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Question about Krups ProAroma 453-42 Coffee Maker
I have a Krups 453 coffee maker that will not brew or heat water. I've taken it apart and have looked on the bottom at the heating plate and track the conductivity to a switch of some sort that has a connection on each end and appears to be some sort of thermal switch. I surmise that this is broken and is sending a signal that says that the plate is hot enough and the machine does not have to brew or heat.
I cannot find a service manual or parts diagrams so I do not have anything else to base my guess on. Any suggestions out there as to what I can do? The darn thing cost $120 and I think it's would work if I could just replace a part but I can't seem to get anywhere. I traced the conductivity to this switch and I have power on one side and don't have power on the other side.
Thanks in advance!
Posted by timv on
I have EXACTLY the same problem...occured @ almost the same time. It's a great unit, & would hate to loose it due to such a simple failure
Michael in Baltimore
My Krups 453 won't brew, but the red light flashes. Cannot find troubleshooting help for solution. Could this be the same thermal circuit-breaker problem?
Same problem - thermal fuse is open.
I've got a 453 - at least 10 years old. It's not heating and brewing,though all the clock and other settings seem to work. I unplugged it for awhile and plugged it back in. No change, except the indicator light is blinking red/green. I'm assuming its the thermal fuse mentioned below, but haven't seen any reference to the mysterious blinking, so thought I'd ask, just to make sure,
I've also got a 453 - at least ten years old - that will no longer heat or brew. I'm assuming it the the thermal fuse issue mentioned below, but the indicator light is blinking red/green, and I haven't seen any reference to that, so I thought I'd ask to make sure.
I had the same problem and called Krups' customer service line. They referred me to a local factory authorized repair place and when I called the guy diagnosed it immediately. This is fixable, it is the fuse. So don't scrap this great cofee maker. I just sent mine in for repair. Also note that he said mine lasted so long because I did not have it plugged directly into the wall, but rather into a plug strip.
I just had the same failure, but fortunately, had already bought a used 10-cup unit a few months back as a spare.
The component in question is a thermal circuit breaker, of the sort which does not reset. Once activated, it is destroyed,
I have been unsuccessful locating the same component on the internet, but it seems to be a very high temperature unit, with the nomenclature "Tf 318 C" which because of the lower case "f", leads me to conclude that it's designed to trip at 318 degrees, C, or a very healthy 604 degrees, F.
Similar fuses in other appliances range around 230 degrees C (446 degrees F), which is in the ballpark.
The failure is easy to verify. If blown, there will be powdery white residue on the inside of the bottom plastic cover near the part. Also, an ohmeter will show an open circuit across the contacts. (Unplug the unit before measuring!)
Screws to remove the bottom cover are three tamper resistant torx screws.
If I am unable to find an exact replacement, I will use a thermal fuse in the same power and temperature range (10 Amps, 300 degrees C trip).
Because my unit unequivocably did not experience over temperature conditions, I suspect this is a component aging issue and that there is no other problem with the coffee maker.
Supporting this is the fact that the unit works fine after I moved the good part from my spare coffeemaker to the dead one.
Posted on Apr 13, 2008
SOURCE: I have freestanding Series 8 dishwasher. Lately during the filling cycle water hammer is occurring. How can this be resolved
Hi there,
Save hours of searching online or wasting money on unnecessary repairs by talking to a 6YA Expert who can help you resolve this issue over the phone in a minute or two.
Best thing about this new service is that you are never placed on hold and get to talk to real repairmen in the US.
Here's a link to this great service
Good luck!
Posted on Jan 02, 2017
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In 2010 Bell announced that it would be contributing $50 million to mental health related initiatives over the next five years. The Bell Mental Health initiative supports an extensive range of programs to enhance mental health in every aspect of Canadian life.
The four pillars of this initiative are:
One of the key pillars of Bell's Mental Health Initiative is anti-stigma. As part of Bell's efforts to reduce the stigma of mental illness, the Bell Let's Talk awareness campaign has already begun to engage Canadians in the dialogue around mental health.
Once again, with Olympian Clara Hughes front and centre, the fourth annual Bell Let's Talk Day campaign will feature a …
Giving up smoking is like giving up a friend. Only people who smoke understand this statement. There's a certain mourning period you go through where you keep reaching for a cigarette and it's not there. Similarly, your routine is all out of whack – the cigarette you have with your morning coffee is no more, the smoke break you take with colleagues has come to end, and the satisfaction of lighting up after work has gone. Not only are you faced with the physical and social withdrawal of quitting smoking, but you're making a transition from smoker to non-smoker and like any change, this can be challenging.
Your Employee and Family Assistance Program can help you solve all kinds of …
January is commonly referred to as the month for separation and divorce and there may be a number of reasons for this. For starters, many feel that the Holidays aren't the ideal time to end a relationship – plans have been made, friends and family are expecting you and your partner to participate together, and you don't want to spoil the good cheer with the news of a breakup. So even if you made the decision to end a relationship, you may have elected to put off the inevitable until after the festivities.
For others, the Holidays may have provided the proverbial straw that broke the camel's back. She embarrassed you at the family gathering…again. He was cruel …
The good news is a record number of older workers over the age of 60 are flooding the job market and have been since 2009. In fact, Canadians over 60 account for almost one third of all net job gains, in spite of the fact that they represent only about 8 per cent of the total labour force. Even more surprising is the fact that about 37 per cent of those who found work during this period were in their seventies. In contrast, during this same period, workers under the age of 59 suffered net job losses of 500,000.
"Most of the job gains since the recovery began in 2009 have been concentrated in service industries, including professional, scientific,
Alzheimer's disease is something we think only happens to older people and nothing for us to worry about. But like most things, the foundations we lay down for ourselves today greatly shape our futures.
With life getting faster and more demanding each day, we've become very good at ignoring our health. Too busy or too tired to cook or go to the gym, our sedentary lives are catching up to us on an epidemic level and the statistics are pretty frightening.
Alzheimer's disease and related dementias affect:
With Alzheimer's and related dementias expected to reach epidemic levels, it's time to …

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Integration Marketing Strategy with Pod Casting.
Podcast: Play in new window | Download | Embed
What is online Integration Marketing vs. JV Partnerships? The online world operates, or should, in exactly the same way as the offline world. Google, Adobe, Alexa, and Ask all involve themselves in online Integration Marketing.
How to add Integration Marketing to your weekly show.
If you download Adobe Acrobat, there is a good chance you will be given the opportunity to install the Alexa toolbar unless you un check the option. Each one of these companies is
gaining online real estate presence by coat tailing other marketing campaigns that are congruent to their own.
How to Find Integration Marketing Partners while Pod Casting.
Major online companies who unify themselves with the marketing efforts of other companies make their own mission entire or complete as the definition above stated. They know how valuable this concept is to their business, question is, does the solo online entrepreneur know? If you watched most marketing efforts today, the answer would be NO.
Joint-Venture (JV) Partnerships are different than the completeness of Integration Marketing. They represent a taste of IM but not the true essence because JV Partnerships can end as fast as they start and are not always constructed to be long term as IM.
Two or more parties, usually members of the same online mastermind, create a marketing adventure where one party's product or service will be shared across the network of the other partners. Each partnergenerally has a list they market to in cases like joint adventures and, of course, there are commissions made. This is called affiliate marketing.
Long-term IM happens when JV partners continue to offer something from the other member in their marketing funnel. The product or service offered is always something congruent with or similar to what the customer has purchased. In other words, there must be relevance for you to have success.
How does an entrepreneur use online Integration Marketing? The answer to this question is not as easy as saying, "One, two, and three." Online IM is used in the following places:
Opt-in pages – bonuses are often offered here and may be from other marketers.
Email – this is usually coming from someone's marketing funnel you have subscribed to. Here you can see the up sells after your initial purchase.
Thank-you pages after a purchase – can and should contain more relevant information to the consumer either for free or sale.
Blogs – many entrepreneurs form affiliate partnerships with others providing them html code to add in a blog post or sidebar in the form of a widget.
The image with link stays indefinitely adding that much more exposure to the original marketer as long as the website owner blogs regularly and continues to engage with his or her target audience.
Once you truly understand the concept behind online Internet Marketing you will find yourself immersed in research and development. Perform due diligence in the creation of your content, its marketing and launch, because other experienced marketers will not host you in their campaigns if they think for a minute you are a charlatan.
R&D involves your product or service and those who will want to integrate with it which leads us to our final point in this introduction.
Integration Marketing creates a "win-win" situation The name of this game, if you want to call it that, is value. No one wins if everyone is a charlatan. The internet is as real a world as the offline world.
The web hosts billions of real people who are looking for real answers from real entrepreneurs that have their act together. Integration Marketing unifies experts by creating a situation where superior products and services come together in marketing to a
specified target.
