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The Instigator
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The Contender
Pro (for)
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Is The Gap Theory Biblical?
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|2 years ago
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Debate Rounds (3)
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Definition - The gap theory postulates that an indefinite span of time exists between Genesis 1:1 and Genesis 1:2. This time span is usually considered to be quite large (millions of years) and is also reputed to encompass the so-called "geologic ages." Proponents of the gap theory also postulate that a cataclysmic judgment was pronounced upon the earth during this period as the result of the fall of Lucifer (Satan) and that the ensuing verses of Genesis chapter 1 describe a re-creation or reforming of the earth from a chaotic state and not an initial creative effort on the part of God (https://bible.org...).
Debate Rules:
Round 1 - Opening Arguments (No Rebuttals)
Round 2 - Rebuttals (No Defense of Arguments)
Round 3 - Defense of Arguments (No New Arguments)
I look forward to a thoughtful and engaging debate!
Opening Argument
My position is that the Gap Theory is an unbiblical reading-into the text what just is not there. Without making accusations as to how such a view of Genesis 1 comes about, allow me to simply address why the Gap Theory is contrary to holy writ (the Bible).
Firstly it should be noted that Jesus Himself stated that God created Adam and Eve at the beginning of creation (Matthew 19:4, Mark 10:6). This corresponds to their having been created on the sixth day of the creation week (Genesis 1:27). In the event that Genesis 1 were a continuous account of creation in which the first six days constituted the whole of the subject of the chapter, Jesus' statement would be perfectly congruent with scripture. However, if the Gap Theory were true, Christ's claim to Adam and Eve's creation having taken place "at the beginning" would be inaccurate and dishonest since in fact the beginning would have been eons before Adam and Eve were ever created. Since Jesus Christ embodied perfect righteousness, such an idea would be absurd and heretical.
Secondly, Exodus 20:11 states that "all" things were created during the first week of creation. If any amount of time exceeding a single day were to have taken place between the creation of the Earth and that of the light, the Mosaic passage would have been an utter lie as the Earth would have been created long before everything else. To insert any gap in time between the first two verses of Genesis is to falsify the statement Exodus 20:11. Since all scripture is given by inspiration of God and it cannot be broken, the Gap Theory is invalidated (2 Timothy 3:16, John 10:35).
Finally, it is quite plain that read in its grammatical context, Genesis 1:2 is not the result of a destroyed and desolate world in need of reconstruction, but simply a description of the newly formed hydrous planet. Before dry land appeared, the Earth was a sphere of water whose shape was formless as water conforms to its container but gravity alone contained the Earth. Thus the Earth on day one was without form. It was void because it had no physical landscape or biological life, and it was dark because God had not yet caused their to be light. The introduction of light allowed for the classifying of time as the first day; a period of light and a period of dark on the face of the rotating Earth.
Thus, as we can see, the Gap Theory is entirely extraneous and incongruent with the text of Genesis 1. Verse to is simply a part of the subject of the first day.
Thank you for your time and consideration of my argument. I look forward to defending my claims in the third round. On to Pro's opening argument. God bless.
In Genesis 1:1 we are told that in the beginning God created the heavens and the Earth. The term used for create here is bara.
In Genesis 1:2 we are told the earth was without form and void. The term used here is Tohu wa-bohu. It is the same term used elsewhere to describe a wasteland.
Bara is used in Genesis 1:1, 1:21, and 1:27 for the creation of the heavens and the earth, sea creatures and birds and man/woman.
The main question before us is if there is a distinction between verse 1 and 2, if so what does it mean and what are the implications?
So first and foremost we are told "in the beginning". This is a period which no one can accurately put a time stamp on. It could be millions of years or billions or even trillions. I do not think its plausible from a Christian perspective to put a timestamp on this. We know our God is eternal and has been around literally forever even before this earth or anything arrived on the scene. What was God up to before this? I don't personally think that knowledge is for us.
When its said He created we have the term bara which insinuates something out of nothing. This is applied to the beginning and to life, lastly to man. theres no doubt the bible absolutely does not teach evolution because life and man is created, bara.
We are told the earth was without form and void, darkness was on the face of the deep. And the spirit of God was hovering over the waters. There are grounds to think inbetween verses 1 and 2 some kind of catastrophe occured. Space is a pretty barren landscape. It truely resembles a wasteland of sorts. Yet we find evidences that life may have been out there be it from bacterium or water on mars and ice in space. Since this is a revelation to man, we are told about our earth comming to the state of being without form and void after it was already created in verse 1. Darkness on the face of the deep can be seen to mean it was without God. The bible generally associates darkness as being a state without God and light with God. In Isaiah 45:18 we are told the earth was tohu wa bohu. That God did not create this earth we know but that he "formed it to be inhabited". The entire verse gives us an excellent context in that it says: "For thus says the LORD, Who created the heavens, Who is God, Who formed the earth and made it, Who has established it, who did not create it in vain, Who formed it to be inhabited."
Interestingly enough we are told here our God created the heavens followed up by being told our earth was made and formed to be inhabited and that this same earth was not "created" in vain. Why would be told our earth was not created in vain if there was no plan for it after its creation and why go to this extent to make it clear it was "formed" to be inhabited? I think its clear that this is supporting the same manner Genesis describes the whole thing.
So what was here before the earth was formed? We dont 100% know but its often thought its wasted state and "darkness" (indicating God was absent with it) has something to do with the fall of Lucifer though even this does not have to be the case.
The point of all this is to show the 6 days are the rennovation of the earth. This is supported im exodus 20:11 where we are told that God made everything in the heavens and the earth in 6 days. Its important to note that nowhere here is a mention of anything being created but rather formed and made. The emphasis is that God is recreating out of things that were already created in Gen 1:1.
Id like to spend a bit of time on the age of man although this debate technically has nothing to do with that I think it too is an important thing to visit as I can pretty much assume anyone who is a YEC will use the genealogies to establish something in the way of a 6000 year old earth. Again a response to this isn't necessary but I have some room left and it does somewhat tie into the theme of this discussion.
As to the age of man we have to consider that the generations listed are not neccesarily understood in the same way then as they are today. There is very likely a geneology gap here for the sake of summarizing specific persons to be mentioned and certain ones left out. In the NT this occurs as the author clearly wants to fit it all in 3 blocks. On example I quoted from answersingenesis say this: "Matthew"s record of Christ"s genealogy is probably the most obvious. Matthew 1:8 states that Joram was the father of Uzziah, yet 1 Chronicles 3:11"14 reveals that Joram was actually the great-grandfather of Uzziah (a.k.a. Azariah)." its further explained that in hebrew a grandfather could be called father and grandson could be called son. The only point for the geneologies is to narrow down who came from what line. I would imagine this wouldnt even be problematic for a great grandfather great grandson relationship as we see Jesus being reffered to as the son of David. I think the point is simply of relevance and nothing more. We also dont have a summary of years listed in the geneology of genesis and so why should we jump out and make up our own summary?
To me the main thing to get around in this debate is what the difference between 1:1 and 1:2 is telling us. I have done some last minute research on the topic as I actually wasn't aware this position had a name but I find it telling that an argument actually used by some people is that you shouldn't have to have a degree or speak multiple languages to understand the bible. While I also believe this to be true, I don't think that anyone will make an argument the bible teaches one to be lazy about seeking the truth and knowing His word.
2 Timothy 3:16-17 All Scripture is breathed out by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for training in righteousness, that the man of God may be competent, equipped for every good work.
That is all.
Pro states, "This is a period which no one can accurately put a time stamp on. It could be millions of years or billions or even trillions." I take exception to this statement as Christ Himself has placed a "time stamp" on the beginning by letting us know that it was the same week that man was created.
Pro states, "There are grounds to think inbetween verses 1 and 2 some kind of catastrophe occured." What grounds may I ask are you referring to? The context and language itself does not lend to such a spurious conclusion, and you give no evidence for this.
Pro states, "Darkness on the face of the deep can be seen to mean it was without God." How is this so if God's Spirit is present on Earth in the same passage?
Pro's main contentions seem to be that verse two of Genesis 1 describes a desolate wasteland and that "create" and "form" or "make" are describing separate acts of God. We must be careful when attempting to interpret biblical language. One must always take the context of the passage and allow it to help interpret the verse, word, or phrase. There are many examples in scripture where a Hebrew or Greek word are used to describe vastly different things, but there are also times when two different words are used to describe the same thing. The words "create" and "form" or "made" a certainly an example of the interchangeable use of similar words. The key however is the context; nowhere in the text of Genesis 1 does it compel us to believe any significant act of destruction took place before Earth was "made to be inhabited."
The Earth was made as a hydrous planet before the dry land appeared, thus the descriptors of "void" and "without form" make sense. An analogous comparison to a dry desert wasteland does not fit the context. God ex nihilo created the Earth and the fabric of space-time but He fashioned everything else out of the water of that which was created on day 1. A planet with crustal rock covering its surface does indeed have a spherical shape, but the true shape of water alone is formless. Thus a hydrous planet fits the description of a formless Earth much better than a Mars-like landscape.
