text: Stephanie Preston Downloads Stephanie D. Preston, Ph.D. Downloads Buchanan, T. W., Bagley, S. L., Stansfield, R. B. & Preston, S. D. (in press). The empathic, physiological resonance of stress. Social Neuroscience. Abstract: Physiological resonance between individuals is considered fundamental to the biological capacity for empathy. Observers of pain and distress commonly exhibit increases in reported distress, autonomic arousal, facial mimicry, and overlapping neural activity. An important, unstudied question is whether physiological stress can also resonate. Physiological stress is operationalized as activation of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenocortical (HPA) and sympatho-adrenomedullary (SAM) axes. People often report an aversive state resulting from the stress of another, but this could be conveyed through resonating arousal or distress, without activating the physiological stress response. Physiological stress is particularly important to examine since it commonly occurs chronically, with known negative effects on health. Salivary cortisol and salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) were measured in both speakers and observers during a modified Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) to assess activation of the HPA and SAM axes (respectively). Cortisol (but not sAA) responses resonated between speakers and observers. The cortisol response of observers increased with trait empathy and was not related to the speaker's subjective fear or distress. This study provides a novel method for examining physiological resonance, and indicates that we can indeed catch another's physiological stress, suggesting a specific health risk for those in the social network of stressed individuals. Preston, S. D. & Hofelich, A. J. (in press). The many faces of empathy: Parsing empathic phenomena through a proximate, dynamic-systems view of representing the other in the self. Emotion Reviews Abstract: A surfeit of research confirms that people activate personal, affective, and conceptual representations when perceiving the states of others. However, researchers continue to debate the role of self-other overlap in empathy due to a failure to dissociate neural overlap, subjective resonance, and personal distress. A perception-action view posits that neural-level overlap is necessary during early processing for all social understanding, but need not be conscious or aversive. This neural overlap can subsequently produce a variety of states depending on the context and degree of common experience and emotionality. We outline a framework for understanding the interrelationship between neural and subjective overlap, and among empathic states, through a dynamic systems view of how information is processed in the brain and body. Brown, S., Brown, R., & Preston, S. D. (in press). A Model of Human Caregiving Motivation. In: Moving Beyond Self Interest: Perspectives from Evolutionary Biology, Neuroscience, and the Social Sciences. S. L. Brown, R. M .Brown, & L. A. Penner, (Eds). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Excerpt: The tendency to provide care to others, over a long period of time, and even in the absence of reciprocity attracted our attention as psychologists trained to consider how behavior is shaped by reinforcement. How is it that individuals come to pair the costs of helping another person with reward for the self? We viewed actions that involve the sustained allocation of resources to someone other than the self as a scientific mystery. As a father-daughter team—developmental psychologist and social psychologist, respectively—S. Brown & R. Brown became interested in using evolutionary theory to explain the motivation to help others. We (Brown & Brown) were unable to reconcile insights generated from evolutionary biology with models used in psychology and economics to describe human motivation. After considerable reflection and analysis, we decided to abandon an assumption that is pervasive in the social sciences—that all social behavior can be reduced to the pursuit of rewards and benefits for the self, and to general impulses that compel individuals to seek pleasure and avoid pain (S. Brown & R. Brown, 2006; R. Brown & S. Brown, 2006; R. Brown & S. Brown, 2005). As an alternative, we entertained the hypothesis that a dedicated neurobiological system, independent of but interacting with pleasure- pain systems, drives individuals to prioritize and promote the well-being of others—under certain, well-specified conditions. In this essay, we have teamed up with Stephanie Preston, a biological psychologist, to delineate what this dedicated neurobiological system might look like. Hofelich, A. J. & Preston, S. D. (2011). The meaning in empathy: Distinguishing conceptual encoding from facial mimicry, trait empathy, and attention to emotion. Cognition & Emotion (available online April 14, 2011). DOI:10.1080/02699931.2011.559192 Abstract: In order to truly empathise with another, we need to recognise and understand how they feel. Perception-action models of empathy predict that attending to another's emotion will spontaneously activate the observer's own conceptual knowledge for the state, but it is unclear how this activation is related to facial mimicry, trait empathy, or attention to emotion more generally. In the current study, participants did spontaneously encode background facial expressions at a conceptual level even though they were irrelevant to the task (the Emostroop effect; Preston & Stansfield, 2008), but this encoding was not associated with mimicry of the faces, trait empathy, the ability to resolve competing semantic representations (Colour-naming Stroop task), or the tendency to be distracted by emotional information more generally (Intrusive Cognitions task). Our results suggest that trait empathy increases attention to emotional information, but conceptual encoding occurs across individuals as a natural consequence of attended perception. Preston, S. D. & de Waal, F. B. M. (2011). Altruism. In: The Handbook of Social Neuroscience. Jean Decety and John Cacioppo, (Eds.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Abstract: This chapter reviews the ultimate and proximate levels of analysis on altruism in humans, hoping to create an overarching framework that places each within a larger context that can stimulate human research informed by extensive empirical research in animals. The available neuroscientific evidence will be reviewed at the end, demonstrating consistently that decisions to help are mediated through overlapping decision and reward circuits that integrate emotional and contextual information into a unified somatic state that guides decisions to help. The chapter first defines the important terms, reviews in brief the most common and widely used biological models of altruism, and then provides evidence for these models. After this, the proximate mechanism will be explicated, largely through indirect evidence regarding the motivational and neural circuits thought to underlie decisions to help. The chapter ends with recommendations for future research to provide more direct evidence for the proximate mechanism, using more ecological tasks that elicit altruistic tendencies while being amenable to concurrent recording with neuroscientific tools. Preston, S. D. (2011). The empathy gap. Nature 472, 416. Excerpt: In his 2007 book Musicophilia, psychiatrist Oliver Sacks warned that although neuroscience offers exciting insights, "there is always a certain danger that the simple art of observation may be lost, that clinical description may become perfunctory, and the richness of the human context ignored". Simon Baron-Cohen, director of the Autism Research Centre in Cambridge, UK, rises to the challenge in his latest book by combining basic science and clinical observation in an attempt to explain human cruelty. Preston, S. D. & Jacobs, L. F. (2009). Mechanisms of cache decision making in fox squirrels (Sciurus niger). Journal of Mammalogy, 90(4):787–795. Abstract: The cache decisions of scatter-hoarding animals are influenced by a number of factors, including satiety, food quality, number of competitors, and the risk of predation and pilferage. However, it is unknown how animals assess these variables. We investigated this process experimentally in free-ranging fox squirrels (Sciurus niger) by measuring the effects of nut characteristics and social context on nut-handling behavior and subsequent cache decisions. We found that a behavior involved in nut handling, the head flick, was correlated with nut quality, shell presence, the decision to cache rather than eat the nut, and the time and energy spent caching. In contrast, a 2nd nut-handling behavior, the paw maneuver, was correlated with the social context but not the cache decision, and may instead reflect a response to social competition. Our results suggest that fox squirrels assess nut quality using overt, observable nut-handling behaviors. The experimental study of these behaviors can help us understand how animals use information about food and the social context to make adaptive food- storing decisions. Ackerson, K. & Preston, S. D. (2009). A decision theory perspective on why women do or do not decide to have cancer screening: A systematic review. Journal of Advanced Nursing 65(6), 1130-1140. Abstract: Aim. This paper is a report of a review in which decision theory from economics and psychology was applied to understand why some women with access to care do not seek cancer screening. Background. Mammography and cervical smear testing are effective modes of cancer screening, yet many women choose not to be screened. Nurses need to understand the reasons behind women's choices to improve adherence. Data sources. Research papers published between January 1994 and November 2008 were identified using the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, MEDLINE and PsycINFO data bases. The search was performed using the following terms: cervical cancer screening, breast cancer screening, decision, choice, adherence and framing. Forty-seven papers were identified and reviewed for relevance to the search criteria. Methods. Nineteen papers met the search criteria. For each paper, reasons for obtaining or not obtaining cancer screening were recorded, and organized into four relevant decision theory principles: emotions, Prospect Theory, optimism bias and framing. Findings. All women have fears and uncertainty, but the sources of their fears differ, producing two main decision scenarios. Non-adherence results when women fear medical examinations, providers, tests and procedures, do not have/seek knowledge about risk and frame their current health as the status quo. Adherence is achieved when women fear cancer, but trust care providers, seek knowledge, understand risk and frame routine care as the status quo. Conclusion. Nurses need to address proactively women's perceptions and knowledge about screening by openly and uniformly discussing the importance and benefits. Preston, S. D.; Muroff, J. R.; Wengrovitz, S. M. (2009). Investigating the mechanisms of hoarding from an experimental perspective. Depression and Anxiety, 0, 1-13. Abstract: Acquiring and discarding objects are routine decision processes for most people. Despite the ubiquitous need to make such decisions, little is known about how they are made and what goes wrong when individuals acquire and fail to discard so many items that many areas of their home become unlivable (i.e., clinical hoarding). We hypothesize that clinical hoarding reflects normal variation in the tendency to acquire and retain objects, just at a more extreme level. To test this hypothesis, we examined 89 nonclinical, undergraduate students' performance on a novel experimental paradigm that measures decisions about acquiring and discarding everyday objects. To test our hypothesis, and validate our task as a possible research tool for studying hoarding, we related decisions on the task to a variety of measures known to correlate with clinical hoarding. The paradigm was sensitive to individual differences, as subjects varied widely in the quantity of objects they chose to acquire and retain under increasing pressure to discard. In addition, we replicated expected relationships from the clinical hoarding literature between acquisition and retention tendencies and self-report measures of hoarding, indecisiveness, and obsessive-compulsive behavior. Our data suggest that decisions about objects, even in a nonclinical undergraduate population, vary widely and are influenced by the same variables that influence clinical hoarding, but to a less extreme degree. Future research with this experimental task can separately investigate the role of acquisition, retention, impulsivity, and sensitivity to constraints in clinical hoarding to inform our understanding of this disorder. Preston, S. D. (2008). Putting the subjective back into intersubjective: The importance of person-specific, distributed, neural representations in perception-action mechanisms. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 31(1), 36. Abstract: Abstract: The shared circuits model (SCM) relies on well-regarded theories of perception-action, mirror neurons, and forward models, but the functional/informational level of the model limits its ability to explain complex behavior such as true imitation. Data from our lab and others confirm the more general details of the model, accepted by most, but specify the neural mechanisms involved in perception-action processes.. Newman, L. I., Polk, T. A., Preston, S. D. (2008). Revealing individual differences in the Iowa Gambling Task. In B. C. Love, K. McRae, & V. M. Sloutsky (Eds.), Proceedings of the 30th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (1067-1072). Austin, TX: Cognitive Science Society. Abstract: The Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) is a well–studied experimental paradigm known to simulate both intact and impaired real-world decision making in choice tasks that involve uncertain payoffs. Prior work has used computational reinforcement learning models to successfully reproduce a range of task phenomena. In this prior work a set of models were fit to individual decision making data, the best-fit models were selected based on group-averaged metrics, and then theoretical conclusions were drawn based on group-averaged parameters. In the present work we investigate the performance of this class of reinforcement learning models in fitting individual data. This class of learning models has provided a useful starting point for characterizing decision making performance in the aggregate. However, we demonstrate that no one best-fit model aptly captures individual differences and our results caution against using aggregate parameters from best fit models to characterize decision making across populations as has been done in prior work. Preston, S. D. & Stansfield, R. B. (2008). I know how you feel: Task-irrelevant facial expressions are spontaneously processed at a semantic level. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 8(1), 54-64. Abstract: Previous studies demonstrate that emotions are automatically processed. Even with subliminal presentations, subjects involuntarily mimic specific facial expressions, are influenced by the valence of a preceding emotion during judgments, and exhibit slowed responses to personally-meaningful emotions; these effects are due to reflexive mimicry, unconscious carry-over of valence, and attentional capture, respectively. However, perception-action effects indicate that rapid processing should involve deep, semantic-level representations of emotion (e.g. "fear") even in the absence of a clinical emotion disorder. To test this hypothesis, we developed an emotional Stroop task (Emostroop) where participants responded non-verbally to emotion words superimposed over task-irrelevant images of faces displaying congruent or incongruent emotional expressions. Participants reliably responded more slowly to incongruent than congruent stimuli, and this interference was related to trait measures of emotionality. Rapid processing of facial emotions spontaneously activates semantic, content-rich representations at the level of the specific emotion. Preston, S. D.; Bechara, A.; Damasio, H.; Grabowski, T. J.; Stansfield, R. B.; Mehta, S.; Damasio A. R. (2007). The neural substrates of cognitive empathy. Social Neuroscience, 2(3-4), 254-275. Abstract: Neuroscientific research has consistently found that the perception of an affective state in another activates the observer's own neural substrates for the corresponding state, which is likely the neural mechanism for "true empathy." However, to date there has not been a brain-imaging investigation of so-called "cognitive empathy," whereby one "actively projects oneself into the shoes of another person," imagining someone's personal, emotional experience as if it were one's own. In order to investigate this process, we conducted a combined psychophysiology and PET and study in which participants imagined: (1) a personal experience of fear or anger from their own past; (2) an equivalent experience from another person as if it were happening to them; and (3) a nonemotional experience from their own past. When participants could relate to the scenario of the other, they produced patterns of psychophysiological and neuroimaging activation equivalent to those of personal emotional imagery, but when they could not relate to the other's story, differences emerged on all measures, e.g., decreased psychophysiological responses and recruitment of a region between the inferior temporal and fusiform gyri. The substrates of cognitive empathy overlap with those of personal feeling states to the extent that one can relate to the state and situation of the other. Preston, S. D.; Buchanan, T. W.; Stansfield, R. B.; Bechara, A. (2007). Effects of anticipatory stress on decision making in a gambling task. Behavioral Neuroscience, 121(2), 257-263. Abstract: Recent research has highlighted the fact that emotion that is intrinsic to a task benefits decision making. The authors tested the converse hypothesis, that unrelated emotion disrupts decision making. Participants played the Iowa Gambling Task, during which only experimental participants anticipated giving a public speech (A. Bechara, D. Tranel, & H. Damasio, 2000). Experimental participants who were anticipating the speech learned the contingencies of the choices more slowly, and there was a gender interaction later in the game, with stressed female participants having more explicit knowledge and more advantageous performance and stressed male participants having poorer explicit knowledge and less advantageous performance. Effects of anticipatory stress on decision making are complex and depend on both the nature of the task and the individual. Preston, S. D. (2007). A perception-action model for empathy. In: T.F.D. Farrow & P. Woodruff (Eds.), Empathy in Mental Illness; (pp. 428-447). Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press. xxvi, 506 pp. Excerpt: This chapter describes and augments the perception-action model (PAM) of empathy, first detailed in Preston and de Waal (2002b). Empathy, ironically, is a term that means different things to different people. It has been difficult to distinguish empathy from sympathy because they both involve the emotional state of one related to the state of another. This problem was compounded by the fact that the mapping of the terms has recently reversed: what is now commonly called empathy was referred to before the middle of the twentieth century as sympathy (see Wispe, 1986 for a full discussion) and some researchers still use the old connotations (e.g. Batson, 1997). According to a PAM, empathy is defined as a shared emotional experience occurring when one person (the subject) comes to feel a similar emotion to another (the object) as a result of perceiving the other's state. This process results from the fact that the subject's representations of the emotional state are automatically activated when the subject pays attention to the emotional state of the object. The neural mechanism assumes that brain areas have processing domains based on their cellular composition and connectivity; as such, there is no "empathy area" and brain areas are recruited when the relevant domain is required by the task. This definition contains much information, so the model will be detailed in this chapter by deconstructing the definition, focusing on the italicized words. Preston, S. D. & Jacobs, L. F. (2005). Cache decision making: The effects of competition on cache decisions in Merriam's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys merriami). Journal of Comparative Psychology, 119, 187-96. Abstract: Caching food is an economic, decision-making process that requires animals to take many factors into account, including the risk of pilferage. However, little is known about how food-storing animals determine the risk of pilferage. In this study, the authors examined the effect of a dominant competitor species on the caching and behavior of Merriam's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys merriami). The authors found that, as with conspecific competitors, kangaroo rats did not alter caching in response to the mere presence of a heterospecific competitor, but moved caches to an unpreferred area when the competitor's presence was paired with pilferage. These data suggest that Merriam's kangaroo rat assesses pilfer risk from actual pilferage by a competitor and adaptively alters cache strategy to minimize future risk. Preston, S. D., (2004). Empathy. Encyclopedia of Animal Behavior, Marc Bekoff, ed., Greenwood Press, Connecticut. Vol. 2, 565-574. Excerpt:. Many people believe that animals other than humans do not experience empathy and sympathy. This is primarily because people believe that empathy results from a high-level thinking process where you imagine what it must be like to be in the situation of the other individual, and then you make inferences about how the other individual must feel. If this is how empathy is achieved, then it would be a high-level cognitive process that requires a large information-processing capacity, and many animals may not have such a capacity. When one individual has conscious thoughts about the state of another and makes mental models of the other's feelings and needs, it is called cognitive empathy. Research suggests that cognitive empathy may not exist in creatures other than humans and possibly apes. But most research indicates that the ability to feel the state of another and to try to help the other is an innate and automatic process that does not require conscious thought and exists across species. Preston, S. D. & de Waal, F. B. M. (2002). Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavior and Brain Sciences, 25, 1-72. Abstract: There is disagreement in the literature about the exact nature of the phenomenon of empathy. There are emotional, cognitive, and conditioning views, applying in varying degrees across species. An adequate description of the ultimate and proximate mechanism can integrate these views. Proximately, the perception of an object's state activates the subject's corresponding representations, which in turn activate somatic and autonomic responses. This mechanism supports basic behaviors (e.g., alarm, social facilitation, vicariousness of emotions, mother-infant responsiveness, and the modeling of competitors and predators) that are crucial for the reproductive success of animals living in groups. The Perception-Action Model (PAM), together with an understanding of how representations change with experience, can explain the major empirical effects in the literature (similarity, familiarity, past experience, explicit teaching, and salience). It can also predict a variety of empathy disorders. The interaction between the PAM and prefrontal functioning can also explain different levels of empathy across species and age groups. This view can advance our evolutionary understanding of empathy beyond inclusive fitness and reciprocal altruism and can explain different levels of empathy across individuals, species, stages of development, and situations. Preston, S. D. & de Waal, F. B. M. (2002). The communication of emotions and the possibility of empathy in animals. In: Altruistic love: Science, philosophy, and religion in dialogue, ed. S. Post, L. G. Underwood, J. P. Schloss, & W. B. Hurlburt; pp. 284-308. London: Oxford University Press. xvi, 500 pp. Excerpt: The possibility of nonhuman animals having empathy and sympathy has thus far received little attention in behavioral biology. This is due in part to the portrayal of the natural world as a field of combat rather than a place of social connectedness. Some prominent contemporary evolutionists, such as Williams (1989) and Dawkins (1976), still follow T. H. Huxley (1894), seeing no room within the evolutionary realm for morality and kindness. According to Huxley, such tendencies could have come into being only secondarily, as a cultural innovation of the human species. According to many contemporary psychologists and neuroscientists, "true empathy" is a cognitive innovation more akin to perspective taking (imagining yourself in the physical or mental place of another) (e.g. Povinelli et al. 1992a and b, Thompson, 1987, Ungerer et al. 1990). This characterization limits "true empathy" to those who can pass high level cognitive tests, usually humans above a certain age. Interestingly, Darwin (1871) himself expressed in The Descent of Man a much more united view, partly inspired by moral philosophers such as Adam Smith and David Hume. Darwin saw morality, including one of its pillars "sympathy" as a natural tendency; a viewpoint that is now all but forgotten but highly relevant to the present discussion (Flack & de Waal, 2000). Empirical research on animals supports Darwin's view, revealing empathy to be a phylogenetically continuous phenomenon that exists to varying degrees in non-human species. Preston, S. D. (2002). Book Review: George Ainslie (2002) Breakdown of Will. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Human Nature Review, 2, 183-186. Excerpt: Economic theories of decision making are limited by their emphasis on numbers, graphs, and tangible, linear variables. Evolution has produced nervous systems that use neural representations to mediate between stimuli and responses that develop over time to meet the demands of the environment at hand. Inputs that are tightly linked to their outcome are easy to learn and have a greater impact on behavior. Stimuli that are more present prepare responses to a greater extent. People with different developmental experiences will find different things rewarding. The response that "wins" in this winner-take-all neural battle for response will be the one that is more rewarding to the individual, but reward comes in many different shapes and sizes and is only applicable to the experience of the individuals. Preston, S. D. & Jacobs, L. F. (2001). Conspecific pilferage but not presence affects Merriam's kangaroo rat cache strategy. Behavioral Ecology, 12(5), 517-523. Abstract: We investigated the effects of pilferage on caching behavior in the Merriam's kangaroo rat by manipulating two factors associated with pilferage: the presence of a conspecific, and the opportunity for pilferage. In one experiment we assessed animals in either Stealer or Victim roles and measured changes in caching, space use, and behavior after caches were pilfered. Victims shifted from a majority scatter-hoarding to a majority larder-hoarding strategy after their caches were pilfered by the Stealer. In Experiment 2, we measured changes after exposure to a conspecific when there was no pilferage, with or without prior exposure to pilferage from Experiment 1. Merriam's kangaroo rats were vigilant when a conspecific was present, but did not change cache strategy. Prior exposure did not have any major effect on caching or behavior. Food storage is an economic decision that is often made by a solitary forager. Our results suggest that social competition nonetheless influences such economic decisions, even in a nonsocial forager. Key words: anxiety, decision processes, Dipodomys, kangaroo rat, pilferage, scatter hoarding. [Behav Ecol 12:517-523 (2001)] Preston, S. D. (2001). Effects of stress on decision making in the Merriam's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys merriami). Dissertation in Psychology, University of California at Berkeley. Abstract: Kangaroo rats are granivorous animals that live in semi-arid zones where seed production is unpredictable. By caching food when it is available, kangaroo rats can create a predictable supply of food despite the variability in production. Merriam's kangaroo rats are specialized for scatter hoarding (caching seeds in multiple, dispersed locations, each used only once), but they also use larder hoarding (caching all seeds in a single location that is reused). Cache decisions require an animal to take into account many variables, such as the availability of food, the risk of pilferage and the risk of predation. These variables must then be used to determine the optimal proportion of scatter and larder hoarding, the size of each cache, and the location of each cache. Thus, caching in Merriam's kangaroo rats is a cognitive and economic decision that can be used to investigate decision-making processes. Seven laboratory experiments with wild-caught Merriam's kangaroo rats demonstrated the flexibility of cache decisions. Although this species is characterized by its specialization for scatter hoarding, there is great within- and between-individual variation in the actual proportion of scatter and larder hoarding, depending on the external social conditions and the internal state of the animal at the time of caching. Experimental conditions that affected cache strategy included pilferage by a familiar conspecific individual, pilferage by a dominant heterospecific individual, and food deprivation. Food competition from pilferage may be stressful to the animals. Food deprivation is a known physiological stressor that increases circulating levels of glucocorticoid hormones. Thus, a glucocorticoid-based proximate model for cache decision-making was hypothesized and tested. Blood samples from before and after caching, and in response to classical stressors such as food deprivation and physical restraint, were collected and analyzed through radioammunoassay. Results from these experiments are insufficient to support a glucocorticoid-based mechanism for cache decisions. This may be due either to a sampling confound, or to the ecology of this desert-living species. Aureli, F.; Preston, S. D.; de Waal, F. B. M. (1999). Heart rate responses to social interactions in free-moving rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta): A pilot study.Journal of Comparative Psychology, 113(1), 59-65. Abstract: Heart rate telemetry was explored as a means to access animal emotion during social interactions under naturalistic conditions. Heart rates of 2 middle-ranking adult females living in a large group of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) were recorded along with their behavior. Heart rate changes during 2 types of interactions were investigated, while controlling for the effects of posture and activity. The risk of aggression associated with the approach of a dominant individual was expected to provoke anxiety in the approachee. This prediction was supported by the heart rate increase after such an approach. No increase was found when the approacher was a kin or a subordinate individual. The tension-reduction function of allogrooming was also supported. Heart rate decelerated faster during the receipt of grooming than in matched control periods. Keywords: heart rate changes to approach of dominant monkey & tension reduction function of allogrooming, female macaques Insel T. R.; Preston, S. D.; Winslow, J. T. (1995). Mating in the monogamous male: Behavioral consequences. Physiology and Behavior, 57(4), 615-627. Abstract:Three experiments explored behavioral changes that follow mating in the male prairie vole. Ss were tested after 24 hr of either mating, social exposure, or no social contact. Exp 1 examined behavioral consequences of mating vs social contact. Exp 2 examined time course of mating effects on aggression. Results demonstrated that mating, but not nonsexual social contact, was associated with an increase in aggression, the formation of a partner preference, and decreased fearfulness. More than 6 hrs of mating was necessary for the increase in aggression. Exp 3 examined behavioral consequences of mating in monogamous males of the closely related montane vole, who did not show increased aggression, partner preference, or alterations in plus maze exploration following 24 hr of mating. Results implicated the mating-induced changes in the prairie vole in the process of pair bonding, because none of these changes were observed in the montane vole, which does not form pair bonds. Back to main page


