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Gwendolyn Mikell eBooks
eBooks found: 1
African Feminism
Gwendolyn Mikell
University of Pennsylvania Press, January 2011
Format: PDF
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Moving can be a big thing and is seen as one of the most stressful things a person can do in their lives. Needless to say, it's going to be strenuous for children. So, here are some tips to make it smoother and easier.
Eight ways to inspire kids to be excited about the move
When you tell children that you are moving, it causes them to feel powerless. If you have sold your house very fast, then it can be even more of a shock. When it comes to the decision, they generally have no input. Do your best to involve them in as many decisions as possible."
Create a Family Wish List
Kids love it when they're involved in decisions based on your new home. It also helps to keep everyone happy! Ask your kids what it is they'd love in their new home, perhaps a huge play room, a bigger backyard, their own bedroom or even a house close to a beach. If you can tick at least one of these things off your wish list, you'll have some happy kids.
House Hunt as a Family
Again, kids love being involved in big decisions like a new house so why not take them house hunting and ask their opinion of prospective homes. If you are doing online searches, bookmark the one you like so that the children can look over them as well. Even more fun, create a map and mark out the houses you'd love to look at and follow the map during the car trip.
Let Your Children Map out Their Own Room
Take some paint swatches home and allow your children to choose a colour. Create an art project – let your children paste a snapshot of their furniture and bed on a piece of construction paper.
Pack a Treasure Box
Purchase a plain box for each child and let them decorate it however they want. This box is where they'll pack their favourite possessions to move to the new house. They'll love unpacking their favourite things when they arrive.
Throw a Farewell Party
Saying goodbye is difficult but throwing a party makes it just a little bit easier on children. Keep things simple, a potluck or a simple chips-and-dip affair.
Visit Your Favourite Places
Before you move, visit the special parts of your neighbourhood one last time. Perhaps it's your favourite park, café or even your babysitter's house. Make time to visit one last time so closure is much easier.
Create Memory Book
A memory book will become a special book that your children can open up and read when they find they are missing their old home. Fill the memory book with photos of their old home, friends and also include friends phone numbers and email addresses so they can always keep in touch.
Reflect on favourite memories
During a family meal together, ask each child to recall one of their favourite memories in the old house.
Survival Kit for Moving Day
To make moving day as smooth as possible, pack the following in your car for easy access:
- A lunchbox with drinks and snacks
- Toiletries such as toothbrushes, toothpaste, soap and toilet paper.
- Changes of clothes and a plastic bag for dirty laundry.
- Documents such as your lease agreement, passports and medical records.
- Extras that may come in handy such as a tool kit, torch, pencils, scissors, matches and garbage bags
How to help your child sleep in their new room
It's normal for children to feel anxious when sleeping in a new bedroom on the first few nights of moving into your new home. As soon as you arrive, get the special treasure box and have your child unpack it to help them feel more secure and more 'at home'.
To help them overcome anxiety, try to point out things that are better about their new bedroom. Make sure you walk them through the way to their bedroom, to the bathroom and show them exactly where the light switches are. It's a good idea to ensure there are night lights set up to help your child find their way in the new house. Leaving the bathroom light on with the door slightly ajar is also a good idea for children in a new home.
Sticking to a routine is also essential when you move to a new home. Children are creatures of habit and big changes like moving into a new home can definitely bring about anxiety. Yes, your moving day is likely to be hectic, but try your best to stick to the children's normal routine, particularly bedtime.
Preparing your children for a new school
When it's time to switch schools, anxiety can be at an all-time high. It's a massive change.
Leading up to their first day, try arranging play dates with their new classmates. You can try contacting the school who will assist you in getting in touch with other parents.
Involve your child in planning ahead. Talk to them about what they will be learning, tell them what times they have lunch breaks and what after-school activities they can choose from. Involve your child in planning out the route you will take to and from school and before school starts, walk them through the route to and from their classroom as well as touring the school so they become familiar and more comfortable.
How to help your family feel 'at home'
It's one thing to move into a new home and another to actually feel like it is your home. Here are a few things you can do:
Explore the House
Use a game of hide-and-seek to make this fun. You can also give the children projects they can take on such as counting the rooms, ranking them in order by size, and counting the number of tiles in the bathroom.
Find local children
Walk around the neighbourhood in search of signs that there are children living nearby. Try looking in yards for signs of toys and bikes, basketball hoops and swings. If possible, try placing the same in your yard and see what happens. You might have a friendly neighbour notice and introduce themselves and their family.
Teach Your Children How to Meet and Greet
Give your kids lessons on how to introduce themselves, for example, "Hi, I am Tom and we recently moved here. Would you want to come over and play?" As you are exploring, if you see other children with their parents outside, take a moment to introduce your children: They will learn best by observing you.
Plan a Welcome Party
Once you have met some of the neighbours with children, host some kind of event such as a pizza party, a scavenger hunt, an ice cream social, or a movie night. You can find some great scavenger and treasure-hunt printables online.
Become a Part of the Community
A great place to inquire about facilities that are kid-friendly is the library. Check out the community, YMCA and churches as well — all of these spots are great for meeting families.
Take the Grand Tour
Pretend you are a tourist and visit the local sights. There should be plenty of suggestions of what there is to see and do at the Chamber of Commerce website for your town.
Yes, moving can be stressful and packed with anxiety, for children and parents alike. But involving the children and taking time to plan and explore is definitely the best way to ensure a much easier move. Good luck!
Eva Lewis (The Multitasking Woman)
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subset: commoncrawl


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December 04, 2015 09:36 AM
By Joe O'Donnell
It's time to catch up on the week that was in stamp-collecting insights and news.
Linn's Stamp News is looking back at its five most-read stories of the week.
Click the links to read the stories. Here they are, in reverse order:
5. Gandhi stamp legacy in danger in India: Stamps have always been a communication lens for culture, society, and government. As a result, cultural changes bring about postage changes.
4. The best and the worst of Great Britain's Christmas stamp designs: Since issuing its first two Christmas stamps in 1966 (Scott 478-479), Great Britain has shown about 240 different designs on its Christmas stamps.
3. Colorful stamps showcase the culture and history of Polynesian islands: Stamps can add to our own information about Polynesia, in beautiful and highly collectible ways.
2. Use 'Postmaster Finder' to locate city's postmasters and post office history: Recently Tony Wawrukiewicz was asked who was the postmaster of the post office at South Poland, Maine, an office supposedly established in 1862.
1. Have a second, closer look at that old stripped-down stamp album: It's easy to strip stamps out of an old album obtained from the latest stamp bourse or auction and pay no attention to the album itself. After all, it's the stamps you're after.
Connect with Linn's Stamp News:


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To this day I have only received one shipment of homemade vegan cookies.
Then that box of yummy, banana-y, chocolate-y love arrived on my doorstep. I had just experienced my third miscarriage. I was delirious. I laughed constantly, which was weird to most people. A coping mechanism, I was told. My sarcasm was at an all-time high. And I was at an all-time high, too, taking more pain pills than I needed. I had lost all motivation to exist, except for to watch the box set of Harry Potter that Brittany had lent me while eating batch after batch of the most delicious cookies Carey had sent-- with love from California.
After my first miscarriage, my small group leader, Jacki (who coincidentally was also vegan), brought over this sausage and lentil stew with freshly baked bread. "My friend recommended it, and I wanted to make sure I brought you something that would make you feel a little warmer." It was February. I wasn't a seasoned miscarriage veteran at this point. I broke down sobbing in the kitchen, my bare feet on the cold tiles.
Today is the Remembrance Day / Wave of Light-- a day to remember the babies we've lost to miscarriage or stillbirth. I have three that I will remember today, along with many other babies that my friends have lost over the years.
But I will also remember those friendships that came from these losses. I will remember after my second loss my college professor and mentor, Anabel, brought me spaghetti and a heart-shaped dish and sat on the floor next to my bed for hours. It was the first time I had smiled-- really smiled-- since losing Micah. We talked about travel and family and languages, and it reminded me that outside of this overwhelming, life-altering event, I was a whole person with interests and joys and dreams, and for a moment I didn't feel minimized by my loss.
I will remember when Stephanie brought me Chick-fil-a and her favorite book of comics that she thought would make me smile. And she didn't judge me, even though I was clearly drinking too much and sleeping too little.
I remember Meghan, who baked peanut butter blossoms and sat in bed with me and just listened-- really listened-- to my sorrows and my fears and didn't turn her face away from my messy, ugly grief.