As for Pro's comments on the YEC biblical view of the genealogical history of man, it is quite clear that a few gaps exist but are probably a few centuries of time at the most. It is highly unlikely that a few thousand years are missing from the record, but even in this case, the Earth would still be less than 10,000 years old. A gap of tens of thousands or even a million years is out of the question. Regardless, these gaps are not before or during the generations of Adam and thus lend no support to any old Earth interpretation of Genesis. The Bible gives us a genealogical account of man from Adam to Jesus and the ages are given of the men who fathered their sons and thus we get a rough age of about 4,000 years, which would make the Earth, which was created on the same week as Adam, approximately 6,000 years old (creation.com/biblical-chronogenealogies).
The language of "and" as the first word in most of the verses in Genesis 1 including verse two reveals that Genesis 1 is a continuous account of creation from the formation of the Earth to that of man; the entire chapter concerns a six day creation event including the first two verses.
There is absolutely no contextual or grammatical basis for the Gap Theory. On the other hand, there is every contextual and grammatical reason to interpret verses one and two as a part of the creation week spoken of in Exodus 20:11. The Gap Theory is extraneous to the text, overtly unsupported by scripture, and utterly unnecessary. Thank you for your time.
Con lists Matthew 19:4 as an example, lets dive in. It states as follows:
"King James Version
19:4 And he answered and said unto them, Have ye not read, that he which made [them] at the beginning made them male and female,"
Now the context of this verse is simply that Jesus is addressing an issue of divorce. Jesus addressing man is addressing man from a perspective man can understand. Jesus is simply stating that from the beginning of this earth being formed and humanity's beginning, he made them male and female. Another translation also provides more insight. This is a literal translation of the Greek:
Young's Literal Translation
19:4 And he answering said to them, 'Did ye not read, that He who made them, from the beginning a male and a female made them,
Note the wording here. He is simply saying God who made humanity from mans beginning he was made male and female and he continues on to say the purpose was to "leave his father and mother and be joined to his wife and the two shall become one flesh." (Matt 19:5)
There is no emphasis on creation here, this is purely about the purpose for man. Since it is mans purpose that is the subject Jesus is obviously going to use verbiage like in the beginning or from the beginning. What other verbiage would he use? Its mans beginning.
This is actually supported by Mark 10:6 which con listed in which Jesus again affirms
King James Version
10:6 But from the beginning of the creation God made them male and female.
Young's Literal Translation
10:6 but from the beginning of the creation, a male and a female God did make them;
Who is the them? The creation. Who is the creation? Its humanity, its the subject of the discussion. Again we know this because again Jesus is directly answering a question in verse 4 where man is the topic in which it states "They said 'Moses permitted a man to write a certificate of divorce, and to dismiss her'"
This is all a reference to an occurrence on the 6th day:
Genesis 1
27 So God created man in his own image, in the image of God created he him; male and female created he them.
The creation topic is man, the timetable is the beginning of man. These verses hold 0 value to the very first verse of Genesis which states:
"In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth." (Gen 1:1)
Con mentioned Exodus 20:11
Well Exodus 20:11 states the following:
Exodus 20:11King James Version (KJV)
11 For in six days the Lord made heaven and earth, the sea, and all that in them is, and rested the seventh day: wherefore the Lord blessed the Sabbath day, and hallowed it.
Guess what term the author used that is translated as made? Asah. (pulled from interlinear Hebrew)
6213 [e]
What does Asah mean according to the lexicon Hebrew?
1. to do, fashion, accomplish, make
What does Genesis 1:1 say about making? Nothing The term Asah is not even used. The term Bara however is used.
1254 [e]
What does Bara mean?
1. to create, shape, form a. (Qal) to shape, fashion, create (always with God as subject) 1. of heaven and earth
2. of individual man
3. of new conditions and circumstances
4. of transformations
Now considering that the author of both Genesis and Exodus are the same person, why would the author use two distinctly different words if He is knowingly reiterating an earlier point? If it is his understand to convey that there is a distinction between the 6 day creation and the creation in Gen 1:1, hes obviously making it. If there was no distinction to be made we would find a consistency here in the verbiage.
I find it interesting that con reasons that Genesis 1:2 is in their own words " not the result of a destroyed and desolate world in need of reconstruction, but simply a description of the newly formed hydrous planet"
Yet lets just examine that claim.
Genesis 1:2King James Version (KJV)
2 And the earth was without form, and void; and darkness was upon the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters.
Here is the "state" the earth was in. The Hebrew for form and void goes as follows:
8414 [e]
without form
922 [e]
and void
Definition of tohubohu
1 chaos, confusion
Origin and Etymology of tohubohu
Hebrew tohu bohu; without form and void, ; formlessness, confusion., emptiness
There is another location in the scriptures that makes use of this verbiage. It is in Jeremiah 4:23-28. It states:
"23 I beheld the earth, and, lo, it was without form, and void; and the heavens, and they had no light.
24 I beheld the mountains, and, lo, they trembled, and all the hills moved lightly.
25 I beheld, and, lo, there was no man, and all the birds of the heavens were fled.
26 I beheld, and, lo, the fruitful place was a wilderness, and all the cities thereof were broken down at the presence of the Lord, and by his fierce anger.
27 For thus hath the Lord said, The whole land shall be desolate; yet will I not make a full end.
28 For this shall the earth mourn, and the heavens above be black; because I have spoken it, I have purposed it, and will not repent, neither will I turn back from it."
again for verse 23 we find
8414 [e]
[it was] outside form
922 [e]
and void
These are the words Jeremiah uses to describe an earth in which the Lord has made desolate. Desolate. I think it speaks for itself. These are the EXACT same words and meaning behind Genesis 1:2.
Now this is the phrase used to describe the earth in Gen 1:2. As anyone reading it can plainly see, its not so simple as to say it was just a bunch of water, it was chaos, confusion. It is after this chaos and confusion that the 6 day account begins and rightfully so.
Why is this Important? Isaiah 45:18 tells us exactly why:
Isaiah 45:18King James Version (KJV)
18 For thus saith the Lord that created the heavens; God himself that formed the earth and made it; he hath established it, he created it not in vain, he formed it to be inhabited: I am the Lord; and there is none else.
He created it not in vain, he formed it to be inhabited. Once again here is the Hebrew:
1254 [e]
he created
3808 [e]
8414 [e]
in vain it
Here we find again this separation of a world that was created not in vain. why wasn't it created in vain? It is because it was then formed to be inhabited. If it was already created to be inhabited why again is there a distinction being made here? Why go through the trouble of explaining that God created the heavens, created the earth not in vain but formed the earth to be inhabited? Can con explain why Isaiah 45:18 is making this specific distinction?
Con will have to show that the Hebrew used in these verses indicates a continuous creation, one where the earth was not a desolate space after verse Genesis 1:1, con has provided no evidence to indicate this. Con will have to show what Isaiah 45:18 really means outside of my explanation. Con did not even address that "bara" is only applied to the heavens and the earth (Gen 1:1), sea creatures and birds (Gen 1:21) and man (Gen 1:27).
Thank you.
Defense of Arguments
Concerning Matthew 19:4, Pro states, " Jesus is simply stating that from the beginning of this earth being formed and humanity's beginning, he made them male and female." He gives no justification for his claim that "creation" must be referring to "humanity's beginning" alone. He says the same about Mark 10:6, but this verse states that God made Adam and Eve at "the beginning of creation" as a reference to a period of time in history. While the subject of the passage is indeed marriage and humanity, the verbiage correlates with Genesis 1:1. Of course Genesis 1:27 is when man was created and marriage was instituted, but the reference is to the beginning of creation in general.
Pro's appeal to the "literal" translation of Robert Young fails to support his case. Young's translates "from the beginning," which I assume Pro intends to mean "since humanities' beginning" but in fact it has the precise meaning of "at the beginning." We see this in similar occurrences of the word apo or "at" where the term archē or "beginning" is used in conjunction. For example, "And beginning at Moses and all the prophets, he expounded unto them in all the scriptures the things concerning himself. And theat repentance and remission of sins should be preached in his name among all nations, beginning at Jerusalem" (Luke 24:47). From this passage we can see that apo denotes an occurrence at a point in time and archē denotes commencement. If it was translated "beginning from Moses," and "beginning from Jerusalem," there would be no difference in meaning.
Ktisis or "beginning" denotes the act of original formation. Pro's contention is that ktisis solely refers to the creation of man. While it is certain that Genesis 1:27 is a part of the reference, the term "creation" in Mark 10:6 encompasses more than just the creation of man as Jesus is placing the creation of man "at the beginning." Similar language is used in Mark 13:19, "For in those days shall be affliction, such as was not from the beginning of the creation which God created unto this time, neither shall be" and 2 Peter 3:4, "And saying, Where is the promise of his coming? for since the fathers fell asleep, all things continue as they were from the beginning of the creation." In both passages we understand the meaning to not refer to a particular day but the narrative of the creation week which begins at Genesis 1:1. Clearly the phrase "beginning of the creation" must refer to the creation week and not the formation of man alone. Thus Pro's unsubstantiated claim that "creation" refers to humanity alone and not the entire creation is falsified.
Concerning Exodus 20:11, Pro continues his assertion that asah and bara are used to denote a difference in type of creation being referenced. Again I must point that one must be careful in deriving private interpretations of scripture foreign to the context of the passage based on the variant usage of Hebrew or Greek words; often times different words are used to denote the same thing. I will demonstrate that this is the case with asah and bara. If Pro's hypothesis were true, that the author intended the audience to perceive a difference in the type of creation being referenced, one should find that bara is consistently used in reference to that which was created out of nothing and that asah is consistently used in reference to that which was formed from pre-existing, created matter. However, we find that this simply is not the case. In Genesis 2:3 we find that the author uses bara in reference to all God has created in conjunction with asah, "And God blessed the seventh day, and sanctified it: because that in it he had rested from all his work which God created and made." Again in Genesis 5:1 we see both terms used conjunctively to refer to the same thing, "This is the book of the generations of Adam. In the day that God created man, in the likeness of God made he him." Genesis 6:6 and 9:6 refer to the creation of man as asah. Genesis 6:7 again uses both asah and bara interchangeably, "And the Lord said, I will destroy man whom I have created from the face of the earth; both man, and beast, and the creeping thing, and the fowls of the air; for it repenteth me that I have made them."
