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From Conway, New Hampshire, USA:
My 16-year-old daughter was diagnosed with type 1 diabetes four years ago. She was on a pump for about two years, until recently, coming off in the spring after her first DKA admission to the hospital. She thought she would take it more seriously, check her blood sugar more often and eat better off the pump. She was off the pump the whole summer and actually lost a few pounds, but her A1c stayed around 10.4 previously being 10.8 with the first DKA admission. At the beginning of September, she again went into DKA and was hospitalized for a few days. Upon returning from the hospital, she began to have many episodes of hypoglycemia and was not aware of it. She has missed the first two weeks of school as we are up about every hour to hour an half checking her blood sugar. She has gone from about needing 80 to 100 units of insulin a day before the last hospital admission to now less then 15 units and suffering many lows with 15 units. Yesterday, the doctors decided she should go back on the pump so we could fine tune the insulin. I thought that would help, but it was been two days and she is still suffering from hypoglycemia. We are frustrated and don't know what to do anymore. We call the doctor with the lows and adjust her pump more. She is currently at 0.20 units from 9 a.m. to 9 p.m. and 0.15 units from 9 p.m. to 9 a.m. for her basal insulin. Although eating, she is not needing any bolus rates. Her highest blood sugar was 120 mg/dl [6.7 mmol/L]. She has been going down into the 30s mg/dl [1.7 to 2.1 mmol/L]. Another interesting thing to note is that she will not know she is having a low until we check it and she starts treating it. This is when the shakiness, sweating, etc. starts. It is now taking lots of snacks for her to go above 50 mg/dl [2.8 mmol/L] and we do the 15-15. So, she will have orange juice, then 15 minutes later she is the same or sometimes lower and she will have milk and graham crackers. Another 15 minutes later, she is still low and will have milk and bread with peanut butter. Typically, then she will be about 100 mg/dl [5.6 mmol/L]. We are wondering if we are ever going to get this resolved. She is a great high honor student and is also worried about missing so much school. Any ideas would be appreciated.
It sounds like diabulimia and I would guess she is taking insulin surreptitiously. This explains the low insulin doses you think she is getting with persistent hypoglycemia. Before, she was just omitting insulin and/or overeating in dangerous combination. Now, she is taking extra insulin. Most of the time, this is caused by severe psychosocial problems, sexual or physical abuse or an eating disorder - or some combination. You should discuss this with her diabetes team urgently since they may need to hospitalize her. This is very dangerous and very risky regarding diabetic ketoacidosis, coma, dehydration, even death, if not reversed/treated.
Original posting 18 Sep 2007
Posted to Hypoglycemia
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Tour a water desalination plant, where brackish water (a mixture of freshwater and saltwater) gets turned into pure freshwater in this video adapted from ATETV. Plant worker Michael Poitras, who started working at the plant as a community college intern, describes the filtration process that progressively removes salt and other impurities from the water. He also explains the coursework needed to prepare for a job in a water treatment plant, and how the desalination process can be used in other parts of the world, especially in highly populated areas where freshwater drinking supplies are depleting.
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Math Words, pg 17
Back to Math Words Alphabetical Index
. During the period around 1664 to 1667 Newton's study at Trinity College in Cambridge was interrupted several times due to the recurring episodes of the black plague. During this period of time he returned to his mother's farm in Woolsthorpe, Lincolnshire and studied independently. According to legend, while working at Woolsthrorpe during the year 1666 at the age of 23, he developed most of the calculus, as well as major works on color and optics, and the foundation for his theory of gravity and the three famous laws of motion that bear his name. After his death among his papers was found an unsent letter to Pierre Des Maizeaux. It contained the following description of the Miracle Year by Newton's own hand.
"In the beginning of the year 1665 I found the Method of approximatiung series & the Rule for reducing any dignity of any Binomial into such a series. The same year in May I found the method of Tangents of Gregory & Slusius, & in November had the direct method of fluxions & the next year in January had the Theory of Colors & in May following I had entrance into the inverse method of fluxions. And the same year I began to think of gravity extending to the orb of the Moon & (having found out how to estimate the force with which a globe revolving within a sphere presses the surface of the sphere) from Keplers rule of the periodical times of the Planets being in sesquialterate proportion of their distances from the centers of their Orbs, I deduced that the forces which keep the Planets in their Orbs must be reciprocally as the squares of their distances from the centers about which they revolve: and thereby compared the force requisite to keep the Moon in her Orb with the force of gravity at the surface of the earth, and found them answer pretty nearly. All this was in the two plague years of 1665 and 1666. For in those days I was in the prime of my age of invention & minded Mathematics & Philosophy more than at any time since."
A system of weight measurement still used in many of the English speaking nations of the world. In the early days of merchant trade some items were traditionally sold by the piece, some by volume, and some by weight. The traditional system of measure for English goods sold by weight was the avoirdupois system, which included pounds and ounces. In fact the origin of avoirdupois literally means "goods by weight". The Latin root aver, which also makes its way into our word average, was a term applied to trade goods or the value of them. The French root peis is derived from the Latin pensum which is the same root that gave us pound, for weight.
According to the web pageHow Many?
A Dictionary of Units of Measurement, "Scholars believe the avoirdupois pound was invented by wool merchants and modeled on a pound of 16 ounces used in Florence, Italy, which was an important buyer of English wool at the time. The avoirdupois weights quickly became the standard weights of trade and commerce. They continue to be used for most items of retail trade in the United States, and they remain in some use in Britain despite the introduction of metric units there. "
The three words above are a frequent source of confusion. The symbol ^ used as an exponent in mathematics comes from the same symbol used in proofreading to indicate something is missing. The word for this symbol is caret and it is drawn from the Latin root carere which literally means to cut off or be without, but came to mean something is missing. The basic root refers to cutting, or cutting off, and is the same root that gives us castrate (to cut off), castle (a building cut off from the surrounding danger), caste (a people cut off from the rest of society), and chaste (cut off from certain pleasures).
Part of the confusion is because the caret symbol, ^, looks like a little horn, and the root of carat is the Greek keration which means a little horn according to my dictionary. Some other possible origins are given below. Perhaps at some time animal horns were used as a reference for weight, but now the carat represents a weight equal to 200 milligrams. The standard is used for precious stones such as diamonds. The web page How Many? A Dictionary of Units of Measurement, offers two alternatives to the "little horn" meaning of carat. One suggestion is that the word comes from an Arabic word for the seed of a coral tree. Another suggestion is that the Greek word was for the name of a carob bean. Perhaps the carob bean or the coral tree seed or both look like a little horn.
Karat also relates to precious materials, in this case gold. A karat is a unit of purity for gold representing 1/24 gold. 12 karet gold is 50% gold and 50% other material. It is drawn from the same root as carat. To add to the confusion, it seems that the British spell both words with a c, Germans spell both with a k, and in the US we use one of each.
The familiar garden vegetable called a carrot is from the same root as keration. The ancient root has left its mark with words ranging from migraine to cervix, and the English "hart" for a stag.
The process of casting out nines has been around for a long time. It seems to have first appeared in the the tenth century and quickly became the common method of checking arithmetic. Heinz Lueneburg wrote that "Fibonacci used the remainders modulo 7, 9, 11, 13 (and others?) to check addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division with remainder. He knew and proved that each number is congruent to the sum of its digits modulo 9. Checking addition using the number 9 was known before Fibonacci. I think it is already in the latin versions of Al-Hwarizmi's arithmetic."
The remainder on division by nine is also known as the digital root of the original number. [Professor Rickey at USMA credits Henry E. Dudeney with first use of the term digital root.] The digital root refers to the repetitive act of taking the sum of all the digits of a number, and if the sum has more than a single digit, repeating the process on the new value until a one digit number is derived. The remaining number, the digital root, is the remainder on division by nine (a root of nine is reduced to zero). For example to find the digital root of the number 4587, first we add the digits ... 4+5+8+7 = 24 and since 24 has more than one digit we apply the same rule to its digits to get 2+4 = 6 so the digital root is 6.
The "Casting out nines" name for the number comes from the fact that we can discard any digits of nine in the number, or any groups of numbers that add up to nine or a multiple of nine. In the case of 4587, we can drop the first 4 and 5 since 4+5 = 9 and just find the sum of 8 + 7 = 15, and 1+5 = 6 to get the same result.
The method also appears in the Treviso Arithmetic which D E Smith calls "the first book on arithmetic to appear from the newly established presses of the Renaissance period.". The book was published in 1478 and takes its name from the Italian city where it was published. The author and publisher are both unknown. The book gives the method to add 59 + 38 =97 and then adds "If you wish to check the sum by casting out nines, add the units, paying no attention to 9 or 0, but always considering each as nothing."
In answer to a question I asked on Historia Matematica, Albrecht Heeffer responded
"Casting out nines is believed to be of Indian origin, but it does not occur before 950. Maximus Planudes called it "Arithmetic after the Indian method". Avicenna "the method of the Hindus" (Swets 1987, p. 189). For a history see:.
- M. Cantor (1907) Geschichte der Mathematik, ed. 3, I, 756-757
- Dixon (1952) History of the Theory of Numbers, I, 337-346
- J. Tropfke (1980) Geschichte der Elementar Mathematik, p 166: "erstmals bezeugt in den Mahasiddhanta von Aryabhata II" (c. 950)
- D. Singmaster (2000) Sources in Recreational Mathematics, ed. 7, § 7.K.1, p. 445
It was the most common test of addition in 16th century arithmetic books. Clavius calls it "Probatio additiones per 9" in Epitome Arithmeticae Practicae, 1607, Köln, p. 16-17.
The above quotes a 950 date for the creation of casting out nines, and includes David Singmaster as a reference, so I found it strange to find the following on Singmaster's website: "325(AD) Iamblichus: On Nicomachus's Introduction to Arithmetic - first mention of Casting Out Nines; first description of the Bloom of Thymarides; first Amicable Numbers."
Kim Plofker added in another response,
The Sanskrit work where this method first appears is, as the Tropfke reference stated, the (probably) tenth-century _Mahasiddhanta_ of Aryabhata (II). The method is described in the last four verses of the work (verses 67--70 of Chapter XVIII, p. 245 of the edition by Sudhakara Dvivedi, Benares Sanskrit Series (ed. G. Thibaut) 148--150, Benares 1910). The verses are translated and the method discussed in Datta and Singh, _History of Hindu Mathematics_, vol. I, pp. 180--183. (There's a 1966 edition with English translation of the first part of the _Mahasiddhanta_ by S. R. Sarma, but it doesn't include the casting-out-nines bit.)
Michel Ballieu sent the following which includes the pharase in Latin with a translation
In Fibonacci liber abaci (1202, revised 1228) (Scritti di Leonardo Pisano pubblicati da Baldassare Boncompagni, Roma, 1857 (Vol. 1)) we find, for instance on page 34, after the division of 13976 by 23 whose solution is 13976 : 23 = 607 and 15/23
Uerum si prescriptam diuisionem per pensam nouenarii probare uoluerit accipiat pensam de 13976 que sunt 8 et seruet eam ex parte. Et iterum accipiat pensam exeuntis numeri, scilicet de 607, que sunt 4 et multiplicet eam per pensam de 23, que sunt 5, erunt 20; de quibus accipiat pensam, que sunt 2 et addat eam cum 15 que sunt super uirgulam de 23, erunt 17, quorum pensa sunt 8, sicuti superius ex parte seruauimus.
We may quickly translate this by :
In fact if you want to verify the preceding division by casting out nines take "pensa(m)" (a word with the idea of weight) of 13976 which are 8 and keep them aside. And again take pensa(m) of the outgoing number, i.e. of 607, which are 4 and multiply them by pensa(m) of 23, which are 5, they will be 20; take pensa(m) of these 20 which are 2 and add to them 15 which are upon the bar of 23, they will be 17, whose pensa are 8, as higher in what we kept aside.
Although it was commonly used in textbooks, it was sometimes dismissed with little comment. Note the comment on checking multiplication from an early (1772)arithmetick book by John Hill,
You could use the remainder of division by any prime to check math operations. Fibonacci points this out in the Liber Abaci (1202) and gives examples for seven and eleven. The big advantage of nine is the simplicity of finding the remainder by just adding the digits. The big disadvantage is that it doesn't catch one of the most common errors, a digit reversal. Casting Out Elevens will find digit reversals, and the method is almost as easy. To find the remainder on division by eleven, just start at the ones digit and alternatly add and subtract as you move to the left. For example, 3124 divided by 11 would have a reaminder of 4 - 2 + 1 - 3 or zero, so it is divisible by 11. Switching hte middle two digits by mistake would give 3214, but on division by 11 we get a remainder of 4-1+2-3 = 2, thus catching the switch of two adjacent digits which the casting out nines would not do. Augustus de Morgan included both methods in his "Elements of Arithmetic" in 1861, and points out the reason the method works; "Observe that 10+1, 100-1, and 1000+1 are all divisible by 11." In spite of the fact it was well known to the math community, there seems to be little evidence that this was widely included in early arithmetic texts (at least that I can find) but I hope if some one finds it in old arithmetics, they will send me a photo. It is mentioned by Here is an explanation of why both methods workfrom the wonderful folks at Dr. Math... ...
The words circumscribe and inscribe are often used to describe putting a circle around, or inside a figure, and students often become confused when the words are used to describe one polygon inscribed in, or circumscribing, another. Today the general definition of circumscribe means to enclose (a figure or solid) within a configuration of lines, curves, or surfaces so that every vertex of the enclosed object is touching the enclosing configuration. The words circumscribe and inscribe are used in conjuction with each other; if A circumscribes B then B is inscribed in A. For example in the images below, the triangle on the left is inscribed in a circle and the circle circumscribes the triangle. In the second image the circle is inscribed in the triangle, and the triangle circumscribes the circle. The third figure shows one triangle inscribed in another. We might also say that the inside triangle is circumscribed by the other. .
Solids may be circumscribed by other solids. For example we may speak of a cone inscribed in a cylinder, which is the same as a cylinder circumscribing a cone. The root of Circum is from the same Latin root as circle, circus. Scribe is from the Latin scriba, to write, mark or draw.
The creation of the this term, and the use of the symbol r is generally credited to Sir Francis Galton. Here are some comments from a discussion on the AP Statistics discussion group about the origin of the terms. The First is from Michael Bulmer who has written a (apparently no-longer) online book on Galton, "Francis Galton: Pioneer of Heredity and Biometry". The book is now available from Amazon.
In his original paper on correlation (Co-relations and their measurement, chiefly from anthropometric data, Proc R. Soc. 1888, 45, 135-145) Galton used r for the "index of co-relation" that we now call the correlation coefficient. He calculated it from the regression of y on x or of x on y after standardizing the variables to have the same probable error, and it is fairly clear from the text that he used r for (standardized) regression.
Dan Yates, a mathematics teacher and author of the frequently used "YMM" Statistics Textbook posted the message from Michael above and had also added
We do know that Sir Francis Galton invented the words 'regression' and 'correlation' and he also gave a definition for r. Although Legendre gets the credit for developing the least-squares method in about 1805, it was Galton who turned regression into a general method for understanding relationships. The term "regression" likely suggested the symbol r for correlation. See page 188 in "The Practice of Statistics," 2nd edition, page 118.
A good reference for Galton and his contributions can be found at Michael Bulmer's online book, "Francis Galton: Pioneer of Heredity and Biometry" which can be found at http://www.francisgalton.com Check out Chapter 5. [Note, it seems that the site has gone somewhere new and it is not clear how you get access now]
In Stephen Stigler's Statistics on the Table he says that it was the work of Adolph Bertillon, perhaps the first "criminoligist" in history and the inventor of the idea of mug-shots for arrested criminals, that led Galton to the idea of statistical correlation. Indeed in his 1888 aritcle that introduced the notion we find :
In the same book Stigler states that Galton was lead to the choice of "correlation" by the reading of a book by economist Willam Stanley Jevons.
Jevon's Principles of Science did make one contribution to statistics that is worth noting; it helped give us 'correlation.' The book does not present the concept of correlation ; rather it seems to have been Galton's source for the word. The word was then in common use, for example, by Darwin in the Origin of Species (1859) and by W. R. Grove in The Correlation of Physical Forces (1865), but it was Jevon's use that we know caught Galton's eye at a crucial time. In his personal copy of Jevon's book, Francis Galton marked the explanation of the term and wrote in the margin:'nice wd." [Statistics on the Table, Note 1, Pg 89]
Here are links to the etymology of the words correlation and coefficient
