text:
Metal Scraping: Preview
In preparing this material, my goal has been to make it useful to both the beginner and the experienced worker. . .
2. WHAT IS IT LIKE TO SCRAPE. Spread on your surface plate a thin layer of High Spot Blue or other marking medium, lay on it the workpiece to be scraped, and slide it a few times, with moderate and even pressure, in a circular or figure eight pattern one or two inches across. Remove the workpiece. Its higher areas rubbed on the surface plate, became marked in blue, and are clearly visible. Now . . . with your scraper shave away the metal at those marked spots. The surface . . . will have become a little bit flatter, and you will have just made your first scraping pass.
Repeat this cycle as many times as needed . . . After a sufficient number of passes, the surface will have become as flat and as smooth as you want to make it. That's all there is to it.
Well, maybe not quite, especially at first . . . but that is just about the way scraping will become, once you have developed a moderate knack for it. So let us see how to develop that knack. First of all let us look at what you will need to get started and have an early hands-on experience. Then we will consider the various aspects of scraping . . . and everything you will need to be able to do quality work. I will try to explain not only what to do, but why you are doing it, and how to recognize early if you begin to veer off course.
We will begin by using steel scrapers,
which is the simplest and least expensive way . . .
Carbide scrapers are sharpened less frequently and in a few moments, so they save
considerable time . . . They can be shop-made inexpensively, or purchased ready made. However to get
set up to use them properly, some specialized equipment is needed, which can be expensive.
Forthcoming material, presented in the previous page, will
describe how you can grind, lap, and also make your own carbide scrapers, and how
you can build in your shop, affordably, the equipment needed to do so: a Diamond
Wheel Grinder, a Lapping Machine, and a range of accessories to use with them.
3. GETTING READY. Here are the things you will need. They will be sufficient to do a wide range of scraping, including most of the examples described at the end. Let us consider each one in some detail.
SURFACE PLATE. It is a compact block of granite that originally came out of a volcano, then became part of a mountain and sat there for several million years, waiting to be collected for you. So you can trust it to be dimensionally stable. It contains a considerable amount of quartz, so it is very hard and durable, and the working surface has been made extremely flat. . . I recommend you get a 9"×12" "Toolroom Grade B" . . . which, although it is the lowest grade, is flat to a remarkable .0001" overall . . .
SCRAPERS . . . are available inexpensively . . . are well made, and require only a moderate amount of grinding to be ready for use . . .
LAYOUT PAD. There are many ways to spread the marking medium, usually High-Spot Blue, on the surface plate. I find a shop made fabric pad most convenient to spread it in a controlled, uniform, and reliable way, while keeping my hands reasonably clean. It is superior to rollers when a thin layer of blue is needed.
GRINDER. I am assuming you already have a bench grinder to grind your HSS lathe bits. It will also work well for steel scrapers, if the wheel is the "cool", white, friable kind . . .
NICE TO HAVE. The next items are not essential, especially at the beginning. But they are convenient, and if any of them happens to come your way now and winks at you, and your budget allows it, you may want to grab it . . .
MAGNIFIER. It is very useful for looking at the cutting edge of
your scrapers, especially while you are getting the hang of sharpening
them, or whenever you want . . . In front of the photo
is an 8× comparator. The color corrected
(achromatic) kind is more expensive but gives a better image, especially at the
periphery. They are available in 8× or 10× from tool suppliers, but are
rather pricey, around $100. You can save considerably at
magnifier.com or
To the left is a 40× microscope, with a .02mm reticle and its own light source. It is hand-held, but despite what one might expect it is easy to position and to focus by hand. It is the one I like best when I want to really see what a cutting edge is like . . .
To the right is a 2.25× clip-on style magnifier. It is light weight, so I keep it on my working glasses practically all the time and forget about it. Its power is borderline for looking at a cutting edge, but just right to see what is happening to a surface while you scrape it, and . . . is ideal for pinpointing.
4. MASTERING THE STROKES. As you begin this new adventure, keep in mind that it's ok if you make mistakes, you won't break anything. If you make a stroke that is to deep, or too shallow, or out of place, if you miss a marked spot or go over the same spot twice or even several times in the same scraping pass, and almost anything else you might do wrong unintentionally with your scraper, will get corrected automatically in the following passes . . .
The three things that most determine what a stroke will be like are the angle of the scraper, the down pressure on the tip, and the forward movement of the handle . . . Experiment with them, one at a time, and see how each affects the stroke . . . keep in mind that at this point you are not learning how to do things so you can begin to scrape. You are scraping already. And you are learning how to become better and better at it.
. . . look for the stroke depth and length, and the rhythm, that work best for you to remove material efficiently in a sustained way. It is somewhat like finding the best gear for a given terrain when you ride a bicycle . . .
IMO it is important to get a sense, even very approximate, for the
size of a scraping project before you start it. Even an extensive
project, if you know what to expect, is likely to turn into a positive
experience, and after you finish it you'll want to do more. The reverse
is true if you find yourself bogged down in the middle of it
unexpectedly. I believe that the stories that come up at times
about the difficulties of scraping, often come from those who found
themselves in the middle of a job, and then discovered that it was much
larger than they thought it would be when they started it . . .
many useful and interesting projects, such as the examples
presented further on, can be happily completed in a few weeks at the most, and
some in less than a weekend.
6. THE MARKING-SCRAPING CYCLE. Now the real fun begins. It goes like this: the surface plate is covered, or "loaded" with a very thin layer of High-Spot blue. Then the surface to be scraped, cleaned of any swarf or other foreign particles, is laid over the plate and moved back and forth. The high areas rub against the plate, and become marked in blue. Those areas are then scraped, and the surface has become a little flatter. That is a complete scraping cycle. It is repeated as needed, until the surface has become as flat as you want to make it. Let us look in some detail at how this is done . . .
As you go on scraping, the total area of the marked surface will steadily increase, and the clear portion will shrink. The surface is becoming flatter, and the distance between the peaks and the valleys is being steadily reduced . . . The proper amount of High-Spot Blue on the plate, and the marking that gives the most useful information, depends on how far along the surface is.
At left both images show the same surface, and the only difference is the amount of High-Spot Blue that was used. At this early stage all the area that marked in the lower image will need to be scraped down, so that between the two, that heavier marking is the more useful one. The right photo also shows the same surface in both images, again marked with different amounts of High-Spot Blue. But here the surface is further along, and the focus of the scraping will be more on the individual spots, so the lighter marking will give the most useful information . . .
7. THE SCRAPING ZOO. Let us see now how to deal with what I call "the scraping zoo":  Digging in, Skidding, Chatter, Scratches, and occasionally other lesser critters . . .
When you are scraping a surface, and you reach its right or left edge,
the scraper is prone to tip over, dig into the edge at a sharp angle,
and make a %ζ#@$ gouge . . .   This is a
well known predicament, that can happen occasionally even to
experienced Scrapers. . .
9. WHEN YOUR BODY COMPLAINS . . . If done intensively or for long stretches of time, scraping can be quite physical, just like pushing a hacksaw or a wood plane, or pedaling a bicycle, or swimming, or many other physical activities. And especially so at the beginning, because you are asking your body to . . . bring into play a new or little used set of muscles. They will strengthen with practice, but will complain until they do . . .
Take time to develop the best working position for scraping . . . You may find also that there is one height that works best for scraping,
and a different height to see best what happens when you scrape . . .
10. STABILIZING THE SURFACE. As we continue to lower the high spots of a surface with successive scraping passes, we expect it to become increasingly flat. Most of the time that is indeed the case. But sometimes it is not. It can happen that while we are happily marking and scraping and minding our own business, things begin to feel strange . . . and the trend of successive markings makes less and less sense . . . If that seems to be happening, and you know that your marking technique is reliable, suspect instability . . .
Instability is a condition that can occur when . . . the surface can wobble or roll on the plate, by very small amounts of course . . . so different sets of high spots will touch the plate, and different marking patterns will result.
. . . once the approximate location of the convexity in the surface you are scraping is determined, it
is a simple matter to remove it . . . However if the curvature is
very small, as is often the case, it . . . may well remain undetected. This is especially likely to happen . . .
when the scraping is nearing the end and the quantities involved are very small.
We may end up assuming that the surface is flat, and consider it finished, when
in fact it is still convex . . .
11. TESTING FOR INSTABILITY. There are various tests to check for instability, and . . . to locate the position of the convexity causing it. A number of them are described below . . .
