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Animals Are Persons, Too
We know more about the complex inner lives of animals than ever before. Are we ready to recognize their right to be free?
Roused from his afternoon nap to meet with visitors, Eddie gamely obliged, coming up to the large glass windows to gaze at us. After a while, he pointed an index finger at his caregiver, Margaret Rousser, who was standing beside us, touched his forehead, then his mouth, puckered his lips, and made loud smooching sounds. It was a trick Eddie had been taught during his days as a Hollywood performer. He often uses the signs, which more-or-less mean "I love you," with the keepers at the Oakland Zoo, where the 24-year-old primate and his brother, Bernie, 20, live along with five other chimpanzees.
Once he got started, Eddie kept making the gestures over and over again, sometimes using both his hands, in an effort to engage with Rousser from across the thick glass barrier. There was something sad about his persistence. It seemed desperate rather than cute or funny. It reminded me of a study I had just read about how captive chimpanzees with regular human exposure find it difficult to integrate with others of their kind after their lives as pets and performers are over. It reminded me that Eddie could never be released back into the wild; he no longer has the skills to survive in the forests of Africa. His "humanlike" gestures reinforced all the things about being an ape in the wild that Eddie had lost.
I had gone to the zoo in Oakland, California specifically to meet with its seven resident chimpanzees, all of whom are either entertainment industry retirees or former lab animals released from biomedical research facilities. I was hoping for some sort of a personal encounter with at least one of them. I had a vague notion that if I could look into a chimpanzee's eyes and connect with him or her on a more intimate level, I might be able to better tell their story, and the larger story of our complicated relationship with our fellow living beings – a relationship that is now more than ever in the spotlight because of the controversial effort by a group of animal rights activists to get chimpanzees recognized as "persons" in the eyes of US law.
But Eddie never held my gaze very long. None of the chimpanzees in the enclosure showed much interest in this particular human gawking from across the barriers that held them in. Their accommodations seem humane enough. The chimpanzees' keepers clearly take good care of them, using mental "enrichments" like big climbing structures, toys, and "puzzle-feeders" (tasty treats hidden within toys) in an effort to simulate their lives in the wild. They have plenty of access to sunshine and fresh air. There's no doubt that they are living much better lives than at their previous locations. Yet, as with all living things, Eddie and his companions' inherent drive to be free persists. A thick web of cracks on one of the massive glass windows of the enclosure bears testament to this. Not too long ago, one of the keepers had overlooked a big rock lying inside the enclosure, and a chimpanzee put it to use. Now there's a sign stuck on the cracked window:
"Yes, the glass is broken;
it is made of several layers and
is designed so that it will
splinter, not shatter.
No, the chimpanzees cannot get out!"
Three thousand miles away, on the East Coast, attorney Steven M. Wise, too, has lobbed a rock – a legal one – which he hopes will shatter the glass, so to speak, and ensure that chimpanzees like Eddie and Bernie ultimately do manage to get out.
In December 2013, Wise, who is founder and president of the Nonhuman Rights Project (NhRP), and his colleagues filed the first-ever lawsuits in the world demanding four captive chimpanzees in New York State – Tommy, Kiko, Hercules, and Leo – be recognized as "persons."
Twenty-six year old Tommy is owned by a man who sells and rents reindeer. He lives in a small cement cage in a shed in the back of a used trailer lot in Gloversville, NY. Kiko, also 26, is a former Hollywood chimpanzee who used to be known as "the karate chimp." He is the property of a couple in Niagara Falls, NY and also lives in a cage. Hercules and Leo, young males who are locked up at Stony Book University, are owned by the New Iberia Research Center in Louisiana. They are being used for locomotion research.
The lawsuits, three in all (Hercules and Leo are joint plaintiffs), are the first in a series of cases the NhRP plans to file throughout the United States on behalf of animal species whose unusually high level of intelligence and self-awareness have been established by a growing body of scientific research. In addition to chimpanzees, the list includes gorillas, bonobos, orangutans, elephants, whales, and dolphins.
The NhRP – which comprises a team of attorneys and legal experts, as well as a Science Working Group led by biopsychologist Lori Marino – aims to change the legal status of these animals from mere "things," with no legal rights, to "persons" who possess, at the very least, the basic rights to life and liberty. Recognition as legal persons, Wise believes, would protect these animals from being held captive by private citizens, or in zoos, circuses, and theme parks such as SeaWorld and Six Flags. Legal personhood would also protect them from being subject to invasive experiments in laboratories.
"For hundreds and hundreds of years there has been a legal wall that separates all nonhuman animals from human beings," Wise told me over the phone from Coral Springs, Florida, where the NhRP is headquartered. "On one side are human beings, but also corporations and other nonhuman entities that are recognized as persons, and on the other side are nonhuman animals, who are defined as legal things that can be owned and are essentially invisible to the law. What we are trying to do is change the entire legal conversation and really punch a hole through that wall."
A legal person, Wise clarifies, is not necessarily a human being. A legal person is an entity of whatever kind – living or nonliving – that the legal system agrees has interests that should be protected. For example, Indian law recognizes the personhood of the Sikh holy book, the Guru Granth Sahib. In 2012 the Whanganui River in New Zealand was recognized as a legal person following years of advocacy by the Maoris. Here in the United States, corporations have been considered legal persons since the early 1800s, when the Supreme Court ruled that corporations have the same rights as natural persons.
Sixty-three-year old Wise has spent nearly three decades developing the legal strategy for his cases. Originally a criminal and personal injury lawyer, he had an epiphany in 1980 after reading Animal Liberation, philosopher Peter Singer's groundbreaking 1975 treatise that argued that the interests of animals should be considered because of their ability to suffer. "It changed me, almost literally, overnight," he says. "I hadn't realized what was going on in biomedical research and factory farms and all the ways animals were being used."
A year later, Wise joined Attorneys for Animal Rights, which would go on to become Animal Legal Defense Fund – the pioneering nonprofit organization that litigates for stronger enforcement of anti-cruelty laws and more humane treatment of animals. But Wise soon grew frustrated with the existing animal welfare laws which, he says, failed to stem animal abuse. He was losing "a lot of cases" in which he sought to represent suffering animals. "I realized the problem was the fact that nonhuman animals were 'legal things,' and that as long as they were legal things in our jurisprudence their interests would never be protected," Wise says.
In 1996, after years of research into the nature and origins of legal rights and animal law, Wise founded the Center for the Expansion of Human Rights, which in 2007 morphed into the Nonhuman Rights Project. The team at the NhRP built on Wise's research, putting in another 30,000 hours of work, gathering evidence of animal sentience, affidavits from scientists, and, most critically, deciding to take their petitions to state courts, rather than federal ones. They wanted their cases to be considered under common law, which is the domain of state courts.
"The reason that we filed our suits under the common law is because it is the kind of law that the judges themselves make, based on the evidence presented and on their sense of what is good and right," Wise says. Common law allows for quite a bit of flexibility, enabling judges to factor in new information, societal trends, and scientific facts while making their judgments, instead of being bound strictly by precedent or by what Congress and the state legislatures establish as law.
Under the common law system, when a judge decides a case, the decision becomes part of the body of law and can be used in later cases involving similar matters. The NhRP's argument that chimpanzees are entitled to liberty is based on precedents regarding the status of slaves, women, and children, all of whom were once treated as property of men.
State courts are also the ones that hear most habeas corpus cases. That is, cases based on the legal principle that requires that an imprisoned person, or an individual who is unable to personally appear in court (for example, a severely disabled person or infant), be allowed to make a plea in court. Habeas corpus (Latin for "you have the body") is critical to the NhRP's legal offensive because it allows a proxy like Wise to plead for his nonhuman clients, who can't speak for themselves.
Choosing clients also required careful consideration. Chimpanzees topped the list because of the huge volume of research into their cognitive abilities. It made sense to focus on chimpanzees because the NhRP team had managed to line up sanctuaries in the US that were ready to take the animals in. (There are no sanctuary sea pens for dolphins or whales in the US, and the two elephant sanctuaries that the NhRP prefers weren't capable of taking in more elephants at the time.) The NhRP chose to represent the four New York chimpanzees because the state's common laws are the most open to habeas corpus lawsuits.
Wise wants to "punch a legal hole" through the wall that separates animals from us.
Wise harbors no illusions that the NhRP will win any of the cases straight away. He works on the premise that it could take decades, probably even past his lifetime, before any court would acknowledge an animal as a person. Indeed, all the petitions, filed within days of each other in three different judicial regions, were rejected by the supreme court judges who heard them. (In New York State, the supreme courts are the lower, or trial, courts.) But Wise found reason for hope in the dismissals.
"We had expected to meet a wall of hostility from the three courts," he says. "We had expected the judges to deny [the petitions] without even giving us any kind of a hearing. And that only happened one time [in Leo and Hercules' case] out of the three. The other two judges gave us hearings, asked questions, heard us out.… One of them said, 'What a great job you did. I just can't be the first judge to do this, but good luck with your appeal.'"
The NhRP filed appeals in all three cases earlier this year. Tommy's case, which has been drawing worldwide attention, was heard on October 8 in an appellate court in Albany packed with reporters. The judges allowed Wise and his team to speak long past the allotted 10 minutes. "We were up there for 22 minutes and they were just throwing questions at us," Wise told me. The court is expected to come out with a ruling in early December. Wise is prepared either way: "It would be arrogant to think that we will win in the first case… but we are hopeful, and we think we have a reasonable chance."
Kiko's appeal is scheduled to be heard in a court in Rochester, NY on December 2, and the NhRP will be re-filing Hercules and Leo's petition – which was dismissed on technical grounds – in a Manhattan court in late December. Also in the works is a petition for a pair of captive elephants. Additionally, the NhRP is working on launching similar legal challenges in England, Switzerland, Spain, and Portugal in collaboration with lawyers and activists in those countries.
For Wise and his team, the lawsuits are just the first salvo of a long-term campaign. "We were prepared to keep litigating," he says. "One reason we filed [these petitions] is to test the judicial waters. I knew in 1985, when I began thinking about it, that it was going to take almost 30 years before we [would be] in a position where it was even worth it [to file a personhood case].… And it only took 28! We think we have already begun to change the legal conversation, which is also one of our goals."
At the heart of the issue that Wise and his team are trying to address lies the moral dilemma of how we should treat animals – a question that has vexed humanity for thousands of years. There is little consistency in how we relate to our many fellow creatures. Some we love and treat as family members. Some we revere, while others we fear. Some we enslave as beasts of burden, or for use in invasive lab experiments, or simply for our entertainment. And then, of course, there are the billions of animals we slaughter and eat.
Overwhelmingly, though, the dominant idea – which spans many, though not all, of the globe's cultures – has been that animals live only in the moment; have little or no sense of their own self; lack morals; don't suffer the same way as we do; and basically exist for our use. It's an idea that has helped many of us avoid the prick of conscience that tells us we might have it all wrong. Most of us loathe cruelty to animals, yet support some of the worst forms of abuse because of the food and clothing and entertainment choices we make.