Clearly Pro's hypothesis that asah, in Exodus 20:11, does not include Genesis 1:1 is not only falsified by the content of the passage itself, that in six days God created "heaven and earth," but both asah and bara are used interchangeably. Considering the reference in the passage alone, and Pro's hypothesis, did God bara create or asah create the heaven and the earth? If bara, then why does Exodus 20:11 say He asah created? If asah, then why does Genesis 1:1 say He bara created? This argument certainly has no basis and is easily refuted by considering other instances of the usage of the terms asah and bara. Thus my argument stands that Exodus 20:11 states that "all" things were created in six days, including the heaven and earth of Genesis 1:1.
Concerning Pro's contention regarding my claim that Genesis 1:2 is describing a hydrous planet and not a desert wasteland, I would again point out that we need to be careful when ascribing definitions to words outside of their context and based on other passages. Although a Greek or Hebrew word may have many definitions, the context determines the proper interpretation. Pro uses Jeremiah 4:23-28 to give the meaning of "without form and void" as "chaos and confusion." While bohu simply means "void" or "emptiness," I believe the main contention arises with the meaning of tohu, as bohu can describe either Pro's or my interpretation of Genesis 1:2. Depending on the context, tohu can mean "formlessness," as in Jeremiah 4:23, "confusion," as in Isaiah 24:10, "vanity," as in Isaiah 45:18, or "emptiness," as in Job 26:7. While my case is not contingent upon the veracity of my claim to a hydrous planet in Genesis 1:2, it is better supported by the content and context of the text, and given that my arguments from Matthew 19:4 and Exodus 20:11 still stand, if Genesis 1 be a continuous account of the creation week, that Genesis 1:2 is describing an empty, hydrous planet without light fits very well especially since waters are present in the verse and in verses 6 and 7 and that dry land is brought out of water in verse 9. Pro's view of a destroyed, desolate wasteland must go read into the text as nothing within the context of the passage compels us to such an interpretation.
Pro claims that the usage of the phrase "without form and void" in Jeremiah 4:23 suggests that Genesis 1:2 should be interpreted the same way. Logically this does not follow, however we can see key information is missing from the context of Genesis 1 as compared to Jeremiah 4. Jeremiah 4 describes the judgment of Israel for their sins and the desolation of their land while Genesis 1 describes the "very good" original creation of God. Since God gives us absolutely no information regarding a further understanding of Genesis 1:2 beyond its being a part of the description of day 1 of creation week, there is no justification for Pro's interpretation of the verse for which he has provided no evidence. Concerning Pro's line of reasoning, "The only reason they [tohu vabohu] refer to being 'laid waste' is due to the context in which the words are found. They simply mean 'unformed and unfilled'. This state can be due either to nothing else having been created, or some created things being removed. The context of Jeremiah 4 is a prophecy of the Babylonian sacking of Jerusalem, not creation. In fact, Jeremiah 4:23 is known as a literary allusion to Genesis1:2—the judgment would be so severe that it would be leave the final state as empty as the world before God created anything. Jeremiah 4:23 cannot be used to interpret Genesis 1:2 as a judgment—that would be completely back-to-front, because an allusion works only one-way" (http://creation.com...).
Thank you!
That is it, there is no bara anywhere else. Matthew 19:4 talks about since the beginning in reference of man. Well man was created the 6th day. Is the 6th day really the beginning or is the beginning the first day according to con? Since man is specifically segregated out as being created bara, then its quite clear Jesus is talking about the beginning of man. This is also the same logic behind Mark 10:6. Con has said this is a reference to the whole of creation in general, at least that's what I'm assuming it has to mean for him, but again where is any talk of the heavens or the earth? Where is the topic here besides mankind? There isn't. Its about man, his purpose from HIS beginning.
I find it interesting that con goes on to make an argument from the greek as there is no greek interlinear in existence because the topic of discussion was strictly written in Hebrew. However it is of note to see just what youngs literal translation is:
Genesis 1:1
1In the beginning of God"s preparing the heavens and the earth " 2the earth hath existed waste and void, and darkness [is] on the face of the deep, and the Spirit of God fluttering on the face of the waters,
youngs translation goes out of its way to say the earth "hath existed" and uses language like "God's preparing the heavens and the earth" If this doesn't indicate a recreation or forming out of something existent I don't know what does.
Con mentioned the greek word Arche which is supposed to be the beginning of all beginnings and yet this is not what this means in greek at all:
Strong's Concordance
arch": beginning, origin
Original Word: O36;`1;`7;^2;, Q34;`2;, O69;
Part of Speech: Noun, Feminine
Transliteration: arch"
Phonetic Spelling: (ar-khay')
Short Definition: ruler, beginning
Definition: (a) rule (kingly or magisterial), (b) plur: in a quasi-personal sense, almost: rulers, magistrates, (c) beginning.
interestingly it is associated with rule. Could it be that Jesus is again as I have pointed out before, talking about Mans beginning or rule? hmmm.
Con mentioned Ktisis.
ktisis: creation (the act or the product)
Original Word: _4;`4;^3;`3;_3;`2;, ^9;`9;`2;, O69;
Part of Speech: Noun, Feminine
Transliteration: ktisis
Phonetic Spelling: (ktis'-is)
Short Definition: creation, creature, institution
Definition: (often of the founding of a city), (a) abstr: creation, (b) concr: creation, creature, institution; always of Divine work, (c) an institution, ordinance.
Well hes right Ktisis is denoting a creation. Yet con failed to mention where Ktisis directly references what the "creation" is.
It is used here to tell us exactly what the creation is and what Jesus is referring to because it is used in the very same book con is trying to make his point from
Mark 16:15 New International Version
He said to them, "Go into all the world and preach the gospel to all creation.
Here we have the same author of the same book using the same word for the same thing I have been saying all along. The creation being man as once again man is the topic in EVERY single verse con attempted to make a point with.
Would con really hold the gospel is from animals? Or for the physical earth and heavens themselves?
Con then goes on to try and find Greek answers to Hebrew scriptures but I think the answer to that is obvious.
Con goes on to say that my referencing the actual Hebrew of the OT is somehow a private interpretation, well I have cited my sources and anyone is free to simply read them and what I have quoted. I didn't interpret anything, I simply followed what root words mean and are defined as. Con did not address why Moses the author of Genesis AND Exodus would use two different words in reference to THE beginnings creation.
Con went on to list Genesis 2:3 as reasoning that bara and asah mean the same thing well heres the interlinear version:
In the first section of this entire debate, I already mentioned that God formed land animals and made them. This is in Genesis 1:24-25. So why wouldn't it be mentioned that God rested from all that he created AND made? If there was no distinction to be made in asah and bara, why wouldn't the author just say God rested from all he created, or God rested from all that he made? Its because the author is being consistent and telling things in a consistent way. The mentioning of 2 words in the same sentence is not a reason to think both words just up and mean the same thing.
Con mentioned 5:1 which indeed we do see both terms being used and yet we find that the word Asah is used in conjunction with God making man in his likeness. This is merely a description of man being created after the likeness of God and nothing more. Its about who man is, not what he physically is. Again why make a distinction of God creating man and making man in his likeness? Why not just say God created man in his likeness? Its because the author is trying to tell you God created man and after he was physically created formed him into his likeness. Its like creating clay and then making it into something. Which ironically is mentioned in Isaiah 64:8
"Yet you, LORD, are our Father. We are the clay, you are the potter; we are all the work of your hand."
Con wants to use Genesis 6:6 in which God is sorry that he made man Asah.
Again for everyone Asah:
accomplish, advance, appoint, apt, be at, become, bear, bestow,
A primitive root; to do or make, in the broadest sense and widest application (as follows) -- accomplish, advance, appoint, apt, be at, become, bear, bestow, bring forth, bruise, be busy, X certainly, have the charge of, commit, deal (with), deck, + displease, do, (ready) dress(-ed), (put in) execute(-ion), exercise, fashion, + feast, (fight-)ing man, + finish, fit, fly, follow, fulfill, furnish, gather, get, go about, govern, grant, great, + hinder, hold ((a feast)), X indeed, + be industrious, + journey, keep, labour, maintain, make, be meet, observe, be occupied, offer, + officer, pare, bring (come) to pass, perform, pracise, prepare, procure, provide, put, requite, X sacrifice, serve, set, shew, X sin, spend, X surely, take, X thoroughly, trim, X very, + vex, be (warr-)ior, work(-m
http://biblehub.com...), yield, use.
Once again this isn't talking about God being sorry he created man, because hes not. that's not what it says, God is sorry about mans circumstances on the earth as you can see above there are quite a few words this can be seen as being used for. Yet once again we are told God will destroy man who he created Genesis 6:7. Why once again make a distinction if there isn't one to be had?
I'm pretty much out of room so I will very briefly address the rest:
Exodus 20:11 doesn't say created
Genesis 9:6 refers to his image only. Since it is in Gods image, it is a recreation.
Jer 4:23 wasn't used to show judgement it was used to show another place where tohu wabohu is used and its used to describe desolation
Thanks for the debate and thank you all for your time!
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Posted by bigotry 2 years ago
Lets not let this one go too.
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text: In April, LLB reported on a client that fired a law firm that was representing Trump. See BigLaw firm fired for "enabling Trump" by representing him. Now, ATL's Kathryn Rubio is reporting that "Brendan Sullivan of Williams & Connolly, Ted Olson of Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher, Paul Clement and Mark Filip of Kirkland & Ellis, and Robert Giuffra of Sullivan & Cromwell are all on the list of those who just said no to [representing] Trump." — Joe