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Tortola is an island that offers little in historic sights, but that doesn't seem to bother the thousands of visitors who flock here every year. That's because they come for the spectacular scenery and gorgeous beaches – 21 square miles of beaches to be exact. Visitors to the island can spend their days basking in the sun, searching for sea shells, relaxing in a hammock, island … Continue reading
Category Archives: Tortola
The Tortola British Virgin Island is one of our favorite locations we offer, because of the all natural salt water lagoon where the dolphins swim and the beautiful mountainous Caribbean landscape. It is a combination you can not beat. So if you thinking of a Virgin Island vacation and want to stay on St Thomas or St. John US Virgin Islands? Or Maybe you are … Continue reading

subset: commoncrawl


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The new codeshare services from Singapore will connect Emirates passengers to Penang in Malaysia, Yangon in Myanmar and Medan in Indonesia.
The additional destinations complement the current 25 routes announced in February this year.
Effective immediately, Skywards members can now also earn Skywards Miles when they book economy Starter Plus, economy Starter Max or Business Max fares on international routes with Jetstar Airways, Jetstar Asia, Jetstar Japan and Valuair, as well as domestic routes within Australia and New Zealand if they connect to an international flight.
"The expansion of the codeshare with Jetstar is an important milestone as we continue to expand the destinations available to Emirates' passengers. On Emirates alone we offer 145 destinations and with our partnership with Jetstar we are adding a further 30 routes across the Far East & Australasia region," said Thierry Antinori, Emirates' Executive Vice President and Chief Commercial Officer.
"Today's announcement also benefits our Emirates Skywards members who will now see their miles go even further, be it a holiday in Penang or extra sightseeing in New Zealand," commented Mr Antinori.
"We are delighted to add Emirates Skywards as a loyalty option for Jetstar customers while also adding more routes to our codeshare partnership," Jetstar Group Chief Commercial Officer Lisa Brock said.
Emirates customers travelling on Jetstar will enjoy a range of full service fare features such as food and beverage options and the same luggage allowance they would have on Emirates.
All Emirates' passengers on Jetstar flights will receive boarding passes on check-in at their first international departure point for connecting international service
Members must enter their Emirates Skywards membership number during the booking process and Skywards Miles will be awarded within two weeks of completing the journey.
Emirates and Jetstar expand codeshare on more routes
- Details
- Category: Airport & Airline
The new codeshare services from Singapore will connect Emirates passengers to Penang in Malaysia, Yangon in Myanmar and Medan in Indonesia.