I'll remember Julie, who saved all her baby stuff for me instead of selling it in a yard sale, because she really believed that I would need it eventually. In lieu of the divorce, I gave her my blessing to sell it to someone else who needed it, but the fact that she held onto hope for me for so long meant everything, especially on the days when I had no hope at all.
I remember my yoga-teacher-turned-friend, Sarah, who let me cry and cry and cry on my mat in her yoga class as she taught me to reconnect with the body that betrayed my children.
I remember my yoga-teacher-turned-friend, Sarah, who let me cry and cry and cry on my mat in her yoga class as she taught me to reconnect with the body that betrayed my children.
I remember my parents taking turns coming over, helping with chores, cooking meals, and making me shower, even if it was just to get back in bed. The depression was so heavy at times.
I could go on and on and on and on. It wasn't about what these people so graciously gave to me or did for me, but I really learned who would be there in the hard places. I really learned who my friends are and I saw God in those moments when I felt really alone.
My babies gave me that.
So today, I remember.
I light my candle.
And I give thanks.


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From Bethpage, New York, USA:
Our 4 year old son was diagnosed with diabetes a few days ago. He is approximately 70 lbs. I need to know how many carbs, etc. he should be eating. This is very confusing and we don't want to do anything to hurt him.
I would highly recommend you find a dietitian who works with children to establish an appropriate carbohydrate meal plan for your son. Without the height and lots of information about what he currently eats, I would not be able to assess his carbohydrate needs. As he grows and develops, the numbers will change so finding a dietitian who can help you along the way is a very good idea.
Original posting 30 Mar 2000
Posted to Meal Planning, Food and Diet
|Return to the Top of This Page
Last Updated: Tuesday April 06, 2010 15:09:10
This Internet site provides information of a general nature and is designed for educational purposes only. If you have any concerns about your own health or the health of your child, you should always consult with a physician or other health care professional.
This site is published by T-1 Today, Inc. (d/b/a Children with Diabetes), a 501c3 not-for-profit organization, which is responsible for its contents. Our mission is to provide education and support to families living with type 1 diabetes.
By using this site, you agree to our Terms of Use, Legal Notice, and Privacy Policy.
© Children with Diabetes, Inc. 1995-2018. Comments and Feedback.


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Science & Nature
Learn about solar systems light-years away, and then explore the peaceful streams, rivers and woods right in our own backyard. Learn all about our wonderful world in a visit to Lake City.
In one dynamic small South Carolina town, you can spend one day spotting rare species of birds or kayaking our world-renowned waterways — and the next reaching for the stars. Lake City brings the fascinating world of science and nature home.
Ronald E. McNair Life History Center
This moving tribute to Dr. Ronald E. McNair, the Lake City-born astronaut who perished in the Challenger Space Shuttle explosion in 1986, is being developed into a space and technology center dedicated to helping students learn math and science.
Wildlife and Ecotourism
Surrounding Lake City are some of the world's most beautiful streams and rivers, populated by rare species of birds and animals.


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Get 15% OFF Your Next Order
The best deals come to your inbox. Sign up for Ben Meadows emails to get exclusive offers, the scoop on new products and information you can actually use.
Fully adjustable, five-position temples offer you the highest level of comfort so you can keep these Safety Glasses on all day without discomfort. Ratchet-action temples provide an exact fit.Lightweight nylon frame. One-piece polycarbonate lens with integral sideshields provides a high level of protection. Lens gives you 99.9% UV protection and has a scratch-resistant coating. Choose from Clear or Gray lenses, with or without Duramass® AF4 antifog coating. Replacement lenses are not available.
© 2018 Ariens Specialty Brands LLC
CAGE Code: 3ZEL7 | DUNS: 18-854-1176
Reference Number: WB0000


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CENTENNIAL, Colo. -- A 10-year-old boy who had gone missing is safely back at home Friday morning after a search by Arapahoe County Sheriff's deputies.
Officials say the boy was put to bed Thursday night by his father but when his mother went to get him from his room Friday morning, he was not there.
He was found unharmed at 8:17 a.m. at 22600 E. Smoky Hill Road, the Arapahoe County Sheriff's Office said. Foul play is not suspected and it's unclear how he left the home.
The boy is white, about 4-foot tall and weighing 50 pounds and wears black plastic glasses. He is possibly autistic.
Photo Gallery
Several sheriff's vehicles were in the neighborhood of the boy's home in the 5900 block of South Odessa Circle looking for him.
One deputy was seen driving away from Canyon Creek Elementary School (6070 S. Versailles Way), where the boy attended, and deputies were also seen on bicycles in the area.AlertMe


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Raleigh's Chrysler Jeep Dodge Ram Dealership Serving Durham, Garner and Cary
Westgate is the North Carolina volume dealer on Chrysler, Jeep, Dodge and Ram vehicles. We offer a large selection of new 2018-2019 vehicles including a Turn Key Commercial Ram department. There's a reason why Westgate is a premier new and used Chrysler, Jeep, Ram and Dodge dealer for the greater Raleigh, Durham, Garner and Cary area. It's because we provide quality automobiles at prices our customers can afford. Our knowledgeable staff will answer your questions, help you find the right new car, and can assist with financing. So if you're looking for a new or used Chrysler, Jeep, Ram or Dodge, stop in to Westgate and we'll get you into the car of your dreams! Have questions to ask first? Give us a call! 919.865.5000
Search for a New 2018-2019 Chrysler Dodge Jeep or Ram in Raleigh, NC
Browse our new inventory pages for the new 2018-2019 Chrysler, Jeep, Ram or Dodge, including the all new Pacifica. Check out our new 2017-2018-2019 Chrysler Town & Country , Chrysler 200, Dodge Dart, Dodge Challenger, Dodge Journey, Jeep Grand Cherokee, Jeep Wrangler Unlimited, Ram 1500 and Ram 2500 today! Customers from surrounding Durham, Garner, Chapel Hill and Cary areas have made their way to Westgate Chrysler Jeep Dodge Ram for the car or truck of their dreams.
Browse Our Selection of Used Trucks, SUVs, Sedans and More in Raleigh, NCSearching for a used car in Raleigh? Start and end your search with Westgate and save thousands. With a huge selection of low-priced, high-quality vehicles, we are certain that we can locate a used car that suits your taste. Our greater Raleigh used car inventory has cars, trucks, SUVs and vans by many of today's top automakers. If you have not been able to locate a specific vehicle you were looking for, we are at your service. Complete our no-obligation CarFinder form and we will alert you by email when a matching vehicle arrives at our Raleigh Chrysler, Jeep, Ram and Dodge dealership.
Auto Financing & Chrysler Dodge Jeep RAM Lease in Raleigh, NC
Are you looking for auto loans in Raleigh? The financial experts at Westgate are available to answer your questions regarding car loans and leases. Have a question about interest rates, loan terms, or programs for individuals with bad credit, or no credit at all? Call us and get the answers you need. At Westgate we'll help you get auto financing in the Durham, Garner and Cary, NC areas quickly so you can go about your busy schedule with your new vehicle. For truly helpful assistance in securing a car loan and lease in Raleigh, visit us today!
Auto Service & OEM Car Parts in Raleigh, NCIf you are looking for something as specific as Jeep car repair & auto service in Raleigh, our service department has the experience to give your vehicle professional repair and care you can depend on. Professional Chrysler, Jeep, Ram and Dodge service is nearby to Raleigh from trained mechanics you can trust at Westgate. Let our technicians diagnose your car the first time with our expert service and repair your car quickly with an extensive Chrysler, Jeep, Ram and Dodge auto parts department to get you back on the road quickly. We also offer a wide selection of auto parts in Raleigh if you are need of that one part that is hard to find anywhere else.
The employees at Westgate look forward to your visit. Give us a call or use our step by step directions to visit the Raleigh Chrysler, Jeep, Ram and Dodge dealer with unbelievable deals and superior service, Westgate. We are just a short drive from Durham, Garner, Chapel Hill, Wake Forest and Cary, NC.
Westgate Ram commercial department
Local Car dealer Selling New Ram trucks and vans.
