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This article is about the general concept of art. For people named Art, see Arthur. For other uses, see Art (disambiguation).human activities and the products of those activities, but here refers to the visual arts, which cover the creation of images or objects in fields including painting, sculpture, printmaking, photography, and other visual media. Architecture is often incuded as one of the visual arts, though like the decorative arts, it creates objects where practical considerations of use are essential in a way that they are usually not for painting for example. Music, theatre, film, dance, and other performing arts, as well as literature, and other media such as interactive media are included in a broader definition of art or the arts.[1] Until the 17th century, art referred to any skill or mastery and was not differentiated from crafts or sciences, but in modern usage the fine arts, where aesthetic considerations are paramount, are distinguished from acquired skills in general, and the decorative or applied arts.
Many definitions of art have been proposed by philosophers and others who have characterized art in terms of mimesis, expression, communication of emotion, or other values. During the Romantic period, art came to be seen as "a special faculty of the human mind to be classified with religion and science".[2] Though art's definition is disputed and has changed over time, general descriptions mention an idea of human agency[3] and creation through imaginative or technical skill.[4]
The nature of art, and related concepts such as creativity and interpretation, are explored in a branch of philosophy known
DefinitionEncyclopædia Britannica Online defines art as "the use of skill and imagination in the creation of aesthetic objects, environments, or experiences that can be shared with others". By this definition of the word, artistic works have existed for almost as long as humankind: from early pre-historic art to contemporary art; however, some theories restrict the concept to modern Western societies.[6] The first and broadest sense of art is the one that has remained closest to the older Latin meaning, which roughly translates to "skill" or "craft." A few examples where this meaning proves very broad include artifact, artificial, artifice, medical arts, and military arts. However, there are many other colloquial uses of the word, all with some relation to its etymology.
[7] Fine art means that a skill is being used to express the artist's creativity, or to engage the audience's aesthetic sensibilities, or to draw the audience towards consideration of the finer things.
The word art can describe several things: a study of creative skill, a process of using the creative skill, a product of the creative skill, or the audience's experience with the creative skill. The creative arts (art as discipline) are a collection of disciplines that produce artworks (art as objects) that are compelled by a personal drive (art as activity) and convey a message, mood, or symbolism for the viewer to interpret (art as experience). Art is something that stimulates an individual's thoughts, emotions, beliefs, or ideas through the senses. Artworks can be explicitly made for this purpose or interpreted on the basis of images or objects. Although the application of scientific knowledge to derive a new scientific theory involves skill and results in the "creation" of something new, this represents science only and is not categorized as art.
Often, if the skill is being used in a common or practical way, people will consider it a craft instead of art. Likewise, if the skill is being used in a commercial or industrial way, it may be considered commercial art instead of fine art. On the other hand, crafts and design are sometimes considered applied art. Some art followers have argued that the difference between fine art and applied art has more to do with value judgments made about the art than any clear definitional difference.[8] However, even fine art often has goals beyond pure creativity and self-expression. The purpose of works of art may be to communicate ideas, such as in politically, spiritually, or philosophically motivated art; to create a sense of beauty (see aesthetics); to explore the nature of perception; for pleasure; or to generate strong emotions. The purpose may also be seemingly nonexistent.
The nature of art has been described by philosopher Richard Wollheim as "one of the most elusive of the traditional problems of human culture".[9] Art has been defined as a vehicle for the expression or communication of emotions and ideas, a means for exploring and appreciating formal elements for their own sake, and as mimesis or representation. Art as mimesis has deep roots in the philosophy of Aristotle.[10] Goethe defined art as an other resp. a second nature, according to his ideal of a style founded on the basic fundaments of insight and on the innermost character of things.[11] Leo Tolstoy identified art as a use of indirect means to communicate from one person to another.[10] Benedetto Croce and R.G. Collingwood advanced the idealist view that art expresses emotions, and that the work of art therefore essentially exists in the mind of the creator.[12][13] The theory of art as form has its roots in the philosophy of Immanuel Kant, and was developed in the early twentieth century by Roger Fry and Clive Bell. More recently, thinkers influenced by Martin Heidegger have interpreted art as the means by which a community develops for itself a medium for self-expression and interpretation.[14] George Dickie has offered an institutional theory of art that defines a work of art as any artifact upon which a qualified person or institution has conferred "the status of candidate for appreciation".[15]
Main article: History of artcave paintings, rock paintings and petroglyphs from the Upper Paleolithic dating to roughly 40,000 years ago have been found, but the precise meaning of such art is often disputed because so little is known about the cultures that produced them. The oldest art objects in the world—a series of tiny, drilled snail shells about 75,000 years old—were discovered in a South African cave.[16] Containers that may have been used to hold paints have been found dating as far back as 100,000 years.[17]
Ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, Persia, India, China, Ancient Greece, Rome, as well as Inca, Maya, and Olmec. Each of these centers of early civilization developed a unique and characteristic style in its art. Because of the size and duration of these civilizations, more of their art works have survived and more of their influence has been transmitted to other cultures and later times. Some also have provided the first records of how artists worked. For example, this period of Greek art saw a veneration of the human physical form and the development of equivalent skills to show musculature, poise, beauty, and anatomically correct proportions.
In Byzantine and Medieval art of the Western Middle Ages, much art focused on the expression of Biblical and religious truths, and used styles that showed the higher glory of a heavenly world, such as the use of gold in the background of paintings, or glass in mosaics or windows, which also presented figures in idealized, patterned (flat) forms. Nevertheless a classical realist tradition persisted in small Byzantine works, and realism steadily grew in the art of Catholic Europe.
Renaissance art had a greatly increased emphasis on the realistic depiction of the material world, and the place of humans in it, reflected in the corporeality of the human body, and development of a systematic method of graphical perspective to depict recession in a three-dimensional picture space.
Islamic art's rejection of iconography led to emphasis on geometric patterns, calligraphy, and architecture. Further east, religion dominated artistic styles and forms too. India and Tibet saw emphasis on painted sculptures and dance, while religious painting borrowed many conventions from sculpture and tended to bright contrasting colors with emphasis on outlines. China saw the flourishing of many art forms: jade carving, bronzework, pottery (including the stunning terracotta army of Emperor Qin), poetry, calligraphy, music, painting, drama, fiction, etc. Chinese styles vary greatly from era to era and each one is traditionally named after the ruling dynasty. So, for example, Tang Dynasty paintings are monochromatic and sparse, emphasizing idealized landscapes, but Ming Dynasty paintings are busy and colorful, and focus on telling stories via setting and composition. Japan names its styles after imperial dynasties too, and also saw much interplay between the styles of calligraphy and painting. Woodblock printing became important in Japan after the 17th century.
Age of Enlightenment in the 18th century saw artistic depictions of physical and rational certainties of the clockwork universe, as well as politically revolutionary visions of a post-monarchist world, such as Blake's portrayal of Newton as a divine geometer, or David's propagandistic paintings. This led to Romantic rejections of this in favor of pictures of the emotional side and individuality of humans, exemplified in the novels of Goethe. The late 19th century then saw a host of artistic movements, such as academic art, Symbolism, impressionism and fauvism among others.
The history of twentieth century art is a narrative of endless possibilities and the search for new standards, each being torn down in succession by the next. Thus the parameters of Impressionism, Expressionism, Fauvism, Cubism, Dadaism, Surrealism, etc. cannot be maintained very much beyond the time of their invention. Increasing global interaction during this time saw an equivalent influence of other cultures into Western art, such as Pablo Picasso being influenced by African sculpture. Japanese woodblock prints (which had themselves been influenced by Western Renaissance draftsmanship) had an immense influence on Impressionism and subsequent development. Later, African sculptures were taken up by Picasso and to some extent by Matisse. Similarly, the west has had huge impacts on Eastern art in the 19th and 20th centuries, with originally western ideas like Communism and Post-Modernism exerting a powerful influence on artistic styles.
Modernism, the idealistic search for truth, gave way in the latter half of the 20th century to a realization of its unattainability. Theodor W. Adorno said in 1970, "It is now taken for granted that nothing which concerns art can be taken for granted any more: neither art itself, nor art in relationship to the whole, nor even the right of art to exist."[19] Relativism was accepted as an unavoidable truth, which led to the period of contemporary art and postmodern criticism, where cultures of the world and of history are seen as changing forms, which can be appreciated and drawn from only with irony. Furthermore the separation of cultures is increasingly blurred and some argue it is now more appropriate to think in terms of a global culture, rather than regional cultures.
Forms, genres, media, and styles
Main article: The artsmedium, such as decorative arts, plastic arts, performing arts, or literature. Unlike scientific fields, art is one of the few subjects that are academically organized according to technique [1][dead link]. An artistic medium is the substance or material the artistic work is made from, and may also refer to the technique used. For example, paint is a medium used in painting, and paper is a medium used in drawing.
