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This document is available in three formats: this web page (for browsing content), PDF (comparable to original document formatting), and Word. To view the PDF you will need Acrobat Reader, which may be downloaded from the Adobe site. For an official signed copy, please contact the Antitrust Documents Group.
|Antitrust Division
U.S. Department of Justice
August 2003
Revised: April 2005
The purpose of this Primer is to provide federal law enforcement personnel with a quick overview of antitrust conspiracies that constitute felony violations of federal law. Specifically, the Antitrust Division wants to share with you the hallmarks of price-fixing, bid-rigging, and market allocation agreements and thereby dispel the commonly-held notion that such criminal antitrust conspiracies can be proven only by sophisticated economic analysis.
Price fixing, bid rigging, and market allocation are economic crimes with potentially devastating effects on the U.S. economy. Such crimes rob purchasers, contribute to inflation, destroy public confidence in the economy, and undermine our system of free enterprise. To protect the U.S. economy by successfully detecting, investigating, and prosecuting these crimes, the Antitrust Division believes that it must engage the assistance and support of other federal law enforcement personnel. We hope this Primer will help you to understand, detect, and report antitrust violations.
Antitrust Division investigations are conducted through a team approach, with assigned attorneys, paralegals, secretaries, and computer support personnel. An agent working on such an investigation becomes a significant member of the team. We look forward to working with you and hope that your experience in working with us is as positive as the experience described by one FBI Special Agent on detail to the Antitrust Division:
My assignment to the Department of Justice's Antitrust Division came after almost twelve years of investigative experience with the Federal Bureau of Investigation. By that time, I had experience with just about every possible investigative technique used by the Bureau. The assignment was voluntary and believed largely to be a typical white-collar assignment. Within a short while after taking the assignment, I met some of the most professional, hard-charging, creative DOJ attorneys I have met to date. Their enthusiasm, level of competence, and extremely positive attitude combined with my knowledge of the investigative tools available through the Bureau led to one of the most successful white-collar cases to date. As a result, I count my detail to the Antitrust Division as part of a very short list of great assignments in my law enforcement career.
Section 1 of the Sherman Act (15 U.S.C. § 1) prohibits any agreement among competitors that unreasonably limits competition. Section 1 reads: "Every contract, combination . . . or conspiracy, in restraint of trade or commerce among the several States, or with foreign nations, is declared to be illegal . . ." Price fixing, bid rigging, and market allocation are violations of Section 1 and generally are prosecuted criminally. Criminal enforcement of the Sherman Act is the responsibility of the Antitrust Division of the United States Department of Justice.
Agreement Is Key. Agreement is the essence of a Section 1 violation, and attempts to fix prices, rig bids or allocate markets are not prosecutable under this statute. The Antitrust Division, however, has used the mail and wire fraud statutes to prosecute attempts to fix prices or rig bids where the U.S. mails or interstate phone lines were used in the attempt.
Punishment. Price fixing, bid rigging, and market allocation by companies and individuals are felonies punishable by a fine of up to $10 million for corporations and a fine of up to $350,000 or three years imprisonment (or both) for individuals for offenses committed before June 22, 2004. These maximum Sherman Act penalties were increased in June 2004. For offenses committed on or after June 22, 2004, the maximum corporate fine is $100 million, the maximum individual fine is $1 million, and the maximum jail term is 10 years. These violations are also subject to the alternative fine provision in 18 U.S.C. § 3571, which permits a fine of up to twice the gross financial loss or gain resulting from a violation. To date the largest fines ever imposed for a price-fixing conspiracy are $500 million for a corporation and $10 million for an individual.
Victims. The victims of price fixing, bid rigging, and market allocation can be private parties or government entities, whether federal, state, or local. The Antitrust Division will prosecute these violations regardless of who the victim is.
Civil Remedies and Treble Damages. Criminal prosecution, incarceration, and substantial fines are the most effective, but not the only, deterrents to antitrust crimes. In those instances when the federal government or its agencies have been the victims of antitrust violations, the Department of Justice may obtain treble damages under the Clayton Act (15 U.S.C. § 15a) and civil penalties up to treble damages under the False Claims Act (31 U.S.C. § 3729). In addition, private parties (including state and local governments) can recover three times the damages they suffer as a result of an antitrust violation, and they may use successful federal prosecution of collusion as prima facie evidence against a defendant in a follow-on suit for treble damages.
Companion Violations. The prosecution of criminal antitrust violations also may warrant charges of mail or wire fraud (18 U.S.C. §§ 1341, 1343); conspiracy to commit an offense or to defraud the United States (18 U.S.C. § 371); conspiracy to defraud the government with respect to claims (18 U.S.C. § 286); making false, fictitious or fraudulent claims (18 U.S.C. § 287); making false statements to a government agency (18 U.S.C. § 1001); and a wide variety of other federal statutes, including the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (RICO) law (18 U.S.C. §1962(c)).
Monopolization Generally Civil. Section 2 of the Sherman Act (15 U.S.C. § 2) prohibits monopolization as well as attempts and conspiracies to monopolize. Violations of Section 2 are generally not prosecuted criminally. Criminal prosecution is warranted, however, in circumstances where violence is used or threatened as a means of discouraging or eliminating competition, such as cases involving organized crime.
Per Se Violations. Price fixing, bid rigging, and market allocation are generally prosecuted criminally because they have been found to be unambiguously harmful, that is, per se illegal. Such agreements have been shown to defraud consumers and unquestionably raise prices or restrict output without creating any plausible offsetting benefit to consumers, unlike other business conduct that may be the subject of civil lawsuits by the federal government.
Limited Defenses. Because of their pernicious effect on competition and lack of any redeeming economic value, per se agreements, like price fixing, bid rigging, and market allocation, are conclusively presumed to be unreasonable and therefore illegal, without elaborate inquiry as to the precise harm they have caused or the business excuse for their use. If a per se violation is shown, defendants cannot offer any evidence to demonstrate the reasonableness or the alleged necessity of the challenged conduct. Thus, companies may not justify price fixing by arguing that such price fixing was necessary to avoid cutthroat competition, or that it actually stimulated competition, or that it resulted only in reasonable prices. The essence of price fixing, bid rigging, and market allocation is simply this: the consumer believes he or she is making a purchase in a competitive market when, in reality, conspirators secretly agreed not to compete.
Elements of a Section 1 Offense. Criminal prosecution under Section 1 of the Sherman Act requires only the existence of concerted action in restraint of trade specifically, an agreement among competitors to fix prices, rig bids, or allocate markets. The agreement must be between two or more independent business entities or individuals. No overt acts need be proved, nor is an express agreement necessary. The offense can be established either by direct evidence from a participant or by circumstantial evidence (such as bids that establish a pattern of business being rotated among competitors). The conspiratorial agreement must occur in, or affect, interstate or foreign commerce.
Statute of Limitations. The statute of limitations for criminal conspiracies, including antitrust conspiracies, is five years. 18 U.S.C. § 3282.
Proof of the Conspiracy. In most Sherman Act prosecutions, prosecutors allege and prove an oral agreement and overt acts. Proof of the agreement usually comes from the testimony of the conspirators about what was said by the conspirators when they agreed or about what they understood the agreement to be. The witnesses upon whom the government relies are typically present or former middle- or upper-level management people. Overt acts can include secret meetings among corporate representatives, the issuance of price lists, the submission of bids, phone calls among companies to exchange bid numbers or other customer information, and the use of code words to conceal the conspiracy. Proof of such overt acts generally comes from the testimony of conspirators, supported by documents, such as bids, price lists, price quotations, transmittal letters, telephone records, appointment books, job estimates, and expense account records. Such documents are important pieces of evidence and also can corroborate the testimony of principal witnesses. Purchasing agents and other victims also provide helpful testimony about how they were deceived and cheated by the conspirators, which can have a substantial impact with a jury.
Price fixing is an agreement among competitors at any level of the economy (manufacturers, distributors, or retailers) to raise, fix, or otherwise maintain the price at which their products or services are sold. Price fixing can take many forms, such as an agreement among manufacturers of a particular product to establish a minimum price for that product. Price fixing can also be an agreement among competing buyers of a product to lower prices they will pay for that product.
Price fixing is any agreement among competitors which affects the ultimate price or terms of sale for a product or service. It is not necessary, however, that the conspirators agree to charge exactly the same price for a given item; for example, an agreement to raise their individual prices by a certain amount or maintain a certain profit margin also violates the law. Other examples of price fixing include agreements to:
