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In this Issue:
Establishing healthful eating habits early in life is important for two reasons. First, childhood eating habits track into adulthood, and changing adult dietary behavior is difficult [1-5]. Second, evidence suggests that healthful behaviors during childhood and adolescence can affect the risk of developing certain chronic diseases later in life [6-9]. For example, childhood obesity is associated with increased mortality from cardiovascular disease in adulthood, independent of adult weight [10]. Early lifestyle factors are also thought to affect the likelihood of developing breast cancer during adulthood [11]. These observations are important given that 20 percent of U.S. children are obese [12] and diseases once seen primarily in adults, such as hypertension [13] and Type 2 diabetes mellitus [14], are increasingly common in childhood.
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Evidence indicates that it isn't just that chronic diseases begin early in life but that programming during fetal life and infancy, permanently affects risk of developing non-communicable diseases in adult life. Programming refers to permanent changes in the body's structure, physiology, and metabolism, which influences health throughout life. It is not just limited to the in utero environment, but extends into childhood, where different organs and systems continue to adapt to various cues.
It is also recognized that the beginning stages of chronic diseases, such as coronary heart disease, are already apparent in adolescents [15, 16]. In addition, there is an emerging epidemic of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) estimated to affect millions of obese children [17, 18]. A recently published autopsy study found that 9.6 percent of the U.S. population, age 2-19 years old, and 38 percent of the obese individuals within this age range have NAFLD [19]. NAFLD can progress to non-alcoholic steatohepatisis, which is characterized by oxidative stress, inflammation, apopotosis and fibrogenesis [20]. Some animal data suggest soy may help to prevent the development of NAFLD [21-24].
Given the importance of early-life dietary behavior, it is essential to understand how the nutritional attributes of soyfoods may impact the health of young people from infancy through the teenage years.
Soy Infant Formula
Although breast milk is the ideal food for infants [25], about one-third of women are unable to breastfeed or choose not to do so. Of those who choose breastfeeding, most switch to formula feeding at some point in the infant's first year [26]. Commercially-prepared, fortified infant formulas are appropriate to supplement or replace human milk during the first year of life. Various estimates for the prevalence of soy infant formula use exist. One older review noted not surprisingly that cow's milk formula is the most commonly used product, but that about 13 percent of infants are fed soy infant formula (SF) for some period of time [27]. More recently, a survey of a nationally representative sample of 1,864 infants, 0 to 12 months old, from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2003-2010, found that among the 81 percent of infants who were fed formula or regular milk, 69 percent consumed cow's milk formula, 12 percent consumed SF, five percent consumed gentle/lactose-reduced formulas, six percent consumed specialty formulas, and 13 percent consumed regular milk products. The percentage of children consuming SF was significantly higher (P < .05) among infants from higher income groups compared with the lower income group [28].
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An allergy to milk protein is among the most common reasons for placing an infant on SF. There is evidence that SF is hypoallergenic relative to cow's milk formulas [29]. However, because according to some estimates 10-14% of infants who are allergic to cow's milk formula are also allergic to SF, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) suggests that many infants with documented cow's milk protein allergy (CMA) should be switched directly to a hydrolyzed protein formula [30]. It should be noted that soybean-specific IgE titers are not an effective predictor of a positive response to the food challenge test [31].
In contrast to the AAP, an Australian panel of experts concluded that SF is an appropriate alternative for infants over six months old who demonstrate immediate food allergy to cow's milk and delayed reaction in the form of atopic eczema and other gastrointestinal syndromes [32]. The French Society of Paediatrics holds a similar position but with the caveat that tolerance to soy protein should first be established by clinical challenge [33]. Importantly, UK research found that of the 60 percent of all infants with CMA initially fed SF, only 9 percent remained symptomatic [34]. In contrast, of the 18 percent of patients consuming extensively hydrolyzed formula, 29 percent remained symptomatic. The results from a small retrospective study from Portugal, which evaluated children with persistent CMA, also suggest that SF formula may have advantages over hydrolyzed formulas [35].
Finally, there are the conclusions of a newly published systematic review and meta-analysis, the first of its kind, which included 40 studies that evaluated the prevalence of IgE-mediated soy allergies in infants and children [36]. According to the authors, their findings do not substantiate recommendations to postpone the introduction of SF in infants with IgE-CMA the first six months of life based on the concern for an increased risk of allergy to soy.
Isoflavones in Diets of Infants Fed Soy Formula
An estimated 20 million people in the United States consumed SF during infancy since it first became commercially available in the 1960s [27]. Several cases of goiter were identified in the mid-1960s in infants using SF but this problem was eliminated soon thereafter when iodine was added to the formula [37-39]. Since then, no thyroid problems attributed to SF use have been identified in healthy infants, and research shows that infants fed SF grow and develop normally [27, 40-43].
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In addition to iodine, all SF is fortified with iron, methionine, carnitine and taurine, and contains 20 percent more calcium and phosphorous than cow's milk formulas. However, SF may be contraindicated for infants with congenital hypothyroidism who require synthetic thyroid hormone [44]. This contraindication is because of evidence suggesting soy protein is one of a number of factors that may interfere with the absorption of thyroid medication [45].
Despite its long history of use, SF has become controversial in recent years due to its naturally high isoflavone content [46, 47]. Isoflavones, which are classified as phytoestrogens, exhibit estrogen-like effects under certain experimental conditions [48]. However, isoflavones are very different from the hormone estrogen. The literature is replete with clinical examples demonstrating that isoflavones and estrogen affect a variety of health outcomes differently [49-69]. Furthermore, isolated soy protein, which is the protein source in SF, should not be equated with isoflavones. There is no evidence from clinical studies that SF consumption leads to adverse effects in infants [40, 70-72].
Especially important insight into the health effects SF comes from a unique study underway at the Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences. In this study, breast buds, uterus, ovaries, prostate and testicular volumes were assessed by ultrasonography at four months of age in 40 breast-fed infants, 41 infants fed cow's milk formula and 39 infants fed SF [73]. In all cases, SF-fed infants were similar to breast-fed or milk formula-fed infants whereas, unexpectedly, milk formula-fed infants had greater mean ovarian volume and greater numbers of ovarian cysts per ovary than did breast-fed infants. At this point the clinical relevance of these findings is unclear. Additional data from this research group continues to show that for a variety of health outcomes, infants fed SF fall well within the normal ranges [73-77].
Long-term data are limited, but in one retrospective study no meaningful differences in a host of biological parameters between adults who had consumed SF or cow's milk formula as infants were noted [78]. Interestingly, results from a very small and very preliminary study found that girls fed SF as infants were 40-60% less likely to develop breast cancer as adults compared to women who were fed breast milk, cow's milk formula or a combination of both [79].
A comprehensive review published in 2004 summarized views on the isoflavone content of SF with this statement: "The evidence from laboratories showing biological activities at doses or tissue concentrations relevant to soy-fed infants is difficult to reconcile with the long record of uneventful use of these formulas" [80]. This sentiment is similar to the current position of the AAP, which was issued in 2008: "… although studied by numerous investigators in various species, there is no conclusive evidence from animal, adult human, or infant populations that dietary soy isoflavones may adversely affect human development, reproduction, or endocrine function" [30].
An older Puerto Rican epidemiologic study found an association between SF use (along with several other factors) and premature breast development [81], but no such association was identified in a more recently published Israeli study [82]. Because the types of safety-related research that can be conducted in humans are limited, animal studies are frequently cited in support of potential adverse effects of SF. Results of these studies are of questionable value due to the many physiological differences between animals and humans. Furthermore, many animals, including rodents and monkeys, metabolize isoflavones very differently than humans [83, 84]. For a review of some of the key issues see reference [85]. In 2006, the National Toxicology Program (NTP) Center for the Evaluation of Risks to Human Reproduction evaluated the safety of SF. Although their initial conclusions supported the safety of soy formula use, no final report was issued [86, 87].