An art form is the specific shape, or quality an artistic expression takes. The media used often influence the form. For example, the form of a sculpture must exist in space in three dimensions, and respond to gravity. The constraints and limitations of a particular medium are thus called its formal qualities. To give another example, the formal qualities of painting are the canvas texture, color, and brush texture. The formal qualities of video games are non-linearity, interactivity and virtual presence. The form of a particular work of art is determined by the formal qualities of the media, and is not related to the intentions of the artist or the reactions of the audience in any way whatsoever as these properties are related to content rather than form.[20]
A genre is a set of conventions and styles within a particular medium. For instance, well recognized genres in film are western, horror and romantic comedy. Genres in music include death metal and trip hop. Genres in painting include still life and pastoral landscape. A particular work of art may bend or combine genres but each genre has a recognizable group of conventions, clichés and tropes. (One note: the word genre has a second older meaning within painting; genre painting was a phrase used in the 17th to 19th centuries to refer specifically to paintings of scenes of everyday life and is still used in this way.)
Jackson Pollock is called an Abstract Expressionist.
A particular style may have specific cultural meanings. For example, Roy Lichtenstein—a painter associated with the American Pop art movement of the 1960s—was not a pointillist, despite his use of dots. Lichtenstein used evenly spaced Ben-Day dots (the type used to reproduce color in comic strips) as a style to question the "high" art of painting with the "low" art of comics, thus commenting on class distinctions in culture. Pointillism, a technique in late Impressionism (1880s) developed especially by the artist Georges Seurat, employs dots to create variation in color and depth in an attempt to approximate the way people really see color. Both artists use dots, but the particular style and technique relate to the artistic movement adopted by each artist.
These are all ways of beginning to define a work of art, to narrow it down. "Imagine you are an art critic whose mission is to compare the meanings you find in a wide range of individual artworks. How would you proceed with your task? One way to begin is to examine the materials each artist selected in making an object, image video, or event. The decision to cast a sculpture in bronze, for instance, inevitably effects its meaning; the work becomes something different from how it might be if it had been cast in gold or plastic or chocolate, even if everything else about the artwork remains the same. Next, you might examine how the materials in each artwork have become an arrangement of shapes, colors, textures, and lines. These, in turn, are organized into various patterns and compositional structures. In your interpretation, you would comment on how salient features of the form contribute to the overall meaning of the finished artwork. [But in the end] the meaning of most artworks... is not exhausted by a discussion of materials, techniques, and form. Most interpretations also include a discussion of the ideas and feelings the artwork engenders."[22]
Skill and craft
See also: Conceptual Art and Artistic SkillArt can connote a sense of trained ability or mastery of a medium. Art can also simply refer to the developed and efficient use of a language to convey meaning with immediacy and or depth. Art is an act of expressing feelings, thoughts, and observations.[23] There is an understanding that is reached with the material as a result of handling it, which facilitates one's thought processes. A common view is that the epithet "art", particular in its elevated sense, requires a certain level of creative expertise by the artist, whether this be a demonstration of technical ability, an originality in stylistic approach, or a combination of these two. Traditionally skill of execution was viewed as a quality inseparable from art and thus necessary for its success; for Leonardo da Vinci, art, neither more nor less than his other endeavors, was a manifestation of skill. Rembrandt's work, now praised for its ephemeral virtues, was most admired by his contemporaries for its virtuosity. At the turn of the 20th century, the adroit performances of John Singer Sargent were alternately admired and viewed with skepticism for their manual fluency, yet at nearly the same time the artist who would become the era's most recognized and peripatetic iconoclast, Pablo Picasso, was completing a traditional academic training at which he excelled.
A common contemporary criticism of some modern art occurs along the lines of objecting to the apparent lack of skill or ability required in the production of the artistic object. In conceptual art, Marcel Duchamp's "Fountain" is among the first examples of pieces wherein the artist used found objects ("ready-made") and exercised no traditionally recognised set of skills. Tracey Emin's My Bed, or Damien Hirst's The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Someone Living follow this example and also manipulate the mass media. Emin slept (and engaged in other activities) in her bed before placing the result in a gallery as work of art. Hirst came up with the conceptual design for the artwork but has left most of the eventual creation of many works to employed artisans. Hirst's celebrity is founded entirely on his ability to produce shocking concepts. The actual production in many conceptual and contemporary works of art is a matter of assembly of found objects. However there are many modernist and contemporary artists who continue to excel in the skills of drawing and painting and in creating hands-on works of art.
Value judgment
|This section may stray from the topic of the article into the topic of another article, Art_(disambiguation). Please help improve this section or discuss this issue on the talk page. (November 2010)
Making judgments of value requires a basis for criticism. At the simplest level, a way to determine whether the impact of the object on the senses meets the criteria to be considered art is whether it is perceived to be attractive or repulsive. Though perception is always colored by experience, and is necessarily subjective, it is commonly understood that what is not somehow aesthetically satisfying cannot be art. However, "good" art is not always or even regularly aesthetically appealing to a majority of viewers. In other words, an artist's prime motivation need not be the pursuit of the aesthetic. Also, art often depicts terrible images made for social, moral, or thought-provoking reasons. For example, Francisco Goya's painting depicting the Spanish shootings of 3rd of May 1808 is a graphic depiction of a firing squad executing several pleading civilians. Yet at the same time, the horrific imagery demonstrates Goya's keen artistic ability in composition and execution and produces fitting social and political outrage. Thus, the debate continues as to what mode of aesthetic satisfaction, if any, is required to define 'art'.
The assumption of new values or the rebellion against accepted notions of what is aesthetically superior need not occur concurrently with a complete abandonment of the pursuit of what is aesthetically appealing. Indeed, the reverse is often true, that the revision of what is popularly conceived of as being aesthetically appealing allows for a re-invigoration of aesthetic sensibility, and a new appreciation for the standards of art itself. Countless schools have proposed their own ways to define quality, yet they all seem to agree in at least one point: once their aesthetic choices are accepted, the value of the work of art is determined by its capacity to transcend the limits of its chosen medium to strike some universal chord by the rarity of the skill of the artist or in its accurate reflection in what is termed the zeitgeist.
Art is often intended to appeal to and connect with human emotion. It can arouse aesthetic or moral feelings, and can be understood as a way of communicating these feelings. Artists express something so that their audience is aroused to some extent, but they do not have to do so consciously. Art may be considered an exploration of the human condition; that is, what it is to be human.[24]
Purpose of art
Non-motivated functions of artThe non-motivated purposes of art are those that are integral to being human, transcend the individual, or do not fulfill a specific external purpose. In this sense, Art, as creativity, is something humans must do by their very nature (i.e., no other species creates art), and is therefore beyond utility.
- Basic human instinct for harmony, balance, rhythm. Art at this level is not an action or an object, but an internal appreciation of balance and harmony (beauty), and therefore an aspect of being human beyond utility.
"Imitation, then, is one instinct of our nature. Next, there is the instinct for 'harmony' and rhythm, meters being manifestly sections of rhythm. Persons, therefore, starting with this natural gift developed by degrees their special aptitudes, till their rude improvisations gave birth to Poetry." -Aristotle[25]
- Experience of the mysterious. Art provides a way to experience one's self in relation to the universe. This experience may often come unmotivated, as one appreciates art, music or poetry.
"The most beautiful thing we can experience is the mysterious. It is the source of all true art and science." -Albert Einstein[26]
- Expression of the imagination. Art provide a means to express the imagination in non-grammatic ways that are not tied to the formality of spoken or written language. Unlike words, which come in sequences and each of which have a definite meaning, art provides a range of forms, symbols and ideas with meanings that are malleable.
"Jupiter's eagle [as an example of art] is not, like logical (aesthetic) attributes of an object, the concept of the sublimity and majesty of creation, but rather something else – something that gives the imagination an incentive to spread its flight over a whole host of kindred representations that provoke more thought than admits of expression in a concept determined by words. They furnish an aesthetic idea, which serves the above rational idea as a substitute for logical presentation, but with the proper function, however, of animating the mind by opening out for it a prospect into a field of kindred representations stretching beyond its ken." -Immanuel Kant[27]
- Ritualistic and symbolic functions. In many cultures, art is used in rituals, performances and dances as a decoration or symbol. While these often have no specific utilitarian (motivated) purpose, anthropologists know that they often serve a purpose at the level of meaning within a particular culture. This meaning is not furnished by any one individual, but is often the result of many generations of change, and of a cosmological relationship within the culture.
"Most scholars who deal with rock paintings or objects recovered from prehistoric contexts that cannot be explained in utilitarian terms and are thus categorized as decorative, ritual or symbolic, are aware of the trap posed by the term 'art'." -Silva Tomaskova[28]
Motivated functions of artMotivated purposes of art refer to intentional, conscious actions on the part of the artists or creator. These may be to bring about political change, to comment on an aspect of society, to convey a specific emotion or mood, to address personal psychology, to illustrate another discipline, to (with commercial arts) to sell a product, or simply as a form of communication.
- Communication. Art, at its simplest, is a form of communication. As most forms of communication have an intent or goal directed toward another individual, this is a motivated purpose. Illustrative arts, such as scientific illustration, are a form of art as communication. Maps are another example. However, the content need not be scientific. Emotions, moods and feelings are also communicated through art.
"[Art is a set of] artefacts or images with symbolic meanings as a means of communication." -Steve Mithen[29]
