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What the Blood Revealed are an instrumental rock band from Irvine on the West Coast of Scotland. They came together in 2004 and have created a sound influenced by such giants of the leftfield as Isis, Neurosis and Mogwai and they find their inspiration in science, and the truths it reveals.
They have released two well received EPs which have found their way to friends in 5 continents and are releasing the album 'Harbour of Devils' on Field Records in March 2012. They have shared stages with great bands like Kylesa, This Will Destroy You, Maybeshewill, Crippled Black Phoenix, Storm of Light and many more.
What the Blood Revealed will be releasing their first full length CD on Field Records on the 12th March 2012.
What the Blood Revealed are a four piece outfit from somewhere called Irvine on the West Coast of Bonnie Scotland. The lads emerge from a hidden lair to flex their muscles in their first full length record entitled Harbour of Devils. It would appear they have been hanging around with some of the big boys in school and have paid attention in lessons.
Kicking off with 'Embrace the Rational and Seek the Truthful' (sound advice in my book) some serious riffing takes place and I am in danger of nodding my head in an alarming manner. 'To Travel Deadly Ground' a more grunge feel and has slightly "sludge " undertones, worryingly my head wanted to nod again!
Some rather nice almost jangly guitars and a cleaner mix give 'Waiting for the Storm' a different feel but doesn't really go anywhere. Eight minutes of 'The Streets Ran Red with the Blood of the Pious' has me wondering what the fuck happens in the dead of night on the streets of Irvine? This could well be the soundtrack. A strong rocker with some very effective chord sequences and a rather snazzy interlude which I really dig.
Well, five fairly long tracks in, and I am aware that things are following a fairly predictable path - loud, quiet, loud, louder, quiet- but the obvious musical ability of the band is there for all to hear. 'Eyes to the Horizon' moves from the hard rock feel to a more melodic piece which comes at just the right time. The mix is more minimal and I like this a lot.
Hello- here are some more dark and brooding guitars menacing my eardrums . 'The Corporation as we know it is Dead' .This tune creeps along and builds into a ferocious metal riff that slips away in to the dark . It's now forty three minutes since I pressed play. Finally, 'Cast Adrift in a Harbour of Devils' and we have crossed the border into Mogwai City. This, of course, is no bad thing to my ears, this final track is a nine minute pleasing finale that takes a trip with some savage stoner riffage and neat changes of pace. Harbour of Devils is not really Post-Rock in my book and so, without any vocals, the feel is of a very strong heavy rock instrumental album and in that field it works very well.
Have a listen and play it loud- there is a great deal of potential here.
Words: Keefy
So far, I am happy to report that 2012 has been a good year for music. We are barely in the 2nd month, but so far, I have been able to get my hands and ears on a bunch of exciting, diverse and plain old kick ass music. Continuing on a theme in my last review (The Twilight Sad's latest), I am completely and totally jazzed to be reviewing another Scottish band, What the Blood Revealed, and their full-length album, 'Harbour of Devils'. The potential of What the Blood Revealed (or WTBR in the interest of lazy typing) is immediately apparent, and in their genre, instrumental post-metal (is that even a thing?), they are poised to turn a lot of heads.
Mark my words, WTBR have what it takes.
On first listen, I drew the obvious comparison between WTBR and Red Sparowes, another instrumental (heavy emphasis on the MENTAL!) band that I am utterly smitten with.
WTBR, on first blush, bears a passing similarity to Red Sparowes, as well as ISIS (another of my favs!), so you know I was all smiles and loving this full-length WTBR record. As I listened more, when I got deeper into the tracks and listened more closely, their influences start to include other post-rock heavy-hitters, like the venerable Mogwai, and to my ear even some of the Prog-metal elements of Mastodon. Genres and influences aside, 'Harbour of Devils' is just good music.
WTBR's songs are, on average, over 6 minutes, and feature fairly standard (albeit complex) structures, but at the same time, there is no shortage of chunky-style guitar riffs, as well as no lack of texture and 'depth' to the songs. The drums, to my untrained ear, seem to have, at times, the same kind of virtuosic, free-form Jazz elements you get from fellows like Danny Carey (TOOL). In fact, all the musicians are 'that good', knowing when to riff out and get things going, but also when to go lighter, leaving out heavy-handedness and show-offy tricks. The dual guitars and nimble-fingered bassist make for great atmosphere, as well as producing a massive sound at just the right moments, with just enough distortion and rawness.
I didn't mention before, but the song titles themselves tend to be really long and descriptive, like 'The Corporation As We Know It Is Dead, Dead, Dead'. To quote their Facebook Info page: ' We find our inspiration in science, and the truths it reveals.' (Anyone 'round here ever heard of Bad Religion?) This suits me fine; I do love a good concept album with dragons and sorcerers, but addressing the human condition or politics in music works for me as well. Each listener must discern what the actual message is for him or herself!
Rather than going track by track, as I often do, I'll instead focus on one of the most important elements, in my mind anyway, about post-metal/harder instrumental music and bands, and that is the element that I call flow. You see, as many of you likely are or will be, I am a desk-bound knowledge worker, meaning I don't actually produce anything, but really just make sure computer stuff works and stays working. In the course of my day, I will spend, oftentimes, hours not speaking to anyone, concentrating on some issue or other, all while listening to music. My point? WTBR's music flows, gets me in a groove and never, ever annoys me. So far, I have listened to 'Harbour of Devils' over 20 times front-to-back (thanks iTunes!) and have not once turned it off or skipped tracks. Each song on the record is unique enough and interesting, yet all blend together well enough, like a great symphony, to be almost seamlessly listenable. This kind of flow is not easy to accomplish, and for the listener (me) is often not easy to find short of custom playlists.
To recap, if you are even a casual fan of ISIS, Red Sparowes, Neurosis, and Mogwai (I could go on and on!), then I can't recommend What the Blood Revealed enough for you and your ears. Thank goodness for Glasgow and whatever is in the water there that's producing all these great bands! Or maybe it's the IRN-BRU?
What The Blood Revealed is a 4 Piece Post Rock/Post-Metal Band from Irvine, Scotland
The members are:
scott - guitar
gav - bass
alan - drums
stuart - guitar
What The Blood Revealed (WTBR) are a superb Instrumental Progressive Post-Rock/Post-Metal Band that play with a great sense of passion and fury in equal measure.
If your into Pelican and Russian Circles you know what to expect as WTBR play the same type of music as those two bands. But don't think that WTBR are mere copycats as they are not. They are their own top-notch band who add some truly haunting Post-Rock atmospherics into their music to be taken in their own right.
Their debut album Harbour Of Devils is an 8-song 53 minute of sublime example of loud atmospheric rock/metal music to thrill the senses to.
The 8 songs on show here offer some truly haunting Post-Rock/Post-Metal riffs. The album isn't 100% Post Rock or 100% Post-Metal but a fine balancing act of the two. It does get very loud at times but WTBR also show their quieter post-rock side at times as well to great effect.
You know their will be a heavy pounding Post-Metal riff coming along to shake you to the core.
WTBR have been gaining a lot of praise from the musical press for their take on loud rock/metal music and its praise that is wholly justified. And they prove with this album they are a band to be reckoned with.
The album is full of superb anthemic Post-Rock/Post-Metal to get you head-banging in no time at all. The band are all superbly talented musicians which they prove time and time again on this amazing album.
Standout tracks include: "Embrace The Rational and Seek The Truthful", "Waiting For The Storm" and my fave track "Cast A Drift In A Harbour Of Devils"
So with the guys being truly talented musicians they are equally creative with their song titles as well. Another great reason to check out this superb band. WTBR play sublime instrumental music to make you think as well as rock out to
The album is superbly produced from start to finish. This is a brilliant album from a wonderful band to discover. It's great to see another great Scottish band releasing a top notch Post-Metal album to rival the more established names in the genre.
A truly breathtaking album that I have had the pleasure in reviewing. Simply a breathtaking release that the band should rightly be proud of. Great work guys.
You can buy this superb release when it's released in March 2012. I recommend you all to check out this superb band now.
Highly Recommended.


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Dorothy M. Carneavale
1920 - 2017
Visitation at Funeral Home
Visitation at Church
Funeral Service
Final Resting Place
Obituary of Dorothy M. Carneavale
Dorothy "Dot" Mary (Branca) Carneavale, age 96, of East Norriton, joined the Lord on Friday, September 22 in a very peaceful passing.
She was born September 30, 1920 in Norristown, PA and was a member of St. Titus Parish in East Norriton.
Dorothy lived a life dedicated to her family, which includes 2 sons - Henry (wife Marcia), Keith (wife Elaine), and a daughter, Elaine Ocelus, who predeceased her in the year 2000. Dorothy's husband, Henry, and her celebrated 60+ years of marriage together before he passed away in 2009.
Dorothy also is survived by 6 grandchildren - Eddie Ocelus (Danielle), Carissa (Dave) Meyer, Jennifer (Kevin) Thompson, Tony (Lora) Carneavale, Tyler Carneavale and Justin Carneavale, and 5 great grandchildren - Kaity, Megan, Courtney, Ellie and Owen. A twin sister, Mildred Melnick, survives her, along with extended family of nieces and nephews.
Dorothy's early life included a couple of jobs but in later years she enjoyed some traveling, Mason activities with her husband, being part of a senior bowling league until recently, day trips to the casinos, reading a good book and always a good meal out. Her home was the gathering place for making specialty holiday meals and occasionally hosting those same meals. She was deeply loved and will be missed.
Dorothy's Funeral Mass will be celebrated on Friday, September 29, 2017 at 11:00 AM from St. Titus Catholic Church, 3006 Keenwood Rd., East Norriton, PA 19403.
Friends may call on Thursday evening, September 28, 2017 from 6:00 to 8:00 PM at the Moore, Snear & Ruggiero Funeral Home, 19 E. Germantown Pike, East Norriton, PA 19401 and on Friday morning from 10:00 to 10:45 AM at the Church.
Interment will take place in St. Patrick Cemetery, East Norriton.
In lieu of flowers, Dorothy's family would appreciate Mass Cards.
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East Norriton, PA 19401
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Purple & Gold Scholarships
U.S. students admitted as freshmen are automatically considered for the Purple & Gold four-year scholarship. More
UW Diversity Scholarship for Freshmen
The UW Diversity Scholar Award is privately supported by the generous contributions of many individuals, organizations, and local businesses, including Costco and Boeing. More
Transfer Scholarships
Applying for financial aid is necessary; looking for scholarships is wise. Here are some resources. More