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Why LinkedIn Training?
At Linked Into Leads we provide customized, industry specific LinkedIn training for business professionals looking to:
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- Our LinkedIn Expert will deliver a fully customized LinkedIn training session that will educate the attendees on LinkedIn. Our goal is to have the attendees walk away with specific, measurable tactics that they can immediately implement.
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- The attendees will be free to ask any questions they'd like during the training session. Our goal is to have your attendees engaged and excited about the opportunities being presented to them.
- Presentation Slides – full copy of the slides with room to take notes
- Training Resources – Daily Routine Postcard, Messaging Scripts, Profile Cheatsheet
- Followup Support – Our team will be available to answer any question you have after your training is completed


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NATCHITOCHES — While the Northwestern State football team continued transitioning from preseason camp to pregame work for next Thursday's opener in Turpin Stadium against Missouri State, the Demons got a defensive boost Tuesday with the addition of New Orleans native Lyn Clark, a linebacker transferring from Louisville.
Clark, a 6-foot-2, 244-pound redshirt freshman, arrived on campus Monday and went through his first full day with the Demons Tuesday. He is eligible to play immediately, coach Jay Thomas said.
The Demons also added Nick Fabrizio, a transfer from Navy who will sit out the 2014 season as a redshirt and will have three seasons to play. Fabrizio, a 5-11, 190-pound option quarterback from Valrico, Florida, is the son of former Demon quarterback Rob Fabrizio (1984-86) and brother of junior linebacker Robert Fabrizio.
Clark was a standout at O. Perry Walker High School who made 111 tackles, including 17 for losses, nine sacks, nine forced fumbles and two interceptions as a senior in 2012. He redshirted last year at Louisville, and was listed as the second-team middle linebacker for the Cardinals entering preseason camp.
McNeese State
RAIN CANCELS PRACTICE: Heavy downpours canceled McNeese's practice on Tuesday afternoon. The team will now practice twice on Wednesday at about 9:10 a.m. and at 4:30 in the afternoon.
The Cowboys will scrimmage again at 9:45 a.m. Saturday.


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Category: White-collar Crime
When A Threat Becomes A Crime
A Miami Beach man was recently accused of threatening President Trump on Twitter. He sent the threat directly to Secret Service, challenging them to stop his Inauguration Day surprise. They did, and Dominic Puopolo, who used the screen name of Lord Jesus Christ, is now in federal custody. Sending a threat to the President, to an ex-wife,… Read More
The E-Rate Honey Pot
When you grant access to a $ 4 billion fund and give fund participants relative autonomy in how they use those funds, ne'er-do-wells will sniff their way to the honey pot. Keeping them out can be a challenge. So goes the story of the federally administered Schools and Libraries Program, better known as E-Rate. Established… Read More
Keep It Short and Prosper
What a difference two words can make. Just ask the Center for Competitive Politics (CCP) or Americans for Prosperity (AFP), two organizations that filed separate lawsuits against the same defendant, California Attorney General Kamala Harris, over the same issue: whether Harris's office had the right to access the organizations' donor information. (The cases are Center… Read More
This Man Is Dodging Wall St.
Rather than confront accusations of baseless zeal and prosecutorial overreach, New York federal prosecutor Preet Bharara would rather spend his energy dodging accountability. In 2010, Bharara launched a crusade against Wall Street, prosecuting several hedge funds he suspected of insider trading. Highly publicized raids followed. In the wake of the financial meltdown, Bharara was hailed… Read More
CFPB Scare Tactics: The New Arbitration Rules
Recently, I wrote about the CFPB's plans to issue new regulations restricting arbitration clauses in certain consumer contracts. Today, the agency announced those new rules and CFPB Director Richard Cordray is expected to discuss them at the agency's field hearing in Albuquerque, New Mexico. As expected, the new rules eliminate the use of class action… Read More
Good News: The Feds Can't Freeze Your Assets to Stop You from Hiring a Lawyer
Republished with permission from FEE.org, originally published April 12, 2016 There are limits to what the government can take from you. The Supreme Court recently ruled that the Constitution forbids the government from freezing a defendant's "untainted" assets in advance of prosecution. The ruling is a significant victory for those caught in the government's crosshairs. It… Read More
Even Bad Guys Have Rights
This article first appeared February 29, 2016, on FEE.org – you can access this version here. Remember Martin Shkreli, the "pharma bro" notorious for raising the price of his company's life-saving drug by some 5,000 percent? Did you know he was recently arrested for securities fraud (completely unrelated to the drug hike)? It didn't take long… Read More
Normandie Casino Operator Pleads Guilty to Charges Stemming from Protection of High-Rollers
Despite the old saying "the customer is always right," the law places limits on customer service in the casino industry. Normandie Casino has found this out the hard way. The operator of the casino has agreed to plead guilty to charges that it violated anti-money laundering provisions of the Bank Secrecy Act, according to a… Read More
Halting Business And Seizing A Domain Without A Moment's Notice
Photo credit: Wikipedia Commons- Uploaded by NativeForeigner Every year, the Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas proves to be one of the more interesting conventions to attend. 2016 did not disappoint: companies showed off cool innovations in displays, robotics, and integrated smart technology across the consumer products platform. Adding to the excitement at this year's… Read More
Jumping To Judgment on For-Profit Education
If you didn't know any better, you might have gotten pretty fiery over for-profit education after reading one of the front page stories of Tuesday's New York Times. The lengthy article titled "For-Profit Colleges Fail Standards, but Get Billions" is all about accusations of greedy institutions bilking taxpayers and taking advantage of students through… Read More


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Based between the pristine Fleurieu Peninsula and beautiful Adelaide Hills of South Australia, B.-d. Farm Paris Creek is one of Australia's finest producers of award winning dairy products.
Our range of white milks, flavored milks, yogurts, quarks, butter and handcrafted French style soft and European style hard cheeses are made from the highest quality, premium, biodynamic-organic milk. At every stage of production, we avoid the use of artificial ingredients such as colors, flavors, stabilizers and anything that would interfere with the quality of our products, we minimize "unnecessary" production processes such as homogenization or UH treatment and we aim to provide the best possible health benefits for our organic-conscious consumers. B.-d. Farm Paris Creek's point of difference starts in the soil, continuing with the pasture , the herd management, and excels in our processing method.
There is nothing artificial on our land, with our herd, or in our products. On our biodynamic organic farm there are no fertilizers, pesticides, fungicides and GMO's used and no antibiotics or hormones are administered to our herds. Owning a totally biodynamic farm has been a life-time dream of both Ulli and Helmut Spranz, and they were both well qualified to follow that dream.
In their home country of Germany, Helmut earned an Engineering Degree in Agriculture and Ulli – a graphic designer – worked on a variety of farms in Germany and Switzerland to gain valuable practical experience. "In our opinion, food is one of the most important things in your life, along with air and water." Ulli and Helmut wanted to give their family a healthy lifestyle away from the city and at the same time aimed to produce the best quality, healthiest food possible. They wanted to make their products available to other families and consumers who value healthy, natural and organic dairy products.
They also wanted to set an example that commercially viable production – from paddock to plate – can be achieved without the modern, "cheaper methods" that today are common in food processing, such as artificial additives,preservatives, colors, flavors, stabilizers, gelatin based thickeners, genetically modified organisms and over-processing.
Another important reason for Ulli and Helmut to consider was the fast diminishing raw food supply produced in Australia, mainly milk, in particular organically produced milk. They wanted to create awareness with consumers of the value of dairy farming and how important the local farming industry is in our daily lives. The Spranz family migrated to Australia in 1987, hoping to find property that fit their vision. After one year of traveling around beautiful Australia, their dream was realized with the discovery of 170 perfect acres at Paris Creek, South Australia between the Adelaide Hills and Fleurieu Peninsula. Green meadows with flourishing herbs and flowers, bordered by forests amongst rolling hills, and the most beautiful valley with the pristine Paris Creek.
This is the perfect home for healthy cows enjoying their days under blue sunny skies, fresh rains and the occasional umbrella of a rainbow – a combination which creates an essential well balanced environment. The land was more than beautiful – since the previous owners did not spend money on farm input, it was free of chemicals such as fertilizers, pesticides and fungicides. This made it a prime location for good milk production. The business started producing a small quantity of milk for families who wanted to purchase from farm gate and for local health food stores. Demand for their biodynamic, unpasteurized and non-homogenized milk grew rapidly in South Australia. In this time it was permitted to sell unpasteurized milk in SA. However, the Australia and New Zealand Food Authorities dismissed this option nationally in 2001. B.-d. Farm Paris Creek soon introduced quark and natural yoghurt to their range of products.
The herd was extended, more land was purchased, the manufacturing facilities were extended and local local people were employed. Sales increased continuously, first to Health Food Stores and Food Service, then to Independent Supermarkets and soon consumers demanded B.-d. Farm Paris Creek products in the major retail outlets; eventually sales spread to all states of Australia, and soon after, orders for B.-d. Farm Paris Creek products were received from overseas and export started.
In 2001 a new state-of-the-art manufacturing plant was built for yogurts, milk, Quark and butter processing and production kept increasing continuously. New products were developed such as flavored milks and a thick-and-creamy Greek Style yogurt, called the Indulgence Range. Those products proved to be successful with dairy industry judges, as well as with consumers.
In 2007 an extension was added to incorporate a cheese production facility to produce a range of French-style soft cheeses and European-style hard cheeses. Over the years, B.-d. Farm Paris Creek has built up a loyal following of consumers, health-conscious families and individuals of all ages. Young and organic-minded consumers are consistently drawn to the brand, as are elderly buyers who "remember products as they used to be, before artificial ingredients and over processing" – and who recognize the quality in the award winning B.-d. Farm Paris Creek range of dairy products. Today, the products are sold through a variety of channels, and to a large range of clients: Health food stores, independent supermarkets, smaller chains as well as the major retailers on a state and on a national level. B.-d. Farm Paris Creek also supplies to restaurants and cafes. Export clients range from distributors and consolidators to individual companies and supermarkets in countries in the Asia Pacific region as well as the United Arab Emirates. We also sell directly to small retail shops and farmers markets, particularly in South Australia and we highly value that smaller platform, as it gives us a direct connection to our end-user. This is useful for soliciting feedback and learning what consumers are looking for in new products.
2014: One of B.-d. Farm Paris Creek's most recent achievements is the upgrade of our processing and production plant to one of the most energy efficient manufacturers in Australia. B.-d. Farm Paris Creek is one of only a few companies that have received a "Clean Energy Grant" from the "Clean technology Food and Foundry Investment Program", which helped achieve this goal. The different components of this project are solar electricity, solar hot water and dramatically improved process efficiencies. This is an extremely exciting step for us as we have always attempted to provide the most environmentally friendly dairy products available, with the highest sustainable value and the healthiest nutritional quality possible – and at the same time, support local dairy farmers, hay and grain growers directly.
With best regards,
The Spranz family & the team of B.-d. Farm Paris Creek