The word half comes into English from the Old English healf which is almost surely related to the Germanic halbaz for divided or cut in half. I am assured that the modern German language still has a word anderhalben for one and a half. Danish has a similar word halvanden for one and one-half that sounds even more like the Modern English word and similar words exist in Norway and several other countries. The Greek root for one half is hemi, and in Latin the root is semi.
I recently read a question on a newsgroup that must be echoed by students in classrooms all over the English speaking world, "Why do we say hemisphere and semicircle and never the other way around?" The excellent answer from David W Cantrell was
"Because, when forming words, it is considered "good form" if all parts come from the same language. In "hemisphere" both parts are Greek; in "semicircle" both are Latin.
Mixing parts from different languages in a single word is "bad form", although this does happen. E.g., "television" is a Greek-Latin hybrid. There is even an example of such a hybrid in mathematics, and it has an amusing (though possibly apocryphal) story: The engineers at IBM wanted a word to describe the base-16 arithmetic which they were using. Even though they realized that "sexadecimal" would be the better form, they thought it sounded risque! That is how the hybrid "hexadecimal" came to be used.
The use of "half of" versus "halves of" was the subject of the "Word for the Wise" column from the Merriam Webster dictionary people. Here is how they explained the double use:
We are now officially halfway through the year. Does that mean July second is considered the day the year 2007 is cut in half? Or is it more proper to describe the year as cut in halves? Believe it or not, one can find usage writers willing to quibble about this.
The argument for dividing something in halves is (of course) twofold: first, whatever verb results in a thing being in two parts results in two, not one, halves, so the thing divided is in halves, not half. Second (and relatedly), one doesn't say "divided into third" or "cut into quarter," so why should this fraction be different? Nonetheless, the in half construction is completely defensible as an established idiom, and that's not the half of all the half talk, either. Not the half is another established idiom meaning "significant part; crux;" or "whole." Then there's by halves, of course, which means "halfheartedly; inadequately or incompletely;" and the slangy and a half, used to suggest something of "great size, importance, difficulty, or perplexity." Do you have half a mind to forget all this fussing and just say what comes naturally, cut in half or cut in halves? We'd say to go right ahead; you're bound to find at least half the usage commentators agree with whatever you choose.
When James Watt formed a partnership with Matthew Boulton to capitalize on the improved steam process Wat had designed, the major use of steam engines was for the pumping of water, water from the mines around cornwall, or to refill mill-ponds in dry summers, or to remove water from fields and canals.
The machines were sold under a strange (by todays standards) business agreement. Boulton and Watt would design the machines and sent the parts out to be manufactured and delivered to the customer where the customer would hire a crew under the direction of one of the designers engineers to assemble the engine. Boulton and Watt would take a regular payment equivalent to 1/3 the cost savings on coal over the old Newcomen engines. But when they went to make steam engines to run the grinding process for two London brewers, Godwyn and Whitbread, the scheme ran into a difficulty. The brewers had used horses to drive the mills, "so there was no savings of coal, and Watt had to work out a new way of calculating royalties. Eventually he estimated that a horse could raise 33,000 lbs of water one foot per minute. 'Horsepower' has been the unit of power for engines ever since". Quotes from The Lunar Men by Jenny Uglow
The word isoperimetric literally means "same perimeter". It is usually used in mathematics to refer to to figures having the same perimeter but different shapes. Mathematicians use the term Isoperimetric Problem to describe problems relating to finding which of two figures with equal perimeter have the greatest area. The problem dates back at least to Zenodorus , a 2nd century BC Greek mathematician who wrote On Isometric Figures. In it he showed that of all isoperimetric polygons having the same number of sides, the regular polygon had the greatest area. [For example of all quadrilaterals having a perimeter of 16, the 4x4 square has the greatest area.] He also showed that the area of a circle was greater than any regular polygon with the same perimeter as the circumference as the circle.
A related isoperimetric problem is called Dido's problem. Dido's problem is to find the maximum area for a figure with a given perimeter and bounded against a strait line. For example, if you had 100 feet of fence and wanted to enclose the maximum area with one side of the property along a straight river, or the side of a barn; what shape would enclose the maximum area.
Dido was a Phoenician princess in Virgil's Epic tale, THE AENEID. The story tells of her founding of Carthage. When she fled from her brother, Pygmalion, who was trying to kill her (sibling problems seemed pretty dramatic in the Greek classics) she landed along the coast of Northern Africa and tried to buy land from the local king, King Jarbas. She was told she could have as much land as could be enclosed by a bull's hide. Dido had her followers cut the hide into tiny strips which were then strung together to make a great length, and enclosed a great area against the sea. That's where the strait line on one side comes from in the problem. Dido's solution was a semicircle.
Students may wish to pursue minor variations of Dido's problem, which produce an interesting pattern. Find the shape of the boundary with N sides for N=2, 3, etc that produces the maximum area for a given perimeter. The solutions turn out to be one half of a regular polygon with 2N sides divided by a diameter.
Dido's problem is sometime called the Problem of Hengist and Horsa for a similar conclusion to an English story about two wizards/lords who come from Germany to defend against a Saxon invasion in the fifth century. The two turn out to be the antagonists of the young King Arthur and Merlin. Even Dido's story is related to England in a round-about way. Her brother Pygmalion would create a beautiful statue and then fall in love with it. Aphrodite brought it to life for him. This transformation of a stone statue found its way through a George B. Shaw play into the famous English musical, My Fair Lady
Perhaps one more small side-note to bring all this full circle to my interest in language, the model for Professor Henry Higgins in the play was a real live linguist named Henry Sweet who was instrumental in the development of hte International Phonetic Alphabet in 1897.
A conic surface may be (mentally) divided at its vertex into two infinite, identical sheets. Each of these are called a nappe of the surface. Nappe is from a the same word in French which means a sheet of water. Imagine water rushing over a waterfall and the sheeting effect is what brings the term. The French word is actually drawn from an older Latin word nappa which meant a towel or tablecloth. The words origins remain today in the use of napkin, or "nappy" for a baby's diaper.
The word scale comes from the Latin scala, for a ladder. Later the Latin word was broadened to include a set of evenly spaced marks along a line, just as we use to indicate the scale of a graph. A scaler number is a number which has only length, as opposed to a vector which has both length and direction.
The scale of a map or chart is often given in the legend and represents how much actual length is represented by a graphic length; for example, a scale of 10 miles per inch indicates that one inch on the map or chart would indicate a true distance of ten miles between the points indicated on the map.
The foundation of the Imperial Stone weight is rooted in the ancient practice of comparing goods by hanging them in balance pans. We know from archeological finds that the Babylonians began to keep specific stones to use as a reference weight. At first, probably every shop or stall would have his/her own stones to measure with. In the British Isles eventually the stones became more or less standardized in a single area of trade, so that a STONE represented about sixteen pounds of wool, but only eight pounds of meat from the butcher, and fourteen pounds of horseweight to the horseman. Maybe it reflects the favor in which the British hold their animals, but eventually the official Imperial Stone was set at fourteen pounds. The origin of the word stone seems to be very old, as similar sounds for the word appeared in ancient English, German, and Norse languages.
A tree is a planer graph in which any two vertices are connected by exactly one path. Notice in the graph of a tree, at right, for example that if you pick any two vertices, there will be a path connecting them, but only one such path can exist. If there is more than one such path, or if there is no such path, then it is not a tree.
In the world of planer graphs, when you cut a tree you get more trees. If you remove one of the edges joining two adjacent vertices the figure will no longer be a tree (since some vertices are not connected to some others) but instead will form two trees. A newish name for two or more trees considered as a single graph is called a forest Another way to say the same thing is to say that a forest is a disjoint (not connected) union of trees.
A good furthur resource on trees is at Mathworld
According to John Allen Paulos, the Tree diagram was created by Christian Huygens, the Dutch Mathematician, during the 17th century. I was asked recently to cite the origin of this attribution, and was unsure, but think it came from Paulos' "Once Upon a Number." In addition, I came across a similar statement by A. Philip Dawid, Professor of Statistics, University College London; in a review of a book on probability by Glen Shafer.
The "probability tree" is a seemingly elementary device, first introduced by Huygens in 1676 to organise probability calculations.
Professor A. W. F. Edwards of Cambridge University recently (2006) answed my request for information on Huygen's use and confirmed the 1676 date. His post said,
According to me (Int Statist Review 51, 73-9, 1983) Huygens's manuscript is dated August 1676 and is headed: The last problem contained in De ratiociniis; proposed some time ago by Pascal. (emphasis added)Dr. Edwards' last reference is to his book "Pascal's Arithmetic Triangle: The Story of a Mathematical Idea" on the history of the arithmetic triangle. The last problem of Huygen's De ratiociniis is, I believe, the following problem about probability on a dice game. "PROBLEM V. A and B taking 12 Pieces of Money each, play with 3 Dice on this Condition, That if the Number 11 is thrown, A shall give B one Piece, but if 14 shall be thrown, then B shall give one to A; and he shall win the Game that first gets all the Pieces of Money. And the Proportion of A's Chance to B's is found to be, as 244,140,625 to 282,429,536,481." I have not yet found a copy of the paper and would welcome anyone who can send me an image of the actual diagram to post here.
I commented 'It is interesting to note the use of an "event-tree" to describe the possible events, perhaps the first time such a diagram had been used'. Volume XIV of the Oeuvres, pp 151-5. My paper is reprinted in both editions of 'Pascal's Arithmetical Triangle'. A.W.F.Edwards
The first use of the word for a mathematical structure may have been by Cayley, and may have been prompted by the earlier use of "tree" for the similar structure used in genealogical records. Certainly Cayley was one of the first to discuss the objects mathematically in his "On the Theory of the analytical Forms called Trees." (1857)
It seemed so easy. The 1787 US Constitution laid out simple rules for deciding how many representatives each state shall receive:
"Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective numbers, ... The number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each State shall have at least one Representative ...". It may have seemed easy, but for the 200+ years of US government, the question of "Who gets how many?" continues to perplex and promote controversy.
When congress discussed mathematical methods of applying this constitutional directive there were two methods of prime consideration, Jefferson's method, and Hamilton's method. Congress selected Hamilton's method and in the first use of the Presidential veto (make a note of this for extra points in History or Government class) President Washington rejected the bill. Congress submitted and passed another bill using Jefferson's method. The method used has changed frequently over the years with a method by Daniel Webster adopted in 1842, (the original 65 Representatives had grown to 223) and then replaced with Hamilton's method in 1852 (234 Representatives). In a strange "Only in America" moment in 1872, the congress reapportioned without actually adopting an official method and some analysis suggest that the difference caused Rutherford Hayes to Win instead of Samuel Tilden who would have won had Hamilton's method been used. Since 1931 the US House has had 435 Representatives with the brief exception of when Alaska and Hawaii became states. Then there was a temporary addition of one seat for each until the new apportionment after the 1960 Census. In 1941 the Huntington-Hill Method was adopted and has remained in continuous (and contentious) use ever since.
In 1880 the first of what are called the apportionment paradoxes was discovered. Here is how they state it at the Wikipedia web site:
After the 1880 census, C. W. Seaton, chief clerk of the U. S. Census Office, computed apportionments for all House sizes between 275 and 350, and discovered that Alabama would get 8 seats with a House size of 299 but only 7 with a House size of 300. In general the term Alabama paradox refers to any apportionment scenario where increasing the total number of items would decrease one of the shares. They also show a nice example (with small numbers) so you might check their site..
Hamilton's Method Hamilton's method may have been popular because it was so simple. It began with the selection of an Ideal Ratio for the population needed for each seat. This was found by taking the total population from the census and dividing by the number of representatives to be approtioned. For example the US Population is (according to piece of software on my computer) 281,424,177. The number of Representatives is 435, so the Ideal ratio for any state should be that they get one representative for each 646,592 people. So what about my home state of Michigan which has a population of 9955829. Dividing the population by the Ideal Quotient should give the number of representatives or quota for each state. Trouble is, of course, it doesn't come up with an integer answer. Michigan's 3.54% of the population should give 3.54% of the 435 Representatives, but 9955829/646592 = 15.3973.. A similar result happens in every states apportionment. If we truncate down to the whole number, we won't have 435 Representatives. If we round everyone to the nearest integer, we may get 435 by chance, but not for sure (algorithms and law both want "for sure".)
Hamilton's solution was to give each state the truncated number. Then to fill in the remaining available seats, they awarded them one at a time to the states with the largest fractional parts in their quota until they were gone. Here is an interactive java-script of Hamilton's method from Alexander Bogomolny at Cut-the-knot. For another example look here.
By contrast, Jefferson's method used a modification of the Ideal Quotient. Jefferson suggested a trial and error lowering of the Ideal quotient. Then each state would be given their truncated quota. For the Ideal Quotient, this would not produce enough representatives, but as the quotient was lowered bit by bit the sum of the truncated values would go up until, at some point it would be exactly the required number. The Cut-the-Knot site also has an applet on Jefferson's method. And here is another resource for an example (again using small values).
Webster chose to use the traditional rounding method right from the start. After we divide each state population by the ideal quotient, we round up or down depending on whether the fractional part is more or less than 1/2. This can lead to either too few or too many repersentatives being assigned, and so he added a method of determining which state to remove or add seats. If the number of seats was too few, then each states population was divided by the number of their number of assigned seats + 1/2. The state with the highest adjusted ratio would get an additional seat. This was repeated until the correct number of seats had been reached. If the number assigned was too high, they would subtract 1/2 from the alloted number and then divide; and eliminate one representative from the state with the lowest adjusted ratio.Someday the Huntington-Hill details will be here, but for now, a link to a Java-applet illustration. --------- Sorry, still at work here--------------
The rebirth of mathematics which had stirred across the continent of Europe from the 12th through the 15th century had made little impact on England. By the time of Henry VIII, and the birth of Robert Recorde in Pembrookshire, Wales, in the year 1510, England lagged well behind the continent in mathematics and mathematicians. There were copies of the great mathematics texts from the continet, but as these were written in Latin few of the English tradesmen, builders, and sailors could read them. Whetstone of Wit was printed in English and presented in the form of a dialogue between a master and a student. The Whetstone of Wit is a shortened, and modernized interpretation of the rather imposing original title, The Whetstone of Witte, whiche is the seconde parte of Arithmeteke: containing the extraction of rootes; the cossike practise, with the rule of equation; and the workes of Surde Nombers which he published in 1557. The title is actually a play on words. Algebra was referred to as the "cossicke practice" and the word "cos" was used as an unknown in equations. Cos was derived from the Latin cosa meaning "a thing". The word cos in Latin, however, meant a grindstone. The sharpenng of intelligence or wit, cos ingenii, became the English Whetstone of Wit.
The book contains the earliest record of the use of parallel horizontal lines, =, to represent equality, and was also the first English text to use the symbols "+" and "-" for addition and subtraction. Actually Recorde's equal signs were very long indeed.
The first section of the book deals with whole numbers, ratios, and the extrction of roots; in fact, over fifty pages are devoted to the topic of extraction of roots. The second part of the book is devoted to the solution of equations, and much of the work is a direct translation of the 1551 Algebra by Johannes Scheubel. The third part of the book is devoted to irrational numbers, which Recorde calls "surds".
A photocopy of the cover page to the book is here. A physical copy of the book is in the Turner Collection at Keele University.
In 1755, when Samual Johnson published his English Dictionary, he described width as a "low word". The word came into being in the early 1600's as a shortened form of "wideness", the more common, and, according to Johnson, more acceptable term. Today width is used in mathematics to represent a distance across something from side to side. The "th" ending in words like length (from long), width (from wide), truth (from true), etc is derived from a long line of Indo-european suffixes which were used on abstract nouns of state.