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Find focus with yoga
Yoga may be more than 5,000 years old, but we're just starting to discover all of its health benefits. Certainly, yoga tones and strengthens, but it can also help lower blood pressure and ease depression.
"Yoga helps to release tension in the mind and the body," says René Johnson, a yoga instructor and owner of Shanti Yoga in Edmonton. "With deep rhythmic breathing, you can calm the mind, soothe the nervous system, increase blood circulation, reduce muscle tension and improve respiration. By doing even just a few minutes of yoga a day, you will become more focused, grounded and centred." The payoff, she adds, includes a calmer mind, a more positive attitude and greater productivity at work.
Try these three soothing moves, which you can do in a series, or individually. "These postures will help you to invigorate the nervous system and stretch the body," says Johnson.


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If your baby comes into the world facing any kind of medical or surgical challenge, our highly skilled teams of Nemours neonatologists (newborn medicine specialists) can give you immediate care right when you need it. Our Neonatology specialists provide compassionate expert care in technologically advanced Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICU).
Common Conditions Treated by Our Neonatologists
Fortunately, most newborn problems are temporary and correctable with time and treatment — and our Nemours neonatology specialists are here to support you and your baby from the start.
Our NICUs are well-prepared and experienced in providing the necessary intensive care for babies with conditions such as:
- airway abnormalities
- apnea: brief pauses in breathing that tend to occur in premature infants due to immaturity of the brain's respiratory center
- congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH): a hole in the diaphragm (the large muscle that separates the chest and abdomen)
- gastroschisis: a defect in which a baby's stomach and intestines protrude through an opening at the side of the belly button
- intestinal atresias: when a portion of the intestine fails to form or
is too narrow
- meconium aspiration: when a newborn inhales (or aspirates) a mixture of meconium (the baby's first feces, or poop) and amniotic fluid (the fluid in which the baby floats inside the amniotic sac) before, during or after labor and delivery
- metabolic disorders: problems involving the complex collection of chemical reactions that take place in the body's cells to convert nutrition into energy
- myelomeningocele: better known as spina bifida, a condition in which the spine doesn't fully close during fetal development
- necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC): inflammation and cell damage in the colon (large bowel) that mostly affects premature babies
- omphalocele: a birth defect in which some of the abdominal organs protrude through the abdominal muscles in a sac outside the body
- pulmonary hypertension: abnormally high blood pressure in the blood vessels leading to the newborn's lungs
- respiratory problems related to prematurity
- seizure disorders: due to dysfunction in the brain's electrical activity
- urogenital disorders: any birth defect affecting either the urinary tract or the genitals
Learn More About These Conditions and NICU Topics »
Partnering With You to Offer Top-Quality Neonatology Care
Of course, we do more than just provide care for your baby — we make sure that you and your family are well taken care of, too. We'll keep you fully informed — explaining your little one's diagnosis and treatment in understandable terms, discussing any treatment options you might have, and inviting your family's input for creating the treatment plan most appropriate for your baby.
We fully recognize that you, the family, play an important role in the care and healing process of your baby. We want you to be an active participant in the decision-making process. Our doctors and nurses will work hard to build a strong partnership with you for your baby's care. And we'll keep your primary care pediatrician fully up-to-date.
New JerseyCollaborating Hospital
Nemours duPont Pediatrics at Inspira Medical Center Vineland
1505 West Sherman
Vineland, NJ 08360
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Phone: (856) 641-8060
To ask a question about our Neonatology care, please call us at (856) 641-8190. We promise to do whatever it takes to treat your baby as we would our own.
Trust in Nemours duPont Pediatrics at Inspira Medical Center Vineland
If your new baby has immediate medical or surgical needs, it's helpful to know you can get expert medical care from the highly regarded neonatology specialists (physicians specializing in newborn medicine and medical conditions) of Nemours.
Our neonatology experts are conveniently available to you, right in your own backyard, through Nemours' special collaborative affiliation with the Deborah F. Sager Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) at Inspira Medical Center Vineland.
Thanks to this pediatric collaboration, your baby can receive highly-skilled, around-the-clock neonatal intensive care right in Vineland (where you can also get skilled labor and delivery services from Inspira Medical Center Vineland specialists).
If you choose to give birth at another location, Nemours Kids Transport — a mobile intensive care unit — can bring your baby by ambulance or helicopter to our NICU.
The recently completed expansion of our NICU has not only given us more space to practice, it's also allowed us to achieve a Level IIIa designation. This means we can offer advanced care for premature, low birth-weight, and critically ill infants born prematurely as young as 28 weeks from the time of conception (also known as "gestational age").
Other features include:
- six NICU beds
- one isolation room bed
- eight special care nursery beds (many babies don't need what's usually called "intensive care," but still require oxygen, IV fluids, and very close monitoring)
- six transitional nursery beds (relatively stable babies still require close monitoring and may need antibiotics)
- state-of-the-art monitors and equipment
- excellent nurse-to-baby ratio
- family-centered care that focuses on your needs, as parents, as well as your baby's
The Nemours Neonatology team cares for newborns with a wide variety of newborn medical conditions. Our physicians supervise the ongoing in-hospital care of infants in the NICU 24 hours a day, seven days a week.
Working together to provide a comprehensive circle of critical care and services to babies and their families, the NICU team also includes:
- nurses specially trained in newborn medicine
- respiratory therapists
- social workers
- pharmacists
- occupational and physical therapists.
Nemours' pediatric cardiologists are also available to come see babies in our NICU. Other Nemours' subspecialists also are available for telephone consults about your baby's care if needed.


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Time series analysis has undergone many changes in recent years with the advent of unit roots and cointegration. Maddala and Kim present a comprehensive review of these important developments and examine structural change. The volume provides an analysis of unit root tests, problems with unit root testing, estimation of cointegration systems, cointegration tests, and econometric estimation with integrated regressors. The authors also present the Bayesian approach to these problems and bootstrap methods for small-sample inference. The chapters on structural change discuss the problems of unit root tests and cointegration under structural change, outliers and robust methods, the Markov-switching model and Harvey's structural time series model. Unit Roots, Cointegration and Structural Change is a major contribution to Themes in Modern Econometrics, of interest both to specialists and graduate and upper-undergraduate students.Journal of Political Economy, 96, 893-920. ... DeJong, D.N., J.C. Nankervis, N.E. Savin, and C.H. Whiteman (1992), aquot;The Power Problems of Unit Root Tests for Time Series with Autoregressive Errors, aquot; Journal of Econometrics, 53, 323-343.
|Unit Roots, Cointegration, and Structural Change
|G. S. Maddala, In-Moo Kim
|Cambridge University Press - 1998
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Author Judy Irwin's books are about kids dealing with everyday stuff, like parents and divorce, friendships and bullies, and figuring out how to handle different situations and circumstances. She lives in Toronto with a dog, a cat, and a hamster, plus her husband and two children, ages 11 and 14.
She's written three books so far. In the first, called 'What Did You Say?', 12-year-old Tash and her mom are spending a month at a trailer park up north, right after Tash's parents divorce. This is where Tash first meets Luke, Jon and Polly.
'We're Done' is about 13-year-old Luke, who gets kicked out of his private school and loses his best friend over an act of bullying. Tash and Jon, from the first book, are also characters in this one.
'What's It To You?' is about 13-year-old Tim, who first appears as Luke's classmate in 'We're Done'. Tim has to decide if his new friendship with Harrison (also from 'We're Done') is right for him.
For Judy, the middle school years are especially interesting since they can be some of the most challenging for kids. It's a time when kids are faced with new issues, and bigger problems, than many have experienced before. As they figure out how they feel, and decide how to respond, they're also figuring out who they are, and shaping the nature of the person they will grow into.
Review by:
on Oct. 20, 2012 :
We're Done is a timely book considering the tragic news stories I see, time and again, of kids killing themselves over bullying.
This book takes a different tack, though, and casts the bully as our hero. It was a bit difficult for me to like Luke at first, and that's a brave thing for an author to do: give us a protagonist we don't care for.
Luke isn't mean on purpose, he just doesn't realize what he's doing is really hurting people. He's got it all: he's popular, cute, smart, captain of the soccer team at a ritzy private school. What he needs is a kick from reality right in his rear. And he gets it.
His "goofing off" gets him expelled from school. Worse, this last incident involved a family member of his best friend, now ex-best friend. He loses everything: school, friends, status. More, his parents are pretty well unavailable. His mother spends most of her life sleeping, and his father travels for work. His sister is a worse bully than he is, and the little we see of her is just horrible.
He's plunged into the foreign world of public school and it's a big awakening. Suddenly he's not the cool kid anymore. He's the one made fun of. He doesn't fit in anywhere, and he can't even play soccer. The one person he knows is someone he hurt the summer before, and she wants nothing to do with him.
Luke doesn't undergo an immediate transformation, for which I am grateful. It takes awhile, and a few virtual slaps to the head, for him to see what he'd done in the past was hurtful. He observes some kids doing the same stuff he used to do to another kid, and it all slowly starts to come clear. The author paints a very realistic picture of school and kids and it's both a little sad and encouraging.
I enjoyed this book. It was a quick, enlightening read with a snappy plot and clean, descriptive writing. My only complaint is that not all the ends were tied up. I really wanted to see Luke take a stand with his sister and her behavior. I'd have like to see at least a little of the problems with his parents cleared up (Luke does confront his dad, though nothing much really changes). Even so, the book does have a satisfying ending with Luke and his growth. And it left me wondering just what came next. I was attached to this kid I hadn't liked at first, and I want to know he succeeds.
(reviewed 29 days after purchase)