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Virtual Staging
Here is our latest service we are offering to complement our real estate photography.
Virtual Staging:
No more empty rooms you can have them turned into virtually staged models to show their full potential!
Take a look at these examples on our facebook page!
Forest Lakes Charlottesville Real Esate Photography
. We always enjoy taking pictures of homes in Forest Lakes! Its a great neighborhood for families with tons of amenities! View the TOURLakes Charlottesville KitchenWe
Virtual Tours Platforms offered with Real Estate photography
We currently offer a couple of different virtual tour platforms and find it a great way to showcase a home.
TourBuzz: http://tours.vahomepics.com/
SavvyTours: http://savvytours.com/photographer/168-abby-and-chris-inman
If you use a different system let us know we are always looking in to expanding our offerings!
Excellent Forest Lakes North Home!
This home was a pleasure to photograph please take a look at the tour here!
Let us know if you need help photographing your home.
A City Charmer….
Recently had the opportunity to photograph the charming home in the City of Charlottesville. Take a look at the very cool cottage in the back yard!
Real Estate Photography Lake Monticello
Great Lake Monticello Home
Check out the TOUR
Getting Your Home Ready For Photos
In order to make the most of our photography experience with you,
we have some tips to help you get ready.
Outside Your Home:
- Put away trash cans, gardening tools, hoses, etc.
- Be sure grass has been recently mowed, flowerbeds weeded, bushes trimmed & yard waste disposed of.
- Store/stash away children's toys & bikes.
- Pick up pet toys, droppings, and food/water bowls.
- Position patio umbrellas up, un-stack chairs, and remove hot tub covers.
- Be prepared to remove vehicles from driveways on day of photo shoot (and, if possible, not directly in front of the house on the street – they will be seen in photos taken from the inside looking out).
- For the best results, please let your real estate agent know what time of the day the sun is facing the front of your house (morning, noon, late afternoon) – we will aim for taking pictures during this time frame.
Inside Your Home:
- Turn on all lights and replace any missing or burned out bulbs.
- If you have hardwood flooring – give them a once over with a conditioning product for a nice shine.
- Living/Dining Rooms: De-clutter your fireplace, mantle & book shelves.
- Kitchen: Buyers love to see nice kitchens: make sure you clean everything you can off your countertops to show as much space as you can – if you must leave appliances out and on the counters, make sure they are clean and polished. Take everything off your refrigerator (magnets, things stored on top, etc). Put away trash cans and pet food/water bowls.
- Bedrooms & Offices: Pickup laundry, make bed, vacuum all floors, and de-clutter book shelves. Tidy up office/workstations: temporarily stash piles of papers out of sight.
- Bathrooms: De-clutter and clean countertops and mirrors. Hang fresh towels on towel bars and close
toilet lids.
- Laundry/Utility Rooms: De-clutter and clean countertops. Fold and put away piles of laundry.
Family Pets: For safety reasons we ask that your pets be placed in a safe, locked area of your home or the garage during the photo shoot.


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Dental Services Offered
About Us
Comprehensive Examination
After studying your dental health history, our dentist will perform a examination. This procedure is known as a comprehensive exam and is performed to study the state of your dental health. An important part of the comprehensive exam is the cleaning. The teeth and mouth are thoroughly cleaned before moving onto x-rays.
Our dentist will generally look for any sensitivity, decay, and redness around the gums and teeth during the examination, and explain the procedure to you. Even though our dentist will have already studied your medical and dental history from the forms you filled out, you may still be asked questions about your teeth while being examined. This is common if our dentist sees anything which was not mentioned in the forms.
Call us at 402-614-7111 to schedule your appointment or visit our office today. Our dentist will be happy to answer your questions.


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The Club
The North of England Dalmatian Club is the oldest Dalmatian club in the world. It was founded in1903 at the Great Harwood show, near Blackburn in Lancashire, by a group of twenty Dalmatian fanciers.
Officers & Committee
The Club committee work hard behind the scenes to ensure that publications such as the Carriage Dog Chronicle, Annual Handbooks,
this website and that all club events can progress without concern to our members. Find out more about your current committee and the various jobs and roles they perform on your behalf, although each person has defined roles and tasks we all work as a team to ensure that all of the hard work goes on behind the scenes ensuring that there is little or no impact upon the members.
NoEDC Committee 2017
Full details of Officer and
Committee roles are on the links to the right.
Have you ever thought about joining the NoEDC Committee? New members are always welcome. To become a member of our committee you need to have been a fully paid up member of the club for 3 years. If you are interested speak to a committee member.
Club Information
- Club Information
- Club History
- Officers
- Committee
- Club Rules
- Code of Ethics
- Membership Application
- Members Websites
In Loving Memory
"The Web Site is funded by a bequest to the Club in the Will of the Late Miss I B Clay of Tantivvey Dalmatians to whose memory the site is dedicated."


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Just hate rest days on the Tour de France. Not that I'd ever begrudge the cyclists the well-deserved rest. It's just that… well, by now I am so hooked on the Tour that I eagerly anticipate each stage. This is just a glimpse of the upcoming Tour Withdrawal that begins next Monday (sigh).
Anticipation seems one of the key words for Le Tour 2011. When are the top contenders going to come out and fight for the yellow jersey? Thus far, heroes with heart have carried the legendary jersey from the opening stages, through the Massif Central, across the sunflower fields and up and over the legendary climbs of the Col de Tourmelat and Plateau de Beille. Mighty Thor Hushovd captured a stage from Pau to Lourdes that no one ever expected him to win. Thomas Voeckler refuses to relinquish the Maillot Jaune, riding with the extra power legend claims it lends to those who wear it on their backs.
But as for the pre-tour favorites, the assumed contenders, the tour progresses without sparks or drama… to this point. Seemingly content to play games of cat and mouse, neither Andy nor brother Frank Schleck, nor Alberto Contador demonstrate any interest in shaking the pack from their wheels or capturing that yellow jersey. Contador, who has the most to gain, continues to play it safe, marking the Schlecks, all three staying within striking distance of the leader. It took a gritty move from Cadel Evans chasing down an attack to lodge the favorites from their apparent lethargy.
Sure, during the jaunt through the Pyrenees we saw signs of what could be exciting battles as Andy and Frank traded attacks on the climbs to Tourmelat, the Col d'Aubisque and the Plateau de Beille. Contador, Evans, and surprisingly (to some) Voekler responded in kind, and in the end, the powerhouse sprinter from Norway wowed the crowd by chasing down the breakaway on the Col d'Aubisque, eventually leaving it in his dust, and claiming victory on a mountain stage. Everyone knows sprinters barely make it through the mountains, much less capture a stage. No one told Thor Hushovd.
So we wait for the fireworks… the moment when the cyclist throws down the gauntlet and challenges the rest of the Peleton to catch me if you can. The moment of the Lance Armstrong look when he turned to Jan Ullrich before sprinting away from him and the field on his playground in the Alps. We waited for the moment that never came last year when Andy Schleck and Alberto Contador rode contentedly side by side through the mountains… leaving the final time trial to determine the winner.
Perhaps that strategy rules this tour also, though it's extremely doubtful that Contador can make up the minutes he's lost in a single time trial. Perhaps Andy and Frank are content to place either first or second, but surely Cadel Evans seeks more than just a spot on the podium. With George Hincapie as the lieutenant at his side, Cadel may be planning some surprises in the final week in the tour.
If not, my pick is the one rider who proves each and every stage that he wants that yellow jersey. How sweet would it be to see French rider Thomas Voeckler at the top of the podium next Sunday in Paris?
Related articles
- 2011 Tour De France: Evans, Contador or the Schlecks, Who Will Conquer the Alps? (bleacherreport.com)
- You: Cadel Evans in Tour de France yellow jersey test (france24.com)


