text: International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/ ISSR Journals: International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies 2028-9324 ISSR Journals International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/docs/ijias_couv.png http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/ http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-315-21 Cattle, goats and pigs form an important source of meet and income to the population of south-Kivu. Despite their economic and nutritious importance they are always victims of various gastro-intestinal parasites. The author presets the results of an investigation carried out in the rural markets of Bulambika and Karasi to determine the prevalence of the parasite. ]]> 2018-05-02T00:00:00-00:00 2018-05-02 Articles 23 2 58 61 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-315-10 Cet article a pour objet la poésie funèbre qui est pratiquée tant par les Corses que par les Mɔ́ngɔ. Les deux peuples ont, dans leurs cultures respectives, désigné ce genre littéraire oral sous deux terminologies dialectales locales qui se traduisent en langue française par le mot "Voix". Ce fait a suscité l'intérêt pour l'étude comparative. L'analyse comparative de deux textes, corse et mɔ́ngɔ, a révélé qu'en dehors de la dénomination commune du genre, les deux textes oraux présentent des caractéristiques semblables tant sur le plan de la forme que celui du fond. ]]> 2018-05-02T00:00:00-00:00 2018-05-02 Articles 23 2 62 81 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-315-32 This study showed how the aorta is continually to blood pulsatile stresses caused by the effect of the heart. These constraints are noted by an elastic deformation of the organ. We have implemented some methodologies mathematics that have allowed us to evaluate the blood interaction / aorta by solving differential equations to describe the mechanical characteristics. The device doppler echo and Solidwokes software have been exploited to establish consistency between the literature review and experimental observations in the laboratory. ]]> 2018-05-02T00:00:00-00:00 2018-05-02 Articles 23 2 82 88 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-315-29 The study of improvement of solar water disinfection by photosensitization with coumarin extracts of some plants of Rutaceae family (Citrus limonum, Citrus paradisi and Citrus sinensis) shows an inhibition of 90% for fecal coliforms after 30 minutes of sunshine. Complete inhibition is noted after 60 minutes. In water not treated and exposed to the sunlight, an inhibition of 32% was noticed after 60 minutes. The photosensitizing activity noted in these extracts is due to the presence of coumarins. These molecules in presence of light absorb the energy and pass from the ground state to the excited state. Returning to the ground state, the stored energy is transferred to the oxygen, which then passes from the ground state, triplet, to the excited state, singlet, and inhibits the coliforms present in water. ]]> 2018-05-02T00:00:00-00:00 2018-05-02 Articles 23 2 89 94 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-315-33 During eight war months, the effects are perverse, not only the violation of the humanitarian international law, but also the human rights. Within the framework of our work, we try to demonstrate that the main principles of the humanitarian international law were not respected. The attacks of belligerent parties including the foreign strengths were not within the limits of means of fight in particular the use of a tank T-55 in Benghazi and in other cities of the country. As for the method of fight, the hostilities took place during the late hours which talked of massive destructions without saving hospitals and schools, also most victims are civil persons. It is impossible to stop or better to forbid the belligerent parties to wage war because of the conflicting human nature, but the regulations or the mitigation of the latter are possible through the notion of the humanitarian international law, in other words law of war. It is a right to wage war for a just cause by observing certain regulations such as the principle of the right humanitarian worker which stipulates that the respect for the human person and its blooming will be assured in all the compatible measure with the law and order in wartime with the military requirements. ]]> 2018-05-02T00:00:00-00:00 2018-05-02 Articles 23 2 95 104 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-315-34 The Office of Control of the Congo in particular and of the world in general must avoid the method of destruction of foodstuffs which become unfit for consumption after weighing them to check that the quantity weighed corresponds to the nominal quantity on the Label of the package. We opted for a non-destructive method by using the batch acceptance or rejection test using a dual sampling design. This statistical method resolves the conflict between the Office of Control and the sellers of pre-packaged products of Class A (food products). ]]> 2018-05-02T00:00:00-00:00 2018-05-02 Articles 23 2 105 113 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-315-35 This reflection tries to review and to analyze the multiple challenges which the new States in international relations should face during their integration on the international scene, undid who established a major obstacle so that these assume.In illustrative title, we evoked the case of the Democratic Republic of the Congo which is an integral part there. We are going to analyze at first the challenges since his entry in the independence then to demonstrate how they established a brake for the maturity of the RDC and finally we are going to glimpse the ways of exit. ]]> 2018-05-02T00:00:00-00:00 2018-05-02 Articles 23 2 114 120 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-18-105-24 This article highlights a significant problem in personal status, especially regarding the proof of filiations or exile, It came a comparative study between law and Sharia, indicating the means followed, Medical expertise and Lea'an, explaining the difference between them, we follow their applications by the family jurisdiction, which will prioritize Lea'an or medical expertise? The result found that the Moroccan judiciary gives priority to the medical expertise than Lea'an. ]]> 2018-05-02T00:00:00-00:00 2018-05-02 Articles 23 2 121 130 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-18-109-02 The search for long-term relationships with the customer is only a fashionable precept presenting a contingent phenomenon, as evidenced by the frequent use of this concept, to analyze the inter-organizational relations, in different fields of psycho-sociological, strategic sciences and marketing. These observations prompt us to ask the following question: Are there economic reasons for inter-organizational collaboration? Is it a new marketing mode or is it just a formula invented and popularized by academia? The purpose of this work is to specify the concepts of ethical and relational links in a marketing perspective, on the one hand, and to analyze its role in the management of the inter-organizational relationship on the other hand. Through a study conducted in the services sector, we will seek to explore the relational antecedents that can help explain this new collaborative trend of companies based on two theoretical approaches: ethics and relational. ]]> 2018-05-02T00:00:00-00:00 2018-05-02 Articles 23 2 131 138 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-358-23 During this study, we used the professional risk, pension service and financial sheets of two directorates of the National Institute of Social Welfare of Haut-Ktanga for the study of different variables. In total, we analyzed 251 cases and of which the year 2012 recorded more accidents at work than other years, ie 32.3%. The male sex represents 92.8% of the accidents at work. The married are the most rugged, almost 95%. The seniority range from 2 to 7 years is the most accident-stricken with 38.2% of cases. The mining sector is the most rugged sector with 70.1%. Married people are the most rugged, about 95% of the population of our study. The seniority period ranging from 2 to 7 years experienced many more accidents, ie 38.2% of the cases. The mining sector is the most rugged sector with 70.1% and the miners are the most rugged of our study with 52%. The total costs of care and compensation have increased overall over the 2008-2012 period with a peak in 2010 of more than 250 million CDF. On the other hand, the compensation costs do not depend on the accident sector, the places where the accidents occurred and the age of the victims. ]]> 2018-05-02T00:00:00-00:00 2018-05-02 Articles 23 2 139 152 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-358-22 In this study, we used the Karasek questionnaire for a sample of 338 workers, including 258 classified workers and 80 unclassified workers. By studying the descriptive variables to which we added the addictive behaviors that are the consumption of alcohol and tobacco, we arrived at the following results: A "low social support" is perceived by 83% of the classified, 84.6% have a seniority of at least 5 years and 83.1% are affected in the sectors of the mining operations. "Low decision latitude" is perceived by 91.8% of the classified, 89.9% of the workers whose seniority in the company is at least 5 years at most and 97.3% of the workers working in the sector mining operations. A strong psychological demand is reported by 84.8% of classified workers, 84% with a seniority of at least 5 years and 86.8% of workers in the mining extraction sector. The perception of low decision latitude is influenced by professional status and by industry. Classified workers report low latitude 2.5 times more than their unclassified counterparts. The perception of low decision latitude is not influenced by the seniority of the workers within the company. ]]> 2018-05-02T00:00:00-00:00 2018-05-02 Articles 23 2 153 157 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-18-105-05 While legalized in other countries, homosexual marriage remains poorly perceived in Africa. With the exception of South Africa, which has made enormous progress on gay rights, other African states still oppose homosexual marriage and homosexuals are rejected and stigmatized. In this context, where homophobic sentiment is widespread and in the face of pressure from Western powers demanding that human rights, including those of homosexuals be respected, questions the perspectives of the institutionalization of homosexuality in Africa becomes interesting. Hence this article entitled « Perspectives of the institutionalization of homosexuality in Africa. Case of the Democratic Republic of Congo ». Following our participation-observation and analysis of the results of our research conducted in the city of Lubumbashi in the Democratic Republic of Congo, we noticed that homosexuality is still poorly perceived in the Democratic Republic of Congo and generally in Africa. Congolese are still trying for the moment to cling to their moral and cultural values that reject homosexuality. In these days, it would be wrong to initiate a law institutionalizing homosexual marriage. However, the Congolese and African political leaders would not try to take a law criminalizing homosexuals for fear of being accused by the Western powers of supporting human rights violations, which will lead to sanctions. ]]> 2018-05-02T00:00:00-00:00 2018-05-02 Articles 23 2 158 170 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-18-103-02 The national production of the RDC is constituted of 2 sectors, goods and services. the sector of understands them: agriculture, the mining extraction, metallurgic industries, manufacturies, electricity and water, of the buildings and public works while the one of services is constituted of the trade of big and detail, the transportation and communication, services mercantts conferred, the rights and taxes to the import that allow him to integrate in the world economy. This survey is about the analysis of import-export statistics in the involvement of the RDC to the international trade. We left from the operations to the international translating the import-export done during the period, that is in the majority of the cases associated to delay of payment. These last represent in short length the fluctuations of change that affect manner more or less pronounced the value of the invoices, once converted in national currency that carries to believe in a risk of transaction. Of this change risk a direct effect will be born on the commercial margins able to reduce the profitability of the commercial operations to the international. After analysis of the data, it comes out again that the RDC does really the international exchanges and that the commercial balance remained positive for the years under survey in spite of the very reduced key sectors because of the transformation of the products exported by the tool of production that is not yet modernized, developed and recapitalisé. in a context of absence and/or smallness of the outside financings and the coming a part of the outside help since several decades, the State Congolese and the Central Bank don't quit to make a dramatic recourse to the board to ticket to finance their deficit causing the inflation and the depreciation of the national currency. It justifies the importance that we intend to grant to this sector that appears completely forsaken and visiblment is not the subject of no politics can help it thus to stand up. ]]> 2018-05-02T00:00:00-00:00 2018-05-02 Articles 23 2 171 179 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-18-131-05 The current dump of the Taza city, dump wild, said dump Julien, located on the outskirts of the city and who's commissioning dates back to early 1940, has transformed over the years into a major environmental nuisance. Its rehabilitation is necessary to reduce environmental impacts such as greenhouse gas emissions, leachate formation and slope instability. Long-term landfill understanding is important for landfill remediation and appropriate models that can take into account both mechanical and bio-decomposition mechanisms in predicting a sustainable remediation scenario, are not usually available. In this paper, a model based on an integrated QSE management system and taking into account the biodegradation process is proposed to simulate the behavior of the deposit of waste buried after closure of the site and to model the typical descriptors of the behavior in the short and long term. The analytical, experimental and full-scale extrapolation results prove that the studied model of the SMI-QSE is a simple but robust and scalable scientific and technical tool. The application of this model of SMI-QSE for the rehabilitation of landfills is the originality of this work at the national and even international level. In addition, the appropriation of this model allows the uncontrolled public landfill of the city of Taza to meet its challenges and to integrate into the overall process of sustainable development of Morocco. ]]> 2018-05-02T00:00:00-00:00 2018-05-02 Articles 23 2 180 191 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-18-117-02 The positive impact of the liberalization of air transport, largely supported by the economic theory and "validated" by the empirical studies, has inspired many developing countries to liberalize some of their Air Service Agreements (ASA). After Nigeria and Morocco, Tunisia has signed in December 11th, 2017 the agreement of Open Sky with the European Union (EU), its historic economic partner. Thus, the Tunisian airlines will be exposed to key issues emanating from both the agreement and the activation of the Yamoussoukro Declaration signed more than 15 years ago. Given these potential deep conditioning mutations, in the future Tunisian air transport, this paper will attempt to predict and compare the dynamics of air demand in Tunisia from the initiation of both agreements. The aim of our work is to qualify the effects of the Tunisian-EU Open Sky and Yamoussoukro agreement based on the reproduction of passenger traffic Reference situation marked by its restrictive character, using macroeconomic factors (trade and GDP), the distance and the ASA liberalization indicator to build our econometric model. The comparison will be justified by a working simulation of various liberalization options. ]]> 2018-05-02T00:00:00-00:00 2018-05-02 Articles 23 2 192 203 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-18-117-06 Objective: To value the general knowledge of the voluntary donors of blood (DBS) on the Virus of hepatitis B (VHB). Materials and methods: It is a survey transverse analytic longitudinal track during three months at the time of grant of blood to the HGR of Minova. The data in relation with the characteristics socio demographic and those bound to the general knowledge of the DBS on the VHB have been collected and have been analyzed by means of software Epi Info version 3.5.1. The frequencies and the percentages have been calculated. The test of Chi Two was used and the doorstep of significance has been fixed to a p value <0,05. Results: 111 DBS had participated in the stady. We noted a masculine predominance of which age varied between 29-39 years. 75,7% of them investigated were married, with a secondary instruction level (52,3%) of which 71,2% with a seniority in the grant of blood less five years. The DBS were constituted of 22,5% professional of Health (PS) and 77,5% of non-professional of Health (NPS). Conclusion: This survey raised a low level of knowledge on the VHB in Minova. The PS had an elevated knowledge level in relation to the NPS on the virus. ]]> 2018-05-02T00:00:00-00:00 2018-05-02 Articles 23 2 204 210 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-18-117-07 Objective: To identify the factors of risk that are in link with the disruption of the hepatic enzymes (GOT and GPT) at the PVVIH of the HGR FOMULAC Katana. Materials and methods: A transverse survey to analytic aim has been led on 150 PVVIH having frequented the HGR FOMULAC Katana during the active period of May 1st, 2011 to May 1st 2012. The data in relation with the biologic state of the PVVIH and the reasons of the disruptions of the transaminases have been collected and have been analyzed by means of software Epi Info version 3.5.1. The percentage, the average with deviation standard (DS) has been found and the doorstep of significance has been fixed to a p value < 0, 05. Results: The GOT transaminases and GPT were disrupted respectively to a rate of 14% and 11% at the aged PVVIH, of feminine sex, co infected by the viruses of B hepatitis and C, under ARV consuming the alcohol. Conclusion: The transaminases were disrupted at the PVVIH followed to the HGR katana. A good hold in load, the non-Consumption of alcohol and a regular control of the biologic parameters as the dosages of the hepatic enzymes, the serodiagnosis of B hepatitis and C could reduce the effects hepatotoxic by our PVVIH. ]]> 2018-05-02T00:00:00-00:00 2018-05-02 Articles 23 2 211 216 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-358-21 The study of the determinants of resistance to the use of contraceptive methods among women of childbearing age in the city of Kinshasa in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) that we have just conducted focused on 2,373 women drawn in the Districts, Communes, Quarters and streets of Kinshasa. Contraceptives being divided into groups of: - modern contraceptives; - traditional contraceptives and others. This study has shown that there are women who do not like to use contraceptives, others use some by rejecting others. Therefore, the following characteristics of resistance to use of contraceptive methods at women of childbearing age: age; the level of education, the number of children born; financial income; the occupation of women; marital status; the place of residence; The religion and opinion about these methods have been developed and proved that this behavior stems from the misinformation given to women about these methods. The statistical analysis using the Chi-Carré test was done to show the number of resistant women and those who use some of the contraceptive methods. The Epidata software was used to plot the tables carrying the results. ]]> 2018-05-02T00:00:00-00:00 2018-05-02 Articles 23 2 217 226 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-18-117-16 A proliferation of hotels in major cities in developing countries such as Benin leads to more waste water production. The present work aims to evaluate the efficiency of the wastewater treatment methods of Cotonou hotels. But after investigation, most hotels do not have a wastewater treatment plant. During the investigation, wastewater samples were collected and analyzed. The measurement of the field parameters was made with a pH meter, a conductivity meter and a turbidimeter. BOD5 was measured by respirometry and COD by colorimetry. A molecular absorption spectrophotometer was used to measure: suspended matter, total nitrogen and total phosphorus content. Microbiological parameters were determined by the incorporation technique. These analyzes show that the effluents at the entrance of the stations are heavily loaded with pollutants. However, significant declines are observed on site n°4 (activated sludge) with non-standard values only for phosphorus and Escherichia coli. The adoption of a disinfection and phosphorus removal treatment would make it possible to obtain water of acceptable quality for reuse of these waters in irrigation. ]]> 2018-05-02T00:00:00-00:00 2018-05-02 Articles 23 2 227 234 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-18-144-32 The term social and solidarity economy (SSE) is increasingly being used to refers to the production of goods and services by a broad range of organizations that are distinguished from enterprise and informal economy. This organizations serves a collective aim and are guided by principles and practices of cooperation, solidarity, ethics and democratic self-management. The main purpose of this paper is to show the important role of Social and Solidarity Economy (SSE) in the Local Development. ]]> 2018-05-02T00:00:00-00:00 2018-05-02 Articles 23 2 235 242 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-315-43 The objective of this study is to evaluate the quality of underground water according to the standards of Beninese and international drinkability. The choice of watering place centres on daily usages as beverage. The physicochemical and bacteriological parameters have been determined according to the conventional methods. The obtained results show that the studied waters are characterized by an acidic- pH (6.74 – 6.95), a temperature which varies from 27.3°C to 30.4°C, a weak electric conductivity (8.9μS/cm – 588 μS/cm), weak TDS (5mg/L – 270mg/L) and a low potential of reduction-oxidation (202 mV – 344 mV). Besides, the following medium concentrations have been obtained : Sulphate (0.19 mg / L – 36.55 mg / L), Nitrate (4.60 mg / L – 53.28 mg/L), Calcium (0.7 mg/L – 57.46 mg/L), Potassium (0.22 mg/L – 21.02 mg/L), Magnesium (0.01 mg/L – 18.33 mg/L), ammonium (0.02 mg/L – 18.33 mg/L) and Chloride (0.20 mg / L – 55.55 mg/L). Among the studied places, only the well P1 revealed contents in potassium and in nitrate beyond the standards of drinkability. The results of bacteriological analysis confirm the presence in very appreciable numbers of fecal contaminated indicators (Total Coliforms, Fecal Coliforms and Escheriachia-Coli) in the wells except the well P5. Moreover, the Fecal Streptococci have been displayed prominently in the well P6. So at the end of this study, we can deduce that wells studied waters roughly present the serious health risks to the population contrary to the drilling wells and springs water. ]]> 2018-04-02T00:00:00-00:00 2018-04-02 Articles 23 1 1 9 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-316-04 This project entitled Design, Sizing and Planning of the works of a reinforced concrete girder bridge was carried out in Tunisia. The objective of this work is based on the determination of the geometrical characteristics and the determination of the cross-cutting coefficient (CCC) for the dimensioning of the various elements of the Apron such as beams, spacer and slab. In this work, we used two methods or (approaches) for the determination of the geometrical characteristics of the beams. The study led to the determination of the various fundamental parameters which are the parameter of bracing and the torsion parameter. The conventional method or approach given by the SETRA references, for which the geometrical characteristics of the different sections were obtained by the following formula: Bmoy (m2) = B appui C1 + B central C2; C1 and C2 the interpolation coefficients which describe the variation of the section of the beam as a function of the length and when d= 0.5m. C1 = 1/3 + 4/3Lp = 1/3 + 4/3x21 = 0.3968; C2 = 2/3 - 4/3Lp = 2/3 - 4/3x21 = 0.6032 This for bending inertia and also for torsional inertia. Thus the torsion parameter α = 0.54 and the spacing parameter θ = 1.29. ]]> 2018-04-02T00:00:00-00:00 2018-04-02 Articles 23 1 10 21 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-316-16 This work is conducted with women producing shea butter in the regions of Mandoul and Logone Oriental. It aims influence the production processes on the shea butter extraction efficiency. Indeed, these women use two methods to extract shea butter: traditional method that gives butter black and method by manual press that gives butter white. In addition, the traditional method has two variants: use when extracting butter boiled water on the one hand and the water slurry accompanied leaves secondly mango. The butter obtained according to production processes extraction yields are: (44.35 ± 3.513%) for the mechanical press method; (36.11 ± 1.64%) to the traditional method using boiled water and (47.70 ± 0.22) for the traditional method using water boiled over the mango leaves. The values of physico-chemical parameters are analyzed: water content (5.646 ± 0.105%); crude protein (7.2 ± 0.655%); total fat (52.886 ± 1.240%); unsaponifiable (7.25 ± 0.636%); stearic acid (49.526 ± 3.090%); oleic acid (48.716 ± 3.735%); linoleic acid (5.843 ± 0.386%) and linolenic acid (1.653 ± 0.105). The use of mango leaves in the extraction has substantially improved the performance of the butter up to that obtained by the mechanical press. The values of the fatty acids obtained correspond generally to the standards of the Economic and Monetary Union of West Africa (UEMOA) for unrefined shea butter with the exception of the water content is very high compared to the required standards. ]]> 2018-04-02T00:00:00-00:00 2018-04-02 Articles 23 1 22 32 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-316-10 Populations located in peri-urban areas are often resigned to using groundwater and surface water as sources of drinking water without, however, worrying about their quality. In order to assess the quality of these waters, a study was carried out in the peri-urban area of Ngoumou. For this study, three sampling stations in the Ebongo stream and three wells were selected. Several physico-chemical variables coupled with biological variables were used to determine the quality of these waters. The analysis of the physicochemical variables reveals that these waters are acid, weakly mineralized and relatively well oxygenated. For biological analyzes, three biological components were used: bacteria, ciliate protozoa and benthic macroinvertebrates. Bacteriological analyzes show that these waters contain bacteria of fecal origin. A total of 698 ciliate individuals belonging to 3 classes, 7 orders and 19 families were harvested. The calculated Shen and Jiang biotic index shows a degradation of water quality from upstream to downstream. Concerning benthic macrofauna, 968 individuals belonging to 3 branches, 4 classes, 7 orders and 25 families were recorded. The Hilsenhoff biotic index reveals that the watercourse is of average to good ecological quality and degrades from upstream to downstream as a result of inputs from runoff and agricultural inputs. ]]> 2018-04-02T00:00:00-00:00 2018-04-02 Articles 23 1 33 43 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-315-26 The composition and relative abundance of the benthic diatoms of the rivers of southern Côte d'Ivoire were investigated during three climatic seasons (high dry season, high rainy season and small rainy season) in 43 stations on 28 rivers. Most samples taken from stones were treated with nitric acid. Of the 320 taxa inventoried, the most diverse genera are Nitzschia (43 taxa), Navicula (39 taxa) and Eunotia (33 taxa). The species commonly encountered in the samples vary according to the type of geological substratum. The relative abundances of diatoms of tertiary are significantly different from those of birrimian and granitoid. In addition, Eolimna minima (Grunow) Lange-Bert. is more abundant during the rainy seasons compared to the high dry season whatever the substrate. Several indicator species of pollution were encountered abundantly in the sites studied. The type of geological substratum and the seasons must be taken into account in studies on the distribution of benthic diatoms in Côte d'Ivoire. ]]> 2018-04-02T00:00:00-00:00 2018-04-02 Articles 23 1 44 57 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-315-18 The new financial environment reveals new risks that make the uncertain profitability of banks and the occurrence of systemic risk resulting from the bankruptcy of several banks. Share the data provided by the National Bank of the DRC, the supervisor can detect banks of fragility signs by comparing the ratios calculated for each of them to set prudential standards and classifying them, taking into account the risks. So it can expedite inspections and take corrective actions that impose and help redress the situation if not close unprofitable banks. This is the mission that we assign to our study and propose to the Congolese supervisor of banks. The question that arises is what is the consistent methodology select and recommend to the Central Bank of Congo to enable supervision to achieve its objective to detect weak banks. The selected Promethee Visual (because we are in the storage problem) in our study, using 10 banks supervised by the Congolese central bank and accepted for clearing (like shares) and the 5 criteria (capital, assets, management, earnings and liquidity) shows First Bank Corporation (FBC = B10), CITIBANK (B10), trade and development bank (BCD = B8) are managing their banking risks. Banks to watch are the Congolese Union of Banks (UCB = B2), the international credit bank, the International Bank for Africa in Congo (BIAC = B3), the Commercial Bank of Congo (BCDB = B1). Finally, the Congolese foreign trade bank (BCCE = B9), the Congolese FSB (B7), and finally the STANBIC (B6) are high-risk banks. Our study shows that the supervisor Multi-method provides a consistent procedure in assessing the performance and risk of Congolese Banks. ]]> 2018-03-02T00:00:00-00:00 2018-03-02 Articles 22 4 267 274 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-316-13 The thermal transfer in the tow plaster (insulating material) is modeled by numerical method resolution in transient regime. The discretization of the reduced space variable and the reduced temporal variable is applied to the heat equations, the boundary conditions and the initial condition. The expressions of the dimensionless temperature allowed to represent the curves of evolution of the reduced temperature in the reduced time. The time constant characterizing the reduction of the reduced temperature in the material makes it possible to calculate its thermal diffusivity. ]]> 2018-03-02T00:00:00-00:00 2018-03-02 Articles 22 4 275 281 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-316-14 The study of heat transfer under dynamic transient conditions established the tow-plaster material thermal resistance. We present a one-dimensional heat transfer study using a Tow-plaster material. We show the thermal resistance evolution of in the material subjected to climatic solicitation in transient dynamic regime. This is a one-dimensional, fully analytical modeling. This model allows us, on the one hand, to express the thermal resistance in the form of a sum of three resistances and thus to show the tow-plaster material relative thermal resistance. This study is highlighting in relation to the thermal behavior of the material by showing the influence of the coefficients of exchange. ]]> 2018-03-02T00:00:00-00:00 2018-03-02 Articles 22 4 282 290 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-316-21 Kenya is classified as water scarce country yet the existing fresh water resources are under constant threat of pollution resulting from wastewater inflows. Wastewater contains nitrates and phosphates that stimulate excessive plant growth when released into water bodies thus deteriorating their quality. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the performance of Vetiver grass in the uptake of Nitrogen and Phosphorous from the three (horizontal, vertical and hybrid subsurface flow wetland systems) model constructed wetland units for treating municipal wastewater. Nitrogen and phosphorous accumulation in the roots and shoots of the Vetiver grass was determined and the data subjected to ANOVA at 5% confidence level. Vetiver grass accumulated 18,100 mg and 35.3 mg/kg Nitrogen and Phosphorous, respectively in the hybrid system compared to 9,400 mg Nitrogen and 19 mg/kg Phosphorous, in the horizontal subsurface flow system and 10,400 Nitrogen and 18.3mg/kg Phosphorous in the vertical subsurface flow system. Accumulation of nitrogen and phosphorous by Vetiver grass in all the wetland systems were significantly different (P≤0.05). There was also significant (P≤0.05) difference of N and P accumulation in the shoots and the roots with N accumulating more in the shoots while P in the roots. ]]> 2018-03-02T00:00:00-00:00 2018-03-02 Articles 22 4 291 298 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-315-08 This study is the fruit of the investigations (searches) which were done during two years (from 2015 to 2016) about the question of "How young people of Ibanda City (Freetown) in Bukavu plunge in practice and in the life of alcoholism. Practically, though the notice we would like to know this bad behavior of this category of people, who is, however the future hope, and suggest some ways (traks), in different domains, in order to save what can be saved on time. ]]> 2018-03-02T00:00:00-00:00 2018-03-02 Articles 22 4 299 306 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-315-22 This document carries out a bibliographical research of some concepts and projects that are currently underway related to open data, e-government. Likewise, an approach is made to the role that universities can contribute to the development of open data projects with the Government, and the steps that are suggested to follow for those cities that want to have an Open Electronic Government. ]]> 2018-02-02T00:00:00-00:00 2018-02-02 Articles 22 3 220 225 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-315-01 This work is a understanding of the collision geodynamic context in Katonto (25 km )in the North-West of Kolwezi. Here are presented a detailed petrographic study of the Muva group , the style tectonic and tectonic zonality on a scale of Kolwezi advanced as well as a tectonic interpretation of study area. This career was highlighted the abnormal compressionnal fault contact which separated Kundelungu from the subjacent kibarien as well as the presence of two units (sequences). The kibarian stratiform sedimentary laid out in with iron sulphides, of copper and of cobalt traces . The tectonic constraints related to compressionnal were less has less significant from the west to the east. The reactivation of faults of subjacent kibarien formation would have implemented a tectonic style in the katanguian supergroup which surmounts it. The tectonic style for the area of Kolwezi is distinguished from the other sectors only in the extent of the extrusif phenomenon. The projection of Kolwezi would have been installation by a extrusif mechanism extravase subsurface. ]]> 2018-02-02T00:00:00-00:00 2018-02-02 Articles 22 3 226 235 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-315-02 The evolution of the rainfall level of the city of Kolwezi (DRC) from 1953 to 2010 allowed us to distinguish the period of low precipitation from that of heavy precipitation. The frequency polygon of the Kolwezi rainfall distribution is an asymmetric curve spread to the right and shows that a normal log-law would be suitable as a probability model. This law is that of GALTON. For the estimation of the parameters of the nonlinear model having no indication of the errors of the measurements, we used the method of least squares whose optimization was made using a software algorithm MATLAB. ]]> 2018-02-02T00:00:00-00:00 2018-02-02 Articles 22 3 236 246 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-315-24 In the upper and lower Uele Provinces, the agro-pastoral activities practiced have a traditional characterization. These activities include crops and livestock. The farmers surveyed are more farmers than farmers. The cultivation system is slash-and-burn agriculture targeting low-productivity food crops harvested for two years on small areas of less than one hectare and then abandoned in search of another fertile land. Cattle breeding (poultry) in wandering and careless dominates over large livestock. The farmers surveyed use crops and livestock separately. They misunderstand the management of integrated agriculture (association crops + livestock). Cultural activities occupied more women (89%) than men (11%). Few young people are interested in agriculture. The majority of farmers (98.75%) grow during the rainy season and minority (1.25%) during the dry season in the shallows. The marketing of agro-pastoral products (96.67%) is done in most cases without accounting and use of the standard unit of measurement of sale. The processing, packaging and storage of agro-pastoral products is done 100% in a traditional way. The price of crop products is too low. The observation is that the characterization of the agro-pastoral activities observed is far from improving the living conditions of the farmers surveyed. Knowledge of the rational management of integrated farming by the surveyed farmers would be an asset to enhance their agro-pastoral potential, increase their agro-pastoral production and protect their environment. ]]> 2018-02-02T00:00:00-00:00 2018-02-02 Articles 22 3 247 258 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-315-37 Our study is based on the performance evaluation of treatment line of water on the surface of Tshopo River with the characterization of not treated and treated water according to the level of reduction of chemistry substances and bacteria from fecal things not needed is the not treated water captured. The obtained results prove that soft water of Tshopo River and treated are globally physic-chemistry quality good and very good but the not treated water is very microbiologically polluted. The rates of the reduction of medians very goods are higher than required in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DR Congo) about 80 % by the medians of the numbers very probable (NVP) of faeces streptococcus (FS) 28/100 ml and of the faeces coliforms (FC) 0/100 ml against norm of DR Congo about 0/100 ml. Hence, the water quality of Tshopo River has highly increased their two last tenths from the increasing people estimated at 294,37 %, the collector's absence and water treatment factories as well as the climate conditions particularly after the strong or heavy rains regular in the equatorial zone. Then the necessicity to install the good management of anthropic loss and a good way of cleanness of environment and also adapt, the days of intense rains, an adapted treatment to the changing to different parameters of first priority to analyze in order to improve the quality of water to produce according to the ways as given by the world organization of Health and the DR Congo norms. ]]> 2018-02-02T00:00:00-00:00 2018-02-02 Articles 22 3 259 266 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-123-06 The extraction of cobalt in the ore Kabolela, leads us to look for techniques and methods to extract a good amount of it (Cobalt) low cost without passing the gangue in the solution while minimizing costs . For this purpose to determine the leach parameters to recover the cobalt in the ore processed by the Company Kabolela BOSS MINING, we conducted experimental testing laboratory heap leach ore, preceded by size analyzes and granulochimiques different slices to determine the operating parameters can give satisfactory results. After collection, sifting and weighing of each particle size range for chemical analysis to determine the chemical distribution and know the slice that will allow good dissolution after leaching tests; we noticed that, in the same leaching time 48 hours, dissolution of metal in acid is a function of particle size. And to recover much of the metal, go to more than 48 hours and use a reducer solution to all Cobalt (divalent and trivalent). ]]> 2018-01-02T00:00:00-00:00 2018-01-02 Articles 22 2 86 102 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-172-03 Since a longtime, Africa has entered in the history: Negro slave trade, exploration time and colonial period. That reaping did not allow Africa to play on important role on international scene because Africa was considered like an object, non-like actor of internationals relations. Africa is hoping continent by his potentiality of economics, environment, even by his demography. Fault of less pawer of diplomacy, Africa is unable to impose his insertion on international scene. The mundialization is an opportunity for Africa to play a role in future in this multilateral world. That is the reason of our objective, to demonstrate that the regional integration is an appropriate technical for participation of Africa to sub African business and trade firstly and to international trade. For his success, his integration should start inside of states to create conditions of economics growth of African states. Industrialization should be one of conditions for economic recovery in Africa. ]]> 2018-01-02T00:00:00-00:00 2018-01-02 Articles 22 2 103 113 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-185-01 Using essential oils (EOs) in animal feed is not practical due to the instability and volatility of their components. This study was designed to stabilize thyme and oregano EOs in chitosan and Canarium charcoal to mitigate their volatile and oxidative ability in poultry feed. The dietary treatments consisted of control diet (R0); control diet supplemented with chitosan film forming solution containing 0.01% of a blend of thyme and oregano EOs (RTh+Or), 0.2% charcoal without EOs (Roc), chitosan film forming solution containing 0.01% of thyme EO entrapped with charcoal (Roc+Th), chitosan film forming solution containing 0.01% of oregano EO entrapped with charcoal (ROC+Or) and chitosan film forming solution containing 0.01% of a blend of thyme and oregano EOs entrapped with charcoal (ROC+Th+Or). The results revealed that the entrapped EOs has no significant effect on feed intake. Weight gain markedly (P<0.05) increased with the blend of entrapped EOs for about 20% and 8% respectively during starter (days 1 to 21) and grower (days 22 to 49) phases compared to the control diet. The lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR) was also recorded with the blended entrapped EOs. Feeding broilers with the EOs mixture markedly (P<0.05) increased lactic acid bacteria count compared to the pathogens counts in both the ileum and the Cæcum. The entrapped EOs markedly decreased serum content in aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT) and creatinin, and increased in total protein and albumin. Thyme and oregano EOs can be stabilized in chitosan and Canarium seeds charcoal for a better growth in broiler chickens. ]]> 2018-01-02T00:00:00-00:00 2018-01-02 Articles 22 2 114 122 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-316-15 The corrosion-inhibition efficiency of Pulegone and Pulegone oxide, and the corresponding protonated molecules have been studied computationally using density functional theory. The iron-inhibitor-iron complexes were constructed by interaction the heteroatom to the iron surface modeled by one iron atom. Relations between molecular properties and corrosion-inhibition efficiency were determined by using linear regression and quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR). The QSAR analysis yielded significant correlations between the corrosion-inhibition activity of the studied molecules with molecular properties such as the highest occupied molecular orbital, the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital, dipole moments, and the total atomic charges. Fukui indexes were also calculated for assessing correlation between them and experimental corrosion-inhibition efficiencies. The efficiency order of two inhibitors is found to be Pulegone >Pulegone oxide which accords with experimental results. ]]> 2018-01-02T00:00:00-00:00 2018-01-02 Articles 22 2 123 134 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-184-01 The problem of this study is represented by one main question: What is the effect of suggested educational software based on electronic reading activities in teaching grammatical concepts on the development of deductive thinking Skills of First Year Secondary Students? This main question includes the following minor questions: 1. What are the deductive thinking skills there are suitable for teaching grammatical concepts to first year high school students? 