But there has always been a dissident faction of humanity that has challenged this notion and argued that animals have social and emotional lives and deserve to be free. This idea sparked the modern animal welfare and rights movement in the 1970s that inspired Wise and many other animal rights activists. Nearly half a century later, beliefs about animals that were once considered fringe, or even fantasy, are one-by-one being validated by science.
In the past four decades, shelves of studies on animal behavior and cognition by researchers in the fields of ethology, neurobiology, endocrinology, and psychology have provided new insights into the inner lives of creatures great and small. We now know that many animals experience of a range of emotions – joy, love, grief, shame, embarrassment, despair – and have a basic sense of justice and what we call "morality": all traits long believed to be unique to humans, and that supposedly set us above the rest of the animal kingdom.
We know, for instance, that elephants mourn their dead even many years after their passing, stopping by the place a loved one died and gently caressing the bones of the deceased with their trunks. We have learned that dolphins nurse sick and injured pod members, that baboons can form deep friendships with non-family members and appear to mope for a long time when they are separated from their pals. We have discovered that mice can laugh, and show concern when other mice are feeling pain, and that cows experience eureka moments when they solve a problem like opening a gate to get to food. We have found that even fruit flies display primitive emotion-like behavior, getting frantic when exposed to certain unpleasant stimuli.
We know, too, that empathy crosses species borders. A quick Web search produces a wealth of viral videos to corroborate scientific observations: a leopard caring for an infant baboon, a deformed dolphin adopted by a family of sperm whales, a zoo bear helping a drowning crow, an orphaned baby hippo befriending a 130-year-old tortoise at a shelter. These fascinating scenes seem to prove the theory of some researchers, like Dutch primatologist Frans de Waal, that human ethics are based on evolutionary processes that promote cooperation and the moral high ground. "Sure, [animals] can be mean and nasty too… but on the whole their social lives are based on compassion and cooperative behavior," says Marc Bekoff, professor of ecology and evolutionary biology at the University of Colorado, Boulder.
"I always say that science is catching up to what many people have already known," says Bekoff, who is also the co-founder of Ethologists for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (primatologist Jane Goodall is the other founder). He points out that, not unlike humans, animal sentience has a dark side. Elephants, great apes, and many other animals suffer from mood and anxiety disorders when faced with adversity. Captive animals engage in self-mutilation, repetitive rocking, ceaseless pacing, and loss of appetite. And, as revealed in the documentary Blackfish – which tells the tale of the SeaWorld orca Tilikum and the human trainers he killed or injured – sometimes captive animals can simply go mad, with terrible consequences.
The volume of research into animal cognition is conclusive enough that in July 2012 a group of leading scientists signed "The Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness in Human and Nonhuman Animals." The declaration says that humans are not the only conscious beings and that many other animals, including those that are unlike humans, possess consciousness and, in all likelihood, self-awareness. Using typical scientific jargon the document declares that:
The absence of a neocortex does not appear to preclude an organism from experiencing affective states.… The weight of evidence indicates that humans are not unique in possessing the neurological substrates that generate consciousness. Non-human animals, including all mammals and birds, and many other creatures, including octopuses, also possess these neurological substrates.
Bottom line: We are not quite as special as we'd like to think. Or, as Charles Darwin theorized 150 years ago, the difference between man and other animals is one of degree, and not of kind.
Yet the declaration and the scientific evidence that supports it only underscore the huge disconnect between what we now know about animal sentience and how we treat other creatures. At no other time has our awareness of other animals' similarity to us been so thorough. And at no other time has our subjugation of the animal kingdom been so complete.
Every year, we kill more than 56 billion farmed animals, with 10 billion slaughtered in the US alone, according to Farm Animal Rights Movement. This number doesn't include fish and other sea life, where the numbers "harvested" are so large that they are usually measured in tons. The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) reports that 20 million animals are used in US research laboratories annually. (Not all of this research is health related. A section of the cosmetics industry still tests its products on animals.) This number also doesn't include the tens of millions of rats and mice used in labs. APHIS doesn't require their numbers to be reported because the US Animal Welfare Act doesn't cover rodents.
"The problem is that all that data has not been set down into regulations," Bekoff says. "For example, we've known for more than eight years that mice display empathy, but it's not been factored into the way in which mice are treated in laboratories in America. So, in a sense, the knowledge is not having any impact on the quality of life for the millions upon millions of animals.… That's why if animals, maybe just chimpanzees for now, were viewed as persons, that would make it a lot harder for people to abuse them."
As Wise's lawsuits wend their way through the New York courts, some countries have already established laws or regulations that recognize, in varying degrees, the sentience and rights of some animals. Switzerland, where animals enjoy greater protections than anywhere in the world, amended its constitution in 1992 to categorize animals as "beings" and not "things." The Swiss canton of Zurich even has a state-funded public prosecutor for abused pets and farm animals. New Zealand granted basic rights to five great ape species in 1999, forbidding their use in research or teaching. In 2002, Germany amended its constitution to guarantee rights to animals, becoming the first European Union member to do so. The Balearic Islands, a province of Spain, were the first place in the world to grant personhood to great apes in 2007. And in 2008, the Spanish parliament passed a resolution saying great apes should have the right to life and freedom. The EU's Treaty of Lisbon, which went into effect in 2009, recognizes that animals are "sentient beings," and requires that all EU policy having to do with the use of animals "pay full regard" to their welfare. Most recently, in 2013, India recognized dolphins as nonhuman persons, banning their captivity for entertainment purposes as a moral violation of their right to life and freedom.
But, needless to say, the idea of nonhuman personhood remains controversial. For many people, it provokes worries about a snowball effect: If personhood becomes a reality for chimpanzees and whales, won't it just be a matter of time before horses, cows, dogs, cats, and even mice are brought into the fold? Some researchers who work with animals are concerned that animal personhood could lead to the demise of animal research, ranching, and perhaps pet ownership.
"The personhood project tries to give some animals equal standing to humans and I think that creates some practical issues, at least with chimpanzees," says Stephen Ross, the director of the Lester E. Fisher Center for the Study and Conservation of Apes at the Lincoln Park Zoo in Chicago. Ross has studied chimpanzees for more than two decades and helped draft the National Institutes of Health's recent decision to phase out all but 50 chimpanzees from its laboratories. He advocates ending invasive research and private ownership of chimpanzees, and housing retired apes in large enclosures in zoos, sanctuaries, and universities. "I think we share a common goal," he says of Wise's effort. "We want to make things better for chimpanzees. But we have differing ideas on how to pursue that goal."
Unlike Wise, Ross believes that a captive chimpanzee population with a "viable gene pool" is necessary since the species is endangered in the wild, though he admits that the reintroduction of a US-based chimpanzee population in Africa "is a real long shot, a last ditch Hail Mary."
Other researchers cite a more conventional argument: Personhood would directly affect their work, which seeks to benefit humans. The National Association for Biomedical Research, for instance, is opposed to any attempts to grant research animals personhood. It says chimpanzees are crucial for behavioral research and for developing vaccines against human diseases, such as Hepatitis C. Association president Frankie Trull says assigning rights to animals would be "chaotic" for researchers.
Animal personhood advocates counter that although it's true that research on animals has helped save both human and animal lives in the past, there's no reason why medical research needs to continue using animals as models. "Look at veterinary schools, for instance. None of them, I think, now use live animals," says Lori Marino, the NhRP's science director. "And it's actually been shown that using models, computer animated models, cell cultures, and humans as well, to study anesthesia, actually creates a better learning experience. We just have to have to have the courage to shift out of this paradigm." In order to help make that shift happen, Marino founded the Kimmela Center for Animal Advocacy, which she says will work to help students who don't want to do invasive research on animals pursue careers as scientists. "It still has to be good science, and that's important. No one's going to get away with publishing scientific papers unless it's good science, whether they are advocates or not."
While there's a general agreement among animal advocates that the movement for legal personhood is helping bring the discussion about how we treat animals to the forefront, there are some concerns about the NhRP lawsuits. Some worry about the narrow focus on animals that are "humanlike." Others question whether Wise's legal strategy is the best way to proceed.
Not unlike humans, animal sentience also has a dark side.
"I think one of the weak sides of the legal approach here is that we are focusing too much on cognitive superstars like chimpanzees," says Paul Waldau, an anthrozoology professor at Canisius College in Buffalo, NY, who has written several books on animal rights and speciesism. "Clearly they deserve to be recognized [as legal persons], but it's partly parasitic on how special we think we humans are." Philosopher Lori Gruen worries that stressing chimpanzees' anthropomorphic traits "overemphasizes certain capacities as being valuable." This overemphasis might be to the detriment of other sentient animals whose cognitive capacities may be totally different from our own, though not necessarily less complex. "When we start to think of them in these very sweeping terms, we may overlook differences that are really important in our understanding of these animals," says Gruen, who coordinates the animal studies program at Wesleyan University. But she agrees that the personhood approach makes "a certain amount of sense" given that the law is a blunt instrument, and "is not meant to be a nuanced, philosophical structure."
Which, of course, is exactly Wise's point. He is starting with animals like great apes, elephants, dolphins, and whales precisely because the volume of research into the intelligence of these animals and their similarity to us might make judges less resistant to accepting them as legal persons. "We are litigating in front of judges who are members of our society, who have their opinions, who read books and magazines, and watch television," he says.
But Wayne Pacelle, president of the Humane Society of the United States (HSUS), one of America's most effective animal welfare champions, isn't convinced that the NhRP's strategy will bring much success. "While I think the personhood notion is evocative and it stretches our conventional notions about animals and our responsibilities toward them, I think the methodical approach that we've been taking and gaining incremental ground in the courts is really the best strategy to advance our gains," he says. During the past decade, HSUS, which has a large, sophisticated legal team, has helped pass more than 1,000 state laws and 25 federal statutes to protect animals, including bans on cockfighting, cruel factory farming practices, and negligent puppy-mill operations. Pacelle says the organization has managed to do that by "building the law" through public awareness campaigns, lobbying for legislative reforms, state ballot initiatives, and by working to defend the laws that are already in place, rather than "relying on a judge to make a declaration."
"I think it's very difficult to just have a single courtroom strategy. You really have to have the legislative strategy and the public opinion strategy all working in concert together," he says. "You know, in football terms, I would say we are more of a 'ball control offense,' rather than just throw the ball seven yards down the field."
photo by Milan Boers via Wikimedia Commons
Pacelle also thinks the term "rights" is fraught with too much philosophical baggage. "The way that we at the Humane Society frame the issue is: It's really more about humans than it is about animals. It's how we conduct ourselves. Because we are the ones with all the power in our relationship with animals." The law, he says, should be about checking human behavior rather than granting animals rights.