subset: commoncrawl


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Send e-mail
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Monica Speaks
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Ninth Grade Center
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It's my pleasure to serve the Clear Lake High School community.
In my 17th year as an educator, I remain a highly committed team member who seeks to promote and support 21st century, personalized learning environments for both students and staff.
I eagerly approach each day with optimism and enthusiasm, believing that the best is yet to come for us all!


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A recent study from the Harvard Business Review found that lawyers were in the loneliest profession. And while this info might make you think twice about choosing a career in the law, those of us who are determined to stick with a legal career should still be asking, where does this issue of lonely lawyers come from?
Getting the Most Out of Your Law School Visit
By now, this year's law school applicants have been through the most trying elements of the application process and are finally (hopefully) coming out the other side with acceptances from some of their schools of choice. Law schools are welcoming their prospective students to visit for specific events or to simply take a tour to see what they're all about. And while it should be fairly obvious why you would want to go and visit a school in person before you decide to start sending them your $180k worth of tuition checks, let's take a look at some of the ways you can be sure you get the most out of a law school visits as an admitted student.


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Bowls In Focus : January 2010
Bowls In Focus 21 other eight-rink grass green is prepared and ready for a future phase of the club's development. A magnificent function room with seating capac- ity for 300 diners looks out over Dendy Park, as does the Parkview Café and Deck, where bowlers and visitors can enjoy meals, refreshments and freshly brewed coffee all day. The complex also houses the 'Resting Toucher' pro shop, one of the biggest and most professional bowls and bowls accessories stores in Victoria and operated by respected retailer Geoff Maskell - a champion international bowler in his own right - and is open to the general public seven days a week. Bowlers, shoppers, visitors and friends are wel- come to pull into any of the venue's 150 car parking spaces - located adjacent to the club's main entrance - where an open-armed welcome to visit Australia's new world class lawn bowls complex is extended to everyone. Likewise, those interested in this year's winter competitions and pennant at the stadium are invited to contact the club on 8520-9600 for more information. And as for Ken Armstrong, sadly the club couldn't arrange a statue to be erected on the Nepean Highway alongside Sir Thomas, so they recently honoured him with a well-deserved Life Membership for his selfless contribution. - David Allen • Above: International representative Geoff Maskell operates the 'Resting Toucher' bowls specialist store inside the stadium. • Top: Diners in the venue's function room can enjoy unparalleled views of historic Dendy Park. • Left: Armstrong (centre) and international stars Steve Glasson, Lee Schraner, Joyce Lindores and Kelvin Kerkow on the eight-rink indoor green.
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The organized unit of United Methodist Women shall be a community of women whose purpose is:
United Methodist Women is the largest denominational faith organization for women with approximately 800,000 members whose mission is fostering spiritual growth, developing leaders and advocating for justice.
United Methodist Women-supported programs and projects are possible because of individual women's gifts to mission through "Mission Giving." This allows United Methodist Women to respond where the need is the greatest and to work in partnership with organizations doing similar work. Members raise up to $20 million each year for programs and projects related to women, children and youth in the United States and in more than 100 countries around the world.
Locally Broadmoor UMW designated spending helps support Dulac Community Center, MacDonell Children's Services, North Rampart Community Center, Hope Ministries, Southeast Ministries and the United Methodist Committee on Relief. Mission goals are met through annual pledges, special offerings, and an annual fundraising event.
PROGRAM topics range from contemporary and social issues to Bible studies and studies of local and worldwide missions. Through our programs, we can gain a better understanding of our roles as followers of Christ.
MEMBERSHIP is open to any woman who indicates her desire to belong and to participate in the global mission of the church through the United Methodist Women.
General Meetings are held in Room 101 of the Adult Building every second Tuesday at 9:30 a.m.
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For additional information about UMW at Broadmoor, please call the church office at (225) 924-6269.
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A registered architect (RA) since 1982, William Underwood has taught in El Centro's Interior Design program since 2000. He holds an associate degree in general studies from Amarillo College as well as a bachelor's degree in architecture from the University of Texas at Arlington and is a thesis candidate for a master's degree in architecture at UTA.
He has been in the design business working for architects for more than 40 years, having been hired at the age of 16 to draw for an architectural firm. He taught architecture at Amarillo College for 11 years and has owned his own firm, William Underwood, Architect, since 1982, offering services to clients in Dallas and Amarillo. He is a member of the Design Communications Association (DCA).


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Colorado Rockies
July 14, 2017
I was lucky enough to have a few days off around the 4th of July and decided to spend the time driving around Colorado's portion of the Rocky Mountains. The Rocky Mountai...Read the Full Post »
The Quay
October 16, 2014
Circular Quay, Sydney, NSW.Read the Full Post »
Digital downloads now available!
March 11, 2014
It is now possible to download and use my photos under specific sizes and licenses through my online store. The procedure is the same as purchasing physical prints only n...Read the Full Post »
Darwin Sunset
March 04, 2014
I thought I'd take advantage of my last few nights in Darwin and see if I could improve on my sunset shots down around Stokes Hill Wharf. The sky didn't really light up t...Read the Full Post »
How to Purchase
March 04, 2014
If you are interested in owning a copy of any of my pictures, you are able to purchase them directly through this site. Under the Tools menu item is a step by step guide...Read the Full Post »
You can buy my stamp and it's associated collectables on...
August 21, 2013
Australia Post contacted me about using one of my photos for a Cocos Islands set, of course I said yes and was stoked to find out that they used it for the first day cove...Read the Full Post »
This was a full page spread in Australian Traveller Magazine,...
August 15, 2013
This was a full page spread in Australian Traveller Magazine, as part of their top 100 Incredible travel secrets.Read the Full Post »
6th best selling waterscape on DA!
August 13, 2013
One of my top selling prints, the Bay of Fires, hit #6 spot in top selling waterscapes on DeviantArt.comRead the Full Post »
Another website using my photos!
August 03, 2013
For any new photographer getting their work out there, I cannot recommend Flickr.com enough. It has a great community and properly tagging and organising your work can le...Read the Full Post »
I have quite a lot of photos on Fotopedia, and some have made it...
August 03, 2013
As a photographer and traveller I find the fotopedia to be a great way to learn about places and things around the world. Much like wikipedia it relies on submissions fro...Read the Full Post »
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"In This Place" was a solo exhibition held in Guangzhou, China after a two month artist residency at Lido Art Center.
All photos by José Luis Vílchez
During our time in Nanting Village in China, my partner and I became immediately fascinated by the objects that inhabited the village — things that seemed absurd to us outsiders (piles of confetti, neon toilet bowl cleaners, discarded paintings) were just a part of the natural landscape to the locals.
Observations of Nanting Vol. 1 was a collaboration with Jeremy Freedberg. Special thanks to the rest of the Lido crew for patiently modeling for us.
The content for this book was first written in English, and then translated back and fourth from English to Chinese multiple times. Each translator only had the previous version. The purpose was to see how the text evolves and what gets lost as each person interprets it.


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ALOR SETAR – Datuk Seri Ahmad Zahid Hamidi attended the wedding reception of Kedah Menteri Besar Datuk Seri Ahmad Bashah Md Hanipah's daughter here tonight.
The deputy prime minister arrived at the Dewan Vimal here at 8.30 pm and was received by Ahmad Bashah and his wife, Datin Seri Hizam Awang Ahmad.
At the ceremony, Ahmad Zahid also sprinkled scented water on the wedded couple Azira Hafiza, 27, and her husband Azrul Haqim Baharum, 26, and spent over an hour mingling with other guests.
Among the distinguished guests were Sultanah of Kedah Tuanku Hajah Haminah, Raja Muda of Kedah Tan Sri Tunku Sallehuddin Sultan Badlishah and Raja Puan Muda of Kedah Puan Sri Tengku Maliha Tengku Ariff, Tunku Temenggong of Kedah Tan Sri Tunku Puteri Intan Safinaz Sultan Abdul Halim Mu'Adzam Shah and Tunku Bendahara of Kedah Tan Sri Tunku Abdul Hamid Thani.
Also present was Defence Minister Datuk Seri Hishamuddin Tun Hussein.
The couple's marriage solemnisation was held at the menteri besar's residence in Seri Mentaloon on Oct 8, 2016. – BERNAMA


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(b Paris, 1 Dec. 1716; d Paris, 24 Jan. 1791).
French sculptor and writer on art, a pupil of J. B. Lemoyne. Falconet was perhaps the most quintessentially Rococo of ...
Subjects: Art.
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DDC Laboratories India India, one of the top most DNA testing centers in the world, has opened up its collection centers in all the major cities of India. The laboratory is known for 100% accuracy, timely results and reasonable prices. DNA Test in Gandhinagar Gujarat will now become easy and affordable. All types of DNA tests are undertaken here including Peace of mind, Paternity DNA testing, Maternity DNA testing, Grand-parentage DNA testing, DNA Test for immigration, DNA test for drug use, DNA test for infidelity, prenatal DNA testing and all other DNA tests. DNA Testing is of great help when it comes to detection of criminals from the samples taken from the crime sites. DNA test is the only method to identify dead bodies that are spoilt beyond recognition.
Paternity DNA test in Gandhinagar, Gujarat
Maternity DNA test in Gandhinagar, Gujarat
Relationship DNA test in Gandhinagar, Gujarat
Immigration DNA test in Gandhinagar, Gujarat


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Printing FAQ
What does the term "limited edition print" mean?
Limited edition refers to prints made in small quantities. Each edition typically contains less than one hundred copies of each print. When these prints are sold out, they are usually never made available again. Each print in the edition is hand-signed and numbered by the artist.
How are your prints made?
The printers used are the Canon IPF9100 and Epson 9900: both wide format at 60" and 44" wide respectively. The Epson uses the latest HDR pigment ink-set, the Canon uses the Lucia pigment ink set. These ink sets create the widest ranging color gamut available in print while ensuring precision and accuracy. Both inks are archival and UV resistant - lasting for well over 200 years if properly stored and handled.
What type of paper do you use for your prints?
Red River Aurora White 250gsm Paper. It is a refined 100% cotton acid-free paper that features crisp color tones and a semi-smooth surface. The acid-free base and coating prevents fading and discoloration.


