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Tuesday, January 6, 2009
Thursday, February 21, 2008
Successful Students
Successful students exhibit a combination of successful attitudes and behaviors as well as intellectual capacity. Successful students . . .
. . . are responsible and active. Successful students get involved in their studies, accept responsibility for their own education, and are active participants in it!
Responsibility means control. It's the difference between leading and being led. Your own efforts control your grade, you earn the glory or deserve the blame, you make the choice. Active classroom participation improves grades without increasing study time. You can sit there, act bored, daydream, or sleep. Or, you can actively listen, think, question, and take notes like someone in charge of their learning experience. Either option costs one class period. However, the former method will require a large degree of additional work outside of class to achieve the same degree of learning the latter provides at one sitting. The choice is yours.
. . . have educational goals. Successful students have legitimate goals and are motivated by what they represent in terms of career aspirations and life's desires.
Ask yourself these questions: What am I doing here? Why have I chosen to be sitting here now? Is there some better place I could be? What does my presence here mean to me? Answers to these questions represent your "Hot Buttons" and are, without a doubt, the most important factors in your success as a college student. If your educational goals are truly yours, not someone else's, they will motivate a vital and positive academic attitude. If you are familiar with what these hot buttons represent and refer to them often, especially when you tire of being a student, nothing can stop you; if you aren't and don't, everything can, and will!
. . . ask questions. Successful students ask questions to provide the quickest route between ignorance and knowledge.
In addition to securing knowledge you seek, asking questions has at least two other extremely important benefits. The process helps you pay attention to your professor and helps your professor pay attention to you! Think about it. If you want something, go after it. Get the answer now, or fail a question later. There are no foolish questions, only foolish silence. It's your choice.
. . . learn that a student and a professor make a team. Most instructors want exactly what you want: they would like for you to learn the material in their respective classes and earn a good grade.
Successful students reflect well on the efforts of any teacher; if you have learned your material, the instructor takes some justifiable pride in teaching. Join forces with your instructor, they are not an enemy, you share the same interests, the same goals - in short, you're teammates. Get to know your professor. You're the most valuable players on the same team. Your jobs are to work together for mutual success. Neither wishes to chalk up a losing season. Be a team player!
. . . don't sit in the back. Successful students minimize classroom distractions that interfere with learning.
Students want the best seat available for their entertainment dollars, but willingly seek the worst seat for their educational dollars. Students who sit in the back cannot possibly be their professor's teammate (see no. 4). Why do they expose themselves to the temptations of inactive classroom experiences and distractions of all the people between them and their instructor? Of course, we know they chose the back of the classroom because they seek invisibility or anonymity, both of which are antithetical to efficient and effective learning. If you are trying not to be part of the class, why, then, are you wasting your time? Push your hot buttons, is their something else you should be doing with your time?
. . . take good notes. Successful students take notes that are understandable and organized, and review them often.
Why put something into your notes you don't understand? Ask the questions now that are necessary to make your notes meaningful at some later time. A short review of your notes while the material is still fresh on your mind helps your learn more. The more you learn then, the less you'll have to learn later and the less time it will take because you won't have to include some deciphering time, also. The whole purpose of taking notes is to use them, and use them often. The more you use them, the more they improve.
. . . understand that actions affect learning. Successful students know their personal behavior affect their feelings and emotions which in turn can affect learning.
If you act in a certain way that normally produces particular feelings, you will begin to experience those feelings. Act like you're bored, and you'll become bored. Act like you're disinterested, and you'll become disinterested. So the next time you have trouble concentrating in the classroom, "act" like an interested person: lean forward, place your feet flat on the floor, maintain eye contact with the professor, nod occasionally, take notes, and ask questions. Not only will you benefit directly from your actions, your classmates and professor may also get more excited and enthusiastic.
. . . talk about what they're learning. Successful students get to know something well enough that they can put it into words.
Talking about something, with friends or classmates, is not only good for checking whether or not you know something, its a proven learning tool. Transferring ideas into words provides the most direct path for moving knowledge from short-term to long-term memory. You really don't "know" material until you can put it into words. So, next time you study, don't do it silently. Talk about notes, problems, readings, etc. with friends, recite to a chair, organize an oral study group, pretend you're teaching your peers. "Talk-learning" produces a whole host of memory traces that result in more learning.
. . . don't cram for exams. Successful students know that divided periods of study are more effective than cram sessions, and they practice it.
If there is one thing that study skills specialists agree on, it is that distributed study is better than massed, late-night, last-ditch efforts known as cramming. You'll learn more, remember more, and earn a higher grade by studying in four, one hour-a-night sessions for Friday's exam than studying for four hours straight on Thursday night. Short, concentrated preparatory efforts are more efficient and rewarding than wasteful, inattentive, last moment marathons. Yet, so many students fail to learn this lesson and end up repeating it over and over again until it becomes a wasteful habit. Not too clever, huh?
. . . are good time managers. Successful students do not procrastinate. They have learned that time control is life control and have consciously chosen to be in control of their life.
An elemental truth: you will either control time or be controlled by it! It's your choice: you can lead or be led, establish control or relinquish control, steer your own course or follow others. Failure to take control of their own time is probably the no. 1 study skills problem for college students. It ultimately causes many students to become non-students! Procrastinators are good excuse-makers. Don't make academics harder on yourself than it has to be. Stop procrastinating. And don't wait until tomorrow to do it!
The 10 items listed above are paraphrased from an article by Larry M Ludewig called Ten Commandments for Effective Study Skills which appeared in The Teaching Professor, December, 1992.
Student Responsibilities
Students have the right to seize the responsibility for their own destiny and should be encouraged to do so. With every right comes responsibility!
I have the responsibility to come to every class prepared to listen, to participate, and to learn.
I have the responsibility to read the text carefully, noting important ideas and rephrasing concepts in my own words.
I have the responsibility to work examples in the textbook and those given in class.
I have the responsibility to consult other students, the teacher, an assistant, and other resources whenever I need the extra help.
I have the responsibility to understand that the teacher is not primarily responsible for making me understand, but that it is my job to study and to learn.
I have the responsibility of keeping an open mind and trying to comprehend what the teacher is trying to get across.
I have the responsibility to do every bit of assigned homework with proper attention and thought.
I have the responsibility to view my teacher as a partner in my education.
I have the responsibility to understand that I am not the only student in my class, and that if I fall behind the class, not all of my catching up is appropriate for the classroom setting.
I have the responsibility to act as a competent adult.
I have the responsibility of trying to integrate the concepts being taught into other courses and other areas of my life.
I have the responsibility to be polite and open to my teacher and classmates.
I have the responsibility to accept that my work will be evaluated in terms of what skills any student in the course is expected to master.
by Lynne Marie Rodell, Christian Brothers University, Tennessee. From: The Teaching Professor, January 1994, p.3
"A" and "C" profiles
Successful students can be distinguished from the average student by their attitudes and behaviors. Below are some profiles that typically distinguish between an "A" student and a "C" student. Where do you fit in this scheme?
The "A" Student - An Outstanding Student
ATTENDANCE: "A" students have virtually perfect attendance. Their commitment to the class is a high priority and exceeds other temptations.
PREPARATION: "A" students are prepared for class. They always read the assignment. Their attention to detail is such that they occasionally can elaborate on class examples.
CURIOSITY: "A" students demonstrate interest in the class and the subject. They look up or dig out what they don't understand. They often ask interesting questions or make thoughtful comments.
RETENTION: "A" students have retentive minds and practice making retentive connections. They are able to connect past learning with the present. They bring a background of knowledge with them to their classes. They focus on learning concepts rather than memorizing details.
ATTITUDE: "A" students have a winning attitude. They have both the determination and the self-discipline necessary for success. They show initiative. They do things they have not been told to do.
TALENT: "A" students demonstrate a special talent. It may be exceptional intelligence and insight. It may be unusual creativity, organizational skills, commitment - or a some combination. These gifts are evident to the teacher and usually to the other students as well.
EFFORT: "A" students match their effort to the demands of an assignment.
COMMUNICATIONS: "A" students place a high priority on writing and speaking in a manner that conveys clarity and thoughtful organization. Attention is paid to conciseness and completeness.
RESULTS: "A" students make high grades on tests - usually the highest in the class. Their work is a pleasure to grade.
The "C" Student - An Average Student
ATTENDANCE: "C" students are often late and miss class frequently. They put other priorities ahead of academic work. In some cases, their health or constant fatigue renders them physically unable to keep up with the demands of high-level performance.
PREPARATION: "C" students may prepare their assignments consistently, but often in a perfunctory manner. Their work may be sloppy or careless. At times, it is incomplete or late.
CURIOSITY: "C" students seldom explore topics deeper than their face value. They lack vision and bypass interconnectedness of concepts. Immediate relevancy is often their singular test for involvement.
RETENTION: "C" students retain less information and for shorter periods. Less effort seems to go toward organizing and associating learned information with previously acquired knowledge. They display short-term retention by relying on cramming sessions that focus on details, not concepts.
ATTITUDE: "C" students are not visibly committed to class. They participate without enthusiasm. Their body language often expresses boredom.
TALENT: "C" students vary enormously in talent. Some have exceptional ability but show undeniable signs of poor self-management or bad attitudes. Others are diligent but simply average in academic ability.
EFFORT: "C" students are capable of sufficient effort, but either fail to realistically evaluate the effort needed to accomplish a task successfully, or lack the desire to meet the challenge.