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What fascinates people about vampires? Could it be their beauty? Or their mysteriousness? Perhaps it's the way they talk or move? Maybe it's his ice blue eyes, or his jet black hair, or his perfect teeth, or maybe just maybe they have met before...
Mesaine Deromeo is a strange girl; she lives in a popular enough city, has an endless amount of money, an apartment building to herself, and no memory of how she came to be here. She knows how things like the television works, but she also knows that she has never before seen one.
Could it be these strange facts that draw in a vampire?
- big
- boys
- city
- control
- fighting
- ipod
- memory
- mind
- nyc
- powers
- religion
- romance
- shopping
- vampires
khstar Mar 12, 2011
@LotsaLuv Thank You!!! ^^ Actually i came up with that name years ago! I don't even remember how i came up with it *_* my friend makes fun of her though and calls her Desanie like the water =_=
LotsaLuv Mar 12, 2011
Really good :) Defiantly fanning. I love the name you chose for her. It's a very different name but not something so weird you would never hear of it. Good job!
CarlThomas Mar 02, 2011
There are posts on the forums offering help with editing. Not sure which sections. You'd have to look at the groups I'm joined to and find them that way. They're on the right hand side of my profile. Good luck.
khstar Mar 02, 2011
@CarlThomas Thank you! I actually only speak english >.< i need to seriously edit my stuff then, maybe i could find a friend to be my editor YD