• Brand Exposure
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How Integration Marketing Pod casting Can Increase Your Profits Faster & Easier


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Brady is an amazing entertainer from Oklahoma, he is a true Mini Elvis. He was and still is a big fan of the Wiggles and they are huge fans of Elvis, so Brady began listening to the songs and was soon singing them. Brady said that Greg Page the first yellow Wiggle has a huge Elvis memorabilia collection and liked to sing his songs and he wanted to be just like him. Brady also loves how the music Elvis sang reached all audiences. Brady says Elvis fans are special and they are some of the most passionate audiences you can perform for. Brady has now become a major fan of Elvis and is a big part of who he is as an artist.
Being a big fan of the Wiggles did help Brady along to become a Elvis fan, but they were also the ones that inspired him to start to sing in the first place. Ever since he started watching the Wiggles he wanted to be one; he went to their concerts and he even spent time with them. Anthony Field the blue Wiggle has always been an inspiration to Brady, and he can ask Anthony questions anytime and Anthony will help him out. Anthony told him that he could be the next yellow Wiggle, and Brady has not stopped practicing since. Brady does work very hard and has become an amazing little entertainer, and he is a great inspiration to others. Brady has lung problems and doctors are working to fix the breathing, but none of this stops Brady from working toward his dreams. All people can learn from Brady, no matter what is going on, you should not let nothing get in the way of your dreams.
After Brady started singing he first began to perform at school shows and dance competitions when he was five. The first big show he performed at was at the Elvis Extravaganza at the Oklahoma State Fair, he was eight years old and only new one song, Hound Dog and the audience was wild and crazy and reaching up to the stage. Brady said there were about eighteen performers from all over the nation and they taught him a lot about the Elvis tribute business. He considers this his launching pad.
Brady has had the chance to perform at a lot of events and one of these events was the Oklahoma City Barons hockey game. For the game he was asked to sing the Canadian national anthem. Brady has become friends with some of the players and most are from Canada, so he was a bit nervous because he wanted them to be proud of him. He has also performed with Disney's Imagination Movers as a back-up dancer on their Rock O Matic tour for a few shows. In Kansas he was able to perform with "Conductor" Jack Norton of the Emmy award-winning Zinghoppers. The Grammy award-winning Sugar Free Allstars put together a children's music festival in Oklahoma City which featured The Verve Pipe. There were some of the top children entertainers from all over performing, and he was asked to headline one of the stages. Brady said it was a lot of fun doing media interviews the weeks leading up to the event, and they wrote a song for him to sing called, "Mini Elvis". He said it was an honor.
Brady does not really like competitions he just likes performing and enjoying the moment, but he does sometimes compete in American Kids talent search. He does like this one because they focus more on building your performance skills and meeting other kids that like the same thing as you do. Brady and his family won, Family of the Year at the talent search and that meant a lot to them.
The important thing for Brady is he really wants to be a children's entertainer and he would really love being a Wiggle. He just loves the way they perform. They have catchy tunes, tons of energy and the preschool audiences are amazing. He wants to be some one who can sing, dance, act and play several musical instruments. He says he does not care if he becomes famous he just wants to entertain. He has a lot of energy on stage and is constantly moving. He says he is not afraid to talk with the crowd and laugh with them. He also loves going into the audience and give an elderly lady a scarf or a little kid a teddy bear. He says it makes them feel really special.
There are several great chances coming up to get out and see Brady entertain. He will be performing at a theater in his hometown soon that you can catch him at. He said it is difficult sometimes to perform in front of the kids at school, some kids think it is cool, but others do not and they will be at the matinée. During the holidays he says it is fun doing small shows at nursing homes, hospitals and private parties. There is a national Elvis contest that he may be going to in Florida in February and the another in Canada.
Brady says it is very important for people to know that he has Asperger's Syndrome. He is a regular kid he just thinks differently than others, his brain never stops. Sometimes he gets overly anxious and is very sensitive to lights, sounds and temperatures. He also wants people to know that kids who have Asperger's are just like anyone else, smart focused and hardworking.
Brady is certainly a great entertainer and his heart is in the right place and has the passion to succeed. He loves what he does and he does it because he loves it, not for the attention and praise, and this makes him a true entertainer and one that will realize his dreams. He is so much fun to watch, a pure joy. Brady will be someone who all kids will be able to look up to, he is doing things because he loves it and not letting anything stand in his way. He is working hard for his dream and his dream is just around the corner.


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Coastal Environment
Coastal erosion and deposition is a theme that is currently relevant in places such as Happisburgh and Easton Bavents along the East Coast. It has also been a constant theme throughout history and extends back into the geological timescale.
Coastal erosion caused by storms has destroyed most of the once major medieval port of Dunwich in Suffolk, and deposition of sandbanks at Great Yarmouth enabled the town to develop, and the silting up of the river Yare's mouth over 250 years caused the harbour to be relocated 7 times. Ancient settlements such as Snitterly and Shipden have been replaced by their modern counterparts at Blakeney and Cromer respectively.
Many villages and towns along the East Coast were subjected to intense flooding within living memory in the Flood of 1953.
The beach and cliffs of the coast from Cromer to Walton are sources of much beachcombed and excavated marine life and fossils. The coast is also of course home to birds and other wildlife. Ironically, winter waves and storms which scour out the cliffs uncover long-buried geological remains which were deposited when the coastline was much further out than at present.
Romano-British populations made salt at the Wash and near Burnham-on-Crouch. Back further in time, a Bronze Age community erected the enigmatic 'SeaHenge' at Holme-next-the-Sea. At the time of its construction it was not near the sea, it is the advance of the sea inland which has given it part of its name.
Coastal Environment
West Runton Elephant part 5. What Happened Next.
In the laboratory, the protective plaster jackets were carefully removed, piece by piece. The sediment and soil was removed with brushes, small dental tools, pins, scalpels and fine jets of high-pressure air containing slightly abrasive powder. All this work was done under a microscope (even the biggest bones) to ensure we would not damage the surfaces of the bones. During the cleaning process the fine details became clear - such as the tooth-marks and droppings of the spotted hyaenas that were scavenging from the elephant carcass. We kept a photographic record as we worked and made copious notes. We could soon tell how old the elephant was when it prematurely died, and, as the interesting pathology of the diseased and deformed right knee area slowly revealed itself, the reason why became clear.
After all the bones were cleaned, and repaired where necessary, they were described and catalogued. Small bones were then stored in trays or boxes of archival quality (i.e. they will last for many decades, and do not contain harmful chemicals), in specially cut nests in archival foam. The larger bones posed a problem. Being so big (up to 1.5m long) and so heavy (most need two people to move them) but also very weak (because they are only sub-fossil bone) they could easily be damaged by poor handling. To solve the problem permanent, rigid jackets were made for them to lie in. A soft archival foam layer is placed closest to the bone, with a rigid resin jacket supporting it beneath. When a bone is to be moved, or turned over, another jacket is bolted to the upper surface, the bone moved or turned, and the uppermost jacket taken off again. The heaviest bones are stored on trolleys.
All the bones are stored in a climate-controlled environment. If the temperature or humidity levels varied greatly the specimens would react by expanding and contracting slightly. If this occurred more than a few times the material would begin to break down physically, and the elephant material would be irreversibly damaged. Had we been able to leave the elephant in the ground for another fifty million years, it might be well fossilised and less vulnerable! But had we left it there at West Runton the sea would have destroyed it within just a decade.
Mammals found in the West Runton Forest Bed
Extinct Worldwide
- Mammuthus trogontherii (steppe-mammoth - the West Runton Elephant),
- Sorex savini and Sorex runtonensis (shrews),Talpa minor (extinct mole),
- Trogontherium cuvieri (giant beaver-like rodent), Pliomys episcopalis (vole), Mimomys savini (water vole), Pitymys arvaloides and gregaloides (pine voles),
- Ursus deningeri (extinct medium-sized bear), Stephanorhinus hundsheimensis (extinct rhinoceros) and various species of: water shrew, large shrew, small horse, marten, mustelid, elk, bison, otter, small cat, jaguar-sized cat, sabre-toothed cat and two species of giant deer.
Extinct in the UK
- Russian desman
- Barbary macaque
- Common hamster
- Northern vole
- Wolf
- Spotted hyaena
- Common vole
- Wild boar (was present until hunted to extinction in the 17th Century)
- Beaver (became extinct in the 12th Century)
Still present in the U.K.
- hedgehog
- common mole
- hare
- bank vole
- wood mouse
- weasel
- stoat
- polecat
- pine marten
- wildcat
- noctule bat
- pygmy shrew
- red deer
- roe deer
- horse (re-introduced by man)
Other flora and fauna found in the West Runton Forest Bed
Frogs, toads and other amphibians, grass snakes, freshwater snails, waterfowl, and various freshwater fish. A lot of wood was found (mostly alder), and also macroflora and pollen suggesting a climate very similar to today.
Frequently Asked Questions:
How do we know it was a "he"?