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60 seconds with Azad Zangana on the impact of Brexit on the UK economy
What does the referendum result mean for the UK economy?
24 June 2016
It is an historic moment for the UK and for the European Union. The UK will now enter a prolonged negotiation for at least two years from around October onwards, once David Cameron is replaced as prime minister.
Through this period we are going to see a huge amount of uncertainty around the UK' s relationship with the European Union, with regards to trade, investment, migration and of course subscription costs as well.
Impact on investment, employment and sterling
In the short term, we are likely to see companies cut back investment, really just to wait to see whether they can find more details around how the UK's relationship will progress going forward. And of course that will mean a negative impact on GDP growth.
Households are also likely to suffer from a reduction in employment growth or maybe even job losses as well, related to Brexit.
And of course we have already seen sterling take quite a big hit. That is going to feed through into higher import prices and higher inflation, which will also reduce demand.
BoE may cut rates if growth falters
So, overall, weaker GDP growth for the UK and higher inflation. The Bank of England may react with interest rate cuts. I think that would be very positive, but we are not forecasting a recession at this stage, just a slowdown in growth.
Important Information: This communication is marketing material. The views and opinions contained herein are those of the author(s) on this page, and may not necessarily represent views expressed or reflected in other Schroders communications, strategies or funds. This material is intended to be for information purposes only and is not intended as promotional material in any respect. The material is not intended as an offer or solicitation for the purchase or sale of any financial instrument. It is not intended to provide and should not be relied on for accounting, legal or tax advice, or investment recommendations. Reliance should not be placed on the views and information in this document when taking individual investment and/or strategic decisions. Past performance is not a reliable indicator of future results. The value of an investment can go down as well as up and is not guaranteed. All investments involve risks including the risk of possible loss of principal. Information herein is believed to be reliable but Schroders does not warrant its completeness or accuracy. Some information quoted was obtained from external sources we consider to be reliable. No responsibility can be accepted for errors of fact obtained from third parties, and this data may change with market conditions. This does not exclude any duty or liability that Schroders has to its customers under any regulatory system. Regions/ sectors shown for illustrative purposes only and should not be viewed as a recommendation to buy/sell. The opinions in this material include some forecasted views. We believe we are basing our expectations and beliefs on reasonable assumptions within the bounds of what we currently know. However, there is no guarantee than any forecasts or opinions will be realised. These views and opinions may change. To the extent that you are in North America, this content is issued by Schroder Investment Management North America Inc., an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of Schroders plc and SEC registered adviser providing asset management products and services to clients in the US and Canada. For all other users, this content is issued by Schroder Investment Management Limited, 31 Gresham Street, London, EC2V 7QA. Registered No. 1893220 England. Authorised and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority.


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"I love shutterfly. I love their discounts especially. I'm sure I'll be ordering cards again!"
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Publisher: Disney Hyperion (October 14th 2014)
Hardcover: 336 pages
Source: Netgalley
Add on: Goodreads
Rating: 3 of 5 Stars
Princess Snow is missing.
Her home planet is filled with violence and corruption at the hands of King Matthias and his wife as they attempt to punish her captors. The king will stop at nothing to get his beloved daughter back—but that's assuming she wants to return at all.
Essie has grown used to being cold. Temperatures on the planet Thanda are always sub-zero, and she fills her days with coding and repairs for the seven loyal drones that run the local mines.
When a mysterious young man named Dane crash-lands near her home, Essie agrees to help the pilot repair his ship. But soon she realizes that Dane's arrival was far from accidental, and she's pulled into the heart of a war she's risked everything to avoid. With the galaxy's future—and her own—in jeopardy, Essie must choose who to trust in a fiery fight for survival.
So I totally loved the idea of this book, a sci-fi winter
wonderland universe with a lost princess who's actually a totally bad-ass, like cage fighting bad-assery. Throw in a mysterious charming boy, throw in an evil Queen and clashing planets and we got ourselves are pretty (sorta) Snow White inspired story.
While I loved the concept, there wasn't anything that actually got my attention in this book.
The good news is the book is pretty action packed so it does keep the story pushing forward, though I hadn't realize that this book was a standalone, so the ending felt a bit rushed. I didn't quite click with Essie (our missing princess). Essie' is a pretty strong heroine, but I also didn't always get her reasoning all the time. And while the romance with Dane (our charmingly too-perfect hero) had its pretty darn cute moment, they lacked that spark for that really swoon-worthy romance. Who I did love in this book though was Dim-Wit, the ridiculously adorable spider-like robot who was definitely the highlight of the book. Awesome sidekicks is always a win in my book.
Overall, while it wasn't terrible, it wasn't fantastic other leaving me pretty much neutral to the whole book. It had great potential and I think it can really click with the right reader. I did enjoy the parallels to the story of Snow White, that was kind of nice.
{Thanks to Disney-Hyperion & Netgalley for providing an eARC in exchange for an honest review.
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Author: Cyn
a bum OT, procrastinator. reader. eater. sleeper. music listen-er. movie go-er. Loves food too much.


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Scene Info
Starring Jessica Lemos
Categories anal, blowjob, shemale, latina, babes, redhead, solo
Description : Jessica Lemos hooked up with a guy at the club. The dude thought Jessica was a really hot girl and convinced her to come up to his place for some action. When the guy found out that Jessica was a tranny and had a cock he wasn't upset at all. He fucked Jessica's sweet and tight asshole all the way till total satisfaction.