The following two cases illustrate the contours of price-fixing schemes aimed at U.S. commerce and implemented by competitors located in various parts of the world. Although these examples reflect international price-fixing cartels, they describe conduct and prosecutorial results that may relate to national, regional, and local price-fixing conspiracies as well.
The Lysine Conspiracy. The lysine investigation broke up an international price-fixing and volume allocation agreement among the world's major producers of lysine. Lysine is a feed additive used by farmers in livestock feeds. Worldwide, it is a $600 million industry. The members of the lysine cartel lysine producers from the United States, Japan, and Korea reached agreements to carve up the world market by allocating sales volumes among themselves and agreeing on what prices would be charged to customers worldwide. As a result, prices went up about 70 percent in the first three months of the conspiracy.
Since the first round of charges in August 1996, the investigation a joint effort by the Antitrust Division and the FBI resulted in the conviction of five companies and six of their executives. The investigation yielded nearly $100 million in criminal fines, including a $70 million fine against the U.S. conspirator, Archer Daniels Midland Company (ADM). ADM was fined an additional $30 million for its participation in a separate conspiracy in the citric acid market and paid a total fine of $100 million. Three former high-ranking ADM executives were convicted in September 1998 after a ten-week jury trial.
ADM's $100 million fine, imposed in October 1996, represented the first time that the Antitrust Division utilized the alternative fine provision, found in 18 U.S.C. § 3571(d), to obtain a fine greater than the Sherman Act statutory maximum of $10 million. The ADM case has dramatically changed the landscape for corporate antitrust fines.
The Citric Acid Conspiracy. Like the lysine conspiracy, the citric acid conspiracy involved an agreement among competitors to fix prices and allocate sales volumes in the worldwide market. Citric acid, a flavor additive and preservative in products found in nearly every home in the United States, such as soft drinks and processed foods, as well as detergents, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetic products, is a $1.2-billion-a-year industry worldwide. The conspirators including ADM, German, Swiss, and Dutch firms, and four of their executives agreed to fix prices and allocate sales volumes among themselves. They also agreed on complex systems to monitor and enforce the agreement. For example, the conspirators devised a compensation system whereby the cartel members reviewed the sales of each conspirator at the end of the year, and any company that sold more than its precisely allotted share in one year was required in the following year to purchase the excess from another conspirator that had not reached its volume allocation target in that preceding year. As a result of the conspiracy, list prices for citric acid were raised by more than 30 percent to customers in the United States during the conspiracy period, resulting in well over $100 million in additional revenue to the members of the conspiracy.
Bid rigging is the way that conspiring businesses effectively raise prices where purchasers often federal, state, or local governments acquire products or services by soliciting bids. In a bid-rigging conspiracy, competitors agree in advance who will submit the winning bid on a contract that a public or private entity wants to let through a formal or informal competitive bidding process. In other words, competitors agree to eliminate competition for some piece of defined business, whether it be a sale, a contract, or a project.
A bid-rigging conspiracy can take a number of forms, all of which produce anticompetitive results. For example, one of the conspirators who otherwise would be expected to bid, or who has previously bid, might agree not to bid at all or might withdraw a previously submitted bid so that the designated winner's bid will be accepted.
In other circumstances, one or more of the conspirators might agree to submit a bid that the conspirators know will be higher than the bid of the designated winning bidder. This practice is called complementary bidding or cover bidding. Such bidding includes situations in which one or more of the competitors agree to submit bids that are too high to be the winning bid, but it also includes situations where competitors agree to submit bids that appear to be competitive in price but which fail to comply with other, nonprice bid requirements, such as a requirement that the bidder provide a bid bond. Such schemes enable the designated winning competitor's bid to be accepted in situations where a letting entity requires a minimum number of bidders. As with all per se violations, the essence of bid rigging is the agreement among would-be competitors not to compete, with customers being defrauded because the conspirators agreed to maintain the appearance of competition when, in reality, prices were rigged.
In order for the conspirators to bid higher than the designated winning bidder, there must be some type of communication among them as to what each of them should bid. Frequently, this communication will involve a face-to-face or telephone conversation between the conspirator who is supposed to win the bid and the conspirator who agreed not to compete. This communication can take other forms, however, such as a written message mailed, faxed, or otherwise electronically transmitted, and does not have to be sent from the winning bidder.
After the bid is let, the winning bidder may pay off the coconspirators through cash payments or subcontracts. Purchasing agents might also receive payoffs to make sure that the conspiracy is unreported. A purchasing agent might even be the originator of a conspiracy in circumstances that require bid rigging for the conspiracy to be successful. Evidence of such payoffs can be very persuasive for a jury.
Frequently, however, the bid in question is merely one of a series of bids rigged by the conspirators, and rather than payoffs, the conspirators take turns being the winning bidder or rotate the bids. Competitors may take turns on contracts according to the identity of the customer or the size of the contract, trying to equalize the value of the contracts won by each conspirator over time.
Bid Rigging on Real Estate Foreclosure Auctions. Since 1995, the Antitrust Division has filed over forty cases in connection with bid-rigging conspiracies designed to artificially lower public auction prices at real estate foreclosure auctions in Northern Virginia and Queens, New York. The conspiracies, both of which existed for at least a decade, operated in a similar fashion. Real estate brokers and investors secretly agreed not to compete against each other at real estate foreclosure auctions. Instead, one member of a conspiracy would bid the lowest price possible to win the property. Then, after the formal auction, the conspirators would hold a second private or knockout auction at which the conspirators would actively bid against each other for the foreclosed property. The winner of this second, secret auction would make illicit commission or premium payoffs to the others to compensate them for not bidding at the public auction. The Queens conspirators often used harassment, intimidation, and distraction tactics to scare off outside bidders, thus ensuring that the conspirators would get the lowest possible price for the property. Among the victims of these conspiracies were many lower middle class individuals who had lost their homes and were denied competitive bidding for their homes at the foreclosure auction.
The prosecution of the Queens bid-rigging conspiracy was jointly conducted by the Antitrust Division and the U.S. Attorney's Office of the Eastern District of New York, with substantial assistance provided by FBI and IRS agents. The investigation uncovered a conspiracy that began in the mid-1980s and continued until search warrants were executed in February 1997. Over 400 properties were affected by the conspiracy. Most of the Queens conspiracy defendants were charged with felony tax offenses in addition to the bid-rigging counts. (The crimes charged in the Northern Virginia conspiracy included wire fraud, mail fraud, bank fraud, and conspiracy to defraud the United States, in addition to bid rigging.)
As a result of the investigation, public foreclosure auctions in Queens are now conducted in a courtroom inside the Queens County Courthouse with strict rules governing the auctioning process. Moreover, it has been reported that there are more bidders today than ever and that houses are being auctioned off at record high prices.
Market allocation schemes are agreements among competitors to divide the market among themselves. For example, in customer allocation, competing firms may divide up specific customers or types of customers so that only one competitor will be allowed under the conspiratorial agreement to sell to, buy from, or bid on contracts let by those customers. In return, the other competitor will not sell to, buy from, or bid on contracts let by customers allocated to its coconspirator.
Territorial market allocation is also illegal. Its effects are comparable to customer allocation, but geographic areas are divided up instead of customers. Territorial allocations have been prevalent in the garbage collection industry where various companies in a county or community allocate routes or neighborhoods among themselves. The conspirators thereby insulate themselves from outside competition and are collectively able to raise prices to all customers.
Investigations normally come to the Antitrust Division from one of several sources: government agents investigating other conduct, complainants, amnesty applicants, and proactive efforts by the Antitrust Division or another government agency. The Antitrust Division receives leads from government agents investigating other conduct like fraud, gambling, money laundering, tax violations, or public corruption who then discover evidence of price-fixing, bid-rigging, or market allocation conduct. Such leads are very helpful, and the Antitrust Division would like to see more of them. Agents should pick up the trail of possible criminal antitrust violations in situations that may not, at first glance, look like an antitrust matter because additional prosecutions, large fines, and restitution not available under Title 18 could result.
Take, for example, the following hypothetical situation. Agents may investigate a federal highway contractor for bribing public officials to maintain favored status in winning paving contracts and for submitting fake invoices for asphalt that was never applied. In the process of interviewing witnesses about bribery and fraud in this instance, agents could also ask them questions aimed at identifying competing highway contractors and communications among such contractors related to the rigging of upcoming bids. Such witnesses if still employed in the industry may not be entirely candid but may go so far as to relate rumors or general suspicions of collusion. They also may be able to identify former employees in the industry, who are likely to be more candid.