- Art as entertainment. Art may seek to bring about a particular emotion or mood, for the purpose of relaxing or entertaining the viewer. This is often the function of the art industries of Motion Pictures and Video Games.
- The Avante-Garde. Art for political change. One of the defining functions of early twentieth century art has been to use visual images to bring about political change. Art movements that had this goal—Dadaism, Surrealism, Russian Constructivism, and Abstract Expressionism, among others—are collectively referred to as the avante-garde arts.
"By contrast, the realistic attitude, inspired by positivism, from Saint Thomas Aquinas to Anatole France, clearly seems to me to be hostile to any intellectual or moral advancement. I loathe it, for it is made up of mediocrity, hate, and dull conceit. It is this attitude which today gives birth to these ridiculous books, these insulting plays. It constantly feeds on and derives strength from the newspapers and stultifies both science and art by assiduously flattering the lowest of tastes; clarity bordering on stupidity, a dog's life." -André Breton (Surrealism)[30]
- Art for psychological and healing purposes. Art is also used by art therapists, psychotherapists and clinical psychologists as art therapy. The Diagnostic Drawing Series, for example, is used to determine the personality and emotional functioning of a patient. The end product is not the principal goal in this case, but rather a process of healing, through creative acts, is sought. The resultant piece of artwork may also offer insight into the troubles experienced by the subject and may suggest suitable approaches to be used in more conventional forms of psychiatric therapy.
- Art for social inquiry, subversion and/or anarchy. While similar to art for political change, subversive or deconstructivist art may seek to question aspects of society without any specific political goal. In this case, the function of art may be simply to criticize some aspect of society. Graffiti art and other types of street art are graphics and images that are spray-painted or stencilled on publicly viewable walls, buildings, buses, trains, and bridges, usually without permission. Certain art forms, such as graffiti, may also be illegal when they break laws (in this case vandalism).
- Art for propaganda, or commercialism. Art is often utilized as a form of propaganda, and thus can be used to subtly influence popular conceptions or mood. In a similar way, art that tries to sell a product also influences mood and emotion. In both cases, the purpose of art here is to subtly manipulate the viewer into a particular emotional or psychological response toward a particular idea or object.[31]
- Art as a fitness indicator. It has been argued that the ability of the human brain by far exceeds what was needed for survival in the ancestral environment. One evolutionary psychology explanation for this is that the human brain and associated traits (such as artistic ability and creativity) are the human equivalent of the peacock's tail. The purpose of the male peacock's extravagant tail has been argued to be to attract females (see also Fisherian runaway and handicap principle). According to this theory superior execution of art was evolutionary important because it attracted mates.[32]
Controversial art
Further information: Art and politicsThéodore Géricault's Raft of the Medusa (c. 1820), was a social commentary on a current event, unprecedented at the time. Édouard Manet's Le Déjeuner sur l'Herbe (1863), was considered scandalous not because of the nude woman, but because she is seated next to men fully dressed in the clothing of the time, rather than in robes of the antique world. John Singer Sargent's Madame Pierre Gautreau (Madam X) (1884), caused a huge uproar over the reddish pink used to color the woman's ear lobe, considered far too suggestive and supposedly ruining the high-society model's reputation.
In the twentieth century, Pablo Picasso's Guernica (1937) used arresting cubist techniques and stark monochromatic oils, to depict the harrowing consequences of a contemporary bombing of a small, ancient Basque town. Leon Golub's Interrogation III (1981), depicts a female nude, hooded detainee strapped to a chair, her legs open to reveal her sexual organs, surrounded by two tormentors dressed in everyday clothing. Andres Serrano's Piss Christ (1989) is a photograph of a crucifix, sacred to the Christian religion and representing Christ's sacrifice and final suffering, submerged in a glass of the artist's own urine. The resulting uproar led to comments in the United States Senate about public funding of the arts.
Art theoriesIn the nineteenth century, artists were primarily concerned with ideas of truth and beauty. The aesthetic theorist John Ruskin, who championed what he saw as the naturalism of J. M. W. Turner, saw art's role as the communication by artifice of an essential truth that could only be found in nature.[33]
The definition and evaluation of art has become especially problematic since the 20th century. Richard Wollheim distinguishes three approaches to assessing the aesthetic value of art: the Realist, whereby aesthetic quality is an absolute value independent of any human view; the Objectivist, whereby it is also an absolute value, but is dependent on general human experience; and the Relativist position, whereby it is not an absolute value, but depends on, and varies with, the human experience of different humans.[34]
The arrival of Modernism in the late nineteenth century lead to a radical break in the conception of the function of art,[35] and then again in the late twentieth century with the advent of postmodernism. Clement Greenberg's 1960 article "Modernist Painting" defines modern art as "the use of characteristic methods of a discipline to criticize the discipline itself".[36] Greenberg originally applied this idea to the Abstract Expressionist movement and used it as a way to understand and justify flat (non-illusionistic) abstract painting:
After Greenberg, several important art theorists emerged, such as Michael Fried, T. J. Clark, Rosalind Krauss, Linda Nochlin and Griselda Pollock among others. Though only originally intended as a way of understanding a specific set of artists, Greenberg's definition of modern art is important to many of the ideas of art within the various art movements of the 20th century and early 21st century.Realistic, naturalistic art had dissembled the medium, using art to conceal art; modernism used art to call attention to art. The limitations that constitute the medium of painting—the flat surface, the shape of the support, the properties of the pigment—were treated by the Old Masters as negative factors that could be acknowledged only implicitly or indirectly. Under Modernism these same limitations came to be regarded as positive factors, and were acknowledged openly.[36]
Pop artists like Andy Warhol became both noteworthy and influential through work including and possibly critiquing popular culture, as well as the art world. Artists of the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s expanded this technique of self-criticism beyond high art to all cultural image-making, including fashion images, comics, billboards and pornography.
Classification disputes
Main article: Classificatory disputes about artDisputes as to whether or not to classify something as a work of art are referred to as classificatory disputes about art.
Classificatory disputes in the 20th century have included cubist and impressionist paintings, Duchamp's Fountain, the movies, superlative imitations of banknotes, conceptual art, and video games.[37]
Philosopher David Novitz has argued that disagreement about the definition of art are rarely the heart of the problem. Rather, "the passionate concerns and interests that humans vest in their social life" are "so much a part of all classificatory disputes about art" (Novitz, 1996). According to Novitz, classificatory disputes are more often disputes about societal values and where society is trying to go than they are about theory proper. For example, when the Daily Mail criticized Hirst's and Emin's work by arguing "For 1,000 years art has been one of our great civilising forces. Today, pickled sheep and soiled beds threaten to make barbarians of us all" they are not advancing a definition or theory about art, but questioning the value of Hirst's and Emin's work.[38] In 1998, Arthur Danto, suggested a thought experiment showing that "the status of an artifact as work of art results from the ideas a culture applies to it, rather than its inherent physical or perceptible qualities. Cultural interpretation (an art theory of some kind) is therefore constitutive of an object's arthood."[39][40]
Anti-art is a label for art that intentionally challenges the established parameters and values of art;[41] it is term associated with Dadaism and attributed to Marcel Duchamp just before World War I,[41] when he was making art from found objects.[41] One of these, Fountain (1917), an ordinary urinal, has achieved considerable prominence and influence on art.[41] Anti-art is a feature of work by Situationist International,[42] the lo-fi Mail art movement, and the Young British Artists,[41] though it is a form still rejected by the Stuckists,[41] who describe themselves as anti-anti-art.[43][44]
Art, class, and valuePalace of Versailles and the Hermitage in St. Petersburg illustrate this view: such vast collections of art are the preserve of the rich, of governments and wealthy organizations.
Fine and expensive goods have been popular markers of status in many cultures, and they continue to be so today. There has been a cultural push in the other direction since at least 1793, when the Louvre, which had been a private palace of the Kings of France, was opened to the public as an art museum during the French Revolution. Most modern public museums and art education programs for children in schools can be traced back to this impulse to have art available to everyone. Museums in the United States tend to be gifts from the very rich to the masses (The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City, for example, was created by John Taylor Johnston, a railroad executive whose personal art collection seeded the museum.) But despite all this, at least one of the important functions of art in the 21st century remains as a marker of wealth and social status.
[45] said the major post war German artist Joseph Beuys. This time period saw the rise of such things as performance art, video art, and conceptual art. The idea was that if the artwork was a performance that would leave nothing behind, or was simply an idea, it could not be bought and sold. "Democratic precepts revolving around the idea that a work of art is a commodity impelled the aesthetic innovation which germinated in the mid-1960s and was reaped throughout the 1970s. Artists broadly identified under the heading of Conceptual art... substituting performance and publishing activities for engagement with both the material and materialistic concerns of painted or sculptural form... [have] endeavored to undermine the art object qua object."[46]
In the decades since, these ideas have been somewhat lost as the art market has learned to sell limited edition DVDs of video works,[47] invitations to exclusive performance art pieces, and the objects left over from conceptual pieces. Many of these performances create works that are only understood by the elite who have been educated as to why an idea or video or piece of apparent garbage may be considered art. The marker of status becomes understanding the work instead of necessarily owning it, and the artwork remains an upper-class activity. "With the widespread use of DVD recording technology in the early 2000s, artists, and the gallery system that derives its profits from the sale of artworks, gained an important means of controlling the sale of video and computer artworks in limited editions to collectors."[48]