In 2009, the NTP again took up this issue. The conclusion of the 14-member panel of independent scientists was that there was "minimal concern" (the five levels of concern are negligible concern, minimal concern, some concern, concern and serious concern) about the safety of SF [88]. Two panel members dissented from this consensus opinion, one in favor of "negligible concern" and the other in support of "some concern." In response to the NTP report, the AAP submitted a formal letter to the NTP, which is part of the public record, in which they stated their position that there is negligible concern about the safety of SF.
The first systematic review and meta-analysis focused on the safety of SF concluded that SF intake in normal full-term infants – even during the most rapid phase of growth – is associated with normal anthropometric growth, adequate protein status, bone mineralization and normal immune development [72]. Research evaluating the health effects of SF is ongoing [89-93].
Isoflavones in Children's Diets
There is interest in gaining a better understanding of the effects of isoflavones in children although it is recognized that soyfoods have been consumed by young Asians for centuries without any apparent adverse effects. This interest is based on preliminary data indicating that children absorb isoflavones to a greater extent than adults [94] and that relatively little research involving children has been conducted.
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Three clinical studies were designed to determine whether isoflavones or soyfoods exert hormonal effects in children and/or adolescents:
- An Australian study found that isoflavones have no effect on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) levels in teenage boys, which suggests isoflavones don't exert estrogenic effects [95]. HDLC levels decrease in boys as they enter puberty whereas no such decrease occurs in girls, a difference that may be due to the higher estrogen levels in females. It was therefore hypothesized that isoflavone exposure would raise HDLC levels in boys.
- A small Israeli 12-week cross-over study found isoflavone supplements (0, 16 and 48 mg/d) had no effect on blood reproductive hormone levels in young boys and girls [96]
- A pilot US study involving 17 girls found that the consumption of approximately one serving of soyfoods daily (average isoflavone intake, ~27 mg) had no effect on urinary sex steroid levels [97].
The lack of hormonal effects in these clinical trials involving children is consistent with research in adults showing that isoflavone exposure from soyfoods or supplements has no effects on circulating testosterone in men [98] or estrogen levels in men [99] or women [100].
There is increasing interest in understanding the impact of diet on pubertal development because pubertal characteristics are occurring at an earlier age in U.S. girls [101, 102]. Many factors likely contribute to this trend such as increasing adiposity. Epidemiologic studies have found that both total and animal protein intake is associated with earlier menarche and the development of early pubertal characteristics [103, 104]. Xenoestrogen exposure, which includes phytoestrogens such as isoflavones, has been proposed as another factor. For this reason, there is interest in determining whether soy intake affects pubertal development.
Two small Korean epidemiologic studies found that urinary isoflavones in children with precocious puberty were higher than in children serving as controls [105, 106]. Age of menarche (AOM) has been declining (i.e., occurring at a young age) in Korea but an analysis found that in addition to diet/nutrition, maternal menarcheal age, body mass index and maternal age at birth were variables that appear to influence AOM in Korean girls [107]. It is important to note the AOM is generally declining throughout the world including in countries where soyfoods are not consumed.
In contrast to the Korean studies [105, 106], a prospective study involving 1,239 U.S. girls aged 6-8 who were followed for seven years found no relationship between pubertal development and urinary isoflavone excretion [108]. In fact, another U.S. study found isoflavone exposure was associated with delayed breast development, although this study was small and utilized a cross-sectional design [109]. Nevertheless, this finding agrees with the results of a German longitudinal study [110]. However, epidemiologic studies conducted outside of Asia involving the general population are of questionable utility for understanding the health effects of soy consumption because isoflavone intake is so low (<2 mg/d).
One U.S. cross-sectional study that does provide meaningful insight into whether soy intake impacts pubertal development involved Seventh-day Adventist (SDA) girls (N=327; age range 12 to 18; mean age, 15) [111]. Approximately 40 percent of SDAs are vegetarians so their soy consumption is much higher than the general U.S. population. The authors of this study assumed that current soy intake reflected past intake. There is research to support this assumption. A study involving a diverse population of children ages 9–18 years, in which dietary intake patterns were assessed 5 years apart, found intake to be stable over time [112].
The mean number of servings of soyfoods among the adolescent girls was 12.9 per week and 21.1 percent of the girls consumed soyfoods ≥4x/week. These findings confirm the higher soy intake among SDA compared with the general population. The results showed that the consumption of total soyfoods and the intake of three specific soyfoods was not significantly associated with AOM or with the odds for early- or late-AOM [111].
One adverse effect associated with earlier puberty in girls is an increased risk of developing breast cancer later in life. While the effect of soy on puberty has been studied to only a very limited extent, there is an impressive body of research, consisting of both epidemiologic [113-116] and animal [117-119] data, indicating that soy intake when young reduces breast cancer risk later in life. This evidence is consistent with mounting data that early life events greatly impact breast cancer risk [120]. The first 20 years of life appear to be particularly important [121]. In fact, a recent commentary concluded that there is growing evidence linking childhood and adolescent lifestyle and environmental exposures with subsequent risk of a range of cancers arising in adulthood [122].
Research has shown that when rats are given genistein, the primary isoflavone in soybeans, for just a few weeks early in life and then put on a typical laboratory diet, they develop 50 percent fewer chemically-induced mammary tumors than rats not given this isoflavone [117]. Isoflavone exposure causes mammary cells to be transformed in a way that makes them permanently less likely to develop into cancer cells later in life [123]. The effect of isoflavones may be similar in some ways to that of early pregnancy, which is protective against breast cancer [120]. Several mechanisms for the hypothesized protective effects of isoflavones have been proposed including increases in cell differentiation [120, 124], BRCA1 gene expression [125] and estrogen receptor-β expression [126].
The epidemiologic data suggest that quite modest amounts (perhaps just one serving daily) of soy during the early years are likely sufficient to reduce breast cancer risk [113-116]. The period of exposure to soy that is theoretically most protective against breast cancer is unclear. Although most studies focused on the teenage years [113-115], the results of a small study by Korde et al. [116] suggest soy consumption during childhood may be most protective.
Effects of Soy Protein on Cholesterol Levels in Children
As with adults, clinical research in children shows that soy protein favorably affects lipid levels [127-131]. In the most recent study, when soy protein (average intake 0.5 g/kg body weight) was incorporated into the diets of children and adolescents (mean age 8.8 years; range 4-18 years) with familial and polygenic hypercholesterolemia, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased by 6.4 percent beyond the 11 percent decrease that occurred in response to the adoption of a standard low-saturated fat diet during the three-month run-in period [131]. Therefore, soy protein used in combination with other dietary therapies can help to reduce cholesterol levels to target goals [132]. Soy protein may also serve as an adjunct to therapy in children taking medication for lowering cholesterol, thereby reducing the required medication dose, which may help to minimize or eliminate side effects [133].
Soy Protein Quality
Soyfoods provide high-quality protein and are generally low in saturated fat [134]. Soy protein can meet the protein needs of growing children. In 2000, the U.S. Department of Agriculture removed limits on the amount of soy protein that can be used in the National School Lunch Program [135].
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Providing healthful sources of protein without excessive saturated fat content is important for children. Higher-protein diets are associated with greater satiety and weight loss [136]. Also, recent evidence in young boys shows that consumption of protein above the recommended dietary allowance enhances the favorable impact of physical activity on bone mineral density [137]. Additionally, evidence indicates that the protein requirements of children may be 50 percent higher than the current recommended dietary allowance [138].