Agent investigations into bribes, payoffs, and kickbacks involving public officials can lead to the uncovering of bid-rigging activity, additional charges, and penalties. The Antitrust Division and the U.S. Attorney's Office in Guam, for example, recently conducted an investigation resulting in the prosecution of the director of Guam's Department of Parks and Recreation for organizing separate bid-rigging conspiracies among contractors providing repair work for typhoon damage. The director was convicted of soliciting and receiving bribes in excess of $100,000, committing wire fraud, and conspiring to launder money, in addition to organizing the bid-rigging schemes. He was ultimately sentenced to more than eight years in prison.
An agent's alertness and inquiry into antitrust violations, while investigating other matters, can be extremely productive. For example, an executive of a fish company was facing a prison sentence for a tax evasion problem. The defendant provided information about his company's involvement in a bid-rigging conspiracy in the sale of fresh fish to the Department of Defense. His cooperation, for which he received a reduced sentence, led to a dozen convictions, including criminal fines and jail sentences for other conspirators, and a large restitution award to the Department of Defense.
Complainants report possible antitrust violations directly to the Antitrust Division or another other government investigative agency. Most complainants are not directly involved in the illegal activity, but many may be in some way victimized by it. A complainant may be, for example, a disgruntled former employee of a corporate conspirator, an overcharged customer, or an executive of a smaller competitor that has been the victim or target of conduct, such as predatory pricing, by conspiring competitors.
Complaints may also come from purchasing officials working for private businesses or public agencies. Such individuals become familiar with a variety of industries in connection with their purchasing responsibilities. They are in a good position to spot price-fixing red flags, such as simultaneous price increases by two or more suppliers, industry-wide price schedules, and instances when it appears that one supplier is following a competitor's price increase, as well as bid-rigging red flags, such as the submission of identical bids, the unexplained failure of one or more bidders to submit a bid, suspicious patterns among winning and losing bidders, and wide margins between winning and losing bids. Purchasing personnel may also have access to other red flags, applicable to both price fixing and bid rigging, such as rumors in an industry about companies exchanging price or bid information or meeting with competitors.
Wherever they have such contacts, agents should ask purchasing officials about what they have heard or observed, instead of waiting for them to volunteer such information. Purchasing people are often times reluctant, for a variety of reasons, to volunteer information that they believe might implicate a supplier.
Amnesty applicants have been the single most effective generator of leads, in recent years, to international antitrust conspiracies. But the amnesty program can be an effective tool in uncovering domestic conspiracies as well. Under the Antitrust Division's amnesty program, companies and individuals may approach the Division and apply for a pass from criminal prosecution if they are the first to come forward and fully cooperate. Unlike most complainants, amnesty applicants have direct knowledge of conspiratorial activity. Such applicants must satisfy a number of criteria before a pass is granted, but the benefits of being admitted to the program can provide substantial incentives to cooperate for persons with inside knowledge of a conspiracy.
At times, the Antitrust Division undertakes proactive efforts to uncover violations. Generally, these efforts consist of outreach presentations to procurement personnel working in the public and private sectors. In an outreach presentation, an Antitrust Division attorney describes and explains criminal violations of the Sherman Act and suggests ways in which purchasing officials can identify whether their company or agency may be the victim of price fixing, bid rigging, or market allocation by suppliers and vendors.
The Antitrust Division and the law enforcement agencies with which it works, such as the FBI, use covert methods to gather evidence in many of the same ways that such agencies gather evidence to prove other types of crimes.
Attorneys working with such agencies rely on the expertise and experience of the agents. For example, the FBI directed the covert recording of conspiratorial meetings on audiotapes and videotapes in the Antitrust Division's investigation of price fixing in the lysine industry. The tapes were important evidence in obtaining guilty verdicts at trial against three ADM executives, all of whom received jail sentences of 30 months or longer. ADM, four foreign corporations, and two other individuals pled guilty and were fined a total of over $90 million.
Whenever possible, the Antitrust Division and the investigatory agencies with which it works often uncover other criminal offenses while investigating Sherman Act violations. Typically, the Antitrust Division will investigate and prosecute these offenses. At other times, the Division will refer them to the appropriate U.S. attorney. Sometimes, the Antitrust Division and a U.S. Attorney's Office will conduct a joint investigation. One such investigation recently resulted in a conviction after trial of a defendant for an antitrust violation and multiple Title 18 violations. The defendant was sentenced to more than eight years in prison. The Antitrust Division typically will prosecute offenses that affect the integrity of its investigatory process (like perjury and obstruction) and substantive offenses that are related to anticompetitive conduct (like mail fraud, wire fraud, money laundering, and tax offenses).
Beginning in 1995, the Antitrust Division made the prosecution of international cartels that victimize U.S. businesses and consumers one of its highest priorities. International cartels, compared to their domestic counterparts, tend to be broader in scope, larger in terms of affected volumes of commerce, and more harmful in terms of numbers of businesses and consumers injured. Investigations have uncovered meetings of international cartels in over 100 cities and in over 35 countries, including most of the Far East and nearly every country in Western Europe.
Since 1995, the emphasis on international cartel enforcement has led to extraordinary success in cracking such cartels, securing the convictions of major conspirators, and obtaining record-breaking fines. In the last five years, the Antitrust Division has obtained over $1.5 billion in fines more than the total obtained in the previous 110-year history of the Sherman Act. These fines included the landmark $100 million fine against Archer Daniels Midland, imposed in October 1996, for that company's participation in lysine and citric acid cartels; the $500 million fine against F. Hoffmann-La Roche and the $225 million fine against BASF AG in May 1999, in connection with the vitamin prosecution; and fines of $135 million, $134 million, and $110 million respectively against SGL Carbon AG, Mitsubishi Corp., and UCAR International in the graphite electrodes investigation.
At their core, international cartels have essentially the same purpose as domestic conspiracies: to increase profits among conspirators by fixing prices, rigging bids, or allocating business markets among themselves. The international cartels that the Antitrust Division has prosecuted to date have some common characteristics, best illustrated by the example below of the vitamin cartel, which the Division successfully prosecuted after the FBI successfully 'flipped' current and former employees of a target company that then cooperated in the investigation.
The Vitamin Cartel. Vitamin cartel members established agreements on everything from how much product each member company would produce to which customers each member company would serve and the price at which product would be sold. The vitamin conspiracy much like the lysine, graphite electrodes, and other cartels was not limited merely to a few products, customers, or currencies. Cartel members discussed and agreed upon prices and sales volumes for every major vitamin sold for human or animal consumption throughout the world. To carry out this grand plan, the vitamin cartel members in effect stopped competing and worked together as if they were the sales divisions of a single company a single company which one of the conspirators dubbed "Vitamins, Inc."
The vitamin investigation led to many prosecutions of both foreign and domestic companies and individuals. Swiss, German, Canadian, and Japanese firms were convicted, and over $900 million in corporate fines were collected. A number of U.S. individuals were convicted and incarcerated, and several foreign executives served federal prison sentences in the United States.
The Antitrust Division provides informal training to federal and state agencies to enhance their ability to detect and report suspicious antitrust conduct and often answers other law enforcement officials' inquiries about possible violations. It is important that all major federal investigative agencies be able to recognize evidence of antitrust violations.
The Antitrust Division maintains offices in Washington, DC, and three other cities located throughout the country to investigate and prosecute criminal violations of the antitrust laws. Feel free to call upon the following offices with any questions or information you may have. The Antitrust Division also maintains a website at http://www.usdoj.gov/atr.
Chicago Office
San Francisco Office
Washington Criminal II Section
New York Office
Washington Criminal I Section
1. This Primer provides only internal Department of Justice guidance. It is not intended to, does not, and may not be relied upon to create any rights, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law by any party in any matter civil or criminal. No limitations are hereby placed on otherwise lawful investigative and litigation prerogatives of the Department of Justice.
- establish or adhere to uniform price discounts;
- eliminate discounts;
- adopt a standard formula for the computation of selling prices;
- notify others prior to reducing prices;
- fix credit terms;
- maintain predetermined price differentials between different quantities, types, or sizes of products; and
- maintain floor prices.