Explore Popular models in the 2018 Ram + Jeep Line-UpRam 1500 | Ram 2500 | Ram 3500
Jeep Cherokee | Jeep Wrangler JK | Jeep Compass
Serving: Raleigh, Durham, Garner, Cary, Chapel Hill North Carolina
Commercial department Managers: Larry Slagle, Wes Parker , Eric Holmes
Local Phone: (855) 348-0148
*New vehicle sale prices include incentives which include lease cash and military bonus cash


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Know more about this business than we do? Cool! Please submit any corrections or missing details you may have.Help us make it right
Be the first PennLive.com user to add photos or videos of Salon Deja Vu
Since 2000, Salon Deja Vu has been providing Beauty Shops from Philadelphia. Salon Deja Vu has estimated annual revenues of $58,000.00 and also employs an estimated 2 employees.
Salon Deja Vu can be found at Haverford Ave 3507. The following is offered: Salons. The entry is present with us since Sep 8, 2010 and was last updated on Nov 14, 2013. In Philadelphia there are 1151 other Salons. An overview can be found here.


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What We Do
The Graduate Professional Access Program (GPA) is one of nine programs administered by the Office of Student Equity Excellence and Diversity (SEED) at UH Mānoa. Programs under the SEED umbrella benefit from the synergies created by seamless activities that ensure an inclusive and supportive environment at the university. Student access to achieve doctoral degrees is extended through GPA partnerships with institutions across the U.S. continent, federal government agencies, and non-profit organizations. GPA also collaborates closely with Health Careers Opportunities Program (HCOP) and the National Cancer Institute's Asian American Network for Cancer Awareness, Research and Training (AANCART). All programs address health disparities in the islands and provide a pathway for the advancement of students and faculty from underrepresented groups in Science, Technology, Engineering and Math (STEM) fields.


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Popy Monkey Fruit Saga is a cherish arcade game! Collect juicy fruits, store them in jungle huts, avoid wild animals - speedy snakes, lizards, spiders, ants, bugs and more. Be quick, collect bananas and use Popy's ninja skills. Help Popy monkey to Collect Fruits from a series of Challenging & Amazing Mazes! Game features 4 modes: 1. Collect fruits and avoid wild animals. 2. Collect fruits in limited time while moving in a maze - no wild animals this time. 3. Collect fruits, store them in huts and avoid wild animals. 4. Bonus level - collect fruits in limited time and as a reward receive precious bananas. Other features: • 5 ninja skills: Shoes, Shield, Berserk, Blade, Chains • 2 lands: Jungle, Desert and more lands to be added • 100 levels of amazing mazes • very juicy fruity graphics • happy background music
No members were found matching the criteria specified. We suggest you try the member list with no filter applied, to browse all available. Join now to share your own content, we welcome creators and consumers alike and look forward to your comments.


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The Viking Lodge - Downtown Winter Park offers comfortable accommodation as well as hot tub, sauna, a game room as... More Info »
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Blend all the ingredients in a tall glass with ice. Shake well and serve Early Christmas Scotch and Whisky Cocktail chill.
Black Dog scotch whisky
Cocktail recipes and articles are intended only for audience above the Legal Drinking Age as specified by their state & country of residence. Enjoy Responsibly.


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|By: Taylor
|H.B. No. 100
|relating to unit operations for oil, gas, or oil and gas production
|or carbon dioxide storage.
|SECTION 1. Subtitle C, Title 3, Natural Resources Code, is
|amended by adding Chapter 104 to read as follows:
|Sec. 104.001. SHORT TITLE. This chapter may be cited as the
|Oil and Gas Majority Rights Protection Act.
|Sec. 104.002. DEFINITIONS. In this chapter:
|(1) "Commission" means the Railroad Commission of
|(2) "Common source of supply" means:
|(A) a common reservoir as defined by Section
|86.002; or
|(B) separate multiple stratigraphic or
|lenticular accumulations of oil, gas, or oil and gas that have been
|recognized and regulated as a common reservoir by the commission
|under Section 86.081(b).
|(3) "Extraneous substances" are substances, including
|hydrocarbons or carbon dioxide, purchased or otherwise obtained
|from outside a common source of supply for injection into the common
|source of supply during unit operations.
|(4) "Oil and gas" means "oil" and "gas" as defined by
|Section 85.001.
|(5) "Plan of unitization" means a plan or agreement
|that is consistent with the requirements of this chapter between
|working interest owners and royalty owners in a common source of
|supply or part of a common source of supply in which unit operations
|may be conducted to enhance the production of oil, gas, or oil and
|gas from the common source of supply or part of the common source of
|supply to greater volumes than would otherwise be produced by
|primary recovery operations only.
|(6) "Primary recovery" means the displacement of oil,
|gas, or oil and gas from a common source of supply or part of a
|common source of supply in a unit area by means of the natural
|pressure of the reservoir, including artificial lift, but in the
|absence of unit operations.
|(7) "Royalty interest" means the right to, or an
|interest in, oil and gas or proceeds of oil and gas production free
|of costs, other than a working interest. The term includes a
|royalty interest attributable to the interest of an unleased
|mineral interest owner under Section 104.057(1).
|(8) "Royalty owner" means the owner of a royalty
|(9) "Tract" means a parcel of land lying within the
|unit area that is under uniform royalty and working interest
|(10) "Tract participation" means the percentage shown
|in the plan of unitization participation formula for allocating
|unit production to a tract, which is measured by the value
|calculated for each tract for oil, gas, or oil and gas purposes
|based on its contributing value to the unit in relation to like
|values of other tracts in the unit, the sum of which is 100 percent.
|(11) "Unit area" includes the surface area inside the
|boundaries of the unit and the common source of supply or the part
|of the common source of supply underlying the surface area that may
|be reasonably required for the conduct of unit operations.
|(12) "Unit cost" or "unit expense" includes any cost
|or expense incurred in the conduct of unit operations.
|(13) "Unit operations" means:
|(A) operations intended to increase the ultimate
|recovery of oil, gas, or oil and gas from a common source of supply
|related to the production of oil, gas, or oil and gas from the unit
|area, including:
|(i) repressuring;
|(ii) waterflooding;
|(iii) pressure maintenance;
|(iv) tertiary recovery operations; or
|(v) any other similar operations that are
|incidental or necessary to increase the ultimate recovery of oil,
|gas, oil and gas, or other hydrocarbons from the proposed unit area;
|(B) the establishment and operation of the
|necessary facilities for the operations listed in Paragraph (A).
|(14) "Unit operator" means the person designated under
|the plan of unitization to conduct unit operations, acting as
|operator and not merely as a working interest owner.
|(15) "Unit participation of a royalty owner" means the
|percentage equal to the sum of the products obtained by multiplying
|the royalty interest of each royalty owner in each tract in which
|the owner owns a royalty interest by the tract participation of that
|tract in the unit.
|(16) "Unit participation of a working interest owner"
|means the percentage equal to the sum of the products obtained by
|multiplying the working interest of each working interest owner in
|each tract in which the owner owns a working interest by the tract
|participation of that tract in the unit.
|(17) "Unit production" includes all oil, gas, or oil
|and gas produced and saved from a unit area after the effective date
|of the unit regardless of the well or tract in the unit area from
|which the oil, gas, or oil and gas are produced. The term does not
|include the following substances if the working interest owners
|under a lease, contract, agreement, or unit plan have excluded the
|substances from unit production:
|(A) recoverable extraneous substances injected
|into the common source of supply or used in well treatment or
|pressure maintenance;
|(B) any production that is reinjected into the
|unit area, unless the reinjected production is later removed from
|the unit area for nonunit purposes or sold, in which case it will be
|considered to be unit production; or
|(C) any production used or consumed in unit
|(18) "Working interest" means an interest in oil and
|gas by virtue of a lease, operating agreement, fee title, or
|otherwise, including a carried interest, the owner of which is
|obligated to pay, in cash, out of production, or otherwise, the
|owner's share of the unit expense under the proposed or approved
|plan of unitization. The term includes a working interest
|attributable to the interest of an unleased mineral interest owner
|under Section 104.057(2).
|(19) "Working interest owner" means the owner of a
|working interest.
|Sec. 104.003. POWER AND AUTHORITY OF COMMISSION. (a) The
|commission shall adopt any necessary rule, issue and enforce any
|necessary order, and perform all required acts necessary to carry
|out the purposes of this chapter.
|(b) The commission in accordance with this chapter shall
|determine whether a plan of unitization, including the
|participation formula, proposed under this chapter for all or part
|of a common source of supply is fair, reasonable, and equitable for
|all interests concerned and necessary to carry out the purposes of
|this chapter.