David Favre, professor of animal law at Michigan State University and a former colleague of Wise from his Animal Legal Defense Fund days, suggests that a third, intermediate legal strategy – designating animals as "living property" – might find more traction. Favre doesn't share Wise's optimism, not in a society in which a large chunk of the economy is based on the exploitation of animals. "There needs to be this intermediate step where we move animals into a different category of property… and call it 'living property,'" he says. "And in that category, we can then sort of make a transition where we can take into account more and more the nature and interests of the animals and less and less the fact that they are simply owned by somebody."
Favre notes that these kinds of "incremental changes" already are happening in the area of wills and trusts. Companion animals have long been allowed to be named as beneficiaries – the most notorious example being the late hotel tycoon Leona Helmsley's $12 million bequest to her Maltese dog, Trouble. Favre believes property law can be transformed so that ownership is redefined as guardianship, allowing animals to receive the legal respect they deserve.
Wise is unfazed by these critiques. "I'm kind of in a hurry to get certain rights for animals, and I can't see how it can be done without personhood," he told me. "It's the keystone for everything. Without it you are invisible in the eyes of law."
On an Indian summer afternoon in late September, I met with Mara, Maggie, and Lulu on a grassy knoll at the Performing Animals Welfare Sanctuary in San Andreas, a small town on the western slope of the Sierra Nevada, about 130 miles from San Francisco. The elephant habitat in the 2,300-acre sanctuary includes several acres of rolling slopes and valleys with small lakes to soak in, and is one of the places the NhRP plans to send its elephant clients if it manages to win them personhood rights. The three wild-born, middle-aged African elephants, all retired from zoos across the US, like to stick together. Maggie is the charmer of the lot. She steals food from the others and takes up the best spots at the mud holes. Yet Mara and Lulu let her get away with it, treating her more like a young calf than a peer.
Watching the three elephants gently reach out their trunks to greet a human keeper and then stand there under the wide open sky, chewing large clumps of hay, it was hard to imagine that we ever thought of these magnificent creatures as incapable of experiencing pleasure and pain. Then again, anyone who has had a companion animal – who has seen a house cat stretch out languorously in a patch of sunlight on a cold day, or a dog lie on its back begging to be scratched – would say the same about them, too.
Nature, ultimately, is indifferent to our anthropocentric worldview. It draws no bright line separating humans from other life. The pleasure or pain or fear that a mouse or a seal or a tiger feels is probably no less intense to it than the pleasure or pain or fear that you and I feel. We don't need a law to tell us that. In the same way, just because an animal doesn't have legal status as a "person" doesn't mean that we have no moral responsibility toward that animal. Claiming we don't know what other animals want or need is a cop out. We know, at the very least, that they want to live out their lives in peace and safety. We know that they want to either be treated with dignity, or simply left alone – the same as any other person.
Maureen Nandini Mitra is managing editor of Earth Island Journal.
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Carol A. thanks for posting the official position of the Catholic Church on no-rights for animals. This is so horrible. I suppose the Catholic Church considered Jews, disabled people, Gypsies, swing dancers, some artists and musicians, etc etc, as "chattel" too. As you may know the Catholic Church was very much involved in the Nazi extermination. And, you may also know that blacks and women were considered "non-human" till sometime in the late 19th century.
By Marian Drake on Sun, May 03, 2015 at 10:43 am
Here is the official Catholic Church's dogma on the moral status of nonhuman animals, as reflected in the words of Jesuit priest and philosopher Joseph Rickaby, who stated animal rights do no exist:
"Brute beasts, not having understanding and therefore not being persons, cannot have any rights. The conclusion is clear. They are not autocentric. They are of the number of THINGS, which are another's: they are chattels, or cattle. We have no duties to them…. Nor are we bound to any anxious care to make [their] pain as little as may be. Brutes are THINGS in our regard: so far as they are useful to use, they exist for us, not for themselves; and we do right in using them unsparingly for our need and convenience…."
And I'll include this from the book "Men, Beasts and Gods, A History of Cruelty and Kindness to Animals" (Charles Scribner's Sons, NY 1972) by Gerald Carson"
"The reflection that the lower creatures suffered, although innocent, troubled many consciences. But the official dogma stood firm that brutes [sic] had neither personality, 'intellective soul' nor future life. Their place in the universe was fixed forever in Genesis 1:28, that they lived and died for the convenience of man. As late as the middle of the last century, Pius IX refused permission for the formation in Rome of a society for the prevention of cruelty to animals on the grounds that it was a theological error to suppose that man had any duty toward animals."
By Carol A. on Thu, April 30, 2015 at 3:27 pm
I recently discovered that in Oregon,USA, animals are "persons." There is a Deputy District Attorney whose sole job is defending abused animals. The article is just out in Portland's Willamette Week newspaper: http://www.wweek.com/portland/article-23626-the_animal_lawyer.html
"The Rights of Nature" is something that the Community Rights Movement is working on. Mora County, New Mexico, USA has passed a Rights of Nature ordinance (law), and Ecuador's new constitution also protects the Rights of Nature. http://therightsofnature.org/stories/first-rights-of-nature-lawsuit/
By Marian D on Mon, December 08, 2014 at 8:48 am
The Provocative Elitism of "Personhood" for Nonhuman Creatures
in Animal Advocacy Parlance and Polemics
Karen Davis, PhD, President
United Poultry Concerns
Journal of Evolution and Technology - Vol. 24 Issue 3 – Sept 2014 – pp. 35-43
Animal advocates cannot allow the idea to take hold that only the great apes and certain other "higher" animals are fit to be "persons." Working to change the moral status of the great apes or sea mammals, for example, is a legitimate and important undertaking, but it should not be done at the expense of other animals. Such thinking is not only disconnected from real animals in the real world; it perpetuates the view that beings belonging to species deemed "nonpersons" or "merely conscious" are of lesser, or no, moral significance until or unless, through an institutionalized system of painful, stressful, and demeaning experiments over decades or centuries, some of them might "prove" themselves worthy of being called persons or semi-persons or sort-of-persons entitled to whatever privileges such designations may confer.
By Karen Davis on Sun, December 07, 2014 at 7:31 am
Thanks for the great article and concept. I have a question about one issue—Here's the quote from the article: "State courts are also the ones that hear most habeas corpus cases. That is, cases based on the legal principle that requires that an imprisoned person, or an individual who is unable to personally appear in court (for example, a severely disabled person or infant), be allowed to make a plea in court. Habeas corpus (Latin for "you have the body") is critical to the NhRP's legal offensive because it allows a proxy like Wise to plead for his nonhuman clients, who can't speak for themselves."
I thought that the US no longer has a habeas corpus law. Wasn't that thrown out, under huge protest because it's actually the only (?) right that is within the main body of the Constitution (not in an amendment)? Does anyone remember this controversy? Was it the civil-rights-removing Act (forget its name) that Congress passed on a fast track, without ever reading it (it was several inches thick), soon after 911?
By Marian D on Fri, December 05, 2014 at 8:09 pm
Below are a few of the individuals who are part of a public awareness campaign that is designed to change the existing mindset and paradigm that sees and treats other species as property, object, commodities and things to be exploited, enslaved, and killed for our so called benefits and enjoyment.
"Harboring the idea of owning another living being is in itself an act of violence, and our outer violence toward nonhuman animals, which is so devastating to them and to us all, springs from this idea. We can be their families, guardians, companions, friends and protectors; that this blesses us far more than we might think. The move from "owner" to "guardian" frees both the "owners" and the "owned," and establishes the foundation for peace, freedom, and justice. We are all harmed by the culturally mandated ownership mentality that reduces beings to mere commodities, property and things; whether for food, clothing, entertainment, or the myriad of other uses. It is long past time for us to awaken from this cultural trance of owning our fellow beings, and instead see ourselves as their guardians. This is the very essence of compassion, sanity, and healthy relationships with nonhuman animals and with each other. I am grateful for and support the Guardian Campaign, initiated by IDA, as an essential step in our individual and collective evolution to a brighter today; and tomorrow for our children, and for the children of all our fellow beings." Dr. Will Tuttle, Recipient of the Courage of Conscience Award and author of the #1 Amazon best-seller, The World Peace Diet.
"One of the most destructive words we use when we speak of nonhuman beings, is "owner." The notion that other species are "property," or commodities or things that we can "own," underlies every instance of animal abuse and exploitation. If we refer to ourselves as "guardians" rather than "owners," we begin to get to the root of the problem instead of putting out endless brush fires; we are reminded of our truest values as compassionate individuals. And each time someone reads or hears "guardian" in our public and private discourse, there will be a tiny spark of recognition that we are talking about a role that requires responsibility, compassion and care. Jan Allegretti, Founder, C.A.R.E.
"I am so tired of people who take care of animals being referred to as "owners." Can we please discard this archaic domineering terminology that objectifies animals as mere property to be done with as anyone pleases rather than afforded the decency and respect that any sentient being deserves? We are guardians, yes, but not owners." Armaiti May, DVM
"How can we own another person? We cannot. Why then should we think we can own another being, a dog, a cat or a horse? The law may (say) we can, but the law also told us in the past that men owned their wives, parents (owned) their children, slave owners (owned) their slaves. I now realize how wrong it is to consider myself an animal 'owner.' Language is no trivial matter; how we use it affects how we think and then how we act. In Defense of Animals is truly achieving something remarkable. For the first time in history, people are being made aware of the fact that animals can no longer be considered a 'thing,' a 'commodity,' or an 'object.'" Jeffrey Moussaieff Masson, author, When Elephants Weep and Dogs Never Lie About Love
"Animals are not resources or property with whom we can do as we please, their lives matter very much, and they should be firmly entrenched in our moral code community. Accepting the notion of 'animal guardian' replacing 'pet owner' will go a long way towards making the lives of our animal companions much better and richer." Marc Bekoff, Professor Emeritus, University of Colorado
"As an attorney, it is all too obvious to me that true legal protection for animals from cruelty and abuse will not occur as long as they are recognized and treated as nothing more than commodities, property and things. Codifying the language and concepts of animal guardianship will help to usher in the day when our laws reflect our society's feelings that companion animals are members of our families and not mere objects to be used, abused and disposed of at will." Robert Trimble, Attorney
"The words we use are powerful. Words such as "love, peace and freedom," have impacted societies and changed them for the better. "Guardian" is that kind of word. Because to be a true Guardian means to reach into our hearts and allow for a deeper and more meaningful connection to form between ourselves and the animals we share our world with. A connection that not only will most positively affect their lives but also has the power to transform our own. " Carlyn Montes De Oca L.Ac., Dipl. O.M., M.T.O.M.
"I am forever appalled by the way we humans tame and treat animals for our own selfish ends. In the final analysis this arrogance that we display towards "lesser" life and towards nature is going to recoil on us. What you are attempting to do through the "Guardian" network needs to be replicated all over the world. Wish you all the best."
Arun Gandhi, Grandson of Mahatma Gandhi, Founder and President M.K.Gandhi Institute
"Animals need to be regarded as more than material property of an owner. Changing the title of animal 'owner' to animal 'guardian' is a symbolic move toward recognizing the importance and rights of animals. The term 'owner' denotes an apathetic relationship to material and inanimate things. The term 'guardian' denotes a positive and mutually beneficial relationship between two living beings, whose constant care, attention and affection are necessary for prosperity. The term 'guardian' instills respect for and appreciation of our animal companions. Jeffrey Prang, Former Mayor of West Hollywood, CA
By Elliot M. Katz, DVM on Thu, December 04, 2014 at 8:56 pm