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Alaska and Arctic Canada - an upstream review of 2013
This report is currently unavailable
Report summary
In 2013, a fiscal overhaul in Alaska boosted the value of the North Slope's fields by US$5.2 billion. ConocoPhillips and BP responded by increasing capital investment and near-term activity in the state. However, the new terms could still be repealed by voter referendum in the August 2014 Alaska primary election. Leasing activity across most areas of Alaska and Arctic Canada was muted in 2013, but some explorers found success.
What's included
This report contains
Table of contents
- Executive Summary
Leasing activity
Alaska leasing activity
- Headline results in the NPR-A
- Bonuses shrink across other Alaskan regions
- Arctic Canada leasing
- Alaska leasing activity
Exploration and Discoveries
Alaska's North Slope
- Independents driving activity in the Cook Inlet
- Exploration activity increases in Arctic Canada
- Alaska's North Slope
Development highlights and other noteworthy events
- Alaska tax reform
- Operators respond to MAPA
- Concept selection completed for South Central LNG
- Shell returns to the Chukchi, legal wrangling continues
- New development plan released for BP Liberty
- Independent Caelus Energy acquires Oooguruk
- ConocoPhillips in the NPR-A
- JV led by Imperial Oil is the first mover in the Beaufort Sea
- Substantial remaining reserves ensure continued interest
Tables and charts
This report includes 7 images and tables including:
- Acreage awarded and total work commitments in Arctic Canada 2005-2013
- Exploration wells completed in Alaska 2002-2013
- Exploration wells completed in Arctic Canada 2002-2013
- Top fields by remaining reserves
- Remaining reserves by region
- Alaska and Arctic Canada - an upstream review of 2013: Image 7
- Acreage awarded and total signature bonuses in Alaska 2005-2013
You may be interested in
Alaska upstream summary
Arctic Canada upstream summary
Questions about this report?
Europe:+44 131 243 4400
Americas:+1 713 470 1600
Asia Pacific:+65 6518 0800


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SOURCE: Liberty One Lithium Corp.
July 13, 2017 00:05 ET
Company aims to identify extent of subsurface lithium brine asset
Company aims to identify extent of subsurface lithium brine asset
VANCOUVER, BC--(Marketwired - Jul 13, 2017) - Liberty One Lithium Corp. ("Liberty One," "Liberty One Lithium," or the "Company") (TSX VENTURE: LBY) (OTCQB: LRTTF) (FRANKFURT: L1T), an emerging exploration company focused on the acquisition and development of high grade lithium brine deposits, is pleased to announce plans for a geophysical survey at its 15,857 hectare (39,183 acre) joint venture interest in the Pocitos West Project located on the Pocitos Salar in Salta Province, Argentina.
Liberty One Lithium, through its operating partner Millennial Lithium Corp. ("Millennial") (TSX VENTURE: ML) (FRANKFURT: A3N2) (OTCQB: MLNLF), has contracted Salta based Tecnología y Recursos ("TyR") to conduct a geophysical survey at Pocitos West. TyR will conduct a Vertical Electrical Soundings ("VES") survey which detects variations in subsurface conductivity. The VES survey can identify differences between dry sediments, sediments with fresh or low-salinity water, massive halite (rock salt), and basement rocks. TyR will take measurements at 11 stations along the 29 kilometer north-south extent of the tenements, reporting results based on modeling the on-the-ground results with the conductivity parameters of the local rock types and similar rock types bearing fresh water and brines.
The 60-kilometre-long Pocitos salar basin was previously drill tested with 12 shallow holes in 1979 by an Argentine government agency, the Direccion General de Fabricaciones Militares. The most significant result from the historical work program includes a shallow drill hole, which averaged 417 parts per million lithium and 15,300 parts per million potassium. The results of these holes and the sampling conducted are historical in nature and cannot be confirmed by the company under National Instrument 43-101 standards of exploration applicable today.
Geologically, salars are topographically depressed and surrounded by hills and mountains. The salar basins are filled with surface runoff and subsurface flow from the surrounding high terrain. The sediments are the product of erosion of the mountain around the salars, which tend to mask the actual size of the salt flats as shown at surface. Most of the advanced-stage projects in Argentina are extending their resource below the alluvial fans. At the Pocitos West Project area, previous geophysics profiles indicate that the body of brine extends toward the west beneath the alluvial fans on trend with the Liberty One property at depths of up 500 feet or more.
Morgan Tincher, Liberty One Lithium's CFO notes, "We are pleased to have the ability to quickly move forward in determining the extent of the mineral assets at Pocitos West. Our JV partners at Millennial have extensive exploration experience in the area and we are very much on the same page with their proposed workplan and executable timeline. We enjoy the same enthusiastic outlook for the opportunities this region represents, as Lithium continues to show great promise for the foreseeable future. As mentioned previously, our intent is to move ahead with our initial NI 43-101 report and to continue to focus our efforts on building shareholder value.
Iain Scarr, AIPG, CPG, an arm's length party to the Company, is the Qualified Person responsible for the technical disclosure in this news release, in accordance with National Instrument 43-101.
For further information about Liberty One Lithium Corp., please visit www.libertyonelithium.com or view the Company's filings at www.SEDAR.com.
"/s/ Morgan Tincher"
Morgan Tincher
CFO and Director
About Liberty One Lithium (TSX VENTURE: LBY) (OTCQB: LRTTF) (FRANKFURT: L1T)
Liberty One Lithium Corp. is an emerging exploration company focused on the acquisition and development of high grade lithium brine deposits. The Company believes that strategic global resources are the key to a robust energy strategy to protect economic stability worldwide. Find out more at: www.libertyonelithium.com.
Cautionary Statement Regarding "Forward-Looking" Information
Some of the statements contained in this press release are forward-looking statements and information within the meaning of applicable securities laws. Forward-looking statements and information can be identified by the use of words such as "anticipates", "plans", "expects", "intends", "is expected", "potential", "suggests" or variations of such words or phrases, or statements that certain actions, events or results "may", "could", "should", "would", "might" or "will" be taken, occur or be achieved. Forward-looking statements and information are not historical facts and are subject to a number of risks and uncertainties beyond the Company's control. Actual results and developments are likely to differ, and may differ materially, from those expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements contained in this news release. Accordingly, readers should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements. The Company undertakes no obligation to update publicly or otherwise revise any forward-looking statements, except as may be required by law.
Neither TSX Venture Exchange nor its Regulations Services Provider (as that term is defined in policies of the TSX Venture Exchange) accepts responsibility for the adequacy or accuracy of this release.
Walter Spagnuolo
Invictus Investor Relations
Office: +1.604.343.8661
Email: email@example.com
Website: www.libertyonelithium.com
Walter Spagnuolo
Invictus Investor Relations
Office: +1.604.343.8661
Email: email@example.com
Website: www.libertyonelithium.com
See all RSS Newsfeeds


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After about 5 months, I've finally completed my internship with Serial Data Sdn Bhd. Met many people, went to many places, celebrated many birthdays and gained much knowledge. Many thanks to my colleagues who taught me and appreciated my work alongside with my college mate Francis who was in the same company.
Working under superior can be quite frightening at first as we're not sure about how they react and what is their temperament. But once you get to know them, it suddenly feels really normal and that you seem to be able to blend into the environment.
It was quite fun to work with them too. They brought me to places to makan which I've never been before and they sometimes would pack food back as well(food! we all love food :3). During my 5months, I've actually celebrated most of my colleagues birthdays in the office too. Started from Jeya, Elwin and then Joey(they didn't celebrate mine, but that is okay).
As for work, there wasn't that much to do, but I guess I've learned much with interacting with people. My job usually took place outside the office, and so sometimes I would have to talk to people to get around. I had to install stuff into printers, repair computers, code an application, move stuff around, do filing just like every other staff does in the office (minus repairing computers that is).
I actually loved repairing stuff. Tinkering with computers actually kept me from being bored in the office most of the time. Plug out hardware, reformat computers, move them around,diagnose,etc etc.
Sunday, August 03, 2008
Internship over...
nbtd post by Kclee at 11:14 PM
Tags: holiday, internship, work
1 comment:
- Lauren said...
I just read your blog post on finishing your internship. I recently created a website called InternshipRatings.com. It is a resource to rate, research and compare internships in various industries across the United States. It features a new advice column and you might be interested in the last article we just posted. It's called What To Do When You Leave Your Internship. It might be helpful! I also encourage you to rate! Your rating can even be anonymous.
I hope you get a chance to check it out!
- Tuesday, August 5, 2008 at 1:09:00 AM GMT+8
Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)


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originally posted by: theantediluvian
a reply to: Hazardous1408
Damnit! It's hard to keep up with them! I tried not to put anything in my OP but I could help myself. Hold on. I'm sure I can find a rumor on 4chan to start a thread with.
originally posted by: MysticPearl
originally posted by: Shamrock6
Only three threads today, after a few days with no threads at all?
He's a shill who was busy writing this type of nonsense for other media outlets.
That's why.
originally posted by: burdman30ott6
a reply to: theantediluvian
Little monkey see, monkey do from you, ya?
Funny man.
originally posted by: theantediluvian
If Trump is elected 650 million pterodactyls will rise from volcanoes and kill all the children
originally posted by: theantediluvian
originally posted by: Shamrock6
Only three threads today, after a few days with no threads at all?
Thanks for demonstrating how little being right actually matters
(one thread today, you're looking at last replies)
originally posted by: Hazardous1408
a reply to: MysticPearl
You get a ruble per word with a 10 ruble bonus for using the word shill.