|Sec. 104.004. APPLICABILITY TO VOLUNTARY COOPERATIVE
|AGREEMENTS IN SECONDARY RECOVERY OPERATIONS. This chapter does not
|affect or apply to a voluntary cooperative agreement in secondary
|recovery operations as provided by Subchapter B, Chapter 101,
|unless application is made under this chapter for unit operations.
|Sec. 104.005. APPLICABILITY TO PUBLIC LAND. (a) This
|chapter does not apply to land owned by the state or land in which
|the state has a direct or indirect interest.
|(b) Except as provided by Subsection (c), this chapter does
|not amend, repeal, change, alter, or affect in any manner the
|authority or jurisdiction of the state, the commissioner of the
|General Land Office, or any board or agency of the state with
|respect to any land or interest in land in which the state, the
|commissioner of the General Land Office, or any board or agency of
|the state has jurisdiction or the unitization of such land.
|(c) Land in which the state has an interest as described in
|this chapter may be unitized under this chapter only:
|(1) at the instance of the commissioner of the General
|Land Office; or
|(2) with the approval of or consent to a plan of
|unitization by the state, the commissioner of the General Land
|Office, or the board or agency having jurisdiction.
|(d) If land in which the state has an interest is to be
|unitized as provided for by Subsection (c), the plan of unitization
|and unit operating agreement is subject to and must incorporate by
|reference all statutes and rules that apply to the land in which the
|state has an interest.
|Sec. 104.006. CONFLICT WITH ANTITRUST ACTS. (a) A plan of
|unitization and operation under an agreement that complies with
|this chapter, is approved by commission order, and is found by the
|commission to be necessary to prevent waste and conserve the
|natural resources of this state may not be construed to be in
|violation of Chapter 15, Business & Commerce Code.
|(b) If a court finds a conflict between this chapter and
|Chapter 15, Business & Commerce Code, this chapter is intended as a
|reasonable exception to that law that is necessary for the public
|interest of preventing waste and conserving the natural resources
|of this state.
|(c) If a court finds a conflict between this chapter and
|Chapter 15, Business & Commerce Code, and finds that this chapter is
|not a reasonable exception to Chapter 15, Business & Commerce Code,
|the legislature intends that this chapter, or any conflicting part
|of this chapter, be declared invalid rather than that Chapter 15,
|Business & Commerce Code, or any portion of that chapter, be
|declared invalid.
|Sec. 104.007. APPEALS. A person affected by an order of the
|commission issued under this chapter is entitled to judicial review
|of that order in accordance with Subchapter G, Chapter 85. The
|petition for review must be filed in Travis County.
|[Sections 104.008-104.050 reserved for expansion]
|Sec. 104.051. APPLICATION FOR UNITIZATION. (a) A working
|interest owner or proposed unit operator may file an application
|with the commission requesting an order under this chapter for the
|unit operation of a common source of supply or a part of that common
|source of supply.
|(b) The application must contain:
|(1) a description of the proposed unit area and the
|vertical limits and producing horizons to be included in that unit
|area with a map or plat attached;
|(2) a statement of the type of operations contemplated
|for the unit area;
|(3) a copy of a proposed plan of unitization and all
|agreements related to that plan that the applicant considers fair,
|reasonable, and equitable, including a unit operating agreement
|that contains provisions dealing with:
|(A) the manner in which the costs and expenses of
|unit operations are to be apportioned among and assessed against
|the tracts and interests chargeable with those costs and expenses,
|including a detailed accounting procedure governing all charges and
|credits incident to unit operations and providing for audits of
|those charges and credits;
|(B) voting and approval procedures;
|(C) the designation, resignation, removal, or
|replacement of the unit operator;
|(D) the division of interest or formula for
|allocation of unit production, payment of interests free of costs,
|and allocation of unit expenses;
|(E) the time when the plan of unitization takes
|effect; and
|(F) the time when, conditions under which, and
|method by which the unit shall or may be dissolved and its affairs
|wound up;
|(4) an allegation of the facts required to be found by
|the commission under Section 104.054;
|(5) an allegation that the applicant has obtained at
|least the minimum required approval of the plan of unitization as
|required by Section 104.056; and
|(6) an allegation that:
|(A) each owner of an interest in the oil and gas
|under each tract in the proposed unit area has been given an
|opportunity to enter into the unit on the same basis; and
|(B) the applicant or proposed unit operator has
|made a good faith effort to voluntarily unitize all interests in the
|proposed unit area.
|(c) The applicant shall submit with the application a list
|(1) the name of each person owning or having a working
|interest, royalty interest, or unleased mineral interest in the
|proposed unit area and each offset operator and unleased mineral
|interest owner adjacent to the proposed unit area; and
|(2) for each person listed:
|(A) an address; or
|(B) a statement that the person's address is
|Sec. 104.052. HEARING REQUIRED. (a) On receipt of an
|application, the commission promptly shall set the matter for
|hearing and cause notice of the hearing to be given as provided by
|Section 104.053.
|(b) At the hearing, an affected person is entitled to be
|heard, to introduce evidence, and to introduce and cross-examine
|Sec. 104.053. NOTICE. (a) Notice of the application and
|the time and place of the hearing on the application must be mailed,
|postage prepaid, not later than the 31st day before the hearing date
|to each working interest owner, operator, unleased mineral interest
|owner, and royalty owner in the unit area and to each offset
|operator and unleased mineral interest owner whose name and address
|is shown on the list provided under Section 104.051.
|(b) Notice of the application and the time and place of
|hearing must be published once a week for four consecutive weeks in
|a newspaper of general circulation authorized by law to publish
|legal notices in the county or counties in which the land involved
|is located, or in another newspaper or publication designated by
|the commission. The first publication must be made not later than
|the 31st day before the hearing date.
|(c) Typographical errors in a notice that are not material
|to the purpose of the notice do not affect the validity of the
|Sec. 104.054. COMMISSION FINDINGS. After notice and a
|hearing, the commission shall determine whether:
|(1) the unitized operation of the common source of
|supply or the part of the common source of supply involved in the
|plan of unitization is reasonably necessary to conduct unit
|operations and the plan of unitization is reasonably necessary to
|prevent waste, protect correlative rights, and promote the
|conservation of oil, gas, or oil and gas;
|(2) the estimated incremental recovery of oil, gas, or
|oil and gas from the common source of supply is reasonably
|anticipated to exceed the estimated incremental expenses incident
|to conducting unit operations;
|(3) the productive limits of the common source of
|supply or the part of the common source of supply proposed for
|unitization have been reasonably defined by exploration,
|development, or other definable means so as to establish that the
|area proposed for unitization is reasonably necessary and
|sufficient for unit operations;
|(4) if only a portion of the common source of supply is
|proposed for unitization, unit operations will have a material
|adverse effect on the remainder of the common source of supply;
|(5) the unsigned owners of interests in the oil and gas
|under each tract of land in the proposed unit area have been given a
|reasonable opportunity to enter into the unit on the same basis as
|the owners of interests in the oil and gas under the other tracts in
|the unit area and the applicant or proposed unit operator has made a
|good faith effort to voluntarily unitize all interests within the
|proposed unit area;
|(6) the applicant has obtained approval for the plan
|of unitization from at least the minimum number of working interest
|and royalty interest owners required by Section 104.056;
|(7) the expense of establishing the unit and unit
|expenses that are to be charged as unit expenses are reasonable and
|(8) the expenses relating to unit operations will:
|(A) be for the common benefit of all persons with
|interests in the unit;
|(B) be allocated on a fair and equitable basis;
|(C) not result in a profit or other benefit that
|favors the unit operator over other unitized interest owners;
|(9) a working interest owner has a reasonable right to
|review all records pertaining to unit operations and a reasonable
|amount of time to audit unit expenses;
|(10) the plan of unitization meets the requirements of
|Subchapter C and reasonably conforms to the requirements of this
|chapter; and
|(11) the plan of unitization, including the tract
|participation formula and percentages, is in all respects fair,
|reasonable, and equitable.
|Sec. 104.055. UNITIZATION ORDER; EFFECT OF OPERATIONS. (a)
|If the commission finds that all the requirements of Section
|104.054 are met, the commission shall issue an order providing for:
|(1) the unitized operation of the unit area in the
|common source of supply as set forth in the plan of unitization; and
|(2) unitization of all working interests and royalty
|interests in the unit area.