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subset: commoncrawl


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FOLKS My Mother
- Uploaded by lmfmTV, 11th February 2013
Livemusic had the privilege of a visit from Manchester's FOLKS to perform an acoustic version of their newest single My Mother.
FOLKS stopped off on the way to play a headlining show at London's Sebright Arms, for which we are grateful. I'm sure you are too as this is a great performance of a great FOLKS song.
So please enjoy our latest Stairwell Live Session!
If you're a fan of FOLKS please comment below and help spread the word.
- 0comments


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NEW YORK — Tuesday night, 10 businessmen here paid $5,000 each to meet Mayor Harold Washington at a cocktail party in the plush Park Avenue high-rise apartment of an investment banker.
Later in the evening, just before the mayor headed off to a concert by soul singer Patti LaBelle, 50 more business people, many of them also investment bankers, attended a separate party with Washington and his top aides, including chief-of-staff Ernest Barefield. The minimum donation at this affair was $100. Some of the guests handed over their checks to hostesses as they entered a glitzy dining room in the same building. Music was provided by a lone violinist.


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Dear Reader,
Please note I'm now active on my WEBSITE
Please note I'm now active on my WEBSITE
***Darkness Undone interconnects with the Fallen Guardians' worlds.
On a side note, Reynner ( the hero of DU ) was once Aethan's best friend. Yes, they were :)
3000yrs later they meet again. You'll find out what happened, see how one impulsive comment changed their lives forever.
You've read Aethan's story, now it's Reynner's turn…
3000yrs later they meet again. You'll find out what happened, see how one impulsive comment changed their lives forever.
You've read Aethan's story, now it's Reynner's turn…
A fading realm, a warrior bound, and the woman who will save them both…
Bound to a vengeful goddess, immortal warrior, Reynner, has little time for the fairer sex. The last thing he wants is to be aligned with another female, even if she is the key to finding an artifact and saving his realm. But his stone-cold resistance is tested, his attraction undeniable for the feisty mortal, until she demands the one thing he cannot give her…his trust.
Eve Leighton avoids intimacy of any sort after an accident in her teens left her with a painful ability to see into another's mind through physical contact. When an ice-cold warrior claims she is his world's savior, she's intrigued, until she dares a look into his soul and sees a man who's been cruelly betrayed. She agrees to help him and loses her heart. But the man is an unassailable fortress. With quiet determination, she chips away his barriers and a passion darker than night pulls them under.
As his enemies close in on the hunt for the artifact, Reynner must overcome his own personal demons as battles are fought to claim the woman he loves or lose her forever. And Eve has to face her own mortality and fight for a love of a lifetime.
The sudden hush in the busy little café should have been his first clue shit was about to fly.
Wrapped in his thoughts, Reynner savored his dark roasted coffee hot enough to scrape a layer off his throat, when he became aware of the unnatural quiet. Looking up, he got an eyeful of a tall female sashaying toward him, not in the least surprised she'd found him. Again.
Lustrous black hair framed a face of sheer perfection, one that made gods and men whimper for her favor. A long, fitted white dress with a slit up to her thigh hugged her body and fell to her ankles.
Oh, he understood the awed silence all too well since he'd once succumbed to that same sensual spell. Easing his grip on the mug, he set it aside, wishing he'd taken his coffee to go. A chair scraped on the linoleum opposite him. A moment later, her stiletto heel rode up his leather-clad leg to caress his inner thigh beneath the tablecloth.
He shoved her foot off him. In a measured move, he picked up a coin from the change on the table and spun it so he wouldn't be tempted to reach across and strangle her.
"Get lost, Inanna. I'm busy."
"Reynner…" She held out a hand in appeal, her topaz eyes luminescent with tears. "Don't do this..."
Ignoring the Sumerian Goddess of Love and War hadn't worked in the past, and certainly not now.
He cut her an implacable stare. "Don't do what? Ignore you? Or prefer other females?"
Her face darkened at his mention of the women. "Why would you want these weak, pathetic creatures?" Her tears vanished as fast as they appeared. "I'm powerful. I'll make it wonderful between us again."
Reynner leaned back in the wooden chair and ran a cool, dismissive gaze over her stunning face and lush body. More flighty promises, but no hint of an apology for what she'd done to him. The thought would never have entered her narcissistic mind.
"I enjoy other women."
"You lie."
Reynner shrugged. Picking up the fallen coin, he worked it between his fingers. He just wanted coffee and a few minutes of quiet before he went back on the streets. Instead, he got her.
It should have felt good torturing Inanna, but he got no enjoyment, just a prolonged headache that had started over two millennia ago.
How could he have known then that stopping at the Sumerian pantheon would so irrevocably change his life?
"You've become cold and unfeeling. One little mistake and you're still making me pay." Her sulky voice drew him back.
"One little mistake?" His tone made glaciers seem warm.
"It was just a teeny-tiny year—"
"A year?" His hands crashed on the table. The coin flew and disappeared beneath a chair. "It was a fucking century in Hell!"
Inanna jerked back and blinked. Several humans turned their way in curiosity.
"Your deception caught me unaware, never forget what I am," he said, his warning clear.
Her eyes flickered. Not from fear, Inanna didn't believe there was anyone more powerful than her, but with a gleam of sexual promise. She knew all too well what he was, and why she hounded him.
Empyreans were a race of beings as old as the celestial angels and just as powerful, but far more carnal.
She leaned forward and rested her arms on the table, her low neckline displaying an eyeful of cleavage. "I'll make it up to you…" Her voice lowered to a smoky promise. "I'll make you my consort."
He'd rather be imprisoned in Hell again.
"You have a mate."
"I am a goddess. I can do whatever I want. Come on, lover," she wheedled. "It will be good between us again…then I'll help you find what you seek."
Reynner stilled, his instincts on alert. Did she know where the missing Stone was? But meeting her watchful gaze, he dismissed the thought. No immortal would know for sure. The damn thing hid from them all. Even if she could aid him, he would never accept her help. It always came with a price.
Reining in his irritation, he ignored her baiting and turned to take in the busy café.
The brunette waitress at the table farther down watched him from beneath her lashes while she served a customer. She'd been sending him all sorts of signals from the moment she'd set his coffee down. Ones he didn't encourage since he had no interest in females as a whole. Besides, he knew what a jealous bitch Inanna could be.
A virulent hiss erupted from opposite him when she spotted the waitress. As if to prove his point, with a flick of her hand, the waitress flew backward, crashing into a table. Chaos erupted, drowning the female's frightened cry. Two human males rushed to help her.
A cat-like smile curved Inanna's mouth. But her eyes flared with ire as she played with the deep blue lapis lazuli stone set in intricate silver filigree around her neck. "Look at another human tart again, and I will hurt her."