2. What is the form of the educational software based on electronic reading activities used in developing the deductive thinking skills in teaching grammatical concepts to first year high school students? 3. What is the effectiveness of the educational software based on electronic reading activities used in developing the deductive thinking skills in teaching grammatical concepts to first year high school students? The sample was consisted of 50 students' secondary school taken from Azza Zeidan experimental Language School and sports secondary school for Males and 50 Arabic language teachers and supervisors. The results indicated that: 1. There are statistically significant differences between the observed and expected frequencies of the marks of Arabic language teachers and supervisors and Specialists in methods of teaching Arabic language in the items of the questionnaire of the deductive thinking skills relevant for teaching grammatical concepts to first year high school students by using the educational software based on electronic reading activities as k2 test shows. 2. There are no statistically significant differences between the means of the experimental and control groups in the pre-test of deductive thinking skills of teaching grammatical concepts, students' marks in the pre -test. 3. There are statistically significant differences between the means of students' marks in the experimental and control groups in the post-test of deductive thinking skills of teaching grammatical concepts, students' marks in the post-test. ]]> 2018-01-02T00:00:00-00:00 2018-01-02 Articles 22 2 135 147 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-182-01 La gestion des ordures ménagères constitue un problème majeur dans la ville de Bongor. Le présent travail aborde cette question sous plusieurs angles : les modes de gestion des ordures ménagères, le fonctionnement des structures de pré-collecte et les facteurs entravant une meilleure gestion des ordures ménagères. Pour atteindre les objectifs, des travaux de recherche ont été effectués, notamment des enquêtes auprès des ménages et des interviews au près des autorités compétentes. Aux termes de nos investigations, il en ressort que les pratiques populaires (rejet des ordures ménagères dans la nature, les incinérations et l'enfouissement) sont plus utilisés par la population interrogée, le manque de volonté des populations elles-mêmes, l'inexistence des structures de pré-collecte dans tous les quartiers de la ville de Bongor et le problème financier expliquent cette situation. Aussi les responsables du service de l'assainissement et la mairie de Bongor rencontrent d'énormes difficultés d'ordre financier et matériel. Ainsi, il n'existe pas encore un point de regroupement, les sites de décharge finale dans la ville de Bongor. Le système de la gestion se limite à la seule opération de pré-collecte qui, appliqué par la population elle-même sans aucune sensibilisation. Les facteurs entravant la gestion durable des déchets ménagers dans la ville de Bongor identifiés par l'étude sont caractérisés par des indices sévérités importants allant de 1,1 à 1,5. ]]> 2018-01-02T00:00:00-00:00 2018-01-02 Articles 22 2 148 157 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-183-02 This article presents the results of our study which focused on the identification of the specificities of the 3C relationships as well as the perception of these relations among the teachers of the Primary, Secondary and Professional Education (in EPSP) from the city province of Kinshasa / Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). It is, here, a question of discovering the feasibility of a didactical study for the relationship to any elementary object of knowledge. To achieve this, we have been able to use a few theoretical approaches of the relationship to knowledge, mainly the anthropological approach, then the sociological approach, by organizing a didactical seminar based on 3C relationships. Considering that we are on a path of discovery of a unified theory of the relationship to knowledge for its didactical study, we held a conference which was followed by nine operational workshops (two from the Maternal Directorate, three from the Primary Directorate and three from the Secondary Directorate) and whose theme is "The relationship to knowledge as a stake in the teaching / learning process from a didactical perspective : 3C relationships", and this at the scholar Complex Ark of the Alliance "The Heirs of the promise" from the commune of Kinshasa / Masina (DRC). ]]> 2018-01-02T00:00:00-00:00 2018-01-02 Articles 22 2 158 168 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-315-07 The social and economic changes successive escort Contemporary Arab world have led to the need for activating the social role of the fine arts and applied in integration to elevate public taste for popular environment and confirm the identity and contribute to the achievement of sustainable development pursued by our societies. So is flying this research to study and analyze the philosophical and aesthetic dimensions in the filming of the popular environmental "area of Imbaba," as a source of inspiration in the design and printing of textiles to activate the concepts of sustainable development. ]]> 2018-01-02T00:00:00-00:00 2018-01-02 Articles 22 2 169 183 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-315-11 The aim of this research is to prepare an innovative teaching unit for draping on the mannequin (2) course to improve the students skills in renewing the used evening clothes by draping on the mannequin technique. And measure the efficiency of innovative unit on the Performance skills for (24) students (level 8) belong to the Department of Fashion Design , Arts and Design faculty. The research followed the applied approach. The tools consisted of an exploratory questionnaire on the method of students in the purchase of evening clothes before applying the innovative unit, the performance skill test (before and after), Performance evaluation Scale, questionnaire explore the student's opinions towards the innovative unit. The results show the effectiveness of the innovative unit and the presence of statistically significant differences between the average grades of students in the performance skill for the benefit of the post-application. Also The results indicate that the students' opinions are positive towards the innovative educational unit. ]]> 2018-01-02T00:00:00-00:00 2018-01-02 Articles 22 2 184 206 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-316-19 Background: HIV infection continues to wreak havoc around the world. Women are not spared, especially pregnant women, with low levels of education or information, transmitting HIV to their children. This study aims to assess the level of knowledge of women in reproductive age on the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV / AIDS in the AFIA-Sake health area in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Method: This study is descriptive, involving 315 women aged 15-49 years from the AFIA-SAKE health area. The data collected by questionnaire were checked, captured and analyzed. The frequency of observations was calculated and the proportions were compared for accuracy when the CI was 95%. Results: The study shows that only 10% of women are aware of the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV. Antenatal consultation is the excellent channel of communication. Among the women interviewed on antiretrovirals, 56% do not know when they will be given to pregnant women diagnosed with HIV; 63% do not know the value of administering antiretrovirals and 78% do not know when antiretrovirals will be given to the newborn. Conclusion: Achieving the goal of sustainable development for an HIV-free generation, with zero new infections in children and no HIV-related deaths, involves informing women of reproductive age about the prevention of mother-to-child transmission. HIV child through increased enrollment of girls, introduction of sex education as well as information on HIV in schools and antenatal clinics. ]]> 2018-01-02T00:00:00-00:00 2018-01-02 Articles 22 2 207 219 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-123-13 Cet article présente une ingénierie didactique pour l'enseignement et l'apprentissage de l'étude de fonctions rationnelles dans les classes de 5e scientifique et technique industrielle. Cette ingénierie fait suite à l'observation de classes et à l'analyse de l'enseignement de l'étude de fonctions rationnelles dans ces classes, que nous avons faites dans certaines écoles de la Ville de Kinshasa. Une approche méthodologique est utilisée au niveau de l'enseignement pour faciliter les apprentissages et favoriser l'acquisition de connaissances afin que les élèves puissent étudier une fonction rationnelle sans trop de difficultés. ]]> 2017-12-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-12-02 Articles 22 1 1 11 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-175-03 Soil fertility is an indicator of good agricultural production and consequently of the agricultural activity of a locality. In the Sahel and in particular in the basin of the Thies region, soils gradually lose their production capacity. Desertification caused by the combined and simultaneous action of climatic and anthropogenic factors continues to progress. However, studies by the National Agency for Statistics and Demography (ANSD) reveal that the extent of farms in the different regions of Senegal is not correlated with the potential of land production. The objective of this study is to determine whether the areas cultivated in the groundnut basin of the Thies region are related to soil fertility. The methodology adopted is based on a physico-chemical soil analysis to determine a possible relationship between soil fertility and the extent of agricultural land. Field studies were also carried out on the adaptation strategies developed by local producers in the face of this decline in soil fertility. The Bernoulli formula was used for the selection of the study sample. The results of the soil physico-chemical analysis reveal that the areas cultivated by farmers are larger in the less fertile lands. Therefore, the control methods undertaken in the face of declining soil fertility have been fruitful. ]]> 2017-12-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-12-02 Articles 22 1 12 28 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-179-02 Introduction: Uterine prolapse is a descent of the uterus into the small pelvis that can be associated with the descent of the vagina, the bladder and the rectum. In this study, our goal was to determine the prevalence and major risk factors for uterine prolapse in Kisangani, and to describe its management. Material and methods: A cross-sectional study with a descriptive and multicentric focus was carried out in 5 main general reference hospitals and university clinics in the town of Kisangani from 1st January 2005 to 1st January 2015. We selected 43 cases of uterine prolapse on 7039 cases of gynecological pathologies. Results: The prevalence of uterine prolapse is 0.61% in Kisangani; 93.02% had consulted for organ removal and 69.76% for abdomino-pelvic pain. 20.93% of these patients were aged 61-70 years, 18.6% were over 70 years of age with Extremes: 18 and 73 years, 76.73% had a parity greater than or equal to 4, 12.05% were obese and 32.53% of patients were HIV positive. The Dolleris-Pellonda was performed in 51.16% and the total hysterectomy at 34.88%. Recurrences were recorded in 16.27% of cases. Conclusion: Uterine prolapse remains a reality in medical practice in our town. If several risk factors are found, it is also appropriate to retain the role played by HIV / AIDS infection in the genesis of this disease. ]]> 2017-12-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-12-02 Articles 22 1 29 37 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-175-04 A number of aggregation operators have been proposed. Traditional approaches do not perform aggregation of criteria with sufficient flexibility and adaptability to the specific contexts of organizations. In this paper we propose a decision making method using linguistic power means operators for hierarchical aggregation process of information. The proposal allows the inclusion of aspects such as the importance of the criteria and simultaneity. To demonstrate the applicability of the proposal, a case study is developed. The paper ends with further work recommendations for extending the method. ]]> 2017-12-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-12-02 Articles 22 1 38 43 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-179-03 Rapid exhaustion of fossil fuels and the increase in environmental concerns have promoted recent attention towards converting various oils into fuels (biofuels) as alternatives to petroleum diesel. Methanol was used to trans esterify waste cooking oil using the molar ratios of 1:3, 1:6, 1:9 and 1:12 (oil to methanol) in the presence of potassium hydroxide (KOH) as catalyst and 650C activation temperature. The physicochemical properties of the resulting methyl ester of standard molar ratio (1:6) and its blends were investigated and the resulting properties were compared with that of fossil fuel. These properties were also compared with standard values of biodiesel using European Standard (EN 14214), United States Standard (ASTM D6751) and South African Standard (SANS 1935). Results from the variation of the molar ratio of oil to methanol i.e. 1:3, 1:6, 1:9 and 1:12 showed that the percentage yield of methyl ester increased as the molar ratio increased until at 1:9 where the percentage yield of methyl ester started to decline which might be as a result of excess methanol present in the reaction. The value of each of the physicochemical properties for biodiesel (B100) was close to that of petroleum diesel (B0) and almost the same as European Standard (EN 14214), United States Standard (ASTM D6751) and South African Standard (SANS 1935) when compared. The study concludes that waste cooking oil methyl ester and its blends compare favorably with fossil diesel in terms of physicochemical properties and the values are within the acceptable standards. ]]> 2017-12-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-12-02 Articles 22 1 44 53 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-179-04 The high energy demand in the industrialized world as well as the pollution problems caused due to the use of fossil fuels make it increasingly necessary to develop a new renewable energy source. This work transesterified waste cooking oil with methanol and investigated combustion characteristics of the resulting methyl ester and its blends in a compression ignition engine. The methyl ester and its blends were combusted in a direct injection single cylinder four-stroke air cooled diesel engine one after the other and the combustion characteristics such as combustion temperature, cylinder pressure, heat release rate and ignition delay were investigated at different loads of 0.0, 20.0, 40.0, 60.0, 80.0 and 100.0% with full throttle speed of the engine. Results obtained showed that the combustion temperature, cylinder pressure and heat release rate increased as the load increased for each blend. And for each load, the combustion temperature, cylinder pressure and heat release rate increased as the percentage of methyl ester in the blends increased. While ignition delay reduced as the load increased but increased as the percentage of methyl ester in the blends increased. The study concludes that waste cooking oil methyl ester and its blends compare favorably with petroleum diesel and possessed combustion characteristics very close to that of fossil diesel in terms of combustion temperature, cylinder pressure, heat release rate and ignition delay when combusted in a compression ignition engine. ]]> 2017-12-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-12-02 Articles 22 1 54 63 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-165-02 The African continent is one of the continents in the world where the proportion of young people is as high as possible. Some of the major challenges facing young people include unemployment and underemployment, among others. In view of this situation, the question of employability and the employability of young graduates remains more than ever a highly sought-after object and a crucial problem facing the developing countries, notably Cameroon. The purpose of this article is to examine the impact of vocational integration programs on the employability of young graduates. It emphasizes the importance of evaluation mechanisms in the direction of programs. The data of this work are the result of a survey carried out in the cities of Yaoundé and Douala on the employability of young graduates. Our sample is made up of 637 young people, including 143 beneficiaries of the various vocational integration programs. Econometric tests show the significant importance of youth employment policies. Indeed, the estimation of the model shows that the selection of the beneficiaries of the different programs does not take into account the temporal dependence of young people on the states that reduce their employability. Moreover, the model refutes the existence of a significant effect on the exit from unemployment in the post-program situation. ]]> 2017-12-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-12-02 Articles 22 1 64 77 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-057-08 The present study aimed to evaluate the protective effects of aqueous extract of Bersama engleriana leaves against cypermethrin-induced oxidative stress and reproductive toxicity. Thus, fifty male guinea pigs were divided into 5 groups (G1, G2, G3, G4 and G5) of 10 animals each. During 90 days, animals of G1 were orally given 1 ml/kg of body weight (bw)/day of distilled water, while the other groups received 137.50 mg/kg bw of cypermethrin. In addition, G3, G4 and G5 received respectively 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg bw of aqueous extract of Bersama engleriana leaves. At the end of the treatment period, the testicular concentration of malondialdehyde and the activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase decreased significantly (P<0.05) in guinea pigs exposed to cypermethrin and aqueous extract of B. engleriana leaves compared to those exposed to cypermethrin only (G2), while the reverse was observed with the activity of peroxidases. The time of reaction of male guinea pig in the presence of females and the percentage of abnormal spermatozoa decreased significantly (P<0.05) in animals treated with the insecticide and the aqueous extract of B. engleriana leaves compared to G2 animals. The weight of testes, serum level of testosterone, sperm count, mobility and percentage of spermatozoa with entire plasma membrane increased significantly (P<0.05) in guinea pigs given extract compared to those submitted to cypermethrin only. Thus, the aqueous extract of Bersama engleriana leaves protected male guinea pigs against cypermethrin toxicity. ]]> 2017-12-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-12-02 Articles 22 1 78 85 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-038-02 Increasing third graders motivation in reading competence in Alicia Guerra public School through the application of several traditional strategies, used from different perspectives and the implementation of different strategies to improve reading skills is the purpose of this project. In the 21st century, the involvement of technology in the education system is an essential part of students' academic development. Technology plays an important role in students' daily life nowadays, however its usage in education have created a great impact in students learning, and a profound hit point in reading, because this is one of the first skill that everybody need to manage; before getting emerged in the technology´s world. The rapid spread of electronic communications has the capacity to affect the quality and efficiency of basic education throughout the world in dramatic ways – both positively and negatively. The ease with which teachers and students can gather information over the Internet on virtually any topic has the potential to transform instructional content and pedagogical practice. Moreover, courses developed by the best teachers in one country can be made available to students across many countries. The first phase of this project consists in apply a survey to the teachers of the school that are in charge of the third graders and those who involve the reading into their routines and main content. Secondly, the implementation of the strategies will be initiated, starting from simple things to the complex, some of them related to technological resources. ]]> 2017-11-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-11-02 Articles 21 4 547 573 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-123-05 An ethnobotanical study was set up to characterize the medicinal florula used in the treatment of symptoms, affecting the populations of the villages of Bana, Banka and Tenchieu. The ethnobotanical surveys were carried out in French or local languages with 30 people for each village, using the survey forms. The study identified 104 species in 90 genera and 45 families. The most representative family was Asteraceae (19.83%). The plant species included twenty-four phytogeographic types, of which the Afro-tropical zone (34.44%) was the most represented. The morphological type that predominated was herbaceous (39.60%), followed by shrubs (34.75%). The dominant type of diaspora was that of the sarcochora (43.56%). The leaves were the most used parts. The oral route was the mode of administration par excellence of the said recipes. The decoction (48.47%) was the most used method of preparation. Factor of citations with values greater than 50% would evaluate the efficacy of certain medicinal plants for the treatment of identical symptoms in a village or other villages. Secondary metabolites were unevenly distributed in plants, with a predominance of alkaloids (36.53%), phenols (23.70%) and coumarins (21.15%). These plants constitute a database for evaluating their biological and chemical potentialities. ]]> 2017-11-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-11-02 Articles 21 4 574 595 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-149-03 A study on the topography and51 the environmental aspects of the irrational occupations of the urban grounds of the Commune of Kisenso with Kinshasa was undertaken in order to determine the constructible zones on the basis of principle of the ekistics one. With this intention, it laid down two objectives: establishment of level lines on the whole of the surface of the Commune and the determination of the constructible zones. The results obtained make it possible to conclude that: the Commune of Kisenso is built on a hill whose altitudes lie between 325-450 Mr. the proportions of the slopes are variable:0-2 %; 2-4 %; 4-8 %; 8-12 %; 12-15 %.The establishment of the plan of the slopes made it possible to deduce the constructible zones from Kisenso with 40.70% and the unconstructible zones to 59.30%. Their surfaces rise respectively to 659.517334 ha and 962.122670 ha.However, the absence of induced adjustment of the free compartmental occupations of the constructible and marginal zones. The current number of the pieces of the Commune of Kisenso occupied freely is 2168. However, in accordance with the ekistics standards, Kisenso should contain 393 pieces. Thus, the uncontrolled extension of occupations of the grounds of the Commune causes erosions, floods, stranding which constitute recurring calamities at each rain season. ]]> 2017-11-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-11-02 Articles 21 4 596 602 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-149-04 The town of Kinshasa, by its spectacular space extension is confronted with many environmental problems, in particular that relating to the land stock management. Observations of ground supplemented by a socio-economic and demographic investigation into the management of the urban grounds in the Commune of Kisenso with Kinshasa were undertaken in order to release the repercussions environmental S rising from the dualistic management of the urban administration and usual Heads of the land resources. The results obtained reveal that: - 60% of the surveyed pieces are directly affected by erosions including 55.2% exposed to erosions; - 25% of the pieces are affected by floods and 15% by stranding; Concerning the causes at the base of degradation of the grounds of the Commune, the results indicate the inexistence of networks of drainage of water, the bad topographic orientation of the dwellings as well as the lack of sumps in the pieces is 47.60 %, 19.40% and 16.40% respectively of the questioned people. Lastly, the investigation into the causes of this ground management of the Commune accuses the absence of a policy of habitat, anarchy in the distribution of pieces and the dualistic administration of the land administration and usual Heads. ]]> 2017-11-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-11-02 Articles 21 4 603 611 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-123-01 The Shaba Open-pit mine, a Concession of ANVIL MINING CONGO at KAPULO is processing the copper ore by Heavy Medium Density (HMS) plant which is producing 70 tones of copper concentrate at 21 to 56% of Copper. To attend the daily feed target of 1800 tones , regarding the mineral composition of ore body, the oxidation of materials, the copper grade and bismuth contain, the good selectivity have to be applied by separating the stockpiles and feeding by campaigns of kind of material oxidation applying blending. ]]> 2017-11-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-11-02 Articles 21 4 612 621 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-072-05 Analysis shows the formals and mathematical basis on which the incompleteness theorem reposes qua limitation theorem which is a part of fundamental science. The duality of theoretical and metatheoretical levels in fundamental science allows to establish the mathematical been. In this point, the mathematical mind is penetrable if the critical cogitation lean on formals systems. ]]> 2017-11-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-11-02 Articles 21 4 622 629 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-052-18 The degree of freedom of a machine is organized and specified by a human been. Even it's well known that a machine is very quick and very reliable than a human been; this remain in the center because the algorithm was made by him. The calculable functions in TURING's machine are all calculable in intuitive point of view. So there are the undecidable properties in all axiomatic for formalizing the arithmetic. ]]> 2017-11-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-11-02 Articles 21 4 630 634 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-052-19 The internal limitations of relativist quantic mechanic establish the incomplete character and undecidable of physics theories in the light of results of GÖDEL's theorem. From this mechanic, the research shows that a formal system which involves the natural integers cannot be in the same time complete and consistent. In addition, it proves that the coherence of a such system can be demonstrate "inside" of formal system. ]]> 2017-11-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-11-02 Articles 21 4 635 639 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-072-04 The GÖDEL's theorem is intrinsically a theorem of limitation of the formals systems. The theorem shows that the coherence of PEANO's arithmetic cannot be demonstrate by a simple way. This constitutes an opposite shock in metamathematic design in HILBERT's perspective. Finally, if we want a proof of arithmetic coherence, it is sufficient to approve the arbitrary notions the type of function and function of function, and that next to concretes symbols. ]]> 2017-11-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-11-02 Articles 21 4 640 655 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-172-02 This survey puts a specific stress on the difficulties to conciliate the preservetion and developpement objectives in the space comoe areas. Despite the financial backers and the ivorian authorities willingness to involve the riverside residents in the nature reserve management and preservation through the base infrastructures realization and socioeconomic projects, the athropic aggressions haven't ceased truly. The investigation made in 10 (ten) localities clearly shows that the populations continue exploiting the nature reserve resources as part of agro-pastoral activities (farming of the outskirt, breeding in the park) and the houseworkers (firewood), etc. The persistence of these non-conservatist attitudes could be explained by the lack of base infrastructures or the socioeconomic projets financing as well as viability of substition projects (financing of producing-income activities) in other areas. And yet, these projects and infrastructures supposed to improve the riverside populations living conditions remain the key elements to the participatory management of the park's biological diversity. The national authorities and the financial backers sould better give a particular interest to the raising of their socioeconomic standard of living in order to obtain from the riverside residents a real collaboration in the management and conservation of the world patrimony, that is the Comoe National Park (CNP). ]]> 2017-11-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-11-02 Articles 21 4 656 673 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-123-09 The choice of the structure to construct according to the type of soil (lift) requires specific analyzes related to soil geotechnical behavior. The study is carried out on the basis of tests carried out in situ by the geotechnical laboratory of the OFFICE DES ROUTES along the Lubumbashi River. This allowed us to classify the soil and to reveal the different layers that constitute it, to reveal certain physical parameters on the one hand, and to know the permissible constraint on the other hand in order to size our structures. At the end of these studies it was retained that the soil surrounding the sheet pile curtain includes three layers at different depths, namely the laterite (a filler material), silt and dense sand. Our study is carried out in two phases, the first phase concerns the study of the soil while the second and final is concerns the choice of the structure to construct according to the type of soil (lift), since the structure did not exist yet. ]]> 2017-10-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-10-02 Articles 21 3 352 377 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-052-03 Schistosomiasis is a considerable public health problem in Côte d'Ivoire, particularly in rural area. This study was carried out in location of Ahoué southern Côte d'Ivoire, sub-prefecture of Brofodoumé. The objective was to assess the epidemiology of schistosomiasis among school children in Ahoué located near a dam. Overall, 122 school children provided urine and stool sample. Stool samples were subjected to the method of Kato-katz, while urines samples analysed using urine filtration method. The results of the analyses of the urine and the stool revealed that the prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis and intestinal schistosomiasis was 24, 59% and 6, 56% respectively. The differences between the prevalence of schistosomiases, the sex and the age brackets are not significant (P> 0,05). Of all infected children, more half (73, 33%) had light parasite density for urinary schistosomiasis and high parasite density (50%) for intestinal schistosomiasis. A questionnaire was administered to collect relevant information for schistosomiasis transmission. Principal factors of transmission whose frequentation of the dam, age bracket and fact of urinating in the dam were accused. This study was used to assess the level of endemicity of schistosomiasis and will allow considering the appropriate means of checking this disease. ]]> 2017-10-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-10-02 Articles 21 3 378 387 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-057-02 Protein-caloric malnutrition is very frequent in the Third World countries particularly in the rural zones. The seeds of leguminous plants, in particular, those of lima beans constitute a significant source of plant proteins for the human consumption. The purpose of this study is to contribute of food safety by the valorization of seeds of three cultivars (white, red and black) of Phaseolus lunatus (L.) with the view to their more rational use in the different diets. With this intention, an ethnobotanic survey carried out in Côte d'Ivoire (Southern and East), showed that the seeds of P. lunatus (L.) well known by the old people. 