Because of the size and shape of the hip bones. Female elephants have a different shaped pelvis for giving birth to young elephants.
How tall was he?
About four metres high at the shoulder, much taller than modern elephants.
How much did he weigh?
About ten tons, twice the weight of a male African elephant.
How old are the fossils?
About 600,000 – 700,000 years old.
How old was the elephant when he died?
We know from the wear on his teeth that he was "in his prime" – in his forties, and would normally have lived to his sixties.
Was it a mammoth or an elephant?
Technically he is a very early mammoth, which is a type of elephantid. It was the descendants of this species that became what we call the "woolly mammoths" that lived in the colder conditions of the ice ages and were a lot smaller.
How did the West Runton Elephant get to England, did he have to swim?
No, Britain was attached to the continent at that time.
What animals hunted the elephant?
None, they are far too big to be hunted - except by humans (but we have no evidence of humans from the Freshwater Bed).
What other animals were around at the time?
Spotted hyaenas, giant beaver, extinct big cats, extinct species of rhino, extinct giant deer and other deer.
Why don't we have elephants in England now?
Because of a combination of things: Successive ice ages stressed our native animals to such an extent that many became extinct naturally. But hunting by early humans may also account for their demise. After the last ice age sea levels rose, creating the North Sea which then prevented land animals from re-colonising Britain.
What did he eat?
Grass, herbaceous shrubs and other vegetation in an open forest and grassland environment.
Back then was it colder or warmer than today?
We know from the small mammals and the pollen from the plants that at the time the West Runton Elephant lived the climate was exactly the same as today. Although the list of animals living with the elephant sounds exotic, this is because we have lost these species due to hunting and the effects of the relatively recent ice ages, not because the climate was any different back then.
What can we see on display?
There is currently a small exhibition on the elephant project at Cromer Museum, and the lower jaw of the elephant is on display at the Castle Museum, Norwich. There is an informal display of text and pictures at the Beach Café at West Runton itself. There will be a major, permanent, exhibition of the West Runton Elephant remains and local geology in general in one of the Norfolk Museums in the future, but it is still a few years away.
Suggestions for Further Reading:
"The West Runton Elephant", Norfolk Museums Service poster, 1993.
"The West Runton Elephant Discovery and Excavation", Norfolk Museums Service booklet, 1997.
(The two items above and also "The West Runton Elephant video" are available from all the Norfolk Museum shops)
"The West Runton Elephant", Ashwin T and Stuart A J, September 1996, Current Archaeology 149, 164-168.
"Pleistocene Environments in the British Isles", Jones R L and Keen D H, 1993, Chapman and Hall.
"Mammoths", Lister A M and Bahn P, 1995, MacMillan.
"Pleistocene Vertebrates in the British Isles", Stuart A J, 1982, Longman.
"Life in the Ice Age", Stuart A J, 1988, Shire Publications.
"The Ice Age in East Anglia", Stuart A J, 1989, NMAS information sheet.
"On the Track of Ice Age Mammals", Sutcliffe A J, 1986, British Museum (Natural History).
The West Runton Elephant Excavation and Conservation Projects were financed mostly by the Heritage Lottery Fund, Norfolk Museums and Archaeology Service, the MGC PRISM Fund, and Anglian Water.
Theme: Coastal Environment
Exhibition: West Runton Elephant
James Stevens no.14
James Stevens no.14 at the October MHE 2008 event
Ship's compass
Bow Pudding of restored James Stevens No.14 lifeboat
Bow Pudding of restored lifeboat
Breeches Buoy
Breeches Buoy
W Hammond's RNLI Certificate
W Hammond's RNLI Certificate
Walton Maritime Museum Volunteers
Walton Maritime Museum Volunteers with the James Stephens No.14 in October 2008
Henry Blogg
black and white photograph of Cromer coxswain Henry Blogg with the Prince of Wales at a presentation ceremony in the Central Hall, Westminster, London
colour slide
West Runton Elephant. A reconstruction drawing by Sam Brown of the likely appearance of the West Runton elephant.
Knitting Stick
Gansey knitting stick or shield
Propagansey, Cromer Museum 2pm Sat May 18th
Cromer Museum have kindly invited me to come & do my Propagansey talk & display this Satu…


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Are You Seeking Information About How To Make Money Online? Then Check Out These Great Tips!
So many people talk about making money online that it is easy to think it is a scam. However, that's just not the truth. A lot of people make money online, and a lot of people make a lot of money online. If you want to be one of those people, make sure to keep reading for some tips.
If you'd like to make money online, try thinking outside the box. While you want to stick with something you know and are capable of doing, you will greatly expand your opportunities by branching out. Look for work within your preferred genre or industry, but don't discount something simply because you've never done it before.
Thoroughly review any online site before you give them any type of commitment or information. While there are numerous opportunities to make money from behind a monitor, unfortunately there are quite a few scammers out there. Know who owns a site, make sure the site is secure and see what others have to say about it first.
Make a schedule daily for yourself. You have to persevere to make money online. You won't get rich overnight. You have to be diligent in your work ethic on a daily basis. You need to have a time established daily for focused work. Spend at least one hour per day on your craft.
Sell some of the junk that you have around the house on eBay. You do not have to pay to set up an account and can list your product any way that you want. There are many different training sites that you can use to get started the right way on eBay.
Do you love to write? Are you finding it difficult to locate an outlet for your creativity? Try blogging. It can help you get your thoughts and ideas out, while also earning you a little money. However, to do well, make sure you blog about something you are both interested in and that you know a little about. That will draw others to your work. Once you have followers, you can bring in advertisers or start writing paid reviews.
It can be time consuming to learn about making money online. Try finding the niche or industry that you are familiar with and mingling to start with. Get someone to take you under their wing, talk through ideas and opportunities, and then go from there. Keep your mind open, maintain a willingness to learn, and you can make money online soon.
You can make money online at home by doing research as an information broker. Many individuals and businesses need people to research information online and provide it to their advertising departments. Sometimes this is freelance work. Sometimes companies provide an actual position that may come with benefits. You can start out freelance, build your reputation and then seek out a full time position if you wish.
After reading the tips above, it should be clear that making money online is something you can do. You just need the right information, and that has been provided in this article. Now that you know what to do, make sure that you start doing it. You can absolutely make money online if you take action!


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Acton Woman's Club Wedding – Kate and Ray
firstname.lastname@example.com first published Acton Woman's Club Wedding – Kate and Ray on the wedding photography blogAndrea Jay Photography - The blog
A breath of spring (Its just around the corner, people!) on a snowy winter day. Kate and Ray hosted their wedding at the charming and intimate Acton Woman's Club in Acton, MA. Its was sweet and simple and the sun came out just in time to take a little stroll for their couple's wedding portraits.
I had a major crush on Kate's knee length wedding gown, and with her blue shoes and cardigan, she made it all her own for a casual spring afternoon wedding and reception.
Many thanks to my second shooter Samantha for joining me and doing a great job helping out as usual.
The post Acton Woman's Club Wedding – Kate and Ray appeared first on Andrea Jay Photography.
Keywords: Couples, Massachusetts Wedding Photographer, Wedding, rhode island wedding photographer, wedding
What a beautiful spring wedding! Such lovely colors and gosh I love her dress! The Acton Women's Club sure is a sweet little venue!
Andrea, what a nice and sweet blog from a clearly nice and sweet winter(ish) wedding. Kate and Ray seemed like a cool and relaxed couple and their photos reflect that perfectly.
I think you really captured the spirit of both of them and these photos are top-notch.
Especially love the natural light shots of the couple inside the building near the stair case. Great job!
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What it takes to get away from all your worries regarding your health? Are you always tensed about the health of your family members? Well, you are just a test away to get over all your health issues. With the quick and simple health screening tests, you can detect problems early, if any.
Here are some important screening tests you might have to undergo at some point of your life. Read on!
Bowel cancer screening is not potential of diagnosing cancer, but detects it at an early stage even whne no sign adn symptom is experienced.
How is the test performed?
The Faecal Occult Blood test (FOBt) kit is sent to the patient in order to get their stool samples collected. The samples are then sent for analyis in a laboratory. In this test, the doctor checks for any blood traces and asks the patient to undergo the test again if there is a positive result. This is not an indication of cancer but a sign that you need to undergo another test called colonoscopy for bowel examination.
It is a test performed to detect any abnormality that could result in cancer in the cervix of a woman, if not checked at the right time.
How is the test performed?
An instrument named speculum is inserted inside into a woman's vagine to keep it open adn a soft brush is used to swipe the cervix. It is said that it's not painful but just a little uncomfortable.
The result of these kind of private health checks are delivered within a period of 15 days. Chances of a negative sign is rare in most cases, one out of 20 women show abnormal changes for follow-up tests.
Are you one of them, If yes thenEnquire today Book Appointment
Both high and low blood pressure is harmful for your health and might lead to severe health issues like cardiac disease, kidney problems or heart stroke.