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Social Work in Action.
Dominican University's Graduate School of Social Work challenges you to change the world by helping you obtain the skills you need to make a difference. Accredited by the Council on Social Work Education, we prepare professional social workers for globally-focused, family-centered practice. Our mission guides us to advocate for human rights, social and economic justice for all persons and promote human and community well being.
We aspire to be an innovative global leader in social work through inquiry-based education, ethical engagement, commitment to positive social transformation and through unmatched opportunities for local, national and international field placements and externships.
For MSW Seekers
Our nationally recognized Master of Social Work has set the standard for programs in the Chicago area in extending the discipline to international communities. In addition, two available concentrations and three in-demand specializations in gerontology, military social work and school social work will prepare you to meet the unique challenges facing these populations.
We also offer dual master's degree programs with our Brennan School of Business (MSW/MBA) and Graduate School of Library and Information Science (MSW/MLIS).
For Professional Social Workers
Dominican offers post-MSW certificates in gerontology, working with the military and social work in schools (formerly Type 73 certification) as well as CEU's through our Center for Professional Excellence.
Learn more about any of our programs by attending a free information session, or request to receive information by mail.


text: Everyone is very different, it totally depends on your needs and your preferences. Oils are more potent, cost more, and yet you are usually paying less per milligram of CBD. Pills are an easy way to get it down, but much CBD is lost in digestion. Tinctures can be a tasty way to get CBD sublingually but often times contain other ingredients you might not want. Vapes are quick to deliver medicine but not everyone wants to inhale vaporized propylene glycol (the carrier). Edibles can be quite tasty yet some of us should not be having too much sugar. And topicals are great, yet often times don't have enough CBD to treat the whole body well. The point is, you'll have to try different kinds and decide for yourself.


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For busy working women, the suit is often the easiest outfit to throw on in the morning. In general, this feature is not about interview suits for women, which should be as classic and basic as you get — instead, this feature is about the slightly different suit that is fashionable, yet professional.
I like this black wool check from Brooks Brothers. The suit itself is so classic that not much can be said about it — wool blend, pants fully lined, jacket half-lined. The pattern is interesting, though, in part because it's such a classic menswear pattern — I think it's far rarer to see a nice woman's suit that has a simple check. The jacket (Wool Check Jacket) is $498, the pants (Wool Check Caroline Fit Trousers) are $248, and the skirt (Wool Check Skirt, not pictured) is $198.


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I recently saw those very same words emblazoned on the side of an orange juice carton, and they seem eerily appropriate for this blog entry.
It's been a very busy summer for me, professionally…and I'm not going to complain about that. Over the last couple of months, I've been involved with Sequential Pulp, a new imprint of prestigious Dark Horse. Overseen by comics industry veteran Michael Hudson, Sequential Pulp is dedicated to reviving classic pulp tales as graphic novels…of course, the definition of pulp is very broad and encompasses everything from classic literature such as The Hunchback of Notre Dame to Fredric Brown's much more recent Martians Go Home. Check out this link: Sequential Pulp
This is a very exciting endeavor…Michael Hudson is more than an editor or a traffic controller…he's a visionary who is thoughtful and insightful not only about the field and the market but the talent. Of course, I'm probably a little biased inasmuch as I'm adapting:
Seven Footprints to Satan, Abraham Merritt's classic weird menace thriller, working with my Cryptozoicacollaborator, the brilliant Jeff Slemons. Footprints has been a perennial favorite for decades, revolving around archeologist's Jim Kirkham's clash with a master criminal who has assumed the identity of—can you say—Satan?!?
The book was filmed during the Silent Era and the set piece featuring the "And they're climbing a stairway to Saaaay-a-tan" scene has become an iconic image, even if most people aren't aware of its source.
I'm also adapting a character that I've loved for most of my life—none other than Richard S. Prather's "Hippest Private Dick—the legendary…
Members of my forum know I've expressed my admiration for Richard Prather's crew-cut Hollywood PI on a number of occasions. If Mike Hammer exemplified the private eye figure in the 1950s, Shell defined it for the 1960s, even though the series was published steadily through the 1970s with a few entries in the 80s.
Gold Medal, an imprint of Fawcett, was the original publisher of the Shell Scott novels—as such Shell stood in good company with such luminaries as Donald Hamilton's Matt Helm, John D. MacDonald's Travis McGee, Stephen Marlowe's Chet Drum, Edward S. Aarons' Sam Durrell, Philip Atlee's Joe Gall and "Richard Stark's" Parker.
Gold Medal, with its focus on series characters served as the direct precursor and inspiration for Harlequin's Gold Eagle imprint…except Gold Medal's output was vastly more diverse and vastly superior in quality. The Big Guns were Matt Helm, Travis McGee, Parker and Shell Scott.
The Gold Medal authors were the guys who taught me how to write…particularly Dick Prather. These were writers who had led real lives and so they didn't rely on movies, TV shows or computer games to give them inspiration. There was no single follicle of fake chest hair to be found in any of their books. Their series heroes didn't need to pack .50 caliber penis extenders or roar "Boo-Yuh!" and bump knuckles with absurdly over-armed "teams" or "forces" in order to come off as legitimately tough.
My dad read several of the Gold Medal series and at around age ten, I happened to come across Kill The Clown on his nightstand…intrigued by the cover and the blurbs, I started sneak-reading it. Since it was a "grown up" book, I couldn't be caught openly reading it…not in those days.
I was immediately taken with the tone and the character—the book was action-packed, graphically violent by the standards of the time but more importantly—even I knew it was funny.
Shell Scott punched, shot and smart-assed his way through Kill The Clown accompanied only by his sharp appreciation of the ridiculous. After flipping through other Gold Medal books in my dad's rather small library I realized quickly that Prather's Shell Scott was unique among their roster of professional thieves, spies and salvage experts—he had a sense of humor that carried him through the most lethal situations.
And of course…there were the babes—all types, all colors, all states of dress and undress. Platinum blonde starlets and dusky-skinned Voodoo priestesses were all the same as far as Shell was concerned—babes.
The Shell Scott novels were more screwball action-adventure than hardboiled detective stories and that could be one reason they remained so popular for so long. There were any number of private eye book series in the 1960s and whole lot of them were set on the same Hollywood turf as Shell, but few of them possessed the color, the elan' and joie d' vivre as Dick Prather's creation. The books sold in the tens of millions and there wasn't a place that carried mass market paperbacks in the 1960s where you couldn't see Robert McGinnis' iconic portrait of Shell grinning at you.
The novels were hip, paced at a blinding speed, sloppin' over with wise-ass remarks. You could almost hear West Coast jazz blaring whenever you opened a book. Set in glitzy 1960s Los Angeles, Shell wasn't prone to gloomy ruminations in dark alleys with a Fedora tugged down over his eyes and the collar of a trench coat up by his ears.
Shell joked and smoked and got drunk and drove too fast in his Cadillac convertible and woke up with hangovers. He had bad taste in clothes but not in women. By today's standards, he's gloriously politically incorrect but the books had their share of female fans.
I read a lot of hardboiled detective books as I grew older and developed a particular fondness and even reverence for Raymond Chandler's Philip Marlowe and Ross MacDonald's Lew Archer, but they never grabbed me as viscerally like Shell Scott did. He was and remains one-of-a-kind.
Only a couple of the Gold Medal series characters enjoyed lives beyond the printed page—Matt Helm and Parker…and that was due to movies. Parker fared somewhat better than Helm in film, but the entire Gold Medal group of characters seemed destined to be forgotten except for a handful of aficionados…me among them.
Then a couple of years ago, comics publisher IDW came out with graphic novel adaptations of two Parker novels—The Hunter and The Outfit. Both enjoyed great success and became instant classics, due in the main to Darwyn Cooke's artistic vision…but timing had a great deal to do with their success.
Nearly 20 years ago, toward my last few months with Millennium Publications, I had the idea of adapting hardboiled detectives into the "graphic narrative"—my first choice was Dashiell Hammett's character of the Continental Op and the seminal novel that set the hardboiled standard, Red Harvest.
My second choice was Shell Scott. But circumstances being what they were in the comics market in those days, nothing came of either plan.
But now, thanks to the efforts of Michael Hudson at Sequential Pulp and Linda Pendleton, the first of three graphic novels featuring Shell Scott is in production. It is, of course, Kill The Clown, with art by my partner in Justice Machinery, David Enebral. The second is Dead Man's Walk and the third is Pattern For Panic.
The response to IDW's Parker adaptations has been wildly enthusiastic and I have no reason to believe that the return of Shell Scott in a new medium will garner any less a warm reception. It just goes to prove that a good idea is a good idea, even if it takes twenty years to come to fruition.
And speaking of good ideas…another Sequential Pulp project on my plate is H. Rider Haggard's King Solomon's Mines–working with the legendary Pablo Marcos! Those of you who read comics from the 70s through the 90s will recognize Pablo from his long runs on Marvel's Tales of the Zombie and the Savage Sword of Conan.
He is truly one of the living legends of this field and has produced an enormous body of work, not just in comics but children's books as well as fine art. It is a privilege and honor to be working with him.
The hero of King Solomon's Mines, Allan Quatermain, is one of the primary inspirations for Indiana Jones. For that the matter, the book is credited with creating the whole "lost civilization" genre.
Quatermain has been portrayed on film by Stewart Granger, Richard Chamberlain, Patrick Swayze and of course, by Sir Sean Connery as an aging Allan in The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen.
The novel itself was cited as an influence by Edgar Rice Burroughs and Sir Arthur Conan Doyle in their tales of lost worlds and tribes. Michael Crichton's Congo was an updated version of the tale…not that I cared much for it. I mean…killing off Bruce Campbell in the first five minutes?!? C'mon!
H. Rider Haggard wrote numerous adventures of Allan Quatermain and hopefully, King Solomon's Mines will be the first of several collaborations between Pablo and myself as we adapt more stories featuring the progenitor of the modern action-adventure hero.
This version of Quatermain and his quest to find the legendary diamond mines of Ophir will be a little different than what has gone before. I wouldn't exactly say it's a reboot, but it's definitely a fresh take. Here is an exquisite preliminary cover image by Pablo featuring a few characters from the book—
And speaking of action-adventure (how's that for a slick segue?), in my last blog entry I mentioned The Spur—a new prose action-adventure series, in the tradition of my many books as James Axler, both Outlanders andDeathlands.
As I stated before, The Spur is crafted as an SF western, but not one that takes place in space. Set primarily on the colony world of Loki in the Orion Spur, the series deals with themes and archetypes that I have made something of my trademark.
The main cast of characters are (from left to right):
Quanah Parker, a full-blooded Comanche physician who was born on Loki, in the region known as Comancheria.
Dr. Alexis Elgin-Jones, a multi-degreed sociologist and philologist and other "ogists" who serves as Crockett's advisor and gadfly.
Colonel Quentin Crockett, a former law officer, now charged with exploring Loki— a lost Earth colony that became wilderness of strange peoples and weird cultures as a result of having been used as a dumping ground for every crackpot belief and malcontent that ever emigrated from Terra.
Mr. Syne, a TransHuman Mnemosyne who is the genetically-engineered, organic equivalent of a database.
Zeda, a blue-haired Gypsy girl with no recollection of who she is or where she came from–but who possesses an almost supernatural ability to sense danger and the savage skills to deal with it.
In their armored ACP Ambler, they travel Loki, searching for the lost Terran Enclave, at the same time fighting off not only wild beasts, the wilder natives but the ruthless schemes of a mastermind whom they know nothing about.
I'll give more details about the series as the time draws closer to the release of Loki's Rock, but keep in mind that The Spur is the vision of an individual creator and there is absolutely no chance of the publisher arbitrarily choosing an wholly inappropriate fill-in writer to dick around with my characters and concepts.
All you need to know is—if you liked my Deathlands novels and loved my Outlanders series, you'll be blown away byThe Spur!
I can't wrap up the whole "Mostly Pulp" blog without mentioning the recent return of the quintessential pulp hero—none other than Doc Savage, the Man of Bronze!
The Desert Demons, the first in a new series of Doc Savage novels, appeared this past summer. Written by renowned pulp historian and novelist and fellow Gold Eagle survivor, Will Murray, The Wild Adventures of Doc Savage brings the character back into print after a two decade absence! Check out and order the books here:
And I almost forgot…an anthology featuring Doc's fellow pulp vigilante, The Avenger, is now on sale from Moonstone Books.
My story, "Snow Blind" is in there somewhere… Also, I have interesting news about a reprint program of Justice Machine hardcovers…but that can wait 'til next time.
Until then, if you want to hear me stammer and hold forth on all things Pulp, give this a listen:


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Assets Management for HanDBase-Useful database for storing the information needed for repair or warranty forms. If the data is entered the date of purchase then all guess work is eliminated. Most fields are text fields since data tends to be alphanumeric. The notes field is for any information that you wish to store that does not have a named site in the database.
Note! This application may be not compatible with your device S90 7.0


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RIO DE JANEIRO, BRAZIL – The first topic for the editorial this week is a nod to Brazil's 2010 Census, and how the numbers related to the U.S. and the UK. After some quick research I found the 2010 U.S. Census site, and discovered the UK Census was just taken in 2011, with results not due out until 2012. The Brits started counting heads in 1801 apparently, never breaking the 10-year schedule to a nice round decade number.
After about forty minutes of research I realized the effort to compare data carefully was too much for this article. I did find an interesting site though comparing data between countries. We will not speak for the validity of the data (although apparently the BBC and New York Times like it), and some of it is outdated by ten years, but it is interesting – on NationMasters.com.
For instance with a quick side-by-side comparison it tells us that the U.S. has 59 percent more people then Brazil, and the rural population is a higher ratio, 18 percent more people in the U.S. live in rural areas then Brazil. By contrast, Brazil has twice as many people then the UK, and 55 percent higher ratio living in rural areas.
For better or worse the U.S. has an 18 percent higher divorce rate (most in the world), while the UK has 11 percent more (4 highest). Brazil has four times more murders per 100,000 then the U.S., ranked tenth in the world, but the U.S. ranks first for people in prison, six times more then Brazil (only three times more per capita though).
The statistics are addictive so I'll stop now.
What we really want to talk about is our expansion of the Print Edition circulation from 5,000 to 10,000 copies for the December issue. After talking about it for months and planning the larger distribution, it is finally happening. We are still a bit shy on advertising revenue to sustain it, but hopefully the doubling of readership will attract more marketers wanting to be involved.
For a partial list of locations, please see the Media Kit for the month of November. It is a new format we hope works well as we continue to grow and expand. For next month we plan to add more information about our Email Ad Banners and new Mobile site marketing opportunities as well.


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All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without prior written permission of the publisher except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. Making copies of any part of this book for any purpose other than your own personal use is a violation of United States copyright laws. For information, address Macmillan Computer Publishing, 201 W. 103rd Street, Indianapolis, IN 46290. You can reach MCP's direct sales line by calling 1-800-428-5331.
Library of Congress Catalog No.: 98-84769
This book is sold as is, without warranty of any kind, either express or implied, respecting the contents of this book, including but not limited to implied warranties for the book's quality, performance, merchantability, or fitness for any particular purpose. Neither Macmillan Computer Publishing nor its dealers or distributors shall be liable to the purchaser or any other person or entity with respect to any liability, loss, or damage caused or alleged to have been caused directly or indirectly by this book.
01 00 99 98 4 3 2 1
Interpretation of the printing code: the rightmost double-digit number is the year of the book's printing; the rightmost single-digit number, the number of the book's printing. For example, a printing code of 98-1 shows that the first printing of the book occurred in 1998.
All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately capitalized. Sams cannot attest to the accuracy of this information. Use of a term in this book should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark.
Screen reproductions in this book were created using Collage Plus from Inner Media, Inc., Hollis, NH.
To my little angel, Katerina.


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Year Newspaper Gifts 1930 to 1949
Year Newspaper Gifts 1950 to 1969
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Eastport is one of the City's districts. It is a dockland district believed to be on the waters of the wider and deeper of the two rivers crossing the City. Once there was a Hammerite church in the quarter but it has been turned into one of the Mechanists facilities. Considering the City Wardens, Eastport are Webster's territory.
Known LocationsEdit
Known StreetsEdit
- none


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Tips on Navigating Around London for the Newbie Traveler
The sheer magnificence of a city such as London can be extremely overpowering in the beginning – after all it's one of the major cities in the world. London is one of the powerhouses of the world's tourism and business industries. It also recently took over from New York as the financial capital of the world.
Therefore you can be forgiven for be a little anxious if its your first time traveling to London. However, you need to not be fearful, as with the right amount of research, navigating around London is pretty simple but it's best to take heed of some of the cost-cutting measures you read about in order to make sure that you don't surpass the budget you have set aside for your travels.
London also recently was crowned the most expensive city in the world to live in by the Guardian so it's essential during your travels that you try to utilize the most cost-effective forms of travel possible. In this article we'll represent to you the most affordable transportation London has to offer and how to get the most bang for your buck.
The Underground
Upon arrival at one of London's flagship airports, the cheapest option of travel available and most practical is using the Underground. Heathrow is serviced by the Underground and major motorways so getting to your hotel shouldn't be an issue. Gatwick, the other major airport in London, is also serviced by two major roads and the Gatwick Airport Station services upwards of 12 trains an hour to and from London per Parking4Less.
Once in London, Underground day tickets are relatively cheap so take advantage of them when you are planning to travel to multiple stops in a day. If you really want to save money look at purchasing the off-peak travel cards for a discounted price, however these will restrict the times that you can travel. View the prices of Underground tickets here.
London Buses
Cheap travel that allows you to see London's bustling urban life at first hand. The only problem is with using buses in London: the traffic. London's renowned for horrific traffic especially during rush hour. Using the buses is the cheapest form of travel but during the aforementioned rush hour periods; expect to be stuck in traffic for sustained periods. Also, when possible look to avoid using the night buses as much as possible as they can attract some unsavory characters. When possible try to utilize buses before night or the last Underground trains that are available.
Black cabs
Although black cabs around London are arguably the safest form of transport, they come at a cost. Cabs in London are some of the most expensive in the world, and you could face huge charges for what seems a relatively short ride. The best suggestion to make is, to only use cabs as a last resort as they can eat into your budget significantly.