|(b) The order must:
|(1) unitize all interests of all owners in the area
|covered by the plan of unitization with the same effect as if those
|owners had executed the plan of unitization and had been parties to
|the unit agreement;
|(2) approve the area of the common source of supply or
|the part of the common source of supply to be included in the unit
|area and the vertical limits of the common source of supply as
|defined in the plan of unitization;
|(3) approve the plan of unitization, including the
|allocation of production and costs among tracts; and
|(4) approve the designation of the initial unit
|operator as named in the plan of unitization.
|(c) Unit operations on and production from any lease in the
|unit area for which a unitization order has been entered are
|considered for all purposes the conduct of unit operations on and
|production from each separately owned lease and tract in the unit.
|(d) If only a part of a lease is included in the unit, unit
|operations on or production from the unit maintains an oil and gas
|lease as to the part excluded from the unit only if the excluded
|part of the lease otherwise would have been maintained under the
|terms of the lease by the unit production attributable to the
|included tract or tracts.
|Sec. 104.056. APPROVAL OF PROPOSED PLAN OF UNITIZATION BY
|WORKING INTEREST AND ROYALTY OWNERS. (a) An order of the
|commission creating a unit and prescribing the plan of unitization
|takes effect only when the proposed plan of unitization has been
|approved in writing by:
|(1) the owners, on a unit participation basis, of a
|supermajority consisting of at least 70 percent of the aggregate
|unit working interests; and
|(2) a supermajority consisting of at least 70 percent
|of the owners, on a unit participation basis, of the aggregate unit
|royalty interests that complete and return an approval or
|ratification together with the ballot distributed under Subsection
|(b) A ballot distributed to the owners of royalty interests
|(1) state that the applicant will confirm by mail that
|the ballot has been received and whether it has been counted as a
|vote for or against the proposed plan;
|(2) be sent by certified mail, return receipt
|requested, to each owner of a royalty interest in the proposed unit
|area, including the interest attributable to each owner of an
|unleased mineral interest;
|(3) be sent a second time by certified mail, return
|receipt requested, to any interest owner for whom a receipt from the
|first mailing is not returned after a reasonable effort has been
|made between the first and the second mailings to correct any
|address that appears to be inaccurate; and
|(4) be accompanied by:
|(A) a copy of the proposed plan of unitization;
|(B) an objective summary of the proposed plan
|that is reasonably calculated to provide an ordinary royalty owner
|with an adequate understanding of how the royalty owner's property
|interest would be affected by a favorable vote and how that interest
|would be affected by an unfavorable vote; and
|(C) a postage-paid reply envelope.
|(c) A royalty owner may not be required to return a ballot
|earlier than the 14th day after the date the owner receives the
|ballot and other information required by Subsection (b).
|(d) The applicant shall:
|(1) confirm the receipt of each ballot; and
|(2) indicate to the royalty owner returning the ballot
|whether the ballot has been counted as a vote for or a vote against
|the proposed plan.
|(e) The commission shall dismiss the application if the
|commission finds that the applicant has not reasonably complied
|with Subsection (b), (c), or (d).
|(f) Notwithstanding Sections 104.054 and 104.055, the
|commission may issue an order approving the plan of unitization
|before the requirements of Subsection (a)(2) of this section have
|been met. If the commission issues an order approving the plan of
|unitization under that circumstance, the requirements of
|Subsection (a)(2) must be met not later than six months after the
|date the commission issues the order. If after an additional notice
|and hearing as provided by Sections 104.052 and 104.053 the
|commission determines that the requirements of Subsection (a)(2) of
|this section have been met before the expiration of the required
|period, the order takes effect. If after the additional notice and
|hearing the commission determines that the requirements of
|Subsection (a)(2) have not been met before the expiration of the
|required period, the order has no effect, and the commission shall
|revoke the order.
|Sec. 104.057. STATUS OF UNLEASED MINERAL INTERESTS. Any
|mineral interest in the unit area that is unleased on the effective
|date of unitization is considered for purposes of unit
|(1) to have a royalty interest of one-sixth of that
|interest, free and clear of all unit expenses; and
|(2) to be a working interest to the extent of
|five-sixths of that interest, with all the rights and obligations
|of a lessee as if the mineral rights were leased.
|[Sections 104.058-104.100 reserved for expansion]
|Sec. 104.101. AUTHORIZED PLANS. (a) A plan of unitization
|may be proposed under this chapter only to establish units and
|cooperative facilities necessary for unit operations that are
|reasonably anticipated to substantially increase the ultimate
|recovery of oil, gas, or oil and gas to greater volumes than would
|be recovered by primary recovery alone.
|(b) The proposed plan of unitization and the commission
|order approving the plan may provide for unit operation of less than
|the whole of a common source of supply if:
|(1) the unit area is of a size and shape that is
|reasonably required for successful and efficient conduct of the
|type of unit operations proposed; and
|(2) the type of unit operations proposed will not have
|a material adverse effect on the part of the common source of supply
|that is not included in the plan of unitization.
|Sec. 104.102. SINGLE OR MULTIPLE AGREEMENTS. The plan of
|unitization may consist of one or more agreements that the
|applicant considers to be fair, reasonable, and equitable if the
|applicant submits each agreement to the commission as required by
|Section 104.051(b)(3).
|Sec. 104.103. PARTICIPATION; ALLOCATION OF UNIT
|PRODUCTION. (a) The proposed plan must provide for the
|apportionment and allocation of the unit production among the
|tracts in the unit area in order to reasonably permit a person
|entitled to share in, or benefit by, the production from a tract in
|the unit to receive a fair share of the unit production or other
|(b) A tract's fair share of the unit production must be
|measured by the value of each tract and its contributing value to
|the unit in relation to like values of other tracts in the unit,
|taking into account acreage, the quantity of oil, gas, or oil and
|gas recoverable from the tract, the tract's location on the
|geological structure, the tract's probable productivity of oil,
|gas, or oil and gas in the absence of unit operations, or as many
|other factors, including other pertinent engineering, geological,
|or operating factors, as are reasonably susceptible of
|Sec. 104.104. VOTING BY WORKING INTEREST OWNERS. The
|proposed plan of unitization must establish a voting procedure for
|decisions by the working interest owners. The voting procedure
|need not be the same for each type of decision that may be made by
|the working interest owners. However, each voting procedure must
|provide that each working interest owner has a voting interest
|equal to that owner's unit participation.
|Sec. 104.105. OPERATING AGREEMENT. The proposed plan of
|unitization must include a proposed operating agreement
|(1) the manner in which the unit will be operated,
|supervised, and managed by the unit operator in the conduct of unit
|(2) the grounds on which a unit operator may be
|replaced for cause;
|(3) a procedure by which a unit operator may resign or
|be replaced without cause;
|(4) allocation of and provision for payment of unit
|costs; and
|(5) the other matters required by Section
|Sec. 104.106. EFFECTIVE DATE AND TERMINATION DATE OF PLAN
|OF UNITIZATION. (a) The proposed plan of unitization must provide
|for the date on which the plan takes effect, the manner in which and
|the circumstances under which unit operations terminate, the
|settlement of accounts on termination, and notice by the unit
|operator to the public within 30 days after the effective date of
|the unit. After the commission by order adopts the plan of
|unitization and declares the unit effective, the unit operator must
|give public notice by filing for record, in the real property
|records of the county or counties in which the unit area or any part
|of the unit area is located, a certificate containing:
|(1) the name of the unit;
|(2) the legal description of each tract included in
|the unit area and a description of the common source of supply or
|the part of the common source of supply included in the unit area;
|(3) the commission docket number;
|(4) the date of the commission order, including any
|supplemental orders, relating to approval of the plan of
|unitization or the approval by the royalty owners;
|(5) the effective date of unit operations; and
|(6) a survey plat setting out the unit boundaries.
|(b) The plan of unitization must require the unit operator,
|not later than the 60th day after the date of termination of the
|unit, to file for record in each county in which any part of the unit
|area is located a certificate stating the date the unit operations
|Sec. 104.107. FINANCING UNIT OPERATIONS. (a) The plan of
|unitization must provide the manner in which unit costs, including
|overhead and interest, are determined, allocated, and charged to
|the separately owned tracts or interests and must include a
|detailed accounting procedure for all charges and credits incident
|to unit operations. The unit costs chargeable to a tract or
|interest must be paid by each working interest owner on a unit
|participation basis.
|(b) The plan also must:
|(1) provide for the auditing of all records of the unit
|operator pertaining to unit operation;
|(2) require the operator to maintain records
|sufficient to show the reasonableness of any payments to affiliates
|of the operator and of other unit costs;
|(3) provide for disclosure so that working interest
|owners will be informed in a timely manner whether particular costs
|and expenses relate to activities undertaken by an affiliate of the
|operator; and
|(4) include provisions that disallow situations in
|which a profit or other benefit would accrue solely to the operator
|as unit operator.