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Good qualities to look for in a bankruptcy lawyer include specialization in practicing bankruptcy law and proper communication skills, particularly when it comes to responding to queries in a timely manner and thoroughly explaining the bankruptcy process to his clients, notes the Law Offices of Craig Cook. It is also important for a bankruptcy lawyer to demonstrate a passion for his job and to listen to his clients' specific needs, explains Fox Business.Continue Reading
It is important for a bankruptcy lawyer to have sufficient experience in handling the complexities of bankruptcy cases, suggests Nolo. More complex cases require more experience. A bankruptcy lawyer should know the local trustees and be familiar with federal and local rules that apply to bankruptcy.
Discussing alternate resolutions, such as declaring Chapter 7 or Chapter 13 or settling for a debt-management plan, is indicative of a high level of quality in a bankruptcy practice, reports Fox Business. Understanding all the options lessens a client's regret later in the proceedings. Expressing empathy for the client's situation and asking difficult questions, such as how the client reached bankruptcy, are also good qualities. It is important for a client to feel comfortable with his bankruptcy lawyer.
A good bankruptcy lawyer should exhibit excellent attention to detail, especially in regard to reviewing his client's financial situation and assets, explains the Law Offices of Craig Cook.Learn more about Law


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If you like beaches and the lifestyle that goes with them, then you're going to love New Zealand. Check out some of our most popular beach spots.
Auckland's West Coast beaches are renowned for their black sand, superb surf and spectacular sunsets. The ruggedly beautiful Piha beach is one of the best surf beaches in the country. The surf can be big here so always swim between the flags. You can also explore the rainforest behind the where you'll find lush native bush and secret waterfalls. The windswept Muriwai Beach is another hot spot with great surf and huge gannet colonies. Another beautiful black sand beach, Bethells Beach - or Te Henga - in the Waitakere Ranges Regional Park, 45 minutes from Auckland CBD is also well worth a visit.
Located in the middle of a regional park an hours' drive north of Auckland, Tawharanui is the perfect day trip if you're staying in the city. Two small, secluded bays make up the beach, each with small rocky headlands that are perfect for exploring. If there's an easterly swell the surf can be good here too.
Less than two-and-a-half hours' drive from Auckland lies the buzzing surf town of Mount Maunganui, where a white sand beach stretches as far as the eye can see. Enjoy the swimming, surfing and cafes here.
Home to 144 islands and hundreds of untouched white-sand beaches, Northland's Bay of Islands – a three-hour drive north of Auckland - is a must-see for those that love the sand and sea. Take a boat cruise to see the best islands. Not short of spectacular beaches, Whangarei Heads in Northland is another must-visit. Divers will love Poor Knights Island, one of the best dive spots in the world.
Perched on the edge of a beautifully scenic stretch of rugged coastline is Raglan, a beach famous for its left-hand surf break and quirky, creative town. Raglan is a one-and-a-half hours' drive south of Auckland on the West Coast.
Where do local kiwis go for their fix of stunning white-sand beaches? The Coromandel Peninsula, that's where. A two-hour drive south of Auckland, The Coromandel is home to everything from awesome surf to secluded coves and hot water beaches. Bliss.
Perched at the far north of the South Island, Abel Tasman National Park glitters with perfect beaches. There's spectacular hiking and kayaking on offer here – look out for dolphins and fur seals frolicking just off the coast.
Dunedin has many beautiful beaches scattered along its ocean coastline and around the Otago Harbour. Among its popular beaches is Saint Clair, located in the city, and renowned for its surf.