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Apple Byte
The latest iPhone 5S news and rumorsNew MacBook Pros have been spotted in the wild, the latest iPhone 5S rumblings, and Apple gets smacked down by the U.S. Department of Justice.
-What's up? Brian Tong here and welcome to the Apple Byte. It's all the good and bad inside the world of Apple. So let's get to the show and talk about the next big Apple product we can expect to see next. Now, Geekbench test was spotted by MacRumors recently that appears to be the next-gen 15-inch MacBook Pro with 16 gigs of RAM running OS 10.9 Mavericks. The bench mark score of 12,497 is comparable to current gen MacBook Pros and with the next-gen Haswell processors, it's really an improvement in battery life instead of horsepower that we're expecting to see. That's been the case with our recent test of the 14 plus hour MacBook Air 13-inch. Now, the bench mark also revealed an Intel core I7 processor featuring Iris 5200 Graphics which is Intel's top of the line GPU option. And the timing of this bench mark combined with the back-to-school season makes this a prime candidate for Apples next product release in the very near future. Now, there's plenty of developments on the iOS 7 front. The Cupertino kids released their third beta for iOS 7 earlier in the week, that brought more visual improvements including indicator dots on the calendar app if you have events or appointments, some changes to the icons, and the fonts have been made easier to read across the board for multiple apps as well. We've also talked about how all signs point to an improved camera and slow motion capture from the next iPhone, but 9to5Mac has been able to get more details for the new camera feature called Mogul discovered by Hamza Sood. It's not the final name, but Mogul as in the media Mogul, would allow the iPhone camera to record at 120 frames per second, there's no confirmation at what resolution it will record at, but here's an example of a non-iPhone video shot at 120 frames and slow down, you'll just have to trust me, if you've never seen a butterfly in real life, their wings move faster than this. Plus butterflies are kinda magical. Now on other iOS beta findings, it looks like Apple's iOS car integration feature will be compatible with specific cars over Wi-Fi instead of having to be connected by a physical cable. Apple has signed up auto makers like Honda, Mercedes, Nissan, Ferrari, and more and that WWDC, they said integration could start as soon 2014 as long as it works with my car that I'm letting you all see right now, well, then I'm good with this feature. All right, sticking with cars, the Big A was recently granted a patent for touch screen controls in a car that also include tactile feedback so drivers can keep their eyes on the road. It's an extension of the very basic multi touch invention that's been adapted to automotive uses or Telematix and communication via mobile phone. You would be able to control things like your AC, or windshield wipers, and the screen itself could have raised areas or ridges to offer tactile feel, like potato chips. Now, I'm still waiting for cars to fly, so you guys can let me know when you get that one locked down. All right, in iPhone rumors and news, a Chinese business news report says Foxconn is reportedly hiring workers to build the next-gen iPhone. Foxconn has begun a large-scale recruitment of workers and a firm reports that they currently have 210,000 workers compared to their peak of 300,000 in 2012-- that's a lot of numbers. Plus, do you wanna see more pictures of the rumored low cost iPhone in different colors? You have 2 seconds to say yes or no. Okay, I heard you through the screen and here they are. Tech D even made this mock up video of what the next budget iPhone might look like. People have a lot of time in their hands and I'm okay with that so I could put this video on the show. All right, congratulations are in order for the app store's 5th anniversary and to celebrate, Apple is giving these apps and games away for free, for a limited time to celebrate. So, go on and get them. I would recommend Tiny Wings, really cool game and How to Cook Everything because, I learned how to scramble and egg and it could be very, very difficult. But everything is not all happy in Apple land. US Department of Justice ruled that Apple violated federal law by playing a central role in conspiring with publishers to raise eBook prices. Amazon is still the dominant player in eBooks, but Apple's actions cause some eBook prices to raise to 12.99 or 14.99 from the 9.99 prices that Amazon had charged and established early on and I'm aging so, I like cheaper things. Now, the Big 5 publishes including CBS's own Simon and Schuster paid more than $166 million into settlement, but it was only Apple that went to trial. Apple said they will appeal the ruling, but this smells like remnants from SJ and Apple's brash nature of the past, and we're throwing out the bad apple. Now, we also wanted to address a correction of our own. Last week's show, I gave Apple a bad apple for only giving consumers an app store gift card, but I stand corrected. Apple is still offering the full educational discounts on max on top of giving you the app store card and that's a bad apple on me. We've also made sure the appropriate disciplinary action has been taken. -I told you're a bad apple. You're a bad apple, bad apple. I told you're a bad apple, apple. -My booty still hurts. -bad, bad, bad. -All right guys, we told you we'd read some of what you the Apple Byters wanna see in the upcoming iPhone and by far the number one request was longer battery life, like Hassan Farooqi, who sent us this picture of himself and he looks kinda weird. Isaac Christiansen wants the rumored finger print scanner built into the home button. Earl Attwell on Twitter wants a better color scheme on iOS 7 because he thinks it looks a little too girly. Angelo Caddell-- you like how I said that-- he hangs out with monkeys and wants one of the seary voices to be mine. Okay, well, as long as he don't ask any dirty questions like, what is dirt made of? And Rex wants my face blown up on the back glass panel of the next iPhone, unfortunately, Apple rejected our idea for the limited exclusive BriPhone 5. All right, thanks for all of your entries and everyone that I mentioned, you guys are getting an awesome Tru-Fit artist collection iPhone case, where they partnered with some of my favorite artist and two anti-glare films from Tru-Fit as well for their iPhone 5 and I told you guys, we'd hook you up. Plus Tru Protection is also giving the Apple Byte nation 25 percent off everything on their online store with the promo code CNET25, so check out their stuff and how you're purchases will also benefit organizations that help preserve our planet-- so we you do good things here. All right, that's gonna do it for this week's show. Send us your emails to the firstname.lastname@example.com. I'm Brian Tong, thanks for watching, and we'll catch you guys next time for another byte of the Apple. of the Apple.


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The UW-L Mobile Beta has launched and is available at www.uwlax.edu/mobile. Any mobile device can access all of the features of this new, Web-based mobile site.
The UW-L Mobile Beta is another way for faculty, staff and students to access WINGS. The most popular WINGS features have been re-engineered to format properly on mobile devices. This new site also puts other campus online resources and services at users' fingertips allowing:
- Student access to WINGS to check grades, review their class schedule, request transcripts and more.
- Faculty and staff access to WINGS to look at class rosters, view advisees, message their classes and more.
- Access to a class search and course descriptions.
- Links to Murphy Library's mobile site, D2L, campus directory search, campus map, UW-L Facebook, UW-L Twitter and other campus resources.
- Information about campus news, events and top stories from the UW-L Athletics website.
The site is being introduced to campus as a beta release. More features and refinements are planned for future versions. As with any beta release, sometimes the unexpected can happen. Submit comments and suggestions about the UW-L Mobile Beta online at: .
Information Technology Services appreciates your patience while we work to perfect this new service.
Refer questions to and seek help with problems by contacting the Eagle Help Desk at 785.8774 or email@example.com.


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Tongue Cleanser - Amazing Grace by Amano (
Item #10075038
This item has been added to your shopping cart!
Size: tongue cleaner
In stock, ready to ship.
Product Description:
Product Details:
What We Think:
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About Amano:
Founded in 1992, Amano promotes the elegant art of tongue cleansing. Expertly designed and available in a range of attractive styles, Amano Tongue Cleansers are the perfect union of form and function. Use one daily to help freshen breath, reduce plaque formation, and rejuvenate the palate. Swift, visibly effective, and built to last, you'll never want to be without this oral care essential.


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Status: Closed
Know more about this business than we do? Cool! Please submit any corrections or missing details you may have.Help us make it right
Be the first NJ.com user to add photos or videos of Deli On The Square
I had their vegetarian panini and it was delicious. It was a lunch special. Husband has the cheesesteak sandwich and said it was good. They used real steak instead of frozen processed stuff. The...
Deli on the square ah yes. It was a deli when it first opened. It's been there a lot of years and the food and service has always been good. Hey I've been going there for over 20 years and have no...
Deli On The Square is located at 756 Black Horse Pike, Pleasantville, NJ. This business specializes in Delicatessens.
Deli On the Square can be found at Black Horse Pike 756. The following is offered: Restaurants. The entry is present with us since Sep 10, 2010 and was last updated on Nov 14, 2013. In Pleasantville there are 19 other Restaurants. An overview can be found here.


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Transformers: More Than Meets the Eye #9 (Preview)
in Comic Previews Comment
- Story by
- James Roberts
- Art by
- Alex Milne
- Colors by
- Josh Burcham
- Letters by
- Chris Mowry
- Cover by
- Alex Milne and Nick Roche
- Publisher
SHADOWPLAY begins here! One AUTOBOT connects the crew of the Lost Light with pre-war CYBERTRON and the rise of the DECEPTICONs. His name? OPTIMUS PRIME. The past and the present collide as Rewind begins telling his crew mates the most shocking story of all!


