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The Big Questions in Science and Religion
JOHN RADFORD, Emeritus Professor of Psychology at East London University, examines the views of 'moderate and courteous' theologian Keith Ward (pictured above) contained in The Big Questions in Science and Religion
– from the Freethinker, April 2009
THOSE criticising religion are often accused by theologians of not understanding "modern theology". Keith Ward is Regius Professor of Divinity Emeritus at Oxford, an ordained C of E priest, author of more than 20 books, and presumably a modern theologist.
He is quoted by Wikipedia thus:
I am a born-again Christian. I can give a precise day when Christ came into my life with his power and love. He did not make me a saint. But he did make me a forgiven sinner, liberated and renewed, touched by divine power and given the immense gift of an intimate sense of the personal presence of God. I have no difficulty in saying that I wholeheartedly accept Jesus as my personal Lord and Saviour.
One's natural reaction to this is to dismiss the fellow as a nutter, but, fortunately perhaps, I did not see it before I read his book of the above title (2008). Having done that, it seemed worthwhile to attempt an analysis.
The big questions are, briefly:
1. How did the universe begin; is there an ultimate explanation for it?
2. How will it end, does it have a goal or purpose?
3. Is evolution compatible with religion, and the "cruelty and waste" of it with a good God?
4. Do the laws of nature exclude miracles?
5. What is the nature of space and time, and can temporal actions be free?
6. Can we still talk of a soul, and is life after death possible?
7. Is science the only sure way to truth, and can religious experience count as evidence?
8. How does morality relate to religion?
9. Are there any good science-based arguments for God?
10. Does science allow for revelation and divine action?
The author claims that while putting a case favourable to a religious point of view, he has also:
Presented the problematic points and the main opposing views as fairly as I can.
I think this is true. He is moderate and courteous in manner, as befits his church. But I find what I have often found in members of that body, a sort of modest, un-aggressive conviction that in the last resort is impervious to contrary reason and evidence.
I found myself frequently scribbling in the book, something I never normally do, noting what I considered non-sequiturs, false dichotomies, special pleadings, selective uses of evidence, attacks on straw men. I'll mention just two, wrapped up in one claim. This is that those who report religious experiences, as in hearing the voice of supernatural beings etc., show no signs of mental abnormality. This is qualified by specifying "true" reports.
Reports from those who do show such signs are presumably not true. This is a circular argument. But if it is accepted, it would appear that the religious persons do show what are commonly taken as such signs, namely hearing or seeing when there is no apparent external source. Both these are examples of petitio principii, the fallacy of assuming the truth of what is asserted.
Each "big question" is argued in detail, and there is no space to treat them individually, but underlying them all are two main themes. The first is that science and religion are entirely compatible, and indeed that science supports religion. The second is that in any case we know that religion is true by other than scientific means, essentially by direct experience.
Ward argues that science, by which he seems to mean mainly physical science, is essentially materialistic, insisting on objective, observable, verifiable facts, and nothing else. But, he says, first, scientists do not actually do this, for example physics depends on postulating unobservables to explain what is observed.
Second, there are facts, such as historical ones, that cannot be directly observed. Third, there are other kinds of facts, especially those of personal experience such as with music, which cannot be measured, or verified by others. Such experiences, Ward claims, imply an "other reality", which can be conceived as "Ultimate Reality", or God.
My first comment is that I myself do not regard science as an agent which can insist on anything. Rather, it is an approach to knowledge, which has found objectivity, replicability, testability and so on the most productive way.
Scientists certainly accept unobservables (such as gravity), but try to tie them to what can be observed, not postulate them unnecessarily (Occam's famous razor), and to derive testable conclusions from them. This is not confined to the physical sciences. Historians, psychologists, anthropologists, prefer it, while recognising that their subject matter has particular difficulties.
It is noteworthy that Ward says very little about these disciplines. History, which must encompass the whole past of religion, is mentioned only as an example. Psychology is treated as little more than surveys of the frequency of belief and religious experience. Anthropology, which of all disciplines has most systematically studied religious practice and belief, is effectively restricted to a curt dismissal of two papers by one author.
All of these do attempt, with considerable success, to treat human experience objectively. Further, it is questionable whether artistic experience shows the existence of an "other reality". It could just as well be a purely personal reaction. The art (visual, musical, etc.) that gives rise to the experience is certainly objectively there, and the qualities that make it more or less effective can be investigated, as can the experiences, even though these remain ultimately private.
It is difficult to see what objective events give rise to an experience of "other reality". And if it does exist, it is a big jump to equate it with the Judaeo-Christian God or the multitude of other gods.
In fact Ward says that interpretation of the experience is culture-bound. Non-theistic religions regard it quite differently, presumably with just as much justification. This seems at odds with his own profession of faith, and with the doctrines of the church he serves. Is the enlightenment Buddhists seek somehow Jesus in a different hat, or halo? His answer is apparently yes. However different they seem, the experiences are all of the same "Ultimate Reality". Studies of comparative religion show that this in fact remains speculative.
This leads us to the second theme. Ward says that without religious experience, that is a personal conviction of contact with God or Ultimate Reality, there would be no religion. This raises a host of questions. Religions involve far more than specific experiences of the "divine".
For the vast majority of people, religion has always been simply part of a total social structure, one which accepts gods as part of the world we live in, and which provides rules and solutions for everyday life and its problems. It is not clear that any of this depends on anything like Ward's "sense of the personal presence of God". Many studies of religions conclude that they do not derive from personal experience. Indeed some hold rather that the experiences derive from 'religious' practices, in particular ritual.