84.46 % of the questioned women have a better knowledge of seeds of P. lunatus (L.) than men questioned with a percentage of 65.59 %. The cultivars differ from an area with another. According to the ethnic groups, the seeds are consumed in various forms (pulp, paste and alimentarus complement) and each ethnic group has its vernacular name. ]]> 2017-10-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-10-02 Articles 21 3 388 397 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-066-01 The mangrove marine park (MCP), like any ecosystem under threat of anthropogenic pressures, needs to be monitored in order to guide its governance strategy. In this paper, we present the preliminary results of the potential of satellite images Sentinel2, optical and Sentinel1, radar, for the mapping of PMM. In general, the use of satellite imagery is justified notably by the potential it offers to carry out multiple studies (multi-scale and multi-temporal) as well as by the difficulties of access to the site which is essentially marine, and therefore Difficult to access by land. In particular, the use of radar is justified by the limitation of optical imagery which is inoperative under cloudy skies while PMM is during long weeks of the cloudy year. To perform this work, we used a Sentinel2 scene of June 18, 2016 and a Sentinel1 scene of May 21, 2016. We used an object-oriented classification, after photo-interpretation of the scene extracts. The results show that S1 can detect savannah, high mangrove, low mangrove, inhabited areas, (large) buildings and water with satisfactory accuracy. Like S1, S2 can detect savannah, high mangrove, low mangrove, inhabited areas, water, (large) buildings in addition to bare soil. These results highlight the potential of scenes S1 and S2 for the mapping of coastal zones in the tropical context. S1 thus makes it possible to detect the same objects as S2, with the exception of the bare ground. This is an important asset for monitoring this ecosystem because it is free from the clouds that cover the area of many weeks during the year and limits its monitoring by optical imaging. In terms of prospects, we consider the detection of oil slicks using S1 images and the use of images with better spatial resolution (Pleiades, SPOT6 and 7) in order to assess the importance of anthropogenic activities Within the PMM (encampments, carbonization ...). ]]> 2017-10-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-10-02 Articles 21 3 398 409 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-072-01 The purpose of the current study was the assessment of the persistence of Ascaris eggs and Giardia cysts in sewage products and environmental components commonly implicated in the transmission of these pathogen parasites. In fact, wastewater and sewage sediments reuse for agricultural purposes has the potential to contaminate water supplies, soil and crops. The ability of parasites cysts to persist in the environment may threaten public health. So, destruction rates of parasite cysts and eggs in stored sediments, crops and soil were examined to help understand the fate of these agents in sewage products and environmental components. In lagoon stored sewage sediments, Ascaris eggs disappeared after approximately 180 days of storage versus 49 days for sediments stored under ambient laboratory conditions, and less than 18 days in dried sediments. Giardia cysts persisted less than one month lagoon-stored sediments, up to 24 days under laboratory conditions and less than 9 days in dried sediments. For parasites persistence on crops, Ascaris eggs persisted on lucerne for 6 days while Giardia cysts have not been detected for longer periods than 3 days after contamination. In soil, Ascaris eggs were not isolated in periods greater than 90 days, while Giardia cysts were not discovered 3 days after contamination induced by wastewater. ]]> 2017-10-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-10-02 Articles 21 3 410 417 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-023-01 From 1999 to 2015, armed conflicts persist in the Province of Ituri. What justifies this persistence? How to analyze its dynamics? In order to answer these questions, we set out to present the context of the emergence of armed conflicts in Ituri and to analyze its dynamics. After analysis, we have come to the conclusion that the multiplicity of actors (state and non-state) involved in these conflicts with different issues is not conducive to the effective resolution of these armed conflicts. These conflicts emerged in a fragile state where Laurent Désiré Kabila's regional and international allies had wagered the end of his regime. In its dynamics, these conflicts favored the creation of different local armed groups, first on an ethnic basis, and then on the basis of several interests following the evolution of internal, regional and international socio-political relations. This justifies the play of alliances and counter-alliances between different actors and consequently the persistence of these armed conflicts. ]]> 2017-10-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-10-02 Articles 21 3 418 432 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-052-10 The inventory of macroinvertebrates was studied from samples carried out at 15 stations distributed over the longitudinal profile of the river. Sampling was conducted monthly between June 2015 and May 2016. The macrofauna surveyed consisted of 39,718 macroinvertebrates individuals belonging to 91 taxa (genera and species), 42 families, 13 orders and 7 classes. The community is largely dominated by Insects which have contained 82.41% of the total richness of the macrofauna collected. The molluscs were composed of 12.08% of the total richness. Annelids and crustaceans were the poorest groups in the population. The Coleoptera represented the most abundant order in individuals number and the Thiaridae constituted the most abundant family. The study showed a seasonal variation in the abundance of taxa where stations were most abundant in individuals number during the rainy season with high density. ]]> 2017-10-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-10-02 Articles 21 3 433 448 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-066-08 This article presents our analyses, in a didactical approach of the relationship to knowledge, from the didactic writings relating to situations of teaching-learning of the Pythagoras's theorem, which writings have allowed us, with manual and official programs school most used in the DRC at the level of 3RD and 4th years secondary, to define, in terms of "3C relationships" [Rap1(Relationship of Knowledge), Rap2(Relationship of comprehension) and Rap3(Relationship of contextualisation)] relations that an individual or institution can maintain with the Pythagoras's theorem, on the one hand; and put on feet, from the notes of 3C relationships defined in this study, three levels to appreciate the evolution of the relationship to knowledge of students to the Pythagoras's theorem, including the level "low", "medium" and "high", on the other hand. This allows the operationalization of the relationship to knowledge on the didactical plan. The article also has some variables that we used to enjoy their possible influence on the relationship to knowledge in study, among students in the classes of Scientific Humanities of a school chosen to test the feasibility of the didactical study of 3C relationships. ]]> 2017-10-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-10-02 Articles 21 3 449 460 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-123-18 The location, location and mapping of hidden facilities make it possible to avoid the risks of accidents and other nuisances that can cause material and human damage during the various phases of planning and construction of a project. Hence it is important to identify these to solve several problems on a given site. Damaging these buried utilities during construction work, urbanization continues to be one of the major risks for different industries. Currently, it is important to update information on hidden utilities that will serve several scientific disciplines during field work and for successful projects involving excavation, well drilling, exploration drilling, leveling And construction in the field of civil engineering. Bluestake (picketing and marking) processes identify and locate the various hidden utilities such as underground piping, ducting and cable systems, sewers and other installations that can emit a frequency that can be detected during field prospecting . Accordingly, the Blue stake processes are based on the geophysical prospecting method, see the electromagnetic approach using an apparatus consisting of a transmitter, a receiver, electrodes, the ground rod and the electromagnetic field clamp which Of the searched utility sends a detectable frequency and then locates it for mapping. ]]> 2017-10-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-10-02 Articles 21 3 461 476 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-123-12 This article studies the relationship between the foreign direct investment (FDI) and the industrialization. It examines the impact of the FDI on industrial performances in a sample comprising thirty nine African countries within the period extending from 1980 til 2015. The estimation technique hinges upon the generalized method of moments along with instrumentation of variables based on dynamic panel data. On the one hand, the results of different estimations proved that the FDI does not contribute to the industrialization of Africa. Contrarily, the latter has a positive and significant impact on added value by manufacturing integrating interaction variables. On the other hand, the FDI contribute significantly to the amelioration of the added value in the industrial sector. The positive and significant effect characterizes the five African regions in a distinct manner. This disparity is essentially due to the availability of natural resources and the difference in inter-regional economical and political structures. Based on the aforementioned results, it is advisable that African countries reinforce the FDI in favor of industrialization in order to assure an adequate structural transformation of the continent. ]]> 2017-10-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-10-02 Articles 21 3 477 491 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-029-04 In this article, we first present a theory cadre about the fuzzy flow and we propose a variant of the algorithm of Ford and Fulkerson which permits to calculate the maximal fuzzy flow. ]]> 2017-10-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-10-02 Articles 21 3 492 498 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-041-03 The monetary politics is one of means of interventions the more used by the public powers in the life economic of the nations. This paper shows indeed, how this politics in DRC contributes to the stability of the funding of the macroeconomic setting in spite of the numerous uncertainties that enameled the environment international financial macro and the pressures on the public expenses. The profile of the economy proved to be dominated by the maintenance to a level satisfactory of its growth under the impulse of the mining production, of the sector of the construction, of the trade of thick and of detail as well as agriculture. indeed, since 2010, the Government and the BCC committed to preserve the stability of the general level of the prices while perpetuating it on the long term. This engagement permitted a backing of conception and setting of the budgetary policies and the realization of all quantitative targets established by the monetary programming, to know the rate of inflation, the monetary stock and the monetary basis to the strict sense as well as the stability of the change market. ]]> 2017-10-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-10-02 Articles 21 3 499 507 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-123-14 L'étude a été conduite pendant 3 ans à Maradi et à Niamey. Elle vise à connaître les caractéristiques du système d'approvisionnement en fourrages des élevages urbains et périurbains. Un suivi périodique a été effectué sur 13 axes routiers et 22 points de vente des fourrages au niveau des 2 villes. Les enquêtes saisonnières auprès de 174 acteurs portant sur les caractéristiques des fourrages, ont été conduites. L'analyse bromatologique des 16 échantillons de fourrages prélevés sur les marchés, a été faite. L'analyse multi-variée des données a été réalisée avec le logiciel SPSS 10. Les résultats ont montré que les fourrages commercialisés proviennent des champs, des périmètres irrigués, des vallées, des plateaux, des jachères et des enclaves pastorales. Ils appartiennent à 34 espèces reparties en 14 familles dont les Poaceae (41,1%), des Fabaceae (14,7%), des Mimonaceae (9%), Ceasalpiniaceae (6%) et 29% pour les 10 familles restantes. Les résidus de cultures ont constitué 48% à Niamey et 55% à Maradi des fourrages vendus. Les principaux acteurs de la chaîne de valeur fourrages sont: producteurs, collecteurs, vendeurs, transporteurs et acheteurs (éleveurs, détaillants, unités aliments/bétail). La vente des fourrages est pratiquée par les hommes adultes (841,4%), les adolescents (12,50,71%) et les femmes (3,50,71%). Les fourrages riches en azote (MAT≥ 8%) sont les plus chers. La récolte et la vente des fourrages sont des activités créatrices d'emploi et génératrices de revenus substantiels mais représentent à long terme une sérieuse menace pour l'équilibre agro-écologique des systèmes de production et de l'environnement périurbain. ]]> 2017-10-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-10-02 Articles 21 3 508 521 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-075-01 The exploration of the Central sedimentary basin in Democratic Republic of Congo, focused on geological, geochemical and geophysical studies, as well as well drilling, started early in nineteen fifty with several foreign organizations including the Belgian firm REMINA. Coupled with field work carried out by the Congolese national oil company, this work resulted in the confirmation of the surface index at several sites, as well as the recognition of the potential mother rocks, reservoir rocks and cover rocks. In this work we contribute to the development of a geological model of the petroleum system of this sedimentary basin based on the interpretation of Bouguer anomalies. After analysis the results are represented in the form of maps. Apart from the surface index, mother rocks, reservoir rocks and cover rocks already confirmed in this area, these results have enabled the identification of places with large sediment thicknesses or central deposits and areas likely to trap hydrocarbons in this basin. Our model of this sedimentary basin allows to locate the maturation zones of the mother rocks, gives an idea of the direction of hydrocarbon migration, help identification and the location of the probable geological structures favourable to the accumulation of oil in this area. ]]> 2017-10-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-10-02 Articles 21 3 522 535 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-149-01 Data relative to trees growth rates seems fragmentary for many tropical species in the Congo Basin, and several studies question the growth diameter values used by the government. In this study, an approach for tree-ring measurement using Geographic Information System tools (softwares ArcMap and Photoscan) was tested on two commercial species from tropical African rainforest (Iroko- Milicia excelsa and Afrormosia- Pericopsis elata). The aim of this study was to evaluate the precision gain of the GIS tools used in the estimates of diameter increments and to compare the results with the values recommended by the Congolese Forest Administration (DRC). Diameter increments were calculated through semi-automatic procedure to the nearest 10-5 mm. For all classes of diameter, the mean annual increment is 6.65mm/year for iroko and 4.66mm/year for afrormosia. We observe that the values used by the forest authority (5mm/year and 4 mm/year for iroko and afrormosia respectively) seem to under-estimate growth rhythms. The method used can be applied to other commercial tree species with distinct and annual tree-rings for providing new data in order to fill knowledge gaps on the growth rates of tropical trees. ]]> 2017-10-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-10-02 Articles 21 3 536 546 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-066-06 This study aims at assessing the effect of the perceived competence of a country of origin on the perceived quality of cars and jeans trousers in the urban areas of Cameroon. Investigations have been carried out on the field and data have been collected from a sample of 784 consumers, surveyed via the Internet and supplemented by a questionnaire «paper pencil» in the cities of Douala and Yaoundé. The structural equation models to latent variables has been used in this research. The main results clearly show a positive effect of the perceived competence of a given country of origin on the perceived quality of the products by Cameroonian consumers living or coming from urban areas. The effect of a given country of manufacture is also proven to be more significant than that of the country of design. We further noticed an increase of the effect of the country of design on the perceived quality of products when the technological complexity of the products increases. Conversely, a decrease of the effect of the country of manufacture on the perceived quality of the products is recorded when the technological complexity of a product increases. The moderating effect of the technological complexity of a given product is therefore proven. ]]> 2017-09-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-09-02 Articles 21 2 183 194 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-038-01 Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia. Intakes of vitamin C, Magnesium, Chromium, fiber and physical activity can help normalizing blood glucose level so as to prevent hyperglycemia. The aim of this study is to find out particular relations between vitamin C, Magnesium, Chromium, fiber, as well as physical activity and blood glucose levels in patients with diabetes mellitus at Dr. M. Yunus Hospital Bengkulu. This study was cross sectional approach. Sample population is Diabetes Mellitus Type II. Sampling is performed using purposive sampling with 50 samples. Intake data were obtained through 2 x 24 hours food recall form and PAL form. Data were analyzed using correlation regression and multiple linear regression. There were significant correlations between intakes of vitamin C (p = 0.001), Magnesium (p = 0.027), fiber (p = 0.028), physical activity (p = 0.001) and random blood glucose levels in patients with Diabetes Mellitus Type II. Conversely, there was no significant correlation between Chromium intake (p=0421) and blood glucose levels in patients with Diabetes Mellitus Type II. The most dominant factors associated with blood glucose level in this study were vitamin C intake and physical activity. ]]> 2017-09-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-09-02 Articles 21 2 195 201 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-052-01 This study carried out on the lagoon near Abobodoumé has the aim to map the fishing areas of the fish. The main question is : what is each fishing area identified by the fishermen ? the results obtained show that the fishermen fish in this locality are all foreigners, Ghanaians, Beninese and Nigerians living in perfect harmony. The fishing areas are in part the result of the techniques of the players, the gear they use and the fishing seasons. But there is also the influence of the anthropogenic pollution, dredge the sea sand and the proximity of the port area. In order to obtain the above-mentioned results, a methodology that consisted of a literature search and on the internet, but also the research of primary data was the need to go out into the field. Specifically, we have, with the help of an interview guide interviewed the actors of the fishery. At times, we have used instruments for measuring gear such as canoes and nets. We also exchanged with the port authorities and agencies in charge of monitoring the water quality. ]]> 2017-09-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-09-02 Articles 21 2 202 208 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-052-05 The vessel monitoring system (VMS) is a satellite-based monitoring system which at regular intervals provides data to the fisheries authorities on the location, course and speed of vessels. It was introduced in Morocco in 2011 to try to end Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated (IUU) Fishing and to meet the requirements of the European Union to set up systems of border control to forbid the access to the markets, of products coming from an illegal fishing and to protect the halieutic resources and the marine ecosystem. This article aims to evaluate the implementation of VMS Project in Morocco. To achieve this goal, we conducted a qualitative survey around different actors : Shipowners, high executives of the Moroccan Ministry of Maritime Fisheries and the Manager of SOREMAR Company (company that provides installation and maintenance of VMS equipment in Morocco). ]]> 2017-09-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-09-02 Articles 21 2 209 221 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-057-01 This work aims to study the effect of salinity on some germination parameters of wheat Tritcum aestivum L, and to contribute to the improvement programs of varietal selection. Four varieties of wheat were studied: Amal, Arrehane, Kanz and Radia. The disinfected seeds are germinated in Petri dishes containing two filter papers soaked in NaCl solution at concentrations of 3, 6, 9 and 12 g / l. The amount of 10 seeds is placed per petri dish. For the control dishes, the filter paper was soaked only with distilled water. For each salinity level (0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 g / l NaCl), 5 petri dishes are used and are incubated for 7 days in darkness in an oven set at 25 ° C. The measured parameters chosen in this study are: germination rate, corrected germination, percentage of final germination, average time of germination and germination rate index. The obtained results have shown a varietal effect depending on salt concentration, thus the exploitation of the studied parameters allowed us to observe a decrease in germination rate, corrected germination, Germination rate index, coefficient of velocity and an increase in the average time of germination. As far as the level of tolerance against the increase of salt concentration is concerned, it can be confirmed that Arréhane is the most tolerant variety while Kanz is the most sensitive one. ]]> 2017-09-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-09-02 Articles 21 2 222 230 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-046-03 The paper, conducted within the framework of the Minimalist Program, considers the nature and content of the subject agreement relation. The discussions are based on data from Amazigh, in particular the Tashelhit variety spoken in the southwest of Morocco. In the suggested analysis, I show that Amazigh exhibits two types of subject agreement, namely subject-verb agreement and operator-bound agreement. In subject-verb agreement constructions, agreement on the verb is rich. I argue that in such constructions agreement is not itself a functional head. Rather, agreement is a relation between a head and its specifier in which features of the head and specifier must match. As such, the verb agrees with its subject in its base position; no movement of the verb or the subject is required for the verb to agree with its subject in terms of phi-features. In operator-bound agreement constructions, the verb shows no agreement with the extracted subject. More specifically, a discontinuous affix of invariable form / i __n / always appears on the verb. I argue that in local extraction of the subject in wh-questions, relatives and clefts, the invariable affix on the verb is the expression of an agreement relation holding between a verb and an operator with a [+Focus] feature in the specifier of the complementizer phrase. ]]> 2017-09-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-09-02 Articles 21 2 231 238 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-052-23 In the objective to identify the less infested cotton varieties by insects, infestation levels in absence of insecticide treatment of 12 varieties in Gobé in centre of Bénin and of 26 varieties in Angaradebou in the north of the country have been evaluated in research station in a complete randomized block design with 5 repetitions in Gobé and 6 repetitions in Angaradebou. The infestation levels of insects (Helicoverpa armigera, Diparopsis watersi, Earias spp, Spodoptera littoralis) which damage cotton reproductive organs were significantly low on GIZA 77, PNS 47 I UI, T1219-153 and SAHR varieties. The infestations of Aphis gossypii, one of the principal insects which damage cotton leaves, were significantly low on MNH 93, LAHG 063, PNS 121 II V-S and R1 R2 Y1 P1 L02 varieties. Agronomic characteristics of the varieties such as number of bolls per plant, quantity of seed cotton per boll, quantity of seed cotton per plant, quantity of seed cotton per hectare and infestation levels of cotton varieties in comparison in Gobé and in Angaradebou showed that the PNS III H H PNS 70 variety was the less infested variety which produced seed cotton per hectare significantly higher than those observed in STAM 18 A. ]]> 2017-09-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-09-02 Articles 21 2 239 246 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-052-02 Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp plant was efficiently regenerated using cotyledonary nodes as explant. The explants were excised from 3 days old seedling grown in vitro on MS medium containing 3 mg/l BAP. They were cultured on MS medium containing BAP (2,5 mg/l) combinated with different dose of NAA (0, 0,1 and 0,5 mg/l) for shoot induction. Regeneration frequency varied with growth regulator combinations in the medium. A maximum number of 9,6 shoots per explant was recorded on MS medium containing 2.5 mg/l BAP. Increase in the ANA concentration of the culture medium decreased the number of shoots. Regenerated shoots were elongated on MS medium containing 1,25 mg/l BAP. The elongated shoots were rooted on MS rooting medium without hormone. The rooted plants were transferred to soil with a survival rate of 80%. ]]> 2017-09-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-09-02 Articles 21 2 247 253 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-052-21 Since the advent of computer science, technological progress has been steadily growing, notably with the famous Moore law, which wanted the microprocessor of the next generation to have the dual capabilities of the previous microprocessor. Exponential ways from the advent of Windows 95 with its I-80486 processor, to the pentium4 up to the i3, i5 and i7 dual core processor. The logical consequences of this technological advance is that the various (For those already existing as computer-aided design) and new branches such as special effects in movies, with software like Maya 3D, Blender. Computer-related occupations have seen fields linked to the development of video games becoming industries with high financial returns (up to $ 2 billion in sales). The medical field in neuroscience today sees its future intimately linked to the technology of 3D modeling, computer science has so far created jobs like software developer or companies like Google, Apple, Facebook, twitter, are To this day to the head of huge financial capital and go as far as recruiting developers in most universities around the world. To date, computer science and the progress of science have created a global dependence in the various fields of our everyday life, such as autonomous management software, internet, communications. The future progress of this science is certainly ready, Thanks to its promising potential in the creation of new occupations, while not forgetting its perverse effects, which are the gradual obsolescence of certain current occupations with the risk of unemployment for the least educated and least able to progress exponentially in our modern societies. ]]> 2017-09-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-09-02 Articles 21 2 254 259 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-038-06 The matrix calculation is taking presently more and more a great place in teaching as well as in research. The matrix properties are treated basically, the statement leads the reading progressively, from definition to different matrix types as well as to linear equation systems, to proper value problems and to differential equation systems resolution. The matrix calculation interests many mathematicians, Physicists, economists and so on. This work is aiming at studying squared matrix proper values determination, its inverse with Leverrier's algorithm, obliges determinant notions Knowledge beforehand. ]]> 2017-09-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-09-02 Articles 21 2 260 266 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-052-20 A study was conducted to evaluate the performance of five varieties of Bean common biofortifie implementation competition under treatment of growth regulators: Allwin Wonder and Allwin top, from February until May 2016. Our experience took place in the experimental field at the Institute superior teaching of Lubumbashi, located on the avenue of the revolution to the Baudouin area. As part of this work, a randomized complete block experimental device has been used. Of our five varieties use, the K132 variety was more precocious to flowering MAHARAGI soybeans takes more time before maturity, however CODMLB007, LSA144 and ZKA93-M95 present a similar result compared to the days of maturation. The CODMLB007 was most attacked by aphids; the LSA144 and MAHARAGI soybeans were less contested and the K132 and ZKA93-M95 are intermediate compared to the impact of aphids attack. For all parameters observed: (days to flowering, days to maturity, reproductive Adaptation (in charge of the pod), vegetative Adaptation (force), attack by insects, performance level), on the threshold of 5%. When it comes to attacks of aphids; the LSA144 MAHARAGI soy have been resistant, have given a better performance and are best suited in the edapho-climate conditions of Lubumbashi. ]]> 2017-09-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-09-02 Articles 21 2 267 276 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-066-02 This paper deals with the deformation of an elastic solid described by Lame equations satisfying the boundary conditions. By means of the differential operators, we reduce these equations to Poisson equations that we solve using Galerkin method, i.e. we obtain the components of displacement vector. Furthermore, we compute the strain and stress tensors acting on the solid which are important in engineering applications. Numerous examples are given in this work. ]]> 2017-09-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-09-02 Articles 21 2 277 283 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-066-03 Each year the world's forests in general and / or the hinterland of Kinshasa (DRC) in particular is reduced because it is managed as a mine, that is to say, we draw without restitution. The forest contains much more than wood, the main source of income for the peasants. How is the production of wood fuels practiced? What are the cumulative effects of income from non-rational production of wood fuels? These two situations led us to assume that the causes are multiple and interrelated, generating various impacts. They are summarized in the reduction of biodiversity, the instability of the forest ecosystem, the depletion of a large part of the plant resources on which many economies are based. This article determines some cumulative effects on farmers' incomes. ]]> 2017-09-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-09-02 Articles 21 2 284 290 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-332-03 A study on the nutritional and toxic substances of three wild food plants consumed in the Tshopo province of the Democratic Republic of Congo was made before cooking. It appears from this study that these berries may constitute dietary supplements of value as regards the crude protein, fat, calcium, magnesium, iron, phosphorus, and vitamins. However, many of these plants may also contain toxic substances (oxalates) or undesirable substances (tannins and saponins). All these results justify the use of these plants by the population in Tshopo province. ]]> 2017-09-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-09-02 Articles 21 2 291 297 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-332-04 A study on the nutritional and toxic substances from leaves of four wild food plants consumed by the riparian population of Yoko forest reserve in Ubundu Territory in the Tshopo province of the Democratic Republic of Congo was made before cooking. It appears from this study that these berries may constitute dietary supplements of value as regards the crude protein, fat, calcium, magnesium, iron, phosphorus, and vitamins. However, many of these plants may also contain toxic substances (nitrites, nitrates and cyanides) or undesirable substances (alkaloids, tannins, sterols and terpenes). All these results justify the use of these plants by the riparian population of Yoko forest reserve in Ubundu Territory in the province of Tshopo. ]]> 2017-09-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-09-02 Articles 21 2 298 305 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-066-04 Cinematic Poster is an advertising for a movie, includes a brief about everything within the movie, it distributed everywhere in the streets, newspaper even transportations. However, it is very important because of its crucial role to make the success of a movie, but there a number of problems in the Arabic cinema industry, become crystal clear through the artistic criticism for such posters which does not show any relation to the dramatic elements of the movie, and does not reflect enough cultural awareness. So, this study tries to analyze such elements, to make it clear for the designer to be more careful about next time he design a cinematic poster, And the most important the economical, sociological aspects of the audience to provide more understandable language with them by the visual contact with the poster. ]]> 2017-09-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-09-02 Articles 21 2 306 317 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-052-06 The importance of this study comes by identifying the very modern technology looming on the near horizon, headed for the educational systems, with telecommunication and wireless technologies generally and mobile technologies specially. To show a new learning style, it is a mobile learning, on the grounds that some form of distance learning, and an extension of the e-learning, which took to taking over the world with its means of audio-visual, cognitive, interactive and participatory through smart digital electronic devices, in order to create an educational and learning environment, durable and dynamic, free and direct, it is not constrained by time and space, it eliminate the culture of tradition and routine classroom and allow the learner to move freely and access to educational materials and sources of knowledge wherever they may be and wherever they are. Nevertheless, it should be considered to that success in mobile learning is depended not only in the application of techniques and abilities provided by these tools, but also needs the capacity of education and training related experts. The mobile learning is one of the advanced sections in the e-learning that provides learners to access to educational contents and interact easily with other members. And through this article, we will try to highlight the overall aspects of this type of learning, and the possibility of employing this technology and seeing its impact on the future of learning in Morocco and the efforts exerted in this field. ]]> 2017-09-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-09-02 Articles 21 2 318 322 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-052-08 The Argania spinosa (L. Skeels) is an endemic tree of the south-west morocco. It gives a fruit that contains a seed oleaginous. Oil is produced from the kernels by press or by hands Or by an organic solvent such as hexane. This work has for objective to study parameters influencing the storage of kernels practiced before extraction of oil. Optimal storage conditions of the argan tree kernels were determine by measuring the water activity, such a measure allowed to control and optimize the manufacturing process and conservation and ensure its mechanical stability, physical, chemical, and microbiological. Thus water sorption isotherms of argan kernels were determined at different temperatures : 40 ° C and 70 ° C using the standard static gravimetric method. Six saturated salt solutions selected to give different relative humidity in the range of 0.05–0.90 were used. Results showed that temperature has a great effect on the sorption isotherms kernels. kernels lost a great part of their water when the temperature increases. Thus temperature accelerates the drying reaction. The optimum size of kernels allowing to have optimum drying is located between 0,6mm and 1mm. Increasing the thickness of the contact surface reduces the effect of drying parameters. ]]> 2017-09-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-09-02 Articles 21 2 323 333 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-052-09 Les compétences humaines ont une importance dans l'emploi et le développement de carrière. Ces dernières années plusieurs chercheurs s'intéressent à ce type de compétences dans leurs recherches. La majorité de la littérature actuelle sur les compétences des logisticiens ne concerne que la chaine d'approvisionnement, ou la fonction logistique en général. Notre article va s'intéresser aux compétences humaines dans la logistique de distribution pour compléter l'enchainement des autres recherches au niveau de la logistique. ]]> 2017-09-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-09-02 Articles 21 2 334 343 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-066-07 Information and communication technologies have over gained an added momentum in different social domains mainly in education. In effect, the integration, of these technologies in education has undergone a worldwide revolution, where the learning of the students was supported by the improvement of the quality of education. The aim of this study is to determine a diagnostic of the current situation of the professional and pedagogic use of the information and communication technologies by the teachers at the Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Technicals of Health of Tetouan and its annex in Tangiers. A questionnaire was adopted as the main Quantitative methodological approach to analyse these practical of information and communication technologies using in education. The results obtained have demonstrated that the use of information and communication technologies by the majority of questioned teachers didn't exceed the exploration step from the stage of the pedagogic using, but this use was more advanced at the stage of professional using. Finally, it's necessary to promote the pedagogic and didactic integration of information and communication technologies by means of continuing education program to develop and upgrade the practice of teachers in class. ]]> 2017-09-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-09-02 Articles 21 2 344 351 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-051-02 Kinetic art is built on the idea that the movement and light can create works of art. If the things suspended a way that allows her movement and rotation, they, with the help of light, are beautiful forms of shadows. Some artists have hung artworks reversed by colorful lights to give very attractive forms. artists of kinetic art Use all raw materials available in their environments such as iron, cloth, glass, wire and other so that these art forms are hung in the air in order to move and spin in a dynamic natural air or by the drive or by highlighting or a set of colored lights on the outstanding forms. The artists of this trend have the goal of creating works of art movement characterized by continuity and dynamic. The research aims to strengthen the field of textile printing and innovative new ideas that have " Kinetic Effects " in order to promote Touristic Product after the tourists get used to see the traditionally sights and scenery and unusual, with the weakness of their shape and do not keep up with the attraction styles, which leading to a lack of tourism products for the global competitiveness. ]]> 2017-08-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-08-02 Articles 21 1 1 24 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-057-06 In Morocco, as in several regions of the world, field instabilities are one of the most serious problems on several levels: social, economic and environmental. This study is aimed at the safety of people, the protection of infrastructures and the environment, and on the other hand the forecasting of areas to be avoided for future development. Landslides are polygenic sets that result from the combined action of complex factors. Some, permanent factors, create the essential conditions for instabilities; the others, called dynamic factors, act under the dependence of the former and play the role of detonator. The geological complexity of the land concerned, the diagnosis of the phenomenon is sometime delicate. Risk prevention and protection of populations require, at least for the most threatening sites, delicate and costly studies and recognitions. To stabilize and delineate the damage, several solutions have been proposed and based on the use of various techniques. On the other hand, the preparation of a guide of the stabilization to reinforce the unstable areas has a paramount importance for the development of the regions, which are subjected to rapid and often disorderly urban growth. ]]> 2017-08-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-08-02 Articles 21 1 25 36 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-072-03 The problem related to collective and management of waste in Kananga town is a concern of the moment, especially as the environmental security is one of seventeen objectives of the lasting development on the horizon 2030. Nowadays, waste (craps) is an indicator of the human existence which degrades the environment if some precautions are not taken. More than 600000 tons of wastes are wildly evacuated, and the way they are managed constitutes a danger affecting our ecosystem. This publication aims at informing, alerting and making the scientific world in general and the population of Kasaï in particular aware of their responsibilities in terms of precautions to be taken in order to manage waste which faces the climatic change and damage the environment of Kananga town. This approach aims at awakening the population to adopt the code of environment so as to promote good conditions of life on the earth. Thus, we propose the government to create a special and well-equipped service in charge of collecting, evacuating and destroying waste. Burying is the only method used to destroy dirt and rubbishes in Kananga. Therefore, considering waste as a matter and managing it safely may reduce possible damage it will cause on the environment. In Kananga town, however, there exists a center in charge of treating waste located at TUBULUKU, unfortunately in remains non-operational. ]]> 2017-08-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-08-02 Articles 21 1 37 47 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-051-01 Starter cultures of lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus plantarum and Leuconostoc mesenteroides), Bacilli (Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and Bacillus subtilis), yeasts (Candida tropicalis) and moulds (Rhizopus oryzae), isolated from traditional cassava ferments used for the prepration of the three main attieke types (Adjoukrou, Alladjan and Ebrie) were tested singly or in combination in cassava fermentation for their contribution to acid production, protein enrichment, detoxification and softening. All tested species and traditional cassava ferments showed an ability to ferment cassava dough by generating significant changes of at least one of the tested parameters. But mixed starter cultures were more efficient than the single cultures developed and their corresponding cassava traditional inocula. The three mixed starter cultures set displayed good acidification (until 7 times more), improved protein content of cassava dough and better softening and rapid and intense elimination of cyanogenic glucosides (more than 50% in only 6 h). Thus, it appears that the controlled mixed starter cultures were showed to have the most interesting technology profiles for any application at small or large scale. ]]> 2017-08-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-08-02 Articles 21 1 48 58 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-072-07 The exploitation of the Shaba Open-pit mine, a Concession of ANVIL MINING CONGO at KAPULO will have to pass to its second phase of exploitation with 2 excavators Hitachi 870 plus one CAT 336 DL and 11 articulated trucks AD40F. The cost of exploitation of the first phase rising with 7.31 dollars per cubic meter with 2 excavators and 5 trucks in the form of the contract per hour of walk, our study showed that with the addition of the fleet, the production cost becomes 4.31 dollars per meter and the production increases by 2.38 times, thus offering an advantage to the form of the contract per hour than the contract by bench cubic meter. ]]> 2017-08-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-08-02 Articles 21 1 59 67 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-046-01 Due to the development of microbial resistance to antibiotics and their potential side effects in human, there is a growing interest in plant feed additives in livestock production. This study was designed to assess the effects of dietary inclusion of Tetrapleura tetraptera fruit powder on growth performances and serological profile of broiler chickens. A total of 192 day old Cobb 500 chicks were randomly assigned to 4 treatments of 48 chicks each. Negative control group (R0-) was fed basal diet without supplement, positive control group (R0+) was fed on control diet supplemented with 0.1% antibiotic, groups 3 and 4 were fed on control diet supplemented with 0.2% (0.2T) and 0.4% (0.4T) T. tetraptera fruit powder respectively. Throughout the study period, 0.2% T. tetraptera markedly (P<0.05) increased live body weight as compared to 0.4% and negative control diet. The lowest feed conversion ratio was recorded on chickens fed on antibiotic (2.02) and 0.2% T. tetraptera (2.03). Carcass yield significantly decreased (P<0.05) with 0.4% T. tetraptera fruit powder. The lowest cost of production was recorded with the lowest level (0.2%) of this phytobiotic. 