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In today's busy schedule, women should make time for an annual well woman medical inclusive of gynecological check and breast examination as a minimum.
It is very important to pick up any indication of an early illness at an early stage. Whether is for a routine check or for specific concerns, our doctors will be happy to help.
We will talk to you about all your concerns, carry out the required internal or external examinations and undertake all tests necessary including smear tests and sexual health screens.
Blood tests and urine tests may be carried out at the time of the consultation.
Gynaecological ultrasounds, breast ultrasounds and mammograms are carried out in-house or at a local clinic. Bone densities scan used for osteoporosis screening may be recommended. We may also suggest you consult with Professor David Reid, Osteoporosis expert.
In our Aberdeen Clinic, Dr Jane Johnston carries out bespoke medical assessments and consultations regarding hormonal balancing and menopause.
For Well Woman Checks prices, please view the Aberdeen Fees page or the London Fees page.
Book your appointment today!
Meet our experts
Nicola Harrison
- Qualifications: BSc. | MBBS. | MRCGP. | DRCOG. | DFFP.
- Location(s): London, Harley Street
- Clinical Interest(s): Contraception and Sexual Health | Gynaecology | Dermatology | Child Health | Allergy | Weight Loss | Preventative Health Care.
Dr Nicola Harrison has been the Head of Clinical Governance of ROC London Clinic until 2017 when she was appointed as ROC London Clinic's Medical Director. She is also the registered manager with the Care Quality Commission for the London Clinic. She graduated from Guy's and St Thomas's Medical School, London in 2003. She also became a member of the Royal College of General Practitioners in 2007. She holds the Diploma of the Faculty of Family Planning and the Diploma of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecology. Dr Nicola Harrison runs our preventative health programmes and childhood immunisation programmes. She consults children and adults for allergy related disorders and she is the clinical lead at ROC for Allergy Assessments and testing.
Jane Jonhston
- Qualifications: MBChB | MRCGP
- Location(s): Aberdeen
- Clinical Interest(s): Hormonal Health | Menopause | Breast Disease | Preventative Health Care.
Dr. Johnston is a renowned Women's Health expert that joined the ROC Clinic Team in September 2016. She undertook post-graduate training from Queen Margaret's University College. Since then, her extensive career has seen her contribute to the Women's Health field, with specialisms in Breast Cancer and Menopause over a combined 30 years. As Associate Specialist in Women's Health for the Aberdeen Breast Screening Unit, Dr. Johnston achieved above national average accuracy targets for breast biopsies.
Dr. Cristina Romete
- Qualifications: Msc. | MRCGP. | DOccMed. | DRCOG. | DFFP.
- Location(s): Aberdeen - ROC Private Clinic
- Clinical Interest(s): Complex Medical Conditions, Cardiovascular Disease, Preventative Medicine, Mental Health, Occupational Medicine, Alternative Medicine: Acupuncture
Dr Romete is the founder of ROC Private Clinic and the managing director of ROC Private Clinic and ROC Heath services. She is the Managing Director for ROC Private Clinic and ROC Health Services, a sister company providing Occupational Health Services in UK.
Dr. Mairi Hope
- Qualifications: BSc., MBChB., PhD., MRCGP.
- Location(s): Aberdeen - ROC Private Clinic
- Clinical Interest(s): Preventative Healthcare, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Sexual Health, Ageing Medicine, Andrology, Sexual Dysfunction, Chronic Disease Management
Dr Mairi Hope joined ROC Clinic – Aberdeen in October 2017. She practices as a General Practitioner and as such undertakes routine and emergency consultations and preventative health checks for adults and children of all ages.


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KERNERSVILLE, N.C.-- Powerful winds from a thunderstorm leveled dozens of trees near the Highway 66/311 Interchange in Forsyth County Monday evening.
Vicki Bell was home when the storm hit.
"My wall was shaking and trees started falling and everything started popping," she said.
Utility crews worked throughout the night and into Tuesday to restore lost power due to downed trees and power lines.
Homeowners like Doug Culler spent his day cleaning his yard.
"We will get it cleaned up. This ain't nothing compared to what a lot of people get. Some people lose everything they got and I lost just a couple of trees," he said.