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In Case you Missed any Posts from this week,
Here is what I've been up to:
- Peony Necklaces Now on Sale!
- Aubrey Plays Review & DISCOUNT!
- New Blog Design Coming: I Need Your Help!
- Random Inspiration
- Accepting April Sponsors!
- Got Questions? I (will) have Answers!
- Monday Mash Up: For the Kitchen
Hope you had a lovely weekend!


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Golf Lingo Can Be Difficult for a New Golfer
It's important for a new or young golfer to learn many of these terms and to learn golf etiquette.
I decided to write this post after being asked what "Up and Down" and "Double Cross" meant, in the same day, good questions both.
The golf glossary is literally thousands of terms long but, the terms listed here are specifically designed to help a new golfer understand the lingo used by golf announcers on TV.
It is important to note that the post is called "New Golfer's Guide to Golf Lingo" not "The Official New Golfer's Guide to Golf Lingo". Many of these terms are essentially slang and golfers from different regions will use different variations of the terms.
If there is a term that you feel should be added or altered, fell free to leave a comment, I'd love to hear from you!
Grab this: Free E-book (1081)
Up and Down
The golf term "up and down" refers to a situation where an approach shot has missed the green and you get in the hole in two shots. For example, your second shot on a par 4 has landed to the left of the green in the rough or on the fringe. Your third shot is then chipped to within a couple of feet from the cup, you then sink the putt. This would be an Up and Down for Par.
An up and down could be for Birdie, Bogie or double bogie, up and down does not necessarily have to be for par. Unlike a "save".
Sand Save
The golf term "save" refers to a situation very similar to up and down however, a save must be for Par. This term is most commonly reserved for situations where the approach on a par 4 has come to rest in the sand. You then hit the third shot from a bunker up onto the green and then sink the putt on your fourth shot for Par.
Golf Term: Short Side
Short side is a situation where for instance, your approach has come to rest off the green to the left with the pin on the left. In this instance you would have "short-sided" yourself because you left yourself with very little green to work with. Leaving yourself "short-sided" increases the level of difficulty in your pitch or chip shot because you have a very limited area to land the golf ball.
The opposite would be "leaving yourself with green to work with" this is where you miss the green on the right with the pin on the left.
Pitch, Chip and Flop
A pitch shot is a shot generally taken near the green where your shot carries for a greater distance in the air then the ball runs after it lands.
A chip shot is the opposite, the shot will carry for a very short distance and then run along the green for a longer distance than it carried.
A Flop shot is generally referred to as a shot that is intentionally hit much higher than a typical golf shot. Technically a flop shot should go as high or higher vertically than it carries horizontally.
A slider is a downhill putt that moves from left to right for a right handed golfer. It's called a slider because you will have very little control over how it moves due to the downhill and left to right path.
As a general rule good, right handed putters will hit more putts that move from right to left than putts that move left to right, all other things being equal. Therefore, the downhill left to right putt was given a name to describe it.
Cut, Fade and Draw
A "cut or fade"is a controlled shot where a right handed golfer would hit a shot designed to move slightly from left to right. A fade can be desirable because it will typically fly a little higher and land a little softer than a draw.
It is important to note that there is a big difference between a slice and a cut. A slice is generally uncontrolled and a cut is very much controlled.
A "draw" is a shot where a right handed golfer would hit a controlled shot that moves slightly from right to left. A draw can be desirable because it carries slightly longer and will tend to run after it lands a little longer as well.
I have to assume someone will send me a nasty email telling me that a cut and a fade aren't the same thing. Technically, I see very little difference.
Double Cross
A double cross is a term that refers to an unfavorable golf shot where for instance; a right handed golfer has set up and aimed to the left with the intention of hitting a cut or fade shot that will carry and leek back towards the right at the pin. However, the shot mistakenly draws to the left. This is a "double-cross" because it was aimed left and went left.
Flyer lie or Jumpy lie
A flyer lie is a situation where a golf ball has come to rest in the light to moderate rough. It is customarily thought that a golf ball being hit out of the rough will fly shorter than a ball hit from the fairway. While this is true for an inexperienced golfer, a golfer who makes very good contact with their iron shots, actually will experience something completely different.
When solid contact is made out of the light rough the ball will actually fly at a slightly lower trajectory and for a longer distance. This is a result of much less spin on the ball due to the presence of a little bit of grass between the ball and the grooves on the club head.
As a result the ball will carry an uncontrollable distance and it will land harder and run longer due to the lack of spin. You will commonly here a professional golfer say "it came out a little hot" this refers to this type of lie.
Fat or Chunky
This is a term that refers to a shot where the ground was hit before the golf ball. Typically a fat shot will make contact with the club face higher than ideal and lose distance.
You will hear a golfer say "I laid the sod over it" this is a euphemism for a situation where the ground was hit and the grass actually peeled up and covered the ball, leaving it right there where it started.
Thin Shot
A thin shot would be the opposite of a fat shot. Typically it would be a shot where the ball is truck too low on the club face.
his can also be referred to as "blading", however, blading can also be intentional. You will see experienced players use their sand wedge to make a shot that resembles a putt out of the fringe. When intentionally bladed, the player will make contact with the bottom edge of the wedge, in the center of the ball, as opposed to the face.
A stinger is a shot intentionally hit with a low trajectory. Stingers can be hit with slight draw, slight cut or straight. This type of sot can be effective in wind where a low trajectory will disallow the wind from having as much effect on the ball flight.
Sawed Off
Much like a stinger, the "sawed off" shot is designed to fly lower and be less affected by wind. The term sawed off comes from both the grip being choked up on a little bit, shortening the shaft, and the follow through being shortened.
The shaft is angled towards the hole as to take some loft off the club, the club is choked up on to compensate for the extra distance gained form de-lofting the club.
On the clock
You will hear the announcers mention that a group is "on the clock" this is a result of slow play. While Tour Players are typically not timed on a hole by hole basis, they do have a certain amount of time to reach certain milestones such as the 4th hole or the 6th hole.
When a group is playing slow, they get a warning for slow play and they are then put "on the clock". When they are on the clock they are being followed by a marshal and each hole is being timed. In the event they do not catch up they can be penalized.
Run-off or Collection Area
A run-off, collection or chipping area as it is commonly referred to, would be a low area adjacent to the green. A golf course architect will intentionally create this low spot where errant approach shots will have a tendency to come to rest.
A collection area will be "tightly mown" the same height, or shorter than the fairway and will typically add a level of difficulty because the player will be left with an uphill chip to the green form a tight lie.
Bail Out
When a player "bails out" he sub-consciously hits a shot away from a hazard. For instance, a player will take aim at the flag and there is water left. A bailout is when the player unintentionally hits the ball right and away from the water. This is typically a sub-conscious act that occurs at the last second.
Tight Lie
A tight lie is when the ball is left in a spot that has been tightly mown. A tight lie ads a degree of difficulty because it requires more accurate swing as to not blade or chunk the shot. There is very little room for error.
Pitch Mark
A pitch mark is the mark a golf ball leaves on the putting green when it lands. It is a round or oval shaped depression and it is important that YOU FIX THEM!
Of all the potential nightmares that face a greens keeper in keeping a putting green in good shape, the pitch mark or ball mark is something that you can fix and prevent from becoming a problem.
The proper way to fix a pitch mark is to take your ball mark tool and push it into the putting surface at the edge of the mark and then gently using leverage to close up the hole.
The improper way is to dig the tool underneath the mark and pull up from underneath the mark. This breaks the roots.
Regardless of which way you do it, doing it somehow is a huge benefit to the health of the green. Tests show that an untouched pitch mark will take 6 to 8 weeks to heal, if it ever heals. A ball mark that has been fixed will heal in as little as 2 days.
Blind Shot
A blind shot is any shot where the player can not see the surface where he or she intends to land the ball.
Stimp, stimping, stimped and stimpmeter
See: What is a stimpmeter


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Hilton's law
Dr Owen Kang ◉ et al.
Hilton's law states that a joint tends to be innervated by a branch of a motor nerve which also supplies a muscle extending and acting across the joint. Another branch of the nerve often supplies the overlying skin.
- 1. Sinnatamby CS. Last's Anatomy, Regional and Applied. Churchill Livingstone. (2011) ISBN:0702033952. Read it at Google Books - Find it at Amazon


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As we noted earlier, New Jersey enacted legislation earlier this summer that explicitly applies the state unclaimed property laws to stored value cards (i.e., gift cards). Under the new law, gift card issuers are required to report and remit balances for cards belonging to New Jersey residents that have been inactive for more than 2 years. Of course, most gift card issuers do not obtain or retain address information for a gift card purchaser. Consequently, most items were escheated, if at all, to the owner's state of incorporation.
New Jersey sought to address this issue by requiring issuers to obtain name and address information for the gift card owner or purchaser. The legislation was effective as of July 1, 2010, but explicitly made retroactive. This provision was notable not only for its affect on unclaimed property administration, but because it also represented a change in the way most issuers do business. Many (if not most) gift card issuers do not collect purchaser name and address information, and it is unclear how purchasers will react to being asked for this information at checkout. Moreover, given the advent of "gift card malls" and similar methods, there are many instances where the gift card "issuer" (as defined in the Act) is not a party to the retail transaction.
Perhaps in light of these concerns, the New Jersey Treasurer's Office recently announced that it is temporarily exempting stored value card issuers from the name and address requirements until October 1, 2010, "pending further review of current processes, technologies, and reporting practices and the subsequent development of specific industry guidance."
The announcement from the New Jersey Treasury can be found here.