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20 years ago I wished that computers only had 1 style port that anything would connect to (power, keyboard, printer, monitor, etc). It would take the mystery out of setting up a computer. One where direction didn't matter (there would be no upside down). "Plug it in anywhere" would be the setup directions.
1) Apple finally caught up with my imagination
2) Everyone thinks I'm an idiot.


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She will serve a year of probation and avoid a felony charge under the terms of a plea deal worked out with prosecutors. The heiress pleaded guilty to drug possession and obstructing an officer.
Hilton, 29, must complete a drug abuse program, pay a $2,000 (£1,290) fine and serve 200 hours of community service.


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W orld Teacher Aid is a Canadian charity committed to improving education throughout the developing world with a focus on IDP settlements (Internally Displaced Persons – communities that have been uprooted from their homes). Our current projects are within Kenya and Ghana.
As a charity we are committed to providing access to education for students within settled IDP Camps. We accomplish this vision through the renovation and/or construction of schools.
Before we begin working with a community, we ensure that they are on board with the goal. A community must be settled and show leadership before we commit to a project. We also look for commitment from the Government, ensuring that if we step in and build the school, that they will help support the ongoing expenses, such as teachers salaries, and more.


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A word of exclamation to be employed when one is socially obliged to say something but isn't sure if he or she should respond positively, negatively or neutrally. When one wants to show something is notable but lacks infomation on what attitude to form about it.
Husband: How was your day, honey?
Wife: It was pretty average.
Husband: Yaffle daffle.
Wife: It was pretty average.
Husband: Yaffle daffle.
by Honourmemberofyd May 11, 2009
buy the domain for your travel site


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Sketchpad 5.05 is now available as a free upgrade for Sketchpad 5 users. From within Sketchpad, choose Help | Check for Updates to get access to the new version.
Sketchpad 5.05 allows you to access your favorite sketches in Sketch Exchange directly from the Sketchpad File menu. For more information, see http://sketchexchange.keypress.com/f...5-Exchange-Key.
Happy sketching,
The Sketch Exchange Team


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Turbo. Supercharger. No one wants to admit it, but the jargon around engines can be intimidating. It seems like just a bunch of fancy words getting thrown out. Well, we've stumbled upon a website that will clear up all the confusion for you.
Even if you are an engine expert, the site offers really cool visuals that anybody can get excited about. It's like going back to high school biology except it's actually fun.
The site shows engines working like those human heart drawings that show where the blood flows and how the pumps work. It makes sense the charts look like mechanical hearts, since the engine really is the heart and power of the vehicle.
The page focuses on explaining the difference between Supercharger and Turbo engines. It notes right from the start that both types are designed to "to deliver more air to an engine's internal combustion process."
The site gives a side by side comparison of the two. It shows how both get the job done. The main difference between the two comes from the supercharger using a crankshaft-driven compressor while the turbocharger uses exhaust energy for compressor-spinning.
Australian online tire company Tyroola put the page together. Thanks mates.


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|Motor Vehicle Distributors
Mr. Page: I can assure my hon. Friend that she will receivenot from me, but from others who read this debatedetails of margins and retained margins, particularly on new cars from marque dealers. In fact, dealers like to sell used cars, because they make more money from the people who buy them.
Miss McIntosh: To assist such people when they read the debate, I would pre-empt any comment they wish to make by referring them to table 23 on page 112 of exhibit D, the car price differentials. That is an apolitical study that was made over a considerable time, probably at considerable expense. It should be recognised that UK margins, on average, are down from 17.4 per cent. in 1993 to 12.7 per cent. in 1999. However, they are still incredibly high. I urge the Minister to give some thought to what the impact would be of removing them. Would it be a severe loss to the dealer, or a pecuniary benefit to the consumer?
I have welcomed this morning's debate. I support my hon. Friend the Member for Christchurch in saying that the motion that the Minister moved at no great length this morning is particularly woolly. I hope that he will take the opportunity to give us an idea of where we go from here.
12.8 pm
The Minister for Competition and Consumer Affairs (Dr. Kim Howells): We have had a very valuable and interesting debate. Many important points have been raised and I repeat my thanks for the opportunity that the debate has offered to explore the views of hon. Members on the important question of the future of car distribution in Europe.
I shall try to deal with matters in the order in which they were raised. The hon. Member for South-West Hertfordshire gave us the benefit of his long experience in this area. I should like to hear what evidence he has for his assertion that margins are about 3 per cent., compared with the report's claim that they are nearer to 10 per cent.
Mr. Page: I have now seen the reason: that is the gross margin given by the manufacturer; it is not the margin that the dealers achieve, because they give discounts on every car.
Dr. Howells: I thank the hon. Gentleman. That has clarified the position for me. I made it clear at the outset that the Government do not yet have a fully settled position on the dealer regime that could replace the present block exemption when it expires at the end of September next year. With his usual vigour and insight, the hon. Member for Christchurch has said that we should have one, and I agree with him; of course we should, and we will. However, I put it to him, without the usual cliches or trying to score political points, that we have moved quickly. I know that I was worried about the matter when first appointed to this job two and a half years ago. As the hon. Gentleman knows better than I, reference to the Office of Fair Trading and then to the Competition Commission takes a long time. We had some most valuable input from the Select Committee, which has sharpened our focus a great deal.
Let me explain the timetable to the hon. Member for Christchurch. He will know that the Commission has the lead on changes to the block exemption. I assure him that we will be in regular discussion with the Commission during this year; I understand that it will issue its proposals in the autumn, which means that, as the hon. Gentleman said, we must move fast and be clear exactly what we want the successor regime model to be. I understand that the Commission's proposals will be made public later this year; we can then all take part in a better informed debate.
Mr. Chope: The Minister highlights that important landmark. I hope that he agrees that what is also important is that the Government are able to influence the Commission before it makes its proposals in the autumn. Will he let us know exactly what is happening to that end?
Dr. Howells: We will certainly be forthright and clear in what we tell the Commission. I have tried to suggest to the Committee that I see little virtue in the continuation of the block exemption, but I cannot accept that it has no redeeming featuresthose on safety, for example, although they need not be part of a block exemption, are important. Safety is crucial for arrangements that affect after-sales and servicing. It is essential that nothing in the successor regime compromises safety. To use a cliche, that is a bottom line beneath which we cannot go.
On the other hand, it is not clear that we require the current limitations on competition in their entirety in order to address safety issuesthe point that the hon. Member for Christchurch and my hon. Friends have made. There is no good reason to deny the independent repair sector the information, parts and equipment that it needs to meet its customers' requirements. Customers have the right to choose where to have their car serviced and to be assured that their chosen garage will have access to the parts, equipment and information required on fair terms. That must be guaranteed.
On after-sales servicing, the review concludes that, although there are no major problems with the honouring of warranties of cars bought from local dealers, manufacturers have not always informed their dealer networks across the European Union that they are obliged to honour warranties on cars purchased in another member state. That is important. After-sales services provided by dealers do not always meet consumer expectations, although they are often more expensive than those provided by independent repairers. The review also notes that competition in the area is generally confined to the period after the expiry of the warranty, and argues that the so-called natural link between sales and servicing, which was central to the present system, seems no longer to exist. There is no good reason to deny the independent repair sector the information, parts and equipment that it needs to meet its customers' requirements.
My hon. Friend the Member for Upminster (Mr. Darvill) stressed the need for a well-managed transition from the present regime to a properly and fairly regulated successor regime, which will emphasise safety and allow increased and vigorous competition. That is my view too. We should study the situation carefully but quickly, as the hon. Member for Christchurch reminded us. September 2002 sounds distant, but it is not. It will arrive like an express train.
I am sure that my hon. Friend the Member for Derby, North (Mr. Laxton) and the hon. Member for Christchurch, who moved the amendment, will be overjoyed to learn that the Government have no problem in accepting it. It sharpens the motion and is a good indicator of our thinking. The Committee will know that it is customary merely to take note of reports such as the one that we have been discussing. However, I am happy to accept the amendment because it reflects the Government's intentions.
This morning's Committee sitting, together with the evidence that we have provided and the determination shown by the Government in their work with the Office of Fair Trading and the Competition Commission, signal clearly to the European Commission that we mean business. The Commission's response so far, and especially the response of Mario Monti, conveys a welcome sense that they share our worries about the impact on European consumers of the present regime. We look to them to present proposals for a consumer-friendly successor regime. I hear with alarm hon. Members' reports of the tentative response that they encountered in Brussels. It is important that the Commission should realise that the world is changing fast. Consumers' aspirations and demands are changing quickly. A failure by the new regime to embrace those new demands and aspirations will be to the detriment of consumers and the industry in Europe.
Question, That the amendment be made, put and agreed to.
Main Question, as amended, agreed to.
O'Brien Mr. Bill (Chairman)
Borrow, Mr.
Darvill, Mr.
Henderson, Mr. Ivan
Loughton, Mr.
McIntosh, Miss
Wright, Mr. Anthony D.
The following also attended, pursuant to Standing Order No. 119(5):
|©Parliamentary copyright 2001
|Prepared 7 March 2001