COMMUNICATIONS: "C" students communicate in ways that often limit comprehension or risk misinterpretation. Ideas are not well formulated before they are expressed. Poor listening/reading habits inhibit matching inquiry and response.
RESULTS: "C" students obtain mediocre or inconsistent results on tests. They have some concept of what is going on but clearly have not mastered the material.
Source: The Teaching Professor. Paraphrased from John H. Williams, Clarifying Grade Expectations, August/September, 1993 and Paul Solomon and Annette Nellon, Communicating About the Behavioral Dimensions of Grades, February, 1996.
The Power of Positive Thinking
Key PointYou are what you think. You feel what you want.
Why Think Positively? All of our feelings, beliefs and knowledge are based on our internal thoughts, both conscious and subconscious. We are in control, whether we know it or not.
Aim high and do your best
We can be positive or negative, enthusiastic or dull, active or passive. The biggest difference between people is their attitudes. For some, learning is enjoyable and exciting. For others, learning is a drudgery. For many, learning is just okay, something required on the road to a job. "Most folks are about as happy as theymake up their minds to be." Abraham Lincoln Our present attitudes are habits, built from the feedback of parents, friends, society and self, that form our self-image and our world-image. These attitudes are maintained by the inner conversations we constantly have with ourselves, both consciously and subconsciously. The first step in changing our attitudes is to change our inner conversations.What Should We Be Saying? One approach is called the three C's: Commitment, Control and Challenge. CommitmentMake a positive commitment to yourself, to learning, work, family, friends, nature, and other worthwhile causes. Praise yourself and others. Dream of success. Be enthusiastic. ControlKeep your mind focused on important things. Set goals and priorities for what you think and do. Visualize to practice your actions. Develop a strategy for dealing with problems. Learn to relax. Enjoy successes. Be honest with yourself. ChallengeBe courageous. Change and improve each day. Do your best and don't look back. See learning and change as opportunities. Try new things. Consider several options. Meet new people. Ask lots of questions. Keep track of your mental and physical health. Be optimistic. Studies show that people with these characteristics are winners in good times and survivors in hard times. Research shows that,"... people who begin consciously to modify their inner conversations and assumptions report an almost immediate improvement in their performance. Their energy increases and things seem to go better ..." Commitment, control and challenge help build self-esteem and promote positive thinking. Here are some other suggestions.7 Suggestions for Building Positive Attitudes
In every class, look for positive people to associate with.
In every lecture, look for one more interesting idea.
In every chapter, find one more concept important to you.
With every friend, explain a new idea you've just learned.
With every teacher, ask a question.
With yourself, keep a list of your goals, positive thoughts and actions.
Remember, you are what you think, you feel what you want.
Learning How to Learn
Key PointHabits can be the best of friends or the worst of enemies.
Build Good Habits. The key to success in any activity is to develop effective skills.
Practice builds skills
Athletes develop athletic skills; musicians develop musical skills; managers develop managing skills; learners need to develop learning skills. Developing skills means building good habits.Develop the Habit of Mental Self-management. Mental self-management or metacognition is the art of planning, monitoring and evaluating the learning process. To be good at metacognition means you have to know the options. Here are the major choices. Identify your best learning styles - visual, verbal, kinesthetic, deductive or inductive. Monitor and improve your learning skills - reading, writing, listening, time-management, note-taking, problem-solving. Use different learning environments - lecture, lab, discussion, study groups, study partner. Try to complete the learning cycle - For most courses, the learning cycle goes like this:
Memorize new information, rules and concepts - often tedious and boring.
Assimilate and organize this information - often hard, but interesting.
Use this information to analyze, synthesize and problem-solve - often difficult, but satisfying.
Incorporate this information into evaluations, judgments and predictions - often powerful and exhilarating.
Many students never get past the first step. They never experience the joy of learning.Develop the Habit of Positive Thinking. Use it for increasing confidence and self-esteem. Use it for setting goals and enjoying learning. Use it for taking charge of your own education. See Section 2 for more ideas.Develop the Habit of Hierarchical Thinking. Use it for setting priorities and for time management. Use it for summarizing ideas and for organizing information. See Section 10 on organizing information.Develop the Habit of Creative and Critical Thinking. Use it for making decisions and solving problems. Use it for synthesizing and creating new associations. See Sections 20 and 21.Develop the Habit of Asking Questions. Use it for identifying main ideas and supporting evidence. Use it for generating interest and motivation. Use it for focusing concentration and improving memory. See Section 6 on asking questions.10 Steps for Building New Habits
Select a new habit or technique you want to develop, like one found in this book.
Convince yourself it's important.
Make it fairly easy to do.
Write out a schedule for working on it.
Practice using the technique, keep track of progress.
Reward yourself after each practice period.
Use your habits as often as possible, both in simple and in new situations.
Use a coach, teacher, tutor, group or friend.
Identify internal blocks, e.g., lack of time, poor self-esteem, procrastination, poor techniques, lack of success, lack of confidence, stress, poor organization, poor reading and math skills. Seek help if necessary
Start small, take one step at a time and enjoy each success.
How to Manage Time and Set Priorities
Key PointGood time management means defining priorities and scheduling activities.
What Are the 3 Rules for Effective Time Management?
Don't create impossible situations.
Define priorities.
Avoid distractions and lack of focus.
Don't Create Impossible Situations. Don't get trapped into doing too much. Don't try to work full time and take a full load. Don't take too many lab classes. Use time to create success, not failure. Be realistic about school. For most classes, plan to study 2 hours for every 1 hour of class. Make time your friendnot your enemy. Identify your first priority classes and do whatever it takes to succeed. Drop second priority classes or reduce work hours if necessary.Define Your Priorities Using the 3-List Method.
Plan your work, then work your plan
All time management begins with planning. Use lists to set priorities, plan activities and measure progress. One approach is the 3-list method. List #1 - The weekly calendar.Create a weekly calendar. Make it your basic time budgeting guide. List your courses, work, study time, recreation, meals, TV, relaxation, etc. Plan to study first priority classes when you work best. Be flexible, adapt your schedule to changing needs. Keep your schedule handy and refer to it often. If it doesn't work, change it. List #2 - The daily "Things to Do".Write down all the things that you want to do today. Note homework due or tests or subjects you want to emphasize. Include shopping and personal calls, etc. This list is a reminder. Use it to set daily priorities and to reduce decision-making and worry. If time is tight, move items to your long-term list. Rewrite this list each morning. Use visualization to help you focus on what to do. This list is also a measure of your day-to-day success. Check off items as you finish them and praise yourself for each accomplishment. List #3 - Goals and other things.This can be one or two lists, a monthly list and or a long-term list. Put down your goals and things you have to do. What do you want to accomplish over the next month or year? What do you need to buy? Use this list to keep track of all your commitments. If you're worried about something, put it on this list. The purpose of this list is to develop long-term goals and to free your mind to concentrate on today.Avoid Distractions and Lack of Focus. Time is precious. Yet many people waste time by getting stuck in one or more of the following habits. Procrastination - putting off important jobs. Crises management - being overwhelmed by the current crisis. No time for routine matters. Switching and floundering - lack of concentration and focus on one job. Television, telephones and friends - these are all ways of avoiding work. Emotional blocks - boredom, daydreaming, stress, guilt, anger and frustration reduce concentration. Sickness - getting sick and blowing your schedule. In all of these cases, the first step is to recognize the problem and resolve to improve. Use priority lists to focus attention. Try positive self-talk. To avoid distractions, find a quiet place to study, the library or a study hall. Get an answering machine.
How to Improve Reading Comprehension
Key PointGood reading means building frameworks for connecting words to thoughts.
The Purpose of Reading. The purpose of reading is to connect the ideas on the page to what you already know. If you don't know anything about a subject, then pouring words of text into your mind is like pouring water into your hand. You don't retain much. For example, try reading these numbers:
7516324 This is hard to read and remember.751-6324 This is easier because of chunking.123-4567 This is easy to read because of prior knowledge and structure.
Similarly, if you like sports, then reading the sports page is easy. You have a framework in your mind for reading, understanding and storing information.Improving Comprehension. Reading comprehension requires motivation, mental frameworks for holding ideas, concentration and good study techniques. Here are some suggestions.
Develop a broad background. Broaden your background knowledge by reading newspapers, magazines and books. Become interested in world events. Know the structure of paragraphs. Good writers construct paragraphs that have a beginning, middle and end. Often, the first sentence will give an overview that helps provide a framework for adding details. Also, look for transitional words, phrases or paragraphs that change the topic. Identify the type of reasoning. Does the author use cause and effect reasoning, hypothesis, model building, induction or deduction, systems thinking? See section 20 for more examples on critical thinking skills. Anticipate and predict. Really smart readers try to anticipate the author and predict future ideas and questions. If you're right, this reinforces your understanding. If you're wrong, you make adjustments quicker. Look for the method of organization. Is the material organized chronologically, serially, logically, functionally, spatially or hierarchical? See section 10 for more examples on organization. Create motivation and interest.Preview material, ask questions, discuss ideas with classmates. The stronger your interest, the greater your comprehension. Pay attention to supporting cues.Study pictures, graphs and headings. Read the first and last paragraph in a chapter, or the first sentence in each section. Highlight, summarize and review.Just reading a book once is not enough. To develop a deeper understanding, you have to highlight, summarize and review important ideas. Build a good vocabulary. For most educated people, this is a lifetime project. The best way to improve your vocabulary is to use a dictionary regularly. You might carry around a pocket dictionary and use it to look up new words. Or, you can keep a list of words to look up at the end of the day. Concentrate on roots, prefixes and endings. Use a systematic reading technique like SQR3.Develop a systematic reading style, like the SQR3 method and make adjustments to it, depending on priorities and purpose. The SQR3 steps include Survey, Question, Read, Recite and Review. See Section 14 for more details. Monitor effectiveness.Good readers monitor their attention, concentration and effectiveness. They quickly recognize if they've missed an idea and backup to reread it. Should You Vocalize Words? Yes, although it is faster to form words in your mind rather than on your lips or throat. Eye motion is also important. Frequent backtracking slows you down considerably.