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This Toddler Is Being Encouraged to Smoke and Drink Beer Will Be the Most Horrifying Thing You See All Day – Hot Moms Club
One of my friends just shared this video with me and I am in shock! There is nothing remotely funny about this video.
In this absolutely, shocking clip taken at a little cafe in Spain, two Romanian adults are laughing as they encourage a toddler to drink beer and puff, puff on a cigarette ( not once, but a few times!)!!!
"That's what being a real man is all about," says one of the men. The child even tries to give it back and they put it right back in his mouth!!!
The extremely upsetting video was originally posted by a man who asked that Facebook users help him try to find the two adults, but they have not yet been identified.

subset: commoncrawl


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Having a good beard for men is the equivalent of having good hair for women. It requires proper care and maintenance for it to look good and healthy. Men who have good facial hair take their time to groom it, and the results are clearly seen. You can call it having a Ritual Beard as it is always maintained.
There are certain ways that one can get their facial hair looking. The tips include;
Watching The Diet
The body needs certain vitamins and minerals to stay strong and healthy. It means that the facial hair needs to get proper nutrition for it to look good and healthy. Sometimes the hair could get dry. This could cause the skin to be flaky and cause beard itch and beard dandruff. Getting the proper nutrition will moisturize the hair and the skin under the hair.
Taking Supplements
Sometimes eating healthy and taking the right diet could be tricky for some people. Due to this fact, the beard could be missing some key nutrients that will make it grow to its full potential. One can take multivitamins to supplement for any vitamins and minerals that lack in their diet. Biotin, for instance, is an excellent supplement that aids in the faster growth of beards. It makes the hair grow at a faster rate.
Conditioning The Beard
Conditioning the beard is part of maintaining it. There are several ways that can be used to condition the beard. The best way is to use a product that is specifically formulated for beard care. Such products include beard oil and beard balm. When getting a product, it is important to check that is free of preservatives and that it is natural. For the scent, one that has essential oils instead of fragrances is a better pick.
Increasing Testosterone
All men would like to increase their testosterone levels. It is very simple to do so. One just needs to go to the gym and lift weights. Lifting weights increase testosterone levels drastically. Cardio may work as well, but the easiest, and the most certain way is to lift weights.
When growing a beard, it is important to know that genetics play a big role in it. Some people may grow an epic beard in a short span of time. Others may struggle to grow one for ages. Surgery could be an option, but it could have side effects that could be harmful to the patient. Following the above steps could lead to a successful growth of good and healthy beard and facial hair.


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Read this tip to make your life smarter, better, faster and wiser. LifeTips is the place to go when you need to know about Nordic Walking Training and other Nordic Walking topics.
Many people enjoy working out with others. Nordic walking is a fairly new exercise, so you may have trouble finding a club or class. Talk to your local parks and recreation department and see if they can start one. Any exercise leader should be able to learn Nordic walking without any problem. You only need to get a few friends together to start your own club, or you could ask an existing walking club to include Nordic walkers. A store that sells Nordic walking equipment may be glad to help form a club. Or, take your Nordic walking poles when you go with your friends who are doing conventional walking. (You will go at the same speed.) Don't be surprised if they decide they want to try what you're doing! Here's a new online resource you can check out: www.nordicwalkingclubs.com.
|Guru Spotlight
|Carma Spence-Pothitt


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Patches of Maryland's shimmering green forests are turning prematurely brown this summer due to a population explosion of an industrious beetle called the locust leaf miner.
The black-and-orange insects have infested black locust trees from the Alleghenies to the Chesapeake Bay in what may be the worst outbreak in five years, plant and bug scientists say. But no one seems particularly concerned.
Leaf miners, it seems, are perennial pests that seldom do any lasting damage to the hardy, fast-growing black locust, a tree with no commercial value that grows wild throughout the Eastern United States.