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Words containing avenoceratina
Found 1 words containing avenoceratina. Browse our Scrabble Word Finder, Words With Friends cheat dictionary, and WordHub word solver to find words that contain avenoceratina. Or use our Unscramble word solver to find your best possible play!
- Scrabble
- Words With Friends
- WordHub
- Crossword


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Join us as we work together to prepare the camp facilities for the busy summer season. Come for a day or spend the whole week! It will be our pleasure to provide meals, we have our volunteers ready for the kitchen that week. You're welcome to stay overnight and enjoy the beauty of our camp in picturesque NorthWestern Ontario and get to know some other servant-hearted people as well. Jobs include fire wood cut, split and stack, paint, kitchen helpers, gardening, construction, moving equipment, sweep, vacuum, clean, sort, laundry, dust, rake and much more. To do lists, supplies and instructions available each day.Daily activies include breakfast, group devotion time, work time, lunch, work time, supper, free time in the eveningsDates are June 4-8, 2018. Sunday offJune 4-8: 9:30 - 5:30 daily (with coffe breaks and meals provided)evenings off for swimming, fishing, boating and visitingPlease let us know when you plan to attend so we can properly prepare.call the camp 933 5347 or our cell (807)631-2411
We are offering 8 Weeks of camp for Summer 2018Teen Girls (13-18 yrs) July 1-6
New Teen Girls (11-13 yrs) July 8-13
Intermediate Girls (9-11 yrs) July 15-20
Junior Girls (7-9 yrs) July 22-27
Junior Boys (7-9 yrs) July 29-Aug 3
Intermediate Boys FULL
Teen Boys (13-18 yrs) August 12-17 Staff Canoe Trip Aug 19 - 24 Arrival Time : 3 - 4 p.m. Sunday (no early arrivals taken, staff will be in meetings)Pick Up Time : 6 - 7 p.m. Friday
Note: If our fees are prohibitive for you, contact us and we'll see what can be worked out.ABOUT THE CAMPSThis is our 74th camping season at Round Lake Bible CampThe campers stay in cabins with single sized bunks - bring your own pillows, blankets, and fitted sheetThere are outhouse by the cabin and sinks by the main lodge for washing and brushing teeth
Daily Schedule (changes for hikes, picnics, day trip to beach,special events, age of campers and weather)
lunchactivitiestuck shop time (bring up to $2 / Day for candy) - t shirts, jogging pant, sweater, hats, also availablecabin timeactivitiessupper
DO NOT BRING– If these items are found,they will be confiscated and returned at the end of camp
- electronic entertainment (iPods, iPads, DS, tablets-etc.)
- cell phones
- Knives (including all pocket knives and filet knives)
- cigarettes, alcohol, drugs
- indecent literature
- foul language (difficult to confiscate and will not be returned)
KIT LIST for summer camps
remaining camp fees
tuck money for candy / gift store (max $2 / day on candy)(RLBC clothing is available)
completed health form
medications if needed with written instructions
small packsack for day hike
warm sleeping bag or blankets, pillow, single size fitted sheet,
clothing for the week - t shirts, socks, underwear, pants, shorts, (modest clothing - no short shorts / mini skirts / low cut tops)
plastic bag for dirty laundry
hat with brim
jacket or hoodie
bathroom supplies, towel, washcloth, soap, shampoo,
toothbrush, toothpaste, brush or comb, hair ties
drinking cup or water bottle with owner's name on it
bathing suit, t shirt to cover 2 pc suits and towel, sunscreen, a few clothespins,
runners (may get wet / muddy)
Other nice to have things
Bible if you have one
flashlight, mosquito repellant,
raincoat and boots, sunglasses
favourite doll, toy or stuffed animal
wholesome books or journal / drawing book
fishing gear, ball glove, water shoes
dressier clothes for Friday dinner
musical instrument
TEEN CAMPERS: Bring old runners, sandals, or water shoes to wear walking through the rapids on the overnight canoe trip.
- backpack or duffle bag
- sleeping pad (if you own one)
- water bottle
- flash light


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With a rich British heritage and over thirty five years of expertise, at Rococo Chocolates we bring tastes and experiences to our customers for the first time, and believe in setting trends, not following them. We pride ourselves on our ethical and sustainable practices, and use only the finest ingredients in our chocolates.
We run a whole host of exciting events with our chocolate experts, from truffle rolling and chocolate bar making workshops in the chocolate kitchen at our Belgravia shop, to private corporate experiences and even cheese and chocolate pairings.
From the King's Road to Covent Garden, our little chocolate emporiums ooze charm and character, are bursting with expertise and of course, are packed to the rafters with delicious chocolate.


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Prior's thrilling debut cements England's command
England 553 for 5 (Prior 126*, Collingwood 111, Bell 109*, Cook 105) v West Indies
Scorecard and ball-by-ball details
Matt Prior became the first English wicketkeeper to score a hundred on Test debut as West Indies were flayed on the second day of the first Test at Lord's. Paul Collingwood and Ian Bell also joined the three-figure club to make it four England century-makers in the same innings for only the second time in history.
It took Prior just 105 balls to reach his hundred, more runs than Geraint Jones and Chris Read managed between them in five Tests in Australia. It was a brazen, thrilling display of striking from someone making their debut. Some of the bowling, especially when Chris Gayle and Ramnaresh Sarwan were in action, was not of international standard yet the manner in which it was unceremoniously dispatched spoke volumes of Prior's confidence. Bell couldn't help play second fiddle, but his 180-ball century continued a profitable association with the No. 6 berth where he made hundreds in three consecutive Tests last year against Pakistan.
Prior's innings was so dominant that he beat Bell, who had a 56-run headstart, to three figures when he carved Gayle through the covers. He was quick to turn to the pavilion and salute his new team-mates and, no doubt, Peter Moores who has played such a crucial role in his development and ultimate selection to the Test side. The hallmarks of his innings, which will be well-known to Sussex fans, were his thumping pull shots - which West Indies oddly fed having not bowled a bouncer throughout the first day - and a sweet cover drive played with a huge stride plus a touch of Kevin Pietersen's authority. It must be the South African in him. And it wasn't as though he came into the game with a stack of runs under his belt.
As the light began to close in, and England realised there was little point in a declaration, Prior brought out a reverse sweep (copyright Andy Flower) while also driving handsomely down the ground. Recent England sides have had a habit of losing focus when a team is on the rack, but the early signs are this team want to rediscover a ruthless streak. The last time four Englishmen hit centuries in the same innings was against Australia, at Trent Bridge, in 1938.
Their fifth-wicket stand of 144 set up the platform from which the later onslaught was possible. Alastair Cook fell early, during West Indies' best period of bowling with Jerome Taylor troubling the batsmen with swing, and the first hour was a testing period. If West Indies had taken their chances - Daren Ganga dropped a sitter at gully with Collingwood on 31 and Taylor fluffed a steepler at deep square-leg with him on 36 - they could have kept themselves in the match. Between the two catches Taylor was denied a plumb lbw when Collingwood padded up and somehow Asad Rauf didn't raise his finger.
But Collingwood is at his best when he has to bat ugly and after three lives there was a feeling it was his day. He continued his trend of starting a series in style, bringing up his ton from 178 balls with a thick edge to third man. The style, though, didn't matter it was the substance that counted. It was the third of his four centuries to come in his first innings of a series following his maiden hundred against India at Nagpur and the 186 against Pakistan at Lord's last year. Dwayne Bravo eventually broke through - if all the West Indies players had his enthusiasm they'd be a much better team - and Collingwood's 111 was the lowest of his four Test centuries.
Bell took 17 balls to open his account against early darting deliveries, but produced a chanceless innings. His cover-driving was in fine working order while the cut shot was given plenty of grooving. However, that strokeplay was soon put into the shade by Prior. There will be some tough calls to make when it comes to fitting in England's batsmen who are currently missing, but Prior ends his second day as a Test cricketer with the knowledge he's safe for the foreseeable future.
Andrew McGlashan is a staff writer on Cricinfo


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To get rid of mice naturally, eliminate their entry points, food sources and bedding supplies, then use peppermint oil and moth balls to repel them. If all else fails, get a cat.Continue Reading
Locate areas of entry for mice. Typical entry spots include dog doors, attics, chimneys and areas that are not properly sealed. Use caulk, weather-stripping and stainless steel pads to close any gaps.
Eliminate all food sources for the mice. Store all food in air-tight containers. Wipe down counters, and sweep floors to eliminate crumbs. Pick up spilled pet food. Empty the trash every night.
Get rid of all old newspapers and magazines. Store bedding and other cloth items in air-tight containers.
Soak cotton balls in peppermint oil. Place the cotton balls in the corners of cabinets and the pantry. Add the oil to household cleaners to disperse the scent. Mice do not like the smell of peppermint oil.
Place several moth balls inside an old nylon. Tie the top tightly. Hang the nylon in attics or in front of vents through which mice might enter.
The most natural method for eliminating mice is to get their natural predator as a pet -- a cat. When mice smell a cat, they flee the premises. Those who do not get caught by the cat.


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cute lower back tattoos for girls
Sexy Lower back tattoos : Cute Lower Back Tattoos For Girls
Sexy Back Tattoos has developed as one of the most popular choices for women in terms of placement and location of their tattoos. This is the most attractive part of the female body as it highlights the natural curve of the figure of a woman. It is a section of the body that a woman can show without exposing too much. Having a Sexy Back Tattoos in this part of the body is also attractive due to the fashion of today. Low rise jeans are designed for use under around the hips to expose a tattoo on the lower back. Besides this, cropped top and diaphragms clothing will certainly allow greater visibility and focus attention on the curves of lower back of a woman. This location also gives women the advantage of being able to fully conceal or hide their tattoos when necessary, as the lower back can be completely covered with normal clothing and conservative.
Here is important science on cute lower back tattoos. We have the cool assets for cute lower back tattoos. Check it out for yourself! You can gather Cute Lower Back Tattoos For Girls guide and read the latest Sexy Lower back tattoos in here.


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Wheel loss is one of the most common reasons for accidents while on road. Just checking for loose lug nuts is not going to help you. It does not matter whether your indicators are working fine or whether the pre check was completed or not. Instead, ensure that the wheel is fully secure so that you can drive with complete peace of mind while on the road. Now, secure your wheels with The Squirrel. It is a wheel safety device that is designed to withstand paint, chemicals and extreme weather conditions. Made of engineered nylon, it is quite light in weight and can be fitted easily. It is impact resistant, meaning the Squirrel is designed to stay in place and keep pressure on the lug nuts. Even under grime and severe dirt conditions when the wheel cannot be seen, this device works efficiently.
The Squirrel wheel safety device comes with many features. The design is simple so that it can be secured quite easily. The device is reusable and can be fitted to any coach, trailer or 10, 8 or 6 stud trucks. You do not need any special tools to secure the Squirrel to your wheels thus requiring minimum downtime. With this safety device in place, instances of wheel loss become negligible. It not only enhances the overall efficiency of your wheels but also gives complete peace of mind for the drivers when driving on the road. Lesser instances of wheel loss lead to greater savings thus making it cost effective for the operators.