subset: commoncrawl


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Chantal van der Ende-Appel on Jun 22, 20175 out of 5 stars
I love the atmospheric art.
Dehvan Onaga on Mar 28, 20175 out of 5 stars
Arrived fast and this is such a cute card! My sister will love it. Thank you!!
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Wee Hollow is soon to release new greeting cards!
Wee Hollow is a tiny toy shoppe deep in the woods that only creates things full of magic and love. Check out our plush holiday ornaments!
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Silver Creek High School
Weekly Update for Friday, February 28th
The 2014-2015 Silver Creek registration time is NOW!
Prepare now by visiting the Silver Creek Registration Website and reading all the registration steps and processes.
o Be sure to read your specific class information as each class may have different
o For everyone – be sure to read QAF and Registration for all students.
Some Important Date Information – more information regarding these dates and other dates can be found on the SC Registration Website:
Registration window for electives March 17 – 26: Core classes are recommended by current content teachers, and student choose their own elective classes during the registration window. Begin having those conversations with teachers now. If students do not register, classes will be chosen for them.
Open-lab nights for registration assistance March 25, 4:00-5:30 pm and March 26, 5:00-6:30 pm: Anyone needing assistance is welcome to attend.
Reminder, please choose classes carefully as the master schedule is built from student requests. If a change is requested later, a schedule change is not guaranteed.
TCAP Schedule
It's that time of year again where TCAP testing is almost upon us! We will be conducting building wide testing for all 9th and 10th graders over three days this year. The juniors will be participating in ACT preparation classes on the TCAP days. The test window will run until about 11:25 each morning after which we will have a 40 minute lunch. The abbreviated blocks (following testing) have been scheduled as follows:
Tuesday 3/11 (Silver Day)
Block 5 – 12:05 – 12:33
Block 6 – 12:39 – 1:07
Block 7 – 1:13 – 1:41
Block 8 – 1:47 – 2:15
(28 minute blocks)
Wednesday 3/12 (Maroon Day)
Block 1 – 12:05 – 1:05
Block 2 – 1:15 – 2:15
(60 minute blocks)
Tuesday 3/18 (Maroon Day)
Block 3 – 12:05 – 1:05
Block 4 – 1:15 – 2:15
(60 minute blocks)
Late Start
There is a late start on Wednesday March 5th. School starts at 9:45 a.m. and morning buses will run 2 ½ hours later than normal time.
Career and Job Fair
Wondering what career field to pursue –or looking for a summer job? The annual Career and job fair will be held on Thursday, March 6th, from 3 to 6, at the Boulder County Fairgrounds on Hover Street in Longmont. Students aged 14 to 21 can attend and find out about careers, apply for jobs, speak to college representatives, practice job interviewing skills, and have resumes critiqued. Also, register to win a Target gift card!
This event provides a wonderful opportunity for students to speak to real-world professionals in business and industry. As many as 50 very diverse careers will be represented, and many companies are bringing hands-on activities or equipment or displays from their respective industries.
Bring your social security number, dress appropriately, and be ready to ask questions about careers. We hope to see you at this fun and informative event.
Senior Video for Senior Night
Submit pictures of your seniors for the video to be shown on Senior Night in May. This is a video that highlights our outstanding seniors throughout the years.
Submit one or two photos of your senior when they were younger.
Submit current photos of seniors during their time at Silver Creek (classroom, performances, sports, etc). The more students in the picture the better!
You do not need to submit a senior photo and do not submit family photos.
Attach photos in jpeg format to email@example.com and input student's name in the subject field for the younger photos.
If you do not have access to a scanner or email, drop off your photos to the front desk clearly marked with the student's name. Your photos will be returned to you.
There is no guarantee that all pictures will be used.
Contact Cindi Lindsey at 720-494-3728 or at email@example.com if you have any questions.
Submission deadline is May 1st.
Track Pancake Breakfast and Silent Auction
This year's Pancake Breakfast and Silent Auction fundraiser will be held on Friday, March 14th, at 5pm at Silver Creek High School. In past years the parents have worked together to make this event a great success, and for that we are grateful. On behalf of Coach Keith and Tamara Gaffney, Co-Parent Rep, I want to ask for your help again this year.
Information about the fundraiser and links to the Donation and Volunteer Sign-up sheets are posted on the Track and Field blog:
Updates will be posted to the blog on a regular basis, and we will send out communications when those updates are available.
Again, thank you for your support. Please feel free to contact Coach, Tamara, or me if you have any questions or comments.
Amy Long, Parent Rep
Tamara Gaffney, Parent Rep
Coach Keith,
A message from Eagle Crest Elementary Energy Eagles Students:
Does your family want to learn more about conserving energy? Would you like to help Eagle Crest win $20,000 in energy upgrades for our school? If yes, then fill out this Home Improvement Energy Questionnaire at this link: http://conservationcenter.org/rnos/home-checklist/ . Be sure to mark Eagle Crest as your school of support, and check your email to follow up on your survey. Surveys need to be completed by February 19th. Thank you!
After Prom Donations
Silver Creek High School After Prom
Donations Needed
Below is the link for parent donations needed for After Prom. It is greatly appreciated if you can help provide any of these items. Items in RED will need to be brought the night of After Prom. Other items can be dropped off at the front office with Lois anytime of the day.
Donations Needed Google Docs:
After Prom Parent Volunteer Google Docs:
Please help us make this event one for each and every student to remember. Without your help we cannot make this a success!–
Lisa Eutsler
Silver Creek After Prom Coordinator
Donations are also being accepted through the school store. Click on the link below to support After Prom.
SCHS Education Foundation On-line Auction ends this Saturday 5pm – some REDUCED prices!
We'd like to thank you for your support of our on-line silent auction which benefits all Silver Creek High School students through the Silver Creek Education Foundation. With the auction ending this Saturday at 5pm, we hope you will take the time to continue bidding on your favorite items and check out some of the items that have reduced prices. Please help us reach or surpass our goal of $5,000.00. Any amount bid over the fair market value is tax deductible. Also, if you are outbid on an item but would like to contribute to this great cause, there is a Donate Money button on the site that allows you to make a full tax deductible donation.
The Silver Creek Education Foundation provides students with opportunities and resources beyond the basic classroom experience in order to become tomorrow's leaders, and to distinguish our graduates as people of character, integrity, vision, and commitment.
Again, we appreciate your generous support and good luck to all!
Silver Creek Education Foundation
Auction ends on Saturday, March 1st at 5:00 p.m.
Pick up items at SCHS on Monday March 3rd 5-7pm
Counseling Corner
College representatives will be here from the following schools:
University of Colorado @ Colorado Springs, Tuesday, March 4 @ 10:30
Fort Lewis College, Thursday, March 13 @ 12:00
University of Northern Colorado, Thursday, March 13 @ 1:00
Bethany College, Friday, March 14 @ 11:00
Please sign up in the counseling office.
Boulder County Youth Corp is hiring for summer jobs. Students must be 14-17 years old. The application deadline is March 28. Download an application and get more information at www.BoulderCounty.org/YouthCorps
Advanced Placement Exams
Taking the Advanced Placement exams is an important part of AP courses. Silver Creek High School would like all students to take the AP exam for the AP classes that they have taken. Scoring well on an AP exam can often earn students college credit for their high school class, saving a significant amount on tuition.
For the 2014 AP exams, students at Silver Creek High School will be registering online. This registration will take a few minutes and can be completed from any computer with internet access.
Each AP exam costs $89.00. Students who qualify for the Free and Reduced Lunch Program should see Ms. Thomas in the Counseling department for additional information.
Online Exam registration begins on Mon, Feb 24, 2014 at 12:00 AM and ends on Mon, Mar 17, 2014 at 11:59 PM. In order to register, students should click on the link provide on the school website or visit www.TotalRegistration.net/AP/060953 . Registration is not complete until students have printed the pdf of the confirmation page that is provided at the end. We know that parents may desire to register their students for exams. We strongly recommend that parents and students are both present while registering to ensure that the correct exams are ordered. Tests that are ordered, but not taken, will be charged $15.
Silver Creek High School is excited to offer families the convenience of paying exam fees online at the time of registration. Please be sure to have a credit card or debit card available before beginning registration. Here are the important dates for the registration process:
Mon, Feb 24, 2014 at 12:00 AM – Registration Begins
Tuesday, Mar 18, 2014 at 12:00 PM – Registrations and payments after this date will incur a $15 late fee per registration.
Mon, Mar 17, 2014 at 11:59 PM – Registration Ends
Monday, Mar 24, 2014 at 11:59 PM – Registrations that have not been paid for will be cancelled and exams will not be ordered.
Parents of SCHS Juniors Taking the AP test,
As a part of our commitment to providing your student with the best learning tools available, the St Vrain valley Schools is Partnering with SHMOOP to provide you with free (yes, actually free, not like "free with strings attached") access to hundreds of Online test prep for ACT and AP tests!
All juniors in the state of Colorado are mandated to participate in the ACT exam. This year our test date is April 22, 2014. Advanced Placement tests will be administered beginning in May.
All Juniors have received SHMOOP log-in instructions and will be emailed reminders the week of December 16th.
Using their SHMOOP account, they will be able to access ACT & AP practice exams, 1000's of drill problems and review guides to all the topics on the exams. Each practice problem comes with in-depth explanations and even projected exam scores to help your student prep for the big test day in April.
We know this type of practice really works. Students who SHMOOPED last year experienced gains from the practice to the post test and a few students increased their scores by an incredible 6 points! Here is what some students had to say about this:
I like Shmoop because some of it is timed so you get the pacing but some of it's not timed, so you can focus on the questions. Shmoop's ACT format is a lot harder than what I felt was on the real ACT, so it was a good confidence builder. It's also fun for my AP classes and is a good review for that.
It really helped me with time management, and I found my biggest mistake when doing it, which was not reading directions. When I took multiple tests, I found again and again that I knew how to do a problem but I read the directions wrong, and I improved my focus as I went on. I like all of the little skills/drills because it told you what you could work on, so that you didn't have to go through a whole test book for problems you need help on. I also love how the Shmoop explained the answers with humor. It just makes it a little more enjoyable!
Shmoop was an awesome study tool. Very student friendly and a big help for the ACT exam. I look forward to using it for AP prep. The explanations for incorrect answers was very useful.
I found that Shmoop was very helpful. Even when I got things wrong it explained to me what I did and why the right answer was right. So I was learning through my mistakes. I like to take my time on things so the drills were perfect and it made me feel way better on the ACT.
Please encourage your student to take a look at SHMOOP. In addition to ACT prep, it is a great resource for AP exams as well!
For more information about SHMOOP or how to use it, please contact Mr Goerner (email@example.com)
For more information about ACT testing please contact Mr Sardinia (firstname.lastname@example.com) or your student's counselor.
Seniors, many scholarship application deadlines are coming up soon. Please check the bulletin board in the Counseling Office for information on available scholarships.
These local scholarships are only available to St. Vrain Valley students. We recommend that seniors review these scholarship opportunities to determine if any are applicable to them. If so, seniors should print off the appropriate application, complete it prior to the deadline, and deliver it to Ms. Chopp in the Counseling Office. It's the student's responsibility to complete the scholarship applications thoroughly and punctually. Applications submitted after the deadline will not be accepted.
There is a summary list of the scholarships and two lists with more detailed descriptions of each individual scholarship. List-1 scholarships require a common or general application which is also included in the links. List-2 scholarships require a separate or unique application which can also be found in the links.
Local Scholarship Application Links
Tutoring Club of Longmont offers free ACT/SAT tests once a month to benefit high schools in the Saint Vrain Valley School District. These tests are an excellent opportunity for students to experience a full-length ACT or SAT test in a relaxed environment without the fear of this score going on a college transcript. Each student's score and full analysis of the strengths and weaknesses indicated by the test will be available 3 days following the practice test. There is no pressure to sign up for our program, and students are only presented with how the program could help them.
Tutoring Club of Longmont is conveniently located on the diagonal of Ken Pratt and Nelson. All tests are scheduled on Saturdays and start promptly at 9:00 a.m. If a student would like to take one of these tests, he/she can email firstname.lastname@example.com.
For more information please call (303) 651-0800.
March 1, 2014
March 31 – April 3, 2014
(Spring Break) By Appointment
April 19, 2014
May 10, 2014
Silver Creek School Store Spirit Wear
Seniors – Celebrate your last semester with a $10 Sr. T-shirt
Seniors SOAR by: Nathan Palmer (only two left)
Senior Swag by: Schaefer Athletic
Check out our standard store spirit wear items
– Maroon Hoodie – $27
– Maroon Long Sleeve Shirt (limited sizes left) – $15
– T-Shirts and T-Shirt $15
– Maroon Shorts (Girls & Basketball Shorts) – $20 (Hey the Basketball shorts have Camo Stripe)
We have spirit items like Lanyards, Beads, Hats, Scarfs and Cinch Bags.
Come check us out: Every Thursday 10:30-12:30
and online at: SilverCreekStore.org
Encore Awards
This awards program, sponsored by the Education Foundation for the St. Vrain Valley, provides the opportunity for students, parents, colleagues, community members and business partners to recognize and honor individual teachers at the Pre-K–12 levels in the St. Vrain Valley School District who exemplify excellence in teaching. By paying tribute to the achievement of teachers who have an extraordinary impact on the achievement of students, the Foundation and the community hopes to pay tribute to the accomplishments of all teachers.
2014 Encore Award Nomination Form
Tech Fair 2014
The Education Foundation for the St. Vrain Valley invites students to participate in the district-wide Tech Fair! Open to all St. Vrain Valley students, the 2014 Tech Fair offers opportunities to Discover … Innovate … Achieve at all grade levels. Tech fair will be April 18th-19th, 2014 at Skyline High School and the Registration Deadline is March 15th.
Art Department
National Art Honor Society now has a facebook page! Keep up with art community opportunities, including gallery shows, mural painting, contributing to help cancer research and meals for the homeless. "Like" the page to receive updates.
We are so excited to announce the final total for the Out of the Mud Fundraiser. Students in the art department created small ceramic houses, each house represented a house that was lost in the flood. Through the generous donations from our community and across the United States the fundraiser collected over $4,000. The money will now be turned over to the Lyons Community Foundation to help rebuild their town and help those who are still homeless. Thank you so very much for your support!
Doodle 4 Google
Your drawing featured on Google homepage and $10,000
Call for Artists
The Firehouse Art Center is putting together a juried gallery show for high school artists in the St. Vrain Valley School District. Art work can be 2D or 3D. Awards will be given and artwork can be sold in the gallery. Artwork for consideration must be received by March 17th. Please email Mrs. Giese a cropped and professional photo of the work.
Check the SCHS Athletic Website for updated sports schedules and information. If your son or daughter signed up for a spring sport and has decided not to play, please notify Ms. Lehman as soon as possible.
For any questions about sports at SC, please contact the individual coach or Melissa Lehman, Athletic Secretary. All email addresses can be found here.
The Silver Creek Baseball team is selling Colorado Rockies Tickets. All tickets are field level Outfield Box seats in Section 117-110 or 144-150. Tickets cost $20 each (a $15 savings off face value). Tickets are available for all games except opening day, and July 3 & 4. You can order tickets by filling out the order form located on the SCHS baseball website at:
http://silvercreek.coloradosportscastnetwork.com/Baseb all/site_page.asp?page_name=Rosters
Or you can contact any Silver Creek baseball player or contact John Barth, 303-503-5531 (firstname.lastname@example.com).
We are also looking for CORPORATE SPONSORS interested in purchasing blocks of tickets for the 2014 season. Please ask your employer to buy a block of Rockies tickets from the Silver Creek baseball team.
ADVERTISING OPPORTUNITY- The Silver Creek baseball team is selling advertising space at the baseball fields. The team is selling banner space in the outfield fence. Please contact John Barth 303-503-5531 (firstname.lastname@example.com) if you are interested in advertising with Silver Creek Baseball.
Help your child remember the memories he/she is creating this year! Yearbooks are on sale for $68.00! Bring a check or cash to Ms. Boardman -D-106, or visit the Josten's website –www.jostens.com. Hurry! We are only ordering a specific amount of yearbooks, and once they are gone . . . they are gone. 🙂 Questions? email Ms. Boardman at email@example.com
SCOPA Bingo times are: Saturdays from 1:00 – 3:00 p.m. and Sundays from 6:00 – 8:00 p.m. at the Bingo Alley near Main and 19th Street. For more exciting news about the performing arts go to SCOPANEWS.ORG!
Approved February Flyers
We want you as an RABC member! Your membership will help us to update athletic equipment, subsidize student clubs and continue providing excellent activities and athletic opportunities for our kids. Your membership means a great deal to our school as we face declining revenue and budgets for our schools. Meetings are the 4th Monday of each month at 6:30 p.m.
The 2013-2014 Board members are resident – Kaydene Hubert – email@example.com
Vice President – Pam Prinz – email@example.com
Treasurer – Tami Nott – firstname.lastname@example.com
Secretary – Joan Foster – email@example.com
BINGO on Wednesday nights at 7 p.m.Gather friends and neighbors to play Bingo at the Longmont Bingo Alley at 640 19th Ave. It's LOTS OF FUN and the proceeds support all activities at Silver Creek High. "Silver Creek" Bingo night is EVERY Wednesday at 7 p.m. Hope to see you there!
Bingo Help!
Bingo is a huge fundraiser for our school and our athletic department. We operate Bingo every Wednesday night and need workers from 5:30 until about 9:00 at the Longmont Bingo hall, 640 19th Avenue, Longmont, CO 80501.
Low Cost Health Insurance
Students who are 18 and graduating may be eligible to for FREE and LOW-COST HEALTH INSURANCE through their 19th birthdays! This health insurance is available through Medicaid and CHP+ and enrollment occurs right here through St Vrain Valley School District. Once children turn 18 and are no longer in school, Medicaid no longer counts parent income towards the child's eligibility! Please call The Healthy Kids Initiative at 720-722-1454 to see if your kids qualify today!
Los estudiantes que tienen 18 años y están por graduar de preparatoria podrían ser elegibles para obtener SEGURO MÉDICO GRATUITO O A BAJO PRECIO hasta que cumplan 19 años! Este seguro médico es proporcionado por parte de los programas del gobierno Medicaid y CHP+. Cuando un joven cumple 18 años y no está asistiendo a la escuela, Medicaid no toma en cuenta el ingreso de los padres! Por favor llame al programa de Niños Saludables al 720-722-1454 para informarse si sus niños son elegibles hoy!