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Click titles below to open individual sections.
Our Lady of Lourdes Parish School admits students from Transitional Kindergarten through 8th Grade. Consideration for acceptance requires submission of completed application form and all requested supporting documents, a parent interview, and academic assessment. The final determination for school admission rests with the Pastor and Principal of Our Lady of Lourdes.
Documents necessary for enrollment consideration:
- Birth Certificate
- Immunization Record
If applicable:
- Baptismal Certificate
- 1st Communion Certificate
- Latest Progress Report
- Current Standardized Test Results
Age Requirements for Admission:
- Transitional Kindergarten students must be four years old before September 1st
- Kindergarten students must be five years old before October 1st
- 1st Grade students must be six years old before December 1st
The school, mindful of its mission to be a witness to the love of Christ for all, admits students regardless of race, color, national origin, and/or ethnic origin to all rights, privileges, programs, and activities generally accorded or made available to students at the school.
The school does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, disability, medical condition, sex, or national and/or ethnic origin in the administration of educational policies and practices, scholarship programs, and athletic and other school-administered programs, although certain athletic leagues and other programs may limit participation and some archdiocesan schools operate as single-sex schools.
While the school does not discriminate against students with special needs, a full range of services may not always be available to them. Decisions concerning the admission and continued enrollment of a student in the school are based upon the student's emotional, academic, and physical abilities and the resources available to the school in meeting the student's needs.
Tuition, Scholarships, and Financial Assistance
Click titles below to open individual sections.
Please read requirements for each scholarship to verify qualification prior to filling out a form. This will streamline the process for the scholarship committee and prevent delays in distribution of funds. Thank you.
Our Lady of Lourdes Parish School
Tuition & Fees 2018 – 2019
|Transitional Kindergarten – 8th Grade
|$7100 per student (fees inclusive*)
|*8th Grade Graduation Fee
|$200 per 8th Grader
RegistrationRegistration Fee is non-refundable
|New Students
|$200 per student
|Re-registration (due February 28th – late fees apply)
|$150 per student
School Fees & CommitmentsAll school Fees are included in the tuition above except 8th grade Graduation Fee. Tuition includes family fee, technology fee, yard fee, 1 yearbook, 1 festival raffle ticket book, Sacrament fees, and basic school supplies.
|Fundraising Requirement
|Service Hours
** Every family is required to complete 30 hours of volunteer service to the school; at least 16 must be completed at the Festival. Any incomplete hours will be billed at a rate of $25 per hour. This is 10 hours less than last year.
|Payment Plans All parents are required to choose one of the following options
|Full Payment of tuition on or before May 31st (2.5% discount applies)
|Tuition & Fees Plan - Twelve (12) month automatic payment through FACTS – begins in July
|Kids Club – Extended Care Program
|Separate registration and tuition apply for extended care services. More information available on our website.
Parish Scholarship
Our Lady of Lourdes Parish Community has maintained a commitment to Catholic Education from its founding in 1959. Since that time, parishioners have enjoyed the benefit of the opportunity to enroll their children in the parish school. As part of the parish community's ongoing support of those active members of the parish community who choose to enroll their children in the parish school, the community offers a scholarship for the academic year 2018-2019 in the amount of $1000 per qualifying family (parent/legal guardian with child in the school).
Any family with a student registered or enrolled and will be attending Our Lady of Lourdes Elementary School and who meet the scholarship criteria for the twelve months immediately prior to the application date for the scholarship may qualify. The criteria established for this scholarship are as follows:
- Family must be registered members of Our Lady of Lourdes Parish, Northridge
- At least one adult member of the family (parent or legal guardian) demonstrates Parish service on a regular basis in one or more parish ministries.
- Family supports the overall mission and ministries of the parish community through regular participation in the parish offertory program.
Pope Paul VI Family Scholarship
"Thus the little domestic Church, like the greater Church, needs to be constantly and intensely evangelized: hence its duty regarding permanent education in the faith…the family, like the Church, ought to be a place where the Gospel is transmitted and from which the Gospel radiates…the future of evangelization depends in great part on the Church of the home" (John Paul II, Familiaris consortio nn51-52)
Any family with more than one student concurrently registered or enrolled and will be attending Our Lady of Lourdes Elementary School may qualify.
- Families already qualifying for Our Lady of Lourdes Parish Scholarship qualify for Level II Funding of the Pope Paul VI scholarship.
- Families not qualifying for Our Lady of Lourdes Parish Scholarship qualify for Level I Funding of the Pope Paul VI Family scholarship.
The following criteria are established for this scholarship:
- Current registration and enrollment verification of sibling(s)
The Pope Paul VI Family Scholarship funding for academic year 2018-2019 is set at the following amounts:
|2 Siblings
|3 Siblings
Please click link to access Scholarship Application Form.
St. Thomas Aquinas Scholarship
Our Lady of Lourdes Parish Community recognizes that active parishioners who are involved in the work of education at Catholic schools and parishes throughout the Archdiocese of Los Angeles make particular commitments and sacrifices. With this in mind, this scholarship seeks to acknowledge that commitment and sacrifice. The value of the scholarship is set at $710 for the academic year 2018-2019.
Any student enrolled at Our Lady of Lourdes Elementary School whose parents are registered and active parishioners, with at least one parent employed full-time as a teacher at a parochial elementary school or Catholic high school within the Archdiocese of Los Angeles, may qualify.
The following criteria are established for this scholarship:
- Family must be registered members of their parish (if a parish other than OLL, letters of recommendation from the pastor of the parish in question will be required)
- At least one adult member of the family (parent or legal guardian) demonstrates Parish service on a regular basis in one or more parish ministries (see here for a complete listing)
- Current full-time employment as an educator at a parochial school or high-school within the Archdiocese of Los Angeles
- Applicants must furnish 1) a letter from their employer, stating the full-time position held, and 2) a copy of a pay-stub, issued within one month prior to scholarship application
Applications for this scholarship are available in person from the parish or school office.
Welcome to Lourdes Parish Scholarship
Our Lady of Lourdes Parish Community has maintained a commitment to Catholic Education from its founding in 1959. As part of the parish community's ongoing support of Catholic schooling, we introduce the Welcome to Lourdes Parish Scholarship. Families new to our community become scholarship eligible when they affirm their intent to become committed members of the parish, evidenced by:
- registering as members of the parish community,
- becoming actively involved in a parish ministry, and
- participating in the offertory program (envelopes).
First-time parents who choose to commit to the above and enroll their children in the parish school are eligible to receive a scholarship for the academic year 2018-2019 in the amount of $1000 per qualifying family (parent/legal guardian with a child in the school).
This scholarship is for new families to our parish. If you already have students in the school, please do not fill out this form. Thank you.
Click to fill out Welcome to Lourdes Parish Scholarship Form
|Ministries Organizations
|Active Participation Active Leadership
|(case-by-case consideration)
|ALPHA Team
|Festival Committee
|Altar Preparation
|Library Leadership
|Altar Server – Training
|Men's Club Board
|Anniversary Sunday Leadership
|PTO Board
|TROLL Board
|Bible Study Team Leaders
|Women's Council Board
|Children's Liturgy Team
|Choir - 10:30
|Choir - Family
|Choir - Harmonia
|Evangelization/Welcome to Lourdes
|Ext. Ministers of the Eucharist - Mass
|Ext. Ministers of the Eucharist - Sick
|Feeding God's Children Leadership
|Finance Council
|Giving Tree Leadership
|Infant Baptism Team
|Liturgy Committee
|LTE Leadership
|Mother of Perpetual Help Leadership
|OLL Charismatic Prager Group Leadership
|Parish Hospitality Team
|Parish Pastoral Council
|Perpetual Adoration Leadership
|Prayer Network Leadership
|RCIA Team
|RCIA adapted for Children Team
|Religious Education – Pre-Primary Team
|Religious Education – Elem. School Team
|Respect Life Leadership
|Sacristy – Marthas
|Sacristy – Sacristans
|Safeguard the Children Committee
|San Fernando Vigil Adorers Leadership
|Seniors/Forever Young Board
|Stephen Ministry
|St. Vincent De Paul
|Together in Mission Leadership
|Vocations Leadership
|Youth Ministry – Core Team
|Youth Ministry – Confirmation Core Team
Download Tuition Assistance Form, fill out, print, sign, and return in a sealed envelope on or before March 10, 2018.


text:
Quentin Tarantino Quotes About ChildrenQuotes about: Children
Acting Art Books Brothers Character Children Community Country Criticism Critics Dialogue Emotions Exploitation Fighting Film Fun Giving Hate Heart Home Horror House Inspirational Language Lying Memories Metaphor Mothers Motivational Movies Nazis Past Perspective Police Quality Romance School Slavery Soldiers Songs Study Summer Vinyl Violence War War Of The Worlds Winning Writing
The path of the righteous man is beset on all sides
By the inequities of the selfish and the tyranny of evil men.
Blessed is he who, in the name of charity and good will,
Shepherds the weak through the valley of darkness,
For he is truly his brother's keeper and the finder of lost children.
And I will strike down upon thee with great vengeance and furious anger
Those who attempt to poison and destroy my brothers.
And you will know my name is the Lord when I lay my vengeance upon thee.
Quentin Tarantino
- Born: March 27, 1963
- Occupation: Film director
- Cite this Page: Citation


