Sox can use the extra $13 mill they may have paid Manny next year to a lure a coveted free agent to Beantown.
In all fairness, I will miss Manny because I could always count on him to produce for the Sox, even when the going was tough for him.
I have a hard time believing that Manny was so adamant over a trade that he dogged it in his last series in Boston, mainly because of his dedication to the game.
Manny has the reputation as a feared power hitter and one of the best clutch performers in the game, while Jason Bay may be a better all-around player at this point in time, his arrival has a definite impact on the playoffs.
Potential playoff opponents can now breathe a little easier now that Manny is in L.A.
They can potentially pitch around David Ortiz to get to Bay because they know he doesn't have the reputation as a clutch hitter like Ramirez has.
That little bit of knowledge could work to the Red Sox's disadvantage come October, and that's why Jason Bay must consistently produce for the Sox in order to create the illusion that the Sox still have a stacked lineup from top to bottom.
What's forgotten in this deal is the fact that two Red Sox prospects have left the team as well.
Based on what he did in Boston, I won't miss Craig Hansen too much at the present time.
However, I am quite mindful of the fact that he is still only 24-years old and could potentially turn into a dominant closer.
He has the stuff; he just hasn't got it all together yet.
The same goes for Brandon Moss, who showed promise with both the bat and the glove before being dealt away.
This could really work to the Pirates advantage in the long run.
The trade has already paid immediate dividends for the Sox and Dodgers, as Bay is hitting over .300 and has led the Sox to a 7-3 record since his arrival.
The recent stretch of good baseball leads me to believe that the Sox are more focused as a team without Manny serving as a distraction for team morale.
Likewise, Manny already has four homers for his new team and is becoming a major factor in the NL West race.
So while I'll miss Manny for his bat and production, I am grateful that we got a bat that seemed to be just as good at this point in time.
Although Manny let off-field distractions lead to his demise in Boston, I firmly believe that he was a major contributor to the Sox's two world championships, and he will always be fondly remembered.
Likewise, Jason Bay could turn out to be a great pickup for the Sox, especially if Manny declines his option and goes elsewhere next season.
So, who made the better deal? We can only find out in the long run.