Many protein-rich foods in children's diets are high in saturated fat. Substituting soyfoods for more traditional sources of protein generally improves overall diet quality. Even substituting soy protein for part of the beef or pork protein in a recipe can lead to a decrease in the fat, saturated fat and calorie content for the total entree, as long as portion size stays the same [139, 140]. Similarly, combining cheese, eggs or meat with tofu leads to improved nutritional quality of entrees [141].
In general, soyfoods help children meet the Dietary Guidelines [139, 140]. Short-term studies show that soyfoods support the normal growth and development of children [142] and improve growth when substituted for legumes in the diets of malnourished preschoolers [143, 144]. Also, according to a recent clinical trial involving Australian children 18 to 114 months old, soymilk may help to alleviate chronic functional constipation (CFC), which is defined as having one bowel motion every three to 15 days [145]. CFC occurs commonly in children and among those children attending a consultation with a pediatrician, the prevalence may be as high as 36 percent.
Collectively, the evidence shows soyfoods can play an important part in a healthful and varied diet.
Soy Protein and Allergies
Essentially all food proteins have the potential to cause allergic reactions in some individuals. Although soy protein is one of the eight food proteins responsible for approximately 90 percent of all allergic reactions, these eight foods are not equally allergenic. The number of adults allergic to soy is quite small [146]. In fact, a recent survey found that cow's milk allergy was 40-fold more common than allergy to soy protein [146].
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The relative number of children allergic to soy protein is almost certainly higher than the number of adults because children are much more sensitive to dietary proteins in general [147]. Nevertheless, according to a new systematic review, even among infants and children, the prevalence of soy allergies among the general population ranges from 0 to only 0.5 percent [148].
Most children are thought to outgrow their soy allergies early on in life [147], although the pace at which this occurs is a matter of some recent discussion [149]. One study reported that more than 80 percent of infants outgrew their soy allergy by two years of age [150] although a more recent study found that 70 percent of children outgrow their soy allergies by age 10 [151]. The higher the baseline soy-specific serum IgE levels, the longer it takes for this to occur. Data suggest that by age 10, only about one out of every 1000 children are allergic to soy protein.
Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the esophagus that is being diagnosed with increased frequency in both children and adults and which is related to allergies. Clinical symptoms in children range from food aversion and malnutrition in infants and toddlers, to vomiting in preschoolers and abdominal pain in preteenagers. The immune-mediated esophageal inflammation is triggered by a food antigen in most children and adults.
A 6-food elimination diet (SFED) excluding cow's milk, soy, wheat, egg, peanuts/tree nuts, and seafood has been shown to induce remission in a majority of children with EoE. However, in a recent study, it was shown that of 36 of 46 children (mean age, 7.6 years) who were initially successfully treated with SFED [152]:
- 25 reacted to cow's milk (74%)
- 8 to wheat (26%)
- 4 to eggs (17%)
- 3 to soy (10%)
Acceptance of Soyfoods in Children's Diets
Research shows that soyfoods are generally well-accepted by children [141, 153, 154]. For example, among preschool children, three to six years old, who attended a Head Start program, soy-enhanced lunches were as readily consumed as those made with more traditional ingredients, as evidenced by the amounts eaten [153].
Negative beliefs about soy's palatability persist among some populations. When non-vegetarian study participants were told that a product contained soy, they were more likely to rate it as "grainy, chalky, dry, and unappealing" even though the product did not actually contain any soy ingredients [155]. Foods containing soy are also generally thought by U.S. consumers to be more "healthy tasting" [155]. Ratings reflect the amount of soy consumed by a given individual.
Summary and Conclusions
Establishing good eating habits early in life is important. Childhood dietary intake may impact adult chronic disease risk and influence eating habits in adulthood. Soyfoods provide important options for improving the diets of young people, and research shows that these foods are accepted and enjoyed by children.
Therefore, soyfoods can be viewed as healthful additions to the diets of children and adolescents. Other than relatively rare soy protein allergy, there is no clinical evidence that soyfoods exert any adverse effects. To the contrary, there is evidence suggesting that exposure to soy during childhood and adolescence reduces breast cancer risk later in life.
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- Hall, W.L., et al., Soy-isoflavone-enriched foods and markers of lipid and glucose metabolism in postmenopausal women: interactions with genotype and equol production. Am J Clin Nutr, 2006. 83(3): p. 592-600.
- Katz, D.L., et al., Raloxifene, soy phytoestrogens and endothelial function in postmenopausal women. Climacteric, 2007. 10(6): p. 500-7.
- Cheng, G., et al., Isoflavone treatment for acute menopausal symptoms. Menopause, 2007. 14(3 Pt 1): p. 468-73.
- Bruce, B., M. Messina, and G.A. Spiller, Isoflavone supplements do not affect thyroid function in iodine-replete postmenopausal women. J Med Food, 2003. 6(4): p. 309-16.
- Marini, H., et al., Effects of the phytoestrogen genistein on bone metabolism in osteopenic postmenopausal women: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med, 2007. 146(12): p. 839-47.
- Sammartino, A., et al., Effects of genistein on the endometrium: ultrasonographic evaluation. Gynecol Endocrinol, 2003. 17(1): p. 45-9.
- Khaodhiar, L., et al., Daidzein-rich isoflavone aglycones are potentially effective in reducing hot flashes in menopausal women. Menopause, 2008. 15(1): p. 125-32.
- Setchell, K.D., Assessing risks and benefits of genistein and soy. Environ Health Perspect, 2006. 114(6): p. A332-3.
- Munro, I.C., et al., Soy isoflavones: a safety review. Nutr Rev, 2003. 61(1): p. 1-33.
- Vandenplas, Y., et al., Safety of soya-based infant formulas in children. Br J Nutr, 2014. 111(8): p. 1340-60.
- Gilchrist, J.M., et al., Ultrasonographic patterns of reproductive organs in infants fed soy formula: comparisons to infants fed breast milk and milk formula. J Pediatr, 2010. 156(2): p. 215-20.
- Li, J., et al., Cortical responses to speech sounds in 3- and 6-month-old infants fed breast milk, milk formula, or soy formula. Dev Neuropsychol, 2010. 35(6): p. 762-84.
- Pivik, R.T., A. Andres, and T.M. Badger, Diet and gender influences on processing and discrimination of speech sounds in 3- and 6-month-old infants: a developmental ERP study. Dev Sci, 2011. 14(4): p. 700-12.
- Pivik, R.T., et al., Infant diet, gender and the development of vagal tone stability during the first two years of life. Int J Psychophysiol, 2015. 96(2): p. 104-14.
- Andres, A., et al., Developmental status of 1-year-old infants fed breast milk, cow's milk formula, or soy formula. Pediatrics, 2012. 129(6): p. 1134-40.
- Strom, B.L., et al., Exposure to soy-based formula in infancy and endocrinological and reproductive outcomes in young adulthood. JAMA, 2001. 286(7): p. 807-14.
- Boucher, B.A., et al., Soy formula and breast cancer risk. Epidemiology, 2008. 19(1): p. 165-166.
- Chen, A. and W.J. Rogan, Isoflavones in soy infant formula: a review of evidence for endocrine and other activity in infants. Annu Rev Nutr, 2004. 24: p. 33-54.
- Freni-Titulaer, L.W., et al., Premature thelarche in Puerto Rico. A search for environmental factors. Am J Dis Child, 1986. 140(12): p. 1263-7.
- de Vries, L., et al., Premature thelarche: age at presentation affects clinical course but not clinical characteristics or risk to progress to precocious puberty. J Pediatr, 2010. 156(3): p. 466-71.
- Gu, L., et al., Metabolic phenotype of isoflavones differ among female rats, pigs, monkeys, and women. J Nutr, 2006. 136(5): p. 1215-21.
- Soukup, S.T., et al., Phase II metabolism of the soy isoflavones genistein and daidzein in humans, rats and mice: a cross-species and sex comparison. Arch Toxicol, 2016.
- Badger, T.M., et al., The health implications of soy infant formula. Am J Clin Nutr, 2009. 89(5): p. 1668S-1672S.
- Rozman, K.K., et al., NTP-CERHR expert panel report on the reproductive and developmental toxicity of genistein. Birth Defects Res B Dev Reprod Toxicol, 2006. 77(6): p. 485-638.
- Rozman, K.K., et al., NTP-CERHR expert panel report on the reproductive and developmental toxicity of soy formula. Birth Defects Res B Dev Reprod Toxicol, 2006. 77(4): p. 280-397.
- McCarver, G., et al., NTP-CERHR expert panel report on the developmental toxicity of soy infant formula. Birth Defects Res B Dev Reprod Toxicol, 2011. 92(5): p. 421-68.
- Adgent, M.A., et al., Early-life soy exposure and gender-role play behavior in children. Environ Health Perspect, 2011. 119(12): p. 1811-6.
- Adgent, M.A., et al., Early-life soy exposure and age at menarche. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol, 2012. 26(2): p. 163-75.
- Westmark, C.J., Soy infant formula may be associated with autistic behaviors. Autism Open Access, 2013. 3.
- Westmark, C.J., Soy infant formula and seizures in children with autism: a retrospective study. PLoS One, 2014. 9(3): p. e80488.
- Westmark, C.J., P.R. Westmark, and J.S. Malter, Soy-based diet exacerbates seizures in mouse models of neurological disease. J Alzheimers Dis, 2013. 33(3): p. 797-805.
- Halm, B.M., L.A. Ashburn, and A.A. Franke, Isoflavones from soya foods are more bioavailable in children than adults. Br J Nutr, 2007. 98(5): p. 998-1005.
- Dwyer, T., et al., The lack of effect of isoflavones on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations in adolescent boys: a 6-week randomised trial. Public Health Nutr, 2008. 11(9): p. 955-62.