text:
Single Sheet Digital Black and White Stripe Gold Confetti Scrapbook Paper
* (1) JPG digital file the sheet is 12" x 12".
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Perfect for making cards, albums, digital scrapbook pages, web pages and more! This listing is for 1 sheet only.
***** This is a DIGITAL DOWNLOAD PRODUCT. No physical product will be sent. *****
PERSONAL USE: All digital items are available for personal use for digital or printed scrapbook layouts, personal greeting cards, invitations, or announcements. If your creation is published in print or online – you MUST credit The Paper Cove for the elements used.
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The sale of any digitals does not transfer copyright.


text:
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18 USC 2257 Record-Keeping Requirements Compliance Statements


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Know more about this business than we do? Cool! Please submit any corrections or missing details you may have.Help us make it right
Be the first NJ.com user to add photos or videos of Hospitality Consulting & Supply
Hospitality Consulting & Supply is located at 26 Journal Sq Ste 515, Jersey City, NJ. This location is in the Journal Square neighborhood. This business specializes in Catering Services.
Hospitality Consulting & Supply can be found at Journal Sq 26. The following is offered: Food Services. The entry is present with us since Sep 7, 2010 and was last updated on Nov 12, 2013. In Jersey City there are 4 other Food Services. An overview can be found here.


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if you upgraded to 4.4.2 (sense 6.0) recently, as far as I know there isn't a root method out right now because the other day I tried a bunch of older ways with no luck. I was using weaksauce before but since I upgraded I haven't been able to achieve a root. If anyone knows a way please post.
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Perseus is the son of the King of the Gods Zeus and the mortal Danae. He was known for killing Medusa and the Kracken.
Perseus (Ancient Greek: Περσεύς), the legendary founder of Mycenae and of the Perseid dynasty of Danaans there, was the first of the heroes of Greek mythology whose exploits in defeating various archaic monsters provided the founding myths of the Twelve Olympians. Perseus was the Greek hero who killed the Gorgon Medusa, and claimed Andromeda, having rescued her from a sea monster sent by Poseidon in retribution for Queen Cassiopeia declaring that her daughter, Andromeda, was more beautiful than the Nereids.
Lead Pilot: LT. JG Tony "Aeneas" Carvell
Website: http://www.battlestarraven-bfc-002.com/perseus-squadron
Location: Battlestar Raven
Members: 21
Latest Activity: Aug 5
WHO AMONGST YOU consider yourself the Best of the Best and wants to earn your place amongst the legendary pilots in the Colonial Fleet? Who wants to earn the distinction of being called THE TOP GUN and cement your legacy as part of the Elite Group of Pilots. Then step right up and take your Viper and Raptor test.
Any one who would like to fly a Viper and join this group must first download the Viper Training Manual and complete the multiple choice test at the end:
Upon completion of the test, submit your answers to Admiral Rivera by E-mail at this address: firstname.lastname@example.com Admiral Rivera will grade your test and E-mail your score to you in a couple days.
AIM HIGH! Aim for a perfect score for yourself because you know you can do it.
Started by Cpt Michael "Mik Mo" Morelock. Last reply by LT. JG Tony "Aeneas" Carvell Feb 8, 2017. 1 Reply 1 Like
There has been some confusion as to when new nuggets can assume the rank of Ensign. According to Command, immediately. So once you send your scores off, you can assume the title of Ensign and use it…Continue
Started by Cpt Michael "Mik Mo" Morelock Jan 20, 2017. 0 Replies 1 Like
As you send your scores to Admiral Rivera, please be sure to include the state (or country) in which you reside and the type of craft you wish to fly, Viper or Raptor. This information is used to…Continue
Started by Maj. Roger "Reamer" Barstow. Last reply by Maj. Roger "Reamer" Barstow May 30, 2016. 2 Replies 1 Like
Hi Everyone,I while back I was thinking to create a few fictitious pilots and I needed call signs for them. Since none of us can die in the Battlestar Universe, I planned to have a few of the make…Continue
Started by Maj. Roger "Reamer" Barstow. Last reply by Maj. Roger "Reamer" Barstow Nov 6, 2015. 2 Replies 3 Likes
"Attention all Perseus Pilots"It has been brought to my attention that some of our Junior Pilots don't know the proper Pre-Flight steps to perform each and every time they're about to launch their…Continue
Please post active squadron rosters and ship readiness status. Use discussion section. Use format posted on Seekers discussion page.
Cpt. Michael "Mik Mo" Morelock
Commander Air Group
Raven Air Wing BFC-002
Perseus Squadron stand to! There is a special CAP taking place tonight at 20.00 EST, that's 01.00 BST(UK) or 02.00 CET(EU). Let's get those Vipers ready for action.
Aeneas, Squadron Leader
Attention Perseus Squadron,
Combat drills are to take place this coming Wednesday 20th December commencing at 18.00 Central Time (US). All pilots should take part. Read the blog from Lt.Freya for information.
Aeneas, Squadron Leader
Attention Perseus Squadron,
The Gunstar Trireme Op is definitely on this coming Sunday, the 27th. The op briefing, by Col. Leonidas, is available as a blog post on the main page.
As always the op will take place in the main chat room on the homepage, timed for 20.00 EST(US), 01.00 BST(UK), 02.00 CET(EU). All pilots are expected to be ready for duty. Let's toast some toasters!
Aeneas, Squadron Leader
If you plan on participating in the Gunstar Trireme anniversary Op, please contact Col. Keith "Leonidas" Ranson and advise which date would be best for you, either August 20th or 27th.
Attention all Perseus pilots, we have been joined by Dan Felten. When he is qualified on the Viper, and earned the rank of Ensign, I am sure that he will be an asset to the squadron. Welcome Dan.
Train hard, Strike hard!
Aeneas, SC Perseus
ATTENTION ALL SC's AND PILOTS:
I want to address the issue of responsibility on social media. This concerns all personnel but as SC's, we all have a responsibility to the club not to put anything out there that may could possibly show us in a bad light. The main problem comes from several incidents, at least one I can remember since I've been a member, where other clubs or organizations have used postings by members to detriment the club. If you have an issue with Command or other members, just remember..."TAKE IT TO PM!!!!" If you have any questions or concerns about this policy, contact me anytime. Thank you!
Lt Michael "Mik Mo" Morelock
Commander Air Group
Raven Air Wing
Seekers Squadron Commander
Congrats Aeneas!
Attention Perseus Squadron, today I have been confirmed as the substantive squadron commander of Perseus, and also promoted to Lt.(jg). I would like to thank you all for your support in the last year, this is a great day for the squadron. It will only get better!
So say we all.
All pilots of Perseus Squadron, listen up! How many of you have looked at our squadron's description on the battlestarravenbfc-002 website? Do so at the earliest opportunity. You will find that though other squadrons, Spartans, Flying Tigers etc. claim to be the elite, they are because Perseus trained them to be so. We are the advanced training squadron of the Raven Air Wing. We get the latest weapons, upgrades, tactics first, sort out the problems before training the other squadrons to use them properly. We teach the best of the best!
"Train hard, Strike hard! "
Aeneas, Squadron Leader