Ward's view is that, nevertheless, religion derives from a personal sense of God or Ultimate Reality, given to exceptional individuals whom the rest trust and follow. Which leads to estimates of the frequency of such experiences, generally about a third of the population, though this depends on the questions asked. The reason, according to Ward, is that most humans are flawed, which perhaps derives from the idea of original sin. But the "flaw" is argued merely from the absence of the experience, another circular argument.
There is in fact very little systematic data about such experiences. There are collections of many thousands of personal anecdotes, but there is no agreement that all experiences are basically the same, for example the spirit journey of a shaman, the Hindu Brahman and St Teresa's (or Keith Ward's) relationship with Christ.
There are frequently reported characteristics, such as a conviction of certainty and importance, but some characteristics tend to make objectivity more difficult, for example the experiences are typically brief, often unexpected, not replicable to order, and said to be ultimately inexpressible.
There is often strong disagreement as to whether the reported experience is a "true" one (especially in the Roman Catholic Church). Ward's argument here is that true divine experiences result in a personality dramatically changed for the better. But this too is questionable. No data are offered on the frequency of such changes. There is no real evidence that the experience is causal; it might be a side effect of the changes, if such there are.
Or it might be that particular personalities are prone to both moral development and to mystical experiences. (One wonders whether Ward's friends noticed him morally much better after he met Jesus.) Then again, what is "better"? Looking at some of the more famous religious leaders, they seem a pretty mixed bag – Jesus, Mohammed, Joseph Smith, John Wesley, Savaronola, assorted saints, one might add Aleister Crowley (who certainly reported analogous experiences and came to regard himself as a god), David Koresh of Waco notoriety, and numerous others – they don't appear to me as all paragons of what I would term virtue. Of course Ward can easily refute this by arguing (a) that the bad ones are not true and (b) only God can say which is good.
I would argue that while one can readily accept that the individual has experienced something dramatic and personally convincing, it remains problematic what the experience is of. If you like, what is the cause of it. The evidence quoted is simply what the individual feels it to mean, and this, as noted, varies extremely widely.
Personal experience and personal conviction are also a poor basis for certainty. There seems no limit to the absurdity of things in which humans can believe with absolute sincerity, and even everyday observation is frequently false (eg the well demonstrated fallibility of eye witnesses). Ward acknowledges all this but rejects the conclusion. Some people have experienced God and that is that.
Following from the "good" effects of religious experience, and the intangible nature of both scientific variables and human qualities of thinking and feeling, Ward argues that God or "Ultimate Reality" is non-physical and unembodied, a "spirit" which is "pure goodness", or "pure intelligence".
I have great difficulty in seeing to what such terms could refer. As a psychologist, I do not think of goodness, intelligence and so on as entities, but as qualities or descriptions. Describing a person as intelligent, or good, is an evaluation of their thoughts and behaviour. Intelligent thought, for example, achieves its aims quickly and efficiently, grasps relevant facts and relationships, and adapts to changing circumstances. It is not a "thing" that the individual possesses. "Pure intelligence" is a meaningless phrase. One might as well speak of "pure speed".
Further, while thoughts and feelings can certainly be said to exist, and are not to be simply equated with activity of the brain and body, no-one has yet shown that they can exist without such activity. Ward, in line with most religious theory, claims that they do.
What is the evidence that this God/Reality is good? By "good" Ward seems to mean something like "beneficial to human beings", while also fulfilling a divine purpose. But then there is the ancient problem of theodicy: many things that happen, presumably by the will of God, or at least not prevented by it, are clearly terrible, such as natural disasters.
Ward's answer here is twofold. One is that God is constrained by the nature of the universe he has created; but then why did he create it thus? The other answer is that we cannot know how things will turn out in God's own time. What seems to us evil may be "redeemed", and in some way ultimately good (the model, I take it, is the Crucifixion). I don't find these arguments very convincing. I think that young children drowned by a tsunami is bad, full stop. It was bad if there was a harmless preacher who died on a cross 2,000 years ago.
But there are further complications. One is, who decides what is good? How can we say that God is good unless we think he is? God seems subject to human judgment. If the answer is that God has given us the capacity to judge "correctly" then the thing seems to become circular (again). God is good because he does good things, as defined by himself, and as judged by us according to his will, and good things are those done (or approved) by God.
Ward's God is also the creator of everything that is (in passing, what we call a "miracle" is simply God behaving in a way we don't expect). Presumably this is also true of Ultimate Reality, though in what sense that creates everything I don't understand. But this seems yet another circle. Why do things exist, and are as they are? Because God wills it so. How do we know he wills it? Because they are as they are. Indeed, the concept of God is infinitely adaptable to fit any circumstances or objections.
To me, this is because God (or gods, or Ultimate Reality) is the creation of human minds, and not linked to any observable facts or testable conclusions. That seems to leave us with a hypothesis of which we have, like Laplace, no need. But for Ward, as for many theologians, God is outside the scope of science. Indeed God (or Ultimate Reality) is essentially unknowable by the human mind, which to me compounds the uncertainty. But to Ward, it provides the certainty that God exists.
I would also suggest that while scientists may not be able to disprove the existence of a non-testable Creator, scientific knowledge does make extremely unlikely some concepts, such as life after death, which are intrinsic to most religions. Resurrection and reincarnation are impossible without it. Ward falls back on the "soul" which (like God) is supposed to exist independently of any material substrate.