SPIN TEST . . . Place the work on a dry surface plate. Push it gently sideways, near one end. It will rotate (spin) around a point, or pivot. Note the location of that point. Repeat, pushing it in the same direction, but from the other end. The rotation will be centered at a different point. If there is no convexity, the two pivots will be somewhat distant from each other, and towards the ends of the surface. If there is convexity, the pivots will be closer, or even coincide . . .
CHANGING THE POINT OF PRESSURE. . . . To check for twist, especially with a long and narrow surface, mark while applying pressure close to one end. The opposite end may mark lighter, but the marking should be uniform across its width. If marking is lighter on one side, as seen in the image, twist is present.
12. MAKING SENSITIVE ADJUSTABLE LEVELS. I made this adjustable interface several years back, when I was aligning my Minilathe, to check for twist and vertical bow of the bedways. I measured twist by placing it on the saddle as shown, and then moving the saddle along the length of the bedways. I measured bow in the same way, but with the axis of the level parallel to the bedways. Since then I found it useful for more and more applications, including checking for convexity of a surface being scraped.
. . . the bottom rests on the work by means of three adjustable threaded rods. The top element pivots at one end . . .   and is supported at the other end by a micrometer head, located by a steel ball, by means of which the bubble is centered in the vial. In this way the level can be used on any surface, whether or not it is leveled, or flat.
Despite the informal construction and the use of wood, this configuration turned out to be quite stable. With the level shown (Kinex .02/1000) . . .   drift is less than 1/2 division over several weeks . . .   you can build such an interface in a weekend or so.
After I started using it I kept coming up with more and more uses for it, however its bulk was often a limitation, or at least a nuisance. So I decided to make a more compact, more versatile, and more "graceful" version of it, using just a replacement vial, which is small and inexpensive . . .
The photo at right shows the complete level, which I made as small as practical. The footprint is 19×120 mm, it weights 550 gr., and can be adjusted over a range of ±10%. The little cross level is removable, and I usually keep it off. The bottom is accurately scraped and pinpointed, and has two holes for installing accessories, such as the three points attachment for using it with irregular surfaces, shown at the top. The micrometer head has a vernier graduated to .001mm, which corresponds to a bubble displacement of 1/4 division, and a slope change of 1/100,000, or .01mm per meter. Resettability and lag are less than one division of the micrometer vernier.
I "made" the micrometer head by sawing off the bow of a micrometer obtained from ebay. Sawing off the bow of a micrometer can be a very satisfying experience, so if you are going to do that (haven't you always wanted to?), be sure to take time to savor it. Over time I also made a range of accessories to go with the level, which enables it to do pretty much all the things a conventional sensitive ("Master Precision") level can do, and some that it can't.
The construction can be simplified considerably with the minimalistic version shown below, which can be built easily, and in a few days. It is fully adequate for many applications where good sensitivity is needed but high resettability or precise angular measurements are not. Instead of a micrometer head resting on a sphere, use a lowly M3 thumb screw. Make a hole tapped M3 at one end of the top element, then machine the thumb screw with a head of 1/2" to 5/8" and thread it . . . adjusting the opening of the dye for free movement but minimum clearance in the hole. Round and polish the tip . . . Then drill a corresponding hole in the bottom element with a #1 center drill to receive the screw . . . At the other end . . . use a length of 1/8" drill rod, relieved in the middle so that only the ends will make contact with the bottom. Use a spring to hold the top and bottom elements together . . . fasten the vial with two clamps made of piano wire. Make the main components out of steel . . . with provision for thermally insulated handles. As the last step, do a careful scraping job of the bottm. The total cost of the level will be something like $30, or around $75 for the micrometer version if you get a used micrometer from ebay . . .
13. MAKING AND USING TEMPLATES. When scraping long and narrow surfaces, for example a dovetail, or the bedways of a lathe, marking with a surface plate is usually not possible or practical. When that is the case, the marking is usually done with a template of the appropriate shape, scraped flat. The template can be shop made, a practice I recommend . . .
14. SCRAPING DOVETAILS. Fundamentally, scraping dovetails is the same as scraping other surfaces. However because of the space constraints, it can be somewhat awkward, especially until you get used to it . . . you will find here a detailed description of how to scrape the dovetails of a saddle and cross slide. It will show as well how to scrape dovetails when different surfaces need to be aligned with each other, or with external elements.
15. THE THREE PHASES OF SCRAPING. Scraping is a process of gradually transforming a surface that is rough and irregular into one that is uniformly flat. The way we do this changes along the way, so it is convenient to think about scraping as having three distinct phases. But each phase blends smoothly into the next, and the change happen gradually, with considerable overlap. The change depends on how the distance between the peaks and the valleys of the surface compares with the depth of a stroke . . .
THIRD PHASE. In the first and second phase all surfaces are scraped in more or less the same way, no matter what their eventual function is going to be . . .   In the third phase . . .   the way we will proceed will be different according to what the surface is going to be used for . . .
In the next two sections we will discuss the third phase of scraping for surfaces which are typical of a wide range of applications . . .
SLIDING SURFACES . . .   must have sufficient bearing spots to distribute evenly the pressure on the surfaces, and to minimize wear . . . Usually they need to be aligned also with other surfaces, or with other mechanical elements . . . the two sides of a way must be mated carefully, so as to be in good contact with each other along the full range of movement . . .   There must be lubrication between the surfaces . . .   To delay long term wear . . .   finish slightly higher the areas where you expect wear to be greater. By doing this in a judicious amount, the initial wear will make the surfaces more rather than less even, and you'll get more mileage from the machine. To the right is the bottom of a lathe cross slide, scraped in this way . . .
17. HIGH GRADE SURFACES. When scraping precision tools, a high degree of flatness and a substantial number of contact spots per square inch is often called for. 25 spots, as shown in the photos, should be the minimum, 30 to 35 preferable, and 40 spots or even more . . . may be appropriate for small surfaces, when very high accuracy is required. Also, it may be desirable to finish the surface with a pattern that will show any wear or damage that may occur in use . . .
As the surface becomes increasingly refined, you may notice that when you slide it on a dry surface plate or other very flat surface, it may tend to stick to it. That is the sign of a job well done. So the first time it happens, make sure to pat yourself on the back . . .
18. SCRAPING HARDENED STEEL. Yes, it can be done, with material hardened up to 50-55 HRc, and using carbide scrapers of course . . .   Your strokes won't go nearly as deep as you are used to and scraping will go slower, but in most cases the material you'll need to remove, for example to improve the accuracy of ground and hardened measuring tools, will be much less. As an example, the top image to the right is the short side of a 60° template, actual size 7mm × 48mm, showing the first scraping pass. The vertical lines are the grinding marks. Below it is the same surface, after the third scraping pass. The grinding marks, although not completely gone, are now barely visible. The bottom image is the long side of a hardened 45° template, which measures 7mm × 110mm, scraped to more than 40 point per inch . . . The very small black spots . . . are pinpoints.
19. THE FINAL STROKES. . . . If you were to carefully build or recondition a machine for its best performance, at the end you would want to give it a good paint job, and do anything else that will make it look as it rightly deserves. In the same way, an esthetically appealing scraped surface is the appropriate conclusion of a good scraping job. And with such a surface, it will also be easier to see any ongoing wear, and any possible abuse . . .
I have seen various opinions and recommendations, at times contradictory, about how to finish a scraped surface. In Europe in the 50's, when my exposure to "formal" scraping came about, there was a small number of Master Scrapers who kept in touch with one another, and once in a while got together for friendly discussions, competitions, and exchange of information about various aspects of scraping. How to finish a surface was always a hot topic. Several of them had developed unique scraping patterns, which they used as signature on their best work. They could look at such a surface, and tell at a glimpse whose job it was.
Over time I have got to be somewhat good at it, if I do say so myself, although nothing like the kind of things I have seen them do. Here is one of my more successful efforts. It is a small V-block I made to check the 'V' bedway of my Minilathe when I was setting it up, and I scraped it as precisely as I could manage . . .
In this style, which is the easiest and the one I would recommend, the last two scraping passes of the finished surface . . . will scatter light in two different ways. It is that difference which most of all brings about the esthetic appeal of the finished surface . . .   when you look at it you sense the pattern, but without actually being able to see it distinctly. That makes you want to "find" it, and to do so you end up getting more and more into it, feeling all the time that you are getting closer, without ever finding it, but with an ever growing esthetic experience.
20. MARKING TECHNIQUES. We have seen earlier how . . .   the way a surface is marked can bring out or obscure the information that will be most useful at the time . . . The photos below, enlarged 2×, show once again one surface marked in two different ways. . . the boundaries of the marked areas are similar, and the difference is that in the left image the intensity of the marking is rather uniform throughout, while in the right image it has a pronounced gradation, which shows at a glance and in detail the landscape within the marked areas. Note that the gradation is anti-intuitive. It is lightest at the peaks, darker in the somewhat lower areas surrounding them, and darkest of all where the marked areas are lowest, just before the marking suddenly stops . . .
LIGHTING. As long as the marking pattern has enough contrast . . .
most light sources will do. But as the scraping progresses . . .   you will need to
continually cut back the amount of the High-Spot Blue on the plate . . .
the contrast of the marked pattern will
decrease, and the marked spots will become . . .   increasingly difficult to see.
. . . There are two things you can control to make the marked spots stand out best. The orientation of the light source, and the color of the light . . .
The markings are blue, therefore orange light . . .   will produce the best contrast, and very long life incandescent bulbs, which are an orangy (warm) red, will work best. Normal incandescents are pretty good, and fluorescents, even the warm kind, are the worst . . .
These measures will extend the useful range of the High-Spot Blue, but eventually the contrast it can provide will have reached its limit . . .   In order to go further, there are other marking techniques that can be used, such as pinpointing, or marking by evaporation.
21. SPREADING IT THIN. I have seen a number of suggestions about how to spread High-Spot Blue on a surface plate, from using printing rollers (brayers), which are quite popular, to doing it with your bare hands. I use shop made fabric pads, which I find most convenient to spread High-Spot Blue in a controlled and uniform way down to very thin layers, thinner than is feasible with rollers, and keep my hands reasonably clean. There are warnings about fabric dropping fibers on the surface plate, and causing trouble. I had to conclude that they must be urban legends, as I have used fabric pads for almost all of my scraping, and I never had problems with them shedding fibers, even on occasions when, after much use, the fabric wore completely through.
A quick way of making such a pad was described earlier. A more "formal" version is described here. It is simple to make, and has a flat bottom and a handle, which makes it easier to use and will keep your hands cleanest . . .
It is a very precise technique, which can take scraping considerably
beyond the limitations of High-Spot Blue . . .
in the later stages of scraping a high grade surface
. . . peaks will rub directly on the surface plate, and become burnished and somewhat mirror-like . . .   Like mirrors they will reflect light without scattering it, so if you look at the surface with a light source at the proper angle, they will appear as very small intensely bright spots. They will be much brighter than the rest of the surface . . . And in the same way, if the light source is at an angle where it is not reflected by the pinpoints, they can appear dark, or even black.
Pinpoints appear naturally, and in increasing number, as the High-Spot Blue nears the end of its range. Therefore you can begin pinpointing while you are still marking with High-Spot Blue, by scraping primarily the top of the high spots that show a pinpoint. After a while you can stop using High-Spot Blue, and shift to pinpointing "formally".
By scraping away just the pinpoints and a little
of their contours, you can bring the surface to a remarkable
degree of flatness and a very high number of bearing spots, well beyond what is
possible with High-Spot Blue
. . . The photos . . .   show what a pinpointed surface is like. The small photo shows the surface in its actual size. The middle photo is enlarged 4×. Pinpoints don't show on the right side, and are less visible on the left, because of the lighting constraints in taking the photo. I had to use a 40" overhead fluorescent oriented to the long dimension of the surface, and the pinpoints that show are the ones that reflected that light, but pinpoints are equally present on the whole surface.
The large photo is the middle section, enlarged 20×. You can see the different amounts of burnishing in pinpoints of different heights, and you can see also in the background the marks of the scraper, which show the last two passes at about 90° from each other . . .
Pinpointing is part of the repertoire of an accomplished Scraper . . .   I believe you will find it interesting and fun to try, and to find out how far you can carry the process. You may have immediate applications for it, or if not it will become part of your "bag of tricks" should a need for it arise in the future.
23. MARKING BY EVAPORATION. . . . With High-Spot Blue, beyond a certain point the contrast becomes minimal, the high spots are increasingly difficult to distinguish, and the intermediate values of depth are practically absent. A surface marked by evaporation with a light color pigment shows better contrast, and a marking pattern which is easier to read. It also eliminates the annoying scattered light of the scraper marks, and therefore makes it possible to utilize fully the contrast that is available.
The surface shown in the photos at right, enlarged 2×, was scraped close to the limit of the High-Spot Blue, and then was marked both ways. With High-Spot Blue, marking had to be done keeping the blue on the plate to a minimum, with little rubbing, and light pressure, to avoid filling in the lower areas. The marked spots are difficult to see, the contrast is quite low, and filling in almost happened anyway at the bottom left.
In the surface marked by evaporation the high spots are dark, and the lower areas are orange. The contrast is considerable, the pattern of marking is well defined and includes a good range of intermediate values, and the profile of the landscape between peaks and valleys is readily apparent. Note for example the small high spot inside the circle on the upper right. When marked with High-Spot Blue it is barely noticeable, with hardly any detail. When marked by evaporation it stands out clearly with good resolution, and the details of the landscape around the peak are easy to see.
Pigments are insoluble and often intensely colored substances. They are the colors that artists use when they mix their own oil and acrylic paints, so are widely available from artist suppliers, ground in very fine particles. When marking by evaporation, the function of the pigment is not to mark the high spots, but to fill in and dull the lower areas, so that the high spots, which after marking will end up bare, can be more easily seen. Therefore the surface plate is kept dry, and a light colored pigment in an alcohol suspension is applied to the surface being scraped. Then the alcohol is allowed to evaporate, and a thin layer of pigment remains . . .
  25. Making a large square
Scraping an 8"×12" square, accurately, in a weekend.
  26. Dovetail template
The sequence of refinishing the working surface of an 8" long dovetail template.
  27. From beginning to end.
Scraping a surface to a high degree of flatness, and a considerable number of bearing spots. The details of the scraping sequence, which is typical for many surfaces, are described and illustrated.
  28. Self-generating reference square
A 4"×5½" square is scraped to an accuracy of better than ± .002mm/.00008", without using external references.
  29. Upgrading a 45° hardened angle template
Example of scraping a hardened and ground surface, typical of many precision measuring tools.
  30. Squaring the ways of a saddle
The top and bottom ways of a lathe saddle are scraped square with each other, to the desired degree of accuracy, without doing any machining with the lathe, whether or not the lathe is assembled, and using a minimum of measuring tools.
  31. Fast and accurate setting of the lathe compound angle
After having scraped three surfaces, the compound can be set to zero, or to any other angle, with precision and in a few moments. Includes a Minilathe modification to immediately access the compound bolts, at any position of the slide.
  32. Scraping a saddle and a cross slide
The sequence of scraping all the sliding surfaces of a lathe saddle and cross slide, in proper relation to one another and to the bedways, and using a minimum of measuring tools, is described in detail, with many photos and comments.
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Was Jesus a sinner?greenspun.com : LUSENET : Bible Talk : One Thread
Was Jesus a sinner? What do you think?
Jesus was talking to the other disciples about Judas when he said in Jn. 13:18
"I do not speak of all of you. I know the ones I have chosen; but it is that the Scripture may be fulfilled, 'HE WHO EATS MY BREAD HAS LIFTED UP HIS HEEL AGAINST ME.'
Now, it says (as underlined) that a scripture was fulfilled and Bible references correctly point to Ps. 41:9 which says just that. But for your convenience, let us back up to verses4-9 in the Psalm to see who is talking here:
Psa 41:4 As for me, I said, "O LORD, be gracious to me; Heal my soul, for I have sinned against You." Psa 41:5 My enemies speak evil against me, "When will he die, and his name perish ?" Psa 41:6 And when he comes to see me, he speaks falsehood; His heart gathers wickedness to itself; When he goes outside, he tells it. Psa 41:7 All who hate me whisper together against me; Against me they devise my hurt , saying, Psa 41:8 "A wicked thing is poured out upon him, That when he lies down, he will not rise up again." Psa 41:9 Even my close friend in whom I trusted, Who ate my bread, Has lifted up his heel against me.
As best I can tell, the speaker in the Psalm is David, who was a sinner and is talking about his own life. The NT is full of these ?fulfilled prophecies? that are not prophecies at all. None of the Psalms are prophecies of the future. Email me at firstname.lastname@example.com and I will send you a nice list of problems with the NT. Yes, I believe in the OT if that is what you are wondering! Peace!
-- Brett Winstead (firstname.lastname@example.com), November 01, 2002


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Continued from previous posts: GIF, JPEG, PNG? Short Answer and GIF, JPEG, PNG? Now to GIF
To finish our discussion of image formats, let's go through some examples.
Small Icons
PNG would be the best format.
If you do not need semi-transparency, GIF format would be as good, but the size of the files may be slightly larger.
And JPEG format should not be used here: it will either distort images, or make files larger.
Large Icons and Logos
The same rules apply here, but differences between PNG and GIF formats are larger.
If you do not need semi-transparency, GIF format would be the best option. Just make sure the colours are not distorted.
PNG should be used otherwise, but the image may be almost twice as large.
And JPEG format would not be suitable for these kind of images.
JPEG is by far the best choice for any photograph.
PNG won't achieve the same level of compression, even compared to best quality JPEG file
Grey-scale photos
JPEG is still the best choice for a grey-scale photograph.
GIF files can store any monochrome image. So both GIF and PNG formats would store the image without loss of quality, but files would be larger.
Larger computer graphics
JPEG is the usual choice for "too-perfect" computer-generated graphics.
Try PNG if you want to avoid even barely noticeable distortions of details.
There are two distinct choices for any screenshot:
- GIF files could be perfect – unless image contains gradient backgrounds, buttons, etc. If not sure, try it first
- PNG file will be perfect, and may be as small as GIF files
But JPEG format is not suited for screenshots – it will distort them
Choosing image format for a diagram follows the same rules as for screenshots above.
It would be either GIF or PNG format, depending on the number of colours used in the image
Both PNG and GIF formats are perfect for maps. Since maps contain few colours, both formats store maps without distortions, and achieve similar file sizes.
JPEG could produce smaller files, but the loss of readability would not worth it.
And with any kind of image, all you need is to try different options – and to pay attention to details. Good luck


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Make Model Year Database with CSV
This bundle we have 155 Make, 3624 model and year also and we have included CSV and SQL table file in one zip file.So its really helpful to any car store. In CSV file total 22006 rows.
Features of Car Parts Database and CSV
- Easy to import csv file to any website
- Directly use database table
- We will update our database and update this always
- Ensure full Support


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WD My Book VelociRaptor Duo
Western Digital, www.wdc.com
Performance; RAID reliability
Western Digital's My Book VelociRaptor Duo is all about performance. Equipped with a pair of drives that can be set up in either RAID0, RAID1 or JBOD configurations, plus a Thunderbolt interface, it aims to shift your data quickly and safely.
The hard drives aren't the usual 7200rpm units you find in consumer storage devices. They spin at 10,000rpm for a throughput boost.
As there's a pair of disks, they can be set up to be seen as one large disk giving a total of 2TB, a mirrored pair so that your data is automatically written to two disks for protection or as two separate disks, or JBOD. All of this can be managed using the WD Drive Utilities application that can also perform diagnostics to ensure everything is working.
The unit is quite large – about the size of three paperbacks. There are two Thunderbolt ports on the back so you can use it to daisy-chain up to seven devices. A single LED on the front indicates drive activity or, when it switches from white to amber, lets you know if the unit is overheating.
Given the emphasis Western Digital has put on speed, we were hoping for something special. We got it.
Copying files to the My Book VelociRaptor Duo produced in excess of 1.2Gbps of throughput. The return trip was slightly quicker with files returned to our MacBook Pro at 1.3Gbps. Small file transfers completed in the blink of an eye with 1GB of data moving in just a few seconds.
Macworld Australia's buying advice:
When you check out the spec sheet it's clear that Western Digital was trying to assemble a speed demon with the My Book VelociRaptor Duo. The company achieved that goal and has managed to deliver the reliability of RAID by using two high-end drives.


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Sunday, October 26, 2014
Why I really love Babywearing International of Cleveland
Why do I love Babywearing International of Cleveland? It is so much more then just a group of ladies that teach you the how-to's of babywearing. It is a place to come and learn how to wrap your babies up in love. A place to learn to care for your babies in a way that still allows you to cook, clean, shop, and play (with two hands!) your older children while still loving and holding and nursing your itty-bitties. A place that welcomes you in with open arms, even if you have never met them before....
I discovered BWI of Cleveland during a time in my life where I needed new mommy friends oh so badly. I had a deep ache inside of me where those other like-minded women were missing. Ones that understood the type of parent that I was and could provide the support and true friendship I was craving. And while I attended my first meeting with just the hopes that they could help me figure out this crazy long piece of fabric I had just bought, I left with so much more. I left that meeting feeling so uplifted and completely welcomed that I was giddy; my happiness bubbling out making the long drive home fly by. I got to know these ladies a bit more through their active facebook group and I was counting down the days until their next meeting. So I went again, and again the following month, and then it got to a point where I couldn't imagine not attending a meeting! THIS was exactly where I was supposed to be. Right here in this village, this place that truly cared about the desires of my heart, loved on my children as their own and went out of their way to lift me up when I needed it most.
Last May, just 3 months after I had attended my first meeting I had a miscarriage at 22 weeks. It was heartbreaking and someone that has battled depression in the past, I was afraid the darkness was going to over take me again. Well these ladies blew me away with their kindness to an almost complete stranger. They set up a mealtrain and made sure my family was fed, they checked in on me regularly and lifted me up both in prayers and lots of love. These ladies jumped in to care for me in ways that you would expect from people you had known your whole life. I felt blessed and loved and that dark stranger didn't stand a chance.
And yet again in August I had a freak accident and fell (while Babywearing no less) and broke my leg. I was required to lay completely flat with just my leg elevated for 2 months. After those two very long months I was then on crutches with a cast then a big old boot until mid December. I had a 6 year old a 2 1/2 year old. I am a stay at home mom and just the thought of complete and utter bed rest stressed me out. How does one care for their family and not succumb to full on depression? It takes a village. Yes, yes it does! Yet again these amazing ladies stepped in- wait not stepped, but jumped in to bring food, flowers, phone calls, visits, and countless texts and emails, to keep my spirits up which was a huge part of the healing process. International Babywearing Week came, and I still couldn't drive let alone babywear (or toddlerwear in my case). My sweet friends went out of their way to pick me up and cart me around so that I could take part in the festivities. In a time that is easily the hardest of my life, I look back with such gratefulness.
It can be difficult to make new friends as an adult. It takes a lot more work then when you are younger and attending the same college, or able to bond over cocktails and wild nights. Having a group like this where we are all in the same stage in life- juggling children, husbands, housework and the occasional loneliness of being home alone with just little people to talk to is a necessity. These women are my lifeline. So when I was asked if I was interested in becoming a VBE, I jumped at the opportunity. This group has given me so much I wanted nothing more then to be able to give right back. And although the whole point of our group is the art of Babywearing, it is so much more. We've shared sickness and health, pregnancies, childbirth, surrogacies, and children's birthday parties. We've fought depressions, shared in one another's joys, late night conversations, tears and lots and lot of laughs. It's real life. And it's the good life. Come for the lessons. Stay for the rich friendships you will undoubtedly gain along the way.
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The Family Dinner, by Laurie David and Kirstin Uhrenholdt
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The Family Dinner, by Laurie David and Kirstin Uhrenholdt
The Family Dinner: Great Ways to Connect with Your Kids, One Meal at a Time is an inspirational, practical -- and, of course, green -- guide to the most important hour in your family's day, dinnertime. With input from more than 50 experts in everything from parenting to poetry to pasta, this book is chock full of fantastic family-approved recipes, dinner conversation starters, ways to express gratitude, green values for the kitchen, and a whole lot more. The Family Dinner will help families cut through the fog of computers, television, texting, and busy schedules and will help overwhelmed parents re-discover the joy of this time-honored ritual.
View this item: The Family Dinner
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Warren Buffett's favorite bank stock may be Wells Fargo, but he has room in his heart for more than one U.S. financial powerhouse.
The Oracle of Omaha told CNBC Monday morning that he owns shares of JPMorgan Chase for his personal account. Buffett's investment portfolio at Berkshire Hathaway included a 7.6% stake in Wells Fargo as of the end of 2011, according to SEC filings, a position worth about $12 billion at recent prices.
The billionaire called San Franciso-based Wells Fargo his favorite bank stock, but along with the JPMorgan holding for his personal account he has a number of other financial investments. Berkshire owns stakes in American Express, Bank of New York Mellon, Buffalo-based M&T Bank, US Bancorp and Visa, as well as General Electric which still has a considerable financial business in GE Capital. Berkshire also pumped $5 billion into Bank of America in August for preferred shares and warrants granting the right to buy additional common stock.
Buffett's remarks Monday come after the release of his annual shareholder letter Saturday morning. In the 2011 letter Buffett said he was "dead wrong" to expect a more rapid recovery for the U.S. housing market, and made clear that he is still ready to use Berkshire's firepower to acquire companies, saying he is "on the prowl" for acquisitions." (See "Buffett: 'Dead Wrong' On Housing, 'On The Prowl' For Deals.")
America's second-richest person as of November, Buffett discussed Berkshire's bank bets in the annual letter:
The banking industry is back on its feet, and Wells Fargo is prospering. Its earnings are strong, its assets solid and its capital at record levels. At Bank of America, some huge mistakes were made by prior management. Brian Moynihan has made excellent progress in cleaning these up, though the completion of that process will take a number of years. Concurrently, he is nurturing a huge and attractive underlying business that will endure long after today's problems are forgotten. Our warrants to buy 700 million Bank of America shares will likely be of great value before they expire.
Berkshire Hathaway's A shares were up 0.6% to $119,299 Monday, while the less expensive B shares added 0.7% to $79.47.


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Experienced consultant to work w/ C-suite clients (Warsaw)
Due to our business expansion, we are currently looking for highly motivated and professional consultants to join our team in Warsaw, Poland.
Online Presence Consultant
Location: Warsaw, Poland
CEOs, Directors, Members of the Management Board and Senior Managers come to us because they understand that their online presence, which includes their profiles on Business Social Media portals such as LinkedIn.com or GoldenLine.pl, must reflect who they are professionally. They know that an ill-managed image can be disadvantageous as they could be perceived inadequately by their employees, business partners or potential clients.
Therefore, we are looking for a mature professional who:
-clearly understands the above and is able to conduct 1to1 sessions with Top Executives.
-is able to prepare a report on the current status of the client's online presence using our own unique methodology and tools.
-is able to analyze and understand the client's situation & needs.
-and therefore is able to develop a suitable online presence strategy.
-can draft professionally and precisely the client's online profile on e.g. Xing.com.
What we offer:
-Very interesting multi-cultural working environment with development possibilities
-Intellectually challenging and demanding client base
-Flexible amount of working hours
-Competitive remuneration
What we expect:
-Very good knowledge and understanding of corporate structures, preferably derived from their own corporate experience
-Ability to work with C-suite and Top Management
-Ability to restructure data into a format that is suitable for the target audience
-Rich professional background (preferably from different positions)
-Linguistic versatility in both English and Polish therefore proficiency is a must
-Being interested Social Media Marketing which includes keeping up with trends and changes
-High social competence
-Time flexibility
-Very good organizational skills and precision
If the above describes you at 100%, please send us your CV and links to two of your online profiles to Protected content . Please note that we will contact chosen candidates only.
Please include the following clause in your application: "Wyra?am zgod? na przetwarzanie moich danych osobowych zawartych w ofercie pracy dla potrzeb procesu rekrutacji zgodnie z ustaw? z dnia 27.08.1997r. Dz. U. z Protected content ., Nr 101, poz. Protected content zm."


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Not sure if this is a glimpse of things to come for the US version of Big Brother or not.
[I]n its tenth year, Channel 4's "Big Brother" appears to be running out of steam, with U.K. ratings falling to their lowest level since the show began. […]
This year, however, almost two months into its three-month the U.K. show is averaging 2 million viewers and a 10.1% audience share, around 33% down on its performance last year and well down on earlier series, some of which averaged audiences of almost 6 million viewers per episode.
In the key 18(or perhaps 16)-34 advertising demographic the show earned 700,000 viewers and a 16.7% audience share this year.
The show debuted this year with 4.8 million viewers and a 22.1% share, down from 5.2 million last year and a 24.2% share a year ago.
lots more at THR.com.


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|International Criminal Court Bill [Lords]
Mr. Garnier: I have one or two very brief questions about clause 6. We all know that the competent court means the domestic court that will deal with the transmission of the defendant to the ICC. I want to ask the Government about costs.
4.30 pm
I note that in clause 6(2) provision is made for the payment of
Mr. Battle: When the hon. and learned Gentleman moved the amendment on the previous clause, he commented that we must address the detail of the Bill and get it right. I concur. We are not content to say simply that the Bill is a good idea, so let us get on with it.
Clause 6 contains practical provisions that will ensure the proper and efficient conduct of proceeding on a delivery order. It enables a competent court to exercise certain powers relating to the conduct of proceedings; for example, it can adjourn the case and remand the arrested person. It provides for the arrested person to have access to criminal advice, assistance and representation through the criminal defence services. As for what would happen in the event of a discharge, the arrested person's costs would be paid out of central funds.
Mr. Garnier: I am grateful to the Minister, but my question went a little further. Will the CPS be able to recover the outgoing costs that it has to pay from its clientthe foreign extra-territorial body? While he is taking instructions, and I mean that in the nicest
Mr. Battle: I am not insulted. I apologise for the delay.
Mr. Garnier: No, I am delighted. I want the Minister to have all the information that he needs.
In the extradition case, the kingdom of Spain was the client of the CPS, which mayI do not rememberbe insusceptible to an order for costs, and that case may have gone all the way through the Lords and back. Under the Bill, will the ICC be required to pay the CPS's costs for doing the ICC's work?
Mr. Battle: That is a good question. I apologise for consulting the Solicitor-General, but his advice, as usual, is spot on. Article 100 refers to costs, and makes it clear that costs would be borne by the state, not by the ICC, so they would come back home to us and we would have to find them from central funds.
Question put and agreed to.
Clause 6 ordered to stand part of the Bill
|©Parliamentary copyright 2001
|Prepared 26 April 2001


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My photos
All photos displayed within this online dating personals profile have been uploaded by the profile owner. Online Dating Asia will only permit photos that contain a clear image of the member in them so you can see who you are corresponding with. We hope you enjoy looking at this personals photo gallery. We also hope the member appeals to you enough for you to take the first step and send them a message. Now is the time to send them an introduction message informing them you wish to know them some more and ask if they wish to correspond with you and get to know you.


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A Bocconi and ESADE graduate seeks internship :) (Rome)
Dear all,
I am a fresh member to this community, who came to Rome out of personal reasons, to stay for a certain period of time. I have graduated from Bocconi University in Milan and currently I am finishing a Master thesis for ESADE Business School in Barcelona.
I do not have much working experience, which is why I am seeking for an internship at some international company in Rome, preferably in the Marketing area, but Strategy and General Management would also be good.
Now, I am new to the way things work in Rome, but I think (from what I've experienced) that online CV postings on the company websites don't really work if there are no personal connections. I do speak Italian so I won't have any problem working in it, but I also speak other languages.
If you would be so kind as to help me with some tips/ways of how to embark on this job-hunting process, it would be more than helpful and I would be truly thankful.
All the best,


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Definition of black sigatoka
- Banana researchers recently discovered black sigatoka, a disease that attacks banana leaves, on local crops.
- —Ryan Maldonado, Miami Herald, 7 Jan. 1999
- The plants have been genetically modified to resist black sigatoka, a leaf spot disease caused by the fungus Mycosphaerella fijiensis.
- —Anne Dauwers, Nature, 28 June 2007
- Another dark shadow is black sigatoka, a fungus that turns banana leaves black and blocks photosynthesis.
- —David Grimm, Science, 14 Dec. 2008


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July 29, 2016 12:22 ET
VANCOUVER, BRITISH COLUMBIA--(Marketwired - July 29, 2016) - Condor Resources Inc. - ("Condor" or the "Company") (TSX VENTURE:CN) is pleased to announce that the conditions to trigger an accelerated expiry of the March 2017 warrants have been met. The last date to exercise is now Friday September 2, 2016, accelerated from the original expiry of March 27, 2017.
The March 2017 warrants were issued pursuant to a private placement which closed March 27, 2015, and have an exercise price of $0.05 per share. A total of 4.5 million warrants were issued, and to date 1.2 million of the warrants have been exercised. If the balance of the remaining 3.3 million warrants are exercised, the Company will receive funds of $165,000. Exercise is at the option of the warrant holder, and there are no assurances that any of the warrants will be exercised.
Condor is an explorer and project generator focused exclusively on Peru, and our objective is the discovery of a major new precious metals or base metals deposit. Project acquisition and development is managed by our Lima based exploration team.
Lyle Davis, President & Chief Executive Officer
Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Information: All statements, trend analysis and other information contained in this press release relative to markets about anticipated future events or results constitute forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are often, but not always, identified by the use of words such as "seek", "anticipate", "believe", "plan", "estimate", "expect" and "intend" and statements that an event or result "may", "will", "should", "could" or "might" occur or be achieved and other similar expressions. Forward-looking statements are subject to business and economic risks and uncertainties and other factors that could cause actual results of operations to differ materially from those contained in the forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are based on estimates and opinions of management at the date the statements are made. The Company does not undertake any obligation to update forward-looking statements even if circumstances or management's estimates or opinions should change. Investors should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements.
Neither the TSX Venture Exchange nor its Regulation Services Provider (as that term is defined in the policies of the TSX Venture Exchange) accepts responsibility for the adequacy or accuracy of this news release.
Condor Resources email@example.com
See all RSS Newsfeeds


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- August 21: Toyota 4Runner Frame Rust Being Looked at by Feds investigations | 1 days ago
- August 18: $242.1 Million Awarded in Lexus ES 300 Seatback Lawsuit news | 4 days ago
- August 14: Toyota Prius Windshield Replacement Lawsuit Argued in Court news | 8 days ago
- July 31: Toyota Air Conditioner Smell Lawsuit Says Mold Builds Up news | 22 days ago
- July 27: Toyota Camry Mold Smells Cause Lawsuit news | 26 days ago
2015 Toyota Avalon
Accessories - Interior Problems
2015 Toyota Avalon Accessories - Interior Problems
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Check out our Toyota Avalon overview to see the most problematic years, worst problems and most recently reported complaints with the Avalon.


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Sledding in Lake Tahoe
If you aren't looking to spend a full day skiing or snowboarding, sledding is a great alternative! Rainbow Mountain Ski & Board Rentals is also Lake Tahoe's Sledding Headquarters. We have everything you need for some fun in the snow; goggles, gloves, socks, snowboots, and of course saucers and sleds!
Our staff at Rainbow Mountain will be happy to tell you about the best spots to go sledding with your family or friends. Remember to dress warm and always wear your sunblock. If you don't have snow clothing we also rent out snow jackets, pants, and boots.
Saucers - $5 per day
Sleds - $7 per day
Snow Jackets - $15 per day
Snow Pants - $15 per day
Snow Boots - $8 per day
If you have around 10 people that are in your group, you can get a group rate. Please contact email@example.com to get more information.


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There's Someone Inside your House
A NovelBook - 2017
From the critics
Community Activity
CommentAdd a Comment
Very good thriller novel! Perkins really got my blood pumping during each murder scene and my adrenaline racing as the town raced to find the murderer! There was also an appropriate amount of romance, which prevented the novel from becoming too intense with cute scenes and light humor. I do wish there had been a bit more character development behind the main characters Ollie, Alex, Darby, and Makani, but other than that it was very good. I'd definitely recommend this if you're into murder mysteries and thrillers! The scenes reminded me of a movie!
Fun and fast paced. Reminded me of the Netflix series Scream.
Gory and bloody and not at all Perkins usual but I could still enjoy the characters and her writing.
I found this book hilarious and laughed so many times while reading it. Yes it's gory and yes it's sometimes a little predictable, but I still enjoyed reading it.
I'm not going to lie, I expected a lot more out of this book. It also took about five turns in the direction of boring and predictable and that made me sad. I guess I shouldn't have been surprised that a romance was really the center of this book because Stephanie Perkins wrote it but I thought maybe it might be different...and it was but the essence was still about young love. And despite all of the turmoil it was still a happy ending. The representation was good though -- I appreciated that.
The most disappointing part of the book was Makani's big secret reveal. It was this whole secret and mysterious part of the book. But then it was a bullying lame thing. Hazing or whatever. I was not impressed. It was sad actually -- I hate those situations and they made me upset because I can't stand the fact that none of the characters have the courage to get themselves out of the situation or stand up for themselves. So yeah...I wanted something meatier than a basic bullying story.
After like the second murder, it wasn't creepy any more. Yes, there was an escalation of the murders and the violence but not of the mystery. Anyway -- I wanted more mystery and less predictability. It was okay but nothing more than that.
This book was scary and made me think of a good teen slasher flick....until about the halfway point. Then the murderer was revealed very early and the story lost a lot of its momentum for me. The killer's motive is not revealed until the end of the book, and I honestly thought the motive was fine. But the early reveal of who the killer was took away so much of the suspense. This novel was setting itself up for a great twist, but sadly it was lacking. With that said, I'd consider trying one of Stephanie Perkins' books again; hopefully next time she'll get it right (because she sure knows how to get a story going!)
It was okay. The teen slasher concept was interesting and that element of it was well done, but the main character I thought was rather annoying. She moves to Nebraska because of a "dark secret" that is quite a letdown when you finally learn what it is. The killers motive is weak and pretty much as soon as you find out what it is the book just ends. There is no denouement whatsoever. It just ends.
All in all, a fine unique read that's a bit disappointing but also enjoyable enough given the unique concept.
Someone is killing students at Osborn High, but they like to play with them first. As the hunt for the killer becomes more intense, no one knows who the next victim may be. It was slasher creepy, but not overly so. This isn't a book that will freak you out, but it is certainly a lot of fun. You never knew who would be the next victim, and that hardest part was figuring out why these specific students were being killed. I also have to give a shout out to Perkins for her allusion to one of my all time favorite series, "The Song of the Lioness Quartet" by Tamora Pierce! I had to reread that a couple of times to make sure I saw what I thought I saw. It was a fun read for October and great for fans of slasher style horror.
jumped on this one because it looked like a fun slasher film in book form. It is that but there's a lot more going on to and it was even more heartwrenching than I was expecting. Our main character Makani has moved from Hawaii to Nebraska after a traumatizing incident at her old high school. She did not bargain for someone going through her new classmates and violently murdering them. Not now that she's already been here a year and has managed to hide her old life from everyone.
It's very much a teen slasher film in book form but there's a lot more emotion here than you'd expect.
As a rule I do not like teen slasher books or movies but this one, filled with secrets, had me HOOKED. The advance copy I received stopped - right before the killer was going to be revealed to Makani. Aargh! It's torture waiting for this book to be released in September.
NoticesAdd Notices
Sexual Content: Implied sex
Violence: Some violence
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Though I very much wanted to be at WisCon, I couldn't get out there because I had to be at graduation at the school where I work. After the ceremonies on Saturday I zipped down to Massachusetts and the Paradise City Arts Festival, where my aunt, a brilliant weaver, was exhibiting. There was plenty of extraordinary work at the show (and some real kitsch, too, alas), but I wasn't feeling particularly wealthy, so I only bought a bit of pottery (by Jules Polk -- I'm very partial to soda fired pots).
Heading home today, we stopped at Mass MoCA, a museum I had long wanted to see, because it is built from old mill buildings and warehouses, and specializes in large installations. I liked Ann Hamilton's "Corpus", at least the main room of it: a large open space where pieces of onionskin paper fall from the ceiling to the floor and bullhorn-like speakers rise up and down, projecting the sound of voices intoning words. It was a surprisingly peaceful installation, with the emptiness of the space, the beauty of the falling paper, the drone of the voices, the light through the many windows filtered red ... all lonely, purposeless, and yet somehow light and even funny. The other work at the museum didn't do much for me, although I liked aspects of Matthew Ritchie's "Proposition Player", a work which seeks to explore the idea of information overload. The specific pieces of art are, themselves, interesting to look at, but the attempt to convey ideas about information, history, cosmology, and whatever else was, at least for me, a complete failure. The ambition is admirable, but it lacks real depth of thought.
The problem of contemporary artists exploring ideas is one that I return to every time I visit a museum of contemporary art, because many artists who have gained enough fame to have an exhibition in such a museum seem determined to convey ideas about life, the universe, and everything; but whenever I stop to think about their ideas and how their artwork expresses and delves into those ideas, I end up getting frustrated because it all seems so terribly cliche, banal, and superficial. For instance, the worst exhibit I saw at MoCA, "The Interventionists: Art in the Social Sphere", was an empty and predictable exhibit, yet another example of earnest artists trying to change the world through art, but doing little more than diddling with their own sense of righteousness. Committed and progressive they may be; sophisticated philosophers and sociologists they are not, and so the work seemed at best mawkish, at worst flagrantly stupid and probably harmful to whatever cause the artists were attempting to support. If they'd taken the money they got to create whatever they created and instead donated it to a charity, they would have helped far more people.
Thus, an experience of two worlds: an upscale arts and crafts fair, and a museum of contemporary art. Very different worlds, indeed, and neither entirely satisfactory. (I had a much more aesthetically pleasing experience walking through galleries in SoHo and Chelsea on a trip to New York back in December.) The Paradise City fair made me wish more craftspeople would try to stretch their media and their conceptions of what their media can accomplish, while Mass MoCA made me wish more academically-sanctioned contemporary artists would stop trying to speak for all humanity and just unleash their imaginations and passions.
I had enough free time during the trip to read Lies, Inc. by Philip K. Dick, a recently re-released edition of The Unteleported Man with about 40,000 words of material Dick wanted added to the original novella (the publishing history is complex). I had not read the book either in its earlier form or the current one, and, given that it was cobbled together at different times both by Dick and his executors, I didn't set my expectations high. The best that can be said for the book is that it isn't entirely painful to read, though it is befuddling. The first two chapters are by far the best, and had me laughing out loud as the protagonist, Raphael ben Applebaum, has the consciousness of a rat inadvertently beamed into his head -- a classic PhilDickian moment, showcasing his great ability to mix humor and horror and convey it through unyieldingly matter-of-fact prose. Some other good concepts in the book might have been effective had they been more thoughtfully and less haphazardly executed, particularly a book-within-the-book that Dick added in the later material, but in the end Lies, Inc. feels less like a novel than like a book filled with various aborted attempts at a novel, with few of the attempts being particularly compelling.
And now I'm home ... with lots of email to answer....


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Man performing Tadasana from the front
|English Name(s)
Mountain Pose
ताडासन / Tāḍāsana
समस्थितिः / Samasthitiḥ
tāḍa: "mountain"
āsana: "posture"
sama: "even, balanced"
sthiti: "stand, stop, stay"
|Key Points
|dṛṣṭi (gaze)
|नासाग्र दृष्टि / nāsāgra dṛṣṭi (to nose)
|Asana Type
|Standing Asanas
|Difficulty Rating
|Base Asana
|Tāḍāsana is itself a fundamental āsana
|Muscles Stretched
|Ligaments Stretched
|Muscles Working
|Intrinsic and extrinsic foot muscles, quadriceps, iliopsoas, piriformis, abdominal wall, and diaphragm
|Joint Actions
Mild Axial Extension: Lumbar, thoracic, cervical curves
Neutral: Ankle, hip, shoulder, wrist joints
Extended: Knee and elbow joints
Pronated: Forearms
Lifting Action: Arches of the feet, the pelvic floor, lower abdomen, rib cage, cervical spine, the top of the head
Downward Grounding: scapulae, tailbone, points of contact in the feet
|Styles of Yoga
|Yoga Krama, Ashtanga Yoga, Iyengar Yoga, Hatha Yoga
|Location in Ashtanga Vinyasa Series
|Sūrya Namaskāra and interspersed throughout all series
Tadasana (IPA: [tɑːɖɑːsɐnɐ]; Sanskrit: ताडासन; IAST: Tāḍāsana) and Samasthiti (IPA: [sɐmɐst̪ʰit̪ih]; Sanskrit: समस्थिति; IAST: samasthitiḥ) are two names for a common standing yoga posture.[2] Tadasana
is an asana Depending on the Yoga lineage practiced, Samasthitiḥ and Tāḍāsana may refer to the same asana or two similar asanas.[3]
Depending on the style of yoga, both Sanskrit names (Tāḍāsana and Samasthitiḥ) may refer to the same asana; one from the Sanskrit words tāḍa (Sanskrit: ताड meaning mountain) and āsana (Sanskrit: आसन [4] meaning "posture" or "seat"[5]), and the other from sama (Sanskrit: सम meaning "upright", "straight",[6] "equal", "level" [7] or "balanced" [8]), and sthiti (Sanskrit: स्थिति meaning "stand" or "stay" [9]).
It is a basic standing asana[6] in most forms of yoga with feet together and hands at the sides of the body. There is some contention between different styles of yoga regarding the details of the asana which results in some variations.
Stand with feet together. Ground down evenly through feet and lift up through the crown of your head. Lift your thighs. Lengthen up through all four sides of your waist, elongating spine. Breathe easy. Although Tāḍāsana is a very basic asana, it is the basis and starting point for many standing asanas.[6]As such, Tāḍāsana is important in the context of other āsanas because it allows the body and consciousness to integrate the experience of the preceding āsana and prepare for the next. [10] Further, as a common and fundamental asana, Tāḍāsana can help develop habits for further practice and asanas.
Asanas that help prepare for Tāḍāsana include Adho Mukha Svanasana and Uttanasana. Urdhva Hastasana is a very similar asana with the hands raised above the head.
The nāsāgra dṛṣṭi (Sanskrit: नासाग्र दृष्टि) at the tip of the nose is the correct dṛṣṭi for Tāḍāsana in the Ashtanga Vinyasa method. Sushumna dṛṣṭi is encouraged to draw the awareness inward. [8]
Uḍḍiyāna Bandha, Mūla Bandha and Jālandhara Bandha are all appropriate for Tāḍāsana.[11]
Due to terminological differences, Samasthitiḥ is sometimes considered a variation of Tāḍāsana.
- Placing the feet wider is common in vinyasa styles of yoga and provides a more stable base in this and other such standing asanas.[12]
- A variation called Prayer Pose involves the hands resting at the "heart's center" (in front of the sternum) in Namaste.[13]
- Further variations include turning the feet outwards so they point to the sides while keeping the heels together, with the hands together at the chest (in Anjali mudra), or palms pressed together behind the back in Paścime Namaskāra (Reverse Prayer Pose)[13] [14]
- Ūrdhva Vṛkṣāsana uses Tadasana as its foundation, but the gaze is upward to the Aṅguṣṭhamadhye dṛṣṭi (thumbs) and occurs twice in Surya Namaskara.[15]
There are also asanas which stem from Tāḍāsana but are not standing asanas, such as Supta Tāḍāsana (Reclined Mountain Pose) [16]
Iyengar yoga[edit]
In Iyengar yoga, when performing Tāḍāsana, the arms can be raised over the head or kept at the sides of the legs. In Iyengar yoga styles, Samasthitiḥ is synonymous with Tāḍāsana. [6]
Tāḍāsana appears in the 1st and 2nd weeks, of Iyengar's āsana courses (as detailed in Light on Yoga).[17]
Vinyasa Krama Yoga[edit]
In the Vinyasa Krama Yoga Tāḍāsana is performed on the toes, while samasthitiḥ is flat footed. In this style of yoga the two āsanas are different.[18]
In Vinyasa Krama Yoga, Samasthitiḥ is the centerpiece of the standing sequence and the foundation for the Hasta Vinyasas (arm vinyasas), Parsva Bhangi (side) vinyasas, Uttanasana (forward bending) vinyasas, and squatting/hip stretching asanas.[18]
In the Vinyasa Krama Yoga standing sequence, the final asana of the series (before śavāsana) is Tāḍāsana, performed on the toes.[18]
Ashtanga yoga[edit]
In Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga, Tāḍāsana is the beginning and ending asana in the Sūrya Namaskāra sequence which is used to warm up the body and is sometimes interspersed throughout the entirety of all Ashtanga Series if performed with full vinayasas, in addition to being a foundational pose for all standing poses.[19]
Key aspects[edit]
Key aspects of Tāḍāsana are:
- Feet are together or if apart, then the heels and big toes are in one line pointing straight forward.[6][20]
- Feet are stretched on the floor, including metatarsals and each individual toe.[6]
- Feet "ground" primarily through the three points which make up the foot's three arches: the calcaneal tuberosity (heel), the base of the first metatarsal(big toe "knuckle"), and the base of the fifth metatarsal (little toe "knuckle"). [21] The weight is not placed on the inside edge of the feet (which would negatively affect posture throughout the body.)[22]
- Knees are tightened (in effect, the knee caps pulled up) and facing forward.[6][20]
- Keeping the balls of the feet grounded, and activating muscles to separate the soles of the feet (which are not allowed to move because of fricition with the mat), may help internally rotate the thighs, turn the femurs inward and keep the kneecaps facing forward. [23]
- Hips and buttocks (upper thigh muscles) are contracted (upwards). [6]
- Weight is distributed evenly between heels and toes, with the pelvis centred and body in-line.[6] The pelvis is centred when the tendons which connect the sartorius and rectus femoris muscles to the pelvis is halfway between being pulled tight, and relaxed. [24]
- Weight is distributed evenly between the two hips (equally between the two legs/feet), making the left and right hips level with each other.[24]
- Pelvis exhibits neutral tilt (neither tilted forward nor backwards). Usually this means the pubic symphysis and anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) are in one vertical plane, neither in front of the other. [24]
- There is a moderate inward curve of the lower back due to the neutral pelvic tilt.[24]
- The chest is broad.[10]
- The shoulders are rolled back[10] (with the head of the humerus centred in the joint), and shoulder blades pulled down the back and inwards[10] (not "winging, but not "pinched" together).[25] The shoulders may be "looped" (lifted slightly, then brought back and down) to achieve this.[26]
- All bandhas, including Jalandhara Bandha are active.[11]
- The gaze is toward the nāsāgra dṛṣṭi (the tip of the nose). [8]
As with most yoga asana, when entering an asana, distal body parts are best arranged first, progressively adjusting inwards and putting proximal body parts in place last.[27]
The asana strengthens the abdomen and the legs. It may help relieve sciatica, reduce flat feet,[citation needed] and help plantar fasciitis and heel spurs by improving the strength of deeper foot muscles which support your foot, and reducing the load on the less suited plantar fascia. [21]
- Due to the effects of standing, prolonged practice of Tadasana and its standing variations should be done with caution by those who suffer from headaches, insomnia, or low blood pressure.[12]
- It is advised to maintain a degree of muscle tension in this asana. Moderate tension in the thighs and hips can help develop positive habits and can increase the musculature in those areas which can help prevent injury. Additionally maintaining a degree of tension requires awareness, which can help prevent injury itself. Though in this asana it is unlikely to injure one's self, this habit can be beneficial throughout yoga practice.[28]
- Hyper extension of the knee can compresses the knee joint and can strain the medial meniscus, causing knee problems.[29]
- Since the feet serve as a foundation for the rest of the body in this and other standing asanas, the position of the feet is of high importance. Minor alteration in the position of the feet affects posture throughout the body. [30]
Parts of the body which play an important role in performing this asana are: both the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the feet, the quadriceps, the iliopsoas muscles, the piriformis, abdominal wall, and the diaphragm.[1]
The position of the body can be described anatomically as:
- The ankle, hip, shoulder, and wrist joints are neutral, halfway between flexion and extension, with the elbow joints extended and forearms pronated.[1]This means the feet are flat and parallel, and the hands are next to the thighs with the thumbs facing forward [30] (in a distal position).[31]
- The knees are straight, but not hyper-extended. Further, the kneecaps are lifted by the quadriceps femoris and the ischial tuberosites maintain tension via the hamstrings.[1] [30]
- The abductor muscles hold the thighs together. [30]
- The following points through the body are lifted upward: the arches of the feet, the pelvic floor, the lower abdomen, the rib cage, cervical spine, and the top of the head.[1] In this position, akin to standing "smartly", the action of standing erect should do most of the lifting without much special effort from the subject. [30]
- The curves of the lumbar, thoracic, and cervical exhibit mild axial extension.
- Downward release exists in the following parts of the body: the shoulder blades (supported by the rib cage), the tailbone, and in the foot at the heel (Calcaneus), and the first and fifth metatarsals (the three of which serve as primary contact points with the ground). The shoulders should not be thrown back, but simply relaxed neutrally.[30]
If the hands are raised over the head, palms together, (as per the variation) this stretches the thoracic cavity and rib structures including the intercostal muscles and expands the thoracic cavity increasing lung capacity. A slight back bend could be included to accentuate the effect and stretch the front of the body, chest and ribs more.[32][33]
See also[edit]
- ^ a b c d e Kaminoff 2007, p. 35.
- ^ "Yoga Journal - Mountain Pose". Retrieved 11 April 2011.
- ^ Kaminoff 2007.
- ^ Ranjini 2012, p. आसन entry.
- ^ Sinha 1996, p. 18.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Iyengar 2005, p. 41.
- ^ Ranjini 2012, p. समा entry.
- ^ a b c Steiner 2012, p. Samasthitih.
- ^ Ranjini 2012, p. स्थिति entry.
- ^ a b c d Fitz-Simon 2010, p. Standing Poses: Tadasana (Mountain Pose).
- ^ a b Ramaswami 2005, p. 2.
- ^ a b Kaminoff 2007, p. 39.
- ^ a b Ramaswami 2005, p. 3.
- ^ Fitz-Simon 2010, p. Arm Variations - Pashima Namaskarasana.
- ^ Steiner 2012, p. Urdhva Vrikshasana.
- ^ Fitz-Simon 2010, p. Supta Tadasana.
- ^ Iyengar 2005, p. 131 (Appendix: āsana courses).
- ^ a b c Ramaswami 2005, p. 1-34.
- ^ Maehle & 2011 880.
- ^ a b Cole 2004, p. 1.
- ^ a b Karminoff 2007, p. 36.
- ^ Maehle 2011, 868-869.
- ^ Long 2010, p. 33.
- ^ a b c d Cole 2004, p. 2.
- ^ Guthrie 2012, p. "Check Your Alignment" Section.
- ^ Maehle 2011, 814.
- ^ Coulter 2001, p. 229, 233, 236, 370, 543.
- ^ Coulter 2001, p. 229.
- ^ Mccall 2007, 9055-9056.
- ^ a b c d e f Coulter 2001, p. 230.
- ^ Long 2010, p. 09.
- ^ Kaminoff 2007, p. 25-26.
- ^ Coulter 2001, p. 102.
- Iyengar, B. K. S. (1 October 2005). Illustrated Light on Yoga. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-81-7223-606-9.
- Budilovsky, Joan; Adamson, Eve (2000). The complete idiot's guide to yoga (2 ed.). Penguin. ISBN 978-0-02-863970-3.
- Sinha, S.C. (1996). Dictionary of Philosophy. Anmol Publications PVT. LTD. ISBN 978-81-7041-293-9.
- Coulter, H. David (2001). Anatomy of Hatha Yoga. Body and Breath Inc. ISBN 978-0-9707006-0-5.
- Kaminoff, Leslie (2007). Yoga Anatomy. The Breath Trust. ISBN 978-0-7360-6278-7.
- Long, Ray; Macivor, Chris (2009). Scientific Keys: The Key Muscles of Yoga Volume 1. Bandha Yoga. ISBN 978-1-60743-238-8.
- Ramaswami, Srivatsa (2005). The Complete Book of Vinyasa Yoga. Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-1-56924-402-9.
- Cole, Roger (2004). "Intuitive Alignment: Tadasana Hips". Selected Article Resources on Yoga Injuries. Retrieved 12 May 2012.
- Maehle, Gregor (2011). Ashtanga Yoga Practice and Philosophy. Kindle Edition. New World Library.
- Steiner, Dr. med. Ronald P. (2012). "AshatangaYoga.info". Retrieved 12 May 2012.
- Ranjini, V.V.; Paranjape, Kiran; Ramapriyan, H. K.; Gaurav; Las; Glashoff, K.; Mohan, Sam; Gallo, A. (2012). "SpokenSanskrit Dictionary". Retrieved 11 March 2012.
- Fitz-Simon, Witold (2010). "Yoga Art and Science". Retrieved 4 February 2012.
- Guthrie, Catherine (2012). "Wear and Care". Retrieved 2012. Check date values in:
- Long, Ray (2010). Yoga Mat Companion 1: Anatomy for Vinyasa Flow and Standing Poses. BandhaYoga. ISBN 978-1-60743-943-1.
Further reading[edit]
- Saraswati, Swami Satyananda (1 August 2003). Asana Pranayama Mudra Bandha. Nesma Books India. ISBN 978-8-18633-614-4. Retrieved 9 April 2011.
- Saraswati, Swami Satyananda (January 2004). A Systematic Course in the Ancient Tantric Techniques of Yoga and Kriya. Nesma Books India. ISBN 978-8-18578-708-4. Retrieved 9 April 2011.
- Dollar, Cindy; Susanna MacKenzyie Euston (2004). Yoga your way: customizing your home practice. Lark Books. ISBN 978-1-57990-573-6.
- Bikram, Choudhury (2007). Bikram Yoga. HarperCollinsPublishers. ISBN 0-06-056808-9.


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3 posts • Page 1 of 1
Re: noooob question web_prefix
Using the admin share. Write it to \\<NAS>\admin\zy-pkgs\How do I add web_prefix to the nas?
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3 posts • Page 1 of 1


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