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Almost every major LNG producer in the world is offering third quarter spot cargos, including new producers in Papua New Guinea.
New York, NY (PRWEB) July 30, 2014
NYC-based PIRA Energy Group reports broader spot LNG supply availability persists. In the U.S., An underweight 90 BCF storage injection provided the NYMEX gas market with some rare bullish ammunition. In Europe, suppliers respond with cuts to weaker European market. Specifically, PIRA's analysis of natural gas market fundamentals has revealed the following:
Broader Spot LNG Supply Availability Persists
Almost every major LNG producer in the world is offering third quarter spot cargos, including new producers in Papua New Guinea. The lack of incremental demand for spot LNG speaks volumes about the amount of LNG already under long-term contract compared to previous years.
Despite Bearish EIA Report, U.S. Inventories to Top 3.5 TCF by End-October
An underweight 90 BCF storage injection provided the NYMEX gas market with some rare bullish ammunition. The report prompted the nearby contract to add on another 5¢ following modest gains in earlier trading. The up move stalled around resistance at ~$3.85, close to where the nearby contract ultimately settled.
Suppliers Respond with Cuts to Weaker European Market
Supply responded to the extensive length in the European gas market in July in the form of greater restraint by marketers in the face of high storage levels and lower seasonal consumption. Along with nascent increases in underlying gas demand for the first time in quite awhile, the spot price support that began to build late in the month was completely justified, although it has its limits to the upside. Spot price support will remain in place in August, as heavier field maintenance will begin in Norway, Asian LNG demand will pick up for seasonal reasons, and Russia will continue to show supply restraint in the face of weaker customer demand.
India's Fertilizer Producers in Need of Lower Cost Gas
The Indian Fertilizer Ministry has demanded a near 50% increase in domestic natural gas allocation to urea plants to replace costly imported LNG currently being used as feedstock, which will save INR150-billion ($2.5-billion) in subsidies. As the allocation from domestic fields falls short of requirement, urea manufacturing units are using imported LNG which costs nearly three times the delivered price of domestically produced gas.
NYC-based PIRA Energy Group believes that German power prices mirroring more volatile fuel pricing complex. In the U.S., coal inventory draws have seen a reprieve as mild July weather conditions across much of the east and subsequently softer natural gas prices have been supportive of stock levels. Specifically, PIRA's analysis of electricity and coal market fundamentals has revealed the following:
German Power Prices Mirroring More Volatile Fuel Pricing Complex
German forward power prices have surged over the past week or so, with marginal costs for coal-fired generation being underpinned by stronger EUA prices and euro-denominated API#2 coal prices, mostly reflecting geo-political concerns. While the Ukraine crisis starts to impact German power more visibly, so far the balances remain broadly unchanged, with only the short-term picture appearing less bearish than earlier this month.
U.S. Coal Stockpile Estimates
Coal inventory draws have seen a reprieve as mild July weather conditions across much of the east and subsequently softer natural gas (NG) prices have been supportive of stock levels. PIRA places U.S. electric power sector (EPS) coal inventories at 120 MMst as of the end of this month or 49 days of forward demand (versus 63 days one year ago).
Russian Supply Risks Drive Atlantic Basin Pricing Higher
Coal prices rebounded notably last week, particularly in the Atlantic Basin, with 3Q14 API#2 (Northwest Europe) prices exhibiting the greatest resilience. API#4 (South Africa) and FOB Newcastle (Australia) prices also moved higher, but to a lesser degree than API#2. In the wake of the most recent escalation of tensions in Ukraine/Russia, European natural gas prices have risen notably, and rumors that Russian exports will not be allowed into Europe due to potential sanctions boosted pricing.
The information above is part of PIRA Energy Group's weekly Energy Market Recap - which alerts readers to PIRA's current analysis of energy markets around the world as well as the key economic and political factors driving those markets.
Click here for additional information on PIRA's global energy commodity market research services.
PIRA Energy Group
3 Park Avenue, 26th Floor
New York, NY 10016
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Skip to comments.At McLean School, Playing Tag Turns Into Hot Potato
Posted on 04/15/2008 1:10:36 PM PDT by Proverbs 3-5
click here to read article
Didn't Monk cover this in an episode?
I totally forgot about that game.
It's all about FEEELLLIIINNGGSSSS!
Oh, oh, oh feelings.
Can you imagine these empty headed, cowards defending our country if we have a war on our soil?
They've been taught to be petrified of a GUN!!!
Heck, they won't have to fight us. All they'll have to do is insult them verbally and they'll cry and submit. The sight of a gun may cause many to faint.
LOL. What the Hell???
"intense aggression" = boys playing and getting it out of their system.
Now they're going to wonder why there's more "violence" in the hallways, classrooms, and after school.
The inmates really are running the asylum.
I saw this happening to my son in the nineties.(Sissyfication) What did I do ? Took him to Nascar races in the infield,taught him to handle a gun then to hunt . Dang, now he is a better shot than I am & he loves and respects women and America too !
Welcome to FR.
I did the same for my Daughters.
This tag involves grabbing people who do not necessarily know they are playing and possibly bumping them to the ground. "Then the kids do 'pyramiding' or 'towering.' They pile on each other. [Sometimes] they call it 'jailhouse' or 'jailbreak,' " because the child has to break out, she said.
Sometimes kids get out of control, and it is necessary to restore a reasonable level of order.
This tag involves grabbing people who do not necessarily know they are playing and possibly bumping them to the ground. "Then the kids do 'pyramiding' or 'towering.' They pile on each other. [Sometimes] they call it 'jailhouse' or 'jailbreak,' " because the child has to break out, she said.
Since the prohibition began early this month, physical education teachers have begun a "chasing, fleeing and dodging" unit in first through fifth grades. Students essentially play variations of tag, and the teachers remind them about safety rules and point out the athletic skills they can transfer to other sports, said Sue Straits, a PE teacher.
So basically they can still play tag, and likely will be able to play tag on the playground once again once the school figures out some reasonable rules for what is allowed and what isn't.
It does sound like some of the kids were being overly aggressive to the point where kids were going to get hurt.
They didn't try a zero tolerance approach and call the police and have the kids charged with assault. They just suspended tag long enough to get their teachers on top of the problem.
I'd have rather they just disciplined the particular kids that were causing the problem, but it sounds like the problem was widespread enough that their approach is reasonable.
The old game of Smear the Queer...now it means something else...sadly.......
Kinda if a tag, red rover game....
As kids bacck in the day, fun.
Now. hell..........
Disciplining the kids properly is the solution.
However, haven't we seen more than enough examples of improper discipline.
I don't think there's enough information in the article to tell if they are handling this really well or not, but since they only seem to be temporarily banning tag, and are doing so because it was getting far out of hand, it sure doesn't seem like they are taking a really bad approach, and might even be taking a reasonable approach based on the situation.
They didn't implement a one size, fits all, zero tolerance approach, and that should be recognized and commended. They gained control over a situation where the kids were out of control.
And they appear to be planning on addressing the problem, rather than just permanently banning any behavior that might be close to being a problem.
The could screw things up from where they are now, but I don't think they have done badly so far, despite the spin the author put on it.
Disclaimer: Opinions posted on Free Republic are those of the individual posters and do not necessarily represent the opinion of Free Republic or its management. All materials posted herein are protected by copyright law and the exemption for fair use of copyrighted works.