text:
Plan a party that's a splash! Here are our favorite pool party ideas for invitations, decorations, games and more to help you host a swimmingly good celebration.
Pool Party Ideas for Invitations
Sending great invitations can make your guests feel special before the party even starts. You can either make your own party invitations or send pre-made cards. Be sure to remind everyone to bring a swimsuit, towel, and sunscreen!
Beach Ball Invitations — Use a Sharpie marker to write your party information on an inflated beach ball. Then deflate the ball, fold it into an envelope, and send it off!
Personalized Sun Tan Lotion Invitations — Use your computer to make your own personalized party info labels for small bottles of sunscreen. Hand deliver these or send them in small mailer boxes so that they don't open up in the mail.
Flip Flop Invitations — Using colored cardstock, cut your invitation into the shape of a flip flop. Print or hand write your party information on the front of the card, and add two ribbons to the invitation to look like the thong part of the shoe.
Summer Sunglass Invitations — Give your friends an invitation and a fun summer accessory all in one by sending them invitations attached to a pair of colorful summer sunglasses. Write your party information on a decorative tag and tie it to the glasses with a ribbon. You should either hand deliver these or mail them in padded envelopes.
**General Invitation Tips** — If you choose to make your own pool party invitations, don't forget to include the date, location, and time of your event. It's also helpful to put the host's name, RSVP by date, and either your phone number or email.
Here are some invitations that would be great at a pool party:
Splash Bash Personalized Invitations
Striped Beach Ball Invitations
Pool Party Invitations
Pool Party Ideas for Decorations
Make your party feel like a total celebration of summer by using bright colors and tropical touches in your decorations. Here are some suggestions to help get you started:
Line Your Walk with Pink Flamingos — Welcome your guests to the party with a greeting line of cheery pink flamingos.
Create Colorful Seating Areas — Lay beach towels on the ground or on chaise longues to create inviting seating areas for your guests to eat and chat. Setting up some lawn umbrellas and beach chairs for shaded seating is a good idea as well.
Give Your Party a Tropical Touch — Add an inflatable palm tree cooler to hold your party beverages, and scatter some beach balls around for a fun summer atmosphere.
Play Some Classic Summer Music — What songs remind you of summer? Make a playlist and keep the hits rolling to liven up your party.
The Beach Boys
Jimmy Buffett
Pool Party Music
Summer Hits
Use Summer Toys to Decorate Your Table — Make a table centerpiece by anchoring a weighted balloon bouquet to the bottom of a sand pail. Surround it with other summertime toys, such as squirt guns, sunglasses, and beach balls. A giant rubber duck can also make a fun pool party centerpiece.
Set Out Waterproof Disposable Cameras — Let your party guests capture the fun using disposable cameras. After the party these pictures can be added to thank you notes as a remembrance of the day!
Float a Troop of Duckies — There are all kinds of fun themed rubber duckies available. Pick some traditional ducks, or go with some that fit a theme. It's also a fun idea to have some noodles, beach balls, and inflatables in the pool so that your guests have some options for activities.
Serve Food and Drinks Creatively — Use a small inflatable pool as a creative drink cooler. Use colorful, clean sand pails as snack bowls and to hold utensils. You can also serve food on Frisbees for a whimsical touch.
Here are some pool party ideas for supplies that would make great additions to your party decorations:
Pool Party Toys
Splash Bash Party Supplies
Pool Party Theme Tableware
Pink Flamingo Pool Float
Bird Beverage Floats
Pool Party Cutouts
Pool Party Games and Activities
Keep your party hoppin' with some fun games and activities! Here are some of our favorite pool party ideas to keep you busy…
** If your guests are children, it is really important to have an adult "lifeguard" on duty at all times during your party. Also, be sure that everyone is aware of the pool depth so that unsure swimmers can stay at the shallow end, and divers can play where it's deep.
Pool Volleyball — You can either purchase a pool volleyball set or tie a string across the pool and use a large beach ball for a fun and active water game.
Rubber Duckie Races — Line up everyone at one end of the pool with a rubber duck in front of them. See who can push their duck to the opposite end of the pool the fastest — using only their nose!
Host a "Dive-In" Movie — If your party is going into the evening, pull out a projector and show a movie on a bedsheet screen or on the side of your house. Give everyone an inner tube or inflatable and turn your party into an aquatic movie theater.
Dive for Coins — Toss some coins into the pool and see who can dive to collect the most loot. A fun alternative to this is to have your guests dive for different objects that can be redeemed for prizes at the end of the game.
Cannonball Contest — Let the guest of honor be a judge for a classic cannonball contest. See who can make the biggest splash, get the most height, emerge with the wackiest hairdo. Be sure to have your cameras ready!
Water Gun Battle — Since everyone will be wet anyway, arm your guests with water guns and let them go to town.
Play Some Classic Pool Games
- Marco Polo — One person is chosen as "it". The object of the game is for this person to wander around the pool and try to tag another player. To help him do this, he shouts out, "Marco" and everyone has to respond, "Polo." If you are tagged, you become the next "it".
- Colors — One person is chosen as the tagger and stands out of the water facing away from deep end of the pool. Everyone else lines up on the wall in the water at the deep end of the pool. A category is chosen, such as COLORS. Everyone chooses a color in their heads. The tagger calls a color, and everyone who has chosen that color tries to quietly swim to the other end. If the tagger suspects that someone is moving, he can turn around and try to jump in the water and swim to tag them before they reach the other end. If, however, the tagger turns and no one has moved, he must take one step further away from the pool, making it harder to tag anyone on the next turn. If you are tagged, you become the next tagger and can choose a category for the next round.
Flip Flop Craft — Decorate flip flops for a personalized party treat. Use a hot glue gun to add buttons and gems, or draw on designs with Sharpie markers. For more ideas, check out our Creative Party Themes Blog post.
Pool Party Ideas for Food and Drinks
Foods that are light, fresh, and portable are great pool party ideas.
- Hot Dog Octopi — Cut halfway up the hot dog into 8 strips to resemble octopus legs. When they are grilled the hot dogs will curl a little to look like fanciful sea creatures. Add eyes and a mouth using mustard or ketchup. For an extra touch, serve these on top of a green spinach pasta salad.
- Fresh Fruit Kebabs
- Bowls of Goldfish Crackers
- Blue jello containing "swimming" gummy fish
- Popsicles
- Lemonade, fruit punch, or frozen drinks (served with umbrella straws, of course!)
Be sure to check out the "pool party decorations" section of this page for some fun serving ideas.
Pool Party Favors
Send your guests home with a special memento of the day. Here are a few suggestions for party favors.
- Sunglasses
- Sunscreen or Aloe After Sun Lotion (add a personalized label for extra fun!)
- Flip flops
- Lifesavers Candy
- Water toys
- A CD of summer music
If you enjoyed these pool party ideas, you might also enjoy these parties or follow us on Pinterest!
Luau Party
Under the
Sea Party
Theme Party


text: (ASCA) - Rome, - After yet another fool'' Save-on friends and family, is emerging harsh reality 'that I have read and damaging his government are trying to hide. The maneuver 'was approved aggravate' further a situation already 'unsustainable. The tax burden will increase ', so' as unemployment. Nothing and 'was made to give a little' confidence and hope to a country on the verge of a nervous breakdown as well as economic. This government does not have the capacity 'and even the lens to change the situation.'' It 'as said the national coordinator of the Brothers of Italy, Guido Crosetto. '' A Letta interested only be promoted by those who count in Brussels and satisfy banks and insurance companies. In one thing only did not lie, that is to say that 2014 will be 'a better year. But unfortunately it will be 'compared to 2015 if you do not allow' democracy to express themselves. After the dramatic failure of Monti, Napolitano wants to continue supporting this abomination yet? The President of the Republic does not realize that there is not even the line of the government but it 's become the summation of policies unrelated to each other that each minister individually carries to protect himself and his own personal future, some only from the point of Economically? This' one of the worst governments that Italy has had,'' he concludes Crosetto.


text:
Educational Discounts
Dowload the TWSU Education Brochure
Education Boxes:
To get young people making everywhere we have created education boxes. These boxes of curiosity contain a collection of 16 of our DIY kits as well as all the materials, tools, worksheets and badges that you will need to run a workshop at your chosen location. The boxes are the perfect and most cost effective way of getting young people to make, play, learn and invent with technology.
Enrichment Days:
These fun filled days are bespoke Tech Will Save Us events in your school, club or maker space. Our very own TWSU experts design a session specific to your needs. These sessions can range from a half day to a few weeks of learning. Our enrichment days have been really successful in engaging and getting pupils excited about learning, as well as proactively doing more with their skills.
Train the trainer and lessons:
We have a growing collection of lessons and examples of our kits being used in curriculum. We are actively working with Code Club, the Prince's Trust, as well as, individual teachers and facilitators to create lessons around our kits. We also offer training courses for teachers to get you started in your own making journey in your school.
For more information, please e-mail us at:


text:
|Long-Term Care Facilities: Important Participants of the Acute Care Facility Social Network?
Lee, Bruce Y.; Song, Yeohan; Bartsch, Sarah M.; Kim, Diane S.; Singh, Ashima; Brown, Shawn T.; Wong, Kim F.; Potter, Margaret A.; Burke, Donald S.; Avery, Taliser R.; Yilmaz, S. Levent; Platt, Richard; Huang, Susan S.
Note: Order does not necessarily reflect citation order of authors.
|Lee, Bruce Y., Yeohan Song, Sarah M. Bartsch, Diane S. Kim, Ashima Singh, Taliser R. Avery, Shawn T. Brown, and et al. 2011. Long-term care facilities: important participants of the acute care facility social network? PLoS ONE 6(12): e29342.
|Full Text & Related Files:
3246493.pdf (882.3Kb; PDF)
|Background: Acute care facilities are connected via patient sharing, forming a network. However, patient sharing extends beyond this immediate network to include sharing with long-term care facilities. The extent of long-term care facility patient sharing on the acute care facility network is unknown. The objective of this study was to characterize and determine the extent and pattern of patient transfers to, from, and between long-term care facilities on the network of acute care facilities in a large metropolitan county. Methods/Principal Findings: We applied social network constructs principles, measures, and frameworks to all 2007 annual adult and pediatric patient transfers among the healthcare facilities in Orange County, California, using data from surveys and several datasets. We evaluated general network and centrality measures as well as individual ego measures and further constructed sociograms. Our results show that over the course of a year, 66 of 72 long-term care facilities directly sent and 67 directly received patients from other long-term care facilities. Long-term care facilities added 1,524 ties between the acute care facilities when ties represented at least one patient transfer. Geodesic distance did not closely correlate with the geographic distance among facilities. Conclusions/Significance: This study demonstrates the extent to which long-term care facilities are connected to the acute care facility patient sharing network. Many long-term care facilities were connected by patient transfers and further added many connections to the acute care facility network. This suggests that policy-makers and health officials should account for patient sharing with and among long-term care facilities as well as those among acute care facilities when evaluating policies and interventions.
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text:
The Marquis de Sade, from whose name the word ``sadism`` is derived, wasn`t as kinky as most people think, says Alice Laborde.
``Sade was a very normal man, a loving husband. He was devoted to his wife and very concerned about his children,`` says Laborde, a French professor at the University of California at Irvine.