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Every swim workout I coach has a theme and Monday's theme was Thoughts. I posed these questions – What if you could quantify your thoughts? Could you measure the value of your thoughts against the clock?
I wondered aloud what would happen if they focused on particular thoughts while repeating defined distances on specific intervals. Could we conclude the thoughts that produced the fastest swims were the most effective?
Every workout is delivered with a quote, of which, most of the time are met with rolled eyes and generous smiles. I know I'm weird, but I have to enjoy myself, I have to engage myself or I couldn't stand on the deck in the rain and deliver a combination of 25s, 50s and 100s to total yet another 3500 to 4000 yard workout. After all these years the only thing that keeps me going is to explore my imagination. Every so often I say something that connects with theirs and we share a moment, a warm fuzzy feeling inside. Like the perfect swing in golf, you only need do it once and you'll come back.
Speaking of golf Mondays quote was a reference to golf and we applied it to swimming. "Golf is a game that's played on a five-inch course—the distance between your ears." – Bobby Jones
The quote went well with the theme and I was happy with myself for making some creative sense of thoughts, swimming and golf. I did't share a warm fuzzy feeling, but I did have one myself, so today I was back on deck.
Since Monday the idea of quantifying thoughts has sparked my imagination and I realized I didn't explore what thoughts a swimmer might use. So, today I provided a list of swimming thought categories the swimmers might use against the clock and for you I listed them below.
Technical – Every swimmer understands the thought consuming aspect of swimming that is focused on technique. How the hand enters the water, the feet, timing of the breath and etc.…
Strategic (Course Management) – Strategy is applied to how a swim is performed with pacing and focus.
Musical – From time to time we all get a song stuck in our head, but how often do you use the song to help you swim?
Mathematical – Lengths of the pool, stroke count, and breaths per stroke, stroke rate, yardage accumulation and such is swimming.
Day Dreaming – It's the final leg of the Olympic 4 x 100 free relay and the crowed is in on their feet as I dive into the water, my googles slip to my lips as my suit slides to my knees, I digress.
Transcendent – To transcend all thought and simply swim, to be a swimmer.
Inspired by my list I decided the theme for today's workout was Transcend. And the quote came from science. "People wouldn't even go into science unless there was something much bigger to be discovered, something that is transcendent." – David Eagleman
I asked them to replace the word "science" with "swimming" at that point I felt like enough was said. They rolled their eyes, smiled and knocked out another 3500 yards.
Maybe Friday we'll explore the states of optimism and pessimism and see if we can quantify their value.


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Two arms, two legs, a head and everything. Beams have been circulated both ways, so congratulations to everyone at CERN – the Large Hadron Collider works! Let the science begin.
I woke up this morning and began watching coverage of the Large Hadron Collider on BBC News. They kept referring to the gigantic machine as "this generation's moon landing", but the trouble with the comparison is that the LHC does not fair well on television. There is no "one giant leap" moment, no easy sound bite.
A large amount of screen time was devoted to a room of scientists clapping occasionally as the beam of protons made its way around the full 27 kilometres of the LHC circuit, with the BBC presenters helpfully chiming in "I don't know what they're clapping about." They had Simon Singh on, who was doing his best, but as with most live news coverage it boiled down to "nothing's happening, nothing's happening…wait…wait…I'm just being told that nothing's happening."
On the newspaper/internet sides of the media, its clear that the LHC is big news. Most papers are running stories pretty close to the front page, and online the scientists at CERN are topping the "most read" charts. Obviously, there is a huge public interest in the LHC.
BBC Radio 4 is by far the leading source of information for those wanting to learn more, with a substantial number of programmes for "Big Bang day". I didn't catch Andrew Marr on Today (I'd been wooed by pictures to BBC News), but with the aid of iPlayer I've managed to check out most of the offerings. Some links (for the next seven days only, unfortunately) and my reviews:
In the first dedicated programme of the day, Adam Hart-Davis talks to the scientists and engineers at CERN who built the world's biggest machine. Its nice to hear directly from the people who worked on the LHC, even if much of the conversation consists of Hart-Davis' astonishment at some large number. The programme also highlights the international nature of the project, with men and women from a number of countries contributing. Worth a listen in order to get a more personal feeling for the events at CERN.
Woman's Hour began with a recap of the days events so far by Andrew Marr, and then moved on to a discussion with four female scientists, including one from CERN. They talked about the need to get girls more involved with science, and to show that that subjects such as physics are not just for boys. The female population of CERN makes up only 10% of the total, so its an issue that needs to be rectified. The panel suggested introducing girls to female scientists, as well as showing them how science benefits their everyday lives, could help with this.
The programme also featured interviews with female scientists at CERN, who talked about balancing their scientific work with family life. A common theme was the difficulty in taking a break from a scientific career in order to raise a family; in a fast moving fields, a few years out of the loop could mean it was almost impossible to return.
Presented by CERN physicist Brian Cox, who before becoming a scientist played with the band D:Ream – their hits included the New Labour anthem "Things Can Only Get Better" – Physics Rocks speaks to celebrities about their interest in physics.
Guests included the actor Alan Alda and his friend, physicist Brian Greene, who collaborated with him to create the World Science Festival in New York. A huge fan of science, Alda had even designed a t-shirt for CERN. The pair talked about what the possibility of parallel universe could mean for us.
Comedian Dara O'Briain flaunted his BSc in mathematical physics, and suggested that experiments like CERN are great for improving interest in science, whilst John Barrowman (who will pop up again as Captain Jack in the next programme, Torchwood) thought that CERN is "science fiction" and could be creating a "mini-universe". Not too sure about that one.
Its one of the more light hearted programmes on offer today, as illustrated by Cox on homoeopathy: "how big a particle accelerator would we need to detect bullshit?", but he views this irreverence as essential to bringing science to the heart of our culture.
As the first radio episode of the Doctor Who spin-off, I wasn't expecting too much from Torchwood. A bit naff even at its best, the prospect of an "edutainment" episode did not inspire confidence. It seems I was right to be sceptical, as the first half of the programme mainly consisted of characters talking about just how fascinating it all is.
"Something's going on at the LHC!"
"The LHC, what's that?"
"Well, the LHC is…[insert Wikipedia article here]"
Slightly condescending, to say the least. As for the actual plot, it turns out the testing of the LHC has opened up a portal allowing neutron-devouring aliens to come through, leading to the disappearance of 12 people at CERN. There's some nonsense about the LHC being a gateway to heaven, and then our hero Captain Jack utters the dreaded phrase "reverse the polarity!" This allows him to seal the portal by colliding beams of protons and anti-protons (the real LHC only collides proton beams) and find the Higgs boson in the process. Oh dear.
The episode at least had a few nods for Torchwood fans, with the neutron-eating aliens impersonating two characters who had recently died on the show, and a speech about just how wonderful the human race is in our pursuit for knowledge, did produce this nice little gem: "sometimes, just asking the question is the answer."
All this, and I've not even covered half the programmes on offer. Simon Singh talked about anti-matter in 5 Particles, Front Row was devoted to the representation of physics in the arts, and even as I post this The Great Big Particle Adventure is airing more interviews with CERN scientists. Finally, The Genuine Particle is a satire set in CERN, broadcast at 11.30. I'm looking forward to catching up with the rest tomorrow. Well done Radio 4, for some excellent coverage.


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Delores Churchill, Ravens Tail Tunic
Schack Art Center, Everett WA
Extraordinary Basketry, Textiles and Sculptures from N.W. Collections is an exhibition of traditional and contemporary work collected by two prominent Northwest coast art families, as well as new work by Haida weaver Lisa Telford. It is being displayed at the Schack Art Center in Everett Washington, just over two hour's drive south of Vancouver. The show continues until July 29, 2017.
A related exhibition Interwoven Dialogues: The Architecture of Basketry, photographs by Susan Gans of indigenous basketry from the Everett Museum of History Collection will run At the Schack Center until August 27, 2017.
For more, see http://www.schack.org/
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5 more sleeps until Super Bowl Sunday! Lifestyle expert Natalie Langston joins us to show us some simple DIY decorations and quick and delicious dip ideas that will make this Sunday super!!!
January 31, 2018 08:51
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We're developing the website for the IFA 2016 Fistball U18 World Championships Germany in the following weeks. It will take place in Nürnberg-Eibach July 20, 2016 – July 24, 2016.
In the run-up to the IFA 2016 Fistball U18 World Championships Germany you'll find information concerning schedule, program, ticketing and overnight accommodation.
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text: JOAN WOLLIN, A real longshot Democrat in the governor's race, is at it again. The Lake County lawyer is making a career out of not getting invited to interviews. This time she's blasting The Miami Herald. Wollin was not invited to be interviewed by the newspaper, which endorsed Johnston of West Palm Beach. ''Newspapers have no right to dismiss my candidacy and prevent the voters from learning about my views and positions on the issues. I do not intend to roll over and play dead. I will fight back,'' she said.