How to Identify your Best Learning Styles
Key PointTo be more effective, determine your best learning styles.
Know Thyself. I hear and I forget. I see and I remember.I do and I understand.Old Chinese Proverb People learn differently. Some prefer using pictures. Others like working in groups. How do you learn best? Here are the three major factors making up your learning style.
The three senses - auditory, visual and kinesthetics
The two reasoning types - deductive and inductive
The two environments - intrapersonal and interpersonal
Check these factors as they apply to different subjects to discover your learning preferences.The Three Senses Auditory - listening
( ) - I prefer to follow verbal instructions rather than written ones. ( ) - I find it comfortable to add spoken numbers mentally.
Visual - seeing, reading and visualizing
( ) - I score high on tests that depend on reading comprehension. ( ) - I can read formulas and understand them. ( ) - I prefer maps to verbal directions when I am trying to find a place.
Kinesthetics - moving, touching, writing and doing.
( ) - When I write things down, it clarifies my thoughts. ( ) - I have to manipulate formulas in order to understand them. ( ) - I like to draw pictures. ( ) - I am good at using my hands. I enjoy lab classes.
The Two Reasoning Types Deductive reasoning
( ) - I like to look at the big picture first, then get the details. ( ) - When learning a new game, I like to know all the rules before playing. ( ) - In an argument, I state my premises first, then draw conclusions.
Inductive reasoning
( ) - I like to see some examples when first learning a new subject, before developing an overview. ( ) - I prefer to learn the rules of a new game "as we go along".
The Two Learning Environments Intrapersonal - working alone.
( ) - When solving word problems, I have to figure it out for myself. ( ) - Doing school work with a group often wastes a lot of time.
Interpersonal - working with others.
( ) - Before making a decision, I usually discuss it with my family or friends. ( ) - I like to do my homework with others.
What Are You Best At? Ideally, we are good with each learning style. However, what we do best can depend on our mood, the subject matter, our friends and the teacher. Our goal is to monitor our learning effectiveness and to adjust our learning styles for maximum advantage.
Characteristics of Successful Students
— They attend class regularly and on time.
- They do extra credit assignments when they are available.
Their assignments are done neatly.
If they feel they need extra help, they let their teacher know.
- They turn in all assignments.
- They pay attention in class and are courteous and polite.
- They speak up in class.
- They learn to identify what needs to be studied in greatest detail.
- They set short-term and long-term goals.
- They see their teachers before and after class.
- They learn to schedule enough for homework.
- They enjoy being successful students.
— If they do have to miss classes, they find out what they missed and make sure they understand all that was covered.
- They know they are responsible for their own success.
——— Dr. James L. Warner
Characteristics of a Successful Student
Many students new to college do not know what it takes to be successful in the college environment. They understand good and bad grades in a general way, and they sense that they should attend classes, but that is where their knowledge begins and ends.
Most instructors know what a good student is - and is not. For one thing, a good student is not necessarily the most intelligent individual in the class.
The following is a list of some characteristics of good students. This list is a description of what a hard-working student does and what a teacher likes to see. By learning these characteristics, you may better understand the day-to-day and class-to-class behavior of successful students. The idea is to provide you with guidelines you can follow which will help you get down to the business of becoming a serious, successful student.
1. Successful students attend classes regularly. They are on time. They listen and train themselves to pay attention. If they miss a session, they feel obligated to let the instructor know why before class begins, if possible, and their excuses are legitimate and reasonable. They make sure they get all missed assignments (by contacting the instructor or another student), and understand specifically what was covered in class. Successful students take responsibility for themselves and their actions.
2. Successful students take advantage of extra credit opportunities when offered. They demonstrate that they care about their grades and are willing to work to improve them. They often do the optional (and frequently challenging) assignments that many students avoid.
3. Successful students are attentive in class. They don't talk, read, or stare out windows. In other words, they are polite and respectful, even if they get a little bored. They also participate in class even if their attempts are a bit clumsy and difficult. They ask questions that the instructor knows many other students may also have.
4. Successful students see their instructors before or after class or during office hours about grades, comments on their papers, and upcoming tests. Successful students end up at their instructor's office door at least once during the semester. They'll go out of their way to find the instructor and engage in meaningful conversation. These students demonstrate to the instructor that they are active participants in the learning process and that they take the job of being a student seriously.
5. Successful students turn in assignments that look neat and sharp. They take the time to produce a final product that looks good, and reflects of a care and pride in their work. Successful students seem driven to complete their assignments. All work and assignments are turned in, even if some of their responses are not brilliant.
Motivation and Goal Setting
Visualize Success
You are your own best motivator. Your motivation must come from within yourself. Others may try to encourage you, but you are the only one who can attain what you desire. You must convince yourself - you can!
Success comes in cans!
Throughout your college years you will have to make many choices; view these choices as opportunities. Don't allow yourself to be burden with problems; they are really only challenges. Train yourself from the start to put your time and energy into finding solutions to your challenges, not in complaining. You must adjust your attitude and retrain your thought process.
Start with surrounding yourself with positive people. They will encourage and nurture you. Stay away from negative people because they will discourage you and sabotage your dreams and goals.
You need to hold yourself accountable. Write a letter of intent to yourself, date it, and sign it. Put this letter some place where you will see it everyday. Go to a friend or fellow student and make a commitment to each other. It helps to be accountable to someone else.
If you develop your dreams into goals, and your goals into realities, then your realities will become your successes!
Goal Setting
Goals provide direction in your life and nurture your motivation
Goals are like road maps; they get you from one point to another. Goals provide the direction you need to reach your destination, the motivation to sustain you on your trip, and a way to measure your progress. The best way to get results is to plan for the future, but live one day at a time.
Think about the future. How do you define success? What makes you happy? What drives you? What makes you get out of bed in the morning? Does success mean family, money, security, prestige, to help others, improve the environment, solve problems, a career, a degree? Whatever you decide, the key is to strengthen your will to succeed. To succeed, strengthen your will - to strengthen your will, succeed. This sounds circular, and it is - it is a positive feedback loop.
To get this positive feedback loop started, develop a long-term plan. Where do you want to be 3-5 years from now? What do you want to be doing? Where do you want to live? What kind of vacations do you want to take? What is your house going to look like? What kind of car will you be driving? What color will the car be? Get very specific with your dreams and your plans. If your dreams are specific, your goals will be specific. Never ask yourself the questions - "What if", or "What would happen if". Make the questions a positive affirmation of what you will do! Prioritize your goals - what is the most important goal for you and what is the first thing you need to do to start towards that goal? Then plan backwards in time and outline the major steps it will take for you to arrive at that future destination.
Once you have the big picture, break your outline into individual, short-term goals. Short -term goals should range from daily goals to one-year goals, midterm goals should range from 2-3 years, and long term goals are up to 5 years. Make your list very specific and realistic. You want to be successful in reaching your goals, but at the same time, these goals should challenge you. At the end of each day reward yourself and strengthen your resolve for tomorrow.
Some Suggested Goals:
Be a Life Long Learner
We live in exciting and interesting times. We live at the crossroads of revolutions in electronic technology, genetic engineering, and international economics. The only certainty in life is change, opportunity for some, and future shock for others. Education is the door to opportunity. Your most valuable asset and skill in life as well as in the market place is your ability to learn and to apply this knowledge.
Clarify Educational Plans
If you have declared a major, great! If not, do not worry - it is okay. Many students are unsure of their major until they are about halfway through college. If you don't know what you want to major in, then research various careers, talk to counselors, visit businesses, and/or interview people already working in the fields you are interested in.
Become an Efficient, Successful Student
No matter what your goals are, work at maximum efficiency. Be a student who works smarter as well as harder.
· No one can teach you how to think,you must motivate yourself to learn how to learn!
12 Steps for Effective Studying
Studying effectively is a process, not an event. The process leads to success.
1. Plan a definite time for studying every day. This will discourage procrastination and prevent a pile-up of work. Studying every day, even for a short period of time, keeps you from falling behind. Prioritize your list and begin completing the most difficult material first.
2. Know the purpose of and understand each assignment before leaving class. If you understand what to do and how to do it, your study time will be shortened. Keep a record of all assignments in a special section of your notebook or on a separate calendar.
3. Predicting the amount of time you need for each assignment causes you to work smarter as well as harder and more productively. By keeping track of the actual amount of time you spend on your assignments, you are more likely to concentrate and less likely to become bored.
4. Time yourself to see how long it takes you to read five pages of your textbook. This will help you determine the amount of time needed to complete a reading assignment. Because a textbook is loaded with information, you may have to read some sections more than once. Even instructors have to reread material. Allow time for reflecting and thinking about what you have read.