How is the test performed?
It takes only a minute to complete the test. A cuff is wrapped tightly around your upper arm and inflated to take the reading. When the reading is below 130/80mg, your blood pressure is considered as normal.
Today, majority of adults, young and old, suffer from the problem or high or low BP. If your pressure falls above or below the normal range, your physician will prescribe you some health advice and medications, if needed.
It is a kind of test that records cholesterol level in your body. Like blood pressure, both high and low level of the fat can lead to health problems.
How is the test performed?
It is the most simple test which involves a painlees and simple blood test at your doctor's clinic or a pathology lab. If your cholesterol level is high, you need to make alterations to your daily diet, maintain balanced weight and do regular exercise.
If you want to undergo a health screening test sooner or later, contact our health experts and doctors at Medical Express Clinic.


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Leeds City council's boss has accused the Government of letting down the North over its decision to put a major rail electrification scheme on hold.
Councillor Judith Blake says the decision to shelve the long-promised electrification of the transpennine rail route has echoes of previous failures to deliver major transport schemes for the city.
In a letter, seen by the YEP, she urges Transport Secretary Patrick McLoughlin to reinstate the scheme so it can deliver in time for its original completion date of 2019.
In her letter, Coun Blake describes electrification of the main rail route between Leeds and Manchester as a key part of the vision to turn the North into an economic "powerhouse" and says the city needs "rapid improvements" on transport to maximise growth.
She writes: "Given the history of cancelled or stalled major transport proposals in Leeds, we had hoped that we were moving into a period of greater certainty that would facilitate the seamless delivery of our collective priorities.
"Sadly, the people of Leeds feel this is yet another example of Central Government letting this part of the country down, despite all the encouraging words in recent months and will want to see a revised plan for delivering the economic benefits for the North as quickly as possible."
Before the General Election, Mr McLoughlin commissioned a 'task force' to identify priorities for the next round of rail electrification schemes.
The Calder Valley line through Halifax and the Leeds to York via Harrogate line were among the schemes listed.


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New Article on Matador Change
3 comments:
- Flor said...
Really nice! :)
- August 29, 2009 at 7:57 PM
Dominic, busser Mark from Islands here. Reading your article on the orphanage in Mexico gave me a reassuring feeling about how I had already viewed you as a human being in the small time period that I have known you. That is that you are an insightful, truly kind, well educated, curious, humble, and someone that much can be learned from. You are leaving for the big C--- in a couple of hours, and I have just walked home from a long night at Islands with you so I only had energy to read that one article, but I promise I will do much much more when I find the time! And enjoy your week in the country I am almost fearing to type the name of on the World Wide Web for your own safety. But Im sure you know where I'm talking about! Cheers!
- September 2, 2009 at 11:42 PM
- Dominic said...
From Corazon de Vida:
Nice article on Casa de Paz. For donations, you may want to mention that monetary contributions can be made through Corazon de Vida for Casa de Paz. More people would feel more comfortable routing the money through a non profit and also for a tax deduction. 90% of all funds that go through CDV will for forwarded to the orphanage. 10% is used for processing, bank, admin fees and application charges that get applied when donations are made online.
One time donations can be made via this link, noting Casa de Paz in the I Would Like to Sponsor section:
Thank you for raising awareness of the need in Baja.
George R. Perez
Corazón de Vida Foundation
- September 3, 2009 at 2:55 AM


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Today, many companies are going out of their way to keep their employees happy. Here are such Companies, who are creating a friendly work environment for their employees:
Apart from great maternity benefits, Flipkart has rolled out a paternity policy as well for its employees. For the male employees, the company will give 10 days' paternity leave either before the child is born or within six months after the child is born. For the first three months, they can also opt for working four hours at office and then completing the rest of their work from home.
Keeping in mind that sharing is caring, Accenture India has introduced a policy called 'Hours That Help', which allows employees to donate their leaves to their colleagues.
Recently, the multinational firm has also dumped annual performance reviews and has developed a more fluid system where employees will receive honest, timely feedback from their managers.
When it comes to taking care of its employees, Google aces. From meals to recreational activities, Google employees get the best.
Apart from work, the company also encourages their employees to pursue their hobbies and hidden talents. Fridays are the best as the company hosts TGIF happy hours at 4 pm, where employees get together to socialise and unwind.
TTSL has taken things even further and completely scrapped its attendance policy. There are no mandatory card swipes or daily attendance sheets to monitor attendance. The idea here is to give employees an opportunity to focus more on their goals and productivity rather than fretting over attendance.
BHEL has a great reputation of retaining their employees for years. Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited offers its employees flexible work roles where they can also choose to manage other verticals.
So, if you're an engineer and are interested in finance too, you can look into both areas. Apart from this policy, the company also has commendable perks that cover accommodation and relevant training.
With its decision of uncapping sick leaves, Godrej has set a good example for others to follow. The company has also introduced programmes like Godrej LOUD (Live Out Ur Dreams) which spots and attracts the best talent from business schools and campus recruitments.
The employees at Marriot are addressed as 'associates' and not employees. With over 5,000 employees, Marriot encourages its associates by giving them incentives in the form of a trip to any of their international properties.
The associates are so happy working at Marriot that their spouses and parents write thankful letters to the managers to express their gratitude.
One of the largest software vendors, SAP Labs has a friendly working culture where hierarchies are not that important. SAP takes great care of their women employees by offering them additional, extended maternity leave and cab transportation during and post pregnancy.
The company also has a work-from-home policy where employees can work from home once in a week.
The organisation also has various groups which introduce activities like drama, music, art and dance to their employees.
If you join Coca Cola India, there is no room for stagnancy because the company sees to it that you successfully climb the ladder of growth.
The company has development programmes such as Pegasus, Chrysalis and Core, which train the employees and prepare them to grow.
The company also has a great commitment towards diversity at workplace and has given women more preference for key positions.
The company also believes in young talent and hones their skills in the best ways possible.


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Under the hood there have been a lot of improvements to Office Excel 2003 that will allow corporations and users to further customize Excel to fit their personal working environment.
Enhancements and new features you'll find in Excel 2003:
Richer development tools
Power users and IT departments can now further customize Excel using XML and InfoPath. This customization allows users and developers to build structured templates based on XML thus providing a more in-depth application development environment. Ultimately, this will make it easier for companies to collect and share data.
Enhanced document management
Rights management has become a common occurrence in daily business; with Excel 2003 you can control the policies for reading, printing, and copying documents to further put the creator of the document in control.
In-depth cube analysis tools
Access to Enterprise data enables you to create OLAP PivotTables, and use Excel's OLE DB, ActiveX Data Objects (ADO), DAO Data Access Objects, and data access technologies in an SQL Server environment.
New Research task pane
The new Research task pane allows you to research information on the Web or through a series of encyclopedias.
Shared workspaces
Available only with Windows Server 2003 running, users can save workbooks to shared workspaces to better collaborate in a team environment.
Windows Sharepoint integration
Use Sharepoint to manage an edit lists of information in Excel or transfer over to a Windows Sharepoint Service site.
Available if you're running Windows Server 2003. Control your work and the distribution of your work with enhanced permissions that control whether a workbook can be saved, copied, or emailed with Windows Rights Management Services.
Enhanced File recovery
When a file becomes corrupt or crashes, the files are analyzed for errors and all recoverable documentation is saved with Excel's new Document Recovery feature.
Improved encryption
The encryption feature allows you to select a CryptoAPI-based encryption type with which you can create passwords up to 255 characters in length. This provides an ultra-secure workbook.
Improved Help
Through the improved Help task pane you can access client-side help or access Microsoft's online assistance from the Microsoft Web site.
Enhanced collinearity detection
Enhanced numerical detection allows Excel to identify calculations of the sum of squared deviations, normal distributions, and continuous probability distribution functions.
Enhanced smart tags
You can now associate smart tag actions with specific sections within a workbook. The smart tag will only appear when you hover over the smart tag with your mouse in that desired workbook section.
Enhanced Clipboard viewer
The enhanced Clipboard viewer is similar to the Excel 2002 Clipboard, except that the viewer is in the form of the task pane with multiple options for media and management. The new viewer allows you to manage clip art, photographs, movies, and sounds.
Programmable task panes
Using XML support in Excel 2003, you can program task panes to relate specifically to your business and or project.
Special Edition Using Microsoft Office Excel 2003 is divided into logically ordered and carefully divided sections. This makes it easier for you to find the topics you need, and ensures that the book flows from basic to advanced topics in a manner that enables you to read the book from start to finish, effectively building your Excel skills.
Chapter 1, "Getting Around Excel," Chapter 2, "Spreadsheet Basics," and Chapter 3, "Editing Spreadsheets," take you around some of Excel's new features and give you basic fundamentals to get around and manipulate the program on its basic levels. From adding and formatting worksheets to a workbook to using the new worksheet task pane, these chapters give you the basics. You'll also learn how to use the new smart tags that appear on your spreadsheet based on certain commands performed.