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Essay Topic 1
The characters in this book all had their own goals and motivations. Select four characters and define their main motivation throughout the book and how this goal affected the characters around them.
Essay Topic 2
Janie endures many different trials before the end of the book. What are some of these trials, and what lessons does she learn through these experiences?
Essay Topic 3
What are some of the key examples of gratitude in this book, and how do these instances affect the characters involved in those scenes?
Essay Topic 4
What are the different stages of Janie's relationship with Cabel, and how do these stages affect Janie and the progression of the plot?
Essay Topic 5
Stacey is a minor character whose presence made a big difference in the plot. How does she accomplish this? What are some ways that her presence, however brief, alters the outcome of the...
This section contains 655 words
(approx. 3 pages at 300 words per page)

subset: commoncrawl


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Combine chilies, garlic and shallots. Grind and pound with a mortar and pestle until broken down, but not mushy. Using a spoon, scrape down sides and mix well. Add papaya, pound until the stiff shreds become limp and soft (about 3 minutes). Using a spoon, scrape and turn the mixture. Add beans and pound to bruise them. Add sugar, salt and fish sauce one at a time, pounding a little after each addition. Squeeze in the juice from each section of lime, then add the lime pieces to the mortar as well. Add tomato, pound another minute, turning mixture as before. Taste sauce and adjust seasonings, which should be a mixture of sour, hot, salty and sweet. Using a slotted spoon, transfer salad to a small platter. Drizzle on some remaining sauce and serve with sticky rice.
Recipe courtesy of Brad Kelley, Restaurateur/ Asian Food Expert
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text: Camille B. Gertz, nee Eschenbach, 94, a lifetime Chicago resident, made her earthly transition on Dec. 8, 2006, beloved wife and traveling companion of 54 years of the late Erwin A. Gertz; loving mother of Dr. Thomas Erwin Gertz; predeceased by her father and mother, George and Camille, nee Sidlo, Eschenbach; and her sister, Eleanor Ann Eschenbach. Surviving in addition to her son are close friends, Reg and Chris Roger and their family; special niece, Lois Bargar; her sisters-in-law, Camille MacManus and Charlotte (late Carl) Gertz; nieces and nephews. Per Camille's wishes, following cremation, burial of her ashes will be in the family plot at Mount Emblem Cemetery, Elmhurst, IL, at the convenience of the family. Memorial donations may be made to Chicago Lighthouse, 1850 W. Roosevelt Rd., Chicago, IL 60608. Arrangements by Cremation Society of Illinois, 773-281-5058.


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Vote Medical Marijuana North Carolina State Grade
In July 2014, North Carolina enacted HB 1220, creating a pilot program that allows medical use of CBD-rich oil only for registered patients diagnosed by a neurologist as having intractable epilepsy that has not been responsive to at least three other treatment options. Access is only through a registered caregiver who must be a parent, guardian, or legal custodian and who must obtain the CBD oil out of state.
In This Section
North Carolina State Report Card
View and print the North Carolina MMJ State Report Card from our latest report: Medical Marijuana access in the U.S. A Patient-Focused Analysis of the Patchwork of State Laws.
North Carolina State Grade Action
While many state programs have important elements helpful to patients, no state has yet established an ideal, comprehensive program, and the recent trend of restrictive medical marijuana laws fails to meet the needs of patients. Contact your representative today!


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Press Releases
MagneGas to Apply for Advanced Biofuels Grant to Produce Multi-Fuel Gasification System
Leverages Years of Innovative Gasification Designs and Supported by Existing Patents and Provisional Patent Application
TAMPA, Florida, October 2, 2017 /PRNewswire/ --
MagneGas Corporation ("MagneGas" or the "Company") (NASDAQ: MNGA), a leading clean technology company in the renewable resources and environmental solutions industries, announced today that the Company is applying for an innovative grant to produce a multi-fuel gasification system which is small, efficient and cost effective. The grant is supported by the Small Business Innovation Research Program, National Institute of Food & Agriculture and is led by the United States Department of Agriculture, which recently awarded MagneGas its first grant. The stated purpose of the grant is to develop a new type of gasification system which follows the principles of clean coal technology, by transforming low efficiency fuels such as coal or wood, and gasifying it into a syngas.
"Our first federal grant from the USDA opened the door to a variety of additional grants associated with small gasification systems utilizing off the shelf components. This latest application relates to our fourth-generation design, which is under development, to gasify a variety of solid and liquid fuels," commented MagneGas CEO Ermanno Santilli. "Typical gasification systems are quite large, costing upwards of hundreds of millions of dollars and are not multi-fuel capable. We believe our fourth-generation gasification systems are ideally suited to more efficiently gasify a variety of materials such as wood, plastics and liquids. Using the knowledge we gained from our years of experience in small gasification systems, I am confident that we can leverage this expertise to develop even more flexible gasification technologies that can process a myriad of solid and liquid fuels into a syngas with a wide range of applications."
"Our innovative gasification system, supported by multiple patents, has operated with many different feedstocks over the years, which has prepared us for this next important evolution of our systems--namely a fourth-generation gasification system with multi-fuel capability," commented MagneGas CFO Scott Mahoney. "This grant and others play to MagneGas' strengths, especially as it relates to small systems which are economically produced using our breakthrough technology. The blue-sky revenue opportunity associated with a multi-fuel capable gasification system, already supported by our existing patents and a new provisional patent application, is significant to the company and to our shareholders."
About MagneGas Corporation
MagneGas® Corporation (MNGA) owns a patented process that converts various renewables and liquid wastes into MagneGas fuels. These fuels can be used as an alternative to natural gas or for metal cutting. The Company's testing has shown that its metal cutting fuel "MagneGas2®" is faster, cleaner and more productive than other alternatives on the market. It is also cost effective and safe to use with little changeover costs. The Company currently sells MagneGas2® into the metal working market as a replacement to acetylene.
The Company also sells equipment for the sterilization of bio-contaminated liquid waste for various industrial and agricultural markets. In addition, the Company is developing a variety of ancillary uses for MagneGas® fuels utilizing its high flame temperature for co-combustion of hydrocarbon fuels and other advanced applications. For more information on MagneGas®, please visit the Company's website at http://www.MagneGas.com.
The Company distributes MagneGas2® through Independent Distributors in the U.S and through its wholly owned distributor, ESSI (Equipment Sales and Services, Inc). ESSI has four locations in Florida and distributes MagneGas2®, industrial gases and welding supplies. For more information on ESSI, please visit the company's website at http://www.weldingsupplytampa.com.
The MagneGas IR App is now available for free in Apple's App Store for the iPhone or iPad http://bit.ly/AfLYww and at Google Play http://bit.ly/Km2iyk for Android mobile devices.
To be added to the MagneGas investor email list, please email firstname.lastname@example.com with MNGA in the subject line.
This press release contains forward-looking statements as defined within Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. These statements relate to future events, including our ability to raise capital, or to our future financial performance, and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results, levels of activity, performance, or achievements to be materially different from any future results, levels of activity, performance or achievements expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. You should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements since they involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors which are, in some cases, beyond our control and which could, and likely will, materially affect actual results, levels of activity, performance or achievements. Any forward-looking statement reflects our current views with respect to future events and is subject to these and other risks, uncertainties and assumptions relating to our operations, results of operations, growth strategy and liquidity. We assume no obligation to publicly update or revise these forward-looking statements for any reason, or to update the reasons actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements, even if new information becomes available in the future.
For a discussion of these risks and uncertainties, please see our filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Our public filings with the SEC are available from commercial document retrieval services and at the website maintained by the SEC at http://www.sec.gov .
Investor Contacts:
Crescendo Communications
SOURCE MagneGas Corporation
Released October 2, 2017


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The party was shaken but only for a short while. They all gathered their belongings and resolved to investigate where the other shrines to Ubris were. The goal, at least for now, to send off the witches to their peace.
Without warning, a voice, in the distance. "There must be a reason the beacon did not light up" grumbled one person. "Yes, let's split up just in case", retorted another.
The party was circumspect and hastily made their move in the dense forest. They hid behind trees and brush and felled timber. The Volva, Freja, mounted Draco and as silently as possible soared in to the air observing from above.
Kiera spotted one of the Paladins of Ubris and signaled him. He reasoned that he could talk his way out of what he thought might be necessary bloodshed. "Hello!" he said "I say, do you know the way out of the thickness? I seem to have lost my way and wish to get back to the road" he bluffed. "Are you hurt?" asked the Paladin. "No, no…well, there was a sort of explosion and I was knocked unconscious. But I am feeling better now. I would just like to get back to the road" Kiera declared.
The Paladins eyes shifted back and forth sensing something was amiss. His heart began to pound rappidly and his hand moved toward his blade. Kiera in an instant slashed his blade at the ominous knight striking him to his surprise. An arrow flew from the thicket from Kelric missing wildly. Jhun waited for his prey behind a yew tree. Freja, stroking Draco's neck, nudged the beast to descend a little closer and she loosed an electric charge of energy from her fingertips, the air was charged and she struck her target with deadly accuracy.
Once the Paladins knew of the menace in the forest they moved forward with militant assurance. A blade flashed in the face of Kiera as he dodged the first and then a second blow then attacked back striking his enemy.
Jhun saw his partner in death approaching, taking the utmost precaution he lunged at the knight and struck true.
Another arrow flung through the expanse between Kelric's bow and his intended target. Shhhhwaft" the paladin cried as he felt the sting of the arrowhead and the shaft opening a gash in his delicate flesh. Kelric grabbed another arrow and readied it.