text: If you could remember, I posted last year about the Hunger Games water bottles to be manufactured by H20. Read the article here. Now, the product is already available for pre-order at Amazon. If you wish to add the water bottles to your collections, go to Amazon and start your purchase. Happy Hunger Games.


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Teens turn sparklers into stunning art
Teens turn sparklers into stunning art
JOHNSTON, Iowa —
Iowans are sharing their pictures of the Fourth of July.
Sarah Henry, 14, sent KCCI pictures from her neighborhood in Johnson.
Henry along with Meredith, Grace and Spencer Campidilli created art using their sparkers.
"Because of the holiday, we brought out the sparklers, and my best friend (also my next door neighbor) and I decided to try some cool picture ideas with our sparklers," said Henry. "It worked out really well, and our parents and the adults in the neighborhood thought it would be a fun idea to send them to you."
Upload your photos to KCCI on our u local page.


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If your toilet is constantly running then you should check your flush valve, fill valve, or the trip lever. An old flapper is the most common source of leaks, with the fill valve being next. Save money and water by replacing these toilet parts before they wear out.
Q. "Are all American Standard® parts 'standard' and are ALL their products and parts made in America?"
A. A number of their products are made overseas (as is the case with many other plumbing manufacturers as well). Please do not assume that all products made by American Standard (Am. Stan.) are made in the U.S. The word "standard" and "American Standard®" are NOT identical. Most of their faucet parts will only fit their brand (as is the case with their competitors as well). Many of their toilet parts will only fit their brand of toilet. Not all of American Standard® parts are universal ("standard"). We get this question frequently, and it is probably because some people assume that since they have the word "standard" as part of their name that they must be using parts that are "standard"; as in universally fitting. Just as car bumpers don't fit on all brands of cars, parts for "standard" toilets and faucets will generally not fit on other brands. Generally you must buy parts specifically made for (designed to fit) your specific brand of toilet/faucets, etc.
Q. "What is the difference between "OEM" and "will-fit" parts? And what does OEM mean anyway?"
A. "OEM stands for "Original Equipment Manufacturer". This means anything from the original manufacturer that is sold to a second company to use in production of that second company's product. In other words, many toilet manufacturers outsource for the internal working parts of the toilet, such as the fill valves, flush valves, or flappers. When this happens, they have the opportunity to use an existing part, or to specify something for a specific toilet. When the toilet manufacturer chooses to use an existing part, the manufacturer of the part can still sell that piece under their own name, just as they had been all along. If the toilet manufacturer chooses to specify something that will only fit a specific toilet, the part manufacturer can often only provide that part to the toilet manufacturer. What this means for you is that you can sometimes get the *exact same part* (by the original manufacturer of the OEM part), but under another name and usually at a better price! So when your toilet's internal working parts need to be replaced, you may have the option to use either the "OEM" part number or use the "will-fit" part number to order what you need. Please note that only some "will-fit" items are manufactured by the OEM manufacturer. If this is essential to your repair, please feel free to contact us and we will be happy to check for you.
Q. "How are the lengths of the toilet fill valves measured?"
A. The toilet fill valve measurements we show are measured from the inside bottom of the tank to the top of the fill valve. The threaded water supply shank that fits through the bottom of the tank is not included in this measurement.
Q. "How do you install the Plunger Repair Kit 012981-0900?"
A. The installation for the Plunger Repair Kit #012981-0900 and the #012981-0070A are the same. First, turn off the water to the fill valve. Unscrew the thumb screws on the lever assembly and slide the lever assembly out from the square hole in the top of the plunger. Pull the old plunger straight up out of the body of the fill valve. With a seat tool, unscrew and remove the old seat directly underneath the plunger. Screw in the new seat until it is snug. Do not over tighten it. At this point put your hand or a cup over the fill valve, turn on the water slowly and let the water run out through the seat for one or two minutes to flush any possible dirt or sediment that might be in the water line. Turn the water off again and slide the new plunger into the body of the fill valve with a slight twist to keep the rubber gasket from being misaligned or torn. Slide the lever assembly back through the square hole in the plunger and tighten the thumb screws. Turn the water back on.
Customer Testimonials
"American Standard referred us to your company. They are correct by advising us that you most likely would have what we needed and that you were very professional and responsible. They said we could depend on you. They are so right. Thank you for being there. We were extremely satisfied with our experience and receipt of the order. Thank you again for your professionalism and commitment to meeting my needs."
- David Libby, North Scituate, RI 02857-1225
"I installed the gasket, it worked great! No soppy soggy bathroom floor for me...thanks again."
- Kenneth Tucker, Myrtle Beach, SC 29579
Please note that every customer testimonial shown on our pages has given us written permission to quote them. Our customer's privacy is very important to us so we will never give, share or sell contact information or e-mail addresses to anyone!
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3002 Victory Ln
Appleton, WI 54913-7958
Sales: (920) 749-2020
To setup a test drive and learn more about this vehicle, contact Bill Schaff at firstname.lastname@example.com or feel free to text/call me at 920-585-2811. At Bergstrom Automotive we will strive to be the recognized leader of guest service through our commitment to treat everyone like family. We believe that every Bergstrom Automotive guest deserves complete peace of mind when it comes to owning their vehicle, regardless of whether that vehicle is new or pre-owned. That's why we have created the Bergstrom Certified Pre-Owned Vehicle Promise. Every Bergstrom pre-owned vehicle is 123-point inspected, reconditioned and certified to never have been deemed salvaged, flood-damaged or lemon law. Why ever take the risk of buying a used vehicle from anywhere else? You are protected at Bergstrom. The Bergstrom Certified Pre-Owned Vehicle Promise can mean years and years of trouble-free driving enjoyment. We at Enterprise Motorcars look forward to helping you with your vehicle needs. Don't hesitate to give us a call at 800-630-1214!
3002 Victory Ln
Appleton, WI 54913-7958
(0 Miles)
Sales: (920) 749-2020
Year: 2015
Make: BMW
Model: X3 xDrive28i
Price: $30,562
Mileage: 30,280
Engine: I-4 cyl
Exterior Color: Black Sapphire Metallic
Interior Color: Black Nevada Leather
Fuel Type: Other
Stock #: 18613A
City MPG: 21
Hwy MPG: 28
Featured Options
Cold Weather Package
Driving Assistance Package
Lighting Package
Premium Package
Roof rails in Satin Aluminum
Burl Walnut Wood Trim
Navigation system
Included Packages
Cold Weather Package
Driving Assistance Package
Lighting Package
Premium Package
Additional Options
Roof rails in Satin Aluminum
Burl Walnut Wood Trim
Navigation system
CO2 relevant vehicles
Automatic Start/Stop function
Brake Energy Regeneration
Multifunction steering wheel
Sport leather steering wheel
Tire pressure monitor
Alarm System
Power tailgate
Universal garage-door opener
Privacy glass
Floor mats
Auto-dimming mirrors
Auto-dimming rearview mirror
Power Front Seats
Split fold-down-rear seat
Storage package
Black high gloss instr panel
Automatic climate control
Dynamic Cruise Control
Ambient Lighting
LED Fog Lights
Hi-fi sound system
DVD Area coding, North America
BMW Assist eCall
BMW TeleServices
ConnectedDrive Services
Advanced RTTI
Remote Services
Hands-free Bluetooth and USB
Oil Chg 10,000 mls/12 months
Variable Light Decoding
Daytime driving lights
Transport protection
Run-flat tires