text:
The Heredity of "Racial" Traits
Essays on the Color Line and the One-Drop Rule
by Frank W Sweet
December 15, 2004
ecause they look different," explained the State Park Service historian in charge of living history at Olustee, Florida. She was answering an ethnic acculturation question. Why has almost every non-White immigrant group in U.S. history—Irish, Jews, even Chinese in Jim Crow Mississippi—been embraced by America's ever-expanding blanket of Whiteness and joined the mainstream via intermarriage within a few generations, while African-Americans remain non-White?1 The irony in the historian's answer could be seen in the four children playing in the grass nearby—two apparently members of the Black endogamous group and two apparently White.
Every February, the Florida Park Service hosts a Civil War reenactment at Olustee. The real battle, fought in February 1864, comprised about five thousand Union attackers and the same number of Confederate defenders. The reenacted battle is choreographed to replicate actual events. Over a hundred Black re-enactors from Charleston play the role of the famed 54th Massachusetts. Thousands of other Civil War re-enactors from throughout the Southeast come to portray the other Union and Confederate regiments involved. The event attracts thousands of spectators. Some come for the day to cheer one side or the other, but most are families who bring their children to learn about a dramatic event in the state's past.
In recent years, the local NAACP chapter has picketed the event as a painful reminder of slavery. In response, Black volunteers involved in the production have increased the number of living history presentations and dioramas by Black History groups, who lecture on the African-American heroes and heroines of abolition and the war. It is a family event for the living history interpreters as well, and the volunteers bring their own children, dressed out in the Alice-in-Wonderland childhood fashions of the 1860s.
One pair of living history presenters are of first-generation mixed heritage. He has one Black parent and one White parent, and so does she. Both display the in-between appearance of, say, Jennifer Beals or Gary Dourdan of the CSI TV show. Technically speaking, both are heterozygotic at each of the three-to-six genes for dermal melanization. But their four children could be used to exemplify Mendel's wrinkled peas and smooth peas without the in-between peas. The two oldest kids are quite dark, taking after their Black grandparents (homozygotic for African skin tone). The two youngest are European-looking, taking after their White grandparents (homozygotic for European skin tone). The standing family joke (which outsiders endure stoically despite having heard it many times) is that the two older children used up all of the family melanin, leaving none for their younger siblings. The parents identify the family as part of the Black community. Nevertheless, the two European-looking children will probably switch to self-identifying as Hispanic or even White after high school. There is little to be gained in today's America, for a young person who looks European, by voluntarily remaining a member of the Black endogamous group.
* * * * *
This essay explains, in four topics, that much is known about the heredity of those physical features important to U.S. society in assigning someone to one side or the other of the endogamous color line. Three-to-Six Co-Dominant Skin Tone Genes discusses the genes that determine skin tone. Mendelian Inheritance explains that, on average, half of the children of admixed parents inherit a skin tone between those of their parents, one fourth come out darker than both parents, and one-fourth come out lighter than both. This means that any Afro-European admixed population will not blend homogeneously after many generations, but will continue to produce a few African-looking and European-looking individuals indefinitely. Appearance is not the Same Thing as Ancestry explains that, in admixed populations, even people who share identical ancestry may wind up with different Afro-European admixtures due to the random recombination of parental genes at each generation. This is why about five percent of the African-American population has no detectable African genetic admixture. Finally, Hardy-Weinberg Distribution shows how to compute the rate at which European-looking children are born into various Black communities in the United States, and the rate at which African-looking children are born into European-looking populations in other countries.
Three-to-Six Co-Dominant Skin Tone Genes
Some people erroneously assume that physical traits associated with the U.S. endogamous color line "blend" in some non-Mendelian way. They assume that children cannot come out looking more European than both parents nor more African than both. They assume that endogamous populations become ever more homogeneously blended with the passage of generations. And they assume that any given New World resident of mixed Afro-European appearance must descend from colonists who were themselves of one hundred percent European or one hundred percent African genetic admixture.2 All of these assumptions are mistaken.3
Parents of mixed intermediate Afro-European genetic admixture can, and often do, produce strongly European-looking or African-looking children. To be precise, there is a 1/2 probability that any given child of two genetically admixed parents will display color-line-related features midway between those of the parents, 1/4 probability that it will look more European than either parent, and 1/4 probability that it will look more African than either parent. Furthermore, most Americans of intermediate Afro-European admixture are not first-generation dual-heritage individuals. Instead, most spring from parents who are also of Afro-European genetic admixture. In fact, many of the New World's alleles for European features came to this hemisphere within the bodies of African slaves, whose ancestors had mingled with Arabs, Berbers, and Mediterranean Europeans for centuries. And many of the alleles for African features came to the Americas within the bodies of European Mediterranean colonists, whose ancestors had mingled with Arabs, Berbers, and Africans for centuries. The Mediterranean has been a genetic mixing bowl for tens of thousands of years.
None of this has anything to do with "race," as many use the term, since what non-scientists mean by "race" is hard to pin down. Americans tend to think of Africans, Europeans, and Asians as different "races." But nobody else sees it this way. Japanese, Australian Aborigines, Tahitians, Malaysians, Pakistanis, Turks, and Israelis are all Asians, for example, but no one of them would consider themselves to be of the same "race" as any of the others. Even the obsolescent craniofacial anthropometry of the past does not match preconceptions of "race." Carleton S. Coon, the greatest race-defining craniofacial anthropometrist of the twentieth century, whose definitions filled the U.S. textbooks of fifty years ago, considered neither Ethiopians nor Khoisan to be of the "negroid race."4 Rather than "race," this discussion is interested only in those physical traits that lead U.S. society to assign a person to one side or the other of the endogamous color line—to consider a person a suitable marriage partner for Whites or Blacks.
Understanding the heredity of physical traits associated with the endogamous color line can help us better to grasp how genes leaked through the barrier as much as they have (one third of White Americans having 2-20 percent African genetic admixture). But a difficulty in discussing heredity is the indeterminacy of just which features are associated with the color line. We know that people who "look African" are usually assigned to the Black endogamous group by U.S. society. But precisely what does it mean to say that someone "looks African"? As explained in the essay "The Perception of 'Racial' Traits," the features associated with African ancestry depend upon which society is making the determination. As Harry Hoetink pointed out, the very same individual may be considered White in Puerto Rico, Coloured in Jamaica, and Negro in Georgia.5 Modern craniofacial anthropometrists (forensic anthropologists) give more importance to prognathism than to skin tone,6 and nineteenth-century Americans once emphasized foot shape.7 Consequently, the following discussion of heritability simplifies such traits to a single feature—skin tone.
Throughout the following discussion, three things should be kept in mind. First, many societies (Hindu India, for example) do not consider skin tone to be associated with any endogamous barrier. This discussion focuses on skin tone because most Americans consider it significant, hence the term "color line" and the group labels "Black" and "White" corresponding to brown versus pinkish beige skin tone. Second, melanization is mechanically complex. Some people are darker than others before tanning, some tan more easily, some tan more deeply, and some tans last longer than others. Despite its complexity, dermal melanization depends on just a few genes. Finally, the following discussion could be repeated for any feature that depends on a handful of additive genes, each with co-dominant alleles, such as hair curliness, nose width, lip thickness, prognathism, steatopygia, and the like. Hence, it applies to any of the physical traits that U.S. society associates with membership in the Black or White endogamous groups.
Alleles do not blend. They are not analog recordings. They are digitally encoded (the human genome contains about 750 megabytes of data).8 Because they are digitally encoded, alleles combine in simple, mathematically predictable ways. Since 1910, researchers have known that human skin pigmentation is polygenic, depending on just a few codominant additive genes of essentially two alleles each. We have known that skin tone is polygenic, rather than the result of one gene with many alleles, because breeding of palest with darkest yields a spectrum of offspring genotypes from the same parents, not just the four Mendelian ones. We have known that human pigmentation genes are additive and codominant because half the offspring of differently colored parents have a skin tone between that of their parents, no matter how similar the parents (one-fourth are outside each extreme of the parental span). We have known that at least three genes are involved because histograms of population skin reflectance yield continuous, not discrete, values.9
Where knowledge has improved over the past century has been in precisely how many genes are involved and their specific loci. As of 1998, five human pigmentation genes had been identified. Their symbols and genome loci are: "TYR" at 11q14-21 (chromosome eleven long arm, 14 to 21 centimorgans out), "TYRP1" at 9p23, "TYRP2" at 13q31-32, "P" at 15q11.2-12, and "MC1R" at 16q24.3.10 Subsequent work has identified five non-synonymous polymorphisms at the MC1R site.11 Some polymorphisms have been related to phenotype.12 And gene-enzyme-protein reaction chains have been identified.13
Much of the genetic mechanism remains to be unraveled but one finding is pertinent here. Skin color is determined by a (definite) minimum of three and a (probable) maximum of six additive genes, each with two co-dominant alleles. This means that skin-tone inheritance is predictable. Imagine a population composed of two same-sized groups. The first group comprises individuals who (like many sub-Saharan Africans) are homozygotic for dark alleles at all of the (three to six) dermal melanization loci. The other group comprises individuals who (like Nordic Europeans) are homozygotic for fair alleles at the same loci. Given random mating within the population composed of the two equal-sized groups, within a few generations the resultant population would fall into a Poisson skin-tone distribution.14
Mendelian Inheritance
In other words, if a large population (more than a few thousands individuals) were assembled out of equal numbers of the darkest and the fairest humans on earth, within a few generations, their descendants' skin tone would fall into a normal (Gaussian bell-curve) distribution. The number of genes involved would not affect the form of the distribution. If skin tone were determined by only three genes, then the resultant population would fall into the seventh line of Pascal's triangle with, on average, 1, 6, 15, 20, 15, 6, and 1 out of every 64 individuals having each skin-tone gradation, from the fairest to the darkest possible. If skin tone were set by six genes, then the descendants would fall into the thirteenth line of Pascal's triangle with, on average, 1, 12, 66, 220, 495, 792, 924, 792, 495, 220, 66, 12, and 1 out of every 4096 individuals having every skin-tone gradation from the fairest to the darkest. Neither the shape, the height, nor the width of the consequent distribution would vary with number of genes. The number of genes involved would affect only the fineness of the skin-tone gradations.
The above explanation may seem trivial, but it is important to understanding U.S. color line permeability. It is important because exactly the same results would unfold if one were to start with a homogeneous population where every individual were heterozygotic at each locus. In other words, if you started with a population of first-generation admixture (each with a fair-skin allele from one parent, and a dark-skin allele from the other parent, at each of the three-to-six genes), then their descendants would fall into precisely the same pattern as above, with precisely the same numbers of individuals having every skin-tone gradation from the very fairest to the darkest possible.15
Puerto Rico Skin-Tone Histogram
As a practical example, consider Puerto Rico. From the late eighteenth century until the U.S. conquest at the turn of the twentieth century, Spanish censuses of the island consistently reported that 45 percent of the population was White (predominantly European-looking) and 55 percent was Black (predominantly African-looking). Census after census, these numbers did not change more than three percentage points until the United States took possession of the island.16 Today, the native-born island population physically matches the theoretical Poisson distribution almost precisely. About one Puerto Rican in ten looks White to the typical American, about one in ten looks Black, and the rest look "Hispanic," which in this context means "in between."17
Appearance is not the Same Thing as Ancestry
To be precise, the above figure shows that a skin-tone histogram of Puerto Ricans has a single peak at the 50-50 mark with population fractions diminishing in both directions—dark and light.18 Nevertheless, judging by the Spanish census data and considering that the Johnson-Reed Act of 1924 cut off immigration, virtually every native-born Puerto Rican on the island today has equal numbers of African and European ancestors.19 This means that those few Puerto Ricans who are of predominantly European appearance as well as those who are of predominantly African appearance descend from the same population of ancestors. The figure above depicts a computer simulation of this result.20 This point bears repeating. Those few Puerto Ricans of European appearance whose families have been on the island since colonial times have equal numbers of African and European ancestors, as do those Puerto Ricans of strongly African appearance. In short, skin tone is so ephemeral and so sensitive to a few genes, that it is nearly useless as an indicator of either Afro-European ancestry or Afro-European genetic admixture (which are themselves different things). As another example of this point, a recent admixture study conducted in Columbia, South Carolina, found that about five percent of Black Americans have no detectable African genetic admixture at all.21 Their family oral histories accurately trace their descent partly from African slaves. But over the course of many generations, even the negligible intermarriage rate between Whites and Blacks gradually eliminated the genetic markers of African origin from those few families by random chance.
Hardy-Weinberg Distribution