5. Reading assignments are usually completed and due prior to the instructor lecturing on the material. Take a little time before class to review the material so you are ready to participate in class discussions and are prepared for any quizzes.
6. Adopt a textbook reading strategy, (like SQ4R), or whatever works for you. Pay attention to charts, diagrams, and special "boxed text" areas. They are definite aids to understanding the material.
7. Every time you study, spend at least ten minutes reviewing the material from your previous study session. These "refresher shots" are part of the secret for long-term memory retention. This habit of frequent review also results in less time needed for studying prior to a major exam.
Know the percentages! We retain:
10% of what we read
20% of what you hear
30% of what we see
50% of what we see and hear
70% of what we talk about with others
80% of what we experience personally
95% of what we teach to others
8. Study during the day. You are probably less efficient at night.
9. Study for 30 to 40 minutes and then take a 5-minute break, or if your concentration and discipline will allow, study for 50 minutes and take a 10-minute break. Get up walk around, stretch, drink some water, or eat a light snack. Taking regular breaks refreshes your mind so you can concentrate better, finish faster, and retain more.
10. If you do study at night set a "stopping time" for yourself. This "time frame" will encourage hard work in anticipation of the clock going off. You may even set a goal for yourself to complete an assignment before the time limit. This increased impetus may help you to concentrate.
11. Do not cram the night before a test. Distribute your review in half-hour segments over a period of days. If you do not adopt a structured study schedule, you will not master required course material and you will set yourself up to fail.
12. Learning is accumulative. New ideas must be incorporated with previous material from lectures, readings, and any other assignments such as labs. You have to continuously make the connection in your mind from new material to previously learned material and/or experiences. Putting it all together is easier if you schedule time daily to read, to think, to write, to reflect, and to review.
Improved learning is the natural result of this 12 Step approach to studying and effectively using your time.
Not having enough time to study means you lack organization, so by managing your time, you have control over your life and a chance to do more of what you want to do.
Be proud of what you can achieve through daily accomplishments!
Time Management
The foundation for success!
You have a task or a goal you want to accomplish. This could be a single task or a number of tasks that you need to take care of in a day or over a period of a few days. Without a structured approach to these tasks you would be like a car spinning its tires on an icy road; there's a lot of effort being put into reaching a destination, but the vehicle, you, is virtually stuck in the same spot wasting gas. To achieve your destination you must take all the known obstacles and conditions into consideration. Allowances must also be made for the possibility of unknown conditions that will ultimately arise. The best method or "plan" most successful in accomplishing goals is "time management." Time management is the appropriate use of and structuring of your time in order for you to maximize your time. If you learn how to maximize your time, you will have ample time to successfully accomplish everything you need to and want to accomplish. Accomplishments don't just happen; they are carefully planned for.
Professionals from all walks of life have written volumes on what are the best approaches to managing your time. In every author's rendition there is one unanimous absolute rule - you must use a calendar on which to write a detailed, prioritized schedule. For every author, there are that many views on what type of calendar you should use. The important issue here is for you to use any kind of calendar you feel comfortable with, and one that will allow you to view a complete day on one page and enough room on that page to write concise directions.
Before going on this journey into the realm of time management, take a few minutes and complete the "Study Behavior Inventory". Knowing where you are right now in your approach to your studying will enable you to design a workable schedule. This assessment is just that, an assessment, not a test. You are simply to answer "yes" or "no," but your answers must be honest. This is for your benefit and no one else's. Once you have finished, return to this page and continue with the next paragraph.
It's good to take a look at yourself once in a while!
How many questions did you answer yes? How many no? Research indicates that the most effective and successful college students answer no to all 25 questions (Brown, 1977). It may be helpful as you think about your study behavior to review those items that you answered yes. You might want to ask yourself how those particular behaviors affect your study effectiveness. What does this have to do with "time management?" As you probably noticed, there were a number of questions dealing with time, place, and amount of work accomplished. These are directly related to how you manage and spend your time. If you are spending a lot of time accomplishing very little, maybe you are day-dreaming too much, and not concentrating on the task at hand. If this is the case, you are wasting time. Time is like money, once it's spent, it's gone, - you won't have any more until next pay day, or in this case when the sun comes up. If you find you are not able to get very far when studying, then maybe you are not allowing for enough time. So you see, it is a combination of many aspects all of which revolve around time; the amount of time you spend, when you spend it, where you spend it, and how you spend it. Keep this next statement in the for front of your mind: A procrastinator spends twice as much time and energy accomplishing half as much as someone who organizes his/her time.
Does getting organized involve work? YES! What does it take to get organized? It takes discipline, dedication, drive, determination, desire, practice, and a lot of patience and consistency. These attributes are the elements of success that can neither be given to you nor done for you by someone else. To become an efficient and effective manager of your time, you need to become efficient and effective with the process. You have the ability to perform all these attributes - you just need to DO IT!
Having your time and life organized is similar to organizing for a trip. Remember two people can take different roads and arrive at the same destination at approximately the same time. The differences between the two trips are the scenery's, the road conditions, and how fast they each had to drive to reach the same conclusion. Personally I prefer to take a well paved, smooth road, admiring fantastic scenery, and have planned well enough in advance to take a leisurely trip. What kind of road are you traveling?
Listening and Note Taking
Anything done well is the result ofpersistency, consistency, and practice!
Listening To Take Good Notes:
Hearing is a spontaneous act. Listening, by contrast, is something you choose to do. Listening requires you not only to hear what has been said but to understand as well. Understanding requires three activities:
dynamic listening;
paying attention;
The best way to concentrate is to start with anticipation. Review your notes from the last lecture and make sure you go to class having read the assigned material. Use this method to cultivate a mindset that is needed for 100% concentration during a lecture.
Be a comprehensive listener! Comprehensive listening has to do with the feedback between speaker and listener. The speaker has an obligation to make his/her words comprehensible to the listener. The listener, in turn, must let the speaker know when he/she dose not understand. Both parties must make a conscious effort to accept their individual responsibilities. You may think this is a 50/50 proposition, which in part it is; however, both parties must be willing to give a 100% for effective listening comprehension to be achieved.
The best way for you to let the speaker know that you don't understand is to ask questions. A surprising number of students are too embarrassed to ask questions. The only dumb question is the one that goes unasked.
Twelve Guidelines to Effective Listening:
Sit where the instructor will always see you, preferably in the front.
Pay attention to content, not the lecturer's appearance or distracting habits. Judge the material, not the delivery.
Put aside emotional concerns. If you disagree with what is being said, hold your judgement or fire until after class, then see the instructor.
Find areas of interest; listen for ideas, not just facts, and words; put new ideas to work during the lecture by using your imagination.
Intend to get down a good written record of the lecture material; be a flexible note taker.
Listen for new rods and watch for signals of important information; listen for examples the instructor provides to define or illustrate main ideas. Note these examples with "EX" in your notes or textbook.
Read in advance about the topics to be discussed in class and relate them to something you care about.
Exercise your mind with challenging material; keep your mind open even if you hear emotional words.
Be prepared to ask questions in class. Use facial expressions to let the instructor know that you don't understand an idea completely or you would like the information repeated.
Don't stop listening or taking notes during discussion periods or toward the end of the lecture until the instructor concludes.
Work at listening instead of pretending to listen.
Resist external distractions such as someone coming in late to class, a pager going off, maintenance mowing the grass, other students talking.
Taking Good Notes:
Learning to take notes effectively will help you improve your study and work habits and to remember important information. Often, students are deceived into thinking that because they understand everything that is said in class, they will therefore remember it.
As you take lecture notes and make notes from your textbook, you will develop the skills of selecting important material and discarding unimportant material. The main secret to developing these skills is practice. Check your results constantly. Strive to improve. Notes help you to retain important facts and data and to develop an accurate means of recording and arranging necessary information.
Here are some hints on note making:
Don't write down everything you read or hear. Be alert and attentive to the main points. Concentrate on the "meat" of the subject and forget the trimmings.
Notes should consist of key words or very short sentences. As a speaker gets sidetracked, it is often possible to go back and add further information.
Take accurate notes. You should use your own words, but try not to change the meaning. If you quote directly from the author, quote correctly.
Think a minute about the material before you start making notes. Don't take notes just to be taking notes! Take notes that will be of real value to you when you review them at a later date.
Have a uniform system for punctuation and abbreviation that will make sense to you. Use a skeleton outline that shows importance by indenting. Leave lots of white space for later additions.
Omit descriptions and full explanations. Keep your notes short and to the point. Condense your materials so you can grasp the main points rapidly.
Don't worry about missing a point. Leave space and pick up the material you missed at a later date, either through reading, questioning, common sense, or looking at a classmate's notes.
Don't keep notes on oddly shaped pieces of paper. Keep notes in order and in one place. A three-ringed or spiral notebook is preferred.
Shortly after taking your lecture notes or making textbook notes, go back and edit (not copy) your notes by adding extra points, spelling out unclear items, etc. Remember, we forget rapidly. Budget time for this vital step just as you do for the class itself.
Review your notes periodically; three types of review are daily, weekly, and a major review just before a test. This is the only way to achieve lasting memory.
Lecture Notes:
There are many note-taking techniques available to help you become a more efficient note-taker. The following are two very good examples. The first example deals with taking good lecture notes and the second with textbook notes.