In the end we come down to the fact that Keith Ward has had certain experiences which he feels profoundly are of God or Ultimate Reality, whatever these are. The problem with this is that while it is certainly evidence, it is not very good evidence by the usual criteria of evidence as accepted in common usage, or technically in law or science. Ward discounts this on the grounds that revelatory experience is a different form of, or route to, knowledge.
But this, as far as I can see, reduces it to mere individual assertion. There seems little difference, as far as proof is concerned, between Ward's conviction that he has experienced God and someone else's conviction that they have been abducted by aliens.
An unknown number of other people have had experiences which may or may not be the same, even though many of them are certainly described quite differently. They may or may not have had an effect on the behaviour of some of these people, which may or may not have made them morally better, in the opinion of Keith Ward and some others. At the same time, many other people, lacking such experiences, are equally morally good, while some in both categories are less so. It all seems a rather convoluted attempt to justify personal convictions.
A particularly important one for Ward is that life and the universe must somehow have a purpose, and that this is their ultimate explanation. Ward specifically claims that a teleological explanation of the universe is the only real one. We must say what it is all for. What the human race is for, is to advance towards union with God or the supreme goodness. Research suggests that for many people, this and a "scientific", non-purposive, explanation are alternative preferences. The more strongly the one is held, the less strongly the other, and vice versa. What causes the individual preference is not yet clear.
As I see it, purpose is one sort of explanation, which is appropriate to some phenomena, including a good deal of human behaviour. To the question "why did you go to the shop?" the answer, "to buy some eggs", is a sensible explanation (though it might not be the true or full explanation). To the question "why were you late for work?" the answer "because the train broke down" is a perfectly adequate non-teleological explanation. Most natural phenomena do not have purposive explanations. The train broke down due to faulty components or whatever. Not because it wanted to.
To the question "why do human beings exist?" the answer "to advance towards an ultimate reality of supreme goodness" seems largely a personal bias, lacking supportive evidence. It satisfies some people, but not others. And it does seem rather selfish of God to create suffering humanity just to watch us struggle.
It has been plausibly argued by anthropologists that there is a natural tendency to seek explanations in personal terms, that is both with reference to ourselves (we see the sun move across the sky when actually we are moving as the earth revolves), and in attributing intention to natural events (God sends the rain, or Poseidon the earthquake).
Psychologists, for going on a century, have studied the way in which children progress from a self-oriented, subjective view of the world and themselves, limited to immediate appearances, and infer purpose where there is none, to a more objective stance. Scientific method enables us to see which sort of explanation is better in each case.
I think it also shows that there is, so far, no evidence for a purposive or non-natural explanation of the universe and ourselves, and this line of thought seems to me preferable to depending on faith or revelation. Keith Ward thinks the opposite.
As for all this being "modern theology", the notion of religious experience as unique and requiring no justification is relatively recent, emerging in the 18th century. But much of the book seems older theology in modern dress. Instead of the robes of the Church Fathers, or of mediaeval scholastics, it wears a (perhaps ill-fitting) laboratory white coat.
The scholastics in particular devoted immense energy and intelligence to finding reasoned proofs of what they already knew to be true. This was actually their undoing, since reason in the end showed the inadequacy of belief as a foundation for knowledge.
Keith Ward's arguments are much less elaborate than those of the scholastics; and he quotes
science and religions unknown to them; but the basic themes are essentially the same. In Ward's version, science and religion are at one.
This can be shown, if you select the science that fits, and ignore the rest; but particularly because you can adapt the concept of God to suit, since there are no objective criteria to test him against. Religion is true, if you rely on individual convictions that it is, equate widely varying reports of experiences as meaning the same thing, and discount wild variations in doctrine.
I am aware that I have neglected many of Keith Ward's arguments, but there I must leave it, perhaps not soon enough.
• Slightly revised June 2014


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I have never used any Himalaya products. Recently I could lay hands on Himalaya Herbals Clarifying Fairness Face wash Instant glow.
Price: 60 INR for 50 ml/gm
Packaging: Comes in a regular transparent tube packaging with flip open cap.
What does it say...Soap free, herbal formulation, Clarifying fairness face wash brightens and reveals glowing skin. enriched with Saffron, proven for its complexion enhancing properties, this face wash gives a fairer and clearer complexion. Pomegranate nourishes, mint cools and cucumber soothes your skin, leaving it nourished. Use regularly for clean, fresh and glowing skin.
Directions for use: Moisten face and neck; apply a small amount of clarifying fairness face wash and gently work up a lather using circular motion. Wash off and pat dry. Use twice daily. Follow with Himalaya Fairness Cream with Clarifying Fairness Face Wash regularly for best results.
Price: 60 INR
Ingredients: Something herbal and something chemical. Refer pic below.
The tube is transparent so that we can check how much product remains. The cream is neither too thick nor runny. It has a very mild fragrance (almost like no fragrance).It gives good lather though it doesn't have soap. It can be used as a mild cleanser and the skin feels soft. But it doesn't work on fairness or lightening as claimed. It suits all skin types and does not dry out the skin.
+Good price for the quantity
+Suitable for all skin types
+No breakouts
+Available easily
+Good for those with sensitive nose
+Packaging-transparent tube
-Doesn't brighten or give fairness
Take care
23 Jun 2012
♥ Garnier Pure Active Pimple relief roll-on
I normally don't get pimples. But the sweltering heat here makes my skin breakout:( Now what came to my rescue? It's the Garnier Pure Active Pimple relief roll-on.
Price: 199 INR for 10 ml.
What does the company say: It helps dry pimples with extra purifying formula. It has salicylic acid and Herba repair. Herba repair is a natural active extracted from Vaccinium myritillus with exceptional regenerating and skin repairing properties. More on the pic below.