5. Irrespective of the incorporation level, this phytobiotic decreased serum content of creatinine, alanine aminotransferase (ALAT) and aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT) and increased serum concentration of urea compared to the negative control diet. T. tetraptera powder at 0.2% could be used as feed additive to replace antibiotic growth promoter for a better growth performances and to produce antibiotics residues free chicken meat. ]]> 2017-08-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-08-02 Articles 21 1 68 76 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-052-12 The research shows clearly that the HILBERT's program look at to obtain the formalisms of the formals theories. This program stamp a fertile optimism of symbolic which allowed to create the logics and mathematics formalisms, and there formal and automatable manipulation. So the formalism is the image of thinking; in this sense the forms become the work matter. ]]> 2017-08-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-08-02 Articles 21 1 77 95 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-052-13 By applying the formal arithmetic model, the mathematic and logic theories have created the self-references and have chosen a specific model for accomplish the logic-mathematics proves. A formal arithmetic (ROBINSON et PEANO) constitute in this fact the basic hypothesis for the two incompleteness theorems. ]]> 2017-08-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-08-02 Articles 21 1 96 102 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-052-14 The resort in arithmetization of arithmetic reaches to construct inside of arithmetic a proposition which confirm its self-indemonstrability. In substance, the proof of coherence presupposes a form of induction in transfinite order for proving the coherence of arithmetic which is the finite order. It is dealing recursive functions which have the properties for all attribute values system to determine them by the means of finite type procedure. It comes to recursive arithmetic, to translate the elements of metatheory formal system. ]]> 2017-08-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-08-02 Articles 21 1 103 123 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-123-11 In view of gathering botanic and also other useful data, different prospective, field studies, and survey have been organized and carried out in the hinterland of Kikwit City, within an area of about 15 to 45 km square. A well prepared survey questionnaire was given to respondents and from their answers the study has been able to identify and make an inventory of mushrooms consumed by people from the hinterland communities and Kikwit City dwellers. From obtained results, it is noted that 74 kinds of mushrooms are part and parcel of the consumers' daily diet. The analysis of these gathered data reveals the prominence of Marasmiaceae, Cantharellaceae, Lyophyllaceae and Polyporaceae, types of Marasmius, Termitomyces, Cantharellus, Lentinus et Auricularia are the most common mushrooms sold in markets. The analysis on ecological aspects indicates that a wider majority of this species, inhabit the forests. Mushrooms are hygrophytes growing either on trees or on the ground under the trees. In all cases, these are seasonal resources whose periods of productivity require thorough observations. Our survey reveals that the people in the region under study are in majority mushroom consumers. Species of Auricularia, Termitomyces et Schizophyllum's types have a huge economic impact nationwide and a strong commercial potentiality. 69 % of mushrooms are relatively appreciated on the nutritional and organic minerals point of view; among the most delicious we have the Termitomyces spp., Cokeina spp., Clitocybe spp., Marasmius buzungolo Singer, Marasmiellus inoderma (Berk.) Singer, Volvariella volvacea (Bull.) Singer, and also types of Polyporaceae. These mushrooms have a high rate nutritional value. The gathering and selling of these non wood forest products remain the sole activities providing food, work and income for this poor people. They are better alternatives for the guarantee of people's food security. ]]> 2017-08-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-08-02 Articles 21 1 124 136 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-052-15 The study presents systematically the formals and theoretical foundations of incompleteness theorem: framework, hypothesis, rules of provability. The recursive functions constitute the operational foundations in the development, the construction and the prove of this theorem. The preparatory theorems and the sense theorem are the socle which establishes the incompleteness. ]]> 2017-08-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-08-02 Articles 21 1 137 152 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-052-16 The provability of a formal system is an insufficient criterion to translate properly the truth notion of logico-mathematic. The incompleteness is well understanding by its reference in interpretation and truth concept is one of the result. Taking into account the level of language -object language and metalanguage- allow skirting interns contradictions and establishing the logic consistence of the formal system. ]]> 2017-08-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-08-02 Articles 21 1 153 160 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-052-17 Of the point of view mathematical-logic, the researches specify the intrinsic limits connected on knowledge apprehensions. In regard of POPPER's refutability, the incompleteness misses a significant come-back in the way of knowledge apprehend. In fact, it releases a significant insufficiency of induction and that of verification. So it will subvert an universal character of certainty.The rationational thruth and the true rationality are linked in a metasystem .They are depending on a system which will be in the same time empiricaly proved and logicaly assured. ]]> 2017-08-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-08-02 Articles 21 1 161 166 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-038-03 In this article, we added to the mathematical definition of multiflow problem issue suggested in the literature, the constraint of safeguarding that forms a condition to multiflow calculation in a road network. ]]> 2017-08-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-08-02 Articles 21 1 167 170 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-072-02 La neutralité de la monnaie est une hypothèse de prédilection des économistes du courant libéral, selon laquelle la quantité de monnaie existante n'affecte pas l'économie (production, revenu, investissement, épargne, prix relatifs). Cette hypothèse est mise en rude épreuve suite aux pertinentes conclusions de l'analyse de John Maynard Keynes très dominantes après la deuxième guerre mondiale, considérant que toute offre ne rencontre pas nécessairement sa propre demande. A la lumière de ce débat, la présente étude s'est interrogée sur la validité de cette hypothèse théorique en RDC, en partant des conclusions de la nouvelle synthèse néoclassique. Il s'est agi d'analyser le rapport entre les séries annuelles : PIB et de masse monétaire réels, sur une période s'étalant de 1960 à 2013 en vue d'inspecter les effets des chocs d'impulsion monétaire sur la production en RDC. Cette étude fondée sur l'hypothèse de non neutralité monétaire de l'inspiration keynésienne, est conduite au moyen du modèle vectoriel autorégressif VAR avec restrictions spécifié dans le cadre de cointégration et utilisé pour de séries non stationnaire et cointégrées, appuyé par la technique documentaire. L'estimation du modèle VAR par la détermination du Lag maximum, illustre que le paramètre associé à la production, décalée d'une période est statistiquement significatif. C'est-à-dire, en admettant une possibilité de se tromper à 5%, la production demeure significativement fonction positive de la variation de masse monétaire. Ce résultat confirme donc l'hypothèse de base, et permet d'affirmer que la monnaie n'est pas neutre en RDC de 1960 à 2013. ]]> 2017-08-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-08-02 Articles 21 1 171 182 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-349-03 Nowadays there is concern about pollution from oil exploitation, so that, cause severe pollution of water, air and soil poses a threat to the ecosystem and nearby towns. The Ecuadorian states alongside the state of France develop the Environmental monitoring program, Health, Social, and Petroleum in Ecuador (MONOIL). The main objective is to improve understanding and monitoring of the impacts of oil exploitation and environment in Ecuador, in terms of damage and vulnerabilities. The United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) and the World Health Organization (WHO) store statistics and indicators on the impact of Environmental Pollution global information. The first stage of the project involves making MONOIL a database for the definition of scenarios of oil pollution in Ecuador as it currently lacks an integrated database, manually analyzing data separate from the websites of each organization. This project will integrate databases of WHO - ECLAC, and from standard parameterization, synchronize and automatically update and collecting historical and current information in the database MONOIL order to assess the economic and environmental impact of contamination at several sites in the Ecuadorian Amazon subsequently allowing sites to compare with unexploited oil. ]]> 2017-07-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-07-02 Articles 20 4 1020 1032 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-026-01 In the stand-alone PV, the energy is generated only by the PV panels. Therefore, during the night or in periods with low solar radiation, it is essential to put a battery bank to store the captured energy to ensure power supply. To highlight the physical phenomena that govern the operation of the storage system, we proposed in this paper to study the battery modeling. This work is devoted to the modeling and simulation under the Matlab / Simulink environment of two electric battery models; Namely the CIEMAT model (Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Mediomientales y Technologicas) and the simplified electric model PSpice. In order to verify the validity of these mathematical models, the results of the numerical simulation are compared with the experimental data of the solar Varta battery. ]]> 2017-07-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-07-02 Articles 20 4 1033 1041 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-029-06 This research work made it possible to study waste deposits suitable for methanisation in the city of Tangier Biogas recovery offers two scenarios: the installation of a cogeneration plant and the production of electricity or the direct use of biogas. From a climatic point of view, electricity production is more favorable since the substitution of electricity generates a maximum reduction of CO2 equivalents. From a financial point of view, the direct valorization of biogas is more economical because it saves costs for a cogeneration plant. The energy recovery of waste is generally justified by the fight against global warming and the promotion of renewable energies. ]]> 2017-07-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-07-02 Articles 20 4 1042 1052 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-029-07 Introduction: intracardiac thrombosis is a rare complication of antiphospholipid syndrome (SAPL), which can occur as an intracardiac tumor. His discovery usually precedes the diagnosis of SAPL. Observation: We report the case of a young Moroccan patient who underwent surgery after the discovery of a right intra-auricular tumor. It was an organized thrombus and in the aftermath we diagnosed an SAPL. The progression was favorable under anticoagulant in addition to corticosteroid therapy. Conclusion: The discovery of an intracardiac tumor in a young subject must evoke the diagnosis of cardiac thrombus and carry out an etiological investigation in search of an SAPL in particular. ]]> 2017-07-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-07-02 Articles 20 4 1053 1056 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-029-09 Iourirne gold deposit is located in Tagragra of Akka inlier, 260 km to the southeast of Agadir, (Western Anti-Atlas). The gold mineralization occurs in quartz veins associated with shear zones occurring in East-West direction and cut across the Early forming process of Neoproterozoic formations. This study aims to characterize supergene alteration characterization of Iourirne gold mineralization, by macroscopic, microscopic observations, chemical analysis of major elements, analysis of the correlation matrix and analysis in Principal Components (PCA). The main results are as follows: - The mobility of a number of chemical elements such as Ti, Fe, P, Ca, Mg, Mn. - The development of Hematitization phenomenon of supergene origin. - The abundance of metallic minerals such as magnetite, hematite, covellite, malachite, azurite and sphalerite… - The oxidation of sulphides including arsenopyrite, pyrite, chalcopyrite… ]]> 2017-07-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-07-02 Articles 20 4 1057 1067 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-315-03 In Mediterranean regions, especially around the arid and semi-arid areas, drought is a major abiotic factor that reduces yields in wheat. Identification of reliable criteria in screening for drought tolerance in wheat represents a significant challenge to plant breeders. This study was carried out at two locations (Béni Fouda and Ain Abessa) in Sétif, Algeria. The objectives were to study the performance of durum wheat genotypes (Triticum durum Desf.) in relation to yield and some agronomical traits and the evaluation of carbon isotope discrimination (Δ13C) as a selection criterion for drought tolerance. Analysis of variance revealed that grain yield and all measured parameters (excepted for number of spikes per m2 and thousand kernels weight) were significant (P < 0.01) affected under locations. Among genotypes, significant differences (P < 0.01) were observed for all traits, excepted for biomass. Under both locations (Béni Fouda and Ain Abessa) gain yield was positively and significantly correlated with earliness, number of spikes per m2, number of grain per m2, harvest index and Δ13C. The results suggested that the selection of early heading genotypes would give high grain yield under rain-fed conditions. Also, grain yield could be effectively increased by maximum genetic expression of number of spikes per m2, number of grains per m2 and harvest index. Strong correlations between grain yield and carbon isotope discrimination indicate that Δ13C can be used as indirect criterion in screening for drought tolerance in semi-arid conditions. ]]> 2017-07-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-07-02 Articles 20 4 1068 1077 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-024-03 This work was carry out in west-central park of region of Côte d'Ivoire, precisely in Oumé. Trapping methods (first method with Malaise traps, pitfall traps and yellow traps), soil monoliths and Winkler bags (second method) were used to collect beetles. The combination of these methods allowed to collect 3820 individuals, with 2419 individuals for the first method and 1401 individuals for the second method. From specimen's identification, the first method allowed to collect 30 families (epigeed beetles) and the second 32 families (hypogeous beetles). Ten and twelve exclusive families were identified for the first and second methods, respectively. In contrast, 20 families common to both sampling levels were identified. The Malaise traps collected more individuals in mixed-crops fields for the first method and winkler bags collected more individuals in secondary forests for the second method. Although the difference of collects, combining different methods of trapping is recommended for the best sampling of Coleopteran. ]]> 2017-07-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-07-02 Articles 20 4 1078 1084 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-027-01 This paper presents an ethnographic study conducted in five Moroccan primary schools in Marrakesh and region. This study utilizes cultural models theory as an instrument of inquiry to probe primary school teachers' beliefs and assumptions about pedagogical reform initiatives. The intent is to develop awareness of the sociocultural embeddedness of teachers' thinking with regard to pedagogical renewal. In the course of interviews, the overwhelming majority of teachers harbor lingering doubts about the possibility of institutionalizing pedagogical reform. Imported pedagogies are informed by knowledge, values, and justifications generated in their own contexts. Henceforth, there is a need for a thoughtful consideration of the local context if imported pedagogies are to yield some of their anticipated results. The teachers believe that reform in primary school, in the face of daunting challenges, is doomed to failure. This might explain the fact that after years of 'implementation', pedagogical innovation in primary school has done poorly in terms of being institutionalized and does not appear to have achieved its desideratum. In the absence of optimal conditions that facilitate implementation, reform effort is a waste of time, money and energy. The teachers call for a bottom-up model for policy development which takes into account the central role of teachers' beliefs and actual practices in the policy design and enactment processes. ]]> 2017-07-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-07-02 Articles 20 4 1085 1098 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-021-04 Participatory varietal selection is a process that is gradually gaining ground in terms of its ability to improve the results of a selection. This work would identify the preferences of its kind on the choice of the variety of rice in Cameroon. The hypothesis states that rice varietal selection in Cameroon is significantly influenced by gender. Data were collected through individual questionnaires and group interviews from 240 producers in the Mbam, North and Northwest. Using inferential statistic and logistic regression, the study showed that gender has no effect on the choice of rice varieties in Cameroon at all the growing stages. ]]> 2017-07-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-07-02 Articles 20 4 1099 1106 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-021-05 Waste management is a major stakeholder of a nation that aspires for development. Organic biodegradable waste invades the city of Kinshasa: streets, green spaces, aquatic environments and in other cities of the country where their management becomes a serious problem. In this work, three organic substrates: cow dung, sawdust and soil (fertile soils) were recycled by mixing them in the form of scenarios (dung alone, dung with sawdust and dung with soil). Recycling was carried out using the vermicomposting technique. The trials have yielded a fertile manure that meets ecological standards and earthworms that are increasingly being considered in the production of animal proteins and economically profitable ]]> 2017-07-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-07-02 Articles 20 4 1107 1115 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-353-01 The rise of the Chinese economy seems to be a great challenge to the regionalization of Japan in Asia. Despite the regional leadership race between Japan and China is in South and East Asia, the two economies are interdependent. China seems to intend to impose itself as an economic hegemon in the region. The rise of China over the last thirty years, since the beginning of the reform era in 1978, is certainly unusual in its magnitude and scale, bridging its gap through trade. The two countries are major economic partners with trade representing nearly $ 312 billion in 2013. But relations between the second economy (Communist China) and the third world economy (Japan) have deteriorated over the last two years. China and Japan maintain contradictory relations between economic interdependence and political tensions in the region of South-East Asia. These two states seek only one thing, to impose their leadership. The relationship between China, a multi-millennial civilization that has influenced the whole of the Far East, and the Japanese archipelago, which has received this cultural influence from the first Chief, has a history marked by incessant exchanges and rivalries. For decades, Japan was the undisputed first Asian power. Today, Japanese leadership is being questioned by China, which tends to take off and assert itself as a great regional and international power. The emergence of China over the past two decades has undoubtedly ranked it among the key players on the international scene. But this rise of the empire of the milieu in the contemporary world raises concerns: upsetting strategic balances, redefining economic rules, questioning the democratic system as the only system able of bringing prosperity, New military power. ]]> 2017-07-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-07-02 Articles 20 4 1116 1131 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-029-08 Une intégration réussie des TIC demande entre autre un changement pédagogique, c'est le facteur dont la quasi-totalité des enseignants n'en tient pas encore compte. Ces enseignants résument, malheureusement, la fonction des TIC comme de simples outils compatibles seulement avec un enseignement traditionnel et dogmatique et sans étude préalable qui se résume par une mise en place d'un scénario pédagogique approprié. Or parmi les éléments avantageux des TIC, c'est qu'elles augmentent la capacité de questionnement et la résolution des problèmes ce qui favorisent le plaisir d'apprendre en défendant la participation des élèves à la construction de leur propre savoir. ]]> 2017-07-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-07-02 Articles 20 4 1132 1136 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-349-04 CMS stands for Content Management System. There are different types of CMS, usually, refers to Web CMS (WCMS) which is a software that allows common users to manage content of web pages without necessary knowledge from web developers or databases administrators. Project of the research program "Monitoring of Oil activities in Ecuador : a cross-disciplinary approach between Environment, Health and People" better known as Monoil, needs to publish information to internet, for example, data from agreements, associations, investigators résumé, investigations, news, etc. In the way we are thinking about web sites, all these data is treated as a "content", then, Monoil needed a WCMS. Before solutions that were implemented, demanded certain performance and managers (of contents) were not agreed with them. Thus, the project decided to create CMS Monoil application which is a made-to-order Manager Content software. This solution includes CMS Monoil Application, destined to investigators and general public, and a Module for maintaining tables of CMS, for administrators who change frequently the content of the pages; these projects are included in the main solution Monoil as a built-in software. The CMS is developed with open source technologies such as Java platform with JSF Framework, Apache Tomcat web application and PostgreSQL database. In order to carry out this project with Software Engineering standards, SCRUM was selected as the agile methodology of developing, which through Sprints, created the CMS Monoil under these agile practices. ]]> 2017-07-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-07-02 Articles 20 4 1137 1151 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-349-05 The importance of studies of scientific research has been the basis for new discoveries, regardless of the branch or science to which it is directed, the study will always have a social benefit. The great amount of information produced is an advantage for the exchange of knowledge and the strengthening of theories and new concepts applied to real life. That is why; the present study details the importance of the development of a tool for automation and storage of bibliographic sources. This proposal is addressed to the scientific personnel that integrate the project MONOIL (Environmental Monitoring, Health, Society and Petroleum in Ecuador), which analyzes the variables that define the environmental pollution models as a result of the oil spill in Ecuador. For the development of the application is used scrum methodology, the selection of an appropriate development methodology for their development; the establishment of indicators and standards for the construction of the database; the analysis of the requirements to achieve optimal conditions of storage and classification of documents; determine appropriate search filters; and the design of the interfaces of the system making use of open source technologies, programming optimization, model controller view, with the purpose of implementing and integrating this system to the MONOIL project platform and contribute to the development of the research process benefiting not only the Scientific personnel but also to society in general. ]]> 2017-07-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-07-02 Articles 20 4 1152 1159 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-349-06 The main objective of this research work is the analysis and development of a technological application to manage the profiles of MONOIL researchers, a bi-national program between France and Ecuador, dedicated to monitoring the environment and evaluating the consequences caused in society by the Oil pollution in Ecuador. Its importance lies in the fact that it proposes a solution to a problem associated with MONOIL, not having a web tool that facilitates knowing the people behind one of the most important tasks within the mentioned program, as is the research; this will be solved by implementing an application in the web environment. For the development of the same, in the scope of programming, there were designed forms that allow the administration of the data entered by the researcher, it was used the integrated development environment called NetBeans with connection to a database modeled in the Data Base Management System PostgreSQL. Such tools put into operation in Windows operating system. At the end of the research, it will obtain an efficient tool for the management of the resumes or profiles of the researchers that belong to MONOIL, and can be implemented in other areas or future projects related to the subject. ]]> 2017-07-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-07-02 Articles 20 4 1160 1168 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-349-07 Variety of repositories of data base devoted to oil the world pollution, and at the same time there is the need for a data repository dedicated to the impact of the oil on the air, water, soil, species living and around the parish Dayuma located in the peripheries of the Ecuadorian Amazon, and that can accommodate certain social indicators and health provided by the ECLAC and WHO. The main objective of this project is to provide a user-friendly database to investigators of the binational project between the Governments of France / Ecuador MONOIL (environmental monitoring, health, society, and petroleum in Ecuador) developed in the open source PostgreSQL database. The information collected by reading scientific journals, books, websites and third-party software. This research will be validated with the researchers belonging to the project MONOIL in this way determines the variables used for the structure to be defined in the database. Through the use of the methodology SCRUM is achieved one of the objectives of the project which allows you to comply with the principles of normalization of a database, create services to auto feed tables automatically every day, at the same time that logical and entity-relationship models used in the structure created in a short period of time and in an orderly manner can deliver testing that are analyzed by the leader principal of the project. ]]> 2017-07-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-07-02 Articles 20 4 1169 1179 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-349-08 The oil production in Ecuador rose considerably during the 70s, it is known as the oil boom. The country was opened to the world oil market, and earned a big ally to promote the economy, although not all is perfect, the oil exploitation has a negative impact for the operating areas, in this case the Ecuadorian Amazon. The main objective of this research is to identify and determine the affected areas in the life system of Dayuma population through a survey to find information on site and subsequently, statistical analysis. It takes as example the population of Dayuma and shows the close link between petroleum sector and society. Using literature review on issues of oil pollution, designing a technique for gathering information that will be executed in the Dayuma parish, this place was chosen for the research due to its strategic value in the region and statistically tabulated information. This research demonstrates the terrible affectation population is exposed to, not only to their lifestyle, but also the quality of their environment. In addition, it shows the close link that exists between people and companies related to the operation, making difficult to identify oil pollution. The advantage of this research is that it counts on the participation of the Environmental Monitoring, Health, Society and Oil in Ecuador (MONOIL), which has involved several institutions in the country, such as the University of Guayaquil. ]]> 2017-07-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-07-02 Articles 20 4 1180 1197 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-026-02 Phytoplankton abundance in relation with physico-chemical parameters were investigated at 11 stations monthly from May 2014 to april 2015 in Aghien lagoon. Distribution of phytoplankton abundance had homogeny within the entire lagoon. However it notices differences between seasons. The high abundance was recorded in the low rainy season (2.3 107 cells/mL) and the low one in the high dry season (1.1 107 cells/mL).The seasonality is confirmed by Indicator value and RDA. Three groups were determined according seasons. The high rainy season assemblage was influence by conductivity and high temperature. Ammonium, BOD, dissolved oxygen and pH influence species of low dry season. Concerning the group 3 (high dry season and low rainy season), abundance of species is associated to high value of turbidity and nitrate. Indeed, the phytoplankton community of Aghien lagoon is still dominated by Cyanobacteria such as Microcystis wesenbergii (Komarek.) Komarek., M. aeruginosa (Kützing) Nägeli., Microcystis sp., Aphanocapsa incerta (Lemm.) Cronb. and Kom. and Anabaena circinalis Rabenh.ex Born. and Flash. These species are responsible for different blooms recorded in the Aghien lagoon. It also important to identified the kind of toxins these bloom-forming cyanobactorial produce in this lagoon. ]]> 2017-07-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-07-02 Articles 20 4 1198 1209 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-041-04 Parliaments are major pillards of democracy both in the voting of laws in general and fiscal in particular and in the implementation of control over public finances. The missions of parliamentary scrutiny emanate from the constitution and the internal regulation. In practice, it appears that these checks do not appear to be well carried out in Democratic Republic of the Congo because of their laxity. Consequently they accentuate the mismanagement and use of public funds by the managers and managers of public institutions, enterprises and institutions. As elected representatives of the people and models, they vote fiscal and budgetary laws and must also pay their professional taxes on remunerations. This pedagogical example must be followed by taxpaying citizens by adhering to the tax system. It unfortunately unfolds that the so-called «majority» deputies, despite the means of control they have, only aim to defend the interests of the ruling majority to the detriment of the general interest of the people and those called «the opposition» manage to bargain their motions. This aspect reduces the catalytic role of effective parliamentary oversight over public finances by expanding impunity, not consolidating good governance of public finances and economic development, let alone reducing poverty. ]]> 2017-07-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-07-02 Articles 20 4 1210 1220 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-038-07 New γ-lactam derivatives are synthesized with good yields on a mineral support in "dry" medium and under microwave irradiations in a domestic furnace. The structures of the various products are established using 1HNMR, 13CNMR and IR spectroscopy. ]]> 2017-07-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-07-02 Articles 20 4 1221 1225 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-041-01 The design process is the main central concern in design research. It has been considered as a solving problem, as discussed recently by many researchers. Nevertheless, this process could be approached by the theory of complexity. Knowing this latter have different understandings and implications, we can consider the designing as a complex system. However, this approach leads us to think about the different levels of complexity linked to the design product production. In this context, we are often targeting the designer rather than the product itself; or being focused on one aspect to the detriment of another (creativity, problem solving …); or somewhat developing a different process (the process of problem evolution or solution evolution or their coevolution). Regarding process design, it appears too much coherent if we think that it is so complex and almost impossible to pin point and treat everything as unit. Nonetheless, when we go deeply through Edgar Morin writings and his approach of "Complex Thinking" or even "Global Thinking", we are conducted necessary to perceive the design process differently, from global re-thinking point of view. To re-think of it as a complexus. The impact of such an initial approach will be discussed. So, the trends in design research will be reviewed in a first section, We will develop, in a second one, a thinking particular mode of the design process with reference to Edgar Morin's approach. ]]> 2017-07-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-07-02 Articles 20 4 1226 1232 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-052-04 In term of governance, the Cameroonian law n° 99/016 of 22 December 1999 laying down the general statute for public institutions and para-public enterprises legitimizes the board of directors in its function of supervising the management of the directors. The main objective of this article is to evaluate the conformity of the boards of directors of Cameroonian public companies with respect to this law. From a sample of 37 companies, the authors argue that in practice, compagnies do not respect process of formal compliance with the regulatory provisions. State hegemony is the main characteristic of the boards of directors of public and parapublic sector companies in Cameroon, as many ministries and other public bodies may be involved in the appointment of directors and the functioning of the board. There is often strong political pressure, leading to the lack of respect for the provisions of the laws in force. ]]> 2017-07-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-07-02 Articles 20 4 1233 1245 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-052-24 In Morocco, countries with semi-arid climate, the increasing needs in water for the irrigation, the production of the electricity and the drinkable water supply, required the construction of a large number of dams. This infrastructure has to allow him to earn a living and to proceed to a better management of its resources in superficial waters The dam BAB LOUTA is situated on the oued BOUSBAÂ (upstream to oued BOUHLOU), near the douar BAB LOUTA of capacity of 35500 million of m3. It has for main function the supply, of the city of Taza, in drinking water. The putting in water of the damis made at the beginning of year 2000. He has to meet the needs for the city. The latter, is situated in approximately 40 km as the crow flies in the southwest of the city of TAZA and 10 km of TAHLA. This study concerned the physico-chemical quality of waters of the dam and its tributaries. To realize our work, we made, a monthly follow-up, spread out from January, 2016 till December, 2016. Analyses concerned 10 physico-chemical parameters, and 3 bacteriologicals parameters. ]]> 2017-07-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-07-02 Articles 20 4 1246 1255 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-057-04 The article aims to highlight the relevance of the territory in the experiences of local development. This article has is analysis the role of territorial determinants of the competitiveness development processes in the sector of textile-clothing inside Casablanca's area (Morocco). Matters relating to territorial dynamics are developed in the social sciences meaning, in particular through research on industrial districts and SPL concepts. Of course, this relative revival of the territory implies questions. How the territorial variable is integrated inside in competitive strategies the economic actors? Which are the space proximity effects on the economic processes in geographically concentrated productive systems? The thought, suggested here, deals with the effects of the geographical proximity on the constitution of a SPL while clarifying as much as possible the institutional and informal articulations of this system and its competitive profile. It turned out that the Casablanca region is overflowing of specific resources, whether of economic process as competition, complementarity or non-economic processes, such as, cooperation, technological externalities, shared values and local regulations. Those resources that are specific to Casablanca region are essential to stimulate the local dynamics of the productive system in question. ]]> 2017-07-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-07-02 Articles 20 4 1256 1267 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-046-04 Since its existence on earth, man never ceased to develop by progressing his intelligence and inventing new sciences. Consequently, the sciences developed by man (natural, human, etc.) were mainly inspired interesting solutions and approaches (new working methods, useful logics, mechanisms, etc.) from two different sources; either from one another or directly from nature. In general, synergy and exchange between scientific domains are often