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Our best-selling Fourth Doctor Scarf keeps the winds at bay. Our Fifth Doctor Jumper will make sure you're toasty. And now, our new Doctor Who umbrellas will keep you dry whether you're on Marinus, sheltering from the siege of Trenzalore, or under the Earth's overcast skies. All of time and space; everywhere and anywhere; every star that ever was... Where do you want to start?The umbrellas will be available from 10 March for £34.99 and can be pre-ordered now.
The Automatic Open and Close Folding Umbrella utilises Time Lord technology: it's bigger on the inside! All you have to do is push a button on the handle and the 21"/53.3cm canopy opens out. Made with a high quality fibre glass frame, aluminium shaft, and comfortable plastic and rubber-coated handle, the umbrella shows the TARDIS on an alien landscape, evocative of the Doctor's home planet, Gallifrey, and comes in a specially-made carry case.
This 1960s Police Box is an iconic, beautiful design: an instantly-recognisable image that conjures up dreams of all time and space. That's why our second exclusive umbrella displays the TARDIS with pride across its 23"/58.4cm canopy! Opening at the touch of a button, the Stick Umbrella is made from durable fibre glass, with a luxurious rubber-coated handle.
Both are ideal for keeping the rain off fans new and old – plus, of course, their companions!
Click here to pre-order the Time Lord umbrella, or click here for the TARDIS umbrella.


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Originally posted by syrinx high priest
I am !!!
check my sig !!!
Originally posted by YAHUWAH SAVES
The two party system is actually one party and has never been a two party system in many many decades. Craftfully and artfully the deception of a two party system having been placed in the hearts & minds of the American people to believe that they are two parties are such topics as homosexuality, abortion, guns, womens rights, the environment, schooling and medical. These are Strawman topics that are there to divide and foster an illusion of a two party system that has really never been in most everyones lifetime. In reality every person has such differing views on each one of these topics but which every group you side more with then this is the deciding factor on who you will vote for. Pretty much why we are split down the center in this country. The real issues of today become fully sidetracked and covered over like National Security, Constitutional Law, Freedoms, Taxes and etc. These are the topics that the Government wants you to simply leave up to them because after all "they do know what's better for you and your children".
As long as we believe MAN rules then we will continue as a race to stay divided. There is a better Covenant however.... one that unites and is has not been twisted by religions over the last 20+ centuries. That Covenant will be revealed in our lifetime so there is hope! It is one that does not stone homosexuals, adulterers and disobedient children. It is a Covenant that does not approve of child sacrifice and it is a Covenant that has not had hundreds of extra laws added to it as in our own government. Twelve Laws that keep it simple and real...
Originally posted by betheflow
Guys, unless I am completely off in my views on this (please feel free to point out my errors, with facts not opinions please), if we are NOT up for changing our constitution and the Republic our founding fathers gave us, we HAVE to stop talking about the popular vote as far as presidents are concerned! Our Republic was NEVER meant to be a democracy! EVER!
The founding fathers abhorred democracy/mob rule, and they explicitly said so on many different occasions. The whole original system was set up to completely avoid mob rule. In the case of the presidency the electoral college is the way they guaranteed the mob would not rule. Only a handful of highly qualified men (hopefully) per state would cast their vote for the president and whoever came in second was the vice-president PERIOD. So it was with Washington, Adams, Jefferson etc... why do you think the constitutionally aware RP posse concentrated all their efforts on electing delegates that were RP supporters. Because EVERY delegate is meant to vote their conscious. This debate of bound or unbound delegates is a modern fallacy. I am not quite sure when the fakery started but unless, again, we want to change what our founding fathers gave us, we have to stop calling the US a democracy. IT IS NOT (kinda makes everyone that buys into the tagline that we have been spreading democracy to the world via our intervention policies and wars completely and utterly foolish). We would have the candidates from all parties (Democrat, Republican, Independent, Libertarian, Constitutionalist, Tea-Party, Occupy etc...) get same air time and have the same amount of public funding and REAL debates so that the people know exactly who they are on where they stand and the delegates who are elected can make their decision and justify their decision to the people of their state. If they get it wrong next time or choose to go against the popular sentiment of their state they may not be a delegate next time. Then the people would HAVE to concentrate in electing the RIGHT people for Congress and the Senate (again, another way the founding fathers set to stop mob rule, a few men from each state will be making and voting on laws, policies and measures). And since the Executive, Legislative and the Judiciary were meant to have equal power and serve as a check and balance to each other they guarantee no mob rule and they guarantee not one group will take over everything (at least in theory). Of course nowadays we exult the Executive above all others, The House and Senate are a mess because we have been indoctrinated to only care about the presidential vote and the Judiciary has been delegated a role of subserviency and back-up to the Executive. Now, we have all the lobbyists tie the noose around everyone involved in all 3 branches and we have the worst nightmare of the founding fathers. A small group who controls everything, not to mention a private "central bank" aka The FED, which for the exception of Hamilton, was the biggest no no for most of our founding fathers, so much so that Jefferson famously prophesied:
"I believe that banking institutions are more dangerous to our liberties than standing armies . . . If the American people ever allow private banks to control the issue of their currency, first by inflation, then by deflation, the banks and corporations that will grow up around [the banks] . . . will deprive the people of all property until their children wake-up homeless on the continent their fathers conquered . . . The issuing power should be taken from the banks and restored to the people, to whom it properly belongs." -- Thomas Jefferson -- The Debate Over The Recharter Of The Bank Bill, (1809)


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Pretty scary, right? I tripped a few times just trying to get through her room to take a "good" photo.
So here's what I did…
Still could use some work, but it looks a TON better than it did! Could definitely use a good vacuuming too!!
Not bad at all! If you try this out, I would love to hear your results!
For now, I need to finish my laundry. When it's all hung up to dry, I think I'll reward myself with some knitting time. 🙂


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Price range, per nightmin R max R
The capital city of the Mpumalanga Province of South Africa, Nelspruit (Mbombela) is considered the gateway town between the Kruger National Park, Mozambique and Swaziland. It is also the largest town in the Lowveld, a lush area where tropical fruits and nuts are farmed. The outlying areas consist of rolling green hills, waterfalls, forests and rivers, a place where Mother Nature parades her complete array of magnificence.
Nelspruit is strategically located between the large Gauteng cities and the coast of Mozambique, its history tells of it being on a trade route and later, a junction for trains carrying cargo to the shipping port in Maputo Bay. Today, the busy N4 highway runs from Pretoria via Nelspruit and to the Mozambique border.
A warm subtropical climate makes Nelspruit the perfect place to enjoy the outdoors and explore this entire region that is rich in natural wonders.
Top 8 reasons to visit Nelspruit
1. A visit to the Kruger National Park is mandatory. This world famous reserve hosts the Big 5 (lion, leopard, rhino, elephant and buffalo), the endangered African wild dog, hyena, crocodile, hippo and many other mammals. A total of 451 bird species have been officially recorded in the park.
2. Farm stalls along the roads around Nelspruit are common, however, the Halls Farm Stall on the R104 is worth a stop to sample the excellent coffee and fresh home bakes on offer. All manner of gifts, jams, and preserves line the shelves. The place has a lovely garden to rest up.
3. Travel to the Croc Grove Crocodile Farm on the Schoemanskloof road to see the 75 breeding Nile crocodiles, some well over 3m in size. Try and schedule your visit during croc feeding times.
4. The Lowveld National Botanical Garden is one of the most picturesque in South Africa. Walk through the rain forest and cross the suspension bridge to view a spectacular waterfall. The unique baobab tree and ancient cycads are on display.
5. Watch a movie, sip on a cocktail or try your luck on the slot machines at the gracious Emnotweni Casino and Entertainment Complex in Mbombela.
6. Take a tour of the Mbombela Stadium where 40000 fans regularly watch their favourite soccer and rugby teams in action. The pillars are designed to appear as giraffes and the seats are arranged in the pattern of zebra stripes.
7. Birders visit the Nelspruit Nature Reserve, home to many striking birds such as the purple-crested turaco, however, hikers and animal lovers will enjoy the reserve for the 3 forest trails and small mammals roaming the reserve.
8. The Jane Goodall Institute of South Africa Chimpanzee Sanctuary, also called Chimp Eden, is the only one of its kind in the country and houses orphaned and rescued chimpanzees mostly from the illegal pet trade. Guided tours take place 3 times a day and there is a restaurant on site.
Mpumalanga's international airport is Kruger Mpumalanga International Airport, 27km outside Nelspruit. There is also an airstrip on the outskirts of town for small commercial and charter planes. A vehicle can be hired from car rental agencies at the airport or in the town, otherwise order a rental online. Metered taxi and shuttle services operate in Nelspruit. Uber has plans to begin operating here in the very near future.
Did you know?
Nelspruit was officially renamed to Mbombela (meaning Crowded Place in isiSwazi) in 2009, however, the new name is long in being adopted. At this stage, both names are recognised, use either when asking for directions.
Dame Jane Goodall won acclaim for her research conducted on chimpanzees and other primates. She found that chimpanzees have a complex social structure, display many human-like traits and are able to master basic toolmaking skills. She has opened various research centres and sanctuaries for primates throughout the world, including the one in Nelspruit.
Hotels offer guests a reliable, and comfortable place to stay while on holiday. All the basic amenities and facilities are provided, making your stay there simple and hassle-free. While hotels are the more expensive option, guests are sure to find one in the location they wish to visit and explore, making them an ideal option for those wanting basic accommodation and basecamp for their holiday. Guests wanting a little more than the basics, they should consider staying at themed or or 5 starred hotel. Choose from the wide variety of hotels across South Africa on AccommoDirect.
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Group Party Policies
General Reminders For Reserving Party Packages
- All group parties must be booked greater than 7 days in advance(in most cases), and require up to a $100 non-refundable deposit made by credit card only, due at the time of booking. Deposits will carry over if rescheduled. A final head count for buffets is required within 48 hours of the event, and once confirmed cannot be changed.
- Buffet substitutions or special requests are available, additional fees may be required.
- NO outside food or drink may be brought into the facility other than cake, NO EXCEPTIONS
- An automatic 18% gratuity will be added onto food & drink packages
- All prices are plus any applicable NYS sales tax. Prices are subject to change without notice. We accept cash, company check or charge (Visa, M/C, Amex & Discover), NO PERSONAL CHECKS