text:
SCOTTISH firefighters have demanded "urgent " investment in more safety officers in light of the Grenfell tower tragedy, as it emerged yet more posts had been lost from the service.
The Fire Brigades Union (FBU) told MSPs the number of fire safety officers had fallen by almost a quarter since 2013, and those left found it increasingly difficult to conduct tests.
The warning coincided with the latest quarterly figures on public sector employment in Scotland, which showed a drop of 380 jobs in "police and fire related services" last year.
The 1.4 per cent drop added to a series of falls since the merger of Scotland's eight regional police and fire services into single services in 2013.
From 30,200 posts at the time of the mergers, there are now 27,700, a drop of 8 per cent.
There were also 1000 fewer councils workers than a year ago, and 190 fewer college staff, but 860 more NHS staff and 210 more civil servants.
Overall, around 544,000 people work in public services, a fifth of Scotland's workforce.
Holyrood's local government committee is examining building standards in the wake of the Grenfell blaze, which killed at least 80 people in June after unsafe cladding caught light.
Giving evidence, Denise Christie of the FBU said the number of uniformed fire safety officers in Scotland was down from 89 to 68 since 2013/14.
Officers found it "more and more difficult" to finish safety tests in the time available.
She said: "We've had year-on-year cuts to our organisation and we are finding it very, very difficult to cope. We were promised that the reorganisation from the eight former brigades into the one Scottish Fire and Rescue Service would not impact on the frontline.
"But it absolutely is impacting on the frontline.
"Now we are seeing cuts to our fire safety inspection officers right across the country, and we're hearing from our members that they are finding it very difficult to complete fire safety inspections in the amount of time they have got to do it.
"It's really disappointing and it's really concerning to hear."
Asked if increased investment in fire safety officers was needed as a matter of urgency, she replied: "Absolutely, especially on the back of the Grenfell tower fire. The fire service isn't just about responding to incidents, it's about protection and preventing incidents as well."
Kenny McKenzie of the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS) in Scotland also told MSPs council building standards departments suffered from a "huge lack of investment".
He said cash was needed "across the board" to address "very difficult" recruitment issues.
He also demanded "more teeth" for standards officers to ensure tougher enforcement.
He said: "We have no enforcement teeth at all. It is very poor at the moment."
Witnesses also told the committee about having stricter rules for public landlords, retro-fitting sprinkler systems in older tower blocks, greater awareness on fire prevention measures, and a one-off programme of "intrusive inspections" of high-rise flats to highlight safety issues.
Tory MSP Murdo Fraser said of the staff cuts: "It's hypocritical of the SNP to advertise itself as a friend of public sector staff when these reductions are taking place.
"Now the headcount is dropping, the SNP government must provide assurances that the frontline will not suffer as a consequence."
Labour's Jackie Baillie blamed SNP budget cuts.
She said: "These figures show more than 1,500 fewer employees across local government, our police force, fire service and Scotland's colleges.
"This is the result of an SNP government not interested in using the powers of the Parliament to stop Tory austerity in Scotland."
After the committee, SNP committee convener Bob Doris, whose Glasgow Maryhill and Springburn seat contains many high rises, said: "We have strong fire safety standards in Scotland but areas for potential improvement are starting to emerge.
"For example, the FBU called for an 'intrusive inspection' of high rises in Scotland to ensure fire safety measures on the ground are up to scratch.
"Above all else, we must ensure those who live, work or study in high-rise buildings across Scotland are safe. Our Committee will continue to scrutinise fire safety in high rise buildings in Scotland to identify whether this needs to be improved. This would provide further assurances that a similar tragedy like Grenfell Tower cannot happen in Scotland."


text:
20 year old Josh Curd, who has Asperger's syndrome, has a not-for-profit social enterprise called Autistic Eye. It publishes and sells greetings cards depicting work by artists with Autism, sharing the artist's creativity in a positive and meaningful way. Over the past two years they have sold over 3,500 cards. This creates supplementary income for the artists and occupation for some. One artist said 'This gives me structure in my day and a reason to get up in the morning'.
Prints are exhibited at 'Cafe at the Centre' Manvers Street Bath. Cards are for sale at the café, at Ammerdown Centre and from the website.
for subscribers, for £7 a month 'Friends' receive 4 cards and a newsletter each month
for 'outposts' to sell cards and make money for themselves or a cause of their choice
for new artists and musicians with Autism or Asperger's Syndrome
Artists will receive half of any money made and thus supplement any other income they receive. It provides occupation, lovely cards and an opportunity to celebrate some positive aspects of people with autism.
Josh asks that you look at the website www.autisticeye.co.uk, buy some cards, become a FRIEND and spread the word.
Check out the new art work, which celebrates World Autism Day, by artists with autism in Bath and Jamaica.
My name's Matthew and I provide therapeutic and educational music facilitation for people of all ages and abilities in Bristol and the wider area. My 1:1 and group sessions foster positive communication, interaction and self-expression using music as a tool. Sessions typically involve the following:
A wide range of world drums and percussion instruments for exploring rhythm.
Tactile and electronic instruments such as ocean drums, piano mats, glockenspiels, bells, air synths and keyboards for encouraging a musical dialogue between myself and participants, and also between the participants themselves.
A guitar and keyboard for singing popular songs and also to make up songs on the spot that reflect what the group is doing.
Loop pedals and samplers that allow me to create a live soundscape that the participants can contribute to and immerse themselves in.
The sessions are very wide-ranging and there is something for everyone.
For more information including videos, pictures and testimonials please visit my website.
Blue Planet has published a comprehensive guide to Bristol aimed at disabled visitors.
Take a look at this link for the full release - disabledgo.com - lonely-planet-release-first-guide-to-accessible-bristol
Hopfully this information is really useful and informative for you. Please see Disabled Go's website for more detailed information on the venues.


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by Sara Dogan, David Horowitz Freedom Center Students across the nation will strike a blow at the brutal hegemony of radical Islam this semester by joining the David Horowitz Freedom… Read more »
Posts Categorized: Uncategorized
D'Souza's Book Uncovers Obama's Plan for America
by Richard Thompson, Hillsdale College "2016: Obama's America" is a film that has been recently gaining box-office success for its extensive look at what America would look like with four… Read more »
Lessons Learned Abroad
by Andrea Scott, Lindenwood University A Nicaraguan lady sat on the stairs of the Hotel Plaza Colon, a popular hotel in Granada, Nicaragua. A group of Lindenwood students and I… Read more »
Ryan Declares Independence From Government Dependency
by Richard Thompson, Hillsdale College With the recent addition of Wisconsin congressman Paul Ryan to the Romney ticket, critics on the left have been attacking him for everything from his… Read more »
Chairman of the LNCC Says Romney Should Call Obama's Bluff
by Richard Thompson, Hillsdale College The Obama administration's smear campaign against Republican candidate Mitt Romney has become desperate. The latest attack comes from Democratic Party puppet Harry Reid, who claims… Read more »
"The Conservatives" is a Step in the Right Direction
by Richard Thompson, Hillsdale College The American college campus has become the battlefield in the ongoing culture war, and the ideologues on the left have taken the high ground. Director… Read more »
West Warns Against Military Budget Cuts
Photo by Gage Skidmore by Richard Thompson, Hillsdale College The preamble to the Constitution makes very clear the responsibility of the American people to "provide for the common defense." But… Read more »
Tanishq Abraham: What This Prodigy Story Says About Our Education System
by Richard Thompson, Hillsdale College While most nine-year-olds are learning about the eight planets of our Solar System, Tanishq Abraham is studying subatomic particles and advanced scientific theories. An inductee… Read more »
Obama Doesn't Care
by Richard Thompson, Hillsdale College The decision to uphold Obamacare has opened up a can of worms that many legal analysts and policy experts have been desperately trying to contain. … Read more »


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Updated April 13, 2012
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Powering Everything From Blogs To Major Companies
This app is perfect for those who have their own theme they would like to use, build their site from scratch or transfer an existing site. If you prefer to have a pre-built solution please look at one of our other apps.
Looking to launch a website project and considered using WordPress? well it is estimated that 25% of websites and growing on the web are running on WordPress. The reason for this is because of it flexibility to adapt to almost any website need. WordPress has its own ecosystem of plugins, themes and WordPress followers and developers that contribute to its development and advancement.
With this WordPress Deployment right out of the box you will be able to:
- Start writing post for your blog
- Create pages for your site
- Using the default installed themes customize the site to your liking.
- Benefit from our Manged WordPress Hosting
To expand on your site features:
- Browse the WordPress Plugin Library for new plugins to expand your site
- Browse the WordPress theme library for new themes to change the look and feel of your site.