in the form of transfers and replication of practices (experiments, logics, methods, etc.) from an original domain where they were effectively used to another one where they will be adopted. According to this principle, the present paper studies the possibility to project the expertise of the computer networks management, which is well standarized, on the enterprise environment and especially on its management domain built basically, like the whole enterprise, on the basis of management science. This paper aims to develop a theoretical model to assure an efficient management of the enterprise without any disruption of its normal daily functioning. ]]> 2017-07-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-07-02 Articles 20 4 1268 1278 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-349-02 The problem of the boom of the oil extraction in different countries of the world is evident, the workings of crude oil exploitation have not been carried out following the standards that govern this activity since the wastes produced are sometimes dumped directly into the nature incurring a Non-responsible disposal or casualties such as the rupture of transport pipelines generated by the spillage of large quantities of crude oil, affecting the delicate balance of nature. It should be emphasized that in general the oil extraction work is located in complicated areas of access, which makes it difficult to carry out remediation work. This is why an analysis was carried out to identify variables involved in the air pollution process, specifically pollutants produced by Heavy metals and PAH'S (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons) that are present in petroleum. This study involved the analysis of the publications of different authors (books, scientific articles, theses, reports). It was considered a population of 200 publications concerning oil pollution in the world, analyzing the study carried out by each author and determining potential air pollutants. The data were tabulated through a logistic regression analysis that allows obtaining an equation that defines the probability of air pollution. ]]> 2017-06-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-06-02 Articles 20 3 731 741 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-349-01 With an aim of reducing the cost of aquacoles feed, we carried out substitution partial of an imported raw material: the fish meal (FP) by under local product: flour of ground worm (FV). The experiment undertaken on the youthful ones of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), monosexe male, having an initial average weight of 6.24 ± 0.39g (average weight ± ES), consists in testing 2 iso-proteinic and iso-energy diets containing the same rates of the various ingredients. During 45 days of experiment the final average weights reached values ranging between 27.66± 4.06g and 42.46 ± 10.53g according to treatments'. The best growths and food transformations were obtained with treatments T2 and T3 (specific growth rates: respective TCS = 7.25±0.18 and 7.60 ± 0.39% and food conversion rate: respective TCA = 1.30 ± 0.94 and 1.28 ±0.76), while with food T1 one obtained a TCS of 5.90 ±0.15% and a TCA of 1.81±0.17. Ultimately, and in comparison with the analyses of economic profitability, the results obtained, showed that the incorporation of this by-product (FV) ata rate of 15% involves a profit of 29.1 % on the financial expenses related to the station of the food without causing injury with the growth of fish. Thus, substitution partial of the fish meal by the flour of ground worm is possible and more advantageous when the fish are nourished with the fresh ground worms. It allows, moreover, the reduction of the loads related to the food of Tilapia and the valorization of this neglected by-product. ]]> 2017-06-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-06-02 Articles 20 3 742 751 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-011-06 This study aims to use financial ratios to Kida model to predict the financial distress of the investment companies listed on the Iraq Stock Exchange, as well as to identify the extent of the statistical relationship of these ratios to earning per share (EPS) for those companies. The study used a descriptive statistical method, in addition to a regression model to analyze the data and test hypotheses. Model has included a number of independent variables marked by the profitability ratios and leverage, liquidity and activity. Based on the data of 8 companies for three years, the results of this study demonstrated the ability of the companies to continue and distancing itself from financial distress, the study also confirmed that the ratios of profitability ( return on investment) and activity (turnover of assets) statistically significantly relationship affect the earnings of these companies , as evidenced by the study of the relationship positive and very strong between the independent variables and dependent variable. ]]> 2017-06-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-06-02 Articles 20 3 752 761 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-006-07 The large ones and average surfaces have thirty years of uninterrupted existence in Morocco. They develop of number as well (only one hypermarket in 1986, more than 424 retail outlets currently) that in kind (food surfaces, specialized surfaces). The hour is thus with the assessment especially as regards favour done for the "Shopper". Obviously, the distribution companies modern of detail continue gradually in commercial fabric of nature traditional. The Moroccan "Shopper" appreciates this new form of distribution in view of favours which are done to him by the large ones and average untraceable surfaces in the traditional trade. However, are these services in conformity with the international standards of distribution in particular as regards product quality exposed in the rays, of price, presentation, reception and post-sale service? Admittedly, palpable efforts were made to accelerate the rhythm of development of the modern distribution in Morocco. However, of obstacles remain in particular the products expired in the rays, the lack of freshness of products, the lack of diversity of choice of the products, the insufficiency of hygiene, the reception facilities and of animation; in short all what attracts and lengthens the stay of the Shopper in the store. Definitely, the distributors must redouble effort to reach the international standards of service of distribution to hope to overcome the traditional trade which does not disarm to ensure its survival and its perenniality. ]]> 2017-06-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-06-02 Articles 20 3 762 780 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-029-02 Objectives: to take stock of epidemiology, diagnostic methods and the ecology and bacterial resistances of nosocomial respiratory infections, in order to propose preventive measures to improve the management of patients under mechanical ventilation. Type of study: retrospective, analytical, epidemiological over a period of 30 months, from 1 January 2014 to 31 June 2016 conducted in the laboratory of microbiology of University hospital HASSAN II of Fez. Patients and methods: All distal protected specimens (PDP), and bronchoalveolar lavages (BAL) positive from intubated patients hospitalized in resuscitation services. The identification of the bacterial strains as well as the antibiogram was carried out by automated method and the phenotypes of resistance were determined by the diffusion methods in MH agar medium according to the recommendations of the CASFM / EUCAST. Results: A total of 905 respiratory specimens were received of which 547 were positive (60%). VAPs were due to bacteria that were potentially resistant to antibiotics. Acinetobacterbaumanii was the most represented bacterium responsible for 33% of pneumonia acquired under mechanical ventilation. Conclusion: In our series, potentially multi-resistant antibiotic bacteria and especially Gram-negative bacilli were the pathogens most often responsible for VAPs. The choice of the probabilistic antibiotic therapy of the early PAVM must take into account all the risk factors of bacteria potentially multi-resistant to the antibiotics and not only its time of appearance. ]]> 2017-06-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-06-02 Articles 20 3 781 786 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-029-03 Haemophilus influenzae, holds a dominating role in the low respiratory infections. These infections constitute a real problem of public health especially because of the appearance these last years of resistant strains questioning the classic antibiotic treatment. This resistance mainly concerns betalactamins, in particular aminopenicillins. A retrospective study was made over a period of 5 years (September 2011-, 2016) with the aim of establishing the epidemiological profile of the low respiratory infections to H. influenzae, determining the resistance to antibiotics of this germ to guide better the therapeutic and preventive strategies. The identification was based on the requirements in factors X and V and the production of betalactamases was looked for by means of the cefinase. During the period of study, 123 tree strains were isolated among which 73 % resulted from intensive care units and from pneumology. The production of betalactamases for all the isolated tree strains was 31 %. Resistant strains in the amoxicillin by production of betalactamase were sensitive to the association clavulanic amoxicillin-acid in 28 % of the cases. The resistance in the other antibiotics was 16 % in the trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole, 4.8 % in fluoroquinolones and 2.5 % in tetracyclines. No resistance in cephalosporins 3rd generation was observed. ]]> 2017-06-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-06-02 Articles 20 3 787 791 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-329-03 The increasing rainfall variability in West Africa is a great challenge for crop productivity in small-scale farming systems, thus jeopardizing food security. Rainfed rice is particularly sensitive to inconsistent rainfall, especially during the reproductive stage. It is, therefore, necessary to develop management practices suited to the change of rainfall pattern over the growth seasons. In this study, the modeling technology with the rice model ORYZA (v3) was used to identify appropriate rainfed rice growing seasons for a better adaptation of farmers to climate variability. The potential yields, the favorable sowing periods, the optimum sowing dates, and the attainable yields of two contrasted cultivars were determined. After successfully calibrating and validating the model, it predicted potential yields of 5.5 to 6.5 tons/ha for the early maturing variety WAB56-104 (90-100 days), while potential yields of 4 to and 5.5 tons/ha was predicted for the late maturing variety CG14 (115-125 days). In rainfed conditions, two favorable sowing periods were identified from the model scenario analysis. The first period spans from late February to late April and the second from late July to early September. Farmers can double their actual yield of 1.5 tons/ha if they follow the recommended sowing dates and good agricultural practices. Indeed, the yield of 3.5 tons/ha was found with the variety WAB 56-104 sown on around 16 April in San-Pedro and around 2 April in Dimbokro. The yield of 3 tons/ha for the variety CG14 could be achieved if the sowing is done on around 18 March in San-Pedro and around 21 March in Dimbokro. ]]> 2017-06-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-06-02 Articles 20 3 792 803 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-333-02 The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of using Instructional Geometric Activities (IGA) designed based on Van Hiele Thinking levels on Ninth grade students' achievement. The sample of study consists of 30 students (male and females). A total of 15 students were in the treatment group and 15 were in the control group. The treatment group was taught Geometry through the regular method supported by the (IGA), while the control group was taught Geometry through the regular method used in the school without (IGA). Previous knowledge test in the scientific material and students' performance in the previous year were used to identify students' initial levels of Geometric understanding. Both treatment and control group students' achievement was measured by using achievement test developed by the researcher. Using the equation (Kuder-Richardson-20), the test raw score registers a reliability of 0.82. The analysis of the test using (ANCOVA) showed that significant differences between the mean scores of treatment group and the control group in terms of the dimensional achievement test as a whole and in each of its levels. ]]> 2017-06-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-06-02 Articles 20 3 804 816 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-337-01 The objective of the present work is the evaluation of the nutritional and organoleptic properties of olive oils from oil mills in the rural commune of Tagzirt, area of Beni Mellal (center of Morocco) by a physicochemical characterization of their compositions. Fifteen samples of olive oils extracted from the Moroccan Picholine variety were collected from traditional oil mills. Physicochemical analyzes of free acidity, peroxide value, refractive index, density, K232, K270 and K, the chlorophyll content, the content of phenolic compounds, the α-tocopherol content and oleic acid proportion were conducted according to the standards of the International Olive Council (IOC). The results were used to classify the oils studied according to their quality standards. The data obtained confirm that the conditions of harvesting, crushing and storage of olive oils affect the quality of produced oil. Therefore, we must educate farmers on the importance of improving practices and cultivation techniques and the owners of oil mills as regards the storage, processing and storage of oils. ]]> 2017-06-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-06-02 Articles 20 3 817 826 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-337-02 The approach of aims doesn't ignore the approach of content. They complete each other. The aims can't be achieved without content. Also the approach of competences doesn't ignore or delete the procedural aims but it enriches and focuses on them to reach at the competent pupil who employs in a compound position all of his knowledge and skills in his daily behavior and properly overcome all difficulties at any time. Thus, both of the approaches [aims and content] should serve the approach of adequacies. ]]> 2017-06-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-06-02 Articles 20 3 827 839 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-327-02 The objective of this study is to evaluate of the pollution load of waste water in the industrial zone of Tetouan. This pollution is generated by effluents from different industries installed. Analysis of waste water showed strong and irregular pollution which is prejudicial for networks and for the pretreatment station, this last is installed downstream of the pumping station object of study and consequently to the marine environment receiving aquatic (the Mediterranean). The results are compared to national and European standards. ]]> 2017-06-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-06-02 Articles 20 3 840 849 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-192-05 It is not out of place at all for stakeholders to demand for performance figures after a while in post-M and A era. Outcomes are expected to match with merger or acquisition motives. The concept of organizational performance is related to the survival and success of an organization. The general objective of this work was to contribute to the general body of knowledge and research work in the area of post-merger and acquisition organizational performance and performance improvement in the Telecommunications industry. To achieve the general objective, the research was aimed at exploring how a balanced scorecard approach could be employed to analyze how to improve upon post acquisition organizational performance on periodic basis; that is to align business activities to the vision and strategy (medium to long term) of the organization, improve internal and external communications, and monitor organization performance against strategic goals. A framework was developed based on the balanced scorecard to show how a typical acquired Telecom company's performance could be improved on periodic basis. This model or framework can be used by managers of acquired Telecom companies as it presents a holistic performance improvement strategy to ensure overall creation of value for shareholders. ]]> 2017-06-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-06-02 Articles 20 3 850 862 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-318-02 Aims: This study aimed to detect and to determine the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and its main components among the healthcare workers. Methods: This investigation, led in 2014, included 1 078 healthcare workers in four hospitals in the north of Morocco. This study contained a questionnaire, a clinical and a biological examination. The questionnaire included three columns: the sociodemographic and professional data, the health and the individual conducts (food, harmful habits and physical activity). The metabolic syndrome was defined according to the criteria of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force (2009). Results: In the studied population, the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was 21.7 %. It was significantly higher in women than in men (25.9 % vs 17.3 %; p = 0.021). It increased with the age in both sexes: for 20 - 30 years (8.9 % in women and 3.4 % in men), on the 30-40 years (13.9 % and 8.7 %), 40 - 50 years (25.1 % and 28.7 %) and 50 - 59 years (52.2 % and 59.2 %). The abdominal obesity (46.7 %), the high blood pressure (38 %) and the hyperglycemia (34.1 %) were the most frequent components. To the subjects having a metabolic syndrome, the physical activity was significantly less frequent (14.5 % vs 29.6 %; p = 0.002) and the stress was more important (56.4 % vs 41.7 %; p 0.006). Conclusion: The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was important within the healthcare workers and especially in women. The fight against its risk factors (obesity, sedentary lifestyle, etc.) has to constitute a priority for the occupational health teams in hospital environment. ]]> 2017-06-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-06-02 Articles 20 3 863 869 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-339-01 This research concerns the representation of concepts and existing forms of discrimination in access to and use of the Internet. It has a rich literature on neutrality; outlines the existing legal texts all staked a concrete example. Finally account, it is clear that net neutrality controversial element, a factor promoting innovation, competition and freedom of expression on the Internet faces today two challenges, the renewal of the infrastructure of the Internet caused by the future traffic congestion circulating on the Internet and that of the profit-led service providers, applications, content and services. ]]> 2017-06-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-06-02 Articles 20 3 870 880 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-326-01 This research aims at the study of the Strategic Planning and Its Role in achieving the Entrepreneurial University requirement in Dohuk Polytechnic University, initiating from a hypothetical diagram which takes into account the direction of relationship between Strategic Planning and the Entrepreneurial University requirement. To achieve the goals of the research and its requirement, the researchers has started to prepare a theoretical frame work making use of the subject literature. The analytical descriptive approach was adopted and also questionnaire to obtain data, and were distributed on the university administrative leadership which amounted to (90) form, (75) of which were restored with total average responses of (83%). Some statistical methods were used to analyze all results and hypotheses. The conclusions represented by the following: 1. The availability of all the dimensions of strategic planning at the Polytechnic University of Dohuk and the level ''agreed''. The order of dimensions according to their importance is as follows: vision and mission of the university, strategic objectives, strategic controlling and evaluation, strategic implementing, strategic analysis, and strategic choice. 2. The university's interest in entrepreneurial university requirements at the level of ''agreed''. The order of dimensions according to their importance is as follows: pre-emptive measures, competition toughness, innovation, and adoption of risk. The research concluded variety of recommendations which represented by the following: 1. Due necessity for the awareness of the dimensions of strategic planning, comprehending and enhancing it, and then use it in serving the university. 2. Promoting interest in the requirements of the entrepreneurial university, as it helps the university in providing the best services and achieves the highest business values in light of tough competition and modern technologies. ]]> 2017-06-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-06-02 Articles 20 3 881 891 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-227-11 The analysis of a contact area of Gilbertiodendron dewevrei forest was conducted in the reserve north of Yoko. The objective is to characterize the contact zone between the forest Gilbertiodendron dewevrei and semi-deciduous forest. To collect data, 12 plots were installed at block north of the forest reserve of Yoko at milepost 25. The results obtained after analysis show that: -Density is 349 stems per ha for Gilbertiodendron dewevrei forest, 318 stems per ha for the contact area 1 and 351 stems per ha for the contact area 2. -The number of species is 64 for Gilbertiodendron dewevrei forest, 69 for the contact area 1 and 78 to the contact area 2. -The diversity index of Shannon is higher in the contact area 2 (3.56) that the contact area 1 (3.33) and forest Gilbertiodendron dewevrei (2.75). -The basal area is 35.30 sq m / ha for Gilbertiodendron dewevrei forest, 29.48 for the contact area 1 and 27.48 m² / ha for the contact area 2. -Regeneration of 20 major species found 594 individuals in the Gilbertiodendron dewevrei forest, 450 individuals in the contact area II and 427 individuals in the contact area I. ]]> 2017-06-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-06-02 Articles 20 3 892 910 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-227-12 This study had like objective to evaluate the influence of stock USDA 3272 with the varied combination of the organic matter and mineral manure (NPK) on the coring and the growth of soybean. The experiment proceeded in situ out of pots of vegetation according to an entirely random device containing 6 treatments and 6 repetitions. The treatments were as follows: (T0: Pilot ground; T1: USDA 3272; T2: USDA 3272 + Leucaena leucocephala T3: USDA 3272 +NPK; T4: USDA 3272 + Tithonia diversifolia T5: Maximum USDA 3272 + Panicum. After analysis, it arises that the treatments T4 and T5 ensured a good behavior of the seedlings of soybean in terms of height of the seedlings, diameter to the collet and dry weight of the biomass. ]]> 2017-06-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-06-02 Articles 20 3 911 920 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-011-05 The phenomenon of the spread and increase the degree of reservation in the financial statements of the most controversial issues in contemporary accounting thought that formed the focus of attention of many accounting literature, despite exposed to severe criticism because of incompatibility with some of the qualitative characteristics of accounting information, this research provides more evidence about the level of accounting reservation in the financial reports for companies to contribute to Iraq, it also sheds light on the relationship of the accounting reservation improving the quality of financial reporting and the impact of this relationship on the value of the business in the capital markets, the reservation may be used by the company management as a way to choose between accounting alternatives are opportunistic in practice by some policies accounting applied by the companies, and in the multiplicity of accounting policies and estimates alternatives to achieve these goals, collected necessary to test hypotheses data, the study found indicators statistically significant on the level of accounting reservation in the financial reports issued by joint stock companies listed in the Iraq Market Securities. ]]> 2017-06-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-06-02 Articles 20 3 921 936 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-324-01 This document, based on various studies linking wellbeing to performance, try to explain the potential impact of the wellbeing at work on employee individual performance and its consequences. Through this study we have tried to compare the results of surveys and other official reports on this subject, which highlight in particular the correlations between well-being at work and individual performance of workers, as well as the conclusions Formulated in various studies carried out beforehand, while trying to determine their validity and more particularly to demonstrate the impact of well-being at work on the individual performance of a specific category of Moroccan executives working in a public organization devoted to the Scientific Research. We opted for an exploratory approach in order to collect new elements that may be specific to the Moroccan organizational context. The majority of the theoretical models previously developed by many researchers, linking well-being to work to individual performance, are valid according to our study. Although the survey we carried out allowed us to understand the different variables of our problem, it should be noted that the survey we conducted is non-exhaustive, given that the sample chosen is limited in relation to the Different stakeholders influencing the organizational world. ]]> 2017-06-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-06-02 Articles 20 3 937 948 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-006-04 The present study confronts the economic growth rate to the human development index in order to sort out the correlation links between the economic growth levels reached in relation to the social development level undergone by Congolese population and puts in exergue factors explaining this situation during the period from 2001 to 2014. Meanwhile, despite these immense resources, the Democratic Republic of Congo is classified as one of the poorest countries of the world and her population in inhuman conditions. More than 71% of Congolese people live with less than one American dollar per person per day. ]]> 2017-06-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-06-02 Articles 20 3 949 962 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-011-01 The aim of this study was to evaluate the physicochemical and microbiological quality of the waters of Franceville lakes, which are real receptacles for several pollutants. The physico-chemical parameters in situ were measured by means of a multiparameter and other chemical elements as phosphate, sulfate and ammonium were highlighted and measured by a colorimetric and spectrophotometric method. The microbiological parameters were determined by the colony-forming unit (CFU) method on selective agar media. Finally, strains of Escherichia coli were identified by biochemical tests. The results of the physico-chemical parameters show that the waters of Lake Lacaisse have the highest temperature, conductivity, salinity and dissolved oxygen values respectively, 26.71 °C, 398.67 μs/cm, 190 mg/l and 376.4 mg/l. On the other hand, these waters have neutral pH. The results of the bacteriological parameters show that the lake Makana contains the strongest rates of coliformes totals (4.84.105 UFC/100 ml) and of presumptive Escherichia coli in 37°C (3.54.105 UFC/100 ml). Eosin methylene blue medium is the best for counting total coliforms. In addition, (6.45%) colonies of Escherichia coli were identified. So, other coliformes thermotolérants (Entérobacter Sakazakii, Entérobacter cloacae, klebsiella ozaenae, klebsiella Pneumoniae. pneumoniae). In sum, this study shows that the water in Lake Makana appears to be more polluted than Lac Lacaisse. ]]> 2017-06-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-06-02 Articles 20 3 963 974 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-048-10 Globalization has many facets. By this mean, it covers different and heterogeneous sides of the countries' life. No matter how it affects the process of development positively or negatively, the subject of the worldwide economies interconnection becomes more than before an astonishing and fertile ground of research and investigation. Foreign direct investment for instance is considered both as a concrete way to practice globalization and realize the targets of the international business network. This paper attempts to shed light on the capacity of the countries to catch the benefits of the foreign direct investment as a dynamic process to increase the participation magnitude of the country that hosts FDI in the international economics. ]]> 2017-06-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-06-02 Articles 20 3 975 982 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-015-01 We investigated the impact of the kdr genotypes on the survival rate of mosquitoes exposed to insecticides in the main malaria vectors Anopheles coluzzii and An. gambiae s.s.. The genotype-phenotype interaction was investigated following two experimental designs; the first one consisted to determine the survival rate of well-characterized adult mosquito strains sharing different kdr genotypes but same genetic background to various insecticides, whereas the second one consisted to expose wild mosquitoes to the same insecticides. Two to five days old adult females were exposed to DDT (4%), deltamethrin (0.05%), and permethrin (0.75%) following WHO protocols. Alive and dead specimens were kept separately to screen the kdr mutations 1014F. The correlation between the kdr genotype and the survival rate to insecticides was investigated in An. coluzzii and An. gambiae s.s. using a logistic regression model. In the laboratory strains, after exposure to DDT and permethrin, the survival rate was significantly higher in F/F individuals comparing to L/F and L/L individuals (p<0.05). A perfect correlation was observed between the survival rate and the genotype in An. gambiae s.s.. The survival chance in this population was multiplied by 1.9 [1.2; 2.8] for L/F and 3.2 [2.1; 4.7] for F/F individuals after exposure to DDT; and 3.7 [1.8; 7.3] for L/F and 9 [4.8; 17.0] for F/F individuals after exposure to permethrin. In the wild population of An. coluzzii, the survival rate correlated with the genotype after exposure to permethrin and was significantly higher in F/F individuals comparing to L/F and L/L individuals (p<0.05). In L/F and F/F individuals, the survival chance was respectively multiplied by 2.7 [1.4; 5.8] and 3.2 [1.4; 6.9] after exposure to DDT; 2.1 [1.0; 4.1] and 4.1 [2.3; 8.7] after exposure to permethrin; and 2.5 [1.1; 5.3] and 3.9 [1.9; 8.0] after exposure to deltamethrin. Overall, the mosquito survival rates were significantly higher in wild population comparing to laboratory strains after exposure to pyrethroid insecticides. These results suggest that additional mechanisms such as metabolic resistance might contribute to a large extend to phenotypic resistance in malaria vectors. ]]> 2017-06-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-06-02 Articles 20 3 983 993 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-021-02 Soit une paire d'espaces topologiques (X,τ_x) et (Y,τ_y ). Une fonction f:X→Y est dite continue si pour chaque sous-ensemble ouvert S⊂Y,f^(-1) [S] est un ouvert de X. Soient X un espace d'Alexandroff fini et une application f:X→X. Dans cet article nous intéressons à la continuité de f à chaque point de X relativement aux différentes topologies distinctes définies sur X. Cet exercice nous permet de décrire un algorithme de continuité d'une application f définie sur espace d'Alexandroff fini X. ]]> 2017-06-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-06-02 Articles 20 3 994 1010 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-021-07 This survey is part of a work on the valorisation of Coriaria myrtifolia of the North of Morocco. Its objective is to determine the traditional use of this plant by the local population. In order to achieve this objective, a questionnaire is used with inhabitants, herbalists and phytotherapists in the Chefchaouene region. The results revealed that Coriaria myrtifolia is generally used as a whole (90%) for various uses such as burning (87%) washing of kitchen utensils (3%) and tanning of leather (10%). ]]> 2017-06-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-06-02 Articles 20 3 1011 1019 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-318-01 According to documentary evidence and expert opinion, the Dominicans programs that train master in public health and epidemiologists fail to develop them investigative skills needed to respond to social demands, when these professionals are inserted at the workplace. In order to identify the constituent elements of an effective learning of health research in postgraduate studies in the Dominican Republic, theoretical and empirical methods were used. It was found that the programs responsible for research training are the masters in public health and epidemiology at the universities UASD, UNIREMHOS, UCE and a program sponsored by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, offered by the Ministry of Public Health. The preliminary review indicated that 63% of faculties have at least the master's degree and only 13% have specialized in education methodology training. The most obvious flaws in the education of health research are derived from the methods and procedures used in teaching. ]]> 2017-05-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-05-02 Articles 20 2 411 416 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-329-01 In a strongly competing context, the cities and areas of the world resort more and more to territorial marketing and to territorial brands ("BeBerlin", "I Amsterdam" "Only Lyon", "I love NY") to ensure their attractiveness with a good management of their image. In the face of this collective craze, the territorial marketing is from now on a major tool for territorial. Certainly, this type of marketing - applied to the territory- is characterized by a theoretical complexity and a total absence of consensus on its theoretical and conceptual basis. Nevertheless, its evolution and its trends do not stop increasing because the context in which it intervenes is fast-changing and developing. Today, territorial marketing has reached the stage of branding, to do ambassador's strategy, to do digital field, etc. In this research, having checked the literature of the attractiveness and the territorial marketing we are trying to focus on the preliminary phase of implementation of an approach of territorial marketing, on the one hand, and to propose an abstract model, which explains the necessary conditions of implementation of an approach of territorial marketing and its efficiency in the strengthening of the attractiveness of the investments on the other hand. This preliminary phase comes to put the solid bases of setting-up of a successful territorial marketing approach, made up generally of two big stages: a stage of strategic territorial marketing and another one of operational territorial marketing. ]]> 2017-05-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-05-02 Articles 20 2 417 430 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-177-02 The bacteria producing beta-lactamases extended spectrum are the leading cause of treatment failure observed in the treatment of bacterial infections. This study aims to evaluate the antibacterial effects of extracts hexanical, 70% methanol and aqueous leaf Spondias mombin (Desr.) A. Juss. (Anacadiaceae) on six clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae producing beta-lactamases with extended spectrum (ESBL) and a reference strain. The study of the antibacterial activity of the extracts was performed by the medium diffusion method and agar dilution Mueller-Hinton. For phytochemical screening extracts, chromatographic characterization method thin layer was used. It emerged from this study that the aqueous and hydro-alcoholic extracts are actives. They are bactericidal for the majority of tested strains with MICs ranging from 0.39 to 1.56 mg / mg for the 70% methanol extract and 0,39 to 3.125 mg / ml for the aqueous extract. The phytochemical screening revealed a wealth of secondary metabolites such as saponins, tannins, flavonoids, sesquiterpenes, polyphenols, coumarins may be beneficial in the treatment of many diseases in Enterobacteriaceae. ]]> 2017-05-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-05-02 Articles 20 2 431 440 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-332-01 Developing countries multiply the incentive policies on education, at least for primary education and educational equity, to improve the entire educational landscape and to address problems of poverty and insecurity affecting the most of these countries and in sub-Saharan Africa in particular. The aim of our work is to verify, first, the impact of the average years of schooling and educational inequalities (proxy of human capital) on economic growth for 65 developing countries over the period 1985-2010. Second, check if the developing country growth trajectory is explained only by economic factors such as education or requires other factors, structural and conjunctural, specific to each country. We conclude that the effect of the average number of years of study is positive and significant economic growth of the countries in our sample and the predominance of conjunctural factors. However, it appears that educational inequalities have a negative and significant impact on the growth of these countries. The distinction between the group of low-income countries, middle and high shows the existence of a threshold below which education has no effect on economic growth. ]]> 2017-05-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-05-02 Articles 20 2 441 460 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-299-01 The main purpose of this paper was to analyze recommendable technology package combining mineral and organic fertilizer that lead to agronomic and economic efficiency at farmer level. The test on six demonstration plots led to the conclusion that the treatment combining (15Kg N+15Kg P+10Kg K + 10Metric Tons of organic matter ) is efficient in Kalehe territory and Ruzizi plain because gives higher yields in terms of maize production with an average 5.3 MT of maize in Kalehe territory and 3.3MT in Ruzizi plain. Difference in yields for the two zones is mainly explained by the difference of potentials of soil productivity and production costs. Treatment combining (15Kg N+15KgP+10Kg K + 10MT Om) is the most productive in terms of additional yields that increases between 50 and 70% for Kalehe and between 15 and 36% in Ruzizi plain. On the economic aspect profitability of the same treatment (15Kg N+15KgP+10Kg K + 10 MT Om) is the highest in both zones Kalehe and Ruzizi plain. Average gross additional income attributable to the treatment combining the fertilizer package here above mentioned is 3,285$ per season and per hectar in Kalehe while the gross income attributable is 1,684$ in Ruzizi plain zones. Treatment (90KgN+30kgP+15kg K + 10MT om) is economically the most profitable in Ruzizi plain with 1,735 $/ha/harvest season. Estimated rate of financial return of treatment (15Kg N+15KgP+10Kg K + 10 MT Om) is 1.4 in Biriba, 2.8 in Kalehe-centre and 3.8 in Muhongoza. For treatment (90Kg N+30KgP+15KgK + 10MT of Om) the rate of financial return is 2 in Kiliba and 0.75 in Runingu for treatment (45KgN+15KgP+10Kg K + 10 MT of Om). It comes to the conclusion that technology package combining organic and mineral fertilizers increases significantly agronomic and economic efficiency. For farmers to increase yields and generate higher income these technology package are highly recommendable indeed. ]]> 2017-05-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-05-02 Articles 20 2 461 478 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-326-02 The detailed sedimentological study of the Senonian in the Wanina basin of Aït Ourir basins attached to the northern slope of the High Atlas Marrakech, gave the deposit silty carbonato-evaporite, which are carried out in an environment of type sebkha where alternate phases of detrital inputs, under a hot and arid climate and in conditions of bridging favoring the installation of evaporite deposition, and