In Chapter 4, "Applying Number and Date Formats," you'll learn all the basics from applying number and date formats to creating your own custom number and date formats. Chapter 5, "Formatting and Printing," takes you into the use of spreadsheets with drawing tools. From standard layouts to formatting cells, fonts, and styles, this is where you'll find it. After you learn these basics, you'll also learn the ins and outs of printing all elements in a spreadsheet.
Chapters 6 through 16 take you through just about all the functions Excel offers. You start off with Chapter 6, "Function Fundamentals," and move into all the function categories by chapter including Chapter 7, "Database Functions," Chapter 8, "Date and Time Functions," Chapter 9, "Engineering Functions," Chapter 10, "Financial Functions," Chapter 11, "Information Functions," Chapter 12, "Logical Functions," Chapter 13, "Lookup and Reference Functions," Chapter 14, "Math and Trigonometry Functions," Chapter 15, "Text Functions," and Chapter 16, "Statistical Functions." With tons of examples, you should find just about every solution you'll need to solve problems in any business.
Chapter 17, "Setting Up a List or Database in Excel," Chapter 18, "Using Excel's Data-Management Features," and Chapter 19, "Outlining, Subtotaling, and Auditing Worksheet Data," focus on Excel's data analysis and data-management features. Learn how to build a database or list; edit, sort, and filter the list; and use advanced filters to manipulate just about any list or database. Use form controls in conjunction with functions learned in previous chapters to automate and create custom form bid sheet models.
Chapters 20 through 23 take you on a comprehensive tour of Excel's considerable charting tools. From building a simple bar or pie chart to stacking multiple charts, you'll learn which chart type best depicts your data (Chapter 20, "Building Charts with Excel") and how to manipulate its appearance and content to express your numeric data effectively (Chapter 21, "Modifying Excel Charts" and Chapter 22, "Formatting Charts"). Learn professional techniques for making your charts stand out visually as well as in terms of their content, communicating complex data in a dynamic visual format. Also learn how to tie form controls such as drop-downs and radio buttons into your charts for automatic data manipulation (Chapter 23, "Professional Charting Techniques").
In Chapters 24 through 27, you learn how to build and manage a database with PivotTables. Take advantage of Excel's new PivotTable task pane and improved PivotChart tools for data analysis to support your business decisions (Chapter 24, "Using PivotTables and PivotCharts"). Use Goal Seek, Solver, and Analysis ToolPak tools to solve simple or complex business and resource-loading problems (Chapter 25, "Using Analysis Tools: Goal Seek, Solver, and Data Tables"). Create cascading schedules and time-management tools found only in this book (Chapter 26, "Using Excel in Business"). Learn how to create custom functions that have relevance only to your business (Chapter 27, "Customizing Excel to Fit Your Working Style").
Chapters 28 through 32 show you how to end your isolation and branch out—using Excel data in your PowerPoint presentations and Access tables. Chapter 28, "Building Presentations with Excel," provides the fundamentals for porting data over into other office applications for presentations or linked information. Chapter 29, "Using Excel with Access and Other Databases," focuses extensively on Excel's database access capabilities and on retrieving data from the Web. Learn how to build database queries and retrieve information from Access and from other databases. Chapter 30, "Retrieving Data from OLAP Servers," introduces you toOLAP PivotTables and data stores, how to create them, and how to use them. Use Excel's Cube Wizard to build and use cubes for quick data access and analysis offline. Chapter 31, "Recording and Editing a Macro," introduces you to recording and editing macros, while Chapter 32, "Creating Interactive Excel Applications with VBA," offers a crash course on using Visual Basic in Excel. Finally, Chapter 33 "Using Excel on the Web," shows you how to take advantage of new Web query options that allow you to manage your stock portfolios in Excel with simple refresh commands.
Most readers of this book will be content to use Excel exactly as it comes out of the box. Therefore, many chapters deal only with customization that can be done simply by making choices in dialog boxes. But for those using Excel as a development environment, we have a special introduction chapter for going beyond the basic macro recordings using VBA. You can find this and other valuable information at http://www.quepublishing.com.
The special conventions used throughout this book are designed to help you get the most from the book as well as Excel 2002.
Different typefaces are used to convey various things throughout the book. They include the following:
|Screen messages and Internet addresses appear in this special typeface.
|New terminology and emphasized text will appear in italic.
|Bold monospace
|References to text you should type will appear in bold, monospace font.
|Initial Caps
|Menu names, dialog box names, and dialog box elements.
In this book, key combinations are represented with a plus sign. If the action you need to take is to press the Ctrl key and the S key simultaneously, the text tells you to press Ctrl+S.
Throughout this book, you'll find Tips, Notes, Cautions, Cross-References, and Troubleshooting Tips. These elements provide a variety of information, ranging from warnings you shouldn't miss to ancillary information that will enrich your Office experience but isn't required reading.
Tip From
Tips point out special features, quirks, or software tricks that will help you increase your productivity with Excel 2003.
Notes contain extra information or alternative techniques for performing tasks that we feel will enhance your use or understanding of the current topic.
If there is a potential problem with a feature or something you should be aware of to avoid errors or unwanted results, you'll find both a description of the situation and how to resolve or avoid it in the Caution format.
At the end of most chapters, you'll encounter a "Troubleshooting" section. This is where you learn how to solve or avoid common problems you might typically face with Excel 2003.
At the end of many chapters, you'll find an example of how to use that chapter's features to improve the overall functioning, legibility, and effectiveness of your worksheets. Often appearing in the form of before-and-after figures with explanatory callouts, these samples offer advice and practical examples for your own implementation.
Cross-references direct you to other locations in this book that provide supplemental or supporting information. They look like this:
→ For details on how to create custom number formats, see "Creating Custom Formats," p. 97


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Feminism and the change of women
Disclaimer: This essay has been submitted by a student. This is not an example of the work written by our professional essay writers. You can view samples of our professional work here.
Any opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of UK Essays.
Discussed here are indicating the different waves of feminism and the change of women roles, mainly the changes brought to womens lives by World War II. As a conclusion the necessity of feminism and the present and a reflection on the position of modern women are discussed.
Feminism developed and the way roles of women changed in the past centuries is show, describing in depth the feminist background. The feminists always believed in equality between men and women .For many years the feminist focus was on ending the social and cultural wall between both sexes and building an equal society. However, sometimes the feminist group didn't agree on what equality consisted, for example whatever was sexual freedom, or career development? Some people who label themselves feminists consider that the fight for equality is over and done with, others just consider society has general patriarchial limitations.
Has Feminism Today Came To Be Antiquated?
Is present feminism a powerful force for advancements or is the feminism movement mentioned with anger and regret?
These questions are differential between and answers judged.
The aim of the constitutional and women's rights share the overall arguments related to justice, freedom and equality. The main focus of the first wave was fundamentally on achieving the right to vote and then along with the second wave of feminism the movement focused on fighting equal rights.
However the two movements didn't take their commonality as regret.
The responses of some feminists (including Elizabeth Candy Stanton) in the first wave related on letting black men vote declared a dark atmosphere of racism at the beginning of the feminist movement.
In that time many feminist organizations declared boundaries in the integration of white and black members. That attitude took black feminists to feel excluded in some groups and a result they created a group of their own. In 1973 the National Black Organization was founded.
These fractures leaded to the third wave of feminism where they believed that women of many colors, religions and also cultural backgrounds. This movement began in 1960 and last until the 1970's.
The third wave adopted contradictions and collisions, embracing the difference and the change.
Waves Of Feminism
The first wave of feminism took place in the United States. The movement started in 1848 and continued in the 1960's. The main goal was to achieve the right to vote and the right to use birth control ( See fig.1 August 26th, 1920: Ladies Vote Free! http://www.masshistoria.net/?p=324 )
Seventy years past since the Revolutionary war. Elizabeth Cady Stanton established the Seneca Convention that discussed the social, religious and civil rights of women. . In this declaration many topics like women were not allowed to vote, married women had no property rights, divorce and child custody laws favored men, giving no rights to women and other more aspects that were debated
However religion had some influence over some initial social developments that women had done in the beginning of the 19th century. This first wave was finished when the U.S. Constitution gave way to allow women the right to vote. This huge achievement by the movement also originated the new reforms in healthcare, workplace, education and professions.
August 26th, 1920: Ladies Vote Free! http://www.masshistoria.net/?p=324
Second Wave Of Feminism:
A new era began in 1960's when activism was introduced by student activity related to the Vietnam War as well as the women's dislike about their restrictions and career discriminations. Comparing to the first wave, this movement gained much more organizations in relation to political acceptance and theories.