- Zung, A., et al., Soy-derived isoflavones treatment in children with hypercholesterolemia: a pilot study. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab, 2010. 23(1-2): p. 133-41.
- Maskarinec, G., et al., Urinary sex steroid excretion levels during a soy intervention among young girls: a pilot study. Nutr Cancer, 2005. 52(1): p. 22-8.
- Hamilton-Reeves, J.M., et al., Clinical studies show no effects of soy protein or isoflavones on reproductive hormones in men: results of a meta-analysis. Fertil Steril, 2010. 94(3): p. 997-1007.
- Messina, M., Soybean isoflavone exposure does not have feminizing effects on men: a critical examination of the clinical evidence. Fertil Steril, 2010. 93(7): p. 2095-104.
- Hooper, L., et al., Effects of soy protein and isoflavones on circulating hormone concentrations in pre- and post-menopausal women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update, 2009. 15(4): p. 423-40.
- Euling, S.Y., et al., Examination of U.S. puberty-timing data from 1940 to 1994 for secular trends: panel findings. Pediatrics, 2008. 121 Suppl 3: p. S172-91.
- Biro, F.M., et al., Pubertal assessment method and baseline characteristics in a mixed longitudinal study of girls. Pediatrics, 2010. 126(3): p. e583-90.
- Rogers, I.S., et al., Diet throughout childhood and age at menarche in a contemporary cohort of British girls. Public Health Nutr, 2010: p. 1-12.
- Gunther, A.L., et al., Dietary protein intake throughout childhood is associated with the timing of puberty. J Nutr, 2010. 140(3): p. 565-71.
- Kim, J., et al., High serum isoflavone concentrations are associated with the risk of precocious puberty in Korean girls. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 2011. 75(6): p. 831-5.
- Yum, T., S. Lee, and Y. Kim, Association between precocious puberty and some endocrine disruptors in human plasma. J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng, 2013. 48(8): p. 912-7.
- Cho, G.J., et al., Age at menarche in a Korean population: secular trends and influencing factors. Eur J Pediatr, 2010. 169(1): p. 89-94.
- Wolff, M.S., et al., Environmental phenols and pubertal development in girls. Environ Int, 2015. 84: p. 174-80.
- Wolff, M.S., et al., Environmental exposures and puberty in inner-city girls. Environ Res, 2008. 107(3): p. 393-400.
- Cheng, G., et al., Relation of isoflavones and fiber intake in childhood to the timing of puberty. Am J Clin Nutr, 2010. 92(3): p. 556-64.
- Segovia-Siapco, G., et al., Is soy intake related to age at onset of menarche? A cross-sectional study among adolescents with a wide range of soy food consumption. Nutr J, 2014. 13(1): p. 54.
- Cutler, G.J., et al., Major patterns of dietary intake in adolescents and their stability over time. J Nutr, 2009. 139(2): p. 323-8.
- Shu, X.O., et al., Soyfood intake during adolescence and subsequent risk of breast cancer among Chinese women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 2001. 10(5): p. 483-8.
- Lee, S.A., et al., Adolescent and adult soy food intake and breast cancer risk: results from the Shanghai Women's Health Study. Am J Clin Nutr, 2009. 89(6): p. 1920-6.
- Wu, A.H., et al., Dietary patterns and breast cancer risk in Asian American women. Am J Clin Nutr, 2009. 89(4): p. 1145-54.
- Korde, L.A., et al., Childhood soy intake and breast cancer risk in Asian American women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 2009. 18(4): p. 1050-9.
- Lamartiniere, C.A., Y.X. Zhao, and W.A. Fritz, Genistein: mammary cancer chemoprevention, in vivo mechanisms of action, potential for toxicity and bioavailability in rats. J Women's Cancer, 2000. 2: p. 11-19.
- Peng, J.H., et al., Prepubertal octylphenol exposure up-regulate BRCA1 expression, down-regulate ERalpha expression and reduce rat mammary tumorigenesis. Cancer Epidemiol, 2009. 33(1): p. 51-5.
- Mishra, P., A. Kar, and R.K. Kale, Prepubertal daidzein exposure enhances mammary gland differentiation and regulates the expression of estrogen receptor-alpha and apoptotic proteins. ISRN Oncol, 2011. 2011: p. 896826.
- Russo, J., et al., Breast differentiation and its implication in cancer prevention. Clin Cancer Res, 2005. 11(2 Pt 2): p. 931s-6s.
- Shimizu, H., et al., Cancers of the prostate and breast among Japanese and white immigrants in Los Angeles County. Br J Cancer, 1991. 63(6): p. 963-6.
- Potischman, N. and M.S. Linet, Invited commentary: are dietary intakes and other exposures in childhood and adolescence important for adult cancers? Am J Epidemiol, 2013. 178(2): p. 184-9.
- Messina, M. and L. Hilakivi-Clarke, Early intake appears to be the key to the proposed protective effects of soy intake against breast cancer. Nutr Cancer, 2009. 61(6): p. 792-798.
- Brown, N.M., et al., The chemopreventive action of equol enantiomers in a chemically induced animal model of breast cancer. Carcinogenesis, 2010. 31(5): p. 886-93.
- de Assis, S., et al., Protective effects of prepubertal genistein exposure on mammary tumorigenesis are dependent on BRCA1 expression. Cancer Prev Res (Phila), 2011. 4(9): p. 1436-48.
- Rahal, O.M. and R.C. Simmen, Paracrine-acting adiponectin promotes mammary epithelial differentiation and synergizes with genistein to enhance transcriptional response to estrogen receptor beta signaling. Endocrinology, 2011. 152(9): p. 3409-21.
- Laurin, D., et al., Effects of a soy-protein beverage on plasma lipoproteins in children with familial hypercholesterolemia. Am J Clin Nutr, 1991. 54(1): p. 98-103.
- Widhalm, K., et al., Effect of soy protein diet versus standard low fat, low cholesterol diet on lipid and lipoprotein levels in children with familial or polygenic hypercholesterolemia. J Pediatr, 1993. 123(1): p. 30-4.
- Gaddi, A., et al., Hypercholesterolaemia treated by soybean protein diet. Arch Dis Child, 1987. 62(3): p. 274-8.
- Blumenschein, S., et al., Effect of oat bran/soy protein in hypercholesterolemic children. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1991. 623: p. 413-5.
- Weghuber, D. and K. Widhalm, Effect of 3-month treatment of children and adolescents with familial and polygenic hypercholesterolaemia with a soya-substituted diet. Br J Nutr, 2008. 99(2): p. 281-6.
- Jenkins, D.J., et al., Effects of a dietary portfolio of cholesterol-lowering foods vs lovastatin on serum lipids and C-reactive protein. Jama, 2003. 290(4): p. 502-10.
- Shanes, J.G., A review of the rationale for additional therapeutic interventions to attain lower LDL-C when statin therapy is not enough. Curr Atheroscler Rep, 2012. 14(1): p. 33-40.
- Rand, W.M., P.L. Pellett, and V.R. Young, Meta-analysis of nitrogen balance studies for estimating protein requirements in healthy adults. Am J Clin Nutr, 2003. 77(1): p. 109-27.
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Modification of the Vegetable Protein Products Requirements for the National School Lunch Program, School Breakfast Program, Summer Food Service Program and Child and Adult Care Food Program. Federal Register, 2000. 7 CFR Parts 210, 215, 220, 225 and 226: p. 12429-12442.
- Astrup, A., The satiating power of protein--a key to obesity prevention? Am J Clin Nutr, 2005. 82(1): p. 1-2.
- Chevalley, T., et al., High-Protein Intake Enhances the Positive Impact of Physical Activity on BMC in Prepubertal Boys. J Bone Miner Res, 2008. 23(1): p. 131-42.
- Elango, R., et al., Protein requirement of healthy school-age children determined by the indicator amino acid oxidation method. Am J Clin Nutr, 2011. 94(6): p. 1545-52.
- Thomas, J.M. and S.F. Lutz, Soy protein lowers fat and saturated fat in school lunch beef and pork entrees. J Am Diet Assoc, 2001. 101(4): p. 461-3.
- McMindes, M.K., Applications of isolated soy protein in low-fat meal products. Food Technology, 1991. 45: p. 61-4.
- Ashraf, H.R., C. Schoeppel, and J.A. Nelson, Use of tofu in preschool meals. J Am Diet Assoc, 1990. 90(8): p. 1114-6.
- Egana, J.I., et al., Protein quality comparison of a new isolated soy protein and milk in chilean preschool children. Nutr Res, 1983. 3: p. 195-202.
- Kay, T., et al., Use of soya bean to improve the protein content of the diet in West Africa and thus prevent kwashiorkor. J Trop Pediatr Environ Child Health, 1975. 21(1-B): p. 45-8.
- Mathew, A. and D.S. Raut, Effect of soyamilk on the growth of malnourished children admitted to hospital wards. Ind J Nutr Dietet, 1981. 18: p. 260-267.
- Crowley, E.T., et al., Does milk cause constipation? A crossover dietary trial. Nutrients, 2013. 5(1): p. 253-66.
- Vierk, K.A., et al., Prevalence of self-reported food allergy in American adults and use of food labels. J Allergy Clin Immunol, 2007. 119(6): p. 1504-10.
- Cordle, C.T., Soy protein allergy: incidence and relative severity. J Nutr, 2004. 134(5): p. 1213S-9S.
- Katz, Y., et al., A comprehensive review of sensitization and allergy to soy-based products. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol, 2014. 46(3): p. 272-81.
- Skripak, J.M., et al., The natural history of IgE-mediated cow's milk allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol, 2007. 120(5): p. 1172-7.
- Aaronov, D., et al., Natural history of food allergy in infants and children in Israel. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 2008. 101(6): p. 637-40.
- Savage, J.H., et al., The natural history of soy allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol, 2010. 125(3): p. 683-686.
- Kagalwalla, A.F., et al., Identification of specific foods responsible for inflammation in children with eosinophilic esophagitis successfully treated with empiric elimination diet. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 2011. 53(2): p. 145-9.
- Endres, J., et al., Soy-enhanced lunch acceptance by preschoolers. J Am Diet Assoc, 2003. 103(3): p. 346-51.
- Reilly, J.K., et al., Acceptability of soymilk as a calcium-rich beverage in elementary school children. J Am Diet Assoc, 2006. 106(4): p. 590-3.
- Wansink, B. and R. Westgren, Profiling taste-motivated segments. Appetite, 2003. 41(3): p. 323-7.