the phases of carbonate deposits more marine installed under the action of a slight increase in sea level degenerating quickly, in an upper intertidal temporarily emerged. In general these carbonate benches mark to their surfaces a rupture of the sedimentation that is materialized by ferruginous hardened surfaces. ]]> 2017-05-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-05-02 Articles 20 2 479 487 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-200-80 The mounts of the Tlemcen region are part of the Algerian national forest heritage. These landscapes offer a very interesting biological and edaphic diversity. In these physiognomic landscapes the groupings to Chamaerops humilis occupy an important place. This study aims to highlight the edaphic requirements of Chamaerops humilis in the mounts of Traras; An integral part of the northern geomorphological structures of the Tlemcen region. To end in our expectations of the physico-chemical analyses on six samples of the ground were realized.. The latter highlight the granulometric and chemical composition on which Chamaerops humilis can develop. The results show that the texture that favors good growth of Chamaerops varies between silt and sandy loam. The chemical composition of the soils analyzed reveals the edaphic variability that favors this taxon to develop. ]]> 2017-05-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-05-02 Articles 20 2 488 492 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-283-02 To assess the influence of the breeding structure on the effectiveness of sexual inversion, growth performance and economic returns of Bouaké strain of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus, hormonal treatment with 17-α-méthytestosterone was performed snapped installed in concrete basin (lot I), in happa) implanted in earthen pond (lot II) and concrete basin snapped without (lot III). The success rate of sexual inversion is 100% male in the three lots. The final average weights recorded were 2,35 ± 0,24 g (lot II), 2,06 ± 0,72 g (lot I) and 1,53 ± 0,65 g (lot III). The daily growth and the specific growth rate significantly different only between the Lot II and Lot III. The survival rate, the nutrient ratio and condition factor were not affected by the farming structure. The cost of producing a fry of 5 g recorded for Lot III (19,82 ± 0,40 F CFA) was significantly (p <0,05) higher than that obtained in the lot II (14,59 ± 1,49 CFA) and to that noted in the lot I (16,12 ± 0,10 F CFA). Profitability indices are 2,4 ± 0,25 for Lot II, 2,17 ± 0,12 for Lot I and 1,76 ± 0,25 for Lot III. The best results were recorded at the happas implanted pond followed by those installed in concrete basin. ]]> 2017-05-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-05-02 Articles 20 2 493 499 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-285-01 Wildfires issues are part of a global problem. In Côte d'Ivoire, these phenomena are recurring and reduce, by the degradation of plant cover, crop yield. Official reports indicate each year many cases of wildfires in Zanzan with their impact on the local economy and human settlements. The present study aims to analyze the climatic conditions that trigger these lights for, identify critical thresholds of climate parameters in question to help prevent against this disaster. From data of ESA satellites ERS-1 and ENVISAT, the descriptive statistics and correlation analysis were used to conduct the study. The results show that during the year, vulnerable periods of wildfires go from december to March with an early occurrence in Bouna. They also show a strong dependence of fire with climatic conditions including high temperatures, low air and soil humidity and easterly dry wind regime. El Nino conditions are also critical for local fire occurrence in the district. Critical thresholds for triggering fires in Zanzan can be summarized by above 30 degrees Celsius for temperatures, below 40 percent for air relative humidity and less than 5 mm for the soil moisture. The analysis of the Angstrom index shows that this indicates is appropriate for characterize fire danger in the District Zanzan. ]]> 2017-05-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-05-02 Articles 20 2 500 516 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-236-07 The wastes generated by the care at a hospital are numerous: solids, liquids and other. They give rise to risks of various kinds for the environment and for the health of human. These risks include those related to the existence of parasites, now called medical and pharmaceuticals wastes according to the law 28 00. The present study aims to study the parasitological characterization of hospital effluents. The place chosen for the study is the hospital Mohamed V Meknes because its history (1956) and its fame as care referral center and interregional consultations radiation. It is among the most important hospitals in the kingdom. It serves a population of about 2,125,608 inhabitants in 22 disciplines. The clinical laboratory of the hospital, 25 samples were analyzed over a period of four weeks on the modified Baillenger technique. The results showed the detection of protozoa, helminths, flatworms, nematodes, tapeworms and others. They have also identified a qualitative variation (different parasite species) and quantitative (concentration per 100ml) of the parasite load. ]]> 2017-05-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-05-02 Articles 20 2 517 525 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-304-01 Football is an "industry" and clubs "businesses" characterized by competition for resources. The opportunities presented by expanding markets and the challenges of an environment characterized by increasing competition require that clubs successfully position themselves to build sustainable, competitive advantage. The main aim of the study was to analyze the effects of board composition and structure on performance of soccer management in Kenya Premium League. The study adopted descriptive research design taking 96 elected officials and 48 employees giving a total of 144 target population who understood key issues of football governance as the target population of the study. The study used probability sampling random sampling technique to select the respondents. Data was collected using both primary data collection tools. Structured questionnaires administered to the selected respondents was used elicit information related to governance structure of the Clubs whereas both structured questionnaire and secondary data collection form was used to collect information related to Kenya Football Premium League Performance. In spite of board membership being drawn from members who were not necessarily footballs, the board lacked wider representation in terms of gender, institutional representation like the government, age variability making the board not to have the face of Kenya, that is most clubs were aligned to specific tribe or counties, the idea which was a replica of their respective boards. ]]> 2017-05-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-05-02 Articles 20 2 526 538 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-295-04 Football is an "industry" and clubs "businesses" characterized by competition for resources. The opportunities presented by expanding markets and the challenges of an environment characterized by increasing competition require that clubs successfully position themselves to build sustainable, competitive advantage. The main aim of the study was to analyze the effects of corporate reporting and leadership structures on performance of soccer management in Kenya Premium League. The study adopted descriptive research design taking 96 elected officials and 48 employees giving a total of 144 target population who understood key issues of football governance as the target population of the study. The study used probability sampling random sampling technique to select the respondents. Data was collected using both primary data collection tools. Structured questionnaires administered to the selected respondents was used elicit information related to governance structure of the Clubs whereas both structured questionnaire and secondary data collection form was used to collect information related to Kenya Football Premium League Performance. Although the boards had fair corporate reporting practices, their leadership practices were not to the standard of corporate governance practices characterized by most clubs aligned to specific tribe or counties, the idea which was a replica of their respective boards. ]]> 2017-05-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-05-02 Articles 20 2 539 550 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-304-02 Affective computing and consumer behavior have evolved to give way to sentiment analysis either invasively or interactively. There are some tools that facilitate affective computing such as CRM and recommender systems. These are studied to analyze their objectives, applications and performance, without neglecting the evolutionary process that have suffered through the years. Also relevant is the direct impact of affective computing companies that use it, and the process that this implies. Its application to predict and give consumers new products is a reality in today's market, increasing company profits and enabling approach to the consumers never has seen before. ]]> 2017-05-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-05-02 Articles 20 2 551 559 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-314-02 This study aims to determine the impact of fortification of wheat flour by the undefatted seed of Citrullus lanatus (Cucurbitaceae) on blood biochemical parameters and biometry of organs. Thirty (30) rats were fed for 14 days with six diets. A control casein diet (RTC), a classic bread diet (RPC) and four diets fortified bread (RPFnd) where wheat flour was substituted for the rate 5% (RPFnd5); 10% (RPFnd10);15% (RPFnd15) and 20% (RPFnd20) by undefatted seed meal of Citrullus lanatus. After the experimental period, the animals were sacrificed and their blood is levied to assay metabolites. Their organs are also levied and weighed. The results indicate that glyceamia and uremia for the rat of RPFnd diet have undergone changes compared to those of rats fed by RTC and RPC diets. The fortification had no effect on other blood biochemical parameters. The animals of CBD diets had a ponderale increase kidney and stomach substitution rate of 15% and/or 20% compared to the rats of RTC diet. There was no change in other organs weight (p ≥ 0, 05) for all diets. However the rats of diet RPFnd20 had got light-colored livers. Histological studies are, nevertheless required to see if these changes have pathological consequences of these organs. ]]> 2017-05-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-05-02 Articles 20 2 560 567 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-315-01 Three physico-chemical characteristics of Acacia activated charcoals were determined: the degree of activation, the specific surface and surface functions. The coals are prepared from Acacia auriculaeformis and Acacia mangium, leguminous and fast growing trees, available in Côte d'Ivoire. They were activated by chemical means, by impregnation with phosphoric acid (H3PO4). Analysis of the results indicates that the activation yields are below 50% for both types of coal. In addition, the activated carbon-based Acacia auriculaeformis has a larger surface area than that based Acacia mangium. The two activated coals have mixed surface functions, predominantly acid, which give them a dual reactivity for both anionic and cationic adsorbates. ]]> 2017-05-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-05-02 Articles 20 2 568 574 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-315-02 The extraction of metal ore in the poor leads us to look for techniques and methods to extract a good amount of it (metal) low cost without passing the gangue in the solution. For this purpose, to determine leaching parameters seen to recover the metal in a low grade ore, we proceeded to test leaching guidelines heap ore preceded by size analysis and chemical different slices to determine the working parameters that can give satisfactory results. After these analyzes guidance, we opted for crushing the ore to determine the correct job settings for a good recovery of the metal contained in the ore poor and know the slice for perfect contact between the etching solution and ore for metal recovery. During testing after leaching, we noticed that when we respect the following parameters: a constant acid concentration of 70 g / l, a time of 64 hours, a particle size of 1,700 micron; we dissolved a good amount of metals or a yield ranging between 37.9 to 74.9% when the particle size of the ore pass 9423-850 micron. However, leaching of the composite sample of the same ore, gives a neighbor leach performance to which is recorded with the fine ore 70.8%. ]]> 2017-05-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-05-02 Articles 20 2 575 588 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-330-06 Angiosarcoma of the breast is a very rare conjunctive tumor. It is a primitive malignant proliferation of the endothelial cells of the vascular tissue of the gland. It occurs in both a primary form without a known precursor, and a secondary form that has been associated to a history of irradiated breast tissue. Both forms have a malignant behavior and a poor prognosis. We report a case of breast angiosarcoma diagnosed by histology and treatment consisting of a mastectomy supplemented by chemotherapy and radiotherapy. ]]> 2017-05-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-05-02 Articles 20 2 589 593 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-330-07 Mammary tuberculosis is a rare disease even in endemic countries, accounts for 0.07℅ of all tuberculous sites and 0.025℅ to 4.5℅ of all breast tumor diseases. There is renewed interest in the spread of AIDS in developed countries. We report three cases of mammary tuberculosis, the diagnosis of which could only be based on the histology seen in the multiplicity and non-specificity of its clinical and radiological aspects. ]]> 2017-05-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-05-02 Articles 20 2 594 600 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-277-02 The present study, some heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Zn and Pb) were determined in water, sediment and some tissues of Parachanna obscura, Cardisoma amarantum, Peanus monodon and Helix aspersa from Ologe Lagoon which is situated in the Agbara Industrial Estate section of Lagos State, Nigeria. This is important because it is open to surrounding industries which deposit their wastes into it. The samplings of the specimens and water matrix were done as describe by American Public Health Association procedure. The samples after treatment were taken to the laboratory for the determination of heavy metal levels in water, sediment and organisms samples by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) as described by American Public Health Association. The obtained results showed that the average values Alkalinity, BOD Dissolved Oxygen and Fe in water samples were higher than the recommended values for fresh water as stated by W.H.O. Results for levels in water were compared with national and international water quality guidelines. The analysis of heavy metals in sediments indicated that among the six heavy metals tested Fe was maximally accumulated, followed by Zn Cu, Cr, Pb and Cd. The organisms showed bioaccumulation in the following pattern: Fe > Zn > Cu > Cr > Cd > Pb. In the Crab samples, cadmium, chromium, nickel and lead concentrations exceeded the tolerable values provided by international institutions. (Maximum values; Fe - 874.00 mg/g, Cu – 1.71 mg/kg, Pb – 0.02mg/kg, Cd – 0.01mg/kg, Zn – 13.78 mg/kg) and minimum bioaccumulation was recorded in the fish fry (Fe - 135.1mg/kg, Cu 0.45mg/kg, Cr 0.02mg/g, Pb 0.01mg/kg, Cd – 0.01mg/kg, Zn – 3.85mg/kg). The values recorded in this study revealed that apart from Cd, Cr, Pb and Cu the Fe and Zn were present in proportions that calls for concern. And for the rest left, even if their concentrations are not in worrying amounts now, over time the continuous intake into the body of living organisms would result in bio-accumulation of these metals and this may have injurious long term effects on both the environment and the organisms. In light of this study it is reasonable to deduce that fish obtained from Ologe Lagoon is unsafe if it is to be eaten by humans. Baring this discovery, appropriate agencies should be called into action to check these substances as soon as possible. ]]> 2017-05-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-05-02 Articles 20 2 601 608 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-332-05 In this study, we propose an evaluation method of the thermal inertia for two adjoining materials to one another from the heat capacity. The expression of the capacity has been deducted from the thermal-electrical analogy in dynamic frequency regime. The influences of the exciting pulse and depth in the concrete slab and in the tow-plaster on the heat capacity were presented. ]]> 2017-05-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-05-02 Articles 20 2 609 615 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-332-06 In this paper, we propose a study of heat transfer through a roadway. The expression of the temperature and heat flux density are obtained from the resolution of the heat equation and the Fourier law in dynamic frequency regime. The influence of extrinsic parameters such as coefficients of convective and radiative heat exchange and cloud cover are presented. ]]> 2017-05-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-05-02 Articles 20 2 616 623 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-323-01 The authors present a preview of the accreditation process and recategorization of the University of Guayaquil, is explored briefly the process in itself. Is done also an analysis general of the cloister teaching and the distribution of students according to the mode of study: face-to-face, blended and to distance. He is an approach to the need to implement ICT in the process of teaching and learning at the University of Guayaquil based on the Horizon reports and choose the scheme of work posed by Malbernat (2014). Finally we have analyzed the results of applying the scheme of work an academic unit (computer systems race) of the University of Guayaquil and established conclusions based on the results, considering the way forward towards the implementation of technology and educational methodologies. ]]> 2017-05-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-05-02 Articles 20 2 624 633 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-326-03 The poultry area knew a remarkable development in the last decades within the Moroccan and worldwide territory, but it constitutes a serious problem of public health. The genus Campylobacter is the causative agent of the vast majority of cases of human Campylobacteriosis and food poisoning throughout of origin in the poultry products. This pathogenic is and ubiquitous bacteria in the environment and livestock sector primary poultry farm and able of colonizing in the tract digestive. In effect, these stocks cause diseases with strong impact constitute a danger in constant increase such as gastroenteritis and of complications extra-intestinal. Besides, these invasives bacterium introduce a resistance to certain antibiotics, but what is worrying, that they acquired a resistance to antibiotics prescribed for the treatment of the serious epidemics. This zoonose makes a major risk of public health. To diminish the impact of campylobacteriosis at Man, it requires a strategy of conflict against Campylobacter on the whole food production circuit of animal husbandry up to the end product, implicating good health practices and installation of a system of surveillance aiming at triggering off health alerts in time and in space. ]]> 2017-05-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-05-02 Articles 20 2 634 642 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-363-01 The pedagogical method selection is relevant to guarantee adaptability and to personalize each method, while working with intelligent tutorial systems. The objective of this research is just to develop a hybrid system for the pedagogical method selection for an intelligent tutorial system that contributes to knowledge management and strengthens the multiple specific intelligences of each student, in the teaching–learning process. The proposed hybrid system has two components, a genetic algorithm and a neuro fuzzy network, Mamdani Anfis style. The hybrid approach interprets the rules base of a fuzzy system in neural networks terms, where the net simulates a fuzzy inference system of Mamdani type. The learning algorithm works modifying its structure and/or parameters, that is to say, because of neuronal inclusion or exclusion and weight adaptability. The neuro fuzzy network learns in a supervised way, through the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm. An experiment was applied in order to measure system effectiveness, considering decrease in wrong attempts doing an exercise as a success criterion. The result allows us to confirm that the selection of the pedagogical method generated by the proposal is useful, so it can contribute in a positive way to the programming teaching. This new system enables teaching under in a personalized learning style, taking into account the students characteristics. ]]> 2017-05-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-05-02 Articles 20 2 643 651 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-259-01 The study sought to explore the prevalence and societal influence on drug and substance abuse among secondary school going teenagers in the Shiselweni region of Swaziland. Exploratory sequential mixed method research design was employed. Focus group discussions with 35 learners who were drug and substance abusers were selected using snowball sampling. In-depth interviews with four principals of the selected schools were done to generate qualitative data and these were selected using the criterion purposive sampling method. The generated qualitative data were analysed using thematic analysis and were used to form items of a questionnaire given to 200 randomly selected students for quantitative data. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics, frequencies, mean and standard deviation. The study revealed that drug and substance abuse was prevalent among teenage learners and the society was encouraging drugs and substances abuse. A programme to deal with abuse problems was recommended. ]]> 2017-05-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-05-02 Articles 20 2 652 660 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-006-01 Inadequate supply of power by the service provider has been an unresolved national issue which affects occupants of buildings in performing tasks indoor. This study was carried out to assess generator audit in selected residential and commercial buildings in Ibadan Metropolis, Nigeria. The study area was divided into core, transition and suburban residential zones. Multistage and quota sampling techniques were used to select respondents sampled in residential and commercial buildings respectively. Descriptive and inferential statistical techniques were used to analyse data collected. The findings revealed that the average supply of power to residential and commercial buildings in the core, transition and suburban zones were 4.37, 5.31 and 7.6 hrs; 4.00, 4.45 and 5.86hrs respectively. The study showed that regardless of the zone, occupants of residential and commercial buildings sampled depended on varying types of brand of generating sets for either comfort need or occupational purpose. Also, 47.79%, of respondents in the residential buildings in the suburban zone used generating sets that were of higher output ratings than those used in either core or transition zone. Across the zones, 71.43% of respondents in the residential buildings could not use their generators to power all their electrical devices. However, in the commercial buildings across the zones, 93.75% of respondents were able to use their generators to power all their electrical appliances indoor. The study recommended that the myriad of poor power supply that forced building occupants to procure various types of generating sets and also run generator economy should be addressed by harnessing environmentally friendly and alternative sources of energy that will foster power security. ]]> 2017-05-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-05-02 Articles 20 2 661 674 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-011-03 The present study had the main objective, the quantitative and qualitative characterization of the raw wastewater of STEP Aïn Taoujdate (Morocco) in term of debit and of concentration of the parameters of pollution (TSS, COD and BOD5) which correspond to some given by entries essential for purification processes. On this base, a monthly monitoring in the order of sample a month during 2012, on 2013 and 2014. Also, the medium stocks in 2012 is in the order of 1230 m3 / j (debit), 408 mg / l (TSS), 969 mgO2 / l (COD) and 528 mgO2 / l (BOD5); in 2013, is in the order of 1930 m3 / j (debit), 387 mg / l (TSS), 902 mgO2 / l (COD) and 503 mgO2 / l (BOD5) and in 2014, is in the order of 1859 m3 / j (debit), 475 mg / l (TSS), 1054mgO2 / l (COD) and 491 mgO2 / l (BOD5). Also, this station works in hydraulic load exceeding the reference debit of STEP (1500 m3 / j) with Concentrations of pollutants in the order of 13755 EH (population equivalent) exceeding the maximum theoretical pollutant load for which the station was designed (13330 EH) and make sign sometimes of a sub-capacity of the system of treatment. ]]> 2017-05-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-05-02 Articles 20 2 675 680 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-332-08 Oftentimes, when assessing adult student's writing skills in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) environment, teachers and students alike might find themselves at an impasse regarding the grade given in a composition. With this in mind, we have upgraded one of most used assessment tools: rubrics. This project proposal describes the path that we have taken to design an innovative rubric that aims to improve the assessment of writing by both teachers and students alike. Outcomes of this project include increase of students' self-awareness and independence, and the acceptance of an upgraded assessment tool. In our upgraded rubric the proficiency categories are based on a gradient of colors for each of the relevant aspects of writing rather than on numbers (one through four), literals (A through D), among other types of proficiency indicators, with the aim of making written compositions a useful learning experience, and avoid the conflict of subjective grade. ]]> 2017-05-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-05-02 Articles 20 2 681 710 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-011-02 This paper addresses a problem of choosing a data structure in the context of managing information in a general ledger. A multicriteria approach is proposed to classify structures for recording and manipulating information to general accounting. A family of criteria is proposed and a ranking approach is adopted to perform this ranking. The results obtained make it possible to obtain a certificate of aptitude for obtaining the best data structure for the management of the information at the accounting. In addition, a sensitivity study is carried out to assess the effect of the variation in weight given to each criterion on the ranking obtained. ]]> 2017-05-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-05-02 Articles 20 2 711 723 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-17-021-03 This study aims to evaluate the performance of the sewage treatment plant of the lagunage type with activated sludge located in the town of Skhirat of the area Rabat-Sale-Kenitra in the vicinity of the Atlantic Ocean. Sampling was carried out monthly during the year 2013 follow- up by specific physicochemical analyses in terms of the chemical demand for oxygen (DCO), the biological request oxygenates of them (DBO5) and suspended matter measures it (SM). These parameters are measured at the laboratory by the device DCOmétre, DBOmétre as well as SM by a cellulose membrane filter. On the level of this sewage treatment plant, the output acquired in terms of DCO, DBO5 and SM is respectively of annual percentage average of about 87,26%, 88,35% and 68,37% what is very significant on the level downstream of this STEP and conforms to the national standards and international ; this is confirmed by the Test t unilateral for two matched samples represented by one p-value 0.0001 significant for the difference between the averages of entry and exitof the STEP. As well as the ratios of DCO/DBO5 and DBO5/DCO, indicate to us that the biodegrad ability is not difficult, represented respectively by values of about 2,05 and 0,49 what means what means that thisstation uses a kind of satisfactory biological treatment. ]]> 2017-05-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-05-02 Articles 20 2 724 730 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-228-03 Corrosion it's the most frequent and critical pathology in reinforced concrete structures, the reinforced steel bars lost the locally passive protection; ion chloride or widespread carbonation. The carbonation is the main process of reducing the service life of concrete in urban, rual or mixed atmospheres, free from other aggressive agents. The carbonation resistance is direct function of the characteristics of the emplacement (concentration of CO2, HR, etc.) and the pore grid of concrete (water ratio / cement material, content and type of cement, curing, etc.). In this work the carbonation resistance (RCA) is evaluated and estimated the time of depassivation of the reinforced steel of concrete highway bridges executed with a service life > 50 years, emplaced in a rural environment class A1 (CIRSOC 201) executed with Normal Portland Cement (CPN). The influence of the quality of concrete is analyzed macro and microclimate. The results show a downward trend RCA by model Duracrete and the cement contain rules the carbonation resistance by granting the alkaline reserve under the same microclimatic conditions in most of the structures. ]]> 2017-04-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-04-02 Articles 20 1 1 8 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-277-01 The purpose of this paper is to try to explain in the Moroccan context the impact of the presence of audit committees on the remuneration of external auditors including the auditors. The sample includes 27 companies divided on four sectors of activity. This limited number of firms studied is due to the requirements of the Dechow, Sloan and Sweeny (1995) model of the earning management, which requires a minimum of six (6) companies by sector. The analysis of the proposed model via the stepwise method allows in highlighting an indirect relationship between the Audit Committee and the remuneration of the auditors. This relationship is explained by: (1) The size of the company, meaning, the bigger the size of the company, the larger the earnings management, which requires a high remuneration of the auditors. (2) The percentage held by the leaders influence the remuneration received by the auditors. The results obtained explained by the size of the company (1) and the percentage held by its leaders (2) allow in concluding that the latter foster the establishment of audit committees which in turn allows in increasing the remuneration of the auditors. ]]> 2017-04-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-04-02 Articles 20 1 9 16 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-276-04 The present study aims at analysing the appropriation of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) by the women association (WA) for processing of shea nuts into shea butter and other by-products in the municipality of Ouessè in central Benin. To achieve this, individual as well as focus groups interviews were used to collect data from the 30 members of this association. In addition, the method of "grading" based on weighted indices was used to analyse the preponderance of ICT uses and their appropriation factors. The results showed that telephone was the dominant ICT used within the WA, and that the transmission of information among members, the search for market information, the advertisements of products, the connection with technical and commercial partners and the restitution of training sessions were the most frequent uses of ICT within this women association. Our study revealed also that appropriation of the ICT has generated for the WA some positive effects in terms of time saving, financial gains, better understanding of information, reliability of information, improvement of product packaging and display, regularity of members to meetings, maintenance of social relations among members, and improvement of their relations with the partners. It appears from these results that appropriation of ICT could contribute to considerably improving the organisation and socioeconomic performances of women associations that were rather, and most often, marginalized in the access to and use of new technologies in rural areas. ]]> 2017-04-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-04-02 Articles 20 1 17 27 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-276-05 The surface water resources in the region of Bonoua are subject to strong anthropogenic pressures created by the development and expansion of agricultural activities and also by the agro-industrial and domestic activities. This impacts the available quantities of these resources that fluctuate throughout the year. Similarly, their quality is thereby also changed. Regarding the quality of these resources how can occur at a given time of year? This concern led in this study to assess the overall quality of surface waters of Bonoua region during the rainy season. It is based on the exploitation of data from a water sampling campaign conducted in July 2014. The data were processed with the Evaluation System of Quality of Waters, referred to as "SEQ-Eau" for determining the overall water quality. The (ACPN) has also been applied to the data for the identification of phenomena causing water pollution. The results show that in general the surface waters in the region are Bonoua of "average quality" to 92.86% and "poor" at 7.14%. The responsible alteration of this deterioration in the quality of surface water is the "acidification" parameter, which contributes to 64%. Alterations "temperature" and "organic and oxidizable materials" expressed as COD and BOD 5 incidentally involved in this deterioration in the respective proportions of 14 % and 22 %. The phenomena causing water pollution is anthropogenic. They are mainly from discharges of domestic and industrial waste water and the use of chemical fertilizers in the plantations. This evaluation of the quality of surface water in the region of Bonoua is a first draft that should be complemented by other studies covering aspects such as pesticides and microbiology for better management. ]]> 2017-04-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-04-02 Articles 20 1 28 41 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-276-08 Background: Mortality under 5 in sub-Saharan Africa remains very high. Interventions implemented including community support through the establishment of community care sites aim to improve access to care. The study evaluates the implementation of community care management in the Kabare health zone that be fully supported by International Rescue Committee. Methodology: The study followed a framework based on standards of the DR Congo Health Ministry about the functioning of community care sites. It has used review literature, data analysis from the health information system and mothers interviews. Results: Community care management through care sites improves access to health care. Strict compliance with the Ministry of Health guidance during the implementation of the community care sites is observed. Two constraints facing these directions are identified: the abandonment of some health community workers with closure of their sites as a consequence and the limited funding of the sites; the process didn't meet all the input requirements. Conclusion: The study identifies the health community worker as a key player in the implementation of community care and advocates strengthening the mechanism of his recruitment, his formation, his supervision, his estate and the maintenance of motivation. The study proposes actions to improve the operation and sustainability of community care sites. ]]> 2017-04-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-04-02 Articles 20 1 42 51 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-313-03 Beekeeping is an agricultural sector that has a special character in Morocco. It is virtually present in different regions. The apiarian potentialities in Morocco are important and remain under exploited. Honey production is stagnating because of many difficulties concerning repopulating colonies despite governmental efforts to modernize the sector. This review is to present a synthesis about the sector of beekeeping and honey production in Morocco. It will allow describing the situations, to understand the challenges faced by the Moroccan beekeeping by focusing on: bee farming, honey production, professional organization, marketing and regulatory issues. The main issues of this sector is the preservation of the Saharan yellow bee, increasing honey production and productivity of the hives, the application of good hygiene practices, enhancing honey quality, regulatory revision, adjusting the current model of professional organization, structuring of honey marketing channels and finally conclude with recommendations and prospects. ]]> 2017-04-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-04-02 Articles 20 1 52 78 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-310-01 The present study focuses on psychosocial care and support for diabetic patient of National University Hospital Center at Cotonou in Benin. The objective is to enhance the care given to patients at the endocrinology department. Qualitative and quantitative analysis were performed using a cross sectional data collected at the National University Hospital Center. The results of the analysis indicate that the psychosocial support of diabetic patient have taken a last stage hence creating a psychosocial infrastructure by authorities and health care professional will contribute in improving the quality of care and life of diabetic patient. ]]> 2017-04-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-04-02 Articles 20 1 79 89 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-314-01 The aim of this article is to examine one of the major issues that concern today Congolese educational partners: the acculturation of young Congolese. We show that there behind this lies the whole problem of training program content must be assessed if they are compatible with the ancestral socio-cultural imperatives or constitute obstacles to progress. Faced with the need to think locally, consider globally and act locally, Congolese must defend their cultural heritage without fail to open the demands of a new world to build a society where traditional and modern values are well integrated. This is indeed the kind of knowledge the content of communications tied to our specific realities we seek not knowledge tied to the cult of good importing foreign models. Projective board used for this purpose as technical production data, not only to identify the attitudes of subjects approached, but shows that the actual behavior verify unequivocally the young Congolese opening of school capacity in non-urban on modernity as well as their desire to remain themselves. ]]> 2017-04-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-04-02 Articles 20 1 90 100 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-296-05 A novel nanoscale henna natural dye with particle size less than 100 nm were successfully prepared by using ultrasonic stirrer. Henna natural dye as ecofriendly dye was studied to clarify the impact of nature of nano-size color particles on size, shape, and particle distribution of the natural dye. The work was extended to study the K/S and overall color fastness properties of the printed natural fabrics (wool, silk and cotton) in presence and absence of mordant. Results showed that the K/S values of nano scale samples acquire higher values when compared to that of the original samples, irrespective of the nature of the fabric used. Mordant for example Alum that incorporated with original henna can be omitted, and substituted by nano-henna without mordant on printing silk and cotton fabrics. Results also shows that the pre-mordanting acquired K/S values higher than the simultaneous mordanting irrespective of the kind of fabric used, or dye particles size used, or henna concentrations. While