|Sec. 104.108. ATTACHMENT OF OR LIEN ON PROCEEDS OF
|(a) The plan of unitization must provide for the attachment of or a
|lien on proceeds of production due to any working interest owner who
|is not paying the owner's share of the costs of unit operation as
|compensation to the paying owner or owners. The compensation
|amount may not exceed 300 percent of the nonpaying working interest
|owner's share of unit costs, which is considered to include all
|penalties and interest.
|(b) The plan of unitization must provide that all of the
|unit production allocated to a nonpaying working interest owner who
|does not pay the share of the unit expenses charged and any
|additional compensation amounts applied to that nonpaying owner
|under Subsection (a) may be appropriated by the unit operator and
|marketed and sold for the payment of unit expenses and additional
|compensation amounts. Any sale proceeds remaining after payment of
|unit expenses and additional compensation amounts must be remitted
|to the nonpaying working interest owner.
|(c) As to an interest located in the unit that is not leased
|by the effective date of unitization, one-sixth of the production
|attributable to the unleased interest is considered as royalty
|interest and is free and clear of all unit expenses and additional
|compensation amounts. Five-sixths of the unleased interest is
|considered as working interest and is subject to being financed or
|carried under this section.
|Sec. 104.109. SALE BY NONSIGNING WORKING INTEREST OWNER.
|The plan of unitization must provide that a nonsigning working
|interest owner may elect to offer through the unit operator to sell
|and assign all of that owner's working interest in the unit area to
|the unit operator and to other working interest owners who desire to
|acquire a portion of the interest.
|Sec. 104.110. INVESTMENT ADJUSTMENTS AND PROPERTY TAKEN
|OVER. The plan of unitization must provide for the procedure and
|basis for adjustment among the working interest owners in the unit
|area of their respective investment in wells, tanks, pumps,
|machinery, materials, equipment, facilities, and other items of
|value taken over and used in unit operations. Investment
|adjustments and credits for property taken over may not be used as a
|factor in setting participation percentages and allocations of unit
|production under Section 104.103.
|Sec. 104.111. ADDITIONAL PLAN PROVISIONS. The plan of
|unitization may include any additional provisions approved by the
|commission that are consistent with the findings required by
|Section 104.054.
|[Sections 104.112-104.150 reserved for expansion]
|Sec. 104.151. AMENDMENT OF PLAN OR ORDER OF UNITIZATION.
|(a) A commission order approving unitization may be amended in the
|same manner and subject to the same conditions as are required for
|an original order providing for unitized operations.
|(b) Approval of an amendment by royalty owners is not
|required if the amendment affects only the rights and interests of
|working interest owners.
|(c) An amendment to an order may not, without the aggregate
|approval of at least the minimum percentage of the working interest
|and royalty interest ownership required under Section 104.056 for
|approval of unitization and compliance with Section 104.005,
|(1) the percentage of unit oil, gas, or oil and gas
|production allocated to each tract in the plan approved by the
|original or amended order approving the existing unit; or
|(2) the percentage of unit expenses allocated to each
|tract in the plan of unitization approved by the original or amended
|order for the existing unit.
|(d) An amendment to an order may not, without the aggregate
|approval of at least the minimum percentage of the working interest
|and royalty interest ownership required under Section 104.056 for
|approval of unitization, the aggregate approval of a supermajority
|consisting of at least 70 percent of the surface interest ownership
|in the unit area, and compliance with Section 104.005, change the
|unit operations from enhanced recovery operations to carbon dioxide
|storage operations.
|(e) This section does not apply to an order:
|(1) expanding an existing unit area under Section
|(2) creating a new unit area under Section 104.153; or
|(3) under Section 104.209 authorizing an operator of
|an enhanced recovery project to document geologic storage of carbon
|dioxide while the common source of supply is operated for the
|economic recovery of oil, gas, or oil and gas.
|(f) For purposes of Subsection (e)(3), the common source of
|supply is considered to be operated for the economic recovery of
|oil, gas, or oil and gas if there is a reasonable expectation of
|more than insignificant future production volumes of oil, gas, or
|oil and gas.
|Sec. 104.152. EXPANSION OF UNIT AREA. (a) In accordance
|with this section and subject to Section 104.153, an existing unit
|area may be expanded to include additional nonunitized tracts under
|the terms contained in the plan of unitization for the existing unit
|if the working interest owners and the royalty owners in each
|additional tract and in the existing unit area approve the
|expansion by the same percentages and in the same manner as required
|by Section 104.056 and Section 104.005(c), if applicable, for the
|creation of a unit. The requirements for creating a unit under this
|chapter apply to the expansion of the unit area under this section.
|(b) Allocation of unit production from the expanded unit
|must be calculated first by allocating to the expansion area a
|portion of the total production of oil, gas, or oil and gas from the
|unit area as enlarged. That allocation must be based on the
|relative contribution to the total production of oil, gas, or oil
|and gas that the expansion area is expected to make during the
|remaining course of unit operations. If the expansion area
|consists of separately owned tracts, the production allocated to
|the expansion area must be allocated to the separately owned tracts
|in proportion to the relative contribution of each of those tracts
|as provided by Section 104.103. The remaining portion of unit
|production must be allocated among the tracts in the existing unit
|area in the same proportions as those set out in the existing plan
|of unitization.
|Sec. 104.153. ENLARGEMENT INCLUDING ALL OF PREVIOUSLY
|ESTABLISHED UNIT. (a) The commission may not combine two or more
|units created under this chapter unless the owners, on a unit
|participation basis, of a supermajority consisting of at least 70
|percent of the aggregate unit working interests and a supermajority
|consisting of at least 70 percent of the aggregate unit royalty
|interests in each unit to be combined have agreed to the
|(b) A commission order combining units created under this
|chapter, in allocating unit production between the previously
|established units to be combined, must first treat each unit to be
|combined as a single tract for purposes of production allocation.
|The part of unit production that is allocated to each unit to be
|combined must then be allocated among the separately owned tracts
|included in the previously established units in the same proportion
|as provided in each previous commission order establishing a unit
|that is combined under this section.
|[Sections 104.154-104.200 reserved for expansion]
|Sec. 104.201. STATUS OF PRODUCTION PROCEEDS; STANDARD OF
|CARE; DISTRIBUTION. (a) Unit production, proceeds from the sale of
|production, or other receipts may not be treated or taxed as income
|or profit of the unit. All unit production and proceeds are income
|of the owners to whom or to whose credit the production or proceeds
|are payable under the plan of unitization.
|(b) The unit operator does not become an agent or fiduciary
|of a working interest owner to whom production or proceeds are
|payable solely by reason of receiving or disbursing production or
|proceeds. When disposing of production for working interest
|owners, a unit operator who is not an agent or fiduciary shall act
|with the same standard of care as is required in the plan of
|unitization. In the absence of such a standard, the operator shall
|act in the same manner in which a reasonably prudent operator would
|act under the same or similar circumstances. A unit operator who is
|not an agent or a fiduciary who has acted according to these
|standards is not liable to any working interest owner who elects to
|have the owner's share of unit production disposed of by the unit
|operator for losses sustained or liability incurred as a result of
|the unit operator's actions under this section in selling or
|disposing of others' production.
|(c) The unit operator shall make available, to any working
|interest owner, or to any royalty owner who has the preexisting
|right to take the owner's production in kind, to whom production or
|proceeds are payable, who makes adequate provision for receipt of
|the production, the owner's share of production in kind or for sale.
|The unit operator, at the request of an owner who elects to have the
|owner's production marketed by the unit operator, may market the
|production of the owner. A unit operator that markets the
|production of such an owner shall do so in such a manner that the
|owner receives the same price and proportionate share of premiums
|and other compensation as the unit operator receives for the unit
|operator's share of unit production, except to the extent that a
|previous contractual commitment or express specific term of a
|contract entered into in good faith prohibits such sharing or
|marketing of additional production. This subsection may not be
|construed to require that any profit, compensation, or other
|benefit received by the unit operator that is realized on a
|transaction occurring beyond the point of first sale at the unit or
|in the vicinity of the unit be shared with or distributed to any
|owner electing to have the owner's production marketed by the unit
|Sec. 104.202. LIABILITY OF WORKING INTEREST OWNER. (a) The
|liability of a working interest owner for payment of unit expense is
|several and not joint or collective.