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A few months back, I expressed an interest in attending Frostbike to Jeff from All-City. Typically, it's not really a huge media event, meant more for shop owners and brand reps. Wheels turned and viola, I found myself in freezing cold Minneapolis. While I had a few preconceptions about what I'd see, I was wildly impressed.
Frostbike is much smaller than I expected. It's a QBP-specific tradeshow, only open to Q brands both in-house and distributed. In house brands include: Surly, Salsa, All-City, Whisky, Foundry, 45NRTH, Civia and others. Around 100 vendors total showed off products new and old.
Notable sights: iSSi, Q's new in-house pedal brand – All-City's Macho Disk – Surly's new dropout designs – $250 fatbike tires by 45NRTH – the fatbike course outside QBP was a blast – the food was awesome – free beer! – Angry Catfish making coffee – Seeing friends, meeting and talking to readers!
Preface: it's winter in the midwest and a lot of the new products were MTB and fatbike-related.
I don't know what else to say. I had fun at Frostbike and hope to return next year. See some of the radness in the Gallery!


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Sandqvist makes this hiking backpack that's all colorful and practical with external pockets. So, basically the expensive backpack holy trinity. I would take this backpack on the most artisanal of hikes on picturesque trails that end at a pristine lakes with loons and shit cavorting in the water. I'd make the most whimsical cups of coffee ever using fresh lake water and some coffee beans imported from a godforsaken third world country and just take in nature. CAN'T YOU JUST PICTURE THE LOOKBOOK IMAGES?
Can't You Just Picture The Lookbook Images?
Originally published on Four Pins


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A January 2008 fire at a Naperville condominium turned out to be a double dose of bad luck for a 49-year-old man after a contractor checking out the damage reported to police he saw images of child pornography in the unit.
Thomas Schmitz, 49, of the 400 block Valley Drive pleaded guilty today to possession of child pornography and was sentenced to 30 months of probation. DuPage prosecutors said they will seek a six-month county jail sentence at a future hearing.
Assistant State's Atty. Ken Tatarelis told Judge John Kinsella that a contractor going through Schmitz's unit after a January 2008 fire reported seeing a number of pictures of young females in pornographic poses and reported it to Naperville police.


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Sips: Cocktails Built for Halloween|
This Halloween, trade the candy for something more exciting: a spooky-themed cocktail. Better yet, turn your night into a bar crawl and dub it adult trick-or-treating.
Begin your haunt at Riverfront with Al Lado's Sinister Sangría. This slightly spicy cocktail is easy to drink thanks to muddled orange and green apple, hibiscus, habanero-infused tequila, red wine, and blood orange purée.
Then, make your way to Colt & Gray on Platte Street for a Satan's Whiskers. Sip the devilish mix of gin, sweet and dry vermouth, orange juice, Cointreau, and house-made orange bitters. (Meanwhile, ogle the conversation-starting collection of drink mixers, such as "unicorn tears.")
Finish up the evening at Linger, an obvious choice since the property previously housed part of the Olinger Mortuary. Order the appropriately named Corpse Reviver #2 (pictured). Strong but subtle, this blend of gin, Lillet Blanc, Combier d'Orange, and lemon juice gets its ghostly glow from absinthe.
Bonus: You can park once and access all three of these locations using 15th Street and the pedestrian bridge.
Al Lado, 1610 Little Raven St., 303-572-3000
Colt & Gray, 1553 Platte St., 303-477-1447
Linger, 2030 W. 30th Ave., 303-993-3120
—Photo courtesy of John Tagle
THIS STORY WAS PART OF 5280's 20 DAYS OF GIVEAWAYS!


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Build Guide by
Not Updated For Current Season
This guide has not yet been updated for the current season. Please keep this in mind while reading. You can see the most recently updated guides on the browse guides page.
Thank You!
Your votes and comments encourage our guide authors to continue
creating helpful guides for the League of Legends community.
Shaco Build
Ability Sequence
Not Updated For Current Season
The masteries shown here are not yet updated for the current season, the guide author needs to set up the new masteries. As such, they will be different than the masteries you see in-game.
Just for information: I do not claim to be the first one to make a sunfire shaco build.
This Shaco build is based on that Shacos clone gets the effect of sunfire and guardian angel.
The sunfire capes will give you lots of AOE damage which will be devastating for your enemies with the clone up that also deals damage from its sunfire. The sunfire capes will also give hp and armor which will give your enemies a hard time killing you and remember, they need to know which is you and which is the clone. Your clone will also ress from guardian angel. This build is a late game build.
Go for golem buff with jack in a box spam at lvl 1 so you can stay on the lane longer before you go oom and you should be lvl 2 if you kill the golem and his two minions.
Enter the bush in the water close to your lane and try to make a jack in a box trap (make sure they don't see you enter). your enemies will know that you have been gone for a while and will sooner or later check the bush and they will get crushed by your jack in a box spam.
After you have used the jack in a box trap most enemies will be more carefull about following you and jack in a box trap will not work on them agian so you should damage your enemies by using deceive in their backs and run into a bush before they can hit you back.
At lvl 6 so can you kill the golem agian using your clone to tank him, make sure to hit the minions two times each (then the clones death AOE will kill them). after your clone is dead the golem should be at around 50% health, use your jack in a box to take damage from you and use deceive while jack in a box takes beating.
After you got the golem buff agian so should you try to get a kill at either your lane or mid.
Shaco will have a importent role in team battles as he is able to save his friends and destroy for your enemies with a well-placed jack in a box that will fear and your sunfire will do devastating damage to your enemies.
A good tactic to enter a team battle as shaco is to use Deceive to stealth right into the middle of them and then summon the clone to burn them down. If you goes low on health try to use Deceive to jump over a wall to safety.
Do always if you have the mana for it try to place jack in a box in bushes that your enemies can try to gank you from, jack in a box is perfect for early kills but it also a perfect ward that can save you and your friends from getting killed.
If you vote this + or - please leave a comment so I know how to make a better guide


text: Two antivirus companies recently announced the discovery of WinNT.Infis, a unique Windows NT-specific virus. According to a Central Command spokesperson, the virus "is the world's first computer virus, found 'in-the-wild,' that integrates into the highest security level of the Windows NT OS." The virus infects NT 4.0 with Service Pack 2 (SP2) through SP 6 (now in late beta). The virus doesn't effect systems running Windows 9x or Windows 2000 (Win2K). Central Command and Kaspersky Lab of Russia both discovered the virus after it infected a Russian company. Central Command, makers of AntiVirus Pro, has updated its product to protect against the Infis virus. Keith Peer, Central Command president, said that WinNT.Infis is unique because it acts as a Windows driver. "It \[The virus\] goes memory resident," said Peer. "The virus bypasses \[NT's\] security. It doesn't matter who logs in—an administrator or a user--it's the first virus to do this." Because the virus operates as a driver, NT automatically loads it before the OS engages any security precautions. More problematic, said Peer, is that the virus is difficult to clear because NT systems don't have a boot disk. According to Peer, Central Command engineers had to disable the driver by reverse-engineering the virus. The danger from the virus is quite low. Central Command is aware of only one incidence of infection (i.e., the infection at a Russian company mentioned previously). Although the virus has no destructive payload, it corrupts certain files and causes applications such as Microsoft Paint and the Calculator applet to crash. However, WinNT.Infis does point out a new security hole in NT 4.0 and a new technique that might lead to the construction of other, more destructive viruses. "This virus doesn't demonstrate any security vulnerabilities in Windows NT," said a Microsoft spokesperson. "It uses normal system functions, albeit for a malicious purpose. The newly identified virus doesn't have a destructive payload. What's new about the virus is the technique that the virus uses for hiding from virus scanners. This technique had been previously theorized, and antivirus vendors were already working to counter it even before this virus was discovered. Microsoft has been working closely with them in this effort." A spokesperson for Central Command added, "At least two antivirus vendors have developed scanners that can detect this virus, and others certainly will follow." You can visit the Central Command site at http://www.avp.com.