Packaging: It is like a pen with a roller ball tip and a transparent cap. It is easy to hold and use. But the ball gets stuck sometimes because the liquid on the ball dries and changes into a sticky thing.
I applied it on the pimple after cleansing. It gives a chilling sensation when applied and it makes the pimple small. I applied 3 times a day and my pimple is getting smaller like it dries out on continuous use. But I'm afraid that it leaves marks on the skin when the pimple dries. It has a nice smell like a perfume. To be specific- like the Eau de cologne.
It doesn't make your skin sticky. This is surely worth trying. Though it cannot be considered as a complete pimple reduction treatment, still it comes handy when you are in a hurry.
Dries out pimples on regular use.
Easy to use
Not very pricey
Suitable for all skin types
Less quantity
Leaves marks on skin after drying up the pimple
Liquid on ball dries and becomes sticky after use
Though I am not in need of it often, I would like to have it in case of emergency;)
Take care
19 Jun 2012
♥ Garnier Pure Active Pore Unclogging Face wash
Hi. Here is the other facewash from Garnier Pure Activ range.
Package: Regular tube packaging like the Garnier Pure Activ Blackhead Uprooting Scrub.
Price: INR 79 for 50 gm.
Ingredients: Refer the picture. A lot of ingredients.
Texture: It is very runny. So it is difficult to manage while taking out like if you close the cap, it runs everywhere in your hand and if you wash your face first, it leaks out of the tube.Huh!
It has fresh mint smell. My eyes tend to water when I use it around my eyes. My skin feels tight and refreshing after using it. It is a wonderful mild face wash for everyday cleansing to remove impurities. My skin feels clean and fresh. I don't see any changes in my marks. Since I don't have acne, I don't have any breakouts. It is suited for normal skin type.
Take care
Hey dearies, today's review is Garnier Pure Active Blackheads uprooting scrub. We have already heard the ad campaign about the Pure Active range and it was very funny. Now here is the review...
Packaging: It comes in a regular tube package with a graphical label.
Price: 79 INR for 50 gm
Ingredients: Water, glycerin, setyl alcohol, stearic acid, peg-7 glyceryl cocoate, sodium laureate sulphate, palmitic acid, steareth-21, polyethylene, salicylic acid, coco betaine, etc... a huge list (refer pic).
Texture: The consistency is neither to runny nor too thick. It has minute scrubs which gives a good scrubbing effect.
The smell is very fresh - mint smell. It makes me feel fresh but people with sensitive eyes and nose will not like it. Since I don't have blackheads, I gave it to my mom. After using for so long, I don't see any reduction of black heads on her nose. But it gives a fresh and cool face. I'l definitely say a no to this one for people who have acne because the scrub may be rough on them and cause breakouts.
Other products from Pure Active range will be reviewed shortly:)
Take care
Product samples sent by company for reviewing. It doesn't affect my review in any way.
Skin damages in summer is not only for girls but for boys too and so is the skin care. Garnier Men's range has a new addition- the new "Garnier Men Power Light Sweat + Oil Control Fairness Moisturiser".
What Garnier says about this...
Adding to a repertoire of technologically advanced skin care and body care products, Men's Grooming expert Garnier Men announced the launch of the all new Garnier Men PowerLight Sweat + Oil Control Fairness Moisturiser to tackle problems like sweat, oily and dull looking skin caused by the sweltering heat.
Garnier Men PowerLight Sweat + Oil Control Fairness Moisturiser is the 1st fairness Moisturiser, specifically made for Indian men, with a light, non sticky formula; enriched with brightening lemon extract and perlite, that makes skin look visibly fairer and keeps it sweat and oil free, even in humid conditions. Catering to the grooming needs of the image conscious men, Garnier Men's range offers facewashes, moisturizers and body deodorants. With this latest addition in PowerLight range, men can stay sweat free and not be bothered with oily skin & skin darkening this summer. Now, experience fairness without sweat and oiliness!
· It gives:
# Intensive Fairness Action – Enriched with brightening lemon extract, makes skin visibly fairer immediately and gives a lasting fair look
· # Intensive sweat + oil-control action – The formula containing perlite, which has 5 times the absorbing power of talc* helps keep skin clean, sweat and oil free.
Garnier MEN PowerLight SWEAT + OIL CONTROL in available in two sizes, 20g and 50 g, and retails at MRPs of Rs 85 and Rs 170 respectively.
Here is the link to the new television commercial –
So what are you waiting for girls. Get them for your beloved men ;)
So what are you waiting for girls. Get them for your beloved men ;)
Take care
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Promoted Content Sponsored By CryoTherapy Plus
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emergency call 999 | Live chat - use link at bottom | non-emergency call 101
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Sources: The Daily Progress – By Mary Blackwell | All Things Michael
It was January — 36 years ago, last week.
"Rock With You" became the No. 1 single in the country.
It was one of four No. 1 hits off the groundbreaking "Off the Wall" album.
That was the album that launched Michael Jackson's solo career. It is relevant to this day.
"Michael Jackson's Journey from Motown to Off the Wall" premiered at the Sundance Film Festival. Spike Lee's second documentary on the King of Pop also will air on Showtime on Feb. 5.
It features archival footage from the singer's personal collection, some of which many have never seen before. John Legend and Pharrell Williams explain why the music is still relevant to them. It follows the young singer from his days with the Jackson 5 to his breakout solo album, his first with producer Quincy Jones.
Jones and Jackson met while filming "The Wiz." Relevance? The remake of last month's "The Wiz Live" drew more than 11 million viewers. It was the most-tweeted live special on Nielsen Twitter.