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The Detroit 0% Home Repair Loans Program offers 0% interest loans from $5,000 to $25,000 to help Detroit homeowners invest in and repair their homes – promoting public health and safety, increasing property values and helping residents secure and maintain homeowner's insurance.
What is it?
Who can apply?
- Homeowners must own and occupy their home for at least six months prior to applying.
- Low-income homeowners can apply no matter where they live. View the income table to learn more.
- Regardless of income, homeowners in designated areas in each city council district can still apply. See the map.
- The minimum credit score is 560. If you don't qualify for a loan, we'll help you improve your credit score with free credit counseling.
- Homeowner's insurance and taxes must be current.
- The homeowner must be able to afford the loan payments.
What repairs qualify?
If the home has health and safety hazards, those issues must be addressed first before other repairs can be made. The following are sample projects:
- Correcting health and safety hazards (required)
- Electrical repairs;
- Furnace replacement;
- Roof replacement;
- Plumbing;
- Door and window replacement, restoration or maintenance;
- Porches and structural support.
How to Apply
Download the Intake Form Here
You can also visit one of the 12 Intake Centers as well as any City of Detroit Rec Center to pick up an application for a home repair loan. When you have completed the application and compiled all of the required documents, please contact an Intake Center to schedule an appointment to submit your application.


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It sounds like Boston Red Sox color commentator Jerry Remy learned nothing from the Mike Schmidt controversy that dominated baseball news Tuesday. Because about 12 hours after the Phillies legend created headlines for his criticism of Odubel Herrera not speaking English, Remy was on the air for NESN saying non-English speaking players shouldn't be allowed to use translators on the field.
"Learn baseball language," Remy said.
This came in a discussion about New York Yankees starter Masahiro Tanaka, whose translator came to a visit on the pitcher's mound during Tuesday night's 5-4 loss to the Red Sox. Remy, who is 64 and played 10 seasons in the big leagues, said such a thing shouldn't be legal.
Here's a clip from the broadcast and a transcription of his conversation with play-by-play announcer Dave O'Brien:
#RedSox analyst Jerry Remy would make it illegal for translators to go to the mound; thinks foreign pitchers should learn baseball language. pic.twitter.com/mbqeRLvGmO
— Sports Funhouse (@SportsFunhouse) June 7, 2017
Remy: "I don't think that should be legal."
O'Brien: "Seriously?"
Remy: "I really don't."
O'Brien: "What is it you don't like about that?"
Remy: "Ummm, learn baseball language. It's pretty simple. You break it down pretty easy between pitching coach and pitcher after a long period of time."
O'Brien: "I would say that probably they're concerned about nuance being lost in some of these conversations."
Remy apologized to "those who were offended" by his comments Wednesday.
I sincerely apologize to those who were offended by my comments during the telecast last night.
— Jerry Remy (RemDawg) (@Jerry_Remy) June 7, 2017
NESN, the channel that employs Remy, apologized for the same thing, and said they do not agree with the views expressed by Remy.
NESN statement on Jerry Remy's comments from last night: pic.twitter.com/jO175FavK5
— Tim Britton (@TimBritton) June 7, 2017
Not only are translators welcome in baseball — a sport which has stars who speak Spanish, Japanese and Korean in addition to English — but Major League Baseball mandated in 2016 that every clubhouse has a full-time Spanish-language translator in the clubhouse.
According to the annual report by the Institute for Diversity and Ethics in Sport, 34.5 percent of players in MLB this season were born outside of the U.S. Meanwhile, Latino players make up 31.9 percent of the league while Asian players are 1.9 percent.
It's worth noting that Tanaka's night wasn't great, even with his translator. He gave up five runs in five innings, including three homers. Knowing "baseball language" probably wouldn't have helped much either.
More MLB coverage from Yahoo Sports:
– – – – – –
Mike Oz is the editor of Big League Stew on Yahoo Sports. Have a tip? Email him at firstname.lastname@example.com or follow him on Twitter! Follow @MikeOz


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Just before touchdown
(photo on the right) Wolfgang and Trevor discussing the big Thermal( fish?) that got away!!
True to the Tsotsi tradition it went straight as a die but nosed up a bit and required some down elevator to compensate for this.
I programed in a few clicks down trim, remove rubber band over the prop, opened the throttle stick to 2/3 full throttle and again launched the E-Tsotsi into the breeze and it effortlessly climbed away for its first flight. at about 3 times winch height I cut the motor and had to add a few more clicks of down trim in. The extra wight did not make much difference and it stay up in the very light lift conditions with no problem and the maiden flight lasted for 32 min. (I had to restart the motor a few times) and on recharging the lipo's I used 1340 mah of the 2100 mah battery capacity.
While recharging the flight pack had a chat to Trevor, Wolfgang, Stefan and Boris and not to forget Zimmy. Zimmy and Boris flew a ARF EPP foam DG 1000 electric gliders with unique retractable brush less motor system. the lipo batteries might be on the light side but on a good thermal day they will be more than adequate. It will also be ideal on the slope when the conditions are light.
and now you don't
Zimm and Boris with the EPP electric DG1000
(Above) Trevor hunting the Thermals after a winch launch
My second flight with my E-Tsotsi mk2 lasted 1hour 3min 45 sec in almost perfect late afternoon weather and on arriving home recharge the flight liop pack to 1649 mah.
E-Tsotsi mk2 recharging.
I know it's not always the case that a maiden flight works out well but there is not much that can beat the feeling when it do and even more so when you clock 1hour and 35min in your first two flights.


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TOP: Heat up the beach in this teeny triangle top with our comfy rib used as trim on all edges.
91% nylon + 9% Spandex
Fixed Triangle Top
Bottom in Luxurious Ribbed Fabric
Ultra High Leg
Cheeky Coverage
We accept bikinis bought from oneoneswimwear.com in new condition with tags and liners attached for a full refund. There's no restocking fee and return shipping is free for returns within the U.S./ CANADA. We also offer easy returns for our international customers! You have 30 days from the day you purchased your items to send them back to us for a full refund. Once we get your items back your refund will go back on the original form of payment. For sanitary reasons please try on swimwear over your underwear, we do not accept returns that are worn.
- We accept exchanges and refunds on all our pieces! We only ask that the following requirements are met: The item/s must be in original condition, with all tags remaining in place, including hygiene seal. Item/s must not have been worn, washed or altered in any way. Please note that we are unable to refund duties and taxes.
- ARE RETURNS FREE? Yes. But please note that we are unable to refund duties and taxes.
- DO I NEED TO RETURN THE WHOLE SET? If you are exchanging, you only need to return the piece/s you wish to exchange. For a refund, the full set must be returned (top and bottom). We cannot issue refunds for a partial return of a top or bottom.
- HOW DO I ORGANISE A RETURN? Simply email email@example.com and we will allocate a FedEx Return Form for you, and give you all the details you need!
- WHERE DO I SEND MY RETURN TO? We will provide you with the full address when we allocate your FedEx Return Form.
- HOW LONG DOES IT TAKE FOR MY EXCHANGE / REFUND TO BE PROCESSED? We try and process returns as quickly as possible. If you are initiating a return, we try our best to reply with your FedEx Return Form within 24 hours. If you're exchanging, we will send your new piece/s out, and email you a new tracking number within 24 hours. If you´re refunding, we will refund you through the same method you used to pay (PayPal or credit card) within 5-7 business days.
- WHAT IF MY ORDER ARRIVES DAMAGED, OR THERE IS A FAULT? Whilst we hope this never happens, if you do receive damaged goods, or have a manufacturing fault occur, please contact us immediately at firstname.lastname@example.com so we can personally assist you and sort out your problem as quickly as posible.