on using tannic acid as a mordant, color fastness to rubbing, and perspiration properties of nano dye is found to be better than that of the original. ]]> 2017-04-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-04-02 Articles 20 1 101 114 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-279-03 We define some important spaces of vector valued distributions which will be useful in the study of evolution problems in general, particularly in the NAVIER-STOCKES equations of fluid mechanics, one meets with some of these spaces. ]]> 2017-04-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-04-02 Articles 20 1 115 123 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-058-09 In this article we propose to analyze the factors of the locations of service stations and their impact in the spatial organization of the city of Lubumbashi. We have adopted the descriptive explanatory method; Using a GPS, the service stations were located. The quadrat method allowed us to highlight the spatial model of the city and the Quantum Geographic Information System (QGIS) software enabled us to develop the service station map. After analysis of the quadrat and the map we deduced the following: intense places of activity (business center); The major roads and intersections attract more petroleum operators to establish service stations within the city. Affordable price; The quality of the petroleum product; Proximity to the road; The speed of delivery of petroleum products attracts customers to service stations. Their environmental impacts have been elucidated and the risks associated with their radiation are great because they have no buffer zones and their reconciliation is a permanent fire hazard in a city where fire fighting vehicles are almost non-existent. Where the town hall has a responsibility for regulating points of sales of petroleum products in order to save human and material lives. ]]> 2017-04-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-04-02 Articles 20 1 124 133 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-325-04 Germination is the processing of the seed until it becomes a plant. This implies the metabolic Wake thereof after absorbing water followed by imbibition. To determine the germination potential of seeds, after sorting, by direct seeding cultivation of 100 seeds per species 11 herbaceous legumes such as Abrus precatorius, Calopogonium mucunoides, Centrosema pubescens, Clitoria ternatea, Crotalaria goreensis, Crotalaria retusa, Indigofera arrecta Mimosa invisa, Phaseolus adenanthus, Pueraria phaseoloides and Schrankia leptocarpa in nursery bags was performed. The seeding depth was the same for all packets and equal to 1 cm. The density of the semi is 1 seed per bag. Then, the number of species germinated every day and their growth rate were evaluated. From the viewpoint of germination, the length of the lift phase translated dormancy variability of the population of seeds. Different exercised within a relatively short time (4-9 days) helped to note the beneficial effects of mechanical scarification as a treatment applied to seeds. After 35 days of sowing, low survival rates recorded have shown that plants are more sensitive to the vegetative stage at the stage of the adult plant. ]]> 2017-04-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-04-02 Articles 20 1 134 144 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-303-01 By means of cyclomatic number C, index α, index β, and index γ inherent in graph theory, this paper shows the bad connectivity of Mbujimayi town (that is 18% of connexion). To ameliorate it, we propose, on the one hand, the reorganization of actual highway network providing a long bypass to which others axis will connected, and on the other hand, to rehabilitate some main roads, to bridge small and big ravines, to plant bamboos or vetivers on the embankments of ravines preventing the gully erosion. From this system rehabilitated, the connectivity indices calculated show that the highway network is completely ameliorated (that is 55% of connexion). ]]> 2017-04-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-04-02 Articles 20 1 145 153 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-321-01 This study has allowed to point out first a threefold quarter rings of the city of Mbujimayi namely, geographically accessible quarters, less accessible quarters and hardly accessible quarters. And then, it has pointed out two types potential quarters, notably attacting quarters and emittingquarters. Finally to further the analysis, a sectorial, holistic anddurable arrangement based on UNESCO's norms, revealing a double threefold typology of the main groups of these quarters has been proposed. The data were collected from the urban Department of Primary, Secondary, and Professional education. And, accessibility algorithms designed by Rodrigue (2006) have contributed to the calculation of different accessibility indices. ]]> 2017-04-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-04-02 Articles 20 1 154 169 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-325-02 Agro- economic performance of the micro- dose fertilizer on intercropping in the cotton belt of western Burkina Faso. The cotton zone of Western Burkina Faso, is characterized by a reduction of land reserves and soil fertility. Innovations techniques from hybridization of scientific and local knowledge have been tested in this zone. This paper describes the approach and gives experimental results on the diversity of cultural practices between the maize-mucuna and the maize-pigeon pea association and the effects of using micro-dose of fertilizer on the agronomic and economic performance of the two type of crop association. The study was conducted in 2012 with 36 farmers in two villages of the municipality of Koumbia (Burkina Faso). Mineral fertilizers were applied on the maize associated according to the conventional requirements (150 kg ha-1 NPK and 50 kg ha-1 urea) and micro-dose (75 kg ha-1 of NPK and 50 kg ha-1 urea). The results show that the time of planting, crop densities and the residual effects of previous crops are the factors of variation in associating maize-mucuna and maize-pigeon pea. It has been also noted that the micro-dose induces a non-significant increase in grain yield of maize 4 and 11% respectively for the maize-pigeon pea and maize-mucuna, compared to a broadcast application. Economic performance and the work time between micro-dose and broadcast application are not significantly different (p < 0.05). In a context of scarcity of agricultural land, the results of this study show that the maize-legume associations allow a diversification of production on the same unit area and ensure food and forage safety. ]]> 2017-04-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-04-02 Articles 20 1 170 186 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-332-02 Introduction: Acne is a common disease. His impact on quality of life (QOL) had not yet been studied in Burkina. Our objective was to describe the degree of impaired QOL in students with acne in Ouagadougou and then determine the correlation between the severity of acne and their QOL. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study in two examination centers of Ouagadougou and included, with their consent, students candidates to BEPC and BAC exams of selected juries. The grid ECLA was used for clinical evaluation of acne, CADI grid for QOL. Results: We recruited 311 students with 59.4% of boys and 40.60% girls. The average age was 19.5 years with extremes of 13 and 28 years. The prevalence of acne was 56.27% (175/311). Acne was considered mild to moderate in 95.43% (167/175) and severe in 4.75% (8/175). The global severity score ECLA averaged 5.84 ± 3.62 with extremes of between 0 and 21. There was an alteration of QOL among all acne pupils. This alteration was important for 36.78% of the subjects, average for 37.51% and mild for 25.71%. The total score of the CADI was 1.736 ± 0.892 on 15. A positive correlation between the severity of acne and impaired QOL was observed. A positive link was found between the severity of acne and the degree of impairment of social relationships. A positive link was also found between the severity of acne and the sinking feeling inspired by his skin to the student acne. ]]> 2017-04-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-04-02 Articles 20 1 187 194 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-225-02 Objective: To appreciate the level of knowledge of the PS of the HGR of Bagira on the accidents of exhibition to blood (AES), to Determine the frequency, the type and the circumstances of exhibition at the PS and to Inventory the protective materials against the AES existing to the HGR of Bagira. Materials and methods: A transverse descriptive survey has been led on 31 PS of the HGR of Bagira, active of the February to the June 2015. A questionnaire of investigation has been addressed to the PS. The spoliation of the results and the analysis of given them has been achieved thanks to the calculator MS Excel and the software Epi Info, version 3.5.1. The average, the frequency, the percentage and the test of Chi-Square have been used and the doorstep of significance has been fixed to a p value <0, 05. Results: The level of knowledge of PS is raised very. The frequency of the AES is of 22, 6%. The percutaneous splatters represented (71, 4%) and occurred at the time of the care (96,8%), to the Laboratory, to the Motherhood and to the operative block. Some protective materials exist: glasses, boots or hooves, masks, muffler, gloves, shirts, medical and other blouses. Conclusion: The weak rate of contamination by the HIV to the HGR of Bagira at the time of the AES is explained by a level of knowledge very elevated of the PS, the availability of the antiretrovirus to take in case of post exhibition and the good use of the protective materials. ]]> 2017-04-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-04-02 Articles 20 1 195 201 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-307-03 In view of diversification of the congolese economy on the hand and of source of lipids consumed on the other hand in Congo, it has been achieved a survey of the glyceride fraction of oils extracted from the seeds of peanuts of Lekana in the trays region and of Manga in pan region, two departments of Congo-Brazzaville. These profiles have been compared to the one gotten from the seeds of peanuts of sudan sold on the market of Toulouse in France. The total fat acids of the three samples present the identical caracteritics of which the main are the oleic acid (C18:1), linoleic acid (C18:2) and palmitic acid (C16;0). The glycerique fraction is mostly dominated by the triglycerides as in the other oleaginous seeds. The contents in mono, di and triglycerides are influenced by the contents in fat acids of the different samples. These profiles confer to these oils the statute of the frying oils and can be useful in hair oils, in pharmacy or in other domains. The phospholipids of the three samples present the identical caracteritics. All classes of the phospholipids are presents. The oil from Manga peanut seeds are poor in phosphatidylcholins after the oil from Lekana peanut seeds. ]]> 2017-04-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-04-02 Articles 20 1 202 218 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-314-04 The effects of monetary policy on economic performance have long attracted the attention of economists and policy makers. The literature identifies different ways of understanding the monetary transmission mechanisms. They vary according to the importance given to interest rates, credits, exchange rates, asset prices and other financial institutions in the transmission mechanism. The purpose of this paper is to shed more light on the existence of significant differences in the reactions of Moroccan sectors to monetary policy shocks. The results of the analysis indicate that at the aggregate level a monetary policy tightening leads to a decrease of the overall GDP and price level. At the disaggregated level, the extraction industry, manufacturing, construction, hotels and restaurants, the financial and insurance activities are among the more sensitive sectors to monetary policy shocks. On the other hand monetary policy innovations do not appear to have an adverse impact on agriculture and fishing sectors. ]]> 2017-04-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-04-02 Articles 20 1 219 225 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-314-05 This paper aims to analyze the impact of MRA's remittances on economic growth by using two models VAR and ECM over the period 1975-2014. The results conclude that MRA's remittances represent a determinant of economic growth, in the short term, with an elasticity low compared to the long-term behavior. Given the impulse responses analysis, a shock on MRA's transfers has a positive impact on GDP, investment and consumption. ]]> 2017-04-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-04-02 Articles 20 1 226 233 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-325-05 This paper attempts to determine the best way to maximize the contribution of agriculture to the growth and global modernization of Africa. By using middle-income African countries as a sample, this paper studies the effect of industrialization, human capital, economic opening and institutional quality on the value added by the agricultural sector. The quality of human capital exerts an accelerating effect of the agricultural value added. Indeed, the level of human capital determines the ability to use a technology or innovation capacity. The results require the establishment of appropriate institutional arrangements to overcome the constraints that agricultural products face in market and to turn capital and investment towards agriculture. ]]> 2017-04-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-04-02 Articles 20 1 234 250 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-295-02 The purpose of this study was therefore to examine the influence of school based quality assurance practices as performed by the head teachers on pupils' academic performance of pupils in public primary schools in Subukia sub county, Kenya. The study was based on the value added theory and the production function theory of education. Using the ex post facto research design, the study used census methodology to gather data from all the 42 head teachers of public primary schools in subukia Sub County using structured questionnaires. Validity of the instrument was done based on expert judgment from the department of curriculum and education management of Laikipia University for determining face and content validity. The reliability of the instrument was determined through a single test administration by use of the cronbach alpha coefficient of which an alpha coefficient of 0.791 was obtained and considered acceptable. Nominal scale data was analyzed using frequency counts and percentages. Hypotheses were tested at the .05 level of significance using simple regression analysis. The study found a strong positive significant relationship between head teachers' planning activities r=.573, p=.00<.05, coordinating practices r=618 p=.00<.05, staffing practices r=689 p=.00<.05 and controlling practices r=667 p=.00<.05 and academic performance of pupils in public primary schools in Subukia sub county, Kenya. The head teachers in public primary schools in Subukia should hold meetings as a quality assurance practices as a means of filtering how various schools stakeholders view quality assurance and implement them in the various aspects in the school management. Particularly, the PTA meetings should be used to moderate administrative processes in order to facilitate effective teaching and learning. PTA and educational administrators make concerted efforts initiate and sustain new projects, rehabilitate dilapidated infrastructures and initiate professional development through staff training. The findings of the study will be beneficial to Quality Assurance and Standards policy makers as they will offer useful suggestions on enhancing quality assurance and standards in primary schools for qualitative improvement of basic education in the country in general and Subukia Sub County in particular. Other researchers will also find the study useful as it will add to the body of existing literature in the field of educational quality assurance and standards. ]]> 2017-04-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-04-02 Articles 20 1 251 266 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-095-01 Diabetes has become one of the main causes disability and death in the world; it's part of the main risks of blindness and kidness faiture diabetes is the basis of leg amputation and cardiovascular disease. The purpose of this study is to identify the characteristics of type two diabetes in Lubumbashi city and to understand what would be the etiology of this disease. People with diabetes are vulnerable to potentially disabling and deadly health problems. Bay way causes of illustration chronic hyperglycemia cause neuropathy, retinopathy and nephropathy etc. Lipid peroxidation is the basics of the increased risk of cardiovascular disease in type two diabetics' patients. This study consists to characterize diabetes by measuring blood glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, height density lipoprotein-cholesterol, low density-cholesterol, L'aspartate aminotransférase and Alanine amino transférase assayed on a VISUAL ANALYZER (model : VISUAL/60VB0357,N°series : 1553, maker : SECOMAMCE) ; it's also prospective. As for distribution the number of diabetics comes from Lubumbashi and katuba ships, it represents 25% of our sample and presents a dyslipidemia; it is highly correlated with insulino durability and hperinsulenemia. ]]> 2017-04-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-04-02 Articles 20 1 267 275 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-325-03 The main objective of this synthesis is the state of knowledge, potential, inadequacies and interest of assembling two bioindicators, specifically zooplankton organisms and aquatic macroinvertebrates. The analysis of published articles, master theses, doctoral theses, technical information documents, manuals and identification guides and other documents relating to the study of the two groups of organisms in the tropical region was made. According to this analysis, aquatic zooplankton and macroinvertebrate organisms are extremely diverse and have potential sentinel species (pollu-sensitive and pollu-tolerant). These two groups of biondicators, by their diversity of taxonomic and functional forms, their variable life span, their wide distribution in running water and their different trophic positions, are complementary and thus constitute excellent tools for assessing the state of Health of hydrosystems. Their association would make it possible to account for the perfect state of health on all the sectors of the aquatic ecosystems. This article gives an overview of what is known about commonly used bioindicators, reveals some shortcomings of the work carried out and finally proposes guidelines for future studies. ]]> 2017-04-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-04-02 Articles 20 1 276 287 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-283-03 Materials such as leachate or leachate from hospital waste as a source of contamination and impact on nature and the environment. These juices are sources or vectors of pollution, justifying the purpose of our study. We had carried out three sampling campaigns in 2006, 2008 and 2010, the leachate four hospitals (CUK, HGRK, HGK and HGRN). Thus, we studied the physicochemical parameters in leachates and global settings to the toxicity tests. The results of our study are consistent with each other and show that ecotoxicity is constant for leachate that appear stable while their composition is variable. The toxicity test leachate sorting studied at each hospital establishment. Splits leachate can find a lasting solution in the nano filtration technique membranes during preparation of a wastewater treatment plant in the hospitals studied. Leachate contaminating the surrounding environment if not treated are at their rejection. Thus, instead of using reverse osmosis is an expensive technology and is justified if the standards are drastic, nano filtration is an intermediate way to help avoid pollution of hospital discharges juice. This technique helped us in our study to remove the chemical oxygen demand in the case of CUK. Thus we evaluated the performance of organic and inorganic membranes during the lowering of the inorganic filler according to the speed and pressure that are hydrodynamic conditions. The membranes have a specific behavior with respect to the leachate at the absorption, polarization and clogging of the pores. Indeed, the N01A membrane, discharge of COD is of 70% for a 10 bar pressure. The MP20 has a low membrane adsorption with leachate. The MP-31 provides a high retention rate of COD. There is then a strong membrane-fouling interaction improves the selectivity of the membrane. Leachate particles clog the membrane pores and obstruction and static adsorption increase membrane rejection rate. We studied the coagulation mechanism as a pretreatment to improve the membrane performance on the N01A. On this membrane COD reduction from 70 to 77%, the flux increases to 105 l. h-1.m-2 at a pressure of 10 bar for a COD concentration of 300 mg02l-1. The other two MP-31 membranes and MP20 provides for a flow limit of 11 l. h-1.m-2 COD respectively 1457 mg02l-1on MP-31 MP20 and a concentration of COD 1417 mg02l-1. For a max flow of 13 l.h-1.m-2 the retention percentage is 70% for COD 960 mg02l-1 After coagulation, fouling index was 4.8 for the raw leachate and increases to 4.5 with the supernatant. ]]> 2017-04-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-04-02 Articles 20 1 288 302 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-301-01 The evangelization of the Catholic religion carried out 100 years in the parish of Bobandana whose seat is established in Minova, in South Kivu, in the DR Congo. Indeed, this article clearly shows that the Catholic religion has settled in a socio-cultural environment with strong traditional religious knowledge and practices, some of which resemble those of the Western religion. Throughout its establishment, the Church has invested in several fields; At the end of the centenary, the balance sheet is still mixed. For, on the spiritual plane, despite the fact that this Parish allowed the creation of other Parishes and that there was an increase of a significant number of the Catholic believers in this earth; We deplore, however, the very advanced disintegrating character which strikes his Church almost abandoned by the ecclesiastical authorities of her diocese. From the point of view of development, the parish of Bobandana has contributed considerably to the opening up of the environment by opening major roads leading to the large urban centers. In addition, it has reversed itself in education through the creation of primary and secondary schools with the active support of the local population. Moreover, in the agro-pastoral sector, new plants, new animals and breeding stock have been introduced into the environment. However, we deplore a Eurocentrist approach which does not often take account of local cultural realities in order to promote the spiritual and socio-economic development of the sons and daughters of this parish. The diocesan authorities seem to discriminate against them, Causes are unknown. ]]> 2017-04-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-04-02 Articles 20 1 303 327 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-330-05 We propose a new type highly birefringent spiral photonic crystal fiber (PCF) for residual dispersion compensation in a wide range of wavelengths. The 2-D finite element method (FEM) with perfectly matched boundary layer (PML) is used for numerical simulation. The arrangement and diameter of circular air holes in the designed PCF has been tuned to offer almost flat dispersion profile with average dispersion coefficients of -609.321601 and -396.32923 ps/nm-km for X and Y-polarization, respectively, within the wavelengths of 1350-1600 and 1350-1800nm. The proposed spiral PCF shows high birefringence of 0.0170 and nonlinear coefficient 44.3679 and 28.1431 W-1km-1 for X and Y-polarization at 1550nm. ]]> 2017-04-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-04-02 Articles 20 1 328 334 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-332-40 The research dealt on the idea of linking the authenticity values of Saudi Arabia heritage motifs with the current and future advancement of the techno- development for contemporary creative ideas serving the religious tourism field. The different motifs were examined to create appropriate printing designs for hotel furnishings and acceptable pilgrimage women clothing. The software Photoshop program was applied to design colorful wallpapers to give a sense of multiplicity of colors in the design background that were applied on fabrics with tie and dye natural printing using curcuma, cochineal, hibiscus, henna, tea and coffee extracts. The modified designs from the tradition motifs were formed by only one color and applied on the multiplicity colored background by the flat silk screen printing technique regarding the eco-friendly and economical points of view. As a result, this study is considered as a developed idea for the preparation of small-scale projects to reduce unemployment problem in particular for women, through innovative designs which can be applied on textiles with more or less environmental easiest techniques in reducing effort and cost. ]]> 2017-04-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-04-02 Articles 20 1 335 348 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-296-06 Nowadays, electricity has become essential for improving the quality of life of the population; in developing countries, millions of people do not always have access to electricity. These people mainly reside in rural areas. The classical solution which is unrealistic below a certain power threshold, delays rural electrification and aggravates the exodus towards urban centres already congested and unable to absorb this migration. Thus, to combat late electrification, new techniques are required for the countryside. In this article, we describe the principles of some energy extraction techniques directly from the high voltage lines, profitable methods for the developing countries. ]]> 2017-04-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-04-02 Articles 20 1 349 357 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-310-02 The urinary infection often remains the most frequent of the infections after the infections of the respiratory system. This work began(affected) the study of various pathogenic agents causing the deferent urinary infection and their sensibility or resistance closed view the various families of antibiotics prescribed at the level of the laboratory bacteriology of the regional hospital to Kenitra. According to our experiences we were able to classify bacteria according to their dominance so to determine the rate of resistance of the latter to antibiotics frequently used at the level of the laboratory. ]]> 2017-04-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-04-02 Articles 20 1 358 364 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-319-01 Les espaces topologiques finis (espaces d'Alexandroff) sont actuellement utilisés en informatique théorique. L'objet de cet article est d'établir le lien entre espaces topologiques finis et réseaux informatiques, en portant des éléments de la bade irréductible de la topologie. ]]> 2017-04-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-04-02 Articles 20 1 365 370 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-258-01 The disaster wich occurred in Tchigoma (a village located at about 25km from the city of Bulambika) in the chiefdom of Bunyakiri was investigated. The disaster caused the death of 3 people and some of them just survived. The accident was caused by the exposure to the high concentration of two gases during the digging of a toilet pit. The following concentrations were recorded in the hole considered as the epicenter: the carbon dioxide (CO2) at 93.8% and the carbon monoxide CO at 2031 parts per million, using GA2000 equipment. Although the exact value of the lethal concentration for humans is uncertain, these recorded values are too high for mammals' survival .The mortality caused by these gases is a function of the inhaled concentration and duration of exposure. From the observations on the site, we had concluded that the gas were generated the peat covered by the alluvium layer considered as a roof. ]]> 2017-04-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-04-02 Articles 20 1 371 379 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-313-02 This Study examined ethnicity, cultural and political leadership with Regards to instability in the Republic of Guinea Conakry. The study review literatures and provides strong evidence why Guinea still remains being a dictatorship and authoritarian state. The extant literature revealed the radicalism of the Ethnic Majority In opposition which often cause conflict. Thus, weak opposition and corrupt government wreck the process of development of Republic of Guinea Conakry. The Study concludes that International communities have to support democratic process that will guarantee leadership selection process in the election, this could be a viable stability among ethnic groups. ]]> 2017-04-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-04-02 Articles 20 1 380 385 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-296-03 The main objective searched through this scientific contribution consists to remove certain ambiguities surrounding the concept of the performance of the public service in the Moroccan university context. The methodology adopted in this respect joins in an exploratory approach, based essentially on a thorough reading of a rich theoretical corpus relating to the higher education sector, thing which allowed us to create anastomoses between some academic writings. In this respect, our article focuses on two main axes: the first identifies certain writings relating to the term of the "performance". Indeed, this concept has flowed a lot of ink in the field of organization sciences. However, it remains complex and difficult to define, this is explained essentially by its contingent, relative, multidimensional, encompassing and integrating aspect. As for the second, we try there to elucidate the significance of the performance under its multidimensional character in the Moroccan public university. Consequently, twenty-one facets of university performance are put forward, namely: finance and economy, organization, reputation and brand image, internationalization, governance, employability- insertion, partnership, innovation and creativity, scientific research, identity, teaching and training, environment and ecology, diversification, societal performance, communication, technology, university size, entrepreneurship, conformity, extracurricular and democratization. To evaluate these performances, some performance indicators are highlighted. ]]> 2017-04-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-04-02 Articles 20 1 386 399 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-333-03 The objective of the present work was to evaluate the changes in morphological and physicochemical characteristics of Moroccan prickly pear cultivars at three different stages of maturity. The results of morphological study showed that the width, length, skin thickness, diameter and depth of receptacle differed significantly depending the cultivars and did not differ significantly depending the maturity. Other parameters such as the weight of the pulp, the skin and the whole fruit differed significantly depending on the cultivars and the maturity; they increased with advance in maturity, while the proportions of skin decreased. For the physicochemical analyzes, the results showed that moisture, pH, Brix, vitamin C, total sugar and fat have a significant difference between the cultivars and maturity; they increased with advance in maturity, while the percentage of fat decreased. However, no important differences were observed in ash, reducing and non -reducing sugars between the stages of ripeness of the fruits. ]]> 2017-04-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-04-02 Articles 20 1 400 410 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-241-05 This paper presents a discussion about the implementation of mechanisms of fuzzy logic for recognizing patterns and parameters in order to predicting the movement intention from a user, through muscle activity in upper and lower members in adult human beings. This information is obtained through reading surface electromyography and is debugged and analyzed by a fuzzy logic system calculated for the prediction of intended movement. A brief comparison between fuzzy sets of straight lines and curved lines is done to determine the best system in generating reliable control orders for prototype robotic exoskeleton type. The fuzzy system designed is Mandani type with nine rules in the inference engine, which had two stages of interaction with samples: one design and other validation, where sought meet an initial threshold of 80 % of effectiveness. Used analog and digital components for data acquisition processes to perform amplification, filtering, digitization and transmission of samples which were implemented in full. The fuzzy system has four input parameters easy obtaining the electromyographic signal input, looking it fast execution at a later real time application. As an important part harmonization by using RMS envelope to make the system more robust against disturbances in the samples. This information is used for generate control commands to an exoskeleton type robotic system to support some user activities. ]]> 2017-03-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-03-02 Articles 19 4 729 737 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-200-12 The fetus acardiac headless is a rare anomaly characteristic of twin monochromic pregnancies. Its frequency is 1/35000 births. Its evolution is constantly lethal for the affected fetus. The healthy fetus is exposed to a high risk of death in utero or complications. Among the different pathophysiological theories proposed, only the vascular theory is retained. Arterio - arterial and venous anastomoses are the source of vascularization against the current TRAP syndrome (Twin Reversed Arterial Perfusion disorder) of the abnormal fetus which receives the desaturated blood of oxygen and low in nutrients from healthy fetus. ]]> 2017-03-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-03-02 Articles 19 4 738 740 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-241-03 The physiological parameters of latex micro-diagnosis, operation for determining the physiological state of the rubber production system is subject to seasonal fluctuations. These parameters are likely to be influenced by climate change and the retention period of latex and serum TCA, separately. Thus, working to determine optimal conditions for the realisation of this diagnosis were conducted in Côte d'Ivoire. Relatively to the retention periods of serum TCA on the stability of physiological parameters, measurement parameters were done 4, 8, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h after harvesting latex at field. About the seasonal parameters evolution, measuring of physiological parameters were performed 4 h as before, corresponding the days of trees bleeding, during the period ranging from October to December 2013. The results obtained showed that the latex samples taken in October (period of low volatility of physiological parameters) and conservation of latex and serum TCA or less on time for 4 h constitute the optimal conditions for achieving latex micro-diagnosis from Hevea brasiliensis in Côte d'Ivoire. ]]> 2017-03-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-03-02 Articles 19 4 741 749 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-225-03 Introduction: Historically, Morocco has known many successive conquests and invasions that have induced genetic changes in its autochthons population. It's known that blood groups are among the most polymorphic systems. The study of ABO blood groups showed that their distribution varied in different populations. The aim of this study is to analyze the diversity and genetic differentiation of ABO system in the Moroccan population. Material and methods: Data of ABO system genetic polymorphism from previous study were analyzed using statistical approaches which are the classical and the Bayesian methods. The classical approach has been used to assess genetic differentiation by adopting multivariate analysis type: PCA (Principal Component Analysis) and the index of genetic differentiation Fst. The Bayesian approach was used to assess the genetic structure of ABO system in the Moroccan population compared to other countries. Results: Within the studied Moroccan population, 10 ABO alleles and 21 genotypes were identified. The heterozygosis rate is about 0.74 and 0.72, respectively, for the expected and observed heterozygosis. PCA analysis shows that the studied population forms 4 groups. Data of genetic distances confirm the presence of Morocco within a group formed by Kuwait, Spain and Jordan with low genetic distances of 1%, 1.8% and 2%, respectively. The Bayesian analysis shows that all the countries, except Germany, present 5 genetic pools. Besides Morocco and Kuwait that have been found to present 5 genetic pools with similar frequencies. Conclusion: The Moroccan population studied exhibits similarity with the countries of the Middle East and the southwest of Europe. ]]> 2017-03-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-03-02 Articles 19 4 750 759 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-226-07 Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is defined as a chronic pain condition characterized by a burning sensation in the clinically healthy oral mucosa. This condition is probably of multifactorial origin, often idiopathic and its exact etiopathogenesis remains unclear. The diagnosis is difficult, it can be made only after excluding all known diseases and deficiencies that can cause an oral burning sensation. The treatment frequently involves medications and dentists should be able to evaluate, diagnose and properly manage these patients. ]]> 2017-03-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-03-02 Articles 19 4 760 764 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-229-01 This research is a contribution of indirect analyses to classic geological and structural mapping. The principles of this analysis is to combine structural streams and structural directions in the goal to find structural building of streams network. Streams were numerized under Arcview and the data of each stream was done. Frequency graphics of number and total length of streams on Strahler classification were built and interpreted with "lois des rivières". Recognition of Structural directions was done by the building of Prud'homme main valleys and Howard drainage anomalies. Structural streams have affected by at least point 5 in hierarchy. They are held by N30°, N60°, N130°, N160° orientations. This methodology can be applied at all ivoirian drainage system due to their tree buliding. The main valley is host by N60° direction. Others valleys are holding by N30° N130° et EO. in the landscape, structural directions are sitting as drainage anomalies as directions deviations and linear streams. These directions are well knowed in ivoirian precambrian structural context. ]]> 2017-03-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-03-02 Articles 19 4 765 776 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-234-04 Leiomyoma, known as a disease of the uterus, composed of smooth muscle fibers and collagenous stroma, is rarely encountered in other sites. We report here an exceptional case with a location of the labia minora with literature review. This is a 27-year- old patient was admitted to the mass of the left labium lasting for 9 month of firm consistency. The surgery allowed removal of a tissue-like measured 3 cm. The final histological diagnosis was vulvar leiomyoma. ]]> 2017-03-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-03-02 Articles 19 4 777 780 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-226-05 Being aware of the importance of reconsidering the touristic activity and according to the definition of the notion of sustainable development, Moroccan public authorities have set up since the year 2000 some sectoral strategies to adapt the tourist supply in accordance with the new requirements of the tourists. The emergence of this variety of tourism offers (rural, solidary, ethical, Community…) certifies the vivacity of a phenomenon in full development. These new offers have a common denominator: it is to combine the environmental protection and the economic profitability in a long run. What is the context in which this responsible, solidary touristic activity has emerged? What is, then, the commitment