The notes you take in class are really a hand written textbook. In many instances, your lecture notes are more practical, meaningful and more current than a textbook. If you keep them neat, complete, and well organized they'll serve you splendidly. The Cornell System of taking lecture notes is a prime example. The keystone of this system is a two-column note sheet. Use 8 1/2 by 11 paper to create the note sheet. Down the left side, draw a vertical line 2 1/2 inches from the edge of the paper. End this line 2 inches above the bottom of the paper. Draw a horizontal line across the bottom of the paper 2 inches above the paper's edge. In the narrow (2 1/2") column on the left side, you will write cue words or questions. In the wide (6") column on the right, you will write the lecture notes. In the space at the bottom of the sheet, you will summarize your notes. NOTE: You can use this system if you use lined notebook paper too. Disregard the red vertical line and make your own line 2 1/2" from the left edge of the paper. Refer to the Textbook Study Strategies for a complete description and illustration of the Cornell System.
Textbook Notes:
The second example of efficient note taking deals specifically with taking textbook notes and preparing for exams. The Soprano Study/Reading Technique involves six steps for accomplishing this. This system, in contrast to the SQ4R system in the Study Skills package, is another method for note taking. You should look at both methods carefully, try them both, and then decide which will work the best for you.
The six steps of the Soprano Technique are:
Read your textbook paragraph by paragraph without a pen or highlighter in hand.
After you finish a paragraph, decide if any information in that paragraph is worth highlighting or underlining. Ask yourself, "Is this really important? Does it support and define the main topic?
Pick up your highlighter or pen and highlight or underline the most important key words or phrases of that information, or write "key words" notes in the margins.
Then put a number in the margin of the text next to the highlighted or underlined material. Use numbers in ascending order to note the importance of the highlighted or underlined material.
Put the same number and page on a separate sheet of paper in your notebook. Then write out a question based on the information you have just highlighted or underlined in the textbook. Essentially the information you have just highlighted or underlined in the text should answer your questions.
Proceed with your study/reading of the text. Every time you decide to highlight or underline text material, assign it a number in the margin of the textbook next to the highlighted information. Put the same number in your notes and create a question about the information you have just highlighted or underlined.
Memory and Learning Styles
The main reason we forget something is because we never really learned it in the first place.
A good memory is something we must work towards. Things are forgotten because they never really made a strong impression on us in the first place. The reasons for this lack of impression are as varied as from one person to the next. Nevertheless, the most common reasons are:
you are thinking about something else - you are not listening;
you do not think the idea was important;
you do not take or have the time to learn or store the material properly.
To remember information, you need to know that your memory operates on four levels of efficiency. Your ability to remember something increases from level 1 to level 4 depending on what you do with the information.
Level 1:Hear or read the material once (not reliable for a test).
Level 2:Read the information and review it once or twice (this is cramming - you will forget most of what you have read).
Level 3: Read the information, review the material several times, write it down, and test yourself over the next two days (expect fairly good recall).
Level 4: Repeat and frequently write down the information over a period of 3-6 days (gives you excellent retention).
If you do not review what you have learned, you will forget 70% within an hour and 84% within 48 hours. One of the best forms of review is teaching or telling someone else about the information using your own words. This is where study groups become invaluable.
Learning Styles
People learn and memorize information using a variety of "learning styles." Learning styles are how you concentrate, process and remember new and difficult information. You may remember information more easily through any combination of the following styles:
first hand experience
Be aware of your best styles. Most information presented to you in college is by lecture. Reading textbooks and other related material, as well as doing all the assignments are the other parts of the learning equation. It is beneficial for you to combine learning styles to be successful.
When you are studying:
Say the information;
Write it down;
Read it over and over;
Put it into a form or format that will make sense to you;
Draw a diagram;
Relate the information to what you already know;
Picture and try to experience what you are learning;
Teach the information to someone else.
Textbook Reading Strategies
Reading is Important
Reading is probably the most important activity we can do to "get ahead" in life. However, many of us take reading for granted. We feel we are too busy to read, or maybe we don't enjoy reading. Not only is it important to read effectively when you study, but reading for pleasure at least 20 minutes a day will improve your life and your ability to read. Read whatever interests you - just read, be flexible, and remember to keep reading every day.
Flexibility in what you read is extremely important. Being flexible means reading different types of materials. Reading novels, newspapers, magazines, periodicals, or poetry will enable you to adopt different approaches to the different materials. Words may be words, but you read the daily newspaper differently than you read a novel and much differently than you read your textbook. An effective approach to reading is in the development of a successful strategy.
One successful strategy for textbook reading is: SQ4R
Step 1: Survey
Step 2: Question
Step 3: Read
Step 4: Record
Step 5: Recite
Step 6: Reflect
S = Survey / Preview
To become familiar with the material before you read, and to activate any prior knowledge you have of the subject.
Make the book your friend; look at the cover; review the Table of Contents, Introduction, and Index, and back cover to become familiar with the format and the material.
Survey the assigned chapter. Look at the chapter title and topic headings. See how the chapter is organized and how many pages are in the chapter.
Quickly read the chapter introduction, the first sentence of each paragraph and the chapter summary to see what material will be discussed in the chapter and how it is presented.
Q = Question
To make the reading process a critical thinking exercise and to focus your attention on what information you need to get from the reading.
Reading with a purpose (to answer questions) increases concentration, comprehension, retention, and interest in the subject matter.
Questions to have in mind to answer as you read may come from:
your instructor;
worksheets, take home tests, quizzes;
questions throughout and at the end of the chapter;
Change the main headings into questions, e.g., "Reduce Study Stress" to "How can I reduce study stress?" Then as you read the section write down the answers to your questions or make a notation in the margin. Get engaged with the material.
R = Read
The information is necessary in order to master the course material.
Read one section at a time to understand the material and answer your questions. Do not read to memorize the information. On paper write down chapter headings and titles to use as outline notes later in this process.
Keep focused on your reading. Helpful hints include:
write down problems on paper to be handled later;
schedule reading breaks every hour or half-hour if it is a difficult subject;
make associations or visualize the information to make it more meaningful;
do not take notes while reading;
read aggressively, with the intent of getting answers, noting supporting details, and remembering major points;
As you read, use a pencil to put check marks in the margin by important ideas. Be sure all your questions have been answered.
Reread sections as needed. Be an active reader.
R = Record
By incorporating the motor activity of writing information down, you will have review notes and you will better establish the information into your long-term memory.
After reading each section and page, reflect and summarize the information in your notes. Put ideas into your own words to reinforce your understanding of what you have read. Taking notes at this point in time will almost ensure that you are noting the important parts of the section. Go back over the paragraph and highlight or underline only the main ideas and supporting details with no more than 10-15% of the page highlighted. Use marginal notations as a way to separate main ideas from examples and each of those from new terminology.
Write brief study notes under your chapter headings and titles, which will help encode the information in your long-term memory for easier retrieval and recall.
R = Recite
Activating long-term memory storage is aided tremendously by hearing and verbalizing the material. If you can explain the concepts to another, you have mastered the material.
Recite out loud the information you have read. Tell yourself the major concepts of the section using your own words. Ask yourself questions on your reading and answer those questions out loud.
Study with a friend or in a group to discuss and reinforce the material. Studies show that students who recite forget only 20% of learned material within a two-week period. Those who do not recite or discuss the material forget 80% of the information in the same time period.
R = Reflect / Review
This is a metacognitive activity to make you a more self-aware learner. It also enhances long-term memory storage for successful retrieval at a later date.
Reflection weaves new ideas into old, by comparing the new ideas with ones you already know. By asking yourself, "Upon what evidence are these new ideas and information based?" and "How can I use this new material?" you should increase your creativity, your knowledge, and critical thinking skills.
Review the material within 24 hours. This moves the information from short-term to long-term memory. Review often. Revise study notes as needed. The more you review, the more information you will learn and retain. This avoids last minute "cramming" for a test.
Practice the SQ4R technique with one subject over a two-week period to become familiar with the process and to begin realizing the benefits.
There are many textbook reading strategies available, SQ4R being just one, which can aid you in mastering the volumes of content found in college texts. The importance of adopting a strategy, which is comfortable for you, cannot be underscored enough. Use a strategy to tackle those textbooks before they tackle you!
Memory Tips and Test Taking Strategies
Knowing More & Remembering it Longer
Remembering Strategies
1. Select
· Select what you want to remember.
· Ask the teacher
· Examine your class notes
· Read the text assignments
· Study the handouts
2. Remember
· Choose your techniques that will help you remember.
· Visualize
· Associate
· Apply
· Repeat
· Use mnemonic devices
3. Review, Read, Recite, Rewrite
· Use these techniques to keep what you want to remember in your memory.
Using Mnemonic Devices to Remember Information
Rhyme. A rhyme is a poem or verse that uses words that end with the same sound. Example: Thirty days has September, April, June, and November. All the rest have thirty-one except February which has twenty-eight.
Acronym. An acronym is a word that can be pronounced that is made by using the first letter of other words. Example: The names of the five Great Lakes in the U.S. form the acronym HOMES (Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior).
Abbreviation. An abbreviation is a group of letters made from the first letter of each word to be remembered. Example: FBI is an abbreviation for the Federal Bureau of Investigation.
Acrostic. An acrostic sentence or phrase is formed by words beginning with the first letter of each word to be remembered. Example: The phrase very active cat might be used to recall the three typed of blood vessels in the human body: veins, arteries, capillaries.