Don't stop 'til you get enough. And you don't have to wait. At least not until Friday.
It seems fans still like to get out and dance to the blend of Jackson's funk, pop, disco and jazz, even nearly seven years after the singer's passing.
Who's Bad has been ever accommodating, packing venues across the U.S. since 2004.
The "Ultimate Michael Jackson Tribute" band will be returning to Charlottesville for a Friday night show at the Jefferson.
Vamsi Tadepalli put together a group of top musicians and dancers from North Carolina. The composer and saxophonist added the finishing one-gloved touch with not one, but two frontmen — Joseph Bell and Taalib York.
York has been dancing since he was 7, copying the moves of his childhood idol. As an adult, the award-winning dancer and choreographer also will be showing off his vocal abilities. He not only has recorded his own music, but he also has written and co-written for various artists for Motown and Def Jam Records.
Bell, originally from Connecticut by way of Atlanta, has the voice down pat.
To perfect his craft, Bell worked with Travis Payne, lead choreographer of Jackson's "This is It" tour, and choreographer Frank Gatson. Gaston was one of the dancers in the "Smooth Criminal" video.
He also appeared in the made-for-TV film "The Jacksons: An American Dream." His other credits include performing on "Star Search," as well as the big screen's "What's Love Got To Do With It."
All told, the frontmen are just two members of a nine-person group that enjoys bringing Jackson's spirit and sound to audiences around the globe. In fact, they have performed on every continent.
Who's Bad has sold out nearly 50 venues in the United Kingdom, including London's O2, where Jackson was scheduled to perform at the end of his tour.
It is all relevant.
If you want to watch the reel deal, Spike Lee's DVD — along with the reissue of 1979's "Off the Wall" album — will go on sale Feb. 26. You even may be able to find "Bad 25," which Lee released in 2012. (Don't be surprised if there is a thriller of a trilogy in the future.)
In the meantime, go see who's bad. Doors open at 7 p.m.
Who's Bad — The Ultimate Michael Jackson Tribute
8 p.m. Friday, January 29th. Doors open at 7 p.m. $17; $15 advance. Call (800) 594-8499 for more information
Jefferson Theater
Read more here


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Sofia Richie Takes A Swim After Attending Leonardo DiCaprio's Saint-Tropez Gala
Sofia Richie goes for a sleek and chic look in a silver jumpsuit as she arrives for The Leonardo DiCaprio Foundation 3rd Annual Saint-Tropez Gala held at Domaine Bertaud Belieu on Wednesday evening (July 20) in Saint-Tropez, France.
The 17-year-old model joined a few friends for the annual gala which raised funds will support the foundation's mission of protecting the earth and all of its inhabitants from climate change and the environmental crises it has created.
PHOTOS: Check out the latest pics of Sofia Richie
The next day, Sofia was spotted relaxing on a yacht sporting a cool "Caution: Dangerous Curves" swimsuit before jumping in the water.
FYI: Sofia wore a Galvan jumpsuit.
40+ pics inside of Sofia Richie…
Posted to: Sofia Richie


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How Do Get Your Child To Take Care of Their Teeth
Pediatric dental care is the first step for a child to achieve healthy life. How do you motivate kids to take care of their teeth? Why should you take good care of your baby-teeth when ultimately they will fall out? Baby-teeth play a vital role in aiding your child with … Read More »


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Overview of Doctorate in Psychology Degree Programs in Wisconsin
After earning a Bachelor's degree in psychology, you may have realized that a doctorate is the most effective way to see patients with varying needs, contribute to an ever-growing body of psychological research, and connect with professors and administrators in professional settings.
Wisconsin is home to many nationally recognized colleges and universities that offer doctorate training options. No matter where you end up in Wisconsin, you can benefit from diverse, challenging clinical rotations that broaden your clinical skills.
Since there are so many schools in Wisconsin, you want to select a program that will allow you to thrive and grow as a psychology professional. Your ideal program may lead to a PsyD or a PhD in psychology. To find out where you fit in and how your previous experience can help you during this process, check out the list of Wisconsin schools below.
Learn more about this degree and request information from PsyD and PhD in psychology in Wisconsin programs.
Getting Your Doctorate Degree in Psychology in Wisconsin
Earning a PhD or PsyD is a huge accomplishment, since it requires an extensive amount of work, research, and time. With a Bachelor's degree in psychology, you may complete your PhD or PsyD in roughly five years. If you have a Bachelor's degree in a field other than psychology, you may need to take undergraduate psychology courses prior to beginning your doctorate. Many Wisconsin schools require students to graduate within seven years of beginning a doctoral program.
If you hope to one day work in teaching or research, you can begin building your body of research and your teaching skills with a PhD. PhD programs also build clinical skills, providing different career options down the line.
Commonly required PhD courses include:
- Advanced Psychological Statistics
- Developmental Psychopathology
- Experimental Design
- Survey of Clinical Research Methods
- Professional Ethics and Issues in Psychology
- Empirically Supported Interventions
A PsyD is a more specialized doctorate degree. It concentrates on the clinical side of psychology, how research applies to clinical work, and how clinicians can use research to improve their practice.
You may learn how to become a clinician in courses like:
- Ethics and Professional Issues
- Research in Psychology
- Psychological Measurements
- Psychopathology
- Cognitive Assessment
- Diversity in Clinical Practice
- Personality Assessment
- Personality Theories
- Psychotherapy
- Cognitive and Affective Bases of Behavior
- Community Psychology and Consultation
Each school has different funding options for doctoral students. Some schools have research or teaching assistantships available for well-qualified students. With this setup, you may get a partial or full tuition waiver and a monthly stipend in exchange for part-time work throughout the school year.