According to Simone de Beauvoir "The whole of feminine history has been man-made." (Simone de Beauvoir, The Second Sex, 1949 ). Beauvoir declared that this can be showed from a general history overview. In her opinion, men control the lives of women, and they will only permit women to take control when it will be convenient for them. She also reports that men have always controlled women and their status in society. They always had control in marriage and childbirth. women also had played a major part in these issues. Men, controlling can determine if a woman is allowed to have an abortion even if the women are the ones who put their health in danger by getting unsupervised abortions or bring themselves overburdened by excessive pregnancies.
Beauvoir also mentions that "women have never created anything great and the situation of woman has never prevented the flowering of great feminine personalities." (Simone de Beauvoir, The Second Sex, 1949 ) Beauvoir felt that women had not created great things, not because they were unable to, but because they obviously were not given the opportunity to do so.
In 1966 the National Organization for Women ( NOW), originated the biggest alliance emerged from the second wave. The employment opportunity commission failed on the origin to create the equality on the workplace rather than concentrating on racial discrimination.
When this association denied to eliminate the gender of job advertisements, the activist Betty Friedan and other feminists created the National Organization for Women . The ideals constitute on focus in white, middle class women freedom, gender equalities in workplace and the access of the equal rights amendment.
Back then, feminists were a major group, so they looked to the law to institute gender reforms. The debated issues such as abortion, domestic violence and rape turned to be the ahead of the feminist platforms. Consciousness-raising, women could difference common struggles and gain encouragement while feminism grows into a mass movement. From this stage of engagement, the slogan "the personal is political" favorably assumed the goals of second-wave feminism ( See fig.2 Second-wave feminists march during the Women's Liberation parade in 1970, http://people.howstuffworks.com/feminism2.htm ) The first national women's liberation conference was in 1968 and it took place in Chicago. In the 1970's the activists started to collect what the seeded. In 1972, Washington, D.C., the Supreme Court legalized abortion via Roe v. Wade in 1973. But as the movement expands, it also exposed fractures within feminist ideologies.
Third Wave Feminism
Third wave feminism started in the beginning of 1980s and lasted until 1990's. This was also the beginning of a new generation of feminism and new ideals. "There is no gender identity behind the expressions of gender; ... identity is performatively constituted by the very "expressions" that are said to be its results." (Judith Butler, Gender Trouble,1990, p. 25) In order to understand the "third wave" there must be a clear understanding of the "second wave". The second wave feminism focused mainly on the insert of women in traditionally male-dominated territories. This new wave of feminism questioned and explored common definitions of women's status and sexuality "I myself have never been able to find out precisely what feminism is: I only know that people call me a feminist whenever I express sentiments that differentiate me from a door mat or a prostitute. " (Rebecca West, Mr. Chesterton in Hysterics: A Study in Prejudice," The Clarion, 14 Nov 1913, reprinted in The Young Rebecca, 1982 ).
Second-wave feminists march during the Women's Liberation parade in 1970, http://people.howstuffworks.com/feminism2.htm
This took place out of a concern for sexuality and women's bodies in political discussion and cultural representation. This new generation of young women, known as "post-feminists" rejected the known idea of feminism or chose to define feminism themselves, based on their own terms and ideas. The idea of defining it to themselves was most prevalent with regard to sexuality and sexual expression. It was from this way of thinking that "third wave feminism" was born.
The change of women roles also influenced fashion. Silhouettes became slimmer and straighter, the waist was less tight, and the hats became bigger. As women became more independent, dresses and underwear became less constructing and more wearable and functional.
If we look back in history, in the medieval women's clothing consisted of long heavy dresses, quite tight and in same cases two people were needed to help dress the lady.
Women were seen as property of the father and when they married they became property of their husbands. They had few rights and they had to behave and be the perfect wife. They were also not encouraged to attend college or have any sort of education, and the ones who were accomplished or had more knowledge than men were seen by society as manly and witches.
Due do women being controlled by their husband, their clothes were also quite restricted and uncomfortable. They were very restricted in their movements. However things got better for women .After the World War I due to women's efforts in war by replacing men's jobs, women had the right to vote for the first time. That also had a major influence in fashion. Clothes had become simple. Dresses were simple with plain straight across neckline, no sleeves and no two side seams, skirt lengths were always well below the knee so they were less restricted. The hair style also changed and was as short as it had ever been.
How World War II Changed The Role Of Women:
Prior to World war women's life style was quite limited with rules and regulation. The idea of going to a college or leave the house wasn't such a great idea.
In 1940's women's role was in their home. They had no great decision to make and consequently no option what so ever. In the movie Mona Lisa Smile ( Mona Lisa Smile, Directed by Mike Newel, 2003), women build up choices and challenged the laws of the society.
This atmosphere was just about to change when women were motivated to join the workforce. During this times, war turned to a be a key point for women battle for equal rights. Finally women were seen as individuals with other skills outside the kitchen. In December the 7th, 1942 war was declared. Pearl Harbor was bombed, so this lead America into Second World War .The beginning of Word War II started a new chapter in women lives. Husbands, sons, brothers and fathers were sending out to combat in Europe, many men needed supplies so that was when women left their kitchens and went into the workforce. The reasons why they accept those jobs were not only related to patriotism but also to do with economic benefits, social interaction and most of all independence.
Alongside World War II the number of women that worked abroad from home at paying work was between 25% to 36%. More than ever married women, mothers and other women founded more jobs than before the war. This reason was to do with absence of the majority of men who were fighting in war or were working in the war production industries. Many women were now capable to take men's positions at work. "Remember, Ginger Rogers did everything Fred Astaire did, but backwards and in high heels" (Bob Thaves ,Frank and Ernest, 1982) On the poster "Rosie riveter" ( See fig.3. Norman Rockwell'sSaturday Evening Postcover featuring Rosie the Riveter, http://www.usmm.org/p/rosie-rockwell.jpgsee , 1942 ) the general idea is to promote the patriotism and the idea of not being feminine.
A huge amount of women moved to Washington in order to profit government office and reinforced jobs. Many jobs were taken by women in Los Alamos and Oak Ridge, since America was exploring nuclear weapons. A minor amount of women benefited after June 1942 when the executive order 8802 declared by the president Roosevelt after A. Philip Randolph blackmailed a march on Washington against racial discrimination.
Norman Rockwell'sSaturday Evening Postcover featuring Rosie the Riveter, http://www.usmm.org/p/rosie-rockwell.jpg see , 1942
Many women now were settling on working in non-traditional fields. The first girl baseball league was originated at this time. This was indeed a time of change. Women were given more rights and consequently more respect. They were not only workers but also mothers that had to deal with their children after and before work and still be housewives.
The conditions that place America industry beside the war machine were endless. Alongside with ten million men in the war and other rest of the male community at work, was obvious that the only way U.S.A would get a victory was if it admitted much more women for employments. The country called women to undertake those jobs building planes, ships and tanks in order to combat Hitler and his army. The Second World War was established on production and it was a great opportunity to get women into the industry. The government joins forces with industry and that leaded to join forces with women organization and media. The aim was to get the labor force from women by convincing theme that it was their "patriotic duty". Yet patriotism wasn't a reasonable reason that the war monopoly used to convince women to undertake those jobs.
Recruitments program were made in order to build up the economic prosperity to seduce women to workforce. Posters had a big impact in the war as it was a way to embellishment war work and make women realized how important was to work in the non traditional jobs. There was a huge pressure on women as they were consistently reminded that their, sons, husbands and brothers were in danger considering the fact they weren't getting any necessities they needed at the time. For instance the slogan's like "we can do it" ( See fig 4 We can do it poster, poster http://imagecache5.art.com/p/LRG/7/787/IL4I000Z/j-miller-we-can-do-it-rosie-the-riveter.jpg ) and "women the war needs you!" ( See fig.5 Become a nurse : your country needs you poster, 1940, digital.library.unt.edu/permalink/meta-dc-570:1 )were just to persuade theme that America needs were bigger than their personal comfort.
Norman Rockwell'sSaturday Evening Postcover featuring Rosie the Riveter, http://www.usmm.org/p/rosie-rockwell.jpg see , 1942
Become a nurse : your country needs you poster, 1940, digital.library.unt.edu/permalink/meta-dc-570:1
Women In Military Works:
Women worked in several positions directly to support of military efforts. Military women weren't allowed to be in the combat positions, yet that didn't avoid that some would be in harm's way. For instances same nurses helping near or in the combat zones or on ships some were injured or even killed. In this time many women were encouraged to become nurses or Red Cross nurses, so they could contribute in the war. Around 74,000 women helped the American Army and Navy Nurse Corps.
Many others just worked in the military departments in the typical women's work as secretaries or cleaning. Others just took same men's jobs (except combat work) to release more men to join the war. The amount of women contributing for this war were enormous, 140,000 women join the Army, 100,000 joined the Navy, 23,000 were Coast Guards, 1,000 joined the air force, 74,000 joined the Army and Navy Nurse Corps and more than 1,000 women were pilots in America Air Force in the Women Air Force service pilots, yet it was acknowledge as civil service workers and weren't acknowledged until. But America wasn't the only country to take a significant percentage of women to the air forces. The Soviet Union and Britain also had the same attitude.