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Heathrow Airport's shuttle pods are to be adapted to run driverlessly on London roads, starting with road trials around Greenwich.
Currently the pods automatically ferry passengers at Terminal 5 and run on rails without a driver.
The vehicles are set to be used in trials of driverless cars in Greenwich this summer as part of a project led by the Transport Research Laboratory (TRL).
The trial aims to assess the public's willingness to use autonomous vehicles in built-up areas, TRL said.
A consortium of British firms known as Gateway - which includes Westfield Sportscars, Heathrow Enterprises and Oxbotica - will work together to make the pods into "fully driverless shuttles".
The consortium is an £8m project funded by industry and Innovate UK that is looking into automated vehicle technology.
Professor Nick Reed, academy director at TRL, said: "The addition of three prominent and respected British organisations to the Gateway consortium further strengthens the UK's position as a leader in autonomous technologies.
"Each company brings a great deal of experience to the project, which will prove valuable in helping us to understand how the public and industry will adapt to the use of automated vehicles in the UK Smart Mobility Living Lab test environment in Greenwich.
"If the trials prove successful, we expect these iconic vehicles to become a familiar sight in many cities around the world."
Steve Chambers, director of engineering and asset management at Heathrow, said: "The Gateway project is a fantastic opportunity to build upon the Heathrow pod concept, our unique zero-emission transport system between Terminal 5 and business car park, which has already removed 70,000 bus journeys a year from Heathrow roads and the equivalent of 100 tonnes of CO2 a year."
The existing pods at Heathrow have been operating at Terminal 5 for nearly five years and have carried nearly 1.5 million passengers in that time.
The new service will not be the first of its kind. A driverless six-seat shuttle bus travelling at speeds of 8km/h was recently launched in the Dutch agricultural town of Wageningen, becoming the first autonomous vehicle in the world allowed on public roads without a driver, with the exception of prototype models.


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Over the last half-decade, in between writing and producing for hitmakers like One Direction ("Story of my Life," "You & I," "More Than This"), Christina Perri featuring Ed Sheeran, Ron Sexsmith, Enrique Iglesias, Marsha Ambrosius and making waves with his Northern soul/indie-pop project Graffiti6 – singer/songwriter Jamie Scott began working on a batch of intensely personal songs sparked by his recently becoming a father and husband.
Jamie will be playing the album acoustically when he joins his old friends One Direction for several dates this summer, including their three Rose Bowl shows in Pasadena, CA. He will also hit the road with One Republic beginning August 13th!
Scott is debuting the an in-studio acoustic version of his song "Unbreakable" which was recorded with just one mic and in one take.
Jamie said of the 1M1T video of "Unbreakable", when I recorded this video, there was a moment I knew I had made the right decision recording this song myself. It was the first time my baby boy Dylan watched me perform at the Capitol Tower. I really think this song can relate to any relationship."
"Unbreakable" was the only song that was demoed by other artists but Jamie keep it for himself. He loved it that much.
His album, My Hurricane will be released digitally via Virgin Records on October 7th. You can pre-order the album on iTunes now!
Watch the music video below.
Jamie's tour dates are listed below:
*Dates With One Republic
**Dates With One Direction
August 14 Charlotte, NC PNC Music Pavillion*
August 16 Tampa, FL MidFlorida Amphitheater*
August 17 W. Palm Beach, FL Cruzan Amphitheater*
August 19 Atlanta, GA Aaron's Amphitheater @ Lakewood*
August 21 New Orleans, LA UNO Lakefront Arena*
August 22 The Woodlands, TX Cynthia Woods Mitchell Pavillion*
August 23 Austin, TX Austin 360 Amphitheater*
August 24 Dallas, TX ATT Stadium**
August 25 San Antonio, TX Freeman Coliseum*
August 26 Dallas, TX Gexa Energy Pavillion*
August 27 St. Louis Edward Jones Dome**
August 28 Tulsa, OK BOK Center*
September 11 Pasadena, CA Rose Bowl**
September 12 Pasadena, CA Rose Bowl**
September 13 Pasadena, CA Rose Bowl**
Photo: Ryan Cleavland


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Airfarewatchdog Travel Trivia Giveaway
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New Release Promotional Price of $0.99
Women think they know me. An enticing temptress. They think they know their lovers. But they're blind. They don't know how voraciously I've already ensnared their loyal and trustworthy men.
How can anyone really know another person? We all wear masks to hide the traits in ourselves we can't face. But I'm not hiding. I'm Morgan, the Tempting Textress and I have many lover's numbers in my phone.
Take Jerry for instance, he likes to play games. Back door, front door, right under his wife's nose games. Should he repent for his scandalous unprotected deeds? Should I for tempting him? Or should his wife for refusing his desires?
Jerry's story is delightfully sinful. Take a look inside the first in this series of arousing shorts. This tale of infidelity and deception will leave you aching for more.
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Super Mario Bros. Costumes – Mario, Luigi, Princess Peach and Toad
A great addition to any Super Mario Brothers party is dressing the kids up in Super Mario character costumes. You can dress the boys up in the Mario, Luigi, Toad and Yoshi costumes while the girls can dress up in The Princess and any other costume that they want too! These costumes also make a great Halloween costume that all the kids will love!
One variation we've seen is to dress the Birthday boy up in a deluxe Super Mario costume. You can then give the other kids at the party a Super Mario kit which includes a hat, mustache and white gloves. This Super Mario Kit also makes a great party favor for all the kids!
Super Mario Costumes
The Super Mario costume is the costume that all the kids will want to wear. We recommend ONLY letting the birthday boy/girl wear the Mario costume that way everyone knows that he's special! The costume includes a one piece jumpsuit that features big yellow buttons and an attached long sleeve red shirt, an inflatable belly, and Mario's signature red hat with a white "M" in front. A large black moustache and white gloves are also included.
Luigi Costumes
Luigi is Super Mario's counter-part and partner. The Luigi costume is a great costume for a brother or best friend to wear and can be used to dress up the other kids for their picture with Super Mario! The costume includes a one piece jumpsuit that features big yellow buttons and an attached long sleeve green shirt, an inflatable belly, and Luigi's signature green hat with a white "L" in front. A large black moustache and white gloves are also included.
Princess Peach Costumes
The Princess, Princess Peach, is the object of Mario and Luigi's attention. This is a great costume for the girls to wear for their picture with Super Mario! The Princess Peach costume includes a pink dress with puff sleeves, a soft crown headpiece and long white gloves.
Toad Costumes
Toad is Princess Peach's servant and helper. He goes around helping Mario and Luigi to save the princess. The Toad costume includes a plush white mushroom hat with large red polka dots and a blue vest with gold trim.
Yoshi Costumes
Yoshi is Super Mario's accomplice who helps Mario (and Luigi) save the Princess. The Yoshi costume includes a cool green jumpsuit with an attached tail and a great Yoshi hood.
If you're looking for a Bowser or a Koopa Troopa costume finding those are a little harder. In fact, we can't find any child sized Koopa Troopa or Bowser costmes online (and we've looked everywhere!). The best we found was a Bowser Mascot costume, shown below. If you decide to get this costume it looks very detailed and would go well with a Super Mario Bros. Mascot costume which we have listed below as well. However, they are both in the upper price range and out of most people's budget.
No items matching your keywords were found.
No items matching your keywords were found.


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October 20-21 2011- IRPA-KIK art history seminar No. 12
Interdisciplinary research on the late-Medieval sculptor Master of Elsloo in an international perspective.
IRPA-KIK's 12th Art History Seminar, taking place on 20-21 October 2011, will be focused entirely on the late-Medieval sculptor Master of Elsloo. Most of the sculptures attributed to this master are in churches in Belgian and Dutch Limburg and in the neighbouring German region. In the framework of a multi annual research project of the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office and in close collaboration with partners in the Netherlands and in Germany, IRPA-KIK carried out two years of research on this sculptor and his vast oeuvre. The sculptures in Belgium were studied both from a material technical and from an art historical point of view. On the forthcoming international seminar experts from Belgium and abroad present the findings of their recent research. In addition diverse aspects of 15th- and 16th-century sculpture from the Meuse and Rhine region are treated in order to place the production of the Master of Elsloo in a broader context.
Unfortunately registration is closed: all seats are taken!


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Danish Kitchen Utility Set - Grey
This clever grey Danish design utility set is a must-have for washing up and keeping everything tidy!
The set includes:
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Dish brush with a replaceable brush head
A soft microfibre cloth.
The T-shaped handle makes the bucket easy to carry, even when full.
Bucket: Dia15xH24cm
Soap Dispenser: Dia5xH17cm (0.18L)
Dish Brush: L22cm (this brush can stand upright on its own).
- Mainland UK Express delivery: £5.75 per order
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- For outlying UK and Europe, please click here.
- This item will be despatched by courier and will require a signature on delivery.
- If you know you will be out, it is very easy to change delivery address during checkout!