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Glaucoma eye care in San Souci
If you cannot remember the last time you had a comprehensive eye exam, then you will want to make an appointment to meet with our optometrist at Yeager Vision Care. Our expert and highly trained optometrist will be able to provide you with a complete eye exam, expertly fit you for contact lenses in San Souci, as well as test you for glaucoma and other eye diseases. We have two excellent optometrists on staff: Dr. Ken Yeager and Dr. Karen Mak.
Whether you come into our vision practice for a comprehensive eye exam or a complete contact lens exam and fitting, your eyes will be tested for their visual acuity. Your eyes will also be tested for a wide range of eye diseases including glaucoma. It is very important to be tested yearly for eye diseases, since many eye diseases show no symptoms in the early stages. Glaucoma is one such disease which can be successfully treated early by simply using medicated eye drops. However, if left to progress undiagnosed, glaucoma can go on to cause vision loss which is permanent. For these reasons, it is important that you have your eyes thoroughly tested for disease, even when you come into our vision practice for contact lenses in San Souci. In order to get contact lenses, our optometrist will also want to make sure that your eyes are healthy. This is because a possible eye infection brought on by wearing contact lenses can become a serious problem for a person with certain types of eye problems. Included in the many eye diseases that your eyes will be screened for during our vision exams are: glaucoma; cataracts; macular degeneration; diabetic retinopathy; dry eyes; retinal tears; and other problems of the cornea, macula, and retina. You will be happy to know that even if you are diagnosed with dry eye, there are now contact lenses which you will be able to safely and comfortably wear which will provide you with excellent vision.
For an appointment to meet with our optometrist regarding getting contact lenses in San Souci, contact us today.


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Results for: author = Seung-kyung Kim; range = all. Search again.
The fourth edition of the Feminist Theory Reader continues to challenge readers to rethink the complex meanings of difference outside of contemporary Western feminist contexts. This new edition contains a new subsection on intersectionality. New readings turn readers' attention to current debates…
Paperback – 2016-08-04
This book asks what strategies women's movements can employ to induce law and policy changes at the national level that will assist women's equality without sacrificing their feminist energy, movement cohesiveness and core feminist commitments. The book takes up this question in order to emphasize…
Paperback – 2016-07-20
ASAA Women in Asia Series


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Testimonials from a Few of My Amazing Clients!!
Coaching Clients:
"I would recommend business owners take the time to experience coaching. This experience helped me become a better manager of my time and of people." -Dave Lambe, Co-owner of Cutts Floral
"Your direct questions and creative exercises provided focus and clarity to enable me to create great steps to accomplish my goals while finding my passion within. "Thank you for seeing me as creative, capable, intelligent person who can find the answers within me." -Deb Heidzig, Co-owner of Heidzig Farms
This one is long, but I had to include it. It is from one of my clients, Paul Hosford, who is an absolutely extraordinary individual. A big public thanks to you Paul for sharing your amazing gift of writing with my readers:
"Through coaching I underwent an expertly-guided process of self-discovery. My coach primarily asked me questions that helped me to think about my life and my circumstances in new and more meaningful ways. As I discovered trends, tendencies and patterns, my coach helped me explore them and suggested ways to build upon them (or in the case of negative tendencies or patterns, ways to break free of them).
I feel my coach was masterful in how she did all this. I also appreciate that she placed reasonable expectations on me to play an active role in the coaching process and never allowed me to develop a dependence upon her. She was very effective in helping me develop a greater dependence upon myself instead.
My coach's intelligence, sensitivity, knowledge and breadth of perspective were extremely useful to me in both processing the things she was helping me discover and in expanding my own perspective. Connie Reimers-Hild is a remarkably skilled and effective leadership coach. She possesses a unique ability to understand others and their situations. This enables her to empower them to transform their lives in profound and lasting ways."
Retreats, Workshops, Presentations & Academies:
"Thank you for giving seeds to innovators so they can grow their dreams!" -Kerry Hoffschneider, Epworth Village, Inc.
"Your presentation to the Nebraska Farm Bureau Leadership Academy… was simply outstanding! Thank you for all your hard work and the important information you brin got the participants of the leadership academy." -Roger Berry, Vice President of Membership Services for Nebraska Farm Bureau
"I've already begun the steps toward getting what I want. Pretty cool, huh. It was all due to your presentation! Thanks again.'' Pat McGill, Participant a the Leadership Academy
"Thank you so very much for the great session…As I have had time to digest I think it was an extremely important day as I have gleaned some very important information and thoughts about moving A-FAN forward. I very much appreciate your insight and ability to take in all of the reactions and mental energy in the room and guide us towards an outcome." Willow Holoubek, Organizational Director for A-FAN


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What is an earworm?
A tune that gets stuck in your head.
Yeah, the one you keep whistling in the shower or humming while doing the dishes. It tumbles in your mind until you can't stand it anymore and either a) have to listen to the whole thing or b) you find another catchy song to listen to in the hopes it will dislodge the first.
As young children, we often asked for the same toy, or video, or song over and over again. We decide we like something and we want to experience it continuously.
For pre-k students, an earworm can be a learning tool that teaches them vocabulary or physical movements. Our artists use the same opening and closing rituals to signify the parameters of class. This type of repetition helps reinforce learning goals and emphasizes stability and familiarity with the art form. And the kids never get tired of it!
Do you get earworms? What do they teach you?
What is the worst ear worm you remember having?
Here's what our staff had to say:
- Gary, Artistic Director – Hair Gell 4 Note Phrase
- Jess, Executive Director – Alicia Keys "I keep on Falling"
- Cathy, Finance Director – Commercial
- Karena, Program Director – The Sleep Train Jingle
- Beverly, Individual Giving Manager – "September" Earth, Win and Fire and "I Love you, Always forever" Donna Lewis
- Benjamin, Media Intern – high pitched screaming
- Anne, Program and Communications Manager – Oasis, "Champagne Supernova" more recently LMFAO "Party Rock Anthem" and almost anything by Rihanna
- Larry, Program and Administrative Assistant – The Food Maxx Jingle and Shanice "I Love Your Smile"
- Ivy, Finance and Operations Manager – "Careless Whisper" George Michael – It was a huge hit and got played everywhere I went until it was ringing in my ears.
- Aurora, Program Manager – "It's Hard Out Here for a Pimp"
Welcome worms to your ears with all these infectious tunes on Spotify. It won't hurt!
Learn more about ear worms: http://earwurm.com/song-in-my-head/


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2018-06-20_13-55-59_Community Hub Donations - Winter '17
Community Hub donations provides additional opportunities for your association to solicit donations. With a standalone donations checkout page, constituents can make a donation without having to create an account or login. They can also select a donation amount and provide additional information about the gift. Your association can link to the checkout page directly from your website to provide an easier path for constituents to make donations. A Donate page has been added within Community Hub that lists your association's causes in order to encourage users to make a donation.
What's New?
- The Product object has been improved—and the Appeal object added—so staff can solicit it to constituents using a shareable checkout URL for a donation product or appeal. Learn More.
- The Donate Page, Donate Now Page and Donate Now Thanks Page have been added to Community Hub so constituents can view donation causes and make standalone donations while logged in or as a guest. Additionally, the Donate Now Page only shows the donation products where today's date falls between the
Start Dateand
End Dateon the Product object.
- The following elements have been added to Community Hub and are used on the Donate and Donate Now Pages.
- UngroupedRecordList Card Layout
- About Your Donation Card Type
- Donation Amount Card Type
- Not Logged In Alert Card Type
- Order Information Card Type
- Order Payment Card Type
- DonationProduct Data Source
- DonationProducts Data Source
- NewDonation Data Source
- NewOrder Data Source
- Count Me In Button
- Donate Button
How Do I Enable It?
- Run through the enablement steps.
Things to Keep in Mind
- Standalone donations submitted in Community Hub are made to, and payments processed by, the entity set on the donation product and do not support Entity Crossovers at this time. Learn more about Entity Crossovers.
In This Section


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We all experience difficult times in our lives when our emotional health can suffer. Experiencing stress at work, the 'baby blues' or an event such as a bereavement can leave us feeling vulnerable. However, most of us are able to manage and get through with the help of friends or family. Some problems become more difficult to manage and the symptoms continue at a level that begins to impact on our daily lives. This is when the additional support of our GP, health professional or a specialist may be required.
The important thing to remember is that mental health problems are:
This section provides you with some information about a whole range of mental health problems, plus links to useful factsheets, websites and leaflets. One of the best ways to begin to manage and recover from mental health problems is to be in the know about the condition and what can help. Use the tabs below to find out more.