More than 1,000 women served as pilots associated with the US Air Force in the WASP (Women Air force Service Pilots) but were considered civil service workers, and weren't recognized for their military service until the 1970s.
Britain and the Soviet Union also used significant numbers of women pilots to support their air forces. Close by several military bases, there were the "victory girls". This group of female would offer the military men their sexual services without charging a price.
This was the threat that the Military had created in order to appreciate all the effort that was made in the war. Women also played an important part in entertainment. They were two famous female entertainer of the war. One was Vera Lynn ( See fig 6 Vera Lynn - We'll Meet Again, The Very Best Of Vera Lynn Album, 1940 ,http://hangout.altsounds.com/reviews/110688-vera-lynn-well-meet-again-the-very-best-of-vera-lynn-album.html ) and Gracie Fields ( See fig 7 Gracie Fields, www.flickr.com/photos/castlekay/2909968147/ ). Vera Lynn's singing ("There'll be blue birds over the White Cliffs of Dover" and "We'll meet again, don't know where, don't know when") brought major happiness to many in Britain. She was recognized as the "Forces Sweetheart". Gracie Fields was another favorite with the forces.
Vera Lynn - We'll Meet Again, The Very Best Of Vera Lynn Album, 1940 ,http://hangout.altsounds.com/reviews/110688-vera-lynn-well-meet-again-the-very-best-of-vera-lynn-album.html
Gracie Fields, www.flickr.com/photos/castlekay/2909968147/
In America, July 1944 more than 19 million women were hired. However millions of women were employed same didn't had the same standards as the male companions. The National War Labor Board in 1942 made a major effort to end with same inequalities for instance women's income was still lower than man.
These standards were debated and many workers had the opinion that the normal women income was acceptable. Others in the other hand thought that it wasn't fair because they had the opinion that women's tasks were easier, which it wasn't true. Women joined the labor force in the Second World War and they were often mentioned as the production soldiers.
This had to do with the fact that women worked 48 hours weekly, with the frequently extra hours they done, with the fact that they only had one day off per week and also because most vacations were cancelled.
In August 1945 the was finally ended. Over 1945 millions of people jumped out of the streets to celebrate this victory. Millions of men could finally return back their families and homes. Although the war was over the war machine had frozen millions of women to work, but this fact didn't only depend on the post war economy it also depend on women attitude .Women no longer need to leave their homes and family to work. Now they could just stay at home looking for their families and do they home duties. Yet for same women that wasn't an option.
War had given womens independence and that was something they didn't had before. They had gained a social and economic mobility and now they had the power to choose and change.
Three long years had pasted, women had to be submitted to long hours of work, small benefits, low cost quality of living and few child care facilities. It wasn't predictable how women would actually respond to the postwar period. Efficient women could earn £2.15 per week which for them it had seemed to be a good income. Yet for the same job men were paid more. Women had jobs as manufactures of heavy machinery, to welders in a shipyard. This new positions also started for the very first time and later on gave women a salary of their own.
In 1943, when women went on strike at the Rolls Royce factory in Glasgow. Many female strikers went on a street in Glasgow, showing their discontent. They carried eggs and tomatoes to be throw out, but the manifest soon ended when they realized how little the women were being paid .The women had their victory as they went back to their jobs on the income of a male semi-skilled worker.
Many people had the opinion that after the war women would voluntarily return to their homes. Others saw the old American housewife became a production soldier. When women received better income this improved a new ability for women to became more self-esteem. Women were given an opportunity to make their own decisions, without the asking their husbands, brothers, or fathers permission to do so. The initial situation was their concern. Now they could be able to managed their month budget and spend it in where they would like to. For the first time in the human history women had jobs that were never seemed to suit theme and in addition to that they were also been accepted in society
Status, Gender And Religion
Feminist movements aim to improve the status of women and rendering women visible in the social system. This treatment of women was poor in 1980, appalling in 1983 and is unforgivable in 1989.
The status of women in the profession is another significant concern. At the APSA AGM in 1997, the Women's Caucus started a survey of the status of women to be conducted by the APSA President with the assistance of departmental heads. Women were still concentrated at the bottom of the academic hierarchy, well symbolized in Level A positions, and with only one woman at Level E. Of the current doctoral students, 38.2% were women, as compared in 1979. Women were best symbolized as political-science undergraduates, where their numbers have swelled greatly than at graduate levels.
Gender Identity:
Gender identity is an assignment of individuals to a gender category: female or male. The genders exhibited unique characteristics framed traditionally. However after World War II the identity of women underwent transformations.
Women had certain characteristics that defined their gender. These definitions changed since World War II.
- Women were no longer expected to be creatures of emotion. They began expressing their abilities of intellect and cognition.
- The perception women are expected to present as "feminine" was becoming obsolete. They broke the shackles of theor traditional looks and began manifesting themselves in a fashion that portrayed them as equal to men.
- In most places, men overtly or tacitly allow women to wear "men's clothing. During the war, women participated un the "the War Effort"
- Women were expected to household chores. If they work outside the home, are expected to work as support" positions secretary, nurse, teacher in a K-12 school, social worker. But now they took up jobs like well-paid mechanics, engineers, attorneys, physicians and leaders of corporations anything except social workers or nurses.
Thus gender identity no longer followed gender explicit definitions. Gender identity ceased to be a prejudiced experience of fitting to a particular gender in our social system. Nowadays it is accepted that gender identity need not be compatible with our birth gender obligation.
The, "gender" implies to two meanings.
Ø It might be defined as the sorts of actions that society determines to be adequate protocols set by previous generation
Ø Gender identity is the totality of the ways by which they express their gender uniqueness
Most feminists debate that traditional gender roles are repressive for women. They suppose that the female gender role was built as a conflicting to an ideal male role, and helps to enable patriarchy.
For approximately 100 years women are fighting for equality. In the 1960's second wave feminism and radical feminism, the most marked feminist movements elicited changes to the conventionally established feminine gender role. However, there is more to be achieved.
Although the position of women has advanced during the last century, bigotry is still prevalent: For instance, women are paid a lesser percentage of total income when compared to men. They occupy inferior job positions when compared to men. They still do most of the domestic tasks.
However, feminists consider these factors are dependant of gender. Of course, gender socialization throws light on
Ø The kind and length of education women receive
Ø The age at which women start their career
Ø Number of working years
People who conflict with the feminists argue that in spite of many factors roles, the confirmation of prevalence of discrimination against working women is week.
Furthermore, there has been an awareness of Western culture, in current times that the female gender role is classified as:
Ø A "stay at home-mother"
Ø A "career woman"
In actuality, women are posed with a double burden: The need to harmonize job and child care reduces the spare time of women.
When feminism became an obvious protest movement in the 60's, critics argued that women who wanted to adopt a conventional role will be discriminated in the future and coerced them to join the workforce. This is not an established truth as single parents are not given a chance due to economic necessity. At the start of the 21st century women who decide to live in the classical role of the "stay at home-mother" are acceptable to Western society. There is no tolerance of all female gender roles. There is some chauvinism and bigotry against those who choose to stuck on to traditional female gender roles regardless of feminism.
The roles postulated by nature for men and women created turmoil in feminist's minds and resulted in confusion, suspicion, and distrust between the sexes.
Women were liberated from the home, from their husbands, from their children .Fathers were deprived from their authority. Children were liberated from limits, from rules, and their parents.
There are many views and contradictions of gender identity. The feminists worked out many approaches of transforming those gender identities and carve out the implications and explain them from the dimension of the complexities of daily life.
From the early 1300's until 1700's, inquisition plan was to unify and organize the country by punishing people. It also attempted to convert the "non-believers" (like the Jewish, Muslims, Pagans, Moors) and destroyed those who did not follow the Church without question. During this time innocent people were killed and tortured for crimes against the church.
However women in the other hand were blamed for many sorts of things that happen even before they could even justify themselves. That was a dark era for many people, but was especially bad for women ( See fig 8 Witches owed anapology Inquisition torture, http://isiria.wordpress.com/2009/04/21/witches-owed-an-apology/inquisition_torture/ )
For instances a governor's wife could be questioned , killed and blamed of practicing witchcraft, if her husband was having an affair with a jealousy girlfriend of his wife .
Witches owed anapology Inquisition torture, http://isiria.wordpress.com/2009/04/21/witches-owed-an-apology/inquisition_torture/
Even children were often put to death along with their mothers. That reason was because mothers taught their children what they know. Many women and child were stripped throwned into jails without food or water, to be either torture or killed.