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A person who hogs all of the bed and only leaves a small triangle of space next to the wall for you. He/She is a sensitive triangle.
Albert loves being a sensitive triangle, he sprawls out on the bed forcing Jamie to either cuddle or lay like a pancake next to the wall.
by Jamal86 June 06, 2005
buy the domain for your diy blog

subset: commoncrawl


text:
He Loves Me …. Knot by R.C. Boldt Release Bitz
second chance…
looked back after skipping out on my own wedding, even if it did leave me
estranged from most of my family. Eight years later, I have the life I've
always wanted. As an advertising account executive, my world is damn near
come face-to-face with my past. With the man I once loved. The man who holds my
future in his hands. The man who's hell-bent on getting even with me for
leaving him at the altar.
all the unfinished business between us, I still love Knox Montgomery. The only
Author Bio
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text:
Invest in the Philipines
The Philippines is one of the more dynamic markets in the global economy. Its general macroeconomic outlook improved significantly in recent years and the country has made promising headway towards more sustainable and equitable economic development.
Our natural pool of talents and culturally adaptable human resources position the country as the most value-for-money destination for investments in the Asian region. We place high-value on education that equipped our labor force with world-renowned technical competency and English proficiency.
Our generally liberalized policy environment and strategic logistics access point in ASEAN + 3 gives us that competitive edge.
Bright spots in the economy include BPO, tourism, mining, agriculture, bio-fuels and renewable energy, and infrastructure. The Philippines is endowed with rich and diverse natural resources that provide seemingly unlimited opportunities.
With national economies and supply chains becoming more and more intertwined, we strive to expand and strengthen international investment agreements with capital-exporting countries to safeguard investors against economic volatilities and hedge against risk.
The government is well aware of the need to focus on total investor-related solutions to nurture investments. Going from strength to strength, the country's comprehensive strategy to attract capital inflows integrates secure and predictable economic conditions with business-friendly policies.
More than just a location, investing in the Philippines is about making that strategic business decision.
The Philippines provides investors with various opportunities especially in the following sectors:
- Manufacturing
- Information Technology and Business Process Outsourcing
- Tourism
- Agribusiness
Steps in Establishing a Business in the Philippines
You may set up your business under several organizational structures known as single proprietorship, partnership, corporation, branch office, representative office, regional headquarters, or regional operating headquarters.
Submit the requirements and follow the procedures to start-ip your business.
Acquire Visa for Foreign Management and Personnel
Foreign Nationals seeking to work, do business and/ or invest in the Philippines may apply for work authorization and or the appropriate visa provided for under the Philippine Immigration Act as amended or some other special law.
Apply for Permits, Licenses, Clearances, etc.
Secure the documents necessary for your business.
The primary thrust of the Investors Aftercare Program is to understand the investor's priorities, whether it be to find a solution to address current business concerns, or to expand into more profitable business ventures.
The Investors Aftercare Services Department (IASD) implements the aftercare program which delivers the most current investment policies and programs to the investors. Instead of waiting for the investors to seek assistance, our aftercare team reaches out to discuss value propositions and resolve business-related concerns.
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Rick Anderson loves to go diving off the coast of Nobbys Beach in New South Wales, Australia.
One thing that keeps him coming back to this spot is a 6-foot female Port Jackson shark.
Credit: Rick Anderson
According to Anderson, she always recognizes him.
"I started playing with her about seven years ago when she was just a pup about 6 inches long," Anderson told The Dodo. "I approached her carefully so as not to spook her, then began to gently pat her. Once she got used to me, I would cradle her in my hand and talk soothingly to her through my regulator."
Credit: Rick Anderson
"I did this each time in the first season she was here," he said. "Then over the following seasons, she'd recognize me and would swim up to me for a pat and cuddle. She soon got used to me — to the point where she will swim up to me when I'm going past, and tap me on the legs until I hold my arms out for her to lay on for a cuddle."
Credit: Rick Anderson
"Most divers seeing this for the first time can't believe it," he added. "I don't feed her or any of the other sharks I play with — I basically treat them like I would a dog."
Credit: Rick Anderson
Δευτέρα, Ιανουαρίου 16, 2017 | animals


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Bristol adds 2 brokers, Small Boat Division
Bristol Yacht Sales Inc. in Annapolis recently added two yacht brokers to its current group of eight full-time brokers and also created a new Small Boat Division.
Jim Wharton, formerly an engineer in the heavy construction industry, will specialize in power boat sales.
John Pasley, a sailor and boat builder, will head the yacht brokerage firm's new Small Boat Division.
Harland-White named AACC assistant dean
Anne Arundel Community College has promoted Faith Harland-White to assistant dean of technical and career education and chair of the business and business technologies division, a position she held for a year in an acting capacity.


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Everyone knows the word "depression". Most often, it is used to determine the response to a stressful situation. However, in fact, this is a medical condition. Depression is a common mental disorder characterized by discouragement, loss of interest, feelings of guilt and low self-esteem, sleep and appetite disorders, lethargy and poor concentration of attention. Depression leads to a decrease in self-esteem. A person begins to recall old grievances, looks into the future with pessimism. It seems gloomy and meaningless.
Depression can be chronic, renewable, and also take place under the guise of a therapeutic disease. For example, quite often patients come to treating depression from cardiology where they arrived to complain of pain in the heart. After the examination, it turns out that they have a cardiovascular system, but people need treatment with anti-anxiety and antidepressant drugs. In some patients, the disease, as it seems to them, is associated with the gastrointestinal tract.
Most cases of depression can be treated with Zoloft drugs and psychotherapy. Light antidepressants, which have a minimum of side effects, have long been used in cardiac centers to improve the condition of patients.
However, it should be remembered that antidepressants are not Aspirin. They start to act not immediately, but only in a week or two. Their impact is different for different people, so the drug and the dose should be selected individually. It is impossible to increase the speed of action of such drugs.
Like any other medicine, antidepressants should be taken, adhering to certain rules. In particular, it is prohibited to drink alcohol during treatment. In addition, the protocol of the World Health Organization says that if a person falls ill for the first time, then you need to drink the drug from six to eight months without interruption. If this happens a second time, then – a year and a half. If depression occurs again, then continuous treatment is required for a minimum of four to five years.
However, do not be afraid of these numbers. Antidepressants, unlike tranquilizers, do not cause physical addiction. Nevertheless, they should not be abandoned sharply. Otherwise, withdrawal can occur, which is accompanied by a headache, insomnia, and a sense of anxiety.
Of course, it is better to prevent depression than to treat it. For prevention, we recommend a healthy lifestyle. Sport helps to maintain not only the physical form but also improves the mood. Physical exercises promote the burning of active hormones, which are produced in anxiety states. At the same time, the body begins to develop its own antidepressant – endorphin (hormones of happiness).
The body is a unique self-healing system. However, it sometimes happens that a person does not have the strength. Then the drugs push the body to recovery. So do not be afraid of the words "depression" and "antidepressant." Do not wait for despondency to pass by itself. You may need a comprehensive treatment to help not only get rid of anxiety but also sleep peacefully (for example, sleeping pills Ambien). Seek help in a timely manner and your treatment will be productive.