Pegwords. A pegword is a word that helps you remember something by forming a picture in your mind. Pegwords are used to remember lists of things. Each pegword helps you remember one thing. If you memorize 10 pegwords, then you can use them to remember 10 things. If you memorize 20 pegwords, you can remember 20 things.
Using Repetition to Remember Information
You have probably used repetition many times without realizing it. Anytime you have read, said, or written something a number of times to remember it, you have used repetition. A good way to remember information when using repetition is to read, say, and write what you want to remember. For example, if you need to remember a list of words and their definitions, here is how to use repetition to do this:
Read aloud the word and its definition. If you need to, use a dictionary to help you pronounce a word.
With your eyes closed, say the word and its definition.
Without looking at the word, write the word and its definition.
Repeat the steps until you can write the word and its definition from memory three times without an error.
Do this for each word on the list.
Four Ways to Forget
Disuse. Information not periodically used withers and disappears. Do you remember all of your previous telephone numbers?
Interference. It is easy to confuse materials that are similar and related. When confused, we are more likely to forget which is which. Learning two similar foreign languages at the same time may present some problems.
Repression. We have very strong systems of belief. Sometimes what we learn doesn't fit with what we believe. When in conflict, odds are our beliefs will win. Believing that we are no good at remembering names will make it all that much more difficult to learn new names.
Not learning it in the first place. This is probably the number one culprit in forgetting. Even if we've been exposed to something, unless we solidify the learning we are not likely to remember it.
Taking Objective Tests
If you are taking an objective test (multiple-choice, true/false, or comparable type), you will probably achieve your best results by following this procedure:
1. Read an item through quickly, with high concentration, and answer on the basis of your first impression.
2. Then re-read the item, asking yourself what it really means and expressing its thought in your own words.
3. Ask yourself if your original answer still appears correct in light of your close analysis of the item, but do not change your answer because of a mere doubt.
4. Always keep in mind that your instructor is not attempting to trick you in the questions. They are designed to measure your knowledge of a subject, not your ingenuity in solving verbal puzzles. So don't out-smart yourself looking for devious, tricky interpretations and ignoring the obvious, straightforward meaning.
Essay Tests
In taking a test where you are to write answers in your own words, observe these guidelines:
1. Read the question carefully. Then re-read it and express its meaning in your own words. Check each word in the question to be sure that your interpretation omitted nothing important. To give a satisfactory answer to a question, you have to correctly understand what the question is asking.
2. Answer the questions you know first. This way you will be sure not to use all your time puzzling over questions you do not know the answers to, and then run short of time for writing answers you know well.
3. Outline your answer on a piece of scratch paper before starting to write it in full. In this way you can organize your thoughts and check your answer against the question for possible omissions. Writing from your outline, you can present what you know more clearly and completely than you could if you just started writing down your thoughts as they came to you.
4. Write with a good pen, or a well-sharpened No. 2 pencil, so that your writing can be easily read. Also, watch your penmanship, spelling, and punctuation.
5. Read over your answers after you have finished your paper, checking for thought and completeness, as well as for spelling, punctuation, and sentence structure. All these factors are related to your mastery of course material. What is involved in answering a question "completely" is determined by the question's wording and the preferences of individual professors. From the number of questions on the test and the amount of time you are allotted, you can form a rough approximation of how fully you should answer the questions.
6. Count your questions and answers before you hand your paper in to be sure you did not overlook anything. Be sure your pages are in correct order so the instructor will not have to shuffle through them trying to sort them out.
Preparing for Finals
At least a week before exams, shift into overdrive by beginning an extensive review. Set up a detailed time schedule for the remainder of the semester.
Attend all classes as instructors often use the last few classes prior to an exam to summarize, review, and clarify.
Prepare summary sheets, one set for text and one for lecture.
Pick out the most important facts.
Organize information into categories in a manner different from the way you first leaned it. For example, History is chronological, so try organizing your notes under headings that emphasize time instead of themes.
· Review summary sheets and include key words for important facts.
· Recite information orally - ACTIVE learning is essential! How you store information determines how well you retrieve it, so use all your senses when reviewing.
· If you must cram, resist trying to memorize too much material. Select only a handful of facts even at the risk of leaving out something important.
During Exams
Arrive early and remember to BREATHE!
Read and listen to directions.
Skim the exam and plan your time.
Answer the easy questions first to build confidence and create momentum. You may work the test from back to front, answering the last question first.
A question you can't answer can be skipped, often another question will trigger your memory or provide that elusive answer.
Answer all questions.
Save a few minutes at the end to go back over questions you skipped, to review your answers and look for careless mistakes.
Successful Student Job Description
Successful students look for ways to stay motivated
Successful students keep an open mind - look at all options
Successful Students overcome adversity- they persevere
Successful Students prioritize their time and responsibilities
Successful Students find a location where study is best optimized (greater concentration, least distractions, etc.)
Successful Students plan on being successful - believe in themselves and trust their strengths, abilities, and skills
Successful Students question information that they do not understand
Successful Students keep energy levels high - get enough sleep, exercise, leisure activities, and eat well
Successful Students seek to have balance and organization in life and education:
1. Schoolwork
3. Friends
5. Church
Outside activities, etc.
Successful Students understand the importance of a team concept (you, instructor, classmates, college resource personnel, tutoring, family, etc.)
Successful Students use a proven method of studying (i.e. SQ3R-survey, question, read, recall, review)
Successful Students learn how to learn
Successful Students cultivate a love for learning
Successful Students find out what Learning Style is best for them and study to maximize strategies that match their particular strengths
Classroom behavior of Successful Students:
Sit in the front of the class if you have trouble attending to the instructor
Make eye contact with the instructor
Nod-up and down not side to side (and not nod off to sleep) with your head as a means of affirming and communicating with your instructor
Attend all classes regularly
Listen carefully-practice active listening
Turn in all work on time-successful students are driven to complete all work on time
Read your class assignments
Participate in class discussions
Keep up with your classes each day-try not to get behind
Follow directions
Take good notes and review them daily
Complete all assignments
Seek advice and ask questions of your instructor (make use of faculty office hours)
Get to class on time
Successful Students seek help from Counseling if personal issues are interfering with their education
Successful Students develop routine studying habits - this routine studying is done as the course goes along - it is more important than cram study time right before a test - regular preparation is critical
Successful Students practice Active Learning - You must do more than just listen - you must process what you hear, you must read, write, discuss, or be engaged in solving problems. Most important, to be actively involved in your learning, you must engage in higher-order thinking tasks such as analysis, synthesis, and evaluation.
Successful Students take responsibility for their education
Successful Students keep themselves free from alcohol and illegal drug use
Successful Students set realistic goals
Successful Students take advantage of all college resources (library, learning center, student activities, tutoring, Counseling, etc.)
Successful Students finish what they start!Successful Students treat instructors with the same courtesy and respect that you would like from them!
SUCCESS:A successful man is one who makes more money than his wife can spend.A successful woman is one who can find such a man.
STYLE:Men wake up as good-looking as they went to bed.Women somehow deteriorate during the night.
MONEY MANAGEMENT:A man is a person who will pay two dollars for a one dollar item he wants.A woman will pay one dollar for a two dollar item that she doesn't want.
HAPPINESS:To be happy with a man you must understand him a lot and love him a little.To be happy with a woman you must love her a lot and not try to understand her at all.
MARRIAGE EXPECTATIONS:A woman marries a man expecting he will change, but he doesn't.A man marries a woman expecting that she won't change and she does.
MARRIAGE DECISIONS:Men marry because they are tired.Women marry because they are curious.Both are disappointed.
MARRIAGE AND THE FUTURE:A woman worries about the future until she gets a husband,A man never worries about the future until he gets a wife.
MEMORIES:A woman will always cherish the memory of the man who wanted to marry her.A man cherishes the memory of the woman who he didn't marry.
UNDERSTANDING WOMEN:There are two times when a man doesn't understand a woman - before marriage and after marriage.
WHAT A WOMAN WANTS:Only two things are necessary to keep one's wife happy...- One is to let her think she is having her own way.- The other is to let her have it.
LONGEVITY:Married men live longer than single men, but married men are a lot more willing to die.
MISTAKES:Any married man should forget his mistakes - no use two people remembering the same thing.
THE BATTLE:A woman always has the last word in any argument.Anything a man says after that is the beginning of a new argument.
母はあなたが泣くことはありません。 母はあなたが死ぬことを望まないことはありません。 母は戦いの恐怖をお届けします。 母はあなたは失望することはありません。 母は私が毎日愛していると言うでしょう。 母は私があなたを憎むは言わないだろう。 母はあなたが死んで希望されないでしょう。 母はドアを閉めていません。 今私はあなたの母親を持って、くれるかな? 母..
What comes from the heart, goes to the heart.- Samuel Taylor Coleridge
In every story I have heard, good teachers share one trait: a strong sense of personal identity infuses their work.
- Parker J. Palmer
Have you not observed that faith is generally strongest in those whose character may be called the weakest?
- Madame de Stae
Injustice never rules forever.- Seneca
My great mistake, the fault for which I can't forgive myself, is that one day I ceased my obstinate pursuit of my own individuality.- Oscar Wilde


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On any given day, our clients can become subject to malicious activity. The ideal scenario is to intercept attackers before they can cause any damage or steal information.
If an adversary can be detected when they are preparing to tunnel into a network, the infrastructure can be shut down and action can be taken to save the compromised machines before any damage is done.