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I would like to hire a Programmer
Budget $30-250 USD
I work in the Utility Industry and I'm in the process of creating a pole framing training game/simulation. The main concept for this IOS/Android application is to allow students to build a pole with a library of 3D parts.
The parts library could be an inventory system that hold the 3D models, in various categories from a User Interface Menu system. The user would then be able to drag these items from the library of parts and attach them to pre-defined locations on a pole.
The first prototype of this simulation would allow the user to drag the part that was picked from the inventory where it could be placed on the pole, using a tagging system. This would give the user some sort of feedback as to where the part they selected could be placed.
For example, the person would select a crossarm piece from the parts library and the pole would show small hotspot locations where that piece could be placed on the pole.
The user would be doing this activity from a 3rd/1st person view in a real-time 3D Environment, using touchscreen using Ipad or Android device.
All the programing would preferably be done using Playmaker for Unity 5.0 and newer. This would allow me to make changes as I see necessary after you have laid the main programming foundation. I would like you to use C# (C Sharpe).
The inventory or library of parts I would like to be developed in a modular fashion, which would easily allow me to add more 3D parts as I develop more.
This would be the first working beta version, and I would then require more features added later to improve the application.
Ultimately in the second version the location of the pieces would show during the quizzing and learning stage, then when testing is ready, it would be up to the user to figure out where these pieces should really go.
I have already created is an environment and all the 3d parts are done, all I need is your help in putting intelligence behind the models. I am using Playmaker and would prefer to keep this programming method as it will allow me the non-programmer to easily tweak certain areas or methods.
This project is the starting point to an eventual VR (Virtual Reality setup). My budget not from the company, but will be paid my personal pocket.
24 freelancers are bidding on average $522 for this job
Dear Sir, Trust us we can do this project as we had done similar project of our clients. We want to work with you and build a healthy longterm relationship so please contact us and discuss for this project before fi More
Greetings!! Thanks for posting the job. I am a PROFESSIONAL GAME PROGRAMMER having an experience of 6 years in the GAMING INDUSTRY. I have developed several games such as CARD GAMES, STRATEGY GAMES, VR GAMES etc. More
How are you? I had read your job description carefully. I believe that I can do this job well. Because I have follow skill and experience to build your product. - Object C and Swift - Jave and javascript More
Hi Thanks for your valuable time. :-) Just reply with 'Yes' and We will come up with a. Detail project plan with our comments/queries. b. Best-feasible-real COST & TIMELINE Latest Game Projects : http://g More
Hello ! We want to discuss about your project as we have experience in it. What Differentiates us from the other freelancers : # Experience of more than 5 years in Unity 3D, Xcode, CoCoa 2d, Phonegap and major More
Hello, Thanks for giving us an opportunity to place a bid. As per your requirement, you want to create pole framing training game/simulation. Presently we are working on similar VR concept (Virtual reality office More
Hello Sir, I read your job description very carefully and I believe I am very qualified for your project. I can start your project immediately and finish your project successfully within given timeframe with high qu More
Hello, We have accomplished 90% of the project which is similar of your requirement. All we need 10% customization as per your requirement set and specifications. I want to discuss in personal chat in order to explore More
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Hello, Its a pleasure to let you know that I've Completed and Delivered similar project before. All I need to work upon customization part, if we can proceed towards more discussion. I have gone through your project More
Dear Hiring Manager, Hi, How are you.? I hope you are doing well and good, I need some more details about this app, please schedule a small meeting over here and please let me know when we can discuss it further.? More
Hello Hiring Manager, I read your job descriptions carefully, I am very interesting in your job. I have developed apps such as Social networking & lifestyle(Tinder style dating, chatting, sharing), Food & drink(R More
Hello. The project seems pretty big for it's budget, so I'll need to take another look before I'll be ready to make a deal. But please take a look at my portfolio and let me know if you will be interested in my work, a More
Hi, I can assist you with this project. Here is a sampling of some of my work at my portfolio: [login to view URL] Please reply back so we can discuss. Regards, DT


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Birr Credit Union Limited, O' Connell Street, Birr, Co. Offaly 05791 20889 email@example.com
Our credit union is for people, not for profit!
Providing loans to Members is one of the main functions of Birr Credit Union Limited. We encourage you to manage your money carefully by structuring loans around your needs and your ability to repay.
Regular savings is a good idea and is recommended by Birr Credit Union Limited. You might like to save for holidays, Christmas, Education or simply to put something by for that 'Rainy Day'.
Birr Credit Union Limited also offers all eligible members insurance services. Some of these insurance services are paid for directly by the credit union and others are paid directly by the member.
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2. Only applicants who intend studying or are already studying at public TVET colleges, should apply. (Not for Universities).
3. Only manual applications will be accepted. Applicants need to drop their completed application forms and supporting documents at the Financial Aid Offices of their nearest public TVET college.
4. Application forms that reach NSFAS after the closing date will NOT be processed.


text:
Printable Harlequin Papers 12 x 12 inch. Perfect for Scrapbook Pages and many other Papercrafts.
This is a digital file
Item details
Harlequin Pattern 12 x 12 inch Digital Paper Pack.
► Please note that this listing is for a digital artwork download and no physical product will be sent.
Harlequin designs in five vibrant colours - Poppy, Moss, Emerald, Lilac and Ruby. Instant download for personal or commercial use.
Also ideal for decorating gift boxes, backgrounds, party decorations, cards, banners, decorating scrapbooks, altered art, collage and much, much more!
This set includes: 5 harlequin pattern, distressed effect, colourful designs. To give you an idea of scale, each diamond shape is approximately two and a quarter inches tall by three quarters of an inch wide - 58 x 20 mm.
Our images are hand-painted and then scanned at 300dpi in RGB mode. The resulting bitmap or raster images can be scaled down with no loss of quality but enlarging by more than 200% may result in a pixelated appearance.
► This pack includes:
5 x Files containing 300 dpi JPG images to create and print your Digital Papers.
Size 12 x 12 inches - 305 x 305 mm.
► How you will receive your files:
This item is an Instant Download.
Upon completed payment you will receive an email with a link to your product downloads. You may also access your downloads, at any time, by viewing your Etsy purchases page.
By purchasing and downloading this product you acknowledge that you have read, understand and agree to our Terms of Use.
More colours and different file formats are available on request.
If you have any questions, please feel free to contact me.
Copyright remains the property of the artist.
All images © The Art of Paper Craft
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File Delivery: Files will be available to download once payment is confirmed.
Currently, we accept Paypal and all major credit cards. You do not need to have a Paypal account, simply choose the "I do not have a Paypal account" option when checking out and follow the instructions. You can use credit cards and e-checks via Paypal.
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Wherever possible we are happy to replace or repair any corrupt or damaged files.
We strive for perfection and want you to be happy with your purchase. Your satisfaction is very important to us! If there are any problems or concerns with your order, please contact us and we'll do everything we can to make it right.
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THE ART OF PAPER CRAFT reserves the right to modify this agreement at any time without giving prior notice.
Your purchase from THE ART OF PAPER CRAFT grants you one perpetual, non-transferable, non-exclusive *Personal/Small Commercial Use License to use the image file(s) as outlined below. All other rights to the printed papers, illustrations, clipart and other items, including all copyright and intellectual property rights, are retained by THE ART OF PAPER CRAFT.
We hope you enjoy using our designs. We'd love to see what you do with them, please get in touch and show us your creations.
You may use our designs on your website, on your blog or other digital project, as part of your own work but digital reselling is not permitted. The exception to this being invitations, where our design is used in part or whole with the addition of your own text and/or other design elements. All of our clip art and paper packs come with a Small Business Commercial Licence as standard but we do require that you provide image credit and a link back to our shop, for more information, please see the IMAGE CREDIT section below.
You may print our designs to create your own items to sell, such as invitations, greeting cards, gift tags, banners and other decorative items. All we ask is that you do not resell or distribute our designs unaltered as original, in digital or printed form.
You may use our designs for *small commercial use only. This does not apply to wholesale publishers or businesses that mass produce commercial products.
You may not use our designs in their original form to upload and sell on Print On Demand sites such as Zazzle, CafePress, Søciety6 or similar.
You may not resell our designs as clipart or as part of a digital scrapbook pack.
You may not resell our designs as part of a digital pack or project sheet on sites such as Craftsuprint or similar.
If you're still uncertain as to what is and what is not permitted, please contact us via Etsy convo and we will answer any questions you may have.
Other than promotional material, for example flyers or business cards of which you may print as many as you require, *print runs are limited to less than two hundred. If you intend to publish on a larger scale please contact me for an Extended Quantity Commercial Licence. Prices for small businesses and sole traders start at £25 per design or clipart set. Mass produced retail and wholesale publishing prices start at £250 per design for a Full Commercial License but will vary depending on quantities produced, duration of licence and regions covered.
All our clip art and paper packs come with a Small Business Commercial Licence as standard but we do require that you provide image credit and a link back to our shop. This should be clearly visible wherever you use our images and for online sales, this should be included in the listing. If you are happy to do this then there is no need to purchase any further licence.
We do offer extended no credit licences should you wish to use our artwork without giving credit. These are available here:
Single set: http://etsy.me/28Zm5ck
Three sets: http://etsy.me/28XoYfI
Unlimited sets: http://etsy.me/28UQfho
Artwork by TheArtofPaperCraft.etsy.com


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Chelsea Handler Claims Cosby Tried to 'Cosby' Her
Yeah, his last name is really a verb now.
In an Esquire interview, Chelsea Handler revealed that Bill Cosby might have had plans to "Cosby" her, as she put it. Handler said that roughly a decade ago, the two were doing stand-up in Atlantic City and were staying at the same hotel. During some down time, Cosby asked one of the hospitality staffers to fetch her because the now-embattled comedian wanted to meet with her in his suite. "I said, That's really weird. I don't want to go alone. I go, I don't know him. So the three guys I was with — thank God these guys were with me ... I brought them up with me to his room and thank God I did, because now I know what would've happened if I went up there alone," she recalled.
One of her friends who was with her at the time texted her recently: "Do you remember that night we went up to, or that afternoon we went up to Bill Cosby's and you were so freaked out you made us come with you? ... Hello! You could've been one of his victims if we weren't there." Although Handler didn't shed any light on what this meeting was actually like, she used Cosby's name as a verb and told Esquire that because of the interaction, she believes it's pretty obvious he's guilty.