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Learning Support
BHGS believes that every pupil is entitled to the education that is most appropriate to her ability and best suited to her strengths and needs. The aim of the Learning Support Faculty is therefore to coordinate and assist teachers in the provision of support for individuals, groups and classes so that the most appropriate education can be provided for all pupils
The Learning Support Faculty supports pupils who are on the Special Educational Needs (SEN) Code of Practice and those with social, emotional and/or behavioural needs. In March 2017 the number of pupils on the SEN/Inclusion Register is 59, consisting of:
5 with Education, Health and Care Plans
54 at SEN Support
Support is provided in the following ways:
- General in-class support by Learning Support Assistants across the curriculum (the main focus of this is on lower sets and core subjects);
- In-class support for specific pupils according to need and provision of funding;
- Small group support (literacy, numeracy and learning skills) to selected girls in Years 7, 8 and 9. This support usually takes place during the timetable slot of one Modern Foreign Language, thus providing two lessons of support per week;
- Years 10 and 11 Support Option groups for pupils who have elected for a Support Option in place of a GCSE subject. Girls in these groups complete the ASDAN Certificate of Personal Effectiveness (CoPE) as well as receiving support;
- Individual support for a few pupils who are following a modified curriculum;
- Individual counselling and mentoring through a school counsellor and mentors;
- Lunch time Homework Support and Reading Clubs;
- After school SEN Homework Club 4 evenings per week;
- Support through a dedicated Pupil Support Centre (PSC) (learning and behaviour). This includes provision for:
- Year 11 pupils who have dropped one or more GCSE subjects
- pupils who are returning to school from a fixed term exclusion
- pupils who are having difficulty in a particular subject area
- pupils who are upset or in crisis
- school 'refusers' and those attending on a part-time basis
- PSC/Support Group-based teaching of Entry Level/Functional Skills English and/or Mathematics as needed.
Present accommodation for the Faculty is:
- a SENCO office;
- access to three Learning Support teaching rooms in the main school building;
- two purpose-built (Portakabin) classrooms housing the PSC;
- a Support room for use by the School Counsellor/Mentors (4 days per week).
A wide range of up to date SEN resources has been purchased over recent years and the Faculty is generally well equipped.
Learning Support staff members regularly accompany pupils on trips so that pupils with special educational needs can be included fully in the life of the school.
Further Information can be obtained from Mrs Partington, Head of Learning Support.
Please see also questions, answers and information in our 'Local Offer' document, also on the website.


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Ninja Coffee Bar System Review
We call this the coffee maker for the person who admires the compact versatility of the Swiss Army knife.
This modest-looking SharkNinja model produces an immodest number of beverages: custom brews in custom sizes, from a single cup to a full-on carafe, from hot coffee to a frozen blended drink. It comes complete with a 10-cup thermal carafe, a permanent filter, a built-in milk frother and a 20-recipe guide, all the better to help you run your full-service coffee bar from your countertop. The machine does all the work: Just scoop in your grounds, pour in your water and set your six-variety, brew dial. It couldn't be handier if it came with a screwdriver.


text: Just need a little clarification. If I understand correctly, testing download play for slot 1 means testing if I have a game, and the other person does not, but downloads from me. So, what I want to know, is if I have a backup rom on a slot one, and want to play a multiplayer game either over wifi, or with someone else who has an actual cartridge of the game, would that work. If that made any sense all. I think I managed to type that in the most convoluted way possible, and of course I can't think of any games to give an example with now. Anyway, Thanks in advance


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Contact Us
J. P. Leisure Ltd. Unit 1, Hillside Road, Hele, Ilfracombe, Devon, EX34 9QS, United Kingdom.
J.P. Leisure Ltd For All Your Lighting & Sound Needs in the Leisure / Entertainment Industry. Offering the best deals on Professional / Disco Lighting, Sound & Pro Audio equipment. Direct distribution from Manufacturers. Need Help & Advice, Just Give Us a Call, Phone lines 9.30am - 5pm, Monday to Friday ,E-mail & Online Orders 24/7
Online Catalogue |
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Ref: JP62095
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Ref: JP62123
UMPART007b - Ultimax Trusslite Goal Post with Split Vertical Poles - Complete Kit (2.5M), Fit's all modular DJ Stands.
Ref: JP62110
Ref: JP62091
UMPART006b - Ultimax Single Bar Goalpost Kit with Split Vertical Poles for Modular DJ Stands, A UMPART006 Consists of 2 x UMCAST32 top castings. 1 x UMPART019
Female overhead bar 1 x UMPART020 Male overhead bar and 2 x UMPART014 Female upright poles and 2 x UMPART015 Male upright Poles.
Ref: JP62097
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Ref: JP62181
UMSTA011a - Ultimax Centre Bar Only for ProStand Wide
Ref: JP62120
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Pro Entertainment
Blue 16A C Form 240V Plug to 13A Socket with a 250mm Lead
£6.10 Exc VAT or
(£7.32 Inc VAT at 20%)
Cloud RL-1, Remote Level Control Plate
£17.36 Exc VAT or
(£20.83 Inc VAT at 20%)
LEDJ Starcloth DMX 6m x 3m
£374.46 Exc VAT or
(£449.35 Inc VAT at 20%)
Wentex Pipe and Drape Baseplate 450 x 450mm 8Kg - White (Powder Coated)
£45.78 Exc VAT or
(£54.94 Inc VAT at 20%)
Small Omega Clamp - Acme / Elumen8 / iSolution
£11.23 Exc VAT or
(£13.48 Inc VAT at 20%)
Cloud 46/50, Four Zone Integrated Mixer Amplifier
£708.00 Exc VAT or
(£849.60 Inc VAT at 20%)
LED Round Poseur Table
£169.90 Exc VAT or
(£203.88 Inc VAT at 20%)
7 Core Cable for Bulgin or EVF plugs (per metre)
£1.34 Exc VAT or
(£1.61 Inc VAT at 20%)
Chauvet DJ D-Fi USB
£36.92 Exc VAT or
(£44.30 Inc VAT at 20%)
Adastra 20cm (8) Ceiling Speaker
£38.57 Exc VAT or
(£46.28 Inc VAT at 20%)
Diablo V1 Flame Machine
£36.98 Exc VAT or
(£44.38 Inc VAT at 20%)
Bubble Fluid Concentrate 5L
£25.27 Exc VAT or
(£30.32 Inc VAT at 20%)
MiPro MA-101B Personal Wireless PA System with ACT - Channel 70
£203.89 Exc VAT or
(£244.67 Inc VAT at 20%)
Global Truss F24 2 Metre Truss
£111.88 Exc VAT or
(£134.26 Inc VAT at 20%)
Le Maitre Prostage II Flash Report No. 2 (Box of 12)
£74.33 Exc VAT or
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Cloud Bluetooth Wireless Audio Module Facility Port
£125.75 Exc VAT or
(£150.90 Inc VAT at 20%)
Cloud CS-C5W Ceiling Speaker - White
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(£101.39 Inc VAT at 20%)
FBT XPO 15A Processed Active Speaker - 15" + 1" - 1000Wrms - 80°Hx50°V
£506.90 Exc VAT or
(£608.28 Inc VAT at 20%)
LED Alphabet illuminated Letter B
£262.58 Exc VAT or
(£315.10 Inc VAT at 20%)
JBL PRX815W 15 Two-Way Full-Range Main System/Floor Monitor with Wi-Fi
£732.87 Exc VAT or
(£879.44 Inc VAT at 20%)
Heavy Duty Lighting Stand with Winch and T-Bar
£80.09 Exc VAT or
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LEDJ Tri Pro 6 x 3M Tri Star Cloth & Controller
£755.62 Exc VAT or
(£906.74 Inc VAT at 20%)
GE Showbiz series T28 lamp
£13.28 Exc VAT or
(£15.94 Inc VAT at 20%)
Cloud 46/120, Four Zone Integrated Mixer Amplifier
£996.00 Exc VAT or
(£1,195.20 Inc VAT at 20%)
Equinox Fusion 100 Spot
£242.04 Exc VAT or
(£290.45 Inc VAT at 20%)
Visio QUAD-RGBW60 Flexible Quad-colour Strip (5m roll)
£63.80 Exc VAT or
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Le Maitre 25' Mine Silver
£87.13 Exc VAT or
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Chauvet DJ Funfetti Shot
£241.26 Exc VAT or
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Le Maitre 25' Mine white
JBL Control series 25-1 Black Compact Indoor/ Outdoor Background/ Foreground Speaker
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Elumen8 MP75 LED Fresnel RGBW (White Housing)
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LEDJ Spectra Par 15Q8 Exterior Fixture
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eLumen8 150W PF LED Profile WW
£532.62 Exc VAT or
(£639.14 Inc VAT at 20%)
Call us on0127186222101271862221
Fax: 01271862221
J. P. Leisure Ltd.
Unit 1, Hillside Road,
EX34 9QS, United Kingdom.
J.P. Leisure Ltd. , Unit 1, Hillside Road, Hele, Ilfracombe, North Devon, EX34 9QS, UK. Tel. 01271 862221
For Export Orders - Please Contact Us.
We are an Approved Government & Local authority supplier,
So if you are a School, College, University, Council, Government run body, we do accept official Purchase orders. As a Trade site for those people who work in the Entertainment and Leisure Industry, our prices that you see are displayed with and without VAT.
If you are a fellow Dealer or Installer and would like to use us on a regular basis,please drop us a line. We will then issue you a Login & Password, Once logged in, you will see further benefits to your
© 2016 - 2018 J. P. Leisure Ltd.


text:
Red Hat Bugzilla – Bug 139249
can't open /dev/isdnctrl
Last modified: 2014-03-16 22:50:22 EDT
From Bugzilla Helper:
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (X11; U; Linux i686; en-US; rv:1.7.5)
Gecko/20041111 Firefox/1.0
Description of problem:
After patching the MAKEDEV package following this problem
http://bugzilla.redhat.com/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=138897, now it
works and isdnctrl is correctly symlinked to isdnctrl0. But during the
booting process, when the isdn script is called, isdnctrl list all
(load_modules function) show me "Can't open /dev/isdnctrl or
/dev/isdn/isdnctrl: No such device" and the modules are not loaded.
After the booting process I can see that the symlink is correctly created.
Version-Release number of selected component (if applicable):
How reproducible:
Steps to Reproduce:
1. Boot the system
Additional info:
The system-config-network tool shows the same error, but it successfully
ends the configuration process and the isdn connection works.


text:
Beaumont/Port Arthur
When pregnant mother Kera Teel was shot and killed in June, the Southeast Texas community was stunned and police relentlessly pursued numerous leads in an attempt to identify and apprehend the perpetrators who fled the scene following the abhorrent act.
While we harbor no disrespect for the Wall Street Journal who called us "that scrappy little paper from Southeast Texas," we prefer to think of ourselves as simple seekers of the truth. We're of the opinion that headlines and sound bites never tell the whole story. Our readers demand all the facts, facets and flavors of every story or event. And, they expect to be informed, educated and stirred to action.
For this week's New York Times crossword puzzle, pick up a copy of this week's The Examiner on newsstands now.