However, the ideal doesn't always happen. That's why Jessica works hard every day to trace malicious activity. She creates case files to record incidents and preserves any forensic evidence to help the security team figure out how the bad guys got in. She's also one of our go-to-gals for troubleshooting email related problems.
When she's not engaged in cyber warfare, Jessica enjoys spending her time watching anime and planning for her first big trip to Japan this year.

subset: commoncrawl


text: 03 May BRAIDS Posted at 06:39h in Colour, Fashion, Hair by Alix Weakley 0 Comments 0 Likes Now that summer is finally here -hurrah!-, it's the perfect time to completely revamp your everyday hairstyle routine. Even though just throwing our hair up into a bun or a simple pony is tempting, we need to make a stand and start embracing the braid! PRODUCTS TO USE TO RE-CREATE THIS LOOK AT HOME: Super Clean Extra Spray Vogetti Backcomb Brush AWG Texturizing Sea Spray Sculpting Foam Neuro Wand


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Everyone is talking about "organic" right now; it's just one of those buzz words like "global warming" or "election". Organic toddler foods are swiftly becoming a bigger force in grocery stores as people become aware of the benefits of this method of food production and aware of the drawbacks of inorganic. Therefore it seems only natural that many varieties of organic toddler foods would start to arise from this new information. After all, if you found out that by not feeding these to your child you were exposing him to harmful pesticides or antibiotics, wouldn't you switch? Dictionary.com defines organic as: "pertaining to, involving, or grown with fertilizers or pesticides of animal or vegetable origin, as distinguished from manufactured chemicals." Essentially this means that there are no man-made chemicals involved in the processing of this food which makes it less harmful to a toddler or to you.
By the toddler stage many children are eating the same meals as their parents. If this is the case you may have to switch your entire family to organic. They may not like this at first because it will be different, but with encouragement they will understand the benefits and eventually learn to like this variety of food. If you find that organic is not for your entire family or if you find that you cannot afford to go organic consider placing younger children on a diet of organic toddler foods to increase nutrients and hone a love of healthful foods for the future. Many supermarkets carry a variety of these foods that are geared specifically toward toddlers, such as: milk, yogurt, cheese, and baby carrots. If you find that your grocer doesn't carry this type of product ask him if he could order it for you. If you order in bulk you may even be able to get the organic toddler foods.↑ Back to Top


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William Hill – $200 AUD Bonus
Many online punters are likely to be familiar with the red and blue colours of William Hill, one of the top online Australian sportsbetting sites. Licensed in the Northern Territory, with offices both in Sydney and in Darwin, this sportsbook was acquired in 2013 by William Hill, known to be one of the largest online bookmakers in Britain. This is why you will see the William Hill logo on the Sportingbet website. This online bookie spends a great deal on TV advertising, as well as on sponsorships of certain events, and as such is becoming better known by the Australian sportsbetting community. Interestingly, Shane Warne is the company's new ambassador.
The William Hill website is easy to use
Of course when it comes to betting on your favourite sport, the odds that are offered by bookies is of crucial importance. William Hill advertises that it will beat the TABS on all Australian gallops. So when it comes to these bets, it seems that it will also be worthwhile for the punter to have a close look at the odds that are being offered by this impressive site.
In terms of comparing odds, the odds offered on this website are quick and easy to access, so that if you want to compare this site to any others it is simple to do so. This might be one of the reasons why punters keep coming back to the site, and why so many bets end up being placed through its impressive online betting system.
Not only are the odds important, but also the betting types that are available. A great feature of the William Hill website is the Quick Multis tab. This tab will take you to a combination bet that is being offered, and the odds are clearly displayed as well. This feature makes betting on these outcomes really easy, so that even if you only have a few minutes to spare at work, placing the bet can be done in the flash of an eye.
Payment Options Available with William Hill
The website features an easily accessible Results tab. This menu makes it easy to have a look through past results, enabling punters to have a look at which players, teams, or horses achieved the best results, and hopefully helping online punters to make a wiser decision before placing their next bet. There are quick links to have a look at Jockey/Trainers, all listed alphabetically, ensuring that punters don't waste time searching for the information they need. A further great feature of William Hill is the payment options that are provided for punters.
When making a payment, you are able to make use of PayPal, Visa, MasterCard, BPay, Skrill, POLi, or MasterPass. In short, there should definitely be an option that is suitable for just about every punter! The systems on the site are designed to ensure that you money is safe and secure. Additionally this top online Australian sports bookie ensures that any personal information you enter in the site will remain safe and secure, and so punters do not need to be concerned about of their personal information being misused.
When considering all the online Australian sports betting sites that are available to the Australian community, punters would be wise to consider registering with William Hill. With a website that is easy to use, and betting options and odds that are displayed in a neat and easy to understand fashion, it is not surprising that Australian punters keep coming back to this trusted online betting site.


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I am actress, still trying to make my foothold strong in Bollywood. I had made a debut in Bollywood in 2004 but that went unnoticed and I moved on to south industry.
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Prakash Kadiri, Chris Lowder, and Shelby Loyd are winners of this year's awards. Continue reading
Free tours take the mystery out of UNC's libraries. Continue reading
Free screenings will take place in the R.B. House Undergraduate Library. Continue reading
Please request MRC materials and services at the Undergraduate Library main desk or via email through May 20. Continue reading
Visit the Undergrad, Davis, and/or Wilson Libraries to start your semester a step ahead! Continue reading
Screenings in June, July, and August will showcase documentaries that examine relationships among food, economics, and social concerns. Continue reading
Campus libraries will offer special exam-time diversions to lower stress levels. Continue reading
Free tours take the mystery out of UNC's libraries. Continue reading
Librarians will introduce some of the latest electronic tools in this summer workshop series at the Undergraduate Library. Continue reading
The UNC Library recognized Landon James '14, Libby Livingston '15, Alex Smith '15, and Kyree Tittle '14 as the first recipients of the Student Employee Appreciation Award on May 13, 2014. Continue reading


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Glass shop reorganization project 2017
Getting my glass shop reorganized and thoroughly cleaned, is something that has been on my mind for some time. I also felt the need to declutter the accumulation unnecessary items that I no longer use or need. I also wanted to work on making the layout better to improve my work flow, thus leading to hopefully being more creative. So now is the time right after Christmas things slow down and I have time to focus on the task.
Within 4 days, I managed to consolidate the entire shop into about half the space that I was previously occupying. Now even though the space is smaller, it feels like a whole new glass shop. The glass shop layout and work flow seems vastly improved. Being clean and organized just feels better.
Hopefully this completed task should help for the next task of redesigning the A3 glass shelfs, that hopefully will be available again for sale this summer.


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2018 NSW State Open ChampionshipsImage (c) Swimming Australia
Fri 19 January 2018 - Sun 21 January 2018
Location: Sydney Olympic Park
Contact: Shannon Smith
Telephone: 02 8047 8503 | 0419 463 651
Email: email@example.com
General Information
Swimming NSW requires that any Relay Only Swimmers must be entered into the Meet by the relevant closing date. These swimmers must submit their name and date of birth on the relevant E‐Entry file. See Further Relay Instructions
FINAL Start List **NO further changes are being accepted**
HEATS **To be used as a GUIDELINE only and may be subject to changes without notice**
FINALS **To be used as a GUIDELINE only and may be subject to changes without notice**
Coaches and Athlete's briefing
Date and Venue Information
This event will be held Friday - Sunday, 19th - 21st January, 2018 at the Sydney Olympic Park Aquatic Centre, Olympic Boulevard, Sydney Olympic Park.
Warm Up - 7:30am all days
All HEATS Sessions to commence at 9:00am
Friday and Saturday FINALS Sessions will commence at 6:00pm
Sunday FINALS Session will commence at 5:30pm
LONG COURSE and SHORT COURSE TIMES ACHIEVED SINCE 1ST JANUARY, 2017 CAN BE USED TO ENTER THIS MEET
- Competitors must enter with their long course entry times where possible, however if you enter using a Short Course entry time you will be entered on the Qualifying Time for that event
- Individual entry into this meet must be submitted via the ClubLane Online Meet Entries system. If you are having trouble using the OME system for your entries, please email firstname.lastname@example.com or phone 8047 8503 ASAP to seek assistance
- Relay entries may be submitted by Race Secretaries either via the ClubLane Online Meet Entries system or using either a Team Manager or Meet Manager E-Entry file. Full Payment and Proof of times report MUST be sent with ALL E-Entries, see below
- An approved qualifying time must have been achieved by the specified closing time and date of the meet
- Entries will be accepted until the advertised closing time and date
- If you experience technical difficulties when trying to enter, please contact email@example.com or phone 8047 8503 at least 24hours PRIOR to the closing date and time to ensure assistance can be given
- A copy of our Entry Procedure Policy can be found HERE under the header Procedures
- Manual Card Entries WILL NOT be accepted.
- Payment can be made by Cheque or EFT. Cheques made payable to Swimming NSW and posted to PO Box 571, SYDNEY MARKETS NSW 2129. NO CASH WILL BE ACCEPTED
- Individual Entries - $17.50 each
- Relay Entries - $35.00 each
- Please ensure you have read and understood our REFUND POLICY before proceeding with your entries.