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Anis Rahman A1*, Aunik Rahman1 and Donald A Tomalia2
1Applied Research and Photonics, 470 Friendship Road, Suite 10, Harrisburg, PA 17111, USA
2Nano Synthons LLC, 1200 N, Fancher Avenue, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48858, USA
Received Date: November 02, 2015; Accepted Date: January 08, 2016; Published Date: January 18, 2016
Citation: Rahman AA, Rahman A, Tomalia DA (2016) Dendrimer Dipole Excitation: A New Mechanism for Terahertz Generation. J Biosens Bioelectron 7:196. doi:10.4172/2155-6210.1000196
Copyright: © 2016 Rahman AA, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Visit for more related articles at Journal of Biosensors & Bioelectronics
An electro-optic dendrimer (EO dendrimer) material has been designed for high power terahertz generation. An ordinary poly (amidoamine organosilicon) (PAMAMOS) dendrimer was modified via doping and poling to generate a high electro-optic coefficient nanomaterial. Measured EO coefficient varied from ~130 pm/V at 633 nm to ~90 pm/V at 1553 nm. An emitter designed from this EO dendrimer generates milliwatts of continuous wave (CW) terahertz radiation (T-ray) when pumped by a CW laser of suitable wavelength. The mechanism termed as the dendrimer dipole excitation (DDE) works via excitation of the dipole population generated by the doping process. The doping protocol also generates a distribution of dipole moments, as opposed to fixed dipoles in the lattice of a crystalline material; thus, when excited by a suitable pump laser, these dipoles radiate a broadband frequency that range from 0.1 THz to ~ 30 THz. A terahertz time-domain spectrometer (TeraSpectra) was designed with this DDE terahertz source. As a test of the spectrometer functionality, a standard polyethylene calibration was conducted. It was found that TeraSpectra reproduces several known absorbance peaks of polyethylene. It also produces additional absorbance peaks not observed before. It is surmised that the ultra-high sensitivity of T-ray enables observation and discovery of additional absorbance peaks that are not visible via other spectroscopy such as visible, UV, FTIR or Raman.
Electro-optic Dendrimer; Dipole Excitation; Terahertz Generation
Currently, the so-called difference frequency generation (DFG) process [1] eliminates the use of a femto-second pulsed laser method for pulsed terahertz generation such as photo-conduction [2] and optical rectification [3]. Herein we now introduce a new and different mechanism; namely, dendrimer dipole excitation (DDE), as a strategy for tunable, continuous wave (CW) terahertz generation. Dendrimers are core-shell macromolecules possessing spherical molecular structure. The molecular size of a dendrimer is controlled by the number of concentric shells around the core; wherein, each shell is known as a generation (G) [4]. Figure 1 shows the molecular structure of a dendrimer having three shells around the central core (G3). Each terminal group is capable of attaching two monovalent dopant molecules; thus the total number of probable dopants per dendrimer molecule is given by 2(G+2). When the dendrimer is doped with a suitable chromophore, multiple dipole moments are created because of the distribution of charge centers within the dendrimer molecule. As can be reasonably assumed from the molecular structure of a dendrimer, these dipoles have a distribution of dipole moment, because of the spacing distribution of the charge centers. As such, the equation for dipole moment, is μ=ql rewritten as, μ(x)=ql(x) where μ is the dipole moment, q is the charge, and l is the separation between the negative and positive charges forming the dipole. Figures 2a and 2b shows the energy level diagram of difference frequency generation [5] and Figure 3 shows the schematic of possible energy levels in an electro-optic (EO) dendrimer resulting from chromophore induced dipole moment distribution created by the doping process. If this dipole distribution is excited by a suitable pump laser, a broadband emission is expected which falls in the terahertz range.
In what follows, we describe an electro-optic dendrimer exhibiting higher electro-optic coefficient and higher second order susceptibility leading to a high power, wide broadband terahertz generation. Details of the doping and poling process have been described followed by terahertz generation and a time-domain spectrometer built around the DDE based terahertz source. Calibration of terahertz time-domain spectrometer via measurement of polyethylene is also described.
The terminal groups each have two sites available where dopant molecules may be attached. Thus a distribution of dipoles per molecule is possible via chromophore doping.
A distribution of dipole moments will create multiple quasi stable energy levels via which a broadband emission is energetically allowable.
Electro-optic dendrimer
Electro-optic properties are important for many photonic applications that generally exploit the non-linear optical parameters such as electro-optic coefficient (EOC), and the second order susceptibility, χ(2) . These devices include terahertz emitter, optical modulator, and electro-optic sensors, among others. Manipulating the structural features of dendrimers allows a controlled enhancement of optical and electro-optic properties of these end-functionalized macromolecules. For instance, when chemically complexed (doped) with a high hyperpolarizability chromophore, a dendrimer's nonlinear optical (NLO) properties can be enhanced significantly. It is also known that dendrimers form a self-assembled multilayer on substrates whose thickness can be controlled by manipulating the dendrimer generation, surface and solution chemistry [6]. Because of their highly organized structure, dendrimers form high quality films that are suitable for lithographic fabrication of waveguide based photonic devices. Simultaneously dendrimers can be processed at relatively lower temperatures allowing integration with other functionality via a lithography process. For terahertz generation, high χ (2) value plays an important role for both the up conversion and the bandwidth, as will be described later.
Doping and poling of dendrimer
Poly (amidoamine organosilicon) (PAMAMOS) dendrimers (Dendritech, Inc., Midland, Michigan) were used for the present investigation. PAMAMOS dendrimers are essentially a polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimer [4] possessing end groups which are modified (3-acryloxypropyl)-trimethoxysilane (TMOS) that helps film forming property. For dendrimer doping, a few considerations are important in choosing a suitable chromophore. We strategized using commercially available chromophores to achieve a higher NLO property because this route can produce faster results than developing a new chromophore.PAMAMOS dendrimer has a functional group with relatively high affinity towards amine groups. Alizarin (1,2-dihydroxyanthraquinone, C14H8O4) has a suitable structure for complexing with dendrimer because its phenolic OH will interact with the PAMAMOS amine. However, the hydrogen bonding complex formation of a chromophore with the PAMAMOS requires an excess of amine to provide the proton transferred species. Therefore, a higher generation of PAMAMOS will allow a higher loading of a suitable chromophore if it satisfies bond forming conditions. We chose alizarin (Alfa Aeser) as the dopant because it is a non-linear chromophore with a large linear hyperpolarizability and also possesses absorption peaks in the IR region [7]. This is important for using dendrimers as a terahertz emitter. As a small molecule, alizarin not only can complex with the surface amine groups, but it can also fit in the interstitial spaces of a dendrimer molecule, thus help a uniform doping concentration giving raise to the diploe moment distribution outlined before. However, our goal is to lower doping concentration in dendrimer, so that the structural properties of the film are controlled by dendrimer itself while the electro-optic properties are influenced by the chromophore.
Thus, in a dendrimer, the chromophores may be attached to the end groups or be contained inside the molecular cavity because of the tertiary amine groups. Also, for effective doping, it is not essential for the chromophore molecule to complex (chelate) with the chelating sites in the PAMAMOS matrix, because, attractive force between the chelating sites and one of the functional groups in the chromophore should suffice for uniform doping. Consequently, dendrimers provide a suitable host for selective guest doping and enhancement of NLO properties.
Five different dendrimer films are shown in Figures 4a-4e for a visual inspection of refractive indexvariation indicated by color contrast. These films were formed by spin coating of dendrimer solutions on glass slides and then curing them on a hot plate in ambient atmosphere. For refractive index measurements, same solutions were spun on silicon wafers. Both glass slides and wafers were cured simultaneously with identical curing profile. Refractive indexes of the films on wafer were measured with a Metricon 2010 prism coupler. Films (a) – (d) are undoped dendrimer where the refractive index varies from 1.45 to 1.64 as a function of dendrimer generation. For electrooptic measurements, Alizarin doped dendrimer film were prepared by spin coating on silicon wafer.
Film (e) shows a film formed from dendrimer doped with ~ 5% alizarin before poling; this film has a refractive index ~ 1.52. All films were cured at a temperature between 150°C and 160°C using a 3 step ramp and soak protocol.
Corona poling
The objective of poling is to optimize the dipole alignment of the cured film. The principle is sketched in Figures 5a-5c. Like other polymer films, the value of non-zero χ (2) , and therefore, r33, depends on the dipole orientation: χ (2) = nf β (cos3θ ) where, n is the density of dipole moments, f is the local field factor, β is the average hyperpolarizability and θ is the dipole alignment angle. To the first approximation, when the aligning field is static, the average orientation depends on the poling field strength. There are a number of poling techniques that have been deployed by other investigators. These are: solid or liquid contact electrode poling, all-optical poling, photo assisted poling and corona poling; all can break the molecular Centro symmetry to produce non-zero nonlinear effect. Here a corona poling was deployed because of the geometrical simplicity of the method and also to avoid complicacies associated with contact electrode poling [8]. For contact poling, electronic conduction within the polymer layers has been identified in many polymers. Even a very small conduction current within the film during poling will result in an incomplete (nonefficient) orientation of the dipole moments. Blum et al. [9] identified three regions of conduction as a function of applied field for Disperse Red 1 doped PMMA polymer where contact electrodes of ITO and gold were used on either sides of a waveguide. The authors found that for ~ 1.44 μm thick active layer cladded between two layers of SiOx [derived from poly(methyl siloxane)], an Ohmic conduction exists below 25 V/μm. Between 25 and 100 V/μm, conduction via Schottky thermionic emission is dominant while a further higher field may generate larger current via Fowler-Nordheim tunneling. We conducted a controlled corona poling in order to avoid those adverse side effects mentioned above. To our knowledge this is the first poling results for the PAMAMOS dendrimer film leading to higher EO coefficient. The sample configuration is shown in Figure 5; a high voltage needle electrode was placed 1 cm above the sample surface. Sample temperature was raised at a rate of 4°C/min and held at 110 ± 1°C.