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|Java Doc By Examples
|Prev Class | Next Class
|Frames | No Frames
|Summary: Nested | Field | Method | Constr
|Detail: Nested | Field | Method | Constr
public interface WindowFocusListener
extends EventListener
WindowEvents, including
WINDOW_GAINED_FOCUS and
WINDOW_LOST_FOCUS events.
The class that is interested in processing a
either implements this interface (and
all the methods it contains) or extends the abstract
WindowAdapter class (overriding only the methods of interest).
The listener object created from that class is then registered with a
using the
addWindowFocusListener method.
When the
status changes by virtue of it being opened, closed, activated, deactivated,
iconified, or deiconified, or by focus being transfered into or out of the
Window, the relevant method in the listener object is invoked,
and the
WindowEvent is passed to it.
Method Summary
public void windowGainedFocus(WindowEvent e)
Invoked when the Window is set to be the focused Window, which means that the Window, or one of its subcomponents, will receive keyboard events.
public void windowLostFocus(WindowEvent e)
Invoked when the Window is no longer the focused Window, which means that keyboard events will no longer be delivered to the Window or any of its subcomponents.


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Patrick Martinez | "Hate and Love (Fighter)" – Release date: Saturday, January 21, 2012
Patrick Martinez's most recent print "Hate and Love (Fighter)" is a serigraph reproduction of his 2011 mixed media piece. The original was executed in a mixed media on acrylic plex and neon which measures 48″ x 40″. This piece was first shown at Martinez's solo show at Known Gallery entitled "HUSTLEMANIA" The piece represents the warrior instinct side of humans and the simple yet complex idea of love and hate. This print will be available exclusively online at KnownGalleryStore.com on Saturday, January 21, 2012 at 12pm Pacific Standard Time.
"Hate and Love (Fighter)" by Patrick Martinez
Medium: Serigraph
Size: 36″ x 39″
Colors: 7, Hand Pulled
Substrate: Coventry Rag 320 g/sm
Signed and Numbered Edition: 70
Printed by Modern Multiples for Known Gallery
$350.00 +s/h at: KnownGalleryStore.com
VICTOR REYES | "BLACK LETTER TYPE SET" – Release date: Tuesday, January 24, 2012
The "Black Letter Type Set" was printed In San Francisco, California and features a unique alphabet illustrated by Victor Reyes from the subject of his show "Misspelled" 2010 San Francisco, CA. This "Type Set" explores the qualities of Black Letter and Old English as well as their appropriation to west coast graffiti lettering. Easy to frame yourself this type set is classic and can transform any interior or office into an emblematic array of Letter Set variations. The "Black Letter Type Set" will be released on Tuesday, January 24, 2012 at 12pm Pacific Standard Time.
"BLACK LETTER TYPE SET " by Victor Reyes | Known Gallery exclusive print
Medium: Hand made wooden box containing 26 (A-Z) hand-pulled by artist serigraphs printed with Golden artist acrylic on archival artist cardstock.
Each print size: 12″ x 12″
Edition: 26
Signed with numbered certificate of authenticity from Known Gallery and the artist.
Complete type set box with 26 prints: $300.00 +s/h at: KnownGalleryStore.com
ERIC HAZE | "S-ISM" – Release date: Saturday, January 28, 2012
Known Gallery is proud to offer this limited edition serigraph print by ERIC HAZE named S-ISM. This print was produced by Modern Multiples and 10 of them will be available exclusively online at KnownGalleryStore.com on Saturday, January 28, 2012 at at 12pm Pacific Standard Time.
"S-ISM" by Eric Haze
Medium: Hand-pulled serigraph on Coventry Rag Vellum 320 gm/wt
Size: 54.25″ x 42″
Editions available online: Silver and Black: 5 of 10 Steel and Silver: 5 of 20
Printed by Modern Multiples
$600.00 + s/h at: KnownGalleryStore.com
NORM AWR | "ALWAYS" – Release date: Tuesday, January 31, 2012
Norm's "Always" serigraph was printed by Modern Multiples in a four color ways for his June 2011 show at Known Gallery named ALWAYS. This print will be available exclusively online at KnownGalleryStore.com on Tuesday, January 31, 2012 at 12pm Pacific Standard Time.
"Always" by Norm AWR
Medium: Serigraph
Size: 31″ x 58.5″
Colors: 5, Hand Pulled
Substrate: Coventry Rag 320 gsm
Signed and Numbered Editions:
Blue version: 25 / Pink version: 22 / Gold/Black version: 11
Printed by Modern Multiples for Known Gallery
$250.00 + s/h at: KnownGalleryStore.com
Find out more at KNOWNGALLERY.COM


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I actually made this little diddy during Christmas break but it turned out so cute I had to share the quick DIY.
I bought these 2 extra large pillows from Marc's for $5 a piece forever ago. I never really liked them that well but figured I could always do something with HUGE $5 pillow.
While decorating for Christmas I needed some extra throw pillows for the sofa. And that's when it hit me. Deer stenciled pillows! You guys, this turned out so stinking cute!
Here is what you'll need:
-Old pillow or any kind of plain fabric you have lying around
-Pillow stuffing from old pillow or you can always pick some up at your local craft store
-Deer stencils, I used ones that I made to use on other projects but you could print something out online or use any animal your heart desires
-Fabric Paint
-Paint Brush
-Sewing Machine
*keep in mind that most of my DIY's are created from things I have lying around the house and you can really make any adjustments to be able to use whatever materials you also have lying around. 🙂
I started by cutting up my existing pillow. The patterned fabric was a nice heavy canvas like material so I chose to use this piece for my pillow. This is the only piece of fabric I used.
Once I had my fabric ready. I folded it in half and made a quick stitch (fabric inside out) along the long edge.
**note: if the fabric you are using isn't already hemmed on what will be your outside showing edges make sure you fold the down and do a quick stitch on those before making your stitch on the long edge. I did not have to do this the edges of my fabric were already hemmed.
Now, flip the pillow -right side out and you are ready to stencil!
Use your paint and brush to fill in your stencil with paint. I used Black but you could use any color you'd like. If you are using a canvas material like I did you will really have to "stomp" the paint into the fabric.
Once you have finished your painting, allow it to fully dry before finishing. I waited about an hour. Don't feel discouraged if it doesn't come out perfect. I accidentally got some paint outside of the stencil so I improvised and made that part of "the look".
Now you're ready to sew up your adorable new pillow! The ends on my canvas were already sewn to prevent fraying so all I had to do was create a stitch along each side. I decided to use Red Thread to add a little bit of color to my pillow. But, again use whatever you have or would go in your home.
After you've sewn the first edge, go ahead and stuff your pillow as much as possible. Pin the other edge as tightly as possible and slowly stitch your final side up on your sewing machine. You could hand stitch this if thats your thing. It isn't mine so I fight with my stuffed pillow through the machine for the stitch. 🙂
And now you have a brand new, possibly free pillow to grace your sofa and wow your guests!