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Lone Star Ranch is one of the most popular locations in Frisco! Multiple villages within the community make the neighborhood more unique than ever. Lake Hill Village was built between the years of 2001-2008 .Builders of this village include Buescher Homes and First Texas/Gallery Homes. Lakeside Village was another community within Lone Star built between the years of 2003-2008. Prices of this area range from upper $300′s to lower $500′s .
Children of Lone Star Ranch villages will attend Bledsoe Elementary School, Pioneer Middle School and Frisco High School. The neighborhood is close to Lebanon and North Dallas Tollway for easy access to city attractions like Dr. Pepper Rough Riders Ballpark, Pizza Hut Park, Stone briar Mall, Dallas Stars Dream Center and BF Phillips park was built directly behind the neighborhood, offering baseball fields and additional playgrounds!So it becomes a dream place for children.


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Less is more. Are you tired of feeling like getting dressed is overwhelming? Do you only wear 20% of your clothes 80% of the time? Maybe you have heard that minimizing your closet can bring you more time to spend doing the things that make you happy? It is true.
A Closet Make-over is right for you if:
- You are tired of thinking that you have nothing to wear.
- You need to make better clothing decisions when you go shopping.
- You bought something and still haven't found the right occasion to wear it.
- You are holding onto clothes because you are hoping to fit back into them.
- Your clothes don't really reflect your current style.
- You want to become more of a minimalist.
- You would feel guilty getting rid of something that your friend gave you.
- Your clothes don't fit you and are worn out.
What you can expect:
- You will feel so much happier by getting rid of excess
- You will only keep the clothing that brings you joy
- You will store seasonal clothing out of your closet
- You will have a clearer vision for your personal style
- You will have a capsule closet that will last a season (3 months)
- You will know how to mix and match your clothing to maximize looks
- You will have a shopping list with items to re-place or add
- You will know how to accessorize the outfits
- You will learn tips on how to look put-together in an instant
- You will be able to dress up or dress down your looks
- You will know what to wear and when
- You will have more joy getting dressed
- You will feel confident in your clothes
- You will no longer feel guilt because of poor shopping choices
Drop me a line to find out how you can get started!


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This tract is located 2.37 miles from Timberline Country Club as a crow flies. It is heavily wooded consisting of pines and hardwoods varying in ages making this tract a great timber investment. There are two green field located on this 40 +/- acre tract. There are plenty of whitetail and turkey to keep any hunter40 Acres : $100,000
Timberline Hunting Tract
Calera : Shelby Co : Alabama


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First Person, Richard Flanagan
This is Richard Flanagan's first book since The Narrow Road to the Deep North. The story mirrors Flanagan's own experience as a young writer who is commissioned to ghost-write a memoir of a conman. In the fictional version we meet Ziggy Heidl ,who has defrauded $700M from banks and other investors, and Kif Kehlmann, who is to write his story. Heidl refuses to co-operate in the process telling lie after lie to the ever increasing frustration of Kif