Once a population's genotype stabilizes into a Poisson bell curve, it will remain in that configuration as long as the conditions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium hold and mating is random. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is not discussed at depth in this essay.22 It suffices to point out that where a closed population is large enough to avoid loss or fixing of alleles by mere chance (termed drift), and where no selection mechanism operates on the genes of interest (affecting either survival, reproduction, or mate selection), then the percentages of alleles (fifty-fifty in the above example) within a population will remain unchanged indefinitely.23
In the context of this discussion, absence of mate selection implies random mating with regards to skin tone, which may seem inapplicable to this study. After all, in contrast to Puerto Rico, the defining feature of the U.S. color line is that it marks an endogamous barrier. But the point here is that the U.S. Black community can itself be defined as a closed population precisely because it is endogamous. Whether mate-selection within this group depends on skin tone is an interesting question. Many anthropologists of the 1920s and 1930s reported detecting a Black male mate-selection preference for fair women. Melville J. Herskovitz, Gunnar Myrdal, Edward Reuter, Ralph Linton, Gustavas Steward, and Robert E. Park referred to it.24 But these finding were eventually overturned because they were based on skin-tone differences between husbands and wives. As it turns out, studies of siblings show that females typically display less melanization than males,25 just as children display less melanization than adults.26 It is simply one of the neotenous features associated with human sexual dimorphism.27 In any event, it is now accepted that, within the U.S. Black community, mating has been essentially random for skin tone.
Gullah Skin-Tone Histogram
How Many White Children are Born Into Black Families?
The occurrence frequency of European admixture (implying alleles for fair skin tone) among members of the U.S. Black community varies by region, from around 3 percent among the Geechee/Gullah people of the Sea Islands of South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida, to about 20 percent among the African-Americans of Philadelphia and Boston.28 Given these numbers, it is a straightforward task to compute the rate at which any given African-American population will produce members who are as fair as Europeans.29
Black Philadelphia Skin-Tone Histogram
Various sources agree that, on average, people with 12 percent or less African admixture appear White to the average American and those with up to 25 percent look ambiguous (with a Mediterranean skin tone).30 Given this finding, random chance will produce one such Philadelphian out of every five hundred born to parents who are members of the Black community (rare, but measurable), and one such Gullah out of every 1.4 billion (virtually impossible).31 (In the accompanying graphs, only the two leftmost bars depict the numbers of people with European skin tone.)
How Many Black Children are Born into White Families?
White America Skin-Tone Histogram
The mirror-image situation is also easily computed. African admixture averages about 0.7 percent among White Americans, about 8 percent in Portugal, and about 5 percent in Spain, based upon recent genetic admixture studies as well as upon accepted estimates of sixteenth-century sub-Saharan immigration to Iberia.32 Hence, typical White Americans cannot produce children with unambiguously dark skin but it occurs among Spaniards at the rate of about one in two hundred.33
This explains why modern-day Chileans and Argentineans, as well as Spaniards, look White to Americans, despite having recently absorbed large African populations.34 Alleles for African appearance are so thinly distributed throughout these predominantly European populations that the genes seldom happen to match up in any one individual.
Iberia Skin-Tone Histogram
As explained above, the same can be said for any trait associated with the U.S. endogamous color line. In short, even without taking into account a steady inflow of genes for European appearance, the Black community has always produced a steady and predictable stream of European-looking individuals whose immediate parentage is socially Black. They owe their European phenotype to the random matching up of genes from distant European ancestors. Of course, counting how many people are born with European appearance measures opportunity, not action. There is no reason to think that all or even most such Americans actually cross the color line and designate themselves White.35
* * * * *
This essay described the heredity of skin tone, the most important of the physical features used by U.S. society in assigning someone to one side or the other of the endogamous color line. It listed the genes that determine skin tone. It explained that any Afro-European admixed population (such as the African-American community) will never blend homogeneously, but will continue to produce a few European-looking individuals indefinitely. It showed that even people who share identical ancestry may wind up with different Afro-European admixtures due to the random recombination of parental genes at each generation. Finally, it demonstrated how to compute the rate at which European-looking children are born into the African-American community.
Click here for an animated YouTube version of this topic.
1. Noel Ignatiev, How the Irish Became White (New York: Routledge, 1995); Karen Brodkin, How Jews Became White Folks and What That Says About Race in America (New Brunswick NJ: Rutgers University, 1998); James W. Loewen, The Mississippi Chinese: Between Black and White(Cambridge MA: Harvard University, 1971).
2. See, for example, Ira Berlin, Slaves Without Masters: The Free Negro in the Antebellum South (New York: New Free Press, 1974), 108-9; Gwendolyn Midlo Hall, Africans in Colonial Louisiana: The Development of Afro-Creole Culture in the Eighteenth Century (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University, 1992) as quoted in Virginia Meacham Gould, "The Free Creoles of Color of the Antebellum Gulf Ports of Mobile and Pensacola: A Struggle for the Middle Ground," in Creoles of Color of the Gulf South, ed. James H. Dormon (Knoxville: University of Tennessee, 1996), 28-50, 32; Jane G. Landers, ed. Against the Odds: Free Blacks in the Slave Societies of the Americas (London: Frank Cass, 1996), 86; Frederick P. Bowser, "The Free Person of Color in Mexico City and Lima: Manumission and Opportunity, 1580-1650," in Race and Slavery in the Western Hemisphere: Quantitative Studies, ed. Stanley L. Engerman, et al. (Princeton: Princeton University, 1975), 331-361, 333.
3. See, for example, the extended critique of Ira Berlin, Slaves Without Masters: The Free Negro in the Antebellum South (New York: New Free Press, 1974) in Gary B. Mills, The Forgotten People: Cane River's Creoles of Color (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University, 1977), xv-xvi.
4. See Carleton Stevens Coon, The Origin of Races (New York: Knopf, 1962).
5. Harry Hoetink, Caribbean Race Relations: A Study of Two Variants (London: Oxford University, 1971), xii.
6. George W. Gill, "Does Race Exist?: A Proponent's Perspective," [web page] (Nova, 2000), available from http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/first/gill.html.
7. 23 Ark. 50.
8. Three billion nucleotides, each carrying two bits of information, divided by eight bits per byte.
9. The two most accessible sources of historical surveys and synopses of current understanding are Curt Stern, Principles of Human Genetics, 3d ed. (San Francisco: W. H. Freeman, 1973), 443-65 and L. L. Cavalli-Sforza and W. F. Bodmer, The Genetics of Human Populations (Mineola NY: Dover, 1999), 527-31.
10. Richard A. Sturm, Neil F. Box, and Michele Ramsay, "Human Pigmentation Genetics: The Difference is Only Skin Deep," BioEssays 20 (1998): 712-21.
11. B.K. Rana and others, "High Polymorphism at the Human Melanocortin 1 Receptor Locus," Genetics 151, no. 4 (1999): 1547-48.
12. R.M. Harding and others, "Evidence for Variable Selective Pressures at MC1R," Journal of Human Genetics 66, no. 4 (2000): 1351.
13. P.A. Kanetsky and others, "A Polymorphism in the Agouti Signaling Protein Gene is Associated with Human Pigmentation," American Journal of Human Genetics 70 (2002): 770-775.
14. C. Stern, "Model Estimates of the Frequency of White and Near-White Segregants in the American Negro," Acta Genetica 4 (1953): 281-298, 445-52.
15. See, for example, A.K. Kalla, "Inheritance of Skin Colour in Man," Anthropologist Special Volume (1968): 158-68; G.A. Harrison and J.J.T. Owen, "Studies on the Inheritance of Human Skin Colour," Ann. Human Genetics 28 (1964): 27-37; C. Stern, "Model Estimates of the Frequency of White and Near-White Segregants in the American Negro," Acta Genetica 4 (1953): 281-298.
16. For 1792, see Francisco Morales Padron, "La Vida Cotidiana en una Hacienda de Esclavos," Revista del Instituto de Cultura Puertorriquena 4, no. 10 (1961): 23-33, 25. For a census-by-census table of subsequent years, see Frederick P. Bowser, "Colonial Spanish America," in Neither Slave Nor Free: The Freedmen of African Descent in the Slave Societies of the New World, ed. David W. Cohen and Jack P. Greene (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University, 1972), 19-58, 38.
17. Since the American occupation, the federal census in Puerto Rico has conformed to the U.S. viewpoint. Through 1950, all Puerto Ricans were census-defined as "colored" as per the enumerators' instructions. Since 1960, the census has been self-administered, and about forty percent of Puerto Ricans have checked off "White," while another fifty percent have checked off "other" and written in various terms (Hispanic, human, none, Puerto Rican, Latino, and the like), which the census bureau encodes as "White." Only one Puerto Rican in ten checks off "Black."
18. For a similar discussion of Puerto Rican admixture, rather than skin tone, see the essay "Afro-European Genetic Admixture in the United States."
19. Clara E. Rodriguez, "Challenging Racial Hegemony: Puerto Ricans in the United States," in Race, ed. Steven Gregory and Roger Sanjek (New Brunswick NJ: Rutgers University, 1994), 131-45, 137.
20. The program (a MS-Excel macro) can be downloaded from http://backintyme.com/admixture/genetics.xls.
21. E.J. Parra and others, "Ancestral Proportions and Admixture Dynamics in Geographically Defined African Americans Living in South Carolina," American Journal of Physical
Anthropology 114 (2001): 18-29. This study was also mentioned in the essay, "Afro-European Genetic Admixture in the United States."
22. For more discussion of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, see the essay "The Rate of Black-to-White 'Passing'."
23. An accessible introduction to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium can be found in Steve Jones, Robert Martin, and David Pilbeam, eds. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human Evolution (Cambridge UK: Cambridge University, 1992), 290.
24. A useful survey of this topic can be found in Joel Williamson, New People: Miscegenation and Mulattoes in the United States (New York: Free Press, 1980), 118-21.
25. E. Rebato and others, "Sibling Correlations of Skin Pigmentation During Growth," Human Biology 71, no. 2 (1999): 277-293.
26. J.H. Relethford, F.C. Lees, and P.J. Bayard, "Sex and Age Variation in the Skin Color of Irish Children," Current Anthropology 26, no. 3 (1985): 386-397.
27. Otherwise important distinctions among neoteny, paedomorphosis, and postdisplacement are irrelevant to the point being made.
28. C.L. Pfaff and others, "Using Estimates of Individual Admixture to Study the Genetics of Phenotypic Traits: Skin Pigmentation in African Americans," American Journal of Human Genetics 69, no. 4 (2001): 410; E.J. Parra and others, "Ancestral Proportions and Admixture Dynamics in Geographically Defined African Americans Living in South Carolina," American Journal of Physical Anthropology 114 (2001): 18-29; Esteban J. Parra and others, "Estimating African American Admixture Proportions by Use of Population-Specific Alleles," American Journal of Human Genetics 63 (1998): 1839-51.
29. Again, this is easiest done by simulation rather than analytically, using something like the program at http://backintyme.com/admixture /genetics.xls.
30. Caroline Bond Day and Earnest Albert Hooton, A Study of Some Negro-White Families in the United States (Cambridge MA: Harvard University, 1932), 10; Melville J. Herskovits, The Anthropometry of the American Negro (New York: Columbia University, 1930); G.A. Harrison and J.J.T. Owen, "Studies on the Inheritance of Human Skin Colour," Ann. Human Genetics 28 (1964): 27-37; A.K. Kalla, "Inheritance of Skin Colour in Man," Anthropologist Special Volume (1968): 158-68; C. Stern, "Model Estimates of the Frequency of White and Near-White Segregants in the American Negro," Acta Genetica 4 (1953): 281-298.
31. Assuming four genes (eight co-dominant haplotypes): For Philadelphia, if the probability of any haplotype's being European is 0.20, then the probability of six out of the eight haplotypes being European (giving a European appearance to the individual) would be (0.20)^6 x 28 = 1.8 x (10)^-3. For the Sea Islands, if the probability of any haplotype's being European is 0.03, then the probability of six out of the eight aligning to yield a European phenotype would be (0.03)^6 x 28 = 2.04 x (10)^-8. Where 28 is the number of two-in-eight combinations n!/j!(n-j)!.
32. For the U.S. rate, see Mark D. Shriver and others, "Skin Pigmentation, Biogeographical Ancestry, and Admixture Mapping," Human Genetics 112 (2003): 387-99, Table 2. For immigration history, see: University of Chicago, ed. The New Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15 ed. (Chicago: William Benton, 1974), 15:859; Hugh Thomas, The Slave Trade: The Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade: 1440-1870 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1997), 22-4, 48-86, 804; Lerone Bennett Jr., Before the Mayflower: A History of Black America, 6th rev. ed. (New York: Penguin, 1993), 32; Frank Tannenbaum, Slave and Citizen, the Negro in the Americas (Boston: Beacon Press, 1946), 14-15, 44; Leslie B. Rout, The African Experience in Spanish America, 1502 to the Present Day (Cambridge UK: Cambridge University, 1976), 9, 18-20. For DNA admixture studies, see: Martin Richards and others, "Extensive Female-Mediated Gene Flow from Sub-Saharan Africa into Near Eastern Arab Populations," American Journal of Human Genetics 72 (2003): 1058-64; H.B. Corte-Real and others, "Genetic Diversity in the Iberian Peninsula Determined from Mitochondrial Sequence Analysis," Annals of Human Genetics 60, no. 4 (1996): 331-50.
33. Assuming four genes (eight co-dominant haplotypes): For Spain, if the probability of any haplotype's being African is 0.05, then the probability of three out of the eight haplotypes
being African (giving an African appearance to the individual) would be (0.05)^3 x 56 = .007. For White Americans, if the probability of any haplotype's being African is 0.007, then the
probability of three of the eight aligning to yield an African phenotype would be (0.007)^3 x 56 = 1.92 x (10)^-5. Where 56 is the number of three-in-eight combinations n!/j!(n-j)!.
34. George Reid Andrews, The Afro-Argentines of Buenos Aires, 1800-1900 (Madison: University of Wisconsin, 1980).
35. See the essay "The Rate of Black-to-White 'Passing'" for an estimate of Black-to-White gene flow across the U.S. color line in order compute just how many individuals have made this choice over the years.
Frank W. Sweet is the author of Legal History of the Color Line (ISBN 9780939479238), an analysis of the nearly 300 appealed cases that determined Americans' "racial" identity over the centuries. It is the most thorough study of the legal history of this topic yet published. He was accepted to Ph.D. candidacy in history with a minor in molecular anthropology at the University of Florida in 2003 and has completed all but his dissertation defense. He earned an M.A. in History from American Military University in 2001. He is also the author of several state park historical booklets and published historical essays. He was a member of the editorial board of the magazine Interracial Voice, and is a regular lecturer and panelist at historical and genealogical conferences. To send email, click here.