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Just got the "40th anniversary" reissue of Strange Days, by the Doors - to replace my old cassette of it which destroyed itself a few years ago.
Back in the day I played it obsessively. On a monoaural cassette recorder/player by Craig. Now I'm playing a nicely remastered CD on a decent stereo system. I dig it, but I can't say I'm getting signicantly more musical information and value than I did in '68 or '70 or whatever. I think I listened so much and so hard then that I got all the music out of it then, despite technical limitations. Huh, how bout that. Given my druthers I'll listen to it today's way but....
You are here
Just got the "40th anniversary" reissue of Strange Days, by the Doors - to replace my old cassette of it which destroyed itself a few years ago.
The fidelity of Doors recordings aren't spectacular, or even great. So there may well be no more NEW information to hear. That having been said the accuracy of the tonality should increase slightly.
Good point. I should say, though, that the sound quality of this reissue is very good. It's clear and clean and open and never harsh, and really shows off nicely the reverberant field used/created in the recording. So it is in objectively higher quality now, usefully so. The remastering was carefully overseen by the surviving Doors and the original producer and engineer.
There are 2 bonus tracks, one very good, one unnecessary.
Around 1966 my parents gave me a Norelco/Philips Carrycorder that played the new cassette format (with a S/N ratio of about 50db!). I commenced recording everything I could with very marginal results. The first 2 pre-recorded cassettes I found (at a Thrifty drugstore) were Portrait Of Genius by Ravi Shankar and The Doors. (Later High Tide And Green Grass by The Stones.) I was able to jack out to my "hi-fi" DuMont Hampton console B&W TV that had an 8 inch woofer and a 3 inch tweeter with a whizzer cone AND tone controls. It could really rock my little room. Listening to The End with incense burning. Must've freaked out my mom.


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These Indian tacos are easy to make and satisfied my very expensive Indian food cravings on the cheap! Win-win!
Since I've been pregnant, all that I want to eat are Thai curries and Indian food. Seriously, I almost went broke on delivery from the Thai and Indian places near my house. Having awesome ethnic restaurants that deliver to you is both a blessing and a curse. Something had to happen, so I stocked up on Masaman curry paste and a few jars of Indian sauces at the store.
About the Ingredients
I try to stay away from recipes that call for special ingredients, and this one has a couple. If there is an Indian or maybe even an Asian grocer near you, you should be able to find mango pickle and mango chutney there. If not, Amazon carries both. This mango chutney looks good, as does this mango pickle. They're a little bit pricey, but it doesn't take much to make a recipe delicious, so they last for a good while.
Mango chutney is sort of a sweet, mulled fruit preserve. It's an Indian condiment that goes well with the sour and spicy tastes in some of the other Indian spices and condiments. Indian pickles are a little bit different from your usual pickle. They're very sour and sometimes spicy. For this recipe, I used a mild pickle, but you can up the heat with a hot mango pickle instead, if you prefer.
This also isn't a totally authentic recipe, but I kind of like it that way. It's quick, and quick is good! Ready to make some tacos? Me, too!
Indian Tofu Tacos
Yield: 4 servings of 2 tacos each
- 8 wheat tortillas (I used Ezekiel's, but your favorite type is fine)
- 1 block extra firm organic tofu, cut into small cubes
- 2 tablespoons toasted sesame oil
- 4 tablespoons mango pickle
- 1 cup arugula, chopped
- 1 cup shredded carrots
- 4 tablespoons mango chutney
Cooking Directions
- Heat the tortillas. To heat and soften them, so they won't fall apart, I steamed mine in the microwave. Just wrap the whole stack in a damp cloth napkin and heat for 10-20 seconds.
- Heat the oil in a frying pan on medium, then add the tofu. Cook, stirring frequently to prevent sticking, for about 5-7 minutes. You want the tofu just slightly browned.
- While the tofu cooks, prep those tortillas! Rub 1/2 tablespoon of mango pickle onto one side of each tortilla, coating it well. When the tortillas and tofu are ready, divide the tofu between your eight tortillas.
- Top with 2 tablespoons of arugula and carrots, fold in half, and serve with a tablespoon of mango chutney on each plate.


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What Does My Name Mean? Meaning of Names & Life Choices
What does my name mean? Can our names influence our life choices? Do names influence the types of people we become? Where we live? How we make a living?
At PeopleFinders.com, we found ourselves asking the same questions about the meaning of names, so we decided to do a little research to see for ourselves if names have any influence on the people we are today. What we found was actually quite interesting – and amusing!
More Than Just a Name?
Names have significance and may actually influence some of the major life decisions we make concerning occupation, location of residence, income, interests – even spouse! Check out this hilarious Infographic we put together with our favorite examples of how names really can influence our life choices!
Grab the Code and Embed on Your Site!
The Science of Names
Our researchers found some interesting scientific concepts, studies and theories related to the power, purpose, and function of names. Before we get into our findings, we thought we would share these interesting ideas with you:
Nominative Determinism:
Scientific theory that explains why some people seem to have picked occupations that perfectly suit their name.
Name-Letter Effect:
Even letters in your name can have an influence on career path – lawyers named Laura and dentists named Dennis are very common!
Implicit Egoism:
We're all subconsciously attracted to things that remind us of ourselves, thus explaining why some people gravitate towards jobs, states, or even hobbies that are similar to their names!
Summary of Findings: Meaning of Names & Life Choices
There is a correlation between name and career choice, in some instances. People prefer things that are connected to the self (for example, the letters in one's name), which might explain some of the hilarious examples in our Infographic!
It should be made clear that names do not determine which career paths we choose, but they may have some influence on the career paths we consider. An occupation that has a connection to your last name may not be the occupation you pursue, but it would, at least, get your attention. Thus, people with these last names might be drawn to a profession that they otherwise wouldn't have considered. For example, if your last name is Baker, you might not be baking croissants and cookies for a living – but there's a good chance that you've considered it, and it might have even influenced your decision not to be a baker!
In sum, names are definitely significant – perhaps even more significant than you previously thought possible! Learn more about the importance of names – conduct your own people search today at PeopleFinders.com!Tags: find names online, Find People, how many people have my name, implicit egoism, meaning of names, name letter effect, name meaning, name meanings, names and meanings, nominative determinism, People Search, PeopleFinders, PeopleFinders.com, the meaning of names, What does my name mean, what does your name mean, what names mean
Categorized in: What does my name mean?


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Red Hat Bugzilla – Bug 8423
should alias char-major-10-1 psaux?
Last modified: 2008-05-01 11:37:53 EDT
On my 486, there is no psaux device. When kudzu runs on boot the first time
after installation, I get a message about not being able to find
char-major-10-1. Shouldn't that be aliased to psaux already in modutils'
alias.h or else in conf.modules?
And shouldn't conf.modules be modules.conf? ;-)
Nope, psaux can't be compiled as module anymore, so if it it ain't there it
ain't there, you could alias it to off, to make modprobe shut up.
Okay. I guess it should be aliased off by default then.
conf.modules will be modules.conf in the next major release. It's
not something we want to change in a point release.
But are we going to alias char-major-10-1 off or not?