The degree of dipole orientation determines the pump-THz conversion efficiency while the concentration of the oriented dipole moments determines the total output power per pulse.
It is expected that as the alignment progresses, poling current will increase as a function of applied field [10,11]. The poling current should stabilize when maximum alignment is reached. Beyond this point, additional applied field would drive the poling current higher potentially leading to the phenomena observed by Blum et al. [9] and at a further higher field breakdown of the film may occur.
It was observed that the onset of producing a measurable current at 110°C is >6 kV of applied voltage for the configuration used. Both the temperature and the poling current were monitored during the entire period by an automated computer program to examine the poling condition. Voltage was increased at a step of 50 V and the resulting current was recorded. As seen from Figures 6a and 6b the current increased as the voltage was raised above the threshold and stabilized at (8 ± 1) μA at an applied voltage of (6600 ± 100) Volts. Since the film thickness is ~100 μm, this corresponds to the field strength of ~ 6.6 × 105 V/cm. Current remained steady at the maximum applied voltage at a fixed temperature indicating an optimum alignment. Optimum stable poling current (at an applied voltage of 6700 Volts) was maintained for ~ 30 minutes to allow for the completion of orientation of the dipoles. At that point, while the high voltage was still being applied, the heater was turned off. As expected, the current subsided as the temperature slowly reached room temperature. This procedure ensures that the dipoles remain oriented and localized after poling.
Electro-optic measurements
Here the linear Pockels effect is used to deduce the r33 parameter from measured refractive index change between unpoled and poled dendrimer film. The refractive indices were measured with a prism coupler (Metricon). The orientation distribution of the dipole moments of cured polymer film is isotropic. Hence the index ellipsoid is a sphere. After poling the isotropy is broken and the poled film becomes a uniaxial polar material with a changed refractive index. The difference in refractive indices, Δn, is related to the electro-optic coefficient via the poling field Ep as,
Figure 7a shows the measured refractive index (RI) of both poled and unpoled films at room temperature as a function of wavelength. A systematic difference in refractive index has resulted due to poling.
This difference is utilized in Eq. (1) to compute r33; a value of ~ 130 pm/V was obtained at 633 nm falling to ~ 90 pm/V at 1553 nm (Figure 7b). This value is significantly higher than the inorganic crystalline materials, e.g., LiNbO3. Since the second order susceptibility is given by ε is the relative dielectric constant, a significantly high second order susceptibility is obtained for EO dendrimer.
Terahertz emitter
The difference frequency generation (DFG) is a stimulated emission process, described by a non-linear polarization [5],
where, E1 and E2 are the field strengths and ω1 and ω2 are the frequencies of the input lasers. Here, the generated frequency is the difference of those of the applied pump-fields, thus is tunable. Difference-frequency generation can be described in terms of the photon energy-level diagram. In order to satisfy the conservation of energy requirements, a photon at the higher input frequency ω1 must be destroyed and a photon at the lower input frequency ω2 must be created for every photon that is created at the difference-frequency The lower-frequency field in effect is amplified by the process of difference-frequency generation, thus, it is a stimulated amplification process. According to the photon energy-level description of the DFG, the atom (molecule) first absorbs a photon of frequency ω1 and jumps to the highest virtual (unstable) level. This level decays by a two-photon emission process that is stimulated by the presence of the ω2 field. However, two-photon emission can occur even if ω2 was not applied. Therefore, ω2 input field acts similar to an idler frequency of a parametric oscillator that is in effect filtered out (Figure 8).
For the input pump, two fiber-coupled single-mode diode lasers beam were overlapped in a beam-combiner. Two Amrel PPS-10710 power supplies were used to provide the input current at fixed bias to the diode lasers. Figure 8 shows the experimental setup to measure the average (CW) terahertz power from DFG. Here, overlapped beam was normally incident on the dendrimer emitter. The detector (Astral AC2500) was fitted with a spectral filter that truncates wavelength down to 1500 nm and also a 3.3 mm thick polyethylene filter such that no visible light or IR can enter the detector. Figure 9 shows the measured DFG average power as a function of the total pump power from diode1+diode2. As seen from Figure 9, 3.4 mW of terahertz power was obtained from the dendrimer emitter at a combined pump power of 5.5 W. To our knowledge, this is the highest average CW power from any compact terahertz sources, either polymeric or inorganic. This is easily tunable and higher terahertz power may be obtained by tuning the pump power. The center wavelength of diode1 is λ1 = 975 nm, and the center wavelength of diode2 is λ2 = 940 nm. Therefore, it is expected that the source of Experimental setup for terahertz measurement via difference-frequency generation should yield a broadband terahertz radiation,
A terahertz time-domain spectrometer (TeraSpectra) was designed around the DDE based source; details of its design and functionality were described elsewhere [12]. Briefly, the pump laser beam is split into two arms of 80:20 power ratios. The 80-arm is used as the pump beam that passes through an optical delay line before being incident on the dendrimer emitter, while the 20-arm (probe beam) remains stationary. This is known as the so-called pump-probe technique. An interferogram is generated in the time-domain when the probe beam is scanned by the terahertz beam whose intensity distribution is captured by a pair of detectors each oriented in mutually orthogonal directions. In order to increase the dynamic reserve of the spectrometer it is important that the ratio of the pump-arm and the probe arm should remain fixed throughout the operation. Since the TeraSpectra is a time-domain spectrometer where the sample response resulting from the molecular interaction with terahertz radiation is recorded in timedomain, the terahertz spectrum, i.e., the observable as a function of frequency or wavenumbers, is obtained by means of Fourier transform of the time-domain signal. Thus, calibration of the spectrometer involves reproducing known absorption peaks of standard materials to ensure measurement accuracies in this spectral region. However, it is found that TeraSpectra not only reproduces the known peaks, but also gives additional peaks – owing to its higher sensitivity. The theoretical justification of these additional may or may not be readily available. The origin of the additional peaks is due to the fact that unlike other spectrometer techniques such as, IR, UV/Vis, Raman, etc., terahertz is sensitive to all kinds of resonances that may be present in a given molecule, such as, translational, rotational, vibrational, torsional, etc., [13] and also conformational. These additional peaks are thus expected, and therefore, justifies the emergence of a new spectrometer where indeed additional information is generated that are not available from its predecessors.
In this section we describe measurements with an aim to compare data obtained from ARP's TeraSpectra system with those published in the contemporary literature or elsewhere. A standard polyethylene card was used for measurements [14]. The experimental setup is shown in Figure 10. Following procedure was used:
a) The TeraSpectra was stabilized overnight.
b) A time-domain signal (THz pulse or interferogram) was generated for the empty spectrometer.
c) The PE card was positioned in the beam path for maximum transmission (Figure 10); no further change in any settings of the spectrometer.
d) THz pulse was recorded for the PE card.
e) Fourier transform was performed.
f) Absorbance spectrum was analyzed for matching peaks (Figure 11).
Figure 11 exhibits plots of PE spectrum reported by the THz database [13] (top plot) along with the close-up of the PE spectrum generated by TeraSpectra (bottom plot). As seen from Figure 11, there is a one-to-one match of several absorbance peaks. Figure 12 shows the Fourier transform absorbance spectrum up to 30 THz. As seen from Figure 12, there are many more new absorption peaks visible compared to those observed from previous methods. The origin of the new peaks needs to be further analyzed. Thus, it was found that the spectrum obtained from TeraSpectra reproduced absorbance peaks known from other methods [13] and also discovered new peaks not visible from other methods. A few closely matching peaks' values are shown in Table 1.
|Reported (1/cm)
|TeraSpectra (1/cm)
|Sigma-Aldrich [14]
Table 1: Comparison of reported absorbance peaks with teraspectra.
This paper describes some details of high EO coefficient dendrimer film preparation and characterization. Here a commercially available dendrimer was modified via doping and poling to obtain a higher electro-optic coefficient, thus creating an electro-optic (active) dendrimer nano material. The difference in the refractive index of the poled and unpoled EO dendrimer utilized via the Pockel's law [Equation (1)] yields an EO coefficient of ~ 130 pm/V at 633 nm and ~ 90 pm/V at 1553 nm. Terahertz generation from the said EO dendrimer via a mechanism termed as the dendrimer dipole excitation (DDE) mode is also described. A spectrometer designed around this terahertz generator has been used to measure standard polyethylene samples. The time-domain signal (or the interferogram) was analyzed for Fourier transform absorbance spectrum. It was found that the measured spectrum reproduces known peaks of polyethylene. Additionally many new peaks are visible that were not seen before. The origin of these additional peaks are assumed to be due to the fact that terahertz radiation is sensitive to different kind of resonances present in a molecule such as translational, vibrational, rotational, torsional and conformational states. Hence the terahertz interaction with the material is expected produce additional absorbance peaks that are not visible by less sensitive techniques. Observation of these additional peaks also strengthens the emergence of this new kind of approach for time-domain spectroscopy. Additional investigations are to be conducted to find any difficulties with this technique and also for exploring new physical phenomena.


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The Lettermate 2nd Edition
The Lettermate 2nd Edition
I am very excited to stock the one and only 2nd edition Lettermate from here in the UK!
All the way from California, the Lettermate is a small plastic guide that enables you to write in straight, consistent, and evenly spaced lines every time.
For further details, inspiration, and videos, visit: www.thelettermate.com
Size: 5"x4"
Material: Durable, translucent plastic for accurate placement on your envelope
Address Windows: Die cut windows for straight, evenly spaced lines every time
Fits a wide range of envelopes including square, A7, A6, and 4 Bar sizes.
Envelopes & pens not included.
Photography By: www.sweetjeanphotography.com (taken from www.thelettermate.com)