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Blue Mountain Pet-Friendly Resort
We welcome all guests at The Westin Trillium House, Blue Mountain and your four-legged companion is invited to stay at our pet-friendly hotel in Blue Mountain as well. With the Westin Heavenly® dog products, your furry friend will leave the hotel feeling rested and rejuvenated. We offer the Westin Heavenly® Dog Bed to our four-legged guests upon request at the time of reservation. Our concierge would be happy to show you our dog friendly areas in Blue Mountain including:
On-Resort Trails (must be on leash):
Off-Resort Trails (must be on leash):
- Bruce Trail
- Georgian Trail
Off-Lead Dog Parks:
- Off-Leash Dog Park; Poplar Side Rd between Hurontario St and Raglan St, Collingwood Ontario
- Moreau Park; Corner of Alice St West and Victoria St, Thornbury
- Wasaga Beach Park; Oakview Woods beside the RECplex on Mosley St just past the Superstore (on 45th St)
Owners must sign a waiver at check-in and are responsible for any damage, additional cleaning and compensation to other guest's that may be required. Please note that all dogs must have rabies immunization shots prior to traveling to Ontario.
When travelling with your dog to the hotel the following policies and procedures must be followed:
- Dogs must be pre-registered to ensure that a pet friendly suite is available.
- Dogs must be leashed inside the hotel and outside on resort property.
- Dogs cannot exceed 40 pounds.
- Dogs cannot be left unattended in guestroom.
- Dogs are not permitted in the resort restaurant.
- Dogs are not permitted in outdoor pool area.
- Limit of two dogs per guestroom and they must be over 6 months of age.
- Dogs are not permitted to bark excessively or guest will be asked to leave the premise
- Dogs are not permitted to foul in the lobby or guest rooms
- Dog owners must pick up any feces on resort property.
Thank you for your cooperation.
*There is a $200 fee for non-compliance with any of the above policies.


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Stafford Agriculture
Stafford Agriculture provides fund management services to institutions seeking exposure to global agriculture. These services are offered in the following ways.
- Advisory – providing support to internal client teams who are initiating, managing or divesting global agriculture portfolios. This includes building tailored portfolios with or on behalf of clients, providing the exposure appropriate using geography, vintage and production type.
- Fund of funds – benefitting from the critical mass that provides investors with the ability to access the best opportunities available, regardless of their size. We target a globally-diversified portfolio of row crops, permanent crops, dairy and beef opportunities. Investments are selected on the basis of macro agriculture trends, country and regional comparative advantages and tested operational management models. There is significant diversification by manager, production type, geography and management style. We favour strategies where biological growth and achieving productivity enhancements will be driving performance, rather than a reliance on land price appreciation.
We are able to access unique investment opportunities identified through our global network and local partner insight. It is managed by a team of experienced industry professionals with exceptional backgrounds in agriculture, farm advisory, fund management and sustainability.
We gain our exposure to agriculture through a range of methods:
- by providing liquidity to Limited Partners in existing agriculture funds through the secondary market,
- as an additional source of equity for agriculture managers through co-investment opportunities, and
- as a source of equity for new agriculture funds
The main focus of our investment activities is on Australasia, North America and to a lesser extent Latin America. With the opening of our Latin American office, these are all regions where Stafford Capital Partners has a local presence with one or more offices.
The information on this website is for general information only and not intended to be in any way an offering of financial services or securities.


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Self-adhesive stamp
A self-adhesive stamp is a postage stamp with a pressure-sensitive adhesive that does not require moistening in order to adhere to paper. They are usually issued on a removable backing paper.
They were first issued by such tropical climates as Sierra Leone in February 1964[1] and Tonga in April 1969 in an attempt to avoid the tendency of traditional water-activated stamps to stick together in humid conditions.[2] They also made die cutting into fanciful and unique shapes easier.
The United States Postal Service's first foray into self-adhesive stamps was in 1974 with the 10-cent dove weathervane,[1] produced by Avery Dennison,[3] that soon became discolored due to the instability of the adhesive. It was another 15 years (1989) before another such stamp was issued by the USPS.[2] Stamp collectors criticized the format, as the rubber base adhesive used tended to progressively yellow the stamps. They also found them difficult to remove from covers,[2] and to save in mint condition, though self-adhesives of recent years have improved in these respects. The British Post Office first issued self-adhesive stamps on October 19, 1993, with the introduction of books of 20 First Class stamps, later a 2nd class stamp was introduced. In later years other issues were produced in the self-adhesive format. Die cutting tools for the UK self adhesive stamps were manufactured by Arden Dies of Stockport, Cheshire using tools designed by Robert Clapham.[citation needed] Outside of the philatelic community, the stamps have been welcomed as more convenient; by 2002, virtually all new USPS stamps were issued as self-adhesives.[2]
More recent USPS self-adhesive stamps are not readily removable from the envelope or cover backing by traditional water soaking. Some collectors of used stamps have discovered that although not readily removable by water, the self-adhesives can be removed with Bestine (a hexane solvent), benzine (petroleum ether), or a natural based citrus solvent containing d-limonene (e.g., Pure Citrus Orange is an air freshener product that works for this purpose).
Artistamps have also been issued in a self-adhesive format.
See also[edit]
Media related to Self-adhesive stamps at Wikimedia Commons
- ^ a b "Self-Adhesive Stamps". Preservation and Care of Philatelic Materials. American Philatelic Society. Retrieved 2008-07-06.
- ^ a b c d Supinger, Rachel. "Self-adhesive stamp revolution sweeps world". Refresher Course. Linn's Stamp News. Retrieved 2008-07-06.
- ^ "Avery Dennison Corporation". Avery Dennison. 2011. Retrieved 2011-10-16.
|This philatelic article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.