- **PLEASE NOTE** The "Competitor Listing" shown on the OME entry page, is NOT a full list of competitors. This list only includes Clublane ONLINE ENTRIES. A FULL Start List will be uploaded to this calendar page AFTER the closing time and date for all entries.
Click HERE to begin your online meet entry (OME)
Entries close at 5pm on Tuesday 9th January, 2018.
**If you experience technical difficulties when trying to enter, please contact email@example.com
at least 24hours PRIOR to the closing date and time to ensure assistance can be given**
Proof of Times
Race Secretaries must submit this report WITH their Relay E-entries otherwise entries WILL NOT be processed.
To do this: click on Reports from the main screen of Team Manager, then click on Meet Reports > Meet Entries. Select the Meet and then in "Other Options" click on "Include Proof Of Times", then create report.
If you do not have this information in your Team Manager database then you need to provide some other form of POT, ie screen grab, .pdf of result etc.
Online Entries for Relay entries are now available. You may now enter Relays via the OME system or by using the Meet Manager or Team Manager files available on this page.
For more information on how to enter relays online, please click HERE.
Swimming NSW requires that all Relay Swimmers Names must be entered into the Meet by the relevant closing date. These swimmers must submit their name and date of birth if entering via E‐Entry file.
PLEASE NOTE: Should you wish to make any changes to your relay team, un updated relay form must be submitted to the Chief Recorder on race day prior to the start of the session in which the event will be contested. If you are adding new swimmers, you must include their DOB. Relay forms are not required if you are not making any changes.
Failure to do so may result in the Team being WITHDRAWN from the event.
A swimmer may only appear in one (1) relay team list for that event.
A club may enter no more than two (2) teams per relay event.
Relay forms can also be downloaded from the Swimming NSW Website.
The Australian Sports Anti Doping Authority (ASADA) will be notified of this event, and may conduct random testing during the 2018 New South Wales State Open Championships. All event participants are potentially subject to ASADA anti-doping testing at this event.
Backstroke Ledges
Please note that Backstroke Ledges will be supplied at this meet.
The use of personal Backstroke Ledges is not permitted at any Swimming NSW conducted meets.
Refund Policy
The Swimming NSW Refund Policy can be found HERE on our Entry Procedures page, under Further Resources. Please make sure you have read and understand this policy before withdrawing from this event.
Ticket Information
No need to queue. Just go through the aisle for Competitor and PRE PAID for free entry into the venue. PLEASE NOTE: Photo ID may be requested for proof of age.
Day Passes, Meet Passes and Event Programs for this event will be on sale through The Ticket Booth.
Day Passes, Meet Passes and Event Programs for this event will also be on sale at the door.
All passes for this event are general admission only. Please note that no reserved seating is available for this event.
Merchandise Information
NO Merchandise will be sold at this meet.
Technical Officials
Technical Officials wishing to nominate at this meet can do so by clicking HERE. Nominations close Tuesday January 9, 2018 at 5:00pm
We are seeking volunteers to assist at this meet. If you are interested, please see our Volunteer Information Page and fill out the nomination form when it becomes available.
Working With Children Check
As of January 1st, 2015, it has become a requirement of the Sporting Organisation that all our staff, officials and volunteers have applied for a Working With Children Check.
If you have not yet completed this, you can apply for a WWC number HERE.
Please note: for volunteers (including volunteers and technical officials), this is free to obtain.
Under Age Technical Officials who are unable to obtain a WWC number should email Shannon Smith at firstname.lastname@example.com who will allocate an interim number.
Spectators are entitled to $15 Carnival flat rate parking if you park in P2 (the Sydney Olympic Park Aquatic Centre carpark). Please ensure that you have your ticket validated at the front entrance to the pool to secure this Carnival rate.
Please note: if you park in the overflow area which requires you to "pay and display" you will not be eligible to receive the Carnival $15 flat rate parking.
Username and Password
Please contact Swimming NSW if you have forgotten your username and password.


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Transporting large equipment weighing 100,000 lbs or less is the specialty of the CTS Division of Cliff's Towing. Cliff's fleet of specialized trailers hauls large combines, high clearance sprayers, quad drive farm tractors and other agricultural equipment. They also haul various kinds of construction equipment such as earth movers, graders, packers, small cranes etc.
For CTS call:
Office: 780-451-3900
Toll Free: 800-565-3703
- 13 highway tractors
- 22 specialized trailers
- hauling capacity of 100,000 lbs or less
- Over size, over length
- The trailer fleet has 9,8,7 axles combinations
- Other specialized units are also used in our fleet, Landoll, RGN, single and double drop trailers


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How to Safeguard your Valuables while Traveling
One of the most important aspects, while traveling is safety. It is one of the biggest concern for people and needs to be addressed. After losing my debit card and mobile phone in Bali, misplacing cash in Laos and getting pick pocketed in Singapore, I am now a very smart traveler (or so I like to believe).
Since my misadventures in Bali left me penniless , alone and stranded in a new country, I decided I need to have some safety measures in place for my upcoming travels. I tried the "old school method" of keeping money in my bra. Upside – Your money is 100% safe. Downside – Well, it's a bit weird when you dig through your brassiere in public to take out cash – isn't it?
Next, I tried a money belt – Hey, no one told me I had to take off my clothes to reach the money belt. In short – Fail!
Then, I asked my mom to stitch small secret inside pockets in all my jeans and shorts. This worked great and I was really happy with my this safe method. Of course, I could only keep cash and not phones, cards or passports but hey, this worked well. I bought new clothes and now my mom won't be bothered with stitching pockets inside all of them, so it's not a working method anymore, sadly.
Finally, I found something that was would offer safety with comfort and style. Exactly what I was looking for – The clever travel companion.
What is clever travel companion and how does it safeguard your valuables?
This is an amazing range of travel clothing with nicely concealed secret pockets (Shhhh..don't tell anyone). It is perfect for any avid traveler as the clothes can easily fit all your valuables like passport, cards, phone and cash.
It can be really difficult if you lose anything while traveling (be it even a small amount of cash – as no one would foresee being pick-pocketed and account for it as a travel expense). So, I have now started using this range of clothing. Here's what I think about it –
Upside –
- Concealed zippers – All zips are concealed well so you won't even know there's a pocket.
- Smart, stretchable and comfortable – Their apparel is smart and very comfortable. I especially love their long john's. They are ideal flight wear as they are easy to breathe in and perfectly comfortable for a long flight.
- Covers your bases – When I am traveling, I stick to basic colors especially if I want to travel light, which is almost always. If I carry few white, black, blue tees and shorts, I don't need much else for a week long getaway. With this apparel line, they only offer basic colors so for me, as a traveler, this is superb.
- High waist Long John's – I absolutely adore the Long John's and the fact that they are high waist. This ensures more comfort. Plus the zips are higher up so once you have your tank top on top, there is no way anyone can reach the pockets.
- Different pockets in different styles – They have pockets in front as well as side in all tees and tanks. So you can choose what you are most comfortable with. I have only tried the tank top with side pockets which works just fine for me.
- They support charities – I really like to support brands and organizations who work with charities. I feel like I contributed towards it in my own small way. It might be a minor percentage of what I spent but every little bit counts.
- Cost effective – With prices starting from just $25, their range does not put a dent on your wallet. As a traveler, safety is of utmost importance to me. After losing over $2300 (total) on the road, I don't hesitate on spending $50 which gets me safety, comfort as well as style. It's a win-win.
- Worldwide delivery – They ship worldwide which is awesome as I am from India and always looking for cool things to buy and often feel disappointed when brands don't ship worldwide. That's a big plus for me.
Downside –
- Waterproofing – I love my clever travel companion gear, no doubt about it. However, I found a slight flaw in usability (being a travel apparel), it would have been great if they offered waterproof pockets. From what I have heard, that's on the charts for them so, I am really looking forward to that.
- Choice of colors and designs- This might be a downside for few even though its an upside for me – as I like to stick to basic colors while I am on the go. However, those who like to experiment with more designs, styles and colors can probably use the tank tops as an inner wear.
Personally, I have only tried their tank top with side pockets and a pair of Long John's. I cannot comment on the usability of shorts, tees and leggings but judging by the quality, I am pretty sure they are all top notch. I would highly recommend you all to grab your own theft proof travel gear.
Here are some quick links to neat stuff like I am wearing courtesy clever travel companion –
Click here to buy the black tank top like I am wearing in the pic.
Click here to buy the Long John's – which are my favorite (Also on discount if you buy now).
Click here to check out the entire Clever travel companion range.
Disclaimer – I was given the tank top and Long John's to try out and review and I honestly love them both. This post contains affiliate links and I only recommend products which I have tried and liked. So, go ahead and buy without any concerns. Full disclosure policy here.


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Grey ultra soft sweatpants | 56% Polyacryl, 34% Cotton, 9% Polyester, 1% Polyamid | Regular fit | Elastic waistband with drawstring closure | Two side pockets | Handmade in Germany | Fabric sourced from Italy | Product code: 6-12-345-R1-M
Cashmere Label
At Boulezar we care a lot about comfort. So we put a lot of thought into the very details that make wearing our clothes even more comfortable. That's why our Boulezar label is made from 100 % cashmere cut with a special ultrasound technology for ultra soft edges - no itching and scratching that makes you want to cut it out.
Micro fiber lining
We use a micro fiber lining inside many of our pockets. This special fabric is not only extremely soft and durable but it also cleans the screen of your phone while you keep it in your pocket.