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Third generation Vortec engines that include models LM7, L59, LM4 and L33 feature cylinder heads made of cast aluminum. All the engine models in the generation have two valves in each cylinder and are supplied with fuel using a sequential fuel injection system. Models LM7 and L59 have a compression ratio of 9.5 to one; model L33 features a ratio of 9.6 to 1.Continue Reading
Fourth generation Vortec engines includes models LH6, LY5, LMG, LC9 and LH8. Cylinder heads of models LMG and LC9 are made of cast aluminum. However, the block of the LMG engine model is made of cast iron, while the block of the LC9 is also made of cast aluminum. The ignition system of both models consists of a coil near plug, platinum-tipped spark plugs, composite distributor and low-resistance spark plug wires. The LMG model features two separate fuel delivery systems, including the active fuel management and the sequential fuel injection system, while the LC Vortec engine model comes only with the sequential fuel injection system.
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From yesterday on the Today Show, this is Sara Haines, otherwise known as Sara Sage according to Kathie Lee Gifford. It's rare to see any leggage from Sara so definitely a nice treat here as she talks about her workouts. She's one of those babes that looks as good without makeup as she does with.
Sara Sage knows all,
Screencaps courtesy of Gambit at the Hi-Def News Caps blog.
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Saint Louis, MO (PRWEB) July 11, 2014
In cases brought by the law firm of Schlichter, Bogard & Denton, LLP of St. Louis on behalf of injured railroad workers, two courts have ruled favorably to workers that FELA judgments are not subject to tax withholding under the Railroad Retirement Tax Act (RRTA). The Missouri Supreme Court in Mickey v. BNSF Railway Co., No. SC93591 (July 8, 2014), available here, stopped a trend of state supreme court rulings that had held FELA judgments for injured railroad workers received less than the full amount the jury awarded them. In a detailed opinion, the Missouri Supreme Court explained that the contrary decisions of the Nebraska and Iowa courts were based on an incomplete analysis of the law, and that under a proper analysis of the law FELA judgments are not subject to tax withholding, but must be paid in full. This decision comes one day after the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri also ruled that FELA judgments are not subject to RRTA taxes (Cowden v. BNSF Railway Co., No. 08-1534, Doc. 289 (E.D.Mo. July 7, 2014)). The decisions in Mickey, which involved a BNSF railroad employee from St. Louis, MO and Cowden, which involved a BNSF railroad employee from Springfield, MO, (both of which were handled by Schlichter Bogard & Denton) should end the railroads' recent attempts to short-change employees of the personal injury damages juries have awarded them with this now twice-repudiated, tax argument.
The choice of a lawyer is an important decision and should not be based solely on advertisements. The cases discussed do not predict outcomes in future cases. Past results afford no guarantee of future results and every case is different and must be judged on its own merits.


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- Self-released
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