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- slide 1 of 4
Online Masters Degree in Fire Administration
An online master's degree in fire administration prepares students for administrative roles in the fire service. These include directing the day to day operations, handling emergency situations, enforcing fire prevention systems and inspections, and also overseeing fire investigations. Administrative positions require highly knowledgeable people with effective leadership and communication skills; this is exactly what a master's degree can help provide.
- slide 2 of 4
Getting an Online Masters Degree in Fire Administration
Visit the websites of different colleges offering master's degree programs in fire science administration. Find about the kinds of fire administration courses that are offered and check their national and regional accreditation. Get information about teaching standards and job placement rates (if applicable). Inquire about scholarships, student loans and federal aid. Prepare and send out admission applications.
Once you have received admission to the school of your choice, set up a proper study schedule and stick to it. Online study does not mean less work! In fact, you will need to be more disciplined about managing your time and completing your assignments. The article "Guide to Online Courses for Fire Protection, Engineering Jobs" explains about these issues in depth.
Along with staying on track with your studies, make sure you stay in trim physical shape. Fire administration work requires alert, strong people with the stamina to work long hours. You may have to pass a physical exam before you get hired, and you will most likely have to undergo a rigorous and extensive training.
- slide 3 of 4
Benefits of an Online Masters Degree in Fire Administration
Getting an online master's degree in fire administration has some definite advantages -
- A master's degree gives you an edge in the job market. There is usually a long waiting list for fire administration positions, and people with graduate and postgraduate degrees will always be given a preference over those without. A master's degree might also mean a higher pay level.
- Online degree programs are generally less expensive than regular ones and easier to get into, but this can vary from school to school. You can check online and on-campus programs at the Eastern Kentucky University. To compare tuition and fees at different colleges, visit the College Toolkit site.
- Getting an online degree means you will study the same courses as in a traditional full-time program, but with the added advantage of a flexible schedule.
- With an online master's degree program, you study where you want and when you can. You may arrange your study schedule around your work and family commitments. You don't have to spend time and money commuting.
- Working online, you will gain experience in working with the latest computer technology, web based programs and Internet communication systems.
- The independent nature of online study can hone your management and organizational abilities, all skills that are much sought after in fire administration.
- slide 4 of 4
Career Prospects with an Online Masters Degree in Fire Administration
According to the U.S. Department of Labor, a master's degree in fire administration can help with career advancement and lead to leadership roles in the fire service. With a master's degree, you may find work as a fire chief, deputy chief, assistant fire chief, battalion chief, fire captain, fire lieutenant, fire prevention inspector, station manager and station supervisor.


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who is number one?
I received an email yesterday citing a list of top universities in the country today. Too bad, I accidentally erased the email not thinking that I will blog about it. Anyway, as far as i can remember, topping the list was the University of the Philippines, together with some 10 other universities in Luzon. Anyway, Bobit S. Avila of Philippine Star, in his Inside Cebu column said, "On the top four slots were the University of the Philippines Diliman, UP Los Baños, UP Manila, and Siliman University (Dumaguete City), respectively. Ateneo de Davao came fifth, followed by Ateneo de Manila University. In seventh to 10th places were the University of Sto. Tomas, Mindanao State University (Iligan), Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila, and St. Louis University (Baguio)...
This list got me wondering how we fared internationally. Making a quick browse in the internet, I chanced upon a list of top universities in Asia here. As you can see, Asiaweek has the UP ranked as 41st, DLSU (71), Ateneo de Manila (72) and UST(74)in Asia alone. Should I say we are doing poorly? Now, I don't know how old the list is as the recent Professional Regulations Commission and CHED list shows that Ateneo and UST are higher in ranking than DLSU. However, which ever is the best University to go to is not the point of this blog.
What does a list like this say? Does it really mean that the one at the top slot is the best among the lot? Maybe, for after all, the statistics cannot lie. I have a very simple mind and in my simple way of thinking, I believe it is easy to be number one. All a University has to do is to select its students... meaning, accept only the best student-applicants through a very competitive entrance examination, then, weeding out those who cannot cope with the high standards of the university during the course of their stay. This is the reason why high school seniors would attend review classes just to enter a university of their choice. (I believe there is something wrong here. The entrance test is given to see the preparedness of the applicant for college. Now, if the student still has to review for it, then does it follow that either our high schools' offerings are not sufficient, that we are looking at the wrong direction, or are colleges testing the wrong areas?) In any event, by choosing and teaching only the best students, the university is sure to produce the best.
However, is that what we need right now? The country produces thousands upon thousands of high school graduates. Where will these kids go? We know for a fact that we, as a people, put a very high premium on education thinking that it is the key to a well-paying job, ergo, a ticket to easy streetville.
For me, education should be open to all. Every young Filipino should have access to education. I can understand UP for its acceptance policies because it is State run. But that is on the premise that it only cater to the poor. No tuition fee paid. If the State will shoulder the burden of educating the masses for free, it has to be ensured of a very high performance rating. But is that really the case? How many students from the UP are poor? With the advent of technology, the playing field had changed. Only a fraction of the poor sector can pass its very high standard simply because most of them did not have the luxury of having a good education during their elementary and high school days. Maybe the socialized tuition fee is the answer for after all, UP cannot exist without a steady income. (Well, what school would?) It cannot rely on the government for sustenance, can it? But still, what is the percentage of the those in the lower socio-economic bracket are studying at the UP? Never mind.
What is saddening is that in her article entitled "A Bill to save University of the Philippines, which appeared on August 9, 2003, Rina David hints that the UP's edge over other universities may soon end. In a letter, UP president Francisco Nemenzo wrote that even as the university approaches its centennial, 'UP is facing harder times than ever." Many of its top Ph.D.'s have left for better-paying jobs in the private sector here and abroad, he mentions, while its laboratories and libraries "badly need to be modernized." Hopefully, our government leaders would find it in their hearts that we need good schools like the University of the Philippines and put greater emphasis on education by allocating more budget because not doing so would spell our doom as a nation and as a people.
What makes a school a good one? I believe it is the combination of a good faculty line-up, good resources and educational equipment and a conscientious student body. These I believe are the essential requisites of a good educational organization. But of course, that would be asking for the moon.
Labels: education


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For Royal, there's no bigger thrill than to see the recruiters he manages succeed and thrive. Each morning, he's energized by the fast-paced atmosphere, not only in the Chicago office but across all the KellyMitchell offices. He uses that energy to help hungry recruiters hit their numbers. His main goal is to continue to "kill it" and someday open up his own branch at KellyMitchell.
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"The culture is exceptional because it's not just 'clock in and clock out.' Everyone works so hard, driving towards their own goals."
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Dec 16 (Reuters) - Agenus Inc said more than 90 percent of patients treated with its experimental brain cancer vaccine were alive six months after undergoing surgery to remove the tumors.
Agenus shares soared as much as 32 percent in early trading.
The biotechnology company also said 30 percent of the 41 patients with recurrent Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), a deadly form of brain cancer, were alive at 12 months in a mid-stage trial.
The individualized protein-based vaccine is derived from a patient's own tumors, after 90 percent or more of the tumors have been surgically removed.
Each vaccine is designed to activate a patient's immune system to specifically target and destroy cancer cells, similar to Provenge, Dendreon Corp's prostate cancer vaccine.
The patients in the Agenus study were treated once weekly for four weeks, followed by biweekly injections until the vaccine ran out.
The Lexington, Massachussetts-based company said it plans to evaluate the efficacy of the treatment, codenamed Prophage Series G-200, in combination with Roche's Avastin, which is already approved to treat GBM.
Agenus said in September another vaccine candidate, Prophage Series G-100, increased survival, without the disease worsening, in a mid-stage study in patients with newly diagnosed GBM.
Agenus shares were up 23 percent at $3 in mid-morning trading on the Nasdaq on Monday. (Reporting by Natalie Grover in Bangalore; Editing by Sriraj Kalluvila)