text:
The Tree that Hides the Prairie
On permaculture, vegetarianism, grasses and tree fetishism
Cow on Zaytuna Farm
Photo © Craig Mackintosh
Meat and livestock farming are not praised by a lot of environmental activists. Meat production stands accused of stealing food from the mouths of the poor in two-thirds world countries, driving climate change, and being resource consuming. For example, the famous UK activist George Monbiot, published many times on this site, wrote in 2002 that "[veganism i]s the only ethical response to what is arguably the world's most urgent social justice issue"(1), before retracting this in 2010, saying "I was wrong about veganism. Let them eat meat – but farm it properly"(2).
What happened between those two articles? Well, Monbiot read a book written by livestock farmer and UK permaculturist Simon Fairlie in 2010, whose title is "Meat – a benign extravagance"(3). It's a very well written book that also debunks quite a few myths about vegan arguments (e.g. that much of the water consumed by animals is from rainfall on grasses used to make the hay, or that if the world suddenly become vegan, no more proteins would be available(4)).
But permaculturists, even if some of them are vegan, know better than most environmental activists. They know that livestock farming can have positive effects on soil, vegetation, carbon sequestration, etc., due to pioneers like P.A. Yeomans with his Keyline system or Allan Savory and his Holistic Management system. Books about permaculture usually contain chapters about livestock (range rotation, tree-fodder, etc.) and the Permaculture Designers' Manual even dedicates some pages to vegetarianism in which Bill Mollison states that "omnivorous diets (any sort of food) make the best use of complex natural systems"(5).
Tree fetishism among permaculturists
Fairlie's book highlights another very interesting point, about permaculture mythology this time. He calls it "Tree Fetishism", which describes an attitude that can be summarised as "tree = good, grass = bad".
For an example of this tree fetishism, just take a look at the (very good) book of Martin Crawford, "Creating A Forest Garden", where it is said that pastures require more energy to maintain, are less resilient, have a lower diversity and interconnectedness, than an orchard.(6)
This preference for trees over grass is due to all the advantages of perennials species over annual ones which are oft-praised by permaculturists. A few of them can be deduced from the above comparison. But, wait. Grasses are perennials, and if the preceding statement didn't shock you, maybe you're afflicted with tree fetishism too!
In praise of grass
Fairlie writes that "permanent grass is an entire ecosystem of perennial species […] which doesn't have any above ground infrastructure to maintain. […] It can therefore spring into life sooner than most other perennials." He adds, "beside being 100 percent edible to animals, grass has numerous other advantages that one would have thought would commend it to permaculturists: it is highly biodiverse and resilient, it creates organic matter in the soil, it introduces nitrogen and improves fertility, its fertility can be moved easily from one place to another with the aid of animals, it can be cut for mulch, it opens up the ground to sunlight, it can be walked on or driven on when mown or grazed, it provides the easiest surface for picking up windfalls or shaken fruit, and it is good for playing football on."(7)
Advantages of grass are also acknowledged by David Holmgren: "Ironically it is grasslands with grazing animals that might be one of the most resilient systems of land use in the face of climate chaos; these opportunistic systems mostly developed through the pulsing of ice age and interglacial over the last few million years. Animals represent storages that dampen the pulse while predators act to further moderate and protect the whole system."(8)
Origins of tree fetishism
The lack of interest in grass among permaculturists, specially in Europe, has multiple roots. One of them is veganism amongst permaculturists, which simply makes grass useless. Another reason is the size of plots, which in Europe can be quite small, and where pasture is not the best choice to make the best use of them.
One advantage of trees over grass is the "ecological legitimacy" provided by the climax community theory, which states that in temperate climates (most parts of Europe), the stable state brought about by ecological succession is the forest (and thus, the trees). On this point, Fairlie points out the work of Frans Vera in his book "Grazing Ecology and Forest History"(9). The thesis of Vera is that the climax is not linear but cyclic. The succession from grassland to forest is well known. But for Vera, when a tree dies and creates gaps, the conditions are too shady for thorny shrubs too grow, and thus "herbivores come to eat the grass that colonizes the gaps almost immediately, and then either eat or trample the beech and lime seedlings, maintaining a grassy clearing within the woodland. The clearing may grow because the exposed trees around its edge are more susceptible to windblow.[…] The result is a shifting mosaic [this word crops up repeatedly in texts on the subject] of shade-tolerant and light loving ecosystems, supporting high levels of biodiversity.(10)"
I give the conclusion to Vera: "a permacultural approach will not be one that favours trees on the grounds that they have a superior indigenous pedigree; it will be one that juggles with the dynamic between light and shade to produce landscapes that are rich, biodiverse and convivial for humans."(11)
- Why vegans were right all along, George Monbiot. The Guardian, 24 december 2002.
- I was wrong about veganism. Let them eat meat – but farm it properly, George Monbiot. The Guardian, 6 september 2010.
- Meat – a benign extravagance, Simon Fairlie. Chelsea Green Publishing, 2010.
- Livestock & the environment: Finding a balance, FAO (coordination). FAO, 1997.
- Permaculture — A Designers' Manual, Bill Mollison. Tagari Publications, 1988. p30.
- Creating a Forest Garden: Working with nature to grow edible crops,Martin Crawford. Greenbooks, 2010. p. 19.
- Simon Fairlie, Ibid. p 245.
- Bee keeping for the energy descent future, David Holmgren. January 2011. [PDF]
- Grazing Ecology and Forest History, Frans Vera. CABI Publishing, 2000.
- Simon Fairlie, Ibid. p 249-50.
- Simon Fairlie, Ibid. p 256.
29 thoughts on "The Tree that Hides the Prairie"
I am having a debate in Melbourne on omnivore vs vegetarian from a sustainability standpoint at the end of August. If anyone is interested and in the area you can see more details here
I know that cow! These stories keep getting better guys. Thank you zaytuna farm (where it all started) and these incredibly interesting humans that we keep hearing from. This is my newspaper!
Excellent article. Thank you. :-)
My own observations on the subject dictate that balanced eco- systems have both grasslands and forests. What ever the mechanism behind the start and stops of the seemingly cyclical developments of these are often dependent on varying reasons. Elements of riparian portions are often a must for either situation's long term success.
Permaculture can assist when these eco-systems are damaged. It is important to take the time to observe and take note before acting. A simple mistake on a landscape can take centuries to repair naturally just as well done plan can assist an eco-system to flourish in the long term(many thousands of years).
@evan you should read the book of Simon Fairlie if you haven't already, it's very very complete, with many arguments i've never read before.
What most (Central) Europeans don't know is that those deciduous forest trees dominating much of the landscape could never have done this without human help.
If the ancient Europeans hadn't killed rhinos, elephants and all the other large herbivores, they'd still be living here – yes, even in our climate! – and ensure that an open prairie was the dominant form of landscape.
I think the article is interesting but is laced with considerable bias against vegetarianism which can firmly stand in its own right entirely outside of the arguments presented here. The article could have made its point without the obvious put-downs for vegetarians who incidentally represent a large proportion of the world's population.
I would make the following personal observations:
Most vegetarians (and vegans) have become so by choice after careful thought, while most people who are omnivorous are so because that is simply their cultural tradition and they have not in general given much thought or done much research as to why they eat meat or the ramifications and risks of doing so.
I think omnivores (at least those who care about their actions, so that when they eat meat they can be sure that they have made the decision to do so consciously for themselves) should take the following test:
If you can look an animal in the eyes and then slaughter it yourself for food then you are entitled (all other arguments eg. religious, sociological, philosophical, environmental etc. aside) to do so. If you could not do that or, like myself, could no longer do that then you should not cause/allow someone else to be your proxy for the task and should refrain from eating meat. It is simply a matter of consciously taking individual responsibility for ones own actions.
@Bernie Edwards
Thank you for your comment. Yes, introduction about vegetarianism is maybe too long.
First, i don't think vegetarianism is wrong because in a vegetarian world, there is livestock farming and … non-vegetarian (to cull of excess males), so all advantages of livestock (use of inedible landscape, recycling of garbage and nutrients, living banks for grain failures and overproduction, etc) still stand.
I'm more concerned by veganism, for vegans themselves regarding their health (due to differences among people to synthetize some substances from precursors (ALA fatty acids, beta-carotene)), but that's their life afterall. I'm more concerned with their social/political project of banning livestock farming (and thus throwing out a major piece a sustainable land use as shown brilliantly in Fairlie's book), and that their diet usually contains more annuals than an omnivorous one (considering beef on pasture, pigs raired on garbage and surplus, etc).
I'm agree with mollison statement, omnivore diet better use complex systems.
I agree with you Bernie. The thing I get annoyed about with carnivore vs. vegetarian arguments is that often they're cast in black and white (like too many modern arguments, unfortunately). The meat eaters want to justify eating meat, but instead of recognising that most pre-oil/coal traditional cultures (those who by necessity lived from the resource base they lived on, rather than living from resource bases, normally getting rapidly depleted, far removed from where we live) were usually unable to eat meat very often. Armed with a quasi-permaculture argument about the merits of animals in permaculture systems, people can feel justified to breeze through supermarket aisles tossing packs of steak into the trolley like there's no tomorrow, failing to recognise the ecological cost of its production. As you say, if you have a cow in your back yard, and look it in the eyes before you kill it, that's one thing. The other thing, beyond looking it in the eye is how you managed to keep that cow alive until that point; was it a benefit or a detriment to your system; was their potential for more efficient use of your space (i.e. green manures), etc.? The answer to these questions depends on how much land you have, what climate its in, and how you manage it, of course.
Likewise, vegetarians can get all 'superior' about their morality, whilst failing to recognise that if they switch their beef and chicken for monoculture soya and annual grains, then they're just creating different ecological problems in different places.
I've been veggie to various degrees more than half my life (and vegan for more than a decade), but I recognise that the further you get from the equator, the harder it is to have a diverse vegetarian diet – at least if you want that diet to be ethically/sustainably sourced, i.e. from local sources.
There are no hard and fast rules here, and I agree with you that this should not laced with bias – where people are effectively getting polarised about a topic we really can't afford to be polarised about. The environment, and the biological mechanics behind it in various climates, just won't allow a hard and fast rule to get applied here. As I've said before, try telling an Inuit to go veg.
I'm sure Evan's debate would make for an interesting discussion. Here's hoping the people attending have their heads screwed on. I think anyone who has tried to be as self-sufficient and self-reliant, and as healthy as possible, in the world's colder climates will bring some needed balance to the discussion.
@ Nicollas. I will try and get my hands on that book thanks
Ethical vegans do not eat non-human animal flesh or byproducts on moral grounds first & foremost. It is wrong to eat & use non-human sentient beings for the ends of human animals. Lots has been written on the hierachical domination of humans, against other animals & the planet – patticejones.info is a good starting point. Vegan permaculture holds a number of answers to the issues raised in the article & responses, I hope readers of this site will keep an open mind to alternatives that are respectful of all animals & the earth. Permaculture started out as possible solutions to difficult problems, my understanding is its not a fixed doctrine & therefore one hopes will evolve to encompass ethical consideration of non-human animals.
Julie Jordan: There are no animal rights in nature. None. Ichneumonid wasps do not respect the rights of their host, they devour it from within. The word "right" comes from the Indo European root word "rig" which means straightness, order and political power e.g. ray, royal, ruler, regulate. etc. Rights are a human concept, an attempt to impose straight lines onto the fractal that is nature. Ecosystems balance the populations and effects of the many, evolving, predators, herbivores, parasites, symbiotes, scavengers etc. into a greater whole. There is no lord observing everything and saying "thou shalt not…..". Humans are social creatures have behaviours and instincts, which allow them to cooperate as groups. Our laws, honour codes, rights etc, refined over many centuries have helped this cooperation immensely, they has allowed the development of very large social groupings such as nation states and even the united nations. But the success of regulated, human societies has come at the expense of most other species on the planet (not all, rats, cockroaches, chickens, cows etc. are thriving as a result). Rights are good for humans but bad for nature.
Thanks for your addition Julie. All of these comments come from certain premises we hold about animals. Animal farming in terms of power relationships is effectively slavery, something I have never heard an effective response for to deny this is not the case in terms of definition.
However I feel that the arguments should shift in veganism not from shall we eat animals, but shall we farm them, because many groups have demonstrated sustainable interrelations with animals, such as many indigenous communities.
Of course modern vegan lifestyles have ecological effects however while we have the opportunity to re-design our lives and agricultures, why can we not design for minimum harm? I am not arguing for animal free systems, I am calling for systems full of animals – self-determining ones, beyond the slavery of animal farming.
seems to me like the only ones stuck in any kind of paradigm is anyone those stuck on the ethical rights of animals. break those chains people. i see a lot of people with incredibly scientific opinions and reasons etc. that could do with some more spirit. the world is more complex than any of us can fathom. why do you think mollison, when asked by some early student "what are you doing", replied im just playing around in the garden. he understands that in the end we understand nothing. its surprisingly pleasant to arrive, in a way of understanding, to a feeling that you are really very small, and our knowledge of what is THE TRUTH is even smaller. regulate less and understand more. my humble two cents.