Working With Your Doctoral Degree in Psychology in Wisconsin
Once you've successfully graduated with a PsyD or PhD, it is time to begin earning your license. In Wisconsin, this process goes through the Wisconsin Psychology Examining Board. Once you have your initial license, you must renew by September 30 in every odd-numbered year.
Submit proof of supervised work experience, transcripts, a completed application, and a $165 fee to the Wisconsin Psychology Examining Board. Like many other states, Wisconsin requires applicants to earn a passing score on the Examination for Professional Practice of Psychology.
Overall, this field is stable in Wisconsin. Per O*Net, demand for psychologists may increase 3% through 2022 (2016). Job openings for psychology professors are expected to grow 10% (O*Net, 2016). Psychologists in Wisconsin earn, on average, $77,380 per year (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2016). Psychology professors have an average income of $67,980 per year (BLS, 2016).
With a range of psychology PhD programs, Wisconsin schools aim to strengthen the field of psychology as a whole.


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A friend of Billy Hill's turned him on to MIPSO several months back by sending a link to what has become one of Billy Hill's favorite songs - A Couple Acres Greener. Click on the picture description below to check it out, like Billy Hill, you will probably be sold on these guys before they finish the first course.
|Music in the Lobby: Mipso
Now, Billy Hill snuck out of the office yesterday at 2:45 and headed up to Greer SC to see Mipso at the Spinning Jenny venue. It was a great night with mixed reviews by Billy Hill and Billy Hill just wanted to talk about it and to give recognition to this awesome group.
Looking on line, it was not clear if the show at Spinning Jenny started at 7:00 or 8:00 but, after eating a just OK a steak at Rivera's there in Greer (note they had a very limited selection of Bourbon but the menu was decent, just did not like the sweet sauce they put on my steak) Billy Hill strolled over the the Spinning Jenny venue at 6:45 to find an empty parking lot and a sign on the door saying they would open at 7:00. So, Billy Hill strolled around the park and a graveyard for a bit then headed back to the venue.
A few folks, including Mipso were bouncing around inside what was a very neat looking venue. Billy Hill got the great privilege to talk with Joseph Terrel before the show. Great young man and Billy Hill had to take the opportunity to ask Joseph about the lady in the green shirt that appears in the hallway of the above-presented picture and video. Billy Hill was glad to learn the Joseph was as confused about what in the heck she was doing there as Billy Hill was. I guess it was a total video bomb and well, there is your 15 minutes of fame ma'am. Oh, and while we are on the subject Billy Hill talking with Joseph, thanks for opening with "A couple Acres Greener" but did we not have an agreement before the show that you were going to play "Captain's Daughter"? I know we did not shake on it but I certainly thought we had a meeting of the minds :)
Right before the show, Joseph walked by and said "I hope you enjoy the show". Of course Billy Hill said "I know I will" but, that was before . . . .
You see, as usual, Mipso knocked the top off it with their great sound, performance, great balance of adding a personal touch between songs and played a few of their new songs that will be coming up on a future CD release. And Joseph comes out rocking on an electric guitar! In addition, Libby as always was exuding that certain .... je ne sais quoi. You just have to go see them in concert and see it for your self. When asked when that CD would be released, Joseph said "that's a good question". The new songs demonstrated that they are certainly not a one hit wonder group but rather, they have a deep well of great products.
But this Spinning Jenny venue, a little disappointing. Not in the venue per se, it was rather cool with a great history but, the acoustics were not all that great and their bourbon selection was nonexistent. And kudos to who ever did the mixing for Mipso, they did a great job on balancing it all out and keeping the over modulations to a minimum. But the big problem with the venue was the peeps. You see, once the show started, most of the folks stood up and went to stand in front of the stage. Billy Hill has no problem with that and if he wasn't so dang lazy, he would have done the same. However, what these yahoos then proceeded to do was talk, at loud volume, the entire show. Now, if you want to talk and listen to music in the background, go to a bar. But Billy Hill believes that when you go to a "concert venue" you should just shut the hell up and listen cause nobody drove 2 hours to hear your cackling laugh while you are talking to your friend. Ok, enough said.
Joseph, Jacob, Wood and Libby, hats off to you. Every time I see you, you certainly leave my life "a couple acres greener". And for that, Billy Hill gives you the Billy Hill Badassery award. Looking forward to seeing you in Asheville in November and I am telling you world, if you do not go and see these guys you are missing out.
Billy Hill here, I like it neat


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I was devastated by the news of Trooper James Sauter's death, from the moment I heard it on the early morning news. I was part of the tollway "family" for several years in my youth, primarily as a maintenance mechanic for the troopers' cars and various miscellaneous trucks/equipment.
I heard many stories from the District 15 troopers, some good and some not so good, about their jobs. Troopers are generally viewed as "disciplinarians" because the public doesn't appreciate the contribution that traffic laws and their enforcement contribute to the safety of all on the roads. At times, when a trooper renders assistance to a stranded motorist, they're treated like a menial servant because "that's what they're there for" and don't deserve special thanks.


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The Minister designate for Communications, Mrs Ursula Owusu-Ekuful, has said that she may not have married but for the services provided by instant messaging, voice and video application Skype.
She made this known when she addressed a query from Bernice Adiku Heloo, the Member of Parliament for Hohoe Constituency during Parliament's Appointment's Committee hearing on Wednesday regarding the specific benefits women could derive from quality communication services.