|(b) Except as provided by this subsection and Section
|104.108, a working interest owner in a tract is not liable, directly
|or indirectly, for more than the amount charged to that owner's
|interest in the tract.
|(c) Unless otherwise specifically agreed to by the parties
|as part of a plan of unitization approved by the commission, any
|environmental condition or liability existing before the effective
|date of the commission order approving the unit remains the sole
|responsibility of the party or parties responsible for that
|environmental condition or liability before the effective date of
|the commission order approving the unit.
|Sec. 104.203. LIEN FOR COSTS. (a) Subject to any
|reasonable limitations in the plan of unitization, a unit operator
|has a lien on the leasehold estate and other oil, gas, or oil and gas
|rights in each separately owned tract, the interest of the owners in
|the unit production, and all equipment in the possession of the unit
|to secure the payment of the amount of the unit expense and other
|additional compensation charges as provided for in Section 104.108
|charged to each separate working interest.
|(b) The lien established under this section does not attach
|to the royalty interest under lease or the one-sixth royalty
|interest attributable to an unleased mineral interest or to any
|interest in land directly or indirectly owned by the state.
|Sec. 104.204. EFFECT OF UNIT OPERATIONS ON EXPRESSED OR
|IMPLIED COVENANTS AND CONDITIONS. (a) To the extent a lease,
|division order, or contract covering lands in the unit area relates
|to the common source of supply or the part of the common source of
|supply included in the unit area, all terms of the lease, division
|order, or contract, express or implied, must be construed by giving
|due regard to the plan of unitization approved by the commission.
|Operations conducted in accordance with a plan of unitization
|approved by the commission are presumed to comply with those terms
|unless there is an irreconcilable conflict between the lease,
|division order, or contract and the approved plan of unitization.
|If there is an irreconcilable conflict between the lease, division
|order, or contract and the approved plan of unitization, the plan
|controls, but the lease, division order, or contract terms must be
|regarded as modified only to the extent necessary to conform to the
|(b) Notwithstanding any other provision of this chapter,
|without a separate voluntary agreement supported by consideration,
|a plan of unitization may not:
|(1) cause a royalty interest to become liable for any
|part of unit expense that the interest is not otherwise obligated to
|(2) reduce a royalty interest fraction; or
|(3) alter a provision of a lease or contract providing
|for indemnification or similar compensation in the event the
|actions of one person cause another person to become liable for
|damages to the environment or for a violation of a statute, rule, or
|common-law standard that serves to protect the environment.
|(c) Lease or surface use provisions that conflict with the
|use of the surface for unit operations in such a manner as to
|prevent or render uneconomical the implementation of the plan of
|unitization as approved by the commission must be amended by the
|unit order to the extent, and only to the extent, necessary to
|implement the plan in an economical and efficient manner.
|(d) Section 104.201 may not be construed to diminish a
|working interest owner's duty to market production on behalf of a
|royalty owner.
|Sec. 104.205. DISTRIBUTION OF UNIT PRODUCTION. Except as
|authorized by this chapter or in a plan of unitization approved by
|the commission, the unit production must be distributed among, or
|the proceeds paid to, the owners entitled to share in the production
|from each tract in the same manner that those owners would have
|shared in the production or proceeds from the tract if the unit had
|not been established.
|Sec. 104.206. MODIFICATION OF PROPERTY RIGHTS OR TITLES.
|Except to the extent that the parties affected by the plan of
|unitization otherwise agree, a commission order entered under
|Section 104.055 does not alienate, convey, cross-convey, transfer,
|or change title or ownership, legal or equitable, of a person in a
|parcel of land or the oil and gas rights in that parcel.
|Sec. 104.207. ROYALTY OBLIGATIONS; BURDENS; UNLEASED
|INTERESTS. (a) Each working interest owner who is the owner of an
|interest in an oil and gas lease is responsible for the payment of
|all royalty, overriding royalty, or other lease burdens affecting
|the owner's leasehold estate unless the plan of unitization
|provides otherwise.
|(b) One-sixth of the production or proceeds attributable to
|any unleased interest located in the unit area, free of all unit
|expense and free of any lien, must be allocated to that interest.
|Five-sixths of any unleased interest in the production or proceeds
|must bear its pro rata share of all unit expense and is subject to
|any lien provided by this chapter or the plan of unitization.
|Sec. 104.208. UNIT OWNERSHIP OF PRODUCTION, PROCEEDS, AND
|ACQUIRED PROPERTY. (a) The part of the unit production allocated
|to any tract and the proceeds from the sale of that production are
|the property and income of the owners to whom or to whose credit the
|production and proceeds are allocated or payable under the order
|and the plan for unit operations.
|(b) Any property that is acquired in the conduct of unit
|operations and charged as an item of unit expense is owned by the
|working interest owners in the unit area as provided in the plan of
|Sec. 104.209. UNIT OPERATIONS FOR PERMANENT GEOLOGIC
|GAS. The commission, on application, by order shall authorize an
|operator of an enhanced recovery project to document geologic
|storage of anthropogenic carbon dioxide, including anthropogenic
|carbon dioxide stored in conjunction with the injection of
|naturally sourced carbon dioxide, while continuing to perform
|enhanced recovery operations for oil, gas, or oil and gas.
|Sec. 104.210. UNIT OPERATIONS FOR PERMANENT GEOLOGIC
|AND GAS. (a) The commission shall adopt rules as necessary to
|regulate unit operations for the geologic storage of carbon dioxide
|for the purpose of enhancing the public welfare and protecting the
|natural resources of this state.
|(b) Unit operations for the geologic storage of carbon
|dioxide may be conducted in a common source of supply previously
|included in a plan of unitization approved by the commission for the
|enhanced recovery of oil, gas, or oil and gas under the other
|provisions of this chapter if the commission amends the order
|approving the plan of unitization in the manner provided by Section
|104.151 to authorize operations for carbon dioxide storage. The
|commission may amend the order as provided by this subsection only
|(1) the unit area is not being revised;
|(2) the applicant submits a plan of unitization that
|includes operations for carbon dioxide storage and meets the
|requirements for commission approval; and
|(3) the commission determines, following notice,
|hearing, and presentation of evidence, that the ultimate recovery
|of oil, gas, or oil and gas from the common source of supply has
|reached the economic limit for continued enhanced recovery
|(c) Unit operations for the geologic storage of carbon
|dioxide may be conducted in a common source of supply that has not
|previously been unitized under the other provisions of this chapter
|if the commission adopts a storage unitization order authorizing
|the operations. The commission may adopt the order only on
|application and after notice and hearing as required by Sections
|104.052 and 104.053, except that notice must also be mailed in the
|manner provided by Section 104.053 to each surface owner in the unit
|area. The application must contain:
|(1) a description of the proposed unit area and the
|vertical limits and the formerly productive horizons to be included
|in that unit area with a map or plat attached that meets the
|requirements of Section 104.054(3);
|(2) a statement that the common source of supply has no
|further economic utility for the production of oil, gas, or oil and
|gas and that uncontroverted evidence to that effect will be
|provided at the hearing;
|(3) a statement that:
|(A) the applicant or proposed unit operator has
|made a good faith effort to:
|(i) voluntarily unitize all interests in
|the proposed unit area; or
|(ii) acquire by option, lease, conveyance,
|or other negotiated means the interests of a supermajority
|consisting of at least 70 percent of the group of persons consisting
|of the owners of working interests, royalty interests, unleased
|mineral interests, and surface interests in the proposed unit area;
|(B) the number of owners of interests in the
|proposed unit area who have voluntarily agreed to unitize their
|interests, when combined with the number of owners of working
|interests, royalty interests, unleased mineral interests, and
|surface interests in the proposed unit area whose interests the
|applicant or proposed unit operator has acquired by option, lease,
|conveyance, or other negotiated means, equals a supermajority
|consisting of at least 70 percent of the group of persons consisting
|of the owners of working interests, royalty interests, unleased
|mineral interests, and surface interests in the proposed unit area;
|(4) the name of each person owning or having a working
|interest, royalty interest, unleased mineral interest, or surface
|interest in the proposed unit area and each offset operator or
|unleased mineral interest owner adjacent to the proposed unit area;
|(5) for each person listed:
|(A) an address; or
|(B) a statement that the person's address is
|unknown; and
|(6) a plan of unitization that includes operations for
|the injection of carbon dioxide for carbon dioxide storage,
|including the proposed division of interests for working interest,
|royalty interest, unleased mineral interest, and surface interest
|owners for purposes of sharing of expenses and payment of storage
|(d) Royalty interests and surface interests must be free of
|costs of the storage operations. Unleased mineral interests are
|considered to have the royalty interests and working interests
|specified by Section 104.057.