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Real Clients, Real Reviews
"The people are friendly and knowledgeable. The problem with my car was explained to me clearly and I was given a reasonable estimate and expected time of completion." - Jody
"I have always been satisfied with the quality of work and excellent customer service at Autowerkes." - Kevin
"Friendly excellent service, very friendly... very trustworthy." - Eric
"The honesty saved me money and ensured that Autowerkes would have a consistent customer in me." - Jason
"I would/have highly recommend Autowerkes because of quality of service, communication regarding problems needing to be repaired, honestly and willingness to explain what I don't understand and great service people!" - Jessica


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Moody's New York, New York
Aug 14, 2018Full time
The Moody's Global Talent Acquisition department supports over 10,000 colleagues globally. The team is aligned into 3 regions (US/Americas, EMEA, APAC) and is focused on attracting, engaging and acquiring diverse high quality talent for Moody's. As a recruiter, you will provide full lifecycle recruitment service for both internal positions recruitment and external positions recruitment. In addition, you will support contractor conversions, internal transfers and immigration recruiting activities. Responsibilities Internal positions •Demonstrating understanding of job requirements to assess candidate quality, skills and fit to identify the best candidate for a position •Reviewing resumes and credentials for appropriateness of skills, experience and knowledge in relation to position requirements •Interviewing all candidates presented for hiring manager interviews and including the use of behavioral-based interviewing methodologies •Managing the selection, offer, negotiation, closing and administrative components •Advising on relevant changes to employment laws that impact recruitment and be aware of confidentiality issues as they arise •Be knowledgeable about and able to appropriately explain Moody's benefits and recruitment related policies and programs External positions •Advising hiring managers on appropriate recruitment methods and salary ranges •Attracting and recruiting the highest calibre candidates in a cost effective and time efficient manner •Providing full life-cycle recruiting on assigned positions, including the HR-related on-boarding of new employees •Utilizing various tools and resources to effectively evaluate talent in a variety of methods in order to ensure that the company is selecting highly qualified and engaged professionals to join the organization Sourcing: •Partner with the sourcing specialists in the development of effective sourcing strategies and channels to identify quality talent •Strengthen existing sources of hires and identify new channels for sourcing top talent. •Develop relationships with external top performers who can positively impact business outcomes in the future. •Demonstrate labor market expertise for the markets in which you recruit Recruiting Strategy & Marketing: •Recommending and communicating recruiting strategies, including sourcing and acquisition strategies; recruiting tools and processes; talent mapping and systems. •Implementing external candidate marketing and proactive recruiting programs and processes that attract, select and retain a qualified, diverse workforce. •Partnering with Diversity and Inclusion to achieve Moody's aspirational diversity goals including support of campus recruiting and summer internship programs. •Establishing and maintaining contacts with employment sources, such as colleges/universities, employment agencies, search firms, trade associations, etc. •Creating and fostering relationships with colleges and diverse professional organizations to attract and recruit alumni and diversity candidates) Analytics: •Gathering analyzing competitive industry information regarding salary, benefits and employment practices and advise management appropriately Stakeholder Management: •Demonstrating understanding of the organization's business models, operations, financial goals, competitive position and talent strategy •Building strong two-way relationships with hiring managers, provide support throughout the recruitment lifecycle, assist hiring managers with reconciling between ideal and practical staffing needs and ensure high-level service delivery HR Tools and Technology: •Working in collaboration with other groups to support an effective and efficient recruiting processes, employment branding and leverage social media to attract the best talent •Maintaining accurate and up to date recruiting data in Kenexa. •Proactively researching and investigating trends and innovative recruiting techniques in order to be competitive in state-of-the-art recruiting practices Human Resources/Talent Acquisition Required Qualifications •Undergraduate degree level education required. •3-5+ years of recruitment experience •Experience working as a Recruiter in either an agency or in-house environment •Microsoft Office, including intermediate Excel •Experience with Applicant Tracking Software (ATS) essential, Kenexa 2xBrassring, advantageous, along with other specialist recruitment software (eg. Avature), LinkedIn Recruiter, Talent Neuron and / or others) Preferred Qualifications •Experience within the financial services industry and technology recruitment experience advantageous •Demonstrated ability to partner with and influence hiring managers •Demonstrated experience handling volume recruitment and managing multiple priorities •Providing lawful and appropriate first line advice to the business lines •Excellent knowledge of current trends and practices relating to talent acquisition, including best practices in social media usage •Ability to handle sensitive and confidential information appropriately •Takes initiative, works pro-actively, ability to multi-task and meet tight deadlines •Good oral and written communication skills - articulate and numerate Moody's is an essential component of the global capital markets, providing credit ratings, research, tools and analysis that contribute to transparent and integrated financial markets. Moody's Corporation (NYSE: MCO) is the parent company of Moody's Investors Service, which provides credit ratings and research covering debt instruments and securities, and Moody's Analytics, which offers leading-edge software, advisory services and research for credit and economic analysis and financial risk management. The Corporation, which reported revenue of $3.6 billion in 2016, employs approximately 10,700 people worldwide and maintains a presence in 36 countries. Further information is available at . Moody's is an equal opportunity employer. All qualified applicants will receive consideration for employment without regard to race, color, sex, gender, age, religion, national origin, citizen status, marital status, physical or mental disability, military or veteran status, sexual orientation, gender identity, gender expression, genetic information, or any other characteristic protected by law. Moody's also provides reasonable accommodation to qualified individuals with disabilities in accordance with applicable laws. If you need to inquire about a reasonable accommodation, or need assistance with completing the application process, please email .. This contact information is for accommodation requests only, and cannot be used to inquire about the status of applications. For San Francisco positions, qualified applicants with criminal histories will be considered for employment consistent with the requirements of the San Francisco Fair Chance Ordinance. For New York City positions, qualified applicants with criminal histories will be considered for employment consistent with the requirements of the New York City Fair Chance Act. For all other applicants, qualified applicants with criminal histories will be considered for employment consistent with the requirements of applicable law. Click here to view our full EEO policy statement. Click here for more information on your EEO rights under the law. MIS and MSS Candidates are asked to disclose securities holdings pursuant to Moody's Policy for Securities Trading. Employment is contingent upon compliance with the Policy, including remediation of positions in those holdings as necessary. Recruiter


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Whether you're a domestic homeowner interested in an extension or a commercial client requiring periodic electrical inspections, CADOW Services Ltd are the most reliable solution around.
Operating from our base in Bristol, we cover an extensive area of the South West. We are fully qualified with over 20 years of experience and endeavour to be on call 24 hours a day for electrical maintenance and emergencies.
As a company we are focused on cost efficiency and helping our clients reduce their carbon footprint. We understand the importance of the environment and utilise low energy lighting materials to help you reduce your bills.
So whether you're interested in domestic or commercial electrical work, wish to see a sample of our building work or would like further info on our property maintenance, please click the links or give us a call.
Why choose us ?
CADOW are a fully qualified and professional team
Electrical and building professionals who perform commercial, industrial and domestic installations, fault finding and repairs.
We are cost saving specialists, ensuring your budget is at the forefront of our work for you.
Using our partnerships, training and materials, we will help you to reduce your carbon footprint
CADOW covers the South West of the United Kingdom


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The Power of ADULT STEM CELLS
MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS do the following:
- by releasing certain proteins that decrease inflammation (called CYTOKINES).
- MSC's at the site of injury undergo a differentiation into CHONDROCYTES (cartilage), OSTEOBLASTS (bone), ADIPOCYTES (muscle).
- MSCs have great potential for cartilage repair which makes them quite attractive for Orthopedic joint problems.
MSC's Secrete Growth Factors (Paracrine function) that will:
- Increase blood vessel growth in injured areas and assist in tissue repair.
- Increase collagen production in tissues.
- Prevent scarring at injured tissue and tendon sites.
- Stimulate Angiogenesis (increases blood vessel growth) and thusly increases circulation to the injured area.
- MSC's self-replicate and produce new bone, cartilage and muscle.
- Repair damaged or injured tissue (articular cartilage, bone)
- MSCs recruit local PROGENITOR CELLS and instruct them to carry out regenerative functions
- Stem cells stop the death of injured cells by increasing blood vessel growth and nutrition.
- Stem Cells inhibit certain bad cancer cells to grow
- They inhibit the maturation of immune cells.
- Stem Cells MIGRATE to injured areas with inflammation and dock there (HOMING). While there, they can differentiate into tissue specific cells and therefore substitute for loss cellular function.
STEM CELLS Protect the host cells.


text:
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Can't see the Full Screen puzzle? Your pop-up blocker probably prevented it from opening. Click here to relaunch the pop-up.
Still can't get it to work? Please contact us for additional help
Jigsaw puzzle to play online of a colorful basket. Strips of plastic are woven together to make the basket.