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2018 Hobie Mirage Outback
- Brand: Hobie
- Product Code: HMOUTBACK
Price: £2,975.00
Available Options
Tags: MirageDrive Kayaks, Fishing kayaks,
Hobie Mirage Outback
The legendary design that propelled the MirageDrive to fishing supremacy is better than ever.
It's still every inch an Outback, with a time-tested hull that's an ideal blend of confident stability and smooth maneuverability. Yet quicker and more manouverable thanks to efficient MirageDrive 180. The deck is freshly redesigned around the marvelous Vantage CT seat to maximize stand-up space and storage. Cruise, camp, or catch. The Outback is packed full of fishing features, including the Lowrance Ready System that makes sonar installation a cinch.
The Hobie Outback is used by The UK Hobie Fishing Team's Ian' Dizzyfish' Harris, Dave Morris & Mike Taylor, for more details of their activities go to our fishing blog site -a shorething
Why we at The Hobie Centre love the Hobie Mirage Outback
- The Outback is very stable.
- It has plenty of buoyancy and can support 181kg of weight on board.
- Buoyancy, agility and stability make it ideal for fishing.
- Add Turbo fins for a boost
- Add a sail package or an Evolve Motor kit for greater flexibility and range.
- MirageDrive 180
- Twist and Stow Rudder
- Vantage CT Seating
- Two-Piece Paddle with On-Hull Storage
- Large Covered Bow Hatch
- Four Moulded-In Rod Holders
- Lowrance ready fisfinder installation
Options- see related products;
Plug-in trolley, Plug-in Beach trolley, Sail Package, Evolve Motor kit, Turbo Fins, Trailer, Cover.
|3.68m / 12'1"
|0.84m / 33"
|Mirage Drive Weight:
|<3.6kg / 8lbs
|Hull Weight
|37 kg / 81lbs
|181kg / 400 lbs


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Course Schedule
Course Schedule
The sample course schedule below provides an overview for planning purposes. For the most accurate information about Yonsei courses, please speak with your Yonsei admissions representative.
Next on campus program start date: September 2018
Year 1
Fall Semester at Yonsei (9 units)
|One of the following courses on "Applied Linguistics"(3 units)
|Two of the following courses on "Theories of Language Learning and Teaching" (6 units)
Spring Semester at USC (8 units/10 units credential track)
Approaches and Strategies of Language Teaching
Overview of approaches, models and strategies in language teaching, topics include lesson planning, implementation of the lesson for language and content area instruction.
EDUC 655 | (4 units)
Social Foundations of Language Education
Examine learner behavior, ability and language to access strategies to differentiate, scaffold and assess learning.
Clinical Practice Seminar A
Examine learner behavior, ability and language to access strategies to differentiate, scaffold and assess learning.
Year 2
Fall Semester at USC (10 units/12 units credential track)
EDUC 649 | (4 units)
Teaching Practice to Support Language Learners
Introduction to components of effective teaching, including lesson and unit planning, creating a classroom environment conducive to learning and classroom management strategies.
Technology Enhanced Language Instruction Design and Instruction
Build on previous teaching and learning experience in the MAT —TESOL program to establish and enhance skills to become a more creative, competent and professional instructor.
Assessment and Instruction for Diverse Language Learners
Assess practices and strategies in English language instruction with special attention to learner differences (social, cultural, physical and intellectual) that influence academic performance.
Clinical Practice Seminar B
Second of two-course series focused on helping you translate theory to practice. Part B also facilitates preparation for and submission of the EdTPA.
Spring Semester at Yonsei (6 units / 9 units – Korean Language Teaching certification track)
|Required course (3 units)
|One of the following courses on "Teaching Korean to Speakers of Other Languages" (3 units)
|CREDENTIAL TRACK ONLY (3 units)
View more information about the Korean Language and Literature courses


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3071 Maddams Street, Vancouver MLS®: R2243164
LAND ASSEMBLY. Please call for further information. Fantastic location across from Clark Park with RT-2 zoning for development potential of 5 stories with Rental 100 affordable housing.
Taxes (2017): $4,678.43
Site Influences
- Central Location
- Recreation Nearby
Similar Listings
Listed By: Sutton Group-West Coast Realty
Disclaimer: Listing data is based in whole or in part on data generated by the Real Estate Board of Greater Vancouver and Fraser Valley Real Estate Board which assumes no responsibility for its accuracy.


text:
civil engineering construction companies in sri lanka,sustainable structure and system that will shape the world
Our Civil Engineering portfolio includes Roads and Highways, Buildings, Bridges, Irrigation, Land Reclamation, Piling and Water Supply and Drainage. Our commitment to the government's initiative to advance infrastructure development has enabled us to improve the local road network while developing ourselves as a premier infrastructure contractor. Going forward, we expect to grow further and undertake larger projects with a view of developing Sri Lanka's infrastructure.


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Free tickets for TCC Academic Use
The Roper Center is here for you and your students. Our programming is offered as a vehicle for curricular enhancement and cross-curricular exploration. Our complimentary ticket program is intended to help TCC instructors connect their students to performances throughout the year. Please keep in mind that distribution of tickets, including complimentary ones, represent an expense, so please help us sustain this program by using it judiciously.
Free tickets to any performance are available for:
· Your students (one ticket each) if the event is used in any way in a class you instruct, including extra credit for attendance
· You and your guest if your field of instruction is a significant part of the show or if you have referred students for this performance
While we hope you enjoy the show, free tickets are not distributed for entertainment purposes alone. Additional tickets may be purchased at the door at the rate specific to the guest (full price, student discount, etc.).
All tickets must be requested by instructors. All tickets will be held under the instructor's name at our lobby will-call window starting one hour before show time. Any tickets not picked up by fifteen minutes before show time may be released for sale to other guests.
Links to a convenient Google reservation form appear below for performances that we have recognized as academically relevant. If you wish to reserve tickets to a show not appearing here, please contact us and we will be happy to make arrangements.
Current Reservation Forms
Virginia Symphony Orchestra "Women in Music" Thursday, November 16 7:30


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By Pine Center for the Arts on November 27, 2016
Those looking for one of kind and hand-crafted gifts this holiday season need to visit the Pine Center for the Arts' Snowflake Gallery. Celebrate the holiday season and support the local arts. It's easy to find something for everyone with prints, jewelry, home décor and fiction by local authors available.
Look for art from local artists and authors Nan Grubbs, John Kay, Lois Lapp, Shawnda Schelinder, Barb Schlichting, Amber Shuey and Peg Skalicky.
During Holiday Madness, the Pine Center for the Arts will offer extended sale hours, 10 a.m.-7 p.m., plus free holiday refreshments. Schlichting will also be on hand to sign copies of her latest mystery, "Dolley Madison: The Blood Spangled Banner."
The Snowflake Gallery will be open Tuesdays-Thursdays, 3-6 p.m. and Saturdays, 10 a.m.-2 p.m. through December 17.
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POSTED: Thursday, June 9, 2011 – 19:33
UPDATED: Friday, June 10, 2011 – 11:01
Click Here to View Story
EL PASO – The El Paso Children's Hospital is getting a big donation from the Junior League of El Paso.
The Junior League is working on creating a library at the hospital's family resource center. The library will include books, DVD's, pamphlets and internet resources.
This is all in an effort to provide extra support to families during their time at the hospital.
"This is a place that families will go to first…education is very empowering, and hopefully, the information that we're able to provide there will be great for the families," said Chantel Crews Ancell, from the Junior League.
The resource center is scheduled to open, next February.