Not long ago the Pope John the second made a public speech that apologized for the crimes committed by religion during the Inquisition and the Crusades. He also mentioned crimes that were committed against women during the inquisition period .However this apology will not cover the damage left behind, it just helped to heal the conflicts between the Catholic Church, and other religions as well .
Nowadays religion still has a big impact in people's life's, especially for women. For instance, the abortion law is still illegal in many countries where religion has a major influence in the vote. In Portugal the abortion law was recently legalized. ( See fig 9 Paula Rego , Swallows the Poisoned Apple painting , 1995, Pastel on paper, mounted on aluminium, 178 x 150 cm ,http://farm1.static.flickr.com/203/498533995_b0a6743460.jpg )
The previous law made more than 4,000 women per year seeks for help in Spanish border clinic to do an abortion. These women are from a conservative background where their only chance of ending pregnancy is in illegal clinics and in for low income women to be submitted under very poor illegal clinic conditions. Portuguese women needing an abortion had to go abroad, hiding not just from the law but from a society itself.
In Ireland in 1992, a case occurred involving a pregnant teenager who threatened suicide if she did not had the choice of interrupt the pregnancy. This was a clear example to make people aware of the limits of the laws and what laws can be improvised. The couple were banned out of Ireland by the Supreme Court by doing an abortion in England
How to force a pregnant woman does not want to be a mother to be? O que nos conduz a uma segunda pergunta: até onde pode o estado interferir nas decisões individuais dos seus cidadãos? How far can the state or any religion interfere with peoples individual decisions?
Paula Rego , Swallows the Poisoned Apple painting , 1995, Pastel on paper, mounted on aluminium, 178 x 150 cm
If religion and the science debated the abortion subject, it should be create the right laws on the subject. What to some authors, including Elisabeth Badinter, called "the invention of motherhood" a romantic idea that begins to spread at the end of the eighteenth century and that draws a woman fully realized in their role as mother, all her kindness and sentimentality, will cross with the purpose of political power, which for the first time, will defend the unborn child, not now because of faith but for reasons of state. The population becomes ideology ( then as now, it was necessary to increase the birth rate), motherhood is explicitly regulated and voluntary abortion declared contrary to patriotism source abortion of a pregnant woman with or without your consent is punishable by imprisonment.
In United States (1970) aA grande viragem (mesmo se, já desde 1967, a legislação britânica fosse bastante tolerante na matéria) ocorre em 1970, quando, nos Estados Unidos, o Supremo Tribunal, no caso Roe versus Wade, decide a favor de a mulher poder escolher interromper a gravidez. big turn happened (even if, since 1967, the British law was very tolerant) when the Supreme Court, in Roe vs. Wade, decided in favor for women in order to ending pregnancy. Today Jane Roe supports and leaders the movement called Pro-Life.
The abortion issues does not seem to gain a negative reaction from the scientific community ( this is from a life death point of view) .
However anyone's opinion on the "right to the body" subject, and despite of the present debate on the status of women and the fetus in a way or another, what is undeniable is the fact that women have the power to chooseEnquanto assim for, não há legislação . "Of course abortion isn't right. But it is even less right to bring unwanted children into lifelong suffering and to strip women of their choice. Making abortion illegal is not the way to prevent it. There is a much larger picture that starts with much deeper roots."(Anonymous, http://www.quotegarden.com/abortion.html ) .
In recent years traditional Christianity has created changes in relation to the feminist movement. From 1977 to 1986, the amount of ordained female clergy increased to 21,000, with the significant increases having happened in the mainline Protestant denominations Among Roman Catholics, one-fourth of those admitted in theological schools are women.
Thus various sections of American religion, like the rest of the society, have been controlled in varying degrees both by feminism." The way in which feminists (especially women) address such dissonance has influences on social psychological theory and for pastoral considerations.
The women Of The 21st Century
Women's Education
Women's lifestyle has been changing through the decades, not only their careers, education and family structures changed but also the society itself had changed. Education had taught women to supply their own abilities to build a family and at the same time manage their house duties. Extensively education also brought profits to women carriers as well as letting theme to achieve more respect from the society. Back in time people looked at colleges as a motive for women to find a husband. Ironically the numbers of females who graduate were impressively high and most of theme was from different backgrounds.
In California most of colleges had more enrolled females than males. For instance the student population in 2002 at California University at Berkeley had 51.8 % of females. In Yale University the number of student females enrolled was between 514 students (in 1950) to 5312 (in 1999).
In the years past many females enrolled and graduated from medical and law courses from colleges. The University of Michigan in 1870 was the first university to accept women in medical school, in the other hand Stanford medical school in 1995 had 42% students in their medical school. The type of education that women gained in this universities made it possible for theme to received a higher income.
Family Planning
In the last 20 years according to studies made it showed that out of five women between 40 a 44 doesn't have a child .The disease control center showed that once a women gets to the age of 42 the opportunities to have a baby is reduced to more than 10%. This also means that women who decide to give birth after they settle their career, may abandoned the idea of having a child.
Women not only have different lifestyles as their mothers had, but they live longer as well. The disease control center also showed that in the 1900 the life expectancy for woman were 48 years. In 1950 life expectancy went up to 71 years and in 2000 it rose to a life expectancy of 79 years. Now that women live better and longer lives, their start to have other sort of health concerns.
More treatment is now available for women to improve their heath conditions. There are advances infertility treatments, better birth control methods, breast cancer treatments etc. Women face their heath in a different approach than they did before. The fact that they have more resources availed (such as internet, magazines etc) also helped women today to became more conscious, so they take a better care in their heath care.
Even though in the past the suffragettes fought to the gain the vote and the women's right, the female role is still not completely equal to the male.
Society has set men and women separate by labeling them. It all starts from the day they are born. When they are children, girls are labelled with pink colour and boy with blue colour, without giving them a choice to actually see which one they rather the most.
That also happens with the toys, boys are given gadget and girls are given Barbie dolls.
Also we can see that parents behave differently when approaching a girl and a boy and their education is completely different. They both grow up with different life experience and different points of view. "Instead of getting hard ourselves and trying to compete, women should try and give their best qualities to men - bring them softness, teach them how to cry." ( Joan Baez, "Sexism Seen but not Heard," Los Angeles Times, 1974 )
In business even if a women is more successful and independent than a man, there is still, difference between them.
"Women are not the weak, frail little flowers that they are advertised. There has never been anything invented yet, including war, that a man would enter into, that a woman wouldn't, too."(Will Rogers, http://www.hastingspress.co.uk/history/hassuf.htm )
Men were always seen by society as the strongest and women as the weakest one. But that is just to change.
Nowadays women are more independent than they have ever been. She can take care of herself without a husband financial help or any help at all. There are a big percentage of women who decide not to marry or have children.
In other cases there are single mothers raising a child by themselves.
However there is still a sex discrimination especially when it comes to business, if a man and a women applied for the same job and they both meet equal qualifications that the employer requires, the man is the one who is going to be considered for that job because he doesn't get pregnant. (…) Lynette is just about to tell Carlos about her pregnancy but after receiving a promotion, Lynette keeps it a secret (…) ( Eg: Never Judge a Lady By Her Lover, 114th episode of the ABC television series Desperate Housewives. Third episode of the show's sixth season and aired on October 11, 2009. )
Normally, men are always in control of the business, there are few women who are the head of major companies. The point is women are deemed as inferior by men because this is what is taught by society and also by history.
We can see another example of sex discrimination when it comes to sexuality.
In one of the pop divas songs, Christina Aguilera sings "can't hold us down" it's a powerful music video directed by David LaChapelle. (Eg: Can't hold us down , The Enterprise Studios, Produced by Scott Storch, August 26, 2003 )
The video reflects women's frustration. She sings that when a man goes out and has sex with an amount of girls he is seen as hero, but when that happens to a female they are named and called whores. She also questions why is that so? Why men have the benefit and we've got the reputation? ( See fig.9 Can't hold us down, http://www.secretnature13.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/06/christina-cant-holdus-back.jpg )
In short there is no reason why women should not be seen as equal by society. Women has to be educated that we are no less them men.
"As a woman I have no country. As a woman my country is the whole world." (Virginia Woolf, http://www.quotegarden.com/feminism.html ) .
Can't hold us down, http://www.secretnature13.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/06/christina-cant-holdus-back.jpg
Cite This Essay
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Roger Littman was inducted into the American College of Trial Lawyers on September 13, 2014, in London, England. Roger represents medical professionals in malpractice litigation and licensure issues. His record of more than seventy jury verdicts was submitted to the College, whose members contacted his opponents, codefendants and the trial judges to obtain evaluations of his competence, ethics, moral standards, collegiality, and community standing. He was previously admitted into the American Board of Trial Advocates at the Advocate level and has been consistently placed by Martindale-Hubbell in its highest category for skill and ethics, and named to the ranks of Leading Lawyers and Super Lawyers, also based upon peer recommendati
Roger Littman Now Fellow of the American College of Trial Lawyers
Sep 19, 2014