|(e) The commission may not approve a proposed unitization
|plan for carbon dioxide storage unless the requirements of
|Subsection (c)(3)(B) have been satisfied.
|(f) Rules adopted by the commission under this section must:
|(1) provide for mailing notice of the application and
|the time and place of the hearing on the application in the manner
|provided by Section 104.053;
|(2) require a fair and equitable division of interest
|between the owners of working interests, royalty interests,
|unleased mineral interests, and surface interests in the proposed
|unit area;
|(3) require that the unit operations cover the entire
|common source of supply, taking into consideration the necessity,
|if any, for buffer acreage for monitoring of the carbon dioxide
|storage site and any attendant storage facilities unique to the
|storage operations; and
|(4) incorporate the provisions of this chapter
|relating to enhanced oil, gas, or oil and gas recovery to the extent
|the commission considers those provisions to be applicable to the
|regulation of unit operations for the geologic storage of carbon
|dioxide in a common source of supply under the jurisdiction of this
|(g) Unit operations for the geologic storage of carbon
|dioxide in the common source of supply may not begin until the
|commission determines that the unit operations will comply with
|state and federal law.
|SECTION 2. Except as provided by Section 3 of this Act, not
|later than January 1, 2014, the Railroad Commission of Texas shall
|adopt rules as necessary to implement Chapter 104, Natural
|Resources Code, as added by this Act.
|SECTION 3. Not later than April 1, 2014, the Railroad
|Commission of Texas may adopt rules as necessary to permit the
|commission to assess a fee or fees in an amount sufficient to
|recover any costs incurred by the commission in implementing
|Chapter 104, Natural Resources Code, as added by this Act, that are
|in addition to the costs incurred by the commission in performing
|its other functions. This section does not authorize the
|commission to assess a fee for performing any function that is not
|specific to the implementation of that chapter.
|SECTION 4. This Act takes effect immediately if it receives
|a vote of two-thirds of all the members elected to each house, as
|provided by Section 39, Article III, Texas Constitution. If this
|Act does not receive the vote necessary for immediate effect, this
|Act takes effect September 1, 2013.


text:
SOURCE: GlobalSign
September 13, 2016 09:00 ET
Joint Solution Simplifies BYOD Management and Protects Corporate Data Against Risks and Threats
Joint Solution Simplifies BYOD Management and Protects Corporate Data Against Risks and Threats
BOSTON, MA--(Marketwired - Sep 13, 2016) - GMO GlobalSign (www.globalsign.com), a leading provider of identity and security solutions for the Internet of Everything (IoE), announced today that it has partnered with MobileIron (NASDAQ: MOBL) to provide enterprises with a more streamlined management system for the issuing of digital certificates for mobile authentication. The combined solution automatically provides digital identities to mobile devices from the MobileIron Cloud Enterprise Mobility Management (EMM) platform without end-user interaction.
The consumerization of IT has allowed employees the flexibility to use their preferred mobile devices to access company networks and resources. However, this shift has created a challenge for IT to make sure employees have access to everything they need without leaving doors open to vulnerabilities, such as the loss of corporate or personal information. With an estimated 87 percent of connected device sales next year expected to be from tablets and smartphones, the need to prevent rogue device access to company resources has never been greater. Digital certificates on mobile devices enable verifiable device identities so that users can be trusted on corporate networks and resources (e.g. WiFi and VPN).
"Managing BYOD in the enterprise is complex, but the right EMM platform can help enterprises enable productivity without sacrificing security," said John Morgan, Vice President of Product and Ecosystem, MobileIron. "MobileIron's collaboration with GlobalSign will make it easier for IT administrators to empower employees to work faster and smarter while protecting both corporate data and employee privacy on mobile devices."
Secure BYOD and corporate mobile users in minutes
As a certificate authority (CA), GlobalSign's cloud-based certificate management platform, based on public key infrastructure (PKI), plugs directly into the MobileIron Cloud Admin Portal, making it easier for organizations to deploy mobile device authentication. With MobileIron and GlobalSign, certificate assignment and management can be completely automated. As soon as a new device is registered with MobileIron Cloud, a GlobalSign digital certificate can be issued to the device. This integration relieves IT staff from having to manually install and manage certificates on each employee device, removing administrative burdens and decreasing the overall cost of device ownership.
"The use of certificate-based authentication for mobile users, devices and applications is increasing steadily as enterprises look to reduce the use of passwords alone, which can be insufficient in protecting unauthorized access to corporate resources," said Lila Kee, Chief Product Officer at GlobalSign. "MobileIron with GlobalSign's Managed PKI adds another layer of security and authentication to passwords and offers an easy way to manage digital identities on devices without compromising the user's mobile experience."
Key Benefits of the GlobalSign and MobileIron Integrated Solution include:
MobileIron Cloud supports iOS/Android and Windows Phone/Windows 10, and GlobalSign integration is compatible with these leading mobile operating systems. For more information, please visit https://www.globalsign.com/en/lp/mobileiron-integration/.
About MobileIron
MobileIron provides the secure foundation for companies around the world to transform into Mobile First organizations. For more information, please visit www.mobileiron.com.
About GMO GlobalSign
GlobalSign is the leading provider of trusted identity and security solutions, enabling businesses, large enterprises, cloud-based service providers and IoT innovators around the world to conduct secure online communications, manage millions of verified digital identities and automate authentication and encryption. Its high-scale PKI and identity and access management (IAM) solutions support the billions of services, devices, people and things comprising the Internet of Everything (IoE). The company has offices in the Americas, Europe and Asia.
Learn more at https://www.globalsign.com
Follow GlobalSign on Twitter @GlobalSign
Subscribe to the GlobalSign blog
About GMO Cloud KK
GMO Cloud K.K. (TSE: 3788) is a full-service IT infrastructure provider focused on cloud solutions. Established as a hosting company in 1996, the company has managed servers for more than 130,000 businesses and now has 6,500 sales partners throughout Japan. In February of 2011, the company launched GMO Cloud to enhance its focus on cloud-based solutions. Since 2007, the company has also grown its GlobalSign SSL security brand through offices in Belgium, U.K., U.S., China and Singapore. For more information, please visit http://ir.gmocloud.com/english/.
GMO Internet Group
GMO Internet Group is an Internet services industry leader, developing and operating Japan's most widely used domain, hosting & cloud, ecommerce, security, and payment solutions. The Group is also comprised of the world's largest online FX trading platform, as well as online advertising, Internet media, and mobile entertainment products. GMO Internet, Inc. (TSE: 9449) is headquartered in Tokyo, Japan. For more information, please visit http://www.gmo.jp/en/.
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text:
- CloneDVD
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Specialized in developing CloneDVD, DVD Decrypter, DVD Ripper and Video Converter since 2003!
1. Specify the source location as the DVD drive.
2. Select the target location as the DVD burner.
3. Choose the right output size. (There are three output size including 3.95GB, 4.7GB, 8.5GB.)
4. Select the preferred copy mode.(When output size is selected as 8.5GB, the split disc is not available.)
5. Check the outputl DVD movie size. (If the original movie size is illogically small or large, please email Technical Support with the movie name, region code, size, publish time)
6. Check the Target Video Quailty. (If the target video quality is less than 50%, CloneDVD will refuse to compress to avoid bad video quality.)
Note: The default work space is on C drive. Maybe you will encounter that the work space is not enough to take the movie, please follow the below screenshot to respecify the work space folder.
Click on the option button which likes a harmer neighbored with Start Button. The following window will come up
In this window, you could switch to another Burn Engine and respecify the work space folder.
Now let's get down to start burn. There are 2 step to finish the process of cloning DVD. The following screenshot is for the 1st step (Copy)
After the 1st step finished, you will get the below window to remind you insert the blank disc to take the original DVD movie. Please be sure that the disc is writable and have enough room to take the movie file. Then Click on [Yes] to go to step 2. (Note: It will take a couple of seconds to read the blank disc, maybe [the insert disc] will come up for several times. Please keep clicking on [Yes].)
Let's go to step 2
Here we complete the whole process of cloning DVD.
If any further question, please feel free to contact us.