Mrs Owusu-Ekuful, the Member of Parliament for Ablekuma West constituency explained that technology improves long distance relationships and was a vital factor in her marriage.
"That is a tough one and at the risk of being accused of bias, improved access to telecommunications makes everyone's life easier, particularly for the woman and so things that would have put us at risk previously you can now sit in the comfort of your home and do it if you have better data.
"It helps improves relationships too, I keep using this example that I probably won't be married today if it hadn't been for Skype. Because my husband doesn't live here and I live here but thanks to the wonders of technology we were able to sustain a long distance relationship relatively painlessly," she said.
Skype is an application owned by Microsoft that provides video chat and voice call services including the creation of video conference calls.
Skype is based on a freemium model meaning much of the service is free, but Skype Credit or a subscription is required to call a landline or a mobile phone number.
At the end of 2010, there were over 660 million worldwide users, with over 300 million estimated active each month as of August 2015. At one point in February 2012, there were thirty four million users concurrently online on Skype.


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|Deviant Art
Gallery Folders
Soviet Partisans 1943 zulumike 19 2 Hitler's Gas Station zulumike 93 13
.... Impressive gallery! ....
Beautiful work, a pleasure to browse!
just looking though you stuff, there are very cool art for sure. the WWI aircrast are very cool. the ships are very nice. the WWII stuff rocks. over all i must say a very nice art setup you have and some good skills for sure.
I appreciate your kind words. I do a lot of research and try to convey a realistic story based on facts.
I have been doing computer are for the past five years. My tools are simple nothing complex, with the right brushes and color techniques I am satisfied with my art.
no problem, still some very cools stuff. i know i saved a couple of peices for my wallpaper on my computer.
Thank you, so much much. I try to base some of my work on past experience especially the submarines.
Also, I have talked to my dad and WW 2 vert earns of their experiences. Check out "Hard Target" based on pilot Lt. Russell Oplinger.
o.m.g. your work is AMAZING. holy its all just so beautiful. wonderful job i look foward to what else you have. omfg just so amazing!


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A life-long globetrotter whose travels have led him from drinking fresh cows blood with the Maasai to Bangkok's hidden rooftop restaurants. Alex spends his time writing, absorbing books, pouring himself a newly-discovered craft beer and learning new recipes.
Cocktail parties: who doesn't love them? They are fun, chic, and perfect for catching up with friends or meeting new people. You also wouldn't be the first person ...On December 16, 2015 / By Alex Verbeek
"Tell me what you eat, and I'll tell you who you are." Diet books and cooking magazines offer an overwhelming amount of information on healthy living. It is ...On November 11, 2015 / By Alex Verbeek
How To Maintain A Healthy Diet While (Travelling) Abroad Travelling abroad: the magic and the mystery, the agony and the ecstasy. Whether it's for business for pleasure, finding ...On October 15, 2015 / By Alex Verbeek
"We are like actors, aren't we? Out there, under hot lights, strutting our stuff. Anything can happen. Billy, sometimes it does" – Joe Macbeth The professional kitchen is ...On August 18, 2015 / By Alex Verbeek
"I don't want to hear the specials. If they're so special, put 'em on the menu" – Jerry Seinfeld From food-court stall to a BBQ catering – the ...On June 24, 2015 / By Alex Verbeek
Food science – the term immediately conjures visions of sci-fi dreams of nutritive tablets that would inevitably replace traditional food, or perhaps the recent lab-grown meat from Dutch ...On June 8, 2015 / By Alex Verbeek
You may not have been dreaming of naked sushi, but you soon will be! Sushi is a curious food. It is as traditional as you could hope for, ...On May 20, 2015 / By Alex Verbeek
There was a time, not long ago, when looking for the perfect craft beer (or, frankly, any craft beer if you found yourself outside Belgium's borders) would cause ...On May 6, 2015 / By Alex Verbeek
Bon Vivant – Asia's ultimate Food and Lifestyle Magazine
A Bon Vivant is a person who doesn't wait for retirement, and enjoys the good life, now.
Bon Vivant was launched by the on-demand chef service Clubvivre in March 2015.


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Through this brief analysis we uncovered something that looks suspicious. So far we have leveraged only the geo-enriched Bro telemetry. From here, we can start to explore other sources of telemetry to better understand the scope and overall exposure. Continue to investigate our suspicions with the other sources of telemetry available in Metron.
Try loading the Snort data and see if any alerts were triggered.
Load the flow telemetry and see what other internal assets have been exposed to this suspicious actor.
If an internal asset has been compromised, investigate the compromised asset's activity to uncover signs of internal reconnaissance or lateral movement.


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- Warmilu was founded in 2011 at the University of Michigan
- It entered a deal with Relief for Africa to distribute baby warming blankets
- Competing for up to $500,000 at WeWork Creator Awards in January
When Grace Hsia founded Warmilu in 2011 as part of a class at the University of Michigan, her performance as CEO made a difference in her grades.
Now, with seven full-time employees relying on a paycheck and, as she sees it, thousands of babies depending on her company's product, the stakes are higher.
"The responsibilities on my shoulders as CEO have changed tremendously," the 27-year-old Hsia said. "People have chosen to put their livelihood and trust in me."
Warmilu (Warm + I love you) is headquartered in a 2,000-square-foot production facility in Scio Township, near Ann Arbor, where Hsia's team makes nonelectric warming blankets called IncuBlankets for infants.
The main element of the 5-pound blanket is a plastic pack called the InstaWarmer, which generates heat through a chemical reaction. The pack stays warm for three to six hours after clicking a disc in the corner to activate.
The company's staff consists of two medical doctors, a chief operating officer, a vice president of business development and two seamstresses. They produce anywhere from 40 to 80 blankets per week, a substantial increase from the five to seven per week made by only two employees when the company started.
Pricing depends on distribution costs and product model, ranging from $75 for the base, up to $300 for blankets with reusable packs.
Business heats up
While the number of employees and production have risen, the hours and worries also have multiplied.
"I find my body will sometimes crash," Hsia said, explaining how 90-hour work weeks have occasionally led to bouts of pneumonia and bronchitis. "I've been trying to get more sleep, which is tough."
Even so, Hsia said the startup life is worth it. She graduated from UM in 2012 with a bachelor's degree in materials science and engineering and has not stopped to consider the "what ifs." What started as a school project turned into a full-time venture, and is now a calling.
"I know we're saving infant lives," she said. "I wouldn't have been able to experience that had I chosen a more traditional career path."
Around 2.6 million children in the world died during the first month after their birth in 2016, according to the World Health Organization. More than half of the deaths were due to conditions that could have been prevented, including lack of proper warmth and incubation.
Hsia sees it as her responsibility to help those children, much like doctors helped keep her warm and incubated during her first fragile days of life. She was born premature, a month before her due date, at St. John's Hospital in Detroit.
"If not for the incubator, I probably would have passed away," she said. "So every time we're able to help a baby it feels like the universe has come full circle."
The fight never left Hsia, it seems, as her perpetual optimism keeps her business inching forward. Her worries at the helm of the startup have evolved from, "Will this idea even work?" to "How do I make this sustainable?"
With that new outlook came a reality check.
An end to bootstrapping
Warmilu had been funded mainly through grants from the university, AnnArbor Spark, Michigan Economic Development Corp. and other business accelerator programs. It has received about $62,000 in grants since 2012.
With less than $5,000 in yearly revenue, the business is still in search of a sustainable model. The grants won't go on forever.
But Warmilu has started generating more attention from investors. Over the summer, Hsia scored a $100,000 investment from the Pennsylvania-based Hillman Accelerator, which was co-founded by Dhani Jones, a former UM football player who played 11 seasons in the NFL.
"I thought it was a great opportunity to participate in a company that can make a resounding difference," Jones said. "There's nothing wrong with making a profit while doing good."
The tipping point was Hsia's tenacity and the expectation is that the company will continue to grow and take on more capital, which is a likely possibility if Hsia "continues to break down walls," Jones said.
The past couple of years have been a whirlwind of wall-breaking for the young CEO. Last year, she made Forbes' 30 under 30 list, but no achievement brought more relief than striking the first big deal.
Last year, officials from the nonprofit humanitarian aid organization Relief for Africa stumbled upon Warmilu's website, and a few months later Hsia was on her way to Kenya to demonstrate her warming blanket in front of 50-plus health officers. It was a success.
"Some of the doctors called our packs magic," she said.
Shortly after the trip, she signed a three-year deal with the group to distribute blankets to 12 countries across the continent. The organization agreed to buy a minimum of 500 per year for three years at $75 a blanket. That equals a total of $112,500, with the likelihood of selling more than the minimum.
Next month, she is heading back to Africa on a business mission trip that includes a meeting with the first lady of Burundi. She also sent blankets to Doctors Without Borders in Spain and said the nongovernmental organization is eager to make a deal.
Things are beginning to take shape at home as well. In March, Warmilu was approved for a patent on its nonelectric warming pack. The company has been studying the domestic market and found it could potentially sell individual packs from $100-$300 for a range of purposes.
Hsia said she has had talks with North Carolina-based IMG College Seating about implementing her technology in college stadiums as seat warmers. She's also been working to tap into the market for heating pads for pain relief.
With the potential to break into the domestic market and plans to expand distribution abroad, Hsia is aiming to hit $500,000 in revenue next year, with a reach goal of $750,000. She said the company has decided to stop bootstrapping this year.
In the meantime, Warmilu continues to grind through the startup life, working to perfect its product and pitch. In January, it will compete for up to $500,000 at the WeWork Creator Awards in New York City.
"When you start a company, I feel like there are so many highs and lows," Hsia said. "That's the rewarding part, is that my product is actually being used in the marketplace."


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One of the most coveted of all Original Star Wars movie posters is this Style A "First Printing" one sheet. There were Four known printings, most of the one sheets released were from the 3rd and 4th printings, with the 2nd being more rare, and the most rare of all, the First Printing.
* The most obvious differentiation is the FIRST PRINTING has across the bottom border "one sheet - style A" and the NSS number as "77/21-0". The following 2nd, 3rd and 4th printing just have 77/21. * See enlargeable images above and below.
The intense and even obsessive Star Wars fan base has made this one of the best investments in the world of collecting. With tremendous appreciation value. With such fervent demand this FIRST PRINTING Star Wars gem could be selling for over $5000 in a matter of a few years!
See enlargeable images above and below
Star Wars (20th Century Fox, 1977). First Printing One Sheet (27" X 41") Flat Folded Style A. Science Fiction.
Starring Mark Hamill, Harrison Ford, Carrie Fisher, Alec Guinness, Peter Cushing, Anthony Daniels, Kenny Baker, Peter Mayhew, David Prowse, and James Earl Jones. Directed by George Lucas. Please see full-color, enlargeable image above and below for more details. Artwork by Tom Jung.
Note Cvtreasures stamp NOT on original