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Alumni Association - Alumni Leadership Scholarship
Chartered in 1972, the Cal Poly Pomona Alumni Association supports student success by awarding multiple scholarships to current students. Awards each year are based on an applicant's academic and co-curricular excellence, letters of recommendation and essay content. First-time Freshman and First-time Transfers are applicable to applyTo be consider for Fall 2018, Applicant(s) must meet the following criteria
- Must be related to a family member whose received or is one semester/quarter away from obtaining a college degree from any of the 23 CSU campuses.
- Open to all majors
- Open to all class level (Freshman, Sophomore, Junior, Senior, Post Bac & Graduates)
- Be a California Resident (US Citizenship and/or Legal Residency is NOT require)
- Maintain minimum of 3.0 GPA in 2017-18, 2018-2019
- Must be a full time student in 2017-18, 2018-2019
- Answer and provide all supplemental questions after completing your general question
Please Note, if you are applying for multiple Alumni Scholarship and requesting a Letter of Recommendation from the same person. You need to inform them that there will need to submit multiple letters because they are different scholarships opportunities
- Award
- $1,500.00
- Deadline
- 03/30/2018
- Supplemental Questions
- Are you related to any family member who's a CSU alumna/us from the 23 CSU campuses? (If the response to this question is no, you do not qualify for this scholarship.)
- What is the name of the Cal Poly Pomona or CSU alumna/us to whom you are related?
- What is your relationship to the alumnus/alumna named above?
- When did the above named alumnus/alumna graduate from Cal Poly Pomona or another CSU?
- Do you hold a leadership position with ASI?
- In no more than 200 words explain your involvement in campus activities, community services and leadership/ outreach roles.
- Please request ONE letters of recommendation SPECIFICALLY for this scholarship. The letter of recommendation must come from a Cal Poly Pomona or CSU alumna/us. (Please speak to your reference first before you request a letter from him/her). They can address their letter as follows: Dear Scholarship Committee **Note, the two letters you requested as part of your General Application will not counted. If the letter is not submitted before or on the deadline date, your application will not be considered for this scholarship.
- Enter the name and e-mail address of a reference provider who has agreed to write a letter of recommendation for you.
- Show 2 more


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Buy the product on-line from one of the following retailers, or click here to find the store nearest you.
To be used for ice cream and sorbet, specially designed head to make large rounds of ice cream to fit perfectly on an ice cream cone.
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Mr. Jholay
Three middle aged childhood friends Purne, Karne and Guna Prasad are still bachelor and want to get married and settled. Purne's mother want to marry his son with a daughter of a rich villager. The father of the born unlucky girl has announced 1.5 Million rupees for her groom. Karne from the untouchable cast is in one sided love with the same born unlucky girl. Guna Prasad, a public school teacher is unable to express his deep inner love to Karne's sister. The dreams and desires of each friend bring conflict between them and the drama gone extreme when a hunter tourist make an entry in the village. Their childhood friendship is now on the edge of the sword.
Views: 12
Genre: Drama
Director: Ram Babu Gurung
Actors: Aruna Karki, Barsha Raut, Buddhi Tamang, Dayahang Rai, Deeya Pun
Duration: 138
Release: 2018


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CAMARILLO, Calif. --Camarillo Police are looking for a man who photographed a young girl without her permission. It happened on Ascot Place and Palmer Avenue April 2. The elementary school age girl told her parents she was riding her scooter past a parked car when a man inside the vehicle told her to smile and snapped her picture.
She says he left the area after he took the photo. The girl immediately went home and reported the incident to her parents who contacted the Sheriff's Department.
Investigators are asking the person who took the photo to come forward.
The suspect is described as a white man, about 18-years-old, about 6'2", with a thin build, short blonde or light brown spiky hair.
Anyone with any information about the incident is asked to call the Camarillo Police Department at (805) 388-5100.


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|Top of Page
Let's say you have started developing a small business. Then you get bogged down. You seem to lack the ambition needed get your business underway. So what is the problem? Let's find out.
Maybe you really don't want to start a business. Maybe you just want to have more money. Go to the Earn Extra Cash main page and see if some other ways to get money appeal to you.
If you still want a business, verify that your business concept suits your needs, capabilities, and a current demand in the marketplace. Review the pages under the Stage 1: Selecting a suitable business idea topic in another section.
If nothing has worked so far, maybe the following chapters in my low-cost Magic Success Secrets ebook can get you back into action:
Chapter 15: Apply Action Triggers
Chapter 16: Use Time Saving Tips
|Top of Page
This topic highlights some methods that can help you avoid or solve problems you may encounter in starting and running your business.
Not solving problems as soon as they arise
People ignore problems for various reasons. Maybe they hope the problem will just go away. Maybe they don't know how to handle the problem. But most problems don't go away. They keep getting worse.
Usually the best time to solve a problem is when it first arises. The sooner you start to solve a problem the easier it will be. Also, you won't have to worry about fixing all of the chaos that a recurring problem causes.
For more information, see Chapter 18 Resolve Any Problems in my low-cost ebook.
Repeating past mistakes
Most people are creatures of habit. Sometimes they fall into a habit of repeating past mistakes. This should be avoided at all costs.
The way to break an existing habit is to develop a new habit that replaces the old habit. You can set up a journal to record various mistakes that you keep repeating. Under each mistake write down how to avoid that problem in the future. Then start enforcing your new habits.
Selling to "difficult" customers
When you are starting or growing a business, you probably want as many customers as possible. However, there are certain kinds of customers that you may want to avoid. An example would be customers who are very difficult to satisfy. You may have to spend too much time and money to satisfy them. And you may never be able to satisfy them. In either case, this is bad for your business.
There are various ways to identify difficult customers when you meet them. One example is a husband and wife who constantly argue with each other in your presence. Another example is customers who either can't decide on what they want or seem to be very fussy about details.
So when you encounter difficult customers you should be aware of the possible problems. You may even decide not to sell to them.
Your business continually loses money
If you can't make a profit, it's because your sales are too low or your costs and/or expenses are too high. Here are some possible solutions:
Refining the Product
Developing the Sales Program
You keep having mistakes and problems
Everyone has problems. Some people solve their problems while other people let their problems defeat them. Here are some possible ways to handle your problems:
|Top of Page
This topic highlights some methods you can use to improve your profit from business operations.
Taking your venture's profitability for granted
Sometimes business owners simply assume that their business will be profitable. Yet many new businesses fail because they aren't profitable. Others don't make enough money to justify the time and effort required to keep them running. The problem may be that the owners didn't do the required research and planning before starting the business.
So how much research and planning is required for a particular business venture? Well, it depends on the circumstances. If it's a low-cost, low-risk venture, then you may just start your business and make corrections as you go. However, usually it's best to spend some time in research and planning. The more risky, complex, time-consuming, or expensive the venture, then the more research and planning is needed.
For more information on research, see the Reviewing the Market page in another section.
For more information on planning, see the Planning Costs and Expenses page in another section.
Taking your customers for granted
There are two ways to take customers for granted. One way is to assume that your product will "sell itself." Another way is to expect your existing customers to keep buying from you.
Customers are the lifeblood of your business. You can't take them for granted. They can change their buying habits if they aren't completely satisfied, or if a competitor offers them a better deal. You must give customers a good reason to buy from you.
Before you start your business, you should learn how to make sales to new customers. If you rely on repeat sales to existing customers, you should develop a customer satisfaction program to keep them coming back.
For more information, see the Sales Methods page.
|Top of Page
Return from Solving Business Problems to Small Business Basics main page
Return from Solving Business Problems page to Home page


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Casa del Farol, located in Santa Marta, is a beautiful building, which unites two houses: the original Casa del Farol from 1702 and a republican house from 1901. This hotel is perfect for business travellers or holidaymaker, since they can find everything they need during their relaxing and comfortable stay. Each one of the room's décor captures the atmosphere of a famous city, from New York to Old Havana and the romantic Paris.
Category: 3*
Location: Calle 18 # 11-5, Santa Marta
- 6 Bedrooms with TV
- Wi-Fi
- Room Service
- Laundry Service
- Computer rental
- Bar, Restaurant
- Massages
- Wedding Service
- Rooftop Terrace
- Rooftop Pool/ Jacuzzi


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Phone number: 0438 12....
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