Julies words, Vegan permaculture are where I come unstuck with the issue of animal/meat production in a permaculture system. I can not see how we can have an effective permaculture system unless we include animals and therefor we need someone to eat them. For vegans/vagetarians to exist within permaculture they need some omnivores to complete the circle. As far as a vegan food source within Permaculture, I am all for systems that use root crops as the staple, and a touch of legume as the protein. The environmental problems lie with broad scale, bare earth production of grain crops, and the chemically dependant soy bean.
I know of people who consider themselves vegans and permaculturists and are holders of PDCs who think it acceptable to purchase soy based vegie burgers from major chain stores, shipped from heaven knows where… an extreme example I know. Personally I have had to undo some myths out there in the consumer driven world( the people we have some hope of reaching) with regard to seperating Veganism from permaculture, as the terms bloody permaculturists and bloody vegans became interchangable in certain uneducated circles.
The Permaculture Design Manual contains only a tiny reference to vegetarianism. Bill Mollison seems to have had little time for the issue and speaks often of the animals he has consumed (mouse pancakes). I think veganism can occupy a small niche, but should not become part of mainstream permaculture thinking.
Carolyn Payne: surely root crops require considerable disturbance of the soil? I know that losses of organic matter and nutrient leaching are higher from a field of potatoes than from a field of wheat. Cereals are after all grasses, their root systems are dense, their stubble can be left protecting soil surfaces over winter. IMO the problems of nutrient leaching from any annual crop are greatly reduced if fields are relatively small and surrounded by perennial vegetation. Like you say the problems come from large scale monoculture. I suppose root vegetables lend themselves to mainly perennial permaculture better than cereals. Is this what you meant?
That's a bit rich Carolyn. So there is no room for minority groups in your cosy little view of the permaculture world. Vegans are out, who's next.
I also disagree with your statement on the necessity of including animals in a permaculture system about 'and therefor [sic] we need someone to eat them'. What is wrong with keeping animals for the pleasure of having them around and the good work that they do. It is entirely not necessary to actually eat them. If you keep one, would you eat your horse or your dog?
I would argue, as VP does, that farming animals is effectively slavery. This is especially true if they are farmed as a food source and to eat them is only a marginal step away from cannibalism. Would you eat your neighbour? One could say that these are the actions of not very highly evolved beings and as a species we should be thinking beyond that now.
Bernie Edwards:
My neighbour dumped a dead horse (dead from cold and neglect) in a gully supplying water onto my land. His reason was that he was vegetarian. Local people couldn't understand it either, especially as horses eat so much grass and therefore require so much land (in this case communal land). Horses make great salami. Had I known what he was planning to do I would have butchered it myself. I'm told dog meat is very tasty. Many city people find it hard to understand how it is possible to love an animal and then kill it. It's hard but possible.
Last year I added just three chooks to my permaculture garden and it has made an incredibly positive impact. They are excellent to have for their manure and weed seed eating, and many other things. They are incredibly entertaining, and I love having the fresh eggs to eat. . My chooks have a big area in which to roam and they eat from the pasture of clover and grasses I grew for them and for me. I make sure they are treated well and kept from boredom. They are integral to my system. I plan to add more chooks to the system and also to start with bees. I plan to eat the honey that the bees will make, and also to use their wax. Vegans eat neither eggs, nor honey, and so I would fail on just those two simple ingredients
I like what Joel Salatin says, I'm paraphrasing but its something like "everything in nature is eating everything else. If you don't think this is true try lying down in your flower garden for a few days and see what happens".
Bernie, there is certainly room for vegan permaculturists, in a niche, just like I said. And please excuse my gramatical and spelling errors, I have dyslexia. The suggestion of needing someone to eat your unwanted animals comes from Bill Mollison speaking on his PDC dvd and I believe I have heard similar things suggested by Sepp Holtzer. Trust me, I love animals, I was even a vegetarian…in a former life. I dont have a cozy view of the world and I have never said anything about sidelining a minority group, I belong to far too many of them myself. Lots of people in the world do eat dog and horse meat, I haven't been that hungry yet myself, but I wouldn't deny someone else their national dish.
Carolyn Payne. As "vegan permaculturalists" (who are mostly hypothetical beings) would require a very large amount of land to produce not very much food, I'm not sure there is room for too many of them on a hungry planet. Fortunately most of them are too busy arguing on web forums to actually put their ideas into practice.
OK I'm being flippant. I like the idea of food forests, but chickens control pests, goats can eat prunings and there is likely to be grass and other weeds to be cut back for hay or grazed by animals. If the vegans were happy to allow omnivorous permaculturists to run animals in established food forests in exchange for manure, it would be OK.
Hi Evan,
It is true that in nature everything is eating everything else but most of nature is doing so because that is what most natural organisms are instinctually programmed to do. This is not a valid argument with respect to the actions of human beings. We are largely not subject to instinctual behaviour patterns because we (thankfully) operate from a capability to make choices.
I don't intend to get into arguments of morality associated with having the ability to choose. Every individual may have their own views on this and each of those views is equally valid, but only for that individual, no matter how many others share that particular view. I do not want to impose my personal views on anyone else but I also reserve the right to object to anyone else trying to pass off their own views as being more valid than mine or those of others. I may have stepped across that line in my earlier post in an attempt to explain my thinking on this subject but only to counter quite forceful statements about a minority group, vegans (something to which I do not subscribe but do have respect for).
These things (what we consider eating or not eating) are at most only peripheral to permaculture, if they have any thing to do with permaculture at all. I think that sometimes permaculture people get a little too precious about their ideas on just what permaculture is about and unnecessarily try to protect the image projected externally of this thing that they have attached themselves to and somehow now have acquired ownership rights in.
For myself, as a vegetarian, I find it distasteful that aquaculture gets so much air time in permaculture discussions but I don't go mouthing insults about bloody aquaculturists. I just bypass information about that subject and take on board what I find interesting about other areas. There may be some who would say that makes me not a good permaculturist, but who cares. Each to their own.
"I would argue, as VP does, that farming animals is effectively slavery. This is especially true if they are farmed as a food source and to eat them is only a marginal step away from cannibalism. Would you eat your neighbour? One could say that these are the actions of not very highly evolved beings and as a species we should be thinking beyond that now."
Farming plants only to kill and eat them or their progeny is effectively slavery too. Why does the definition of killing only apply to animals when we clear whole forests, jungles, and grasslands and poison oceans with fertilizer to plant wheat, soya, and rapeseed? Is this not slavery and killing on a grand scale? There is no equality in this philosophy, which holds one life form above and more desirable than another in a decidedly medieval, anthropocentric, and outdated "chain of being." It is not scientifically supported by available evidence, and furthermore, ethics and morals are questionable, debatable, and ever so flexible depending on person, time, and circumstance. There are few universal morals, few universal ethics, except those which are found to be convenient.
Animals > plants is speciesist, in the strict and proper sense of the term, in that such a philosophy and attitude shows a total disregard and discrimination for arguably more evolved and advanced lifeforms: plants. Plants and their photosynthetic kin have existed longer on this planet in greater quantity, quality, and variety than most animals have.
A: You forgot to mention all the animals which die when land is cultivated. Earthworms (one of the most important animals on the planet) die in huge numbers when land is cultivated
Please note that my original article was not adressed to vegan permaculturists, but to praise grass to omnivorous permaculturists, and i think Simon Fairlie wrote it in the same way in his book, as it is perfectly normal that for vegans grass/pasture is nearly useless, and should be replaced by arable crops or forest/wilderness.
Great discussion here so far, more respectful than most other places.
I'm bookmarking this for reference later- as I, personally, have a bias towards trees.
I personally think we need many more trees, but not necessarily more forests. I think the shifting mosaic pattern (does that exist? I'm still new to patterns and permaculture) is more accurate. It isn't like we can't cut the trees down again at some point and introduce grass dominated designs if necessary.
I just feel that as a species we have deforested so much of our planet that it would be prudent to turn the tide.
I have also noticed the bias towards trees. I did some scientific research on grass clover pasture and concluded that it was amazing. From the agricultural revolution to the early 20th century Europeans rotated crops with grass clover leys, while maintaining permanant pasture and forest. If demand for grain suddenly rose (for example in wartime) grass could be ploughed, if demand fell, pasture land could be rested under grass (returning natural capital to the soil. The system was not perfect. Nutrient leaching from a freshly ploughed grass clover ley can be pretty high (although if the land below is permanent meadow or forest, these will soak up and recycle most of the nutrients). Permaculturalists (myself included) think we have a more productive and sustainable way of producing food than this, but IMO we still have to prove this point with more demonstrably productive permaculture systems..
Once land is forested, turning it back to productive grassland (especially hay meadow) is not quick and easy (goats will take time), and turning forest into arable land takes yet more time, energy, and (I suspect) massive losses of soil fertility (much greater than those from ploughing grass) which take time to rebuild. Grassland allows much more flexibility. I maintain permanant meadows and maintain useful trees in hedges and on slopes. A fruit tree planted in the wrong place can be a headache for years to come. I cut hay for winter animal feed and also cut trees for winter goat (and sometimes donkey) fodder, but the idea of feeding even a small number of animals solely on tree fodder over winter where I live is inconceivable. It would require a huge area of forest to be pruned on a cycle over several years. Storing tree fodder also takes up more space than storing hay
I want to set aside the vegan-ism vs omnivore debate and talk about the implications of Vera work. As a conservationist I'm primary interested in restoring ecological functions to restore biodiversity. Our work is based on how we think nature is supposed to behave. Vera book is a paradigm changer for how we manage view nature in the temperate forest biome ecosystems.
Vera hypotenuse is that all major tree species which used to occur historically should be able to naturally regenerate in a closed canopy forest. Vera noted that pollen rain from bogs showed that Oaks and hazels where common in historical and prehistorical times. That oak and hazel are currently failing to regenerate in many modern forest reserves in Europe . He noted from many forest reserves that oak trees prospered when domestic and wild herbivores had very large numbers roaming them. He concluded that Oaks regenerated the best in pastures where a thick mantel of thorns become established. The thorns acted as defacto fence protecting the young trees from predations. Seedling that grew on the forest floor would die quickly from the lack of light. When oaks competed with beach trees in a canopy gap with beach usually being dominate. Slowly these oaks seedling over took the thorny plants and a new grove would be born. The process starts anew when a new gap in the canopy is created and herbivore begin feasting on the fresh grass that would grow there. Eventually the stand would die back from wind throw or old age. Vera called this processes cyclic regeneration. Vera believes that herbivores control the density and distribution of the plants they graze and not the other way around.
Ecologist have know both parts of this process for a while but never connected the two until recently. They viewed the herbivore degeneration of the forest as some thing unnatural that could only occur with human intervention. If the large herbivores impacted regeneration because they were consider non-native or the lack of predator enabled them to get out of control in the first place. A sorta of circular logic developed that went some thing like this because the forest was closed there there was much food to support many herbivores because there where few herbivores there was no way herbivores could affect the way forest regenerate. In Europe it was viewed that human intervention enriched biological diversity by fragmenting the forest to allow my light in. Europe vision of Europe and conservation was set around preserving traditional farming and landscapes. Conservation in Europe meant subsidizing small farmers to hold back forest succession. Vera showed how futile it is to protect early succession species's in small fragment habitats. The only to make sure these species survived in a constantly changing world was to have large connected nature reserves with there full complement of natural herbivores and predators. It basically change the direction of European conservation from protecting small farming to dreaming of wilderness. The most important implication is that forest may not be the been as the dominate vegetation type in temperate humid regions of the world.
Vera theory is almost unknown out side of Europe. There been very little to no debate about outside of Europe. The universal understand among conservationist in the Eastern United States that forest was the norm and the herbivores had little no influence. If open land occurred was primary Hurricanes, beavers, or human ignited fires from Indians. That most modern grassland species occurring in the region date back from colonial times when the forest was first fragmented. If Vera thesis is true it has huge form implication is in how we manage deer. The high populations may not be unnatural and even essential for creating grassland habitats . Many of the most endangered plant and animals in terrestrial New England depend on Early Succession like the New England cottontail. In the United States we tend to focused more on reintroducing large predators than herbivores. Bison and Elk traditionally considered Western animals ranged deeply into the heart of forest biome. Bison where first record near modern day Washington DC. From my understanding Vera hypotenuse is still being debated. Vera theory is difficult to test because currently there no place in Europe or the Eastern United States where all native grazers and carnivores are percent. The time aspect also makes Vera theory hard to test because it takes generations to see the whole cycle from beginning to end.


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