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CYCLING: Bourne riders excel at National 25 mile time trial championships
Four local riders took part in the 'blue riband' RTTC National 25 Mile Time Trial Championships last weekend.
First up on Saturday were Claire Steels (Peterborough CC) and Louise Day (Team Swift) riding in the women's event held at nearby Sawtry on a challenging course on the old A1.
The very hot sunny day made for less than ideal racing conditions, but both riders acquitted themselves exceptionally well against a high quality field of 90 riders. World Age Group Duathlon Champion Steels posted a personal best time of 1 hour 2 minutes 52 seconds to come home in 22nd place. Day finished in 1 hour 6 minutes 10 seconds to take 41st place overall and 15th Vet.
Sunday, saw the men's race taking place near Snetterton in Norfolk as 150 riders tackled a rolling course on the A11. The very windy conditions made for a very fast out leg, but the return to the finish saw riders battling into a challenging head wind that proved decisive.
James Gelsthorpe's (Peterborough CC) great season continued as he raced home in 51 minutes 38 seconds to finish 42nd overall, whilst Antony Gough (Velo-One Cycling) posted a new personal best time of 53 minutes and 26 seconds to finish 63rd overall and 15th Vet.
Qualifying for the National Championships is an achievement in itself and finishing in the top half of the field is a testament to the hard work all four riders have put in this season.
Closer to home, a rare strong South Westerly wind had 16 riders eager to make the most of it on the six mile stretch along the B1177 to Billingborough on the Aslackby 10 TT course this week.
It did not disappoint as both the one week old course record and six year club course record were smashed along with a string of personal bests for many riders.
Fastest on the night was Gelsthorpe, who smashed his previous week's record by a further 44 seconds (20:59).
Tom Comben was second, taking the club course record and achieving an all-time 10 mile personal best (21:51). Tim James (Catford CC Equipe Banks) completed the top 3 with 22:45.
Nick Leaton beat his PB by over a minute (25:59), Chris Kettle beat his PB by 50 seconds (23:34) as did Cliff Hilless (23:53), Lee Thomas (25:26), Ian Davison (26:37) and Ellie Peel (33:21), who also took the Youth win.
In the Scratch League, the fight for second spot has just two points in it with Chris Kettle (113 pts) leading over Cliff Hilless (111 pts).
In the Handicap League, Cliff Hilless has a comfortable lead (113 pts) with Chris Kettle second (106 pts) and Tom Comben third (102 pts).
In the Vets on Standard League, Michael Smalley has a full house (140 pts) and is this year's winner.
Cliff Hilless is second (130 pts) and Tom Comben third (118 pts).
A group of Bourne Wheelers were also out in action on a very windy Sunday morning as they made their way to Gunby Old Hall near Skegness for the annual Alford Wheelers Open 10 mile time trial from Gunby roundabout to Ulceby Cross and back.
In testing conditions and ferocious crosswinds all three acquitted themselves well. Tony Gilbert, making his course debut recorded a time of 23 minutes 15 seconds. Lee Thomas on his second outing on the course in 12 days came in at 23:17 and set a new course personal best by 63 seconds. Thomas also won the overall handicap competition with an aggregated time of 16 minutes 13 second, setting a new ten mile TT best time.
Ian Davison, also on his second outing of the course in 12 days recorded his own PB of 25:17 knocking 53 seconds off his previous course best and also setting his fastest ten mile TT time knocking off 49 seconds.
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Here's a list of the award winners from last weekend's second annual Little Rock Film Festival: For Narrative Feature, "The Promotion." For Documentary Feature, "Behind Forgotten Eyes." For Documentary Short, "Pilgrimage." For Narrative Short, "The Adventure." For the Arkansas Music Video Award, Deluxe36 and the Moving Front for "Like Zombies." And for the inaugural Charles B. Pierce Award for Arkansas Film, "War Eagle, Arkansas."
Easy Street Piano Bar and Cabaret Room, recently rumored to be closing, trucks along with a new regular DJ series, featuring Andrew Morgan, the man behind the dance parties in the basement at the Living Room (the halcyon days of Little Rock dance parties). Morgan, under the name Ettiem, will spin "funk, soul, electro, new shit, Afrobeat, reggae, weirdo disco" along with Tel Aviv drummer Kyle Carpenter on Fridays beginning at 9 p.m. in the cabaret room. The series kicks off this Friday. No cover charge.
At the show, Morgan says, he'll also have details of the debut show by his new band, Eclipse Glasses, which he describes as an amalgamation of all those genres listed above. The band includes vets of dozens of great local bands: Zach Reeves, Colin Miles, Kyle Carpenter, Lorenza Harrington and Morgan.
Mark your calendars, local blues fans. On Saturday, May 31, Blues Patrol, the popular local act from the '80s, reunites at Cornerstone Pub to celebrate the release of "We Walked the Streets Like Giants," a DVD that tells the band's story. Former Circuit Judge David Bogard put together the film, a 10-minute snippet of which will screen at the event. Longtime blues jam organizer Jeff Weeden hosts. A jam, featuring other local musicians, precedes and follows the Blues Patrol's performance. The show starts at 8 p.m.
Breathe easy, fans of zany Fort Smith cartoonist Brad Neely. The recent news that Superdeluxe.com will soon "fold into" adultswim.com does not signal the end of Neely's shorts. Reached by e-mail, Neely confirmed that "China, IL," his latest four-part miniseries, will continue to screen on Adult Swim TV and be hosted on Superdelux. Some 25 of his videos will still likely appear on the website. Neely, who's written for "South Park," also reports that he's gearing for more TV work, but had no firm details to report.


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Grand Challenges
UNSW addresses the biggest issues facing humanity
UNSW Sydney aims to lead the debate and shape the public discourse on the greatest issues facing humanity. The Grand Challenges Program has been established to facilitate these critical discussions, and in the process raise awareness of the ground-breaking research and excellent initiatives undertaken by UNSW academics, staff and students.
There are currently four declared Grand Challenge topics – Climate Change, Refugees & Migrants, Inequality, and Living with 21st Century Technology. Each Grand Challenge will feature a series of events and activities for both staff and students to contribute to, so please sign-up to our mailing list to keep informed of current events.
Subscribe to receive email notifications about upcoming Grand Challenges events.
Get social
Follow posts across a entire spectrum of Grand Challenges topics. Like and share our page to spread the word.
Climate Change Blueprints
These blueprints describe the challenges and opportunities facing society in the areas of: Energy Transitions; Climate Change, Air Pollution and Health in Australia; and Justice and Climate Change.
What's On
July 2018
Robotics and the disability care sector: Opportunity or threat?
Living with 21st Century Technology
Thursday 12 July
12-1pm, UNSW Kensington Campus
Beyond survival: How storytelling can treat trauma in refugees
Refugees and Migrants
Wednesday 18 July
6–7pm, UNSW Kensington Campus
Hysteria or Hazard? Big data and what the UN thinks about your privacy
Living with 21st Century Technology
Tuesday 24 July
12-1pm UNSW Kensington Campus
2018 Biennial Ingram Lecture on International Law and Development
Climate Change
Tuesday 24 July
6.15-8.30pm, UNSW Kensington Campus
Gene doping: the next target for tomorrow's athletes?
Living with 21st Century Technology
Wednesday 25 July
4-5pm, UNSW Kensington Campus
ACOSS and UNSW Sydney Inequality in Australia Report Launch
Tuesday 31 July
2-3.30pm UNSW Kensington Campus
August 2018
Talks & Ideas
Academic media engagement on political hot potatoesWatch
Europe, refugees and our obsession with borders presented by François GemenneWatch
Our Shared Humanity: Protecting the Rights of Refugees and MigrantsWatch
David Sanderson on RN Big Ideas: Put money in their pocketRead more
Does it matter how we "stop the boats"?Read more
UNSW hosts ground-breaking 'virtual' conferenceRead more
The links between climate change and migrationRead more
Nobel Laureate Muhammad Yunus - Excerpt from UNSW talkWatch
All at sea: A story of climate change displacementWatch
What did the rich man say to the poor man? Why spatial inequality in Australia is no jokeRead more
UNSW hosts inaugural Refugee Alternatives ConferenceRead more
Academic Leads
Rob Brooks
Grand Challenges Program
Scientia Professor of Evolutionary Biology Rob Brooks is the Academic Lead of the UNSW Grand Challenges Program.
Matt England
Climate Change
Scientia Professor Matt England is an expert on the physics of the oceans and their role in climate variability and climate change.
Stephi Hemelryk Donald
Refugees & Migrants
Professor Stephi Hemelryk Donald is an interdisciplinary scholar and Future Fellow specialising in film, childhood, and migration with a special interest in China.
Rosalind Dixon
Professor Rosalind Dixon is one of the leading comparative constitutional scholars of her generation.
Richard Holden
Professor Richard Holden is one of Australia's leading economic researchers with a skill for unravelling complex economic issues.
Lyria Bennett Moses
Living with 21st Century Technology
One of UNSW's 20 rising stars who will change the world, Lyria Bennett Moses is pioneer in developing a general theory of law and technology that provides practical insights into how and when law should respond to technological change.


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Economies with e-cigarettes
This module allows your customers to see the economy they can do using electronic cigarettes based on their consumption and price they are currently paying.
By buying this product you can collect up to 2 loyalty points. Your cart will total 2 points that can be converted into a voucher of 2,00 €.


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Amelia Magistrali
|Assistant Coach
|3rd at MIT
|Previous College:
|Middlebury College
Amelia Magistrali became the assistant softball coach at MIT in the fall of 2010 after a summer spent running the farm program at a camp in the Berkshires.
Magistrali graduated from Middlebury College in 2009 with a degree in Environmental Studies and Anthropology where she competed on the school's rugby and softball teams.
Magistrali was a senior captain as well as the starting third baseman for four years on the Middlebury College softball team. She comes to MIT with a background in volunteer coaching for youth sports.


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Why Ramah?
An Inspiring Experience
At Camp Ramah in New England, we strive each summer to furnish over 900 campers and 250 staff-members with an experience beyond just the fun and sun of a typical summer camp. For us, great sports, creative arts, exciting outdoor adventures, expert instruction in a whole range of electives, and just plain off-the-wall fun are wrapped into an experience of Jewish living and learning that feels fresh, relevant and real to our campers. At Camp Ramah, we teach skills, nurture self-esteem, and help our campers to develop independence.
But we don't stop there. We also inspire our community with meaningful prayer, innovative educational programs, and an abiding love of Israel. Our campers learn to shoot arrows or free-throws and to throw a pot on a wheel or a runner out from center-field, but, more importantly, they learn to connect with the deepest and most profound parts of our tradition.
A Commitment to Camper Care and Growth
At Camp Ramah in New England, camper care is the paramount concern. All staff, from the director to the counselors, are engaged in each child's experience. In addition to our high-quality college-age counselors, Ramah hires a significant number of adult staff who are parents. These adults provide an added maturity and expertise to our community. Some of these adult staff-members serve as parent liaisons, allowing you to easily be in touch with camp. You will have their cell phone numbers so that you will never have to wonder how your child is doing. In addition to our bunk counselors, Ramah employs a large specialty staff who focus their attention on teaching advanced skills in their areas of expertise. They work hard to build campers' self-confidence through encouragement and achievement. The presence of this specialty staff also allows our bunk counselors to focus their energy and attention on the social dynamics of each bunk and on the well-being of each of their campers.
The result is an unparalleled level of programming and camper care.
Camp Ramah Changes Lives
Please enjoy this video, created for our 60th anniversary, which highlights the life-changing impact of the Ramah experience:
Please enjoy these videos, highlighting the incredible power of Ramah friendships: