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Research: The readability of scientific texts is decreasing over time
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Clarity and accuracy of reporting are fundamental to the scientific process. Readability formulas can estimate how difficult a text is to read. Here, in a corpus consisting of 709,577 abstracts published between 1881 and 2015 from 123 scientific journals, we show that the readability of science is steadily decreasing. Our analyses show that this trend is indicative of a growing use of general scientific jargon. These results are concerning for scientists and for the wider public, as they impact both the reproducibility and accessibility of research findings.https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.27725.001
Reporting science clearly and accurately is a fundamental part of the scientific process, facilitating both the dissemination of knowledge and the reproducibility of results. The clarity of written language can be quantified using readability formulas, which estimate how understandable written texts are (Flesch, 1948; Kincaid et al., 1975; Chall and Dale, 1995; Danielson, 1987; DuBay, 2004; Štajner et al., 2012). Texts written at different times can vary in their readability: trends towards simpler language have been observed in US presidential speeches (Lim, 2008), novels (Danielson et al., 1992; Jatowt and Tanaka, 2012) and news articles (Stevenson, 1964). There are studies that have investigated linguistic trends within the scientific literature. One study showed an increase in positive sentiment (Vinkers et al., 2015), finding that positive words such as 'novel' have increased dramatically in scientific texts since the 1970s. A tentative increase in complexity has been reported in scientific texts in a limited dataset (Hayes, 1992), but the extent of this phenomenon and any underlying reasons for such a trend remain unknown.
To investigate trends in scientific readability over time, we downloaded 709,577 article abstracts from PubMed, from 123 highly cited journals selected from 12 fields of research (Figure 1A–C). These journals cover general, biomedical and life sciences. This journal list included, among others, Nature, Science, NEJM, The Lancet, PNAS and JAMA (see Materials and methods and Supplementary file 1) and the publication dates ranged from 1881 to 2015. We quantified the reading level of each abstract using two established measures of readability: the Flesch Reading Ease (FRE; Flesch, 1948; Kincaid et al., 1975) and the New Dale-Chall Readability Formula (NDC; Chall and Dale, 1995). The FRE is calculated using the number of syllables per word and the number of words in each sentence. The NDC is calculated using the number of words in each sentence and the percentage of 'difficult words'. Difficult words are defined as those words which do not belong to a predefined list of common words (see Materials and methods). Lower readability is indicated by a low FRE score or a high NDC score (Figure 1A).
The primary research question was to examine how the readability of an article's abstract relates to its year of publication. We observed a strong decreasing trend of the average yearly FRE (r = -0.93, 95% CI [-0.95,-0.90], p <10-15) and a strong increasing trend of average yearly NDC (r = 0.93, 95% CI [0.91,0.95], p <10 -15) (Figure 2A–E). Next, we examined the relationship between the components of the readability metrics and year of publication. The average number of syllables in each word (FRE component) and the percentage of difficult words (NDC component) showed pronounced increases over years (Figure 2F,G). Sentence length (FRE and NDC component) showed a steady increase with year after 1960 (Figure 2H), the period in which the majority of abstracts were published (Figure 1B). FRE and NDC were correlated with one another (r = -0.72, 95% CI [-0.72,-0.72], p <10-15) (Figure 2E).
The readability of individual abstracts was formally evaluated in relation to year of publication using a linear mixed effects model with journal as a random effect for both measures. The fixed effect of year was significantly related to FRE and NDC scores (Table 1). The average yearly trends combined with this statistical model reveal that the complexity of scientific writing is increasing with time. In order to explore whether this trend was consistent across all 12 selected fields, we extracted the slopes (random effects) from the mixed effects models for each journal. This showed that the trend of decreasing readability over time is not specific to any particular field, although there are differences in magnitude between fields (Figure 3). Further, only two journals out of 123 showed clear increases in FRE across time (Figure 3—figure supplement 1).
To verify that the readability of abstracts was representative of the readability of the entire articles, we downloaded full text articles from six additional independent journals from which all articles were available in the PubMed Central Open Access Subset (Figure 4A). Although, as has previously been reported (Dronberger and Kowitz, 1975), abstracts are less readable than the full articles, there was a strong positive relationship between readability of the abstracts and the full texts (FRE: r = 0.60, 95% CI [0.60, 0.60], p <10-15; NDC: r = 0.63, 95% CI [0.63, 0.63], p <10-15, Figure 4B, Figure 4—figure supplements 1 and 2). This implies that the increasing complexity of scientific writing generalizes to the full texts.
There could be a number of explanations for the observed trend in scientific readability. We formulated two plausible and testable hypotheses: (1) There is an increase in the number of co-authors over time (Figure 5A) (see also (Epstein, 1993; Drenth, 1998). If the number of co-authors correlates with readability, this underlies the observed effect (i.e. a case of 'too many cooks spoil the broth'). (2) An increase in a general scientific jargon is leading to a vocabulary which is almost exclusively used by scientists and less readable in general (i.e. a 'science-ese').
To test the first hypothesis, we divided the data by the number of authors. More authors were associated with decreased readability (Figure 5B, Figure 5—figure supplement 1A). However, we observed the same trend of decreasing readability across years regardless of the number of authors (Figure 5C, Figure 5—figure supplement 1B). When we included the number of authors as a predictor in the linear mixed effects model, it was significantly related to readability, while the fixed effect of year remained significant (Table 2). We can therefore reject the hypothesis that the increase in the number of authors on scientific articles is responsible for the observed trend, although abstract readability does decrease with more authors.
To test the second hypothesis, we constructed a measure for in-group scientific vocabulary. We selected the 2,949 most common words which were not included in the NDC common word list from 12,000 abstracts sampled at random (see Materials and methods for procedure). This is analogous to a 'science-specific common word list'. This list also includes topics which have increased over time (e.g. 'gene') and subject-specific words (e.g. 'tumor'), which are not indicative of an in-group scientific vocabulary. We removed such words to create a general scientific jargon list (2,138 words; see Materials and methods and Supplementary file 2). While the percentage of common words from the NDC common word list decreased with year (r = −0.93, 95% CI [-0.93, -0.93], p <10-15, Figure 6A), there was an increase in the percentage of science-specific common words (r = 0.90, 95% CI [0.90, 0.91], p <10-15) and general scientific jargon (r = 0.96, 95% CI [0.95, 0.96], p <10-15) (Figure 6A). Twelve general science jargon words are presented in Figure 6B. While one word ('appears') decreased with time, all the remaining examples show sharp increases over time. Taken together, this provides evidence in favor of the hypothesis that there is an increase in general scientific jargon which partially accounts for the decreasing readability.
From analyzing over 700,000 abstracts in 123 journals from the biomedical and life sciences, as well as general science journals, we have shown a steady decrease of readability over time in the scientific literature. It is important to put the magnitude of these results in context. A FRE score of 100 is designed to reflect the reading level of a 10- to 11-year old. A score between 0 and 30 is considered understandable by college graduates (Flesch, 1948; Kincaid et al., 1975). In 1960, 14% of the texts in our corpus had a FRE below 0. In 2015, this number had risen to 22%. In other words, more than a fifth of scientific abstracts now have a readability considered beyond college graduate level English. However, the absolute readability scores should be interpreted with some caution: scores can vary due to different media (e.g. comics versus news articles; Štajner et al., 2012) and education level thresholds can be imprecise (Stokes, 1978). We then validated abstract readability against full text readability, demonstrating that it is a suitable approximation for comparing main texts.
We investigated two possible reasons why this trend has occurred. First, we found that readability of abstracts correlates with the number of co-authors, but this failed to fully account for the trend through time. Second, we showed that there is an increase in general scientific jargon over years. These general science jargon words should be interpreted as words which scientists frequently use in scientific texts, and not as subject specific jargon. This finding is indicative of a progressively increasing in-group scientific language ('science-ese').
An alternative explanation for the main finding is that the cumulative growth of scientific knowledge makes an increasingly complex language necessary. This cannot be directly tested, but if this were to fully explain the trend, we would expect a greater diversity of vocabulary as science grows more specialized. While accounting for the original finding of the increase in difficult words and of syllable count, this would not explain the increase of general scientific jargon words (e.g. 'furthermore' or 'novel', Figure 6B). Thus, this possible explanation cannot fully account for our findings.
Lower readability implies less accessibility, particularly for non-specialists, such as journalists, policy-makers and the wider public. Scientific journalism offers a key role in communicating science to the wider public (Bubela et al., 2009) and scientific credibility can sometimes suffer when reported by journalists (Hinnant and Len-Ríos, 2009). Considering this, decreasing readability cannot be a positive development for efforts to accurately communicate science to non-specialists. Further, amidst concerns that modern societies are becoming less stringent with actual truths, replaced with true-sounding 'post-facts' (Manjoo, 2011; Nordenstedt and Rosling, 2016) science should be advancing our most accurate knowledge. One way to achieve this is for science to maximize its accessibility to non-specialists.
Lower readability is also a problem for specialists (Hartley, 1994; Hartley and Benjamin, 1998; Hartley, 2003). This was explicitly shown by Hartley (1994) who demonstrated that rewriting scientific abstracts, to improve their readability, increased academics' ability to comprehend them. While science is complex, and some jargon is unavoidable (Knight, 2003), this does not justify the continuing trend that we have shown. It is also worth considering the importance of comprehensibility of scientific texts in light of the recent controversy regarding the reproducibility of science (Prinz et al., 2011; McNutt, 2014; Begley and Ioannidis, 2015; Nosek et al., 2015; Camerer et al., 2016). Reproducibility requires that findings can be verified independently. To achieve this, reporting of methods and results must be sufficiently understandable.
Readability formulas are not without their limitations. They provide an estimate of a text's readability and should not be interpreted as a categorical measure of how well a text will be understood. For example, readability can be affected by text size, line spacing, the use of headers, as well as by the use of visual aids such as tables or graphs, none of which are captured by readability formulas (Hartley, 2013; Badarudeen and Sabharwal, 2010). Many semantic properties of texts are overlooked, including the complexity of ideas, the rhetorical structure and the overall coherence of the text (Bruce et al., 1981; Danielson, 1987; Zamanian and Heydari, 2012). Changing a text solely to improve readability scores does not automatically make a text more understandable (Duffy and Kabance, 1982; Redish, 2000).
Despite the limitations of readability formulas, our study shows that recent scientific texts are, on average, less readable than older scientific texts. This trend was not specific to any one field, even though the size of this association varied across fields. Some fields also had a steeper decline in NDC scores, while less of a decline in FRE scores, and vice versa (Figure 3). Further research should explore possible reasons for these differences, as it may give clues on how to improve readability. For example, the adoption of structured abstracts which are known to assist readability (Hartley and Benjamin, 1998; Hartley, 2003) might lead to a less steep decline for some fields.
What more can be done to reverse this trend? The emerging field of science communication deals with ways science can effectively communicate ideas to a wider audience (Treise and Weigold, 2002; Nielsen, 2013; Fischhoff, 2013). One suggestion from this field is to create accessible 'lay summaries', which have been implemented by some journals (Kuehne and Olden, 2015). Others have noted that scientists are increasing their direct communication with the general public through social media (Peters et al., 2014), and this trend could be encouraged. However, while these two suggestions may increase accessibility of scientific results, neither will reverse the readability trend of scientific texts. Another proposal is to make scientific communication a necessary part of undergraduate and graduate education (Brownell et al., 2013).
Scientists themselves can estimate their own readability in most word processing software. Further, while some journals aim for high readability, perhaps a more thorough review of article readability should be carried out by journals in the review process. Finally, in an era of data metrics, it is possible to assess a scientist's average readability, analogous to the h-index for citations (Hirsch, 2005). Such an 'r-index' could be considered an asset for those scientists who emphasize clarity in their writing.
Materials and methods
Journal selection
We aimed to obtain journals from which articles are highly cited from a representative selection of the biomedical and life sciences, as well as from journals which cover all fields of science, which were indexed on PubMed. Using the Thomson Reuters Research Front Maps (http://archive.sciencewatch.com/dr/rfm/) and the Thomson Reuters Journal Citation Reports, we selected 12 fields:
Top (all fields)
Biology & Biochemistry
Clinical Medicine
Molecular Biology, Genetics & Biochemistry
Neuroscience & Behavior
Pharmacology & Toxicology
Plant & Animal Science
Psychiatry & Psychology
Social Sciences, general
'Multidisciplinary' accounts for journals which publish work from multiple fields, but which did not fit into any one category. 'Top (all fields)' refers to the journals which are most highly cited across all fields, i.e. which have the highest impact factor from the 2014 Thomson Reuters Journal Citation Reports. The 'Social Sciences, general' field within the biomedical and life sciences includes journals from the subfields of 'Health Care Sciences & Services' and 'Primary Health Care'. Journals were semi-automatically selected by querying the PubMed API using the R package RISmed (Kovalchik, 2016) according to the following criteria:
There should be more than 15 years between the years of the first five and most recent five PubMed entries.
There should not be fewer than 100 articles returned for the journal.
The impact factor of the journal should not be below 1 according to the 2014 Thomson Reuters Journal Citation Report.
The articles within the journal should be in English.
The number of selected journals should provide as equal representation as possible of subfields within the broader research fields.
From each of 11 of the fields, the 12 most highly cited journals were selected. The final field (Multidisciplinary) only contained six journals, as no more journals could be identified which met all inclusion criteria. Some journals exist in multiple fields, thus the number of journals (123) is below the possible maximum of 138 journals. See Supplementary file 1 for the journals and their field mappings.
Articles were downloaded from PubMed between April 22, 2016 and May 15, 2016, and on June 12, 2017. The later download date was to correct for originally having only included 11 journals in one of the fields (when the data was first downloaded). The text of the abstract, journal name, title of article, PubMed IDs and publication year were extracted. Throughout the article, we only used data up to and including the year 2015.
Language preprocessing
Abstracts downloaded from PubMed were preprocessed so that the words and syllables could be counted. TreeTagger (version 3.2 (Linux); (Schmid, 1994) was used to identify sentence endings and to remove non-words (e.g. numbers) and any remaining punctuation from the abstracts. Scientific texts contain numerous phrasings which TreeTagger did not parse adequately. We did three rounds of quality control where at least 200 preprocessed articles, sampled at random, were compared with their original texts. After identifying irregularities with the TreeTagger performance, regular expression heuristics were created to prepare the abstracts prior to using the TreeTagger algorithm. After the three rounds of quality control, the stripped abstracts contained only words with at least one syllable and periods to end sentences. Sentences containing only one word were ignored.
The heuristic rules after quality control rounds included: removing all abbreviations, adding spaces after periods when missing, adding a final period at the end of the abstract when missing, removing numbers that ended sentences, identifying sentences that end with 'etc.' and keeping the period, removing all single letter words except 'a', 'A' and 'I', removing nucleic acid sequences, replacing hyphens with a space, removing periods arising from the use of binomial nomenclature, and removing copyright and funding information. All preprocessing scripts are available at https://github.com/wiheto/readabilityinscience (Plavén-Sigray et al., 2017; copy archived at https://github.com/elifesciences-publications/readabilityinscience). Examples of texts before and after preprocessing are presented in Supplementary file 3. We confirmed that the observed trends were not induced by the preprocessing steps by running the readability analysis presented in Figure 1D,E using the raw data (Figure 2—figure supplement 1).
Language and readability metrics
Two well-established readability measures were used throughout the article: the Flesch Reading Ease (FRE) (Flesch, 1948; Kincaid et al., 1975) and the New Dale-Chall Readability Formula (NDC) (Chall and Dale, 1995). These measures use different language metrics: syllable count, sentence count, word count and percentage of difficult words. Two different readability metrics were chosen to ensure that the results were not induced by a single method. FRE was chosen due to its popularity and consistency with other readability metrics (Didegah and Thelwall, 2013), and because it has previously been applied to trends over time (Lim, 2008; Danielson et al., 1992; Jatowt and Tanaka, 2012; Stevenson, 1964). NDC was chosen since it is both well established and compares well with more recent methods for analyzing readability (Benjamin, 2012).
Counting the syllables of a word was performed in a three step fashion. First, the word was required to have a vowel or a 'y' in it. Second, the word was queried against a dictionary that contained specified syllable counts using the natural language toolkit (NLTK) (version 3.2.2; Bird et al., 2009). If there were multiple possible syllable counts for a given word, the longer alternative was chosen. Third, if the word was not in the dictionary, the number of vowels (excluding diphthongs) was counted. If a word ended in a 'y', this was counted as an additional syllable in this third step.
Word count was calculated by counting all the words in the abstract that had at least one syllable. The number of sentences was calculated by counting the number of periods in the preprocessed abstracts.
The percentage of difficult words originated from (Chall and Dale, 1995), defined as words which do not belong to a list of common words. The 'NDC common word' list used here was taken from the NDC implementation in the textstat python package (https://github.com/shivam5992/textstat) which included 2,949 words (Supplementary file 2). This list excludes some words from the original NDC common word list (such as abbreviations, e.g. 'A.M.'; and double words, e.g. 'all right').
FRE uses both the average number of syllables per word and the average number of words per sentence to estimate the reading level.
where 'words', 'sentences' and 'syllables' entail the number of each in the text, respectively.
NDC scores are calculated by using the percentage of difficult words and the average sentence length of abstracts. While the NDC was originally calculated on 100 words due to computational limitations, we used the entire text.
where 'words', and 'sentences' entail the number of each in the text, respectively. 'Difficult' is the number of words that are not present in the NDC common word list.
We have used two well-established readability formulas in our analysis. The application of readability formulas has previously been questioned (Duffy and Kabance, 1982; Redish and Selzer, 1985; Zamanian and Heydari, 2012) and modern alternatives have been proposed (see (Benjamin, 2012). However, NDC has been shown to perform comparably with these more modern methods (Benjamin, 2012).
Science-specific common word and general science jargon lists
We created two common word lists using the abstracts in our dataset:
Science-specific common words: Words frequently used by scientists which are not part of the NDC common word list. This contains units of measurement (e.g. 'mol'), subject-specific words (e.g. 'electrophoresis'), general science jargon words (e.g. 'moreover') and some proper nouns (e.g. 'european').
General science jargon: A subset of science-specific common words. These are non-subject-specific words that are frequently used by scientists. This list contains words with a variety of different linguistic functions (e.g. 'endogenous', 'contribute' and 'moreover'). General science jargon can be considered the basic vocabulary of a 'science-ese'. Science-ese is analogous to legalese, which is the general technical language used by legal professionals.
To construct the science-specific common word list, 12,000 articles were selected to identify words frequently used in the scientific literature. In order to avoid any recency bias, 2,000 articles were randomly selected from six different decades (starting at the 1960s). From these articles, the frequency of all words was calculated. After excluding words in the NDC common word list, the 2,949 most frequent words were selected. The number 2,949 was selected to be the same length as the NDC common word list.
To validate that this list is identifying a general scientific terminology, we created a verification list by performing the same steps as above on an additional independent set of 12,000 articles. Of the 2,949 words in the science-specific common word list, 90.95% of the words were present in the verification list (see Supplementary file 2 for both word lists). The 24,000 articles used in the derivation and verification of the lists were excluded from all further analysis.
The general scientific jargon list contained 2,138 words. It was created by manually filtering the science-specific common word list. All four co-authors went through the science-specific common word list and rated each word. The following guidelines were formulated to exclude words from being classed as general science jargon: (1) abbreviations, roman numerals, or units that survived preprocessing (e.g. 'mol'). (2) Field-specific words (e.g. 'hepatitis'). (3) Words whose frequency may be changing through time due to major discoveries (e.g. 'gene'). (4) Nouns and adjectives that refer to non-science objects and could be placed in a general easy word list (e.g. 'mouse', 'green', 'September'). Remaining words were classed as possible general science jargon word. After comparing each co-authors' ratings, the final list was created. The co-authors performed the ratings to identify jargon words independently. However, half way through the ratings there was a meeting to control that the guidelines were being performed in a similar way. In this meeting, the authors discussed examples from their ratings. Due to this, the ratings can not be classed as completely independent.
Comparison of full texts vs abstracts
To compare the readability of full texts and abstracts, we chose six journals from the PubMed Central Open Access Subset for which all full texts of articles were available under a Creative Commons or similar license. The journals were BMC Biology, eLife, Genome Biology, PLoS Biology, PLoS Medicine and PLoS ONE. None of them were a part of the original journal list which was used in the main analysis. They were selected as they all cover biomedicine and life sciences and as open access journals, we were legally allowed to bulk-download both abstracts and full texts. However, none of the included journals have existed for a long period of time (Supplementary file 4). As such, they cannot be said to represent the same time range covered by the 123 journals used in the main analysis. Custom scripts were written to extract the full text in the textfiles downloaded from each respective journal. In total, 143,957 articles were included in the full text analysis. Both article abstracts and full texts were preprocessed according to the procedure outlined above and readability measures were calculated.
All statistical modeling was performed in R version 3.3.2.
We evaluated the relationship between the readability of single abstracts and year of publication separately for FRE and NDC scores. The data can be viewed as hierarchically structured since abstracts belonging to different journals may differ in key aspects. In addition, journals span over different ranges of years (Figure 1C and Supplementary file 1). In order to account for this structure, we performed linear mixed effect modeling using the R-packages lme4 version 1.1-12 (Bates et al., 2014), and lmerTest version 2.0-33 (Kuznetsova et al., 2015) with maximum likelihood estimation. We compared different models of increasing complexity. The included models were as following: (M0) a null model in which readability score was predicted only by journal as random effect with varying intercepts; (M1) the same as M0, but with an added fixed effect of time; and (M2) the same as M1, but with varying slopes for the random effect of journal (Table 1). We selected the best fitting model as determined by the Akaike Information Criterion and the Bayesian Information Criterion.
In order to test that the trend was not explained by the increasing number of authors with year, we specified an additional model. It was identical to M2 above, but also included the number of authors as a second fixed effect. Some articles (n = 2,327) lacked author information, and were excluded from the analysis. This model was performed using two sets of the data: i) a subset including only articles with one to ten authors (n = 652,357), ii) a full dataset consisting of all articles with complete author information (n = 707,250) (Table 2). The motivation for (i) was that abstracts with many authors may bias the results.
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Decision letter
Stuart KingReviewing Editor; eLife, United Kingdom
In the interests of transparency, eLife includes the editorial decision letter and accompanying author responses. A lightly edited version of the letter sent to the authors after peer review is shown, indicating the most substantive concerns; minor comments are not usually included.
Thank you for submitting your article "The readability of scientific texts is decreasing over time" for consideration as a Feature Article by eLife. Your article has been reviewed by two peer reviewers, Ralf Barkemeyer (Reviewer #1) and Christiaan Vinkers (Reviewer #2), and an Associate Features Editor, Stuart King.
The reviewers have discussed the reviews with one another and the Associate Features Editor has drafted this decision to help you prepare a revised submission. We hope you will be able to submit the revised version within two months.
This manuscript – which first appeared as a preprint on bioRxiv – reports a decline in the readability of scientific texts meaning that, on average, papers published in recent decades are harder to read than those from over a century ago. Two possible explanations are tested: an increase in the number of authors per manuscript, and the wider use of uncommon language (referred to as "general scientific jargon"). All three reviewers agree that the manuscript is timely and relevant, and that it has the potential to make a clear contribution to the existing literature. The research design looks sound, and mainly builds on two well-established measures of readability. The analyses appear to be executed in a rigorous and transparent manner, and the authors generate a set of straightforward and intuitive but highly relevant findings. The reviewers hope that this manuscript will raise awareness, and encourage scientists and publishers to take readability into account when authoring or reviewing scientific papers.
Nevertheless, there are some issues that need to be addressed, and several revisions that would strengthen the manuscript. Most can be handled by editing the text to provide more details or clarity, or by improving the presentation of the figures. One will require a more fine-grained analysis of the data that is already available.
Essential Revisions:
1. Both of the readability formulas reported in the Materials and methods section contain mistakes. The constant in the Flesch Reading Ease (FRE) formula is incorrectly given as "206.385" instead of "206.835". The New Dale-Chall (NDC) Readability Formula is repeatedly missing the "× 100" that converts the fraction of "difficult words" to a percentage. The inequality symbols (i.e. > and {less than or equal to}) have also been transposed in the NDC formula meaning that, if followed as written, the scores would not be adjusted properly. From the data provided, it is clear that the correct NDC formula was used for the analyses. But we cannot check the FRE calculations because the "syllable counts" are missing from the data provided (see point 4). Please confirm that the correct FRE formula was used and fix the mistakes described above.
2. The readability measures chosen appear plausible and test two complementary dimensions of readability. However, please provide some more justification as to why these two measures were chosen and not others.
3. Please elaborate on the limitations of readability metrics in general, and those linked to text pre-processing. For example, visual aids are not captured even though they might improve comprehension; or the fact that FRE does not take into account parentheses and other ways of structuring text (which might also aid readability).
4. The authors have agreed to make the data and scripts openly accessible, which is applaudable. However, the data provided with the full submission is missing the syllable counts. Please provide all the data needed to recreate the figures in this version of the manuscript. This also includes the analyses related to the full texts, number of authors, and "general scientific jargon". Please see the section on "Source Data Files" in eLife's author guide for more details.
5. The current Figures 1 and 3are packed with data and somewhat difficult to follow. Please divide them each into two separate figures. For Figure 1, separate the summary graphics from the panels showing the main trends. For Figure 3, the data related to number of authors should be separated from that related to "general scientific jargon".
6. The phrase "high-impact journals" is used without explanation. The specific meaning of the word "impact" in this context is unclear and could arguably be considered jargon. Please explain this phrase in the text or replace with a more accurate description like "highly cited journals".
7. Please elaborate on the criteria used to select the "six representative" open-access journals for the full-text analysis. Please also provide information equivalent to that provided for the journals in the abstract-only analysis.
8. As it stands now, the analysis remains at a very high level. Digging deeper into the existing data might reveal avenues to pursue to address the poor readability of scientific texts. Please report and discuss the trends in readability (or the average values) for the different journals and/or fields of research. For example, showing that articles in some journals are more readable than others might encourage someone to trace these differences back to specific editorial policies (word limits etc.) that could then be adopted more widely.
9. The literature on science communication is extensive, covering both the underlying communication process as well as its implications. Please strengthen the manuscript's links to this literature; for example, by discussing to what extent is it necessary that non-specialists can read and understand scientific articles, given that mainstream media and other new outlets have been created to specifically focus on non-specialist audiences in this context. While the reviewers likely agree with the authors' line of argument, some more contextualization and justification would be helpful here.
10. Please integrate the "Supplementary methods" into the "Materials and methods" section, to avoid the need to jump back and forth in the text. The sections on selecting journal fields and identifying "candidate jargon" would also benefit from being critically edited to improve clarity.
11. On a related point, please define classifications like "science-specific common words" and "candidate general science jargon" more clearly, and then consistently use them throughout the text. As currently written, some readers would not recognize uncommon/formal words - such as "novel", "robust", "moreover" and "therefore" - as scientific jargon. It would also be helpful if the discussion on this topic were expanded.
12. The FRE score of 48.2 for the submitted manuscript is respectable. However, please look for further opportunities to make the article easier to read, including ways that would not necessarily get picked up by the readability formulas referenced in the article. For example, while most English speakers are likely to know the verb "understand", fewer will be familiar with the adjective "understandable", and fewer still the noun "understandability" (which is used in the manuscript's abstract). Please consider using fewer nouns and more verbs throughout the abstract, main text and figure captions (e.g. "Scientific abstracts have become harder to read over time" rather than "Readability of scientific abstracts decreases over time".)https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.27725.028
Article and author information
Author details
This article has a FRE score of 49. The abstract has a FRE score of 40.
Reviewing Editor
- Stuart King, Reviewing Editor, eLife, United Kingdom
Publication history
- Received: April 12, 2017
- Accepted: August 4, 2017
- Version of Record published: September 5, 2017 (version 1)
- Version of Record updated: September 14, 2017 (version 2)
© 2017, Plavén-Sigray et al.
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use and redistribution provided that the original author and source are credited.
- 19,729
- Page views
- 1,197
- Downloads
- 8
- Citations
Article citation count generated by polling the highest count across the following sources: Crossref, PubMed Central, Scopus.


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Recurrent drought is a dominant climate feature across the North Central region. In the Northern Plains and Rocky Mountain regions, drought manifests itself through limited rainfall, reduced snowpack and early spring runoff, periods of extended high temperatures, or any combination of these climatic conditions. These manifestations directly impact natural resource and human communities.
As such, drought is a focal research theme used by the NC CSC to organize and integrate the three foundational science areas (climate, ecological impacts and human adaptation). What drives drought, what impacts it causes, and how communities are prepared to adapt are important research questions for scientists in the north central region. Our research on the subject furthers understanding of how regional land managers can prepare for and manage land in this drought prone area.

subset: commoncrawl


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Wednesday's Editorial page asked Tribune readers to respond to that question.
Why is President Bush distancing himself from the Iraq Study Group? To push his standard agenda and get a military victory in Iraq within his term. He has had his chance on this path and failed. His interest is about saving face for himself. He has damaged America enough. The Iraq Study Group ideas should be taken seriously by Bush.


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The Finer Future Forum
An invitation to co-create an Economy In Service to Life
The future is founded on vision. Stories we tell ourselves build roadways to that future. Or lock us into deadends. Is ours a future of global warming, 65 million migrants fleeing failed states, soaring inequality and grid-locked politics?
Or is it one of empowered entrepreneurs and innovators building a world that works for everyone?
The story on which our economy is now based began with Adam Smith. It was spun by battles between New Deals and Neo-liberal ideologies. It came to rest in the 1970s on a belief that humans are, at heart greedy, that we measure success only by money, that markets are perfect, government fatally flawed and us all are useful only as servants of finance.
A new vision for the future is emerging. Born of a new narrative, it says that humans are happiest when we are interconnected, that while money matters, the health of our home and families matters more, that equity throughout society and resilience are better starting places for a global economy, and that we can entrepreneur our way to a finer future.
Does this seem to make sense? Working with the Club of Rome and dozens of international experts, I have been sketching the details of a pathway to the world we want, and preparing a new book: A Finer Future. To refine this vision and bring it to a broader audience I need your help.
I invite you to become a founding member of The Finer Future Forum, to contribute financially to support me in finishing the book and to join a small community of friends in crafting a world saving vision. As a founding member, you will have the opportunity to be part of co-creating this new narrative. You will help co-create with me our new book.
A Finer Future started as a report to the Club of Rome. It is now being readied for publication as a book to rally communities, companies and countries to a world that works for 100% of humanity, as Buckminster Fuller challenged us to create. Its primary authors are myself, Stewart Wallis (founder of New Economics Foundation in the UK), Anders Wijkman (co-Chair of the Club of Rome and former EU parliamentarian), John Fullerton (Former Managing Director Morgan Stanley and President of Capital Institute) and Graeme Maxton (Secretary General of Club of Rome).
And you.
Join with me for a monthly conversation hosted here on the Front Range with other visionaries, storytellers and changemakers. Together we will discuss the concepts underlying A Finer Future, and explore how to implement these ideas in your life, in our community, in Colorado and in the world. This stage of the conversation will culminate next May in the Economy in Service to Life conference, co-hosted by the Alliance for Sustainable Colorado, At the Epicenter, the University of Colorado, Leading for Well-being, and many others.
This is not as daunting an invitation as it might at first glance seem. The book is nearly written. This is an invitation to receive the manuscript, and engage as much as you wish with it to shape it, finish it, and make it personal to you. The book will be finalized in November.
In return, you will be acknowledged in the front of the book as a co-creator/ thought leader, and receive your own, signed copy. You will be a core member of the team that will create the strategy to bring it to life here in the Boulder Valley and the Colorado Front Range. We will meet at my ranch for Moscow Mules on my porch, for drinks at the Greenbriar Inn, at the Alliance for Sustainable Colorado, at your favorite gathering spot for late afternoons of conversation.
I am asking you as one of a select group of core members to contribute $10,000. This will enable me to finish the book, and to host the ongoing conversations. It will also enable Natural Capitalism Solutions to create and moderate an ongoing on-line forum that will be open to a broader membership wanting to engage in these conversations.
The inaugural meeting will be at my ranch in September, then held monthly until the Economy in Service to Life conference in May.
Please join me, along with special friends who are working on these issues around the country and the world who will join us as they come through town for this innovative adventure in knowledge creation, and implementation.
With warmest regards,
Hunter Lovins


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Trupanion Reviews – Week of 8/22
I love @Trupanion I honestly don't know what I'd do without it! Thank you Trupanion for all that you've done for all my furry babies, because of you all my babies get the care they need to stay healthy and happy! =] #trupanion#petinsurance #reliable
I want to thank Trupanion so much for being there for my two schnauzers and helping me save them. Sascha is 11 years old and was perfectly healthy until March 2013 and then layed down to die suddenly. Our Internal medicine doctor Dr. Tara Chapman saved her and it was because of Trupanion insurance that we could afford to do this. Then two months later our other schnauzer Heike layed down to die and we were frantic. Dr. de Madron saved her too and she is wonderful healthy now, and with the help of Trupanion we could pay the bills. I would recommend Trupanion to all pet owners and have handed out at least 100 brochures to different pet owners. I would like to send a picture of Sascha with her Trupanion tag but do not how. Heike too. Thank you Trupanion. -Patricia H.
My puppies Spud and Tatertot say thank you to Trupanion! We are snug as pugs in rugs knowing that we're covered. -Cara V.
LOVE Trupanion! I was able to provide my 4 month old kitten Masala with emergency care which saved her life thanks to their coverage! What a wonderful service. I can't thank you all enough!! -Lindsay M.


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On Thu, 20 Sep 2007, Rui del-Negro wrote: > Having said that, I believe section 3.7 of RFC2616 states that "parameter > attribute names are case-insensitive". And, according to that same section > of that same RFC, that's exactly what "charset" is, in that context: the > name of a parameter attribute. > > http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc2616.html > > Am I missing something? Yes - RFC 2616 deals only with the "real thing" but not with <meta http-equiv>. Note that section 3.7.1 of RFC 2616 requires the charset parameter (if it is not to be the default value of ISO-8859-1 for text/*.Received on Thursday, 20 September 2007 16:46:46 UTC
This archive was generated by hypermail 2.3.1 : Tuesday, 1 March 2016 14:17:53 UTC


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Today's Featured Artist: Michael Godard
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Prints ship within 3 - 4 business days in durable cardboard tubes.
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Susan Hamilton
August 19th, 2018
Tami Booher is an Internationally known artist with various types paintings in private collections across the US and various other countries. Tami uses the palette knife to create landscapes rich with texture and life. Growing up in the Appalachian mountain area of South West Virginia, I spent a large part of my life roaming and exploring the hills and woods near my home. During this time I developed a deep and enduring love and respect for the natural world. Today, I am a palette knife painter, nature painter, muralist and designer. I currently reside in the wild and beautiful area of Eastern Kentucky. Thank you for coming by and visiting with me. Have beautiful and colorful day.
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Jinjiang Maipu Trade Co.,ltd
Bath sandals; Bath slippers; Beach footwear; Boots; Boots for sport; Footwear; Sandals; Shoes; Slippers; Sports shoes; Bath sandals; Bath slippers
Perfect for these industries
Words that describe this mark
This is a brand page for the IYOUWOQU trademark by Jinjiang Maipu Trade Co.,ltd
in Quanzhou,Fujian, , .
Write a review about a product or service associated with this IYOUWOQU trademark.
Or, contact the owner Jinjiang Maipu Trade Co.,ltd of the IYOUWOQU trademark by filing a request to communicate with
the Legal Correspondent for licensing, use, and/or questions related to the IYOUWOQU trademark.
On Wednesday, June 01, 2016, a U.S. federal trademark registration was filed for
IYOUWOQU by
Jinjiang Maipu Trade Co.,ltd, Quanzhou,Fujian.
The USPTO has given the IYOUWOQU
trademark serial number of 87055822.
The current federal status of this trademark filing is REGISTERED.
The correspondent listed for IYOUWOQU is
ZHANG DONGSHENG of
The IYOUWOQU trademark is filed in the category of
Clothing Products
The description provided to the USPTO for IYOUWOQU
is Bath sandals; Bath slippers; Beach footwear; Boots; Boots for sport; Footwear; Sandals; Shoes; Slippers; Sports shoes; Bath sandals; Bath slippers.
The USPTO makes this data available for search by the public so that individuals can locate ownership information for intellectual property, much the same way a county might make real estate property ownership information available.
Since our website is synchronized with the USPTO data, we recommend making any data changes with the USPTO directly. Our website will auto-update when the USPTO data is updated.
You may also contact Trademarkia to make a request for the removal of your personally identifiable information or trademark data. Such requests must be made in writing and will be subject to verification of ownership. This policy allows verified trademark owners to specify: (A) that their identifiable information be masked, or (B) that their trademark pages permanently deleted from Trademarkia.com.
Requests may be made directly to firstname.lastname@example.com and every effort will be made to honor them within 48 hours.
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Real History, Real Leaders, Real World
Undergraduate students can now experience Washington, DC like never before. Leadership and the American Presidency is a new immersive and experiential opportunity for students to spend the summer or semester in the nation's capital. Co-sponsored by The Fund for American Studies, Leadership and the American Presidency is looking to cultivate the next generation of citizen leaders.


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HIVMA wrote to state Medicaid directors and health insurance commissioners to urge them to adopt policies that promote quality HIV care as they implement health care reform.
Last year marked a groundbreaking year in the HIV field with a research study–named the scientific breakthrough of the year by Science magazine – documenting that HIV treatment not only saves the lives of people with HIV infection, but dramatically reduces the risk of HIV transmission. Despite the availability of effective HIV treatment and the benefits of treatment to public health–one in five people with HIV remain undiagnosed and fewer than 50 percent of people with HIV are in regular medical care. We urge you to consider the following recommendations to fully leverage the potential of health reform to address the HIV public health crisis and help to end AIDS in the U.S.
© Copyright HIVMA 2018 | Sitemap | Terms of Use | Privacy
| IDSA | Contact Us
© Copyright HIVMA 2018 HIV Medicine Association


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This information is provided for your convenience and may no longer be valid.
Know more about this business than we do? Cool! Please submit any corrections or missing details you may have.Help us make it right
Be the first NJ.com user to add photos or videos of Matrisciano Louis
Louis Matrisciano was founded in 1992, and is located at 13 Prospect Pl in Morristown. Additional information is available at or by contacting Louis Matrisciano at (973) 539-4451.
Matrisciano Louis can be found at Prospect Pl 13. The following is offered: Plumbing. The entry is present with us since Sep 10, 2010 and was last updated on Nov 14, 2013. In Morristown there are 19 other Plumbing. An overview can be found here.


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Demography and the Birth Rate
HideShow resource information
- Created by: Ben
- Created on: 12-05-13 16:11
View mindmap
- Demography and the Birth Rate
- Demography
- Examines the factors affect the total size of the population.
- Birth rate - the number of live births per 1000, per year.
- Fertility rate - the number of live births per 1000 women aged 15-44.
- Death rate - the number of deaths per 1000, per year.
- Migration - the number of people coming in and out of a country.
- The population of the UK
- 2011 - 62 million
- There has been fewer deaths than births since 1901.
- Natural increase occurs when the number of births exceeds the number of deaths.
- The birth rate
- There has been a long term decline in the birth rate.
- Baby booms after both The First and The Second World Wars
- The fertility rate
- Declining fertility rate - fewer women are choosing to have fewer children.
- Emancipcation of women (Sue Sharpe, 1976, 1994)
- Legal Pay Act (1970)
- Dual earner families.
- Improved education
- Improved contraception and the easy access to abortion
- Women less likely to get married and have children.
- Emancipcation of women (Sue Sharpe, 1976, 1994)
- The infant mortality rate has fallen due to improved living standards, better healthcare and state welfare.
- Children are seen as an economic burden.
- No longer economic assets, now more financially dependent upon parents.
- Beck and Beck-Gernschein - individualization
- People no longer conform to traditional norms and values, but make their own desicions
- Declining fertility rate - fewer women are choosing to have fewer children.
- Demography
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Sure, I have those things that worry, things that annoy, and things that anger. But me? I'm happy. Because, besides all those things, I also have:
a journal to write in
books to read
photos to take
good coffee to sip
a husband who makes said coffee
a dog with sweet eyes and a wagging tail
bubble tea
the energy of a good run
happy results after eating well and going on that good run
smiles from the kids I work with
smiles from the adults I work with
the pleasure of a joy ride on a scooter
a rice field and mountain view
dinners out with friends
loved ones coming to visit
loved ones I'm going to visit
easy camaraderie with people I meet
skype conversations with friends and family back home
pretty new platters I found on sale
a comfortable home
a duvet I like to sink under in bed at night
blue eyes I love to wake up to seeing in the morning
music in my head
a book emerging
friends getting married
friends having babies
lime drinks and mango smoothies
letters in the mail and emails in the inbox
peanut butter and honey
…and fresh baked chocolate chip cookies.
Yup. I'm happy. And I know it. This is me clapping my hands.
"Life is not measured by the number of breaths we take,
but by the moments that take our breath away."
- Author Unknown
What moments stole your breath away this week?
Each Thursday, we come together to celebrate living life with intention by capturing a glimmer of the bigger picture through a simple moment. Have you found yourself in such a moment lately? Share it with us!
Reflect on the moments that shimmered in your heart.
Harvest them!
Link up your gleaned moment this week HERE! Please be sure to link to your post, not your blog, and include our button or a link back to the host page.
Visit some of the other participants and encourage each other in this journey we call life.


text: From warm greetings to wide smiles, UPS drivers often go beyond pickup and delivery. Few are as remarkable as this Oklahoma driver. When UPS driver Jason Henley arrived for his daily delivery to The UPS Store® location on his route in Oklahoma City one morning, it seemed to be business as usual. But once inside the store, he encountered a somber situation."Jason asked me, 'What do we need to do to get you a kidney?' I couldn't believe what he was offering." – Greg Hall, kidney recipient.Greg Hall, a part-time store employee and college student, was describing to his colleagues a strange cramping in his legs and fatigue. Although Henley didn't know Hall well, he couldn't help but take notice. "Jason overheard me talking to the other employees about my doctor's appointments, and he asked, 'What's going on?'" Hall says.After a round of doctor visits and exams, Hall received some bad news: His medical problems were serious. His kidneys were failing. He faced a future of eight to 10 hours of dialysis every night. Hearing the dire situation, Henley felt compelled to make a difference and offered to give Hall the kidney he so badly needed."Jason asked me, 'What do we need to do to get you a kidney?'" Hall says. "I couldn't believe what he was offering. I actually blew him off the first three times he asked."Finally, Hall agreed to Henley's request and gave him the phone number for a transplant clinic.Deciding to make a differenceAlthough Henley knew he was making the right decision, it wasn't an easy pill to swallow."That [donation] form sat on my desk at home for over a month because I was scared to fill it out," he says. "I knew that if I filled it out, it would just be a matter of time." Henley ultimately completed the form and turned it in."This good deed wasn't without risk to his family," says Cindy Simpson, manager of The UPS Store at Quail Springs Marketplace in Oklahoma City. "Deep down, he felt that it was something he had to do."Henley's wife and two sons, ages 10 and 15, supported his decision. "My boys were all for it – they had no reservations. My wife trusted me. She said if this was what I wanted to do, she was OK with it," he says.As the men got to know each other better, they discovered they shared the same birthday – Aug. 3. The pair celebrated by sharing a kidney-shaped cake together with their families.An emotional triumphOn Sept. 21, 2015, Henley and Hall both underwent kidney transplant surgery. Both operations went smoothly."The next day I was up and walking and went to Jason's room. It was very emotional. Everybody was crying and excited and happy," Hall says.Hall, with his new kidney, is thriving."I feel awesome, and I have a lot more energy," he says. Hall finished school in August, and is starting a new job as a certified occupational therapist assistant."Everything started falling into place. I've gone from dialysis to having this awesome life because of Jason. There are no words that can show how happy I am," he says.Henley is also healing well and on schedule to return to work in mid-January. "If I could give another kidney and live through it I'd do it again. Knowing how blessed Greg and I have been makes it well worth it. I'd do it in a heartbeat if I could," he says.


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DIY Slideshows on WordPress.com
Sat, 26 Jan 2013
Filed under Blogging
Tags: accessible, alternative, css, diy, html, image, slideshow, wordpress.com
I use a screen reader called JAWS (and sometimes NVDA) to browse the web and for updating my blog. It does a pretty good job of most things. But it can't cope with WP's visual editor. One consequence of which is that I can't create image galleries or slideshows—at least, not by conventional means.
This post is based on lessons learnt from putting together a selection of my favourite viral images and outlines an accessible, do-it-yourself alternative to WP's proprietary method for creating slideshows.
DIY Code Blocks on Posterous
Thu, 10 Jan 2013
Filed under Blogging
Tags: alternative, code block, css, diy, html, posterous
The following first appeared on my old blog on Posterous in February, 2012. I moved it here because I'm afraid they're going to pull the plug on Posterous any day now.
I realise this topic is mostly of academic interest these days, but I decided to archive an updated version of the post for posterity. And the fact that I put a lot of work into it, dammit! 😀


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Home | Login | Register | Contact ICAM | About ICAM-I2CAM
Research at the Davis ICAM branch ranges from experiment and theory on correlated electron materials to the structure and function of enzymes and proteins to detailed theoretical modeling of cell division. Davis ICAM participants can be found in the Colleges of Math and Physical Sciences, Biological Sciences, Engineering, the Medical School, and the College of Agriculture and School of Veterinary Medicine.
The local steering committee is comprised of:
Copyright © 2009-2018 ICAM - I2CAM Institute for Complex Adaptive Matter


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Latest Reviews
Latest Previews
'Unreal II: The Awakening' - Screens
by Thomas on Aug. 12, 2002 @ 4:53 p.m. PDT
Unreal II is the sequel to the original Unreal and takes place in the same fictional universe - but the main player character and the locations are different than those found in the first game. Today we updated our archive with some more screens. Unreal II: The Awakening is developed by Legend Entertainment.


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There I was, standing at the kitchen counter with a half dozen super ripe bananas, swatting my husband's headed-to-the-garbage-can-hands in an attempt to quell their discarded fate.
I knew by the super sweet smell and the mooshy touch—not to mention Smudge's squinched up expression each time she passed them by thanks to their rather unattractive state—that I had only a day left before my opportunity would be gone. My opportunity to make banana bread.
Heeeeyyyy-yo. Guess what? That day passed. It seems like it more often than not does! Passed like two star crossed lovers on a moonlit night, as in me and my Chocolate Chip Banana Bread. Yes, I like it that much. Love, even.
But with the promise of quick bread still in her heart, Smudge wouldn't relent with the request to bake. So I went back through my recipe archives and remembered I hadn't shared this goodie with you yet. So wala, here she blows.
I present, another quickbread crush: Oatmeal Blueberry Bread, a somewhat healthier version of blueberry muffins thanks to the addition of oatmeal and my favorite, greek yogurt.
- 1 cup blueberries
- 2 cups flour, plus 1 tablespoon
- 1 cup sugar
- 2 teaspoons baking powder
- 1 teaspoon salt
- 1 cup Greek yogurt
- 2 eggs
- ½ cup (1 stick) butter, melted and cooled slightly
- 1 teaspoon vanilla
- ½ cup oats
- Preheat oven to 375°F. Line a 9×5-inch loaf pan with parchment paper or lightly butter and dust with flour.
- In a small bowl, toss blueberries with 1 tablespoon flour to keep blueberries from sinking. In a large bowl, whisk 2 cups flour, sugar, baking powder and salt. In a separate bowl, mix yogurt, eggs, melted butter and vanilla together and then fold into the dry ingredients. Add the blueberries and oats and gently combine.
- Scrape the mixture to loaf pan. It will be thick and a little sticky. Bake for 50-55 minutes and golden brown and when a toothpick inserted into the bread comes out clean. Remove from oven and cool in the pan for 5 minutes then cool on a wire rack. Serve warm or at room temperature.
The mini exploding bursts of blueberries are the choicest part, which means fresh blueberries are a must in this recipe. No, not frozen. And definitely not canned. Fresh baby, all the way. Turst me, you'll taste the difference at first bite. And if you still have a hankering for banana bread, you could surely add a smashed one to this recipe and I bet it would taste just great.
**And now for a quick survey.**
I'm making some tweaks to the FoodieCrush bloggity blog and would really appreciate your opinion, since you guys are the reasons I'm here, you know?
So here is the question. You know I love featuring blogger's recipe photos with links to their recipes. Would you:
Prefer to see the photos of delicious recipes singly within the post as I highlight them now
b) See the photos within the framework of a slideshow that would link to each blogger's recipe?
Thanks guys for your comments. I really, really appreciate your input!
Let's get to some Friday Faves. Happy weekend mi amigos!
1. Two weeks ago I had the opportunity to speak with Maria, Abby and Cindy about creating ebooks at the Build Your Blog Conference presented my Six Sisters Stuff. So many great ideas in one day. If you weren't able to attend, they're offering a taped version of the sessions. Thanks for having me sistas!
2. Speaking about speaking, Lenny and Denise were presenters with me at Mixed Conference and taught us all about the secret tips and tricks for becoming a burgeoning blogging videographer. Here's the nuts and bolts of their presentation.
3. Brilliant. Fricking brilliant when you just need a little flavor booster. See more from Kristina.
4. If you follow my Friday Faves you've heard me lament—more than once, more than twice, like 584 times—about my search for finding the best email application. I've used Outlook Express, Entourage, MacMail, Sparrow, Postbox and Gmail. I've sort of come full circle again and am back with Mail, the app that comes with the operating system for any Mac. Since they're young, fresh and up on the latest of the greatest, I asked my students what they use for email and how they keep their emails organized. Thanks to student Jared, I learned some great tips on how to power up my Mail.app organization skills with smart boxes. People, I'm on my way to a zero inbox. Three cheers to letting this topic die a victorious death.
5. Feeling a little photoshop challenged? Well, clear your schedule because today is the last day of CreativeLive's Photoshop Week, seminars from 12 authorities in the digital world teaching 40 courses to make you a PSD whiz kid.
6. Holy crap. Seriously Shawnda? Your Eggs Benedict Con Queso is solid. Solidly stellar.
7. Last week I visited the new Adobe Training Center and let me tell you, if I ever had to go back to work for someone again I would value the environment I work in as important a benefit as health insurance or a 401K. And Adobe offers an amazing environment in spades. I was there to hear Danielle LaPorte talk about life, desire maps, her new book Fire Starter Sessions—which I'm totally digging—and how to be the creator of your reality.
I'm not one for self-help schmack, it's just not my deal. But Danielle talks the way we do, friend to friend, easy breezy and isn't like one of those schmucks you feel are just trying to sell you something. Far from it—she's preaching her gospel. If you don't know her, check her out. You, and your business, just might grow from it. "If you want to know who you are, look at what you want." -Danielle LaPorte
8. So honored one of my recipes was Stefanie's husband's birthday dinner request.
9. Let's see. It's March 1. I kept my Christmas tree up 'til January 23, but I think it just might be time to swap out my Facebook header from Valentines Day. This social media sizing cheat sheet will help (via @eathlelove) and customizing a few tabs using #5 on this Friday Faves list.
10. Tweet of the week: "I'm a recovering over-sharer & you can be too. While tempting to tweet about every emotion you have; some things are best kept to oneself." — @amrecker
Also, the Muy Bueno Cookbook giveaway is almost over, enter before its done. Happy weekend!
Related Recipes
Chocolate Chip Banana Bread
5 Blueberry Muffinesque Recipes
Lemon Almond Poppyseed Muffin
Thanks for reading and please keep in touch. Subscribe to FoodieCrush and follow me on Twitter, Facebook, Pinterest and check out FoodieCrush magazine.
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Nelson Cruz isn't expected to return to the Texas Rangers. The team already has given out Cruz's old jersey number, 17, to newly signed outfielder Shin-Soo Choo.
It didn't come as a surprise to Cruz, though, as general manager Jon Daniels called him on Saturday when Choo and the Rangers agreed to a seven-year, $130 million contract.
Daniels reached out to Cruz and thanked him for what he had done for the team and the community the past eight years.
"I'm not going to 100 percent close any doors, but I think realistically his best opportunity may be elsewhere," Daniels said. "I'm expecting him to sign elsewhere, but we genuinely care about the guy and appreciate what he's done here."
The Rangers will receive draft-pick compensation if Cruz signs elsewhere. Cruz turned down the qualifying offer the Rangers made to him early in the off-season.
The Rangers acquired Cruz in a 2006 trade with the Brewers, but he didn't become a regular in the lineup until 2009. He had a breakout season that year with 33 home runs and was named to his first All-Star team.
Cruz then became one of the Rangers' best postseason batters during their 2010 and 2011 runs to the World Series. In 2010, he hit .400 in the ALDS and .350 in the ALCS. In 2011, he was named the ALCS MVP after batting .364 with six home runs and 13 RBIs.
Last season, Cruz accepted a 50-game suspension for using performance-enhancing drugs in the Biogenesis of America scandal.
Tanaka unlikely
Rangers co-chairman Bob Simpson doesn't see a scenario in which the team could make a serious effort to land Japanese right-hander Masahiro Tanaka. The Rangers, Simpson said, are "a little bit out of budget" after signing Choo to a $130 million contract and taking on $138 million for Prince Fielder.
"Tanaka would be a tough thing," Simpson said. "I guess I should never say never, but at the moment we're more interested in just rounding out our team than marquee players."
Tanaka has been posted by the Rakuten Eagles of Nippon Professional Baseball, but he comes with a $20 million fee to sign him.
Simpson went on to say that he believes with the additions of Choo and Fielder that the Rangers are "favorites in the [AL] West."
• The club designated first baseman Chris McGuiness for assignment to clear a spot on the 40-man roster for Choo.
• Daniels said the plan is to go with a platoon at designated hitter, with Mitch Moreland facing right-handers and Michael Choice or another right-handed bat against lefties. A caveat to that, Daniels said, is when manager Ron Washington uses the DH slot to give regulars a "mini" break.


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Our Hours
Monday-Saturday: 8 am-9 pm.
Standard appointments are 50 minutes.
Sunday appointments may be available upon request and on a limited basis
You Are Not Alone
The burdens and challenges of life can feel overwhelming. Our therapists are here to help you and are honored to walk with you on the road to growth and healing. Whatever difficulties you are facing, know that there is always hope and you do not have to face your struggles alone.
Sycamore Counseling & Coaching (aka Sycamore Counseling Services) does not and shall not discriminate on the basis of race, color, religion (creed), gender, gender expression, age, national origin (ancestry), disability, marital status, or sexual orientation
Our Name
Based upon the story of Zacchaeus in Luke 19, the name Sycamore signifies that we all face barriers in our spiritual journeys. With the help of others, we can overcome those obstacles and and be transformed by God's unending love and grace.
*If you are a military member, veteran, police officer, first responder, or in full-time spiritual leadership, please ask about our discounted rates.
LLPC stands for Limited Licensed Professional Counselor. TLLP stands for Temporary Limited Licensed Psychologists.
LPC stands for Licensed Professional Counselor. LLP stands for Limited Licensed Psychologist
Our Fees*
We hold high standards of care and will provide you with high-quality counseling services. We are a private-pay clinic with competitive rates and are happy to speak with you about how we can tailor our services to meet your needs and budget.
Our Clients
We provide services to individuals, couples, children, families, and groups. Our therapists are trained in evidence-based approaches and work with most issues. Please see our therapist profiles for more information.


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What to CookCandy
Salted Maple Honeycomb Candy
In Cooking from Every Angle, we hear from our fearless leaders: Food52 co-founders Amanda & Merrill.
Today: Merrill shows us how to make maple candy.
A few weeks ago, Amanda and I were tasked with a tough assignment: we were asked to be judges for an ice cream contest hosted by Just Food at their annual benefit, Let Us Eat Local.
We were a little nervous about eating all of that ice cream -- would we be able to get through all of the entries without being ill? Luckily, there were just 8 entries, rather than the 20 plus we'd imagined, and the contestants obligingly gave us dainty portions. We had plenty of room in our dessert stomachs to enjoy each and every one.
More: Browned Butter Pecan Ice Cream
Our favorite -- and apparently the favorite of the other judges as well, since it took home the gold -- was Blue Marble's entry: popcorn-flavored ice cream with crunchy little bits of maple candy swirled into it. When we asked how he'd done it, the chef told us he'd used maple syrup to make his own version of honeycomb candy, also known as seafoam or sponge candy. (If you've ever wondered how a British Crunchie bar gets its funky texture, read on.)
To make this almost otherworldly candy, which sort of reminds me of astronaut ice cream -- only much better -- all you need is sugar, honey (or in this case, maple syrup) and a little baking soda. Just as it does with cake batter or pancakes, the baking soda creates lots of air bubbles, giving the candy that incredible crunchy, airy texture that almost seems to defy science.
Of course after we'd tasted this new maple version, we had to hustle back to the Food52 test kitchen and try it ourselves. Here's how you make the maple candy:
Combine maple syrup, sugar and a bit of water in a heavy saucepan and bring it to a boil.
When the mixture reaches 300 degrees, take it off the heat and whisk in baking soda like mad.
Immediately pour the candy (be careful -- it's hot!) onto a lined baking sheet and sprinkle some flaky salt over the top.
Let the candy cool completely, until it's solid. Break it apart with your fingers into rough, jagged chunks. Store in an airtight container (do not refrigerate!) for up to a week. Optional: dip the chunks in melted chocolate and lay them on a parchment-lined baking sheet to dry.
Makes about 2 cups
1 1/4 cup sugar
1/2 cup maple syrup
1 tablespoon baking soda
1 1/2 teaspoon flaky sea salt, like Maldon
See the full recipe (and save and print it) here.
Photos by Ryan Dausch


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Southern Chile : Valdivia
Valdivia is located in Southern Chile. Administratively, it is the capital of Los ríos region. It is known for its close relationship with the rivers and wetlands surrounding the city as well as for its German influences and university life.
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text: We`re making lists and checking them twice this year, for gifts that would make us as happy to get as to give. This week`s Know-how, Audio-Video and Photography sections are devoted to lists of gift suggestions from our frequent contributors. These lists represent some of the best, brightest, most interesting or just plain delightful items in the stores this year. 1. I always complain about getting appliances for Christmas, but I`m tired of using little suction machines that never really get the dirt out of the carpet on the stairs. This time, I want the real thing: Dirt Devil from Royal Appliance Mfg., a hand-held vacuum with a heavy-duty motor and motor-driven brush, $49.95. (Royal Appliance Mfg. Co., 650 Alpha Dr., Cleveland, Ohio 44143; 216-449-6150.)


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We've noticed that you're using Internet Explorer. We always want you to have the best experience on Printchomp, so we recommend downloading Chrome or Firefox.
You can search our Printer Directory by Printer name and city, or do a wider search by State/Province to find your next great Printchomp print partner!


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Amanda's Paper Creations
Creating Blessings On Paper
Thursday, July 11, 2013
My Taylored Expressions April Key Ingredients Kit Creations
I made all of the following creations with my TE Key Ingredients April kit. I simply love these kits that come in the mail. ;)
Fun textures on this beauty, made with an embossing folder and my Big Shot.
I know I've shared this journal before, but I'm just so please with how it turned out. And I think it's gonna be on it's way to a good friend shortly. ;)
This one was pretty much CASED from someone on either the Taylored Expressions gallery or SCS, sorry I can't remember exactly and didn't save the link. Oops. The gorgeous metal brad is from CTMH and so is the washi tape. Have you tried Washi Tape yet? I am becoming a real fan!
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Amanda Kowalker
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Died April 12, 2011
Mrs. Helen James, 704 Pittman St., passed away Tuesday morning at her residence.
She was reared in Wayne County, where she attended Goldsboro Public Schools.
A viewing will be held today from 4 to 7 p.m. at the funeral home. A service of remembrance will be held Saturday at 12 noon at Greater St. John Church in Dudley, N.C. Interment will follow in Wayne Memorial Park.
Mrs. James is survived by her children, siblings, grandchildren, several nieces, nephews, cousins, other relatives and friends.
The family will receive friends at the funeral home from 6 to 7 p.m., and at other times at the residence, where they will also assemble in preparation for the funeral procession.
E.M. Matthews Funeral Home and Cremations Inc. is serving the family.
Published in Obituaries on April 15, 2011 4:11 PM


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Originally posted by Covertblack
reply to post by otherpotato
I have been kicking the idea around to start a tilapia aquaponics system. With the cold weather, there is currently snow on the ground, I am going to build a green house that could support both plant, and fish year round.
Originally posted by otherpotato
Originally posted by Covertblack
reply to post by otherpotato
I have been kicking the idea around to start a tilapia aquaponics system. With the cold weather, there is currently snow on the ground, I am going to build a green house that could support both plant, and fish year round.
Now that's ambitious... Do you think you'll give it a go this year?
Originally posted by otherpotato
reply to post by kdog1982
Yes, it actually is some work, that's why I needed to be clear about what the project entailed up front. Not everyone is interested in a formal project and that is absolutely fine. I just happen to be one of the ones who doesn't have a life and thinks this a good way to spend my spare time
Please do share your thoughts informally - I'm very interested in what you've learned. The 2013 Garden Thread is a good place for this (see my sig below).
Thanks for expressing an interest anyway!
Originally posted by Gazrok
I doubt I'll have a lot of things in place by the time of completion of your research project, but I'll be happy to contribute my own efforts.
This August, I will be starting my first "survival garden" (we have horses so will use compost and horse manure to help). The garden area is already pretty well fenced in, but we'll be completing the fencing around it. Our property already has a lot of fencing, so any predator generally has to get through about three fences to get to the garden.
In addition, next spring we'll be adding chickens to the ranch (mostly for eggs, but with the possibility of adding for meat as well). We also have rabbits, though it would take a SHTF scenario for me to convince the wife to breed these as food.
More long term, we will be planting some food producing trees. We're looking to plant a Banana tree and an Orange tree this month, 3 Apple trees (Florida varieties) and a Pear tree come December, and then an Avocado tree in February. (planting Garlic around the base of these to help deter aphids). We won't see food off of them for a few years, but have to start somewhere. We have a Tangerine tree that already fruits, but none of us really care for them all that much. Still, in a pinch....
I have some Pineapples growing along the side of the house, but they will take a while also. We'll be adding grapes next spring (just too much to do to add them this spring) also.
We're doing a medicinal/culinary garden in the front of the house, surrounding a koi pond (we have a neat little fountain that empties into it). It's my wife's "Gnome Garden". We chose plants like Roselle (Florida Cranberry), Chives, Lavender, Rosemary, Shasta Daisies, Parsley, Witch Hazel, Aloe (and we have some Aloe growing along the side of the house), Sage, Catnip, Chamomile, and Oregano. We also have some Roses growing around the house as well.
edit on 3-5-2013 by Gazrok because: (no reason given)


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Baptist minister Jack Schaaf of Hammond, Indiana delivers a screaming, shuddering sermon while polishing his shaft.
Matt Staggs
Straggler from Atlantis.
Latest posts by Matt Staggs (see all)
- A Changing Of The Guard: Meet Your New Site Editor - Jul 6, 2014
- Thirty Patients Contract TB After Visits To Acupuncture Clinic - Jul 1, 2014
- Drunk Midwesterners Make Up the Majority Of UFO Witnesses - Jul 1, 2014


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Back to the badgers…Just had another cracking time with the little bear….
I use a 16-35mm and a remote control to take this picture. I like the fact that we can see the habitat of the badger…
I also did some close up.
I am about 4 metres away…They don`t seem to be bother.
The Three amigo.. 🙂


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Math Tutoring
The Math Resource Center (MRC) in Strickler Hall 226 offers drop-in tutoring for most 100- and 200- level Mathematics courses in an environment conducive to study both individually and in small groups.
The tutors staffing the MRC are able to assist students by helping with homework questions, practice problems, and exam analysis. Come by and learn how to reduce math anxiety and improve your math study skills! Just bring your math homework and study with us.
For more information, view the MRC flyer.
Students: Don't forget to bring your student ID, or have your ID # memorized, to sign in.
We are located in Strickler Hall room 226. Drop by anytime! We can help! Our assistance includes:
- Drop-in academic support forGEN 103/104, MATH 111, 180, 190, 205, & 206 and ENGR 190, 101,& 102
- A mini-computer lab for MyMathLab, MATH XL, Hawkes, Webassign, and Internet
- Trained tutors
- Mini-computer lab - Ten computers are available with a broad array of math applications such as Hawkes, MyMathLab, and Webassign in the MRC.
- Textbooks and Course Packs - With your student id, you may check out the required textbook/course pack for your math course. Books and binders cannot be taken out of the Math Center.
- Solutions Manuals - With your student id, you may check out the student solution manual for your math textbook. Manuals cannot be taken out of the Math Center.


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Teen Takes A Workout Break To Suck And Fuck Her Man
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