of morocco in this new touristic offer? What are the efforts of certain associations for contributing to the territorial development? To answer these questions of research, we will, first, present a review of the literature about the evolution of mass tourism to durable tourism. Secondly, we will treat the importance of solidary tourism to valorize the specific resources of the territory in order to sit a territorial development. ]]> 2017-03-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-03-02 Articles 19 4 781 788 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-235-01 Exchange rate in Moroccan economy has been considered a critical push-forward force for domestic inflation which leads to the depreciation of currency value. Exchange rate is the price for which the currency of a country can be exchanged for another country's currency in the foreign exchange market. This article seeks to adopt two stochastic models for estimation of exchange rate EURO/MAD. Firstly, it aims at the investigation of stochastic models (two models) to show the variation of exchange rate, and, secondly, try to draw a comparison between these models in terms of error estimation performances and, as a result, to recommend a stochastic model for exchange rate EURO/MAD. The present paper is an extension of our precedent work entitled and referenced: "Elaboration of two stochastic models of EURO/MAD exchange rate and measure of their forecast accuracy," International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 1029–1036, August 2016.. In addition to our precedent results (for reasons of clarity we repeat our previous work here), we produced a prediction intervals for each future value of exchange rate EURO/MAD. In this paper, the geometric Brownian motion (stochastic process without mean reversion propriety) and Vasicek process (stochastic process with mean reversion speed), are used to model the exchange rate EURO / MAD, then they are compared in terms of average estimation error. In order to calculate models parameters daily close price of the Euro/MAD from 01/12/2008 to 01/03/2016 (2242 values) can be taken from Casablanca stock exchange and ,hence, two stochastic models for exchange rate is to be derived, and compared. According to simulation results, we can finally recommend one of the two models. ]]> 2017-03-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-03-02 Articles 19 4 789 799 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-224-02 Education sciences research Works are unanimous on the fundamental role of conceptions to organize and facilitate a learning situation of a scientific concept. The objective of this work is to detect the conceptual universe of students, at the end of license cycle, relatively to chemical bond concept and its associated concepts like valence and octet rule and to compare the students' responses at the beginning and end of this cycle. The purpose is to see, after intense courses on those concepts, what are the definitions and models appropriated by students and how they design it. To do this, we asked 50 students, subjects of our study, to express their definitions of the chemical bond, valence and octet rule. The data analysis has shown that there is still confusion and amalgams about this concept and its associated concepts. ]]> 2017-03-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-03-02 Articles 19 4 800 805 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-235-02 Sorghum is the staple crops in the Saharan areas of West Africa. Like other crops, its production is highly dependent on the improved crop seed varieties and on water use efficiency (WUE) and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). The objective of this study was to assess the effect of sorghum root growth and water and nitrogen use efficiency on grain yield and harvest index under rainfed and drip irrigation conditions. The study was conducted in the Central region of Burkina Faso in 2014. The improved seed variety Sariaso 14 was sown. 60 kg ha-1 of nitrogen was applied. A randomized split-split-plot design with four replications was used. The results showed that the two watering systems had significant effects on sorghum WUE, NUE, root growth, grain yield and harvest index. Root growth was found to be twice higher in the rainfed condition than in the irrigation one. On the other hand, WUE and NUE were higher by 92 and 26% respectively in the irrigated plot. Irrigation was found to improve grain yield and harvest index by 44% and 56% respectively. Irrigation is considered more beneficial for farmers given the erratic distribution of rainfall. ]]> 2017-03-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-03-02 Articles 19 4 806 812 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-236-03 Study on feeding and nutrition of 206 bicycle carriers of charcoal has been carried out on several Lubumbashi roads, that is, Kafubu, Kasenga, Kasumbalesa, Kipopo, Likasi and Rwashi. It results from this study that the nutritional status is standard with a body mass index of 22, 3±1, 9 for a narrow breadth person. Need and food supplies evaluation shows that they have a deficient diet in energy as well as in nutrients (proteins and lipids). These results are alike as those published in the literature. So, we plead in favour of systematic enrichment in diet supplies for this category of carries. ]]> 2017-03-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-03-02 Articles 19 4 813 823 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-241-02 Objectives of the study: The Assessment of hygienic quality is an essential step in the production and marketing of traditional medicine products using plant species that constitute a vast reserve of active ingredients that can be used to cure many diseases. Our study had the objective to assess the hygienic quality of some herbal medicines in order to identify the microbiological risk associated with the consumption of these Togolese traditional medicine products sold on the markets of the municipality of Lomé and that treat the DS. Materials and Methods: We collected 90 antidiabetic recipes sold in the maritime region. Search germ was made by routine standardized methods of the French Association for Standardization (AFNOR). Results: Revenues are in the form of mixture containing honey, decoctions, tinctures of, charred, herbal teas, capsules. Decoctions represent 56.17% followed by followed tinctures (16.67%). The results of the study of the hygienic quality of herbal medicines indicate the presence of total bacteria, total coliform, yeast (Candida albicans) and fungi (Aspergillus Niger, Aspergillus flavus, Mucor sp. Et Géothricum sp.). The majority of these phytomédicamensts are unfit for consumption because of the total germs that were more isolated. Conclusion: The use of traditional herbal medicines therefore carries risks of toxiinfection for consumers. A greater awareness must be made to educate traditional healers and herbal medicines sellers on good hygiene practices, preparation and storage of their products. ]]> 2017-03-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-03-02 Articles 19 4 824 838 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-241-01 Diabetes (diabetes) is a disease (or rather syndrome) Endocrine most prevalent. It is estimated diabetics to more than 100 million worldwide and this figure and the percentage of the affected population are steadily increasing (around 6% in the "rich" countries). non-insulin-dependent diabetes (type 2, fatty diabetes or the elderly) that are revealed later and are balanced mostly by diet (slimming) calorie-low carbohydrate with or without associated medication (primarily sulfonylureas, the biguanides, insulin). It is the latter type of diabetes that seems constantly growing and can be treated by the phytothérapie.Thisreview Reviews some of the shows and compoundsisolated identifiedfrom the that previously demostrated a hypoglycemic effect plants. These compounds-have-been classified in appropiate chemical groupsand Reported data are on their pharmacological activity, mechanism of action and other properties. This paper reviews mucilage, glycans, proteins, pectins, flavonoids, steroids and triterpenoids, alkaloids, other nitrogen compounds and miscellaneous substance s with hypoglycemic effect. ]]> 2017-03-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-03-02 Articles 19 4 839 849 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-230-01 The study investigated the relationship between personality types, learning styles, motivation, self-esteem and academic stress among the distance learners of Ibadan Study Centre. Six hundred (600) respondents were purposively selected from four randomly selected faculties. The age range of the respondents was between 25 and 46 years with a mean age of 35.5 and SD = 4.2. Three research questions were raised and answered in this study. Five instruments were utilized to elicit information from the respondents. The instruments include: Student Academic Stress Scale; Multi-dimensional Personality Inventory; Self-esteem Scale; Self-report Situational Motivational Scale and Learning Style Scale. The data collected were analyzed using Pearsons Product Moment Correlation Coefficient and Multiple Regression analysis. The results obtained revealed that there were significant correlations among the independent variables. The independent variables (agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, extroversion, general intelligence, learning style, motivation and self-esteem) made joint contribution to the prediction of academic stress among the distance learners. The result also shows that self-esteem made the most potent contribution to the prediction of academic stress among the respondents. The implication of this is that learners with high self-esteem and appropriate learning skills are not prone to academic stress because they must have overcome stress producing stimuli through adequate preparation. ]]> 2017-03-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-03-02 Articles 19 4 850 862 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-112-02 In December 2015, we have made a survey on 67 small and medium-sized businesses having an account in one of the seven main banks operating in Bukavu City. The aim was to know the determining factors of a Bank by the Bukavu's small and medium-sized businesses which can assist these financial institutions in marketing strategies. The analytical method sustained by the survey technique was very useful for to collect and interpret the data on the field. The findings proved that several factors intervene in the choice of a Bank as a partner to small and medium-sized businesses in the Bukavu City. Among them we listed the price cost of granted services by the Bank, loan facility, service's quality solvency and the Bank reputation. Considering these variables, the marketing services of our different Banks should focus their marketing strategies to the above mentioned factors in order to attract customers. ]]> 2017-03-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-03-02 Articles 19 4 863 869 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-226-06 The access of the individuals to financial services is a key factor of the growth and economic development. The World Bank estimates in 2014, at only 12,2 % the proportion of adults who has an account in a formal financial institution. That means the majority of the people is excluded of the access of financial services. While analyzing the situation of the supply of financial services in Cameroon, this article examines the explanatory factors of the access of individuals in the area of Adamawa Region. An econometric analysis based on binary logit model shows that the access of individuals to the formal financial services is positively and significantly influenced by the level of income, the salary status and the age. However, the level of education and matrimonial status don't influence significantly the access of the individuals to the formal financial services in this part of the country. Thus, financial institutions could segment the market to propose to the individuals, financial product adapted to their level of income. In the same way, the authorities could initiate actions supporting the possession of account in formal financial institution. ]]> 2017-03-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-03-02 Articles 19 4 870 885 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-140-16 The study of strategic culture as a set of traditional practices and habits of thought that, in a society, governing the organization and the use of military force to serve political objectives proves important in the context Africa in general and Cameroon in particular. Indeed, when the Cameroonian elite military waged a relentless war against the Boko Haram group in Cameroon, the goal of this article is to see how constructivism through strategic culture gradually acquired by the elite since independence by through training, enabling it to conduct a difficult battle against terrorism. It appears therefore that the formation of the strategic culture of the Cameroonian military elite is marked with the seal, first the pluralism of French foreign models, including China and the US, on the other hand, the dynamics of reinterpretation of influences Foreign or invention of a hybrid type. Since independence, the Cameroonian military elite internalizes and externalizes multiple military practices that today are operationalized on the front through hybridization of strategic paradigms both internal and external and unprecedented capacity innovation against the terrorist threat. ]]> 2017-03-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-03-02 Articles 19 4 886 896 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-192-03 The management of sandy soil in Bateke plateau to feed Kinshasa population in continued growth, is one of the problems that arises in this urban peripheral agriculture. Agroforestry in time, alternating trees and crops on the same land was used as technical means to increase fertility and production. However, agricultural practice in the long term at Bateke plateau showed that agroforestry was not able alone to ensure continuity of production on the same land. In this study, we tested the effect of biochar associated with litter from an agroforestry system could have on improving maize production in Bateke plateau. We observed that forty one and five months respectively after application of biochar and litter maize production was influenced favorably. Among all combinations of biochar doses (0, 2, 4 and 8 kg / m2) and Acacia mangium litter doses (0, 5, 10 and 20 t / ha), the combination of 4 Kg / m2 of biochar with 20 t / ha of litter was the best with 2019 kg / ha of maize cobs with spathe. Moreover, the presence of the clipped hedge has had an effect on the stems and maize cobs differently on plants in his neighborhood and those in the middle of the experimental plot. ]]> 2017-03-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-03-02 Articles 19 4 897 907 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-215-02 Mining investments and sustainable development in Democratic Republic of Congo is question that alerts disciplines like economics sciences, public international law, sociology and international relations. Democratic Republic of Congo abounds enormous potentialities in its soil and subsoil. She modified its mining exploitation methods when facilitating small scale investissments whose technology compete those of big scale investments. Preoccupation is the cobtribution of these investments in sustainable development in Haut-Katanga. Case study of four big scale investments and four other small scale investments inspired this study including TENKE FUNGURUME MINING, KAMOTO COPPER COMPAGNY, MINERALS AND METALS GROUP, SOCIETE D'EXPLOITATION KIPOI for small scale asian firms including. CHEMAF, RUASHI MINING for big scale, it reveals that investment is a factor of economic growth and development made possible by mining fees and taxes. On the social front, some firms rehabilitated and constructed schools. Others firms produced some achievements for instance the big ophtalmological clinic, shalina Eye Clinic. On the environment front, some firms are engaged to reduce negative impacts on environment of which toxic wastes are treated and evacuated to big highly secured bassin. In contrast, quantity of metals concentrated underground of others firms, is dangerous for very special plant species. Others again, provokes environmental problems because its factory stagnate due to lack of canalisation structure. Mining investments impact on sustainable development in Haut-Katanga, in economic, social and environment levels. ]]> 2017-03-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-03-02 Articles 19 4 908 918 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-227-13 This study aims the description of the geometry of the weathering profile and identification of areas of high aquifer potential of geological formations in the region of Sikensi-Tiassalé (south of Côte d'Ivoire). For this reason, the weathering profile models have been established for this region. These models were carried out from drilling data implanted in the study area. The formations in the basement have a vertical structure and a significant horizontal heterogeneity that is allocated to changes in facies. A succession of several layers is observed. Fractured and altered basement is observed in its upper part. Fractures are scarce with depth. Superficial formations overlying the basement have variable thicknesses: To the surface, there is laterite cuirass and topsoil, thicknesses between 0.5 and 3.5 m. Underneath the laterite, there is the sandy clay alterites of thicknesses between 5 and 40 m, in which one can identify horizons of allotérites and isaltérites. The water potential is important in the fractured base because all arrivals of water is only found in this part of the geological formations. ]]> 2017-03-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-03-02 Articles 19 4 919 928 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-272-01 The present study was carried out in the territory of Kimvula in the south-west of the Democratic Republic of Congo. The floristic survey conducted shows that the Kimvula flora has 1,065 species distributed in 666 genera and 159 families. The best represented families are Fabaceae (12.21%), Poaceae (7.79%), Asteraceae (5.54%), Rubiaceae (5.07%), Apocynaceae (4.04%) and Malvaceae (4.04%). The analysis shows the ecological characteristics, as regards the morphological types, this flora is dominated by woody species (50%) while the dominant life forms are phanerophytes (50%). Examination of leaf dimensions indicates the abundance of mesophyll (37.4%) and sarcochores (36.9%) are the types of diaspores best represented in Kimvula. The results of phytogeography distribution reveal the abundance of wide distribution species (65.5%) and low presence of endemic species (1.6%). The disturbance index (29.30%) shows that ecosystems of the study area are less disturbed and Shannon-Weaver diversity index shows that secondary forest (4.8 bits) is the most diversified plant formation. ]]> 2017-03-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-03-02 Articles 19 4 929 943 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-140-08 This work opts to clarify the hydrological efficiency of the water transfer between the two dams Sidi Saad and El Haouareb. The Hydrological model GR2M was chosen to be calibrated and validated in the watershed corresponding to the two study sites. Coupled with the rain generation model, this model allowed the estimation of future inputs of two dams Sidi Saad and El Haouareb. Different scenarios were subsequently developed to estimate the monthly outputs of two dams and the volumes of security. A study of the filling of the dam is performed at the end by the balance equation and using the generated inflows and the estimated scenarios, which was used to study the possibility of water transfer. ]]> 2017-03-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-03-02 Articles 19 4 944 959 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-198-07 The current work aims to map the different forms of erosion which are expressed in the district of Attecoube. From georeferenced aerial photographs and based on the concepts of texture and structure, the different forms of erosion were discriminated on the screen. Many field visits, with tablets, GPS and tape measure (for measurements) allowed checking and adjusting the interpretations made on screen. These high-tech devices were also used for capturing images. Then, we superimposed the erosion forms map at the slopes map of the study area. Three main forms of erosion were revealed: - diffuse erosion covers 14,32% of the study area; - gully erosion which manifest itself on every slope range, covers 66.39% of the Attecoube district; - mass wasting localised, cover only 06.82% of the study area. ]]> 2017-03-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-03-02 Articles 19 4 960 968 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-274-03 Introduction: Road traffic accidents constitute a major public health problem because of death, disability and trauma with medical, surgical, psychological, mental, economic, social and sometimes legal formidable complications resulting from them. Socio-professional reintegration of the survivors of accidents can become complex. This study identifies the main determinants of road security in Goma in the Democratic Republic of Congo and offers prevention strategies adapted to the context. Methodology: The study is descriptive cross and analysis data collected from police oral trials about traffic accidents occurred during 2015. Resultats: The study essentially shows that 36% of the accidents occurred on weekends (Saturday and Sunday); 25.5% of the accidents took place between 18 and 21 hours; the main cause of accidents was the bad driver behavior, including speeding and drunk steering wheel. Serious injuries (24.5%) and death (11.9%) were dreadful consequences. Discussion and conclusion: Accidents can be avoided. The study proposes strategies to reduce road traffic accidents by securing users the road, the vehicle and the road infrastructure. The implementation of these strategies is heavily dependent on the political will of the authorities of the DR Congo. ]]> 2017-03-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-03-02 Articles 19 4 969 978 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-226-03 In this paper, a proposal for extending the fuzzy logic framework to researcher's performance evaluation using the good properties of robustness and interpretability of compensatory fuzzy logic is presented. Results obtained with our model are more consistent with the way human make decisions. Additionally a case study to illustrate the applicability of the proposal is developed. Our main outcome is a new researcher's evaluation based on compensatory fuzzy logic that gives results that are more robust and allows compensation. Moreover, this approach makes emphasis in using language in line with the computing with words paradigm. ]]> 2017-02-04T00:00:00-00:00 2017-02-04 Articles 19 3 482 486 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-241-06 Water is a renewable but limited resource because of anthropogenic factors and the worsening rainfall that reduce availability. The West Africa in general and the Watershed of Niger in particular is experiencing a downward trend of their rainfall regime. It is in this context that the present study is to investigate which on surface water and groundwater resources in the the Watershed of Niger in Benin. The methodology is based on the interpretation of rainfall data, hydroecoregions map design highlighting the availability of surface water followed by a geological photo-interpretation for a better knowledge of infiltration areas. The results of this study showed a high availability of surface water resources of 54.22% of the basin area. The low slope gradient so that material of the fracturing network predisposes the basement of the basin to a good availability for groundwater. Thus, the flow rate (<5 m3/s) developed by implanted drilling shows that the whatershed of Niger has significant amount of groundwater especially in the North East, where the developed flow rates exceed 83 m3/s. ]]> 2017-02-04T00:00:00-00:00 2017-02-04 Articles 19 3 487 495 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-231-01 The study aimed to assess the risk linked to the consumption of beef meat. A total of 108 beef meat samples composed of 54 fresh beef and 54 braised beef « Choukouya » samples were collected in Bouaké and Korhogo. Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium spp. and Salmonella spp. were isolated according to the French standard. The results showed that the bacterial contamination rates ranged from 88 to 100% and 66 to 100% for fresh and braised meat, respectively. In total, 89% braised beef showed microbial loads beyond the limit of acceptability and Salmonella spp. was found in 11.1% of the samples. The probability of ingestion of contaminated braised beef was 0.52. The consumer survey revealed that 12.9% reported daily consumption of braised beef. After braised beef consumption, 16.4% of consumers reported that they contracted a foodborne illness. Symptoms most often mentioned were diarrhea (63.6%) and fever (22.7%). The etiologic fraction and the attributable risk were estimated at 84% and 77%, respectively. In conclusion, Braised beef meat sold in the streets of Bouaké and Korhogo represent a potential risk of poisoning for the consumer. It is therefore recommended that VBB leather well and improves hygienic practices to preserve the consumers' health. ]]> 2017-02-04T00:00:00-00:00 2017-02-04 Articles 19 3 496 507 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-237-09 Justice perceptions are important reactions in the performance appraisal context. Several studies focused on what makes appraisals fair and the consequences of appraisal fairness. But it is difficult to evaluate one teacher objectively and fairly using the traditional evaluation method for the influencing factors are more and complex. In recent years, the fuzzy logic techniques have been successfully applied in comprehensive evaluations instead of traditional mathematical models when evaluating the performance of Teacher. The flexibility of the model allows the supervisor to introduce vagueness, uncertainty, and subjectivity into the evaluation system. The current study aims to identify the impact of Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation (FCE) on the teacher Perception of justice evaluation (distributive justice, procedural justice, informational justice and interpersonal justice (. The perceived fairness of the performance evaluation was tested using the Solomon four group design data) two experimental and two control (. The two way-ANOVA results indicated that changes in fairness perception scores was significant and teachers perceived the FCE to be fairer. Compared with other method, this mathematical model has better appraisal effect and can reduce the influence of human factors, improve the accuracy and fairness of the evaluation. ]]> 2017-02-04T00:00:00-00:00 2017-02-04 Articles 19 3 508 518 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-226-02 In a dynamic and highly competitive environment, companies continuously encounter internal and external threats that may affect their business performance. To gain a competitive advantage, organizations should seek to turn these threats into opportunities. By introducing Competitive Intelligence (CI) as a process of gathering and protecting material and immaterial resources to influence the environment, companies can use its functions to anticipate, assess, and manage risk. This is especially recommended to small and medium sized business (SMEs) which are the most exposed to risk; however, risk management and CI functions are highly overlooked in the field on SMEs due to limited human and financial resources. Today, SMEs need to embed CI in risk management in order to respond timely to risk, reduce losses, and increase revenue. The objective of this study is to analyze the role of CI in risks identification, prevention and control, and develop a model suitable for SMEs that illustrates how these companies can anticipate risks and influence the environment through CI process. ]]> 2017-02-04T00:00:00-00:00 2017-02-04 Articles 19 3 519 525 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-224-03 In a world more and more marked with urbanization and then exposed to high risks of increasing yearly population growth, water has hold a paramount place. Water has then become a more and more vital need for people. This fact requires an important consideration in West Africa in general, and in the Nikki district in particular. Despite efforts over years for the mastery of techniques in setting up water fountains, an important part of the population of the Nikki district still lack water. The objective of the present research work is to work out those water fountains in order to evaluate their spatial distribution and their functioning. The methodology used here is exclusively based on the use of attributive and spatial data. To reach the goal of the present study, the Thiessen polygon has been generated. The obtained results have come together to display their spatial distribution and their functioning as well. The average rate of water provision in the district of Nikki is 57.2%, which is below the 67% norm. Only of the seven precincts that make the Nikki district have an average rate of water provision reaching 85%, which is largely beyond the norm. From those data, one can learn that water fountains are unevenly distributed on the land of the Nikki district. This must be improved in order to provide the population with potable water on short distances and with less waste of time for them. ]]> 2017-02-04T00:00:00-00:00 2017-02-04 Articles 19 3 526 541 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-067-01 The study aimed to discuss the issue of addiction and impact of abuse on social peace, researcher has used the descriptive and analytical approach, the study sample consisted of (100) inhabitant of El Geneina, as the researcher used to measure the scale effects of drug abuse on social peace, data were analyzed using software (SPSS) using a computer. The result of the study there is a negative correlation between drug abuse and social peace, (and this means that the greater the prevalence of drug use less social peace) study and reached a number of recommendations, the most important, the establishment of centers for the rehabilitation of addicts mandate and border control and attention to monitoring to prevent drugs entering through neighboring countries. ]]> 2017-02-04T00:00:00-00:00 2017-02-04 Articles 19 3 542 555 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-228-05 Energy is one of the essential requirements to alleviate poverty and socioeconomic advancement. Most of the rural area is not under the national grid; therefore, electrification in rural area is the crying need of Bangladesh. Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh has issued its vision to bring the entire country under electricity service by the year 2030. The reserve of fossil fuel is diminishing; also the price of fuel is increasing throughout the world. Environmental pollution is another important issue. Green energy is current demand for the existence of future world. For that reason, reducing carbon emission and meeting energy demands are the main topologies to plan energy systems. As Bangladesh is an agricultural based country, biomass resources are available here and there is also good prospect of solar energy. Now-a-days CAES (Compressed Air Energy Storage) is another potential resource in the world. In this paper, a solar-biomass-CAES hybrid system is proposed for electrification of rural area in Bangladesh. ]]> 2017-02-04T00:00:00-00:00 2017-02-04 Articles 19 3 556 571 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-252-02 Mullerian duct anomalies are the most common congenital anomalies of the reproductive system and septate uterus is the most frequently diagnosed Müllerian anomaly. Almost associating with urinary tract anomalies such as horseshoe or pelvic kidney, renal agenesis, duplication of the collecting system, or ectopic uterus. Septate uterus is one type of congenital uterine anomalies, in which there is a septum from the fundus to the cervix. Currently, it is believed that hysteroscopic metroplasty is a leading choice for patients if their recurrent spontaneous abortion is resulted from septate uterus. ]]> 2017-02-04T00:00:00-00:00 2017-02-04 Articles 19 3 572 575 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-200-06 This study consists at a trial production and the mycelien filament multiplication starting by pleurotus florida mushroom spores on the different media by using local ingredients. Our results have shown that there are bacteries which are developed in medium locally prepared by ingredient. We decided to try spores in these media. In general we chose six media by using soja, tomatoes, irish potatoes, carrots, corns and milk. Our laboratory experiences have given us positive results in multiplying mycelien fragment. But only filament productions with spores in carrot milieu gave negative result. We thought that our different media may easily replace media coming from myciculture activities. ]]> 2017-02-04T00:00:00-00:00 2017-02-04 Articles 19 3 576 586 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-234-02 Introduction: L'amylose localisée ou pseudo-tumorale est caractérisée par un dépôt de protéines fibrillaires dans un site de l'organisme sans atteinte systémique. La localisation trachéo-bronchique est la plus fréquente des amyloses respiratoires. Elle doit être évoquée devant toute lésion sténosante d'allure bénigne. Objectifs: A travers deux observations, nous allons étudier la forme pseudo-tumorale de l'amylose localisée trachéo-bronchique. Observation1: patient âgé de 40 ans, sans antécédents pathologiques notables, qui consulte pour dyspnée inspiratoire évoluant depuis un an, associée à une toux sèche, sans autres signes extra respiratoires. La tomodensitométrie a objectivé une sténose trachéale avec des calcifications, étendue sur les grosses bronches. Une endoscopie bronchique rigide a été réalisée objectivant un épaississement circonférentiel de la trachée, s'étendant jusqu'aux grosses bronches avec réduction de son diamètre de plus de 50%. Des biopsies ont été réalisées. L'examen anatomopathologique a posé le diagnostic d'amylose trachéo-bronchique. Observation2: Patiente de 52 ans, diabétique sous ADO. Elle présente depuis 2 mois une toux et une dyspnée inspiratoire et expiratoire, avec un Wheezing à L'examen pleuro-pulmonaire. La TDM thoracique montre un processus tissulaire du segment initial de la trachée (en sous glottique). La fibroscopie bronchique note un bourgeon circonférentiel. Le diagnostic de l'amylose était retenu sur les résultats de la biopsie du bourgeon. Discussion: L'amylose trachéo-bronchique dans sa forme pseudo-tumorale est la plus fréquente de l'amylose respiratoire, elle se caractérise par un dépôt sous muqueux de la substance amyloïde le plus souvent du type AL dans les formes primaires et de type AA dans les formes secondaires. La symptomatologie est celle d'une sténose des voies aérienne ainsi elle peut mimer une tumeur d'allure bénigne ou un asthme. L'imagerie caractérise l'atteinte et pourra suspecter le diagnostic, l'endoscopie bronchique est primordial en visualisant la lésion et réalisant des biopsies. L'histologie confirme la nature amyloïde de la lésion par la coloration spéciale au rouge congo et l'étude immunohistochique. Conclusion: L'amylose trachéo-bronchique localisée est rare. Le diagnostic est anatomopathologique basé sur la coloration par le rouge Congo. L'étude immunohistochimique est nécessaire afin de déterminer le type de l'amylose. Le pronostic dépend de la symptomatologie et les possibilités thérapeutiques. ]]> 2017-02-04T00:00:00-00:00 2017-02-04 Articles 19 3 587 592 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-212-03 La légumineuse fixe une certaine quantité d'azote dans l'atmosphère. Se basant sur l'effet de fixation symbiotique de l'azote par les différentes légumineuses dans le système de culture. Cas de Thephrosia vogelii et le sesbania macrantha dans une culture en association avec le quinquina, il s'est avéré que l'association du sesbania parait plus rentable économiquement et écologiquement par rapport au tephrosia et constitue une forte barrière a la contamination du quinquina vis-à-vis du champignon parasite, ce qui n'en est pas le cas pour le tephrosia. ]]> 2017-02-04T00:00:00-00:00 2017-02-04 Articles 19 3 593 605 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-276-06 The images or social representations of current high school students are connected with the information they receive from their teachers at school, then to know the meanings of their conceptions, can help to improve the practice of Didactic in the process of teaching-learning. The aim of this research was to interpret the significations of teaching in Mexican high school students on a Chemistry course with the Theory and technique of Natural Semantic Networks (NSN). The method used for the study was research-action with a critical interpretative focus, the design of the research was cross-sectional. The population of this study was formed by 79 students officially enrolled into the UCEM (Precollege Institute of the Center of Mexico) educational system. Results have shown that students represent teaching with the meanings of: learning (semantic weight= 194) and teacher (172), despite of these meanings, it exists other words inside the SAM (Semantic Association Memory) group like values (32) and livres (161). In conclusion of this research it can be said that current social images are built with the categories of learning like a process included on teaching and professor like actor of the educational phenomenon. ]]> 2017-02-04T00:00:00-00:00 2017-02-04 Articles 19 3 606 613 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-276-07 To overcome the problem of access to energy in Benin, some researches have been carried out on the production of energy from cashew shells. Thus, two pyrolysis plants on the basis of a reactor designed by CEFREPADE and RONGEAD have been constructed in Benin. Those reactors have been used in Benin for energy recovery from cashew nut shells. Although the pyrolysis products reduce the waste deposit and provide the energy needed for combustion, the exploitation of biochars remains incomplete: they are bulky and difficult to transport because of their low density. To help operators to better manage and facilitate the transport of biocharbons, new research was conducted to densify these biochars. A manual lever press with at lower pressure of 1.80 bar has been developed. Analysis of physical and mechanical properties showed that degree of densification, impact resistance of briquettes and resistance to water penetration were respectively 81%, 90% and 0.94. Also, the effect pressure on density of briquettes and the influence of the drying time on the masses of briquettes were determined. The high rate of densification make that the biocharbons of cashew shells were less bulky and more portable. ]]> 2017-02-04T00:00:00-00:00 2017-02-04 Articles 19 3 614 620 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-276-01 The objective of this work was to determine and model kinetic drying of leaves of Capparis Spinosa. Leaves were dehydratated in an oven until constant mass. The applied temperatures were 40°C, 50°C and 60°C. The results show that drying curves of leaves of Capparis Spinosa do not present a constant period. The effctive diffusivity of leaves of Capparis Spinosa varied between 1,09×10-11 and 1,82×10-11 m2/s in the rage of 40°C to 60°C. Curve expert software was used to find the best model for evaluating the rate of change of moisture change. Among the tested models, Logarithmic and Page models fitted the best the experimental results. ]]> 2017-02-04T00:00:00-00:00 2017-02-04 Articles 19 3 621 626 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-201-13 In an era of global warming caused by the intensive and dangerous human activity, the alarm is pulled to open the concerned parties on the necessity to quickly face the arising challenges. Thus, the corporate social responsibility has become a must do fact. This paper seeks to study Corporate Social Responsibility regarding large companies situated in Tangier (Morocco) and its region. In fact, being in front of such largely negative statement, corporate social responsibility is still brought up at the level of corporate behavior and practice. Stakeholders are called to more awareness, to joint responsibility and civic duty. Our reflection will look at the corporate social responsibility practice situation in large companies of Tangier. It will try to clarify the issues and interests that converge in this practice, to underline good and bad practices, to highlight the limiting factors and to conclude with suggestions for improvement. ]]> 2017-02-04T00:00:00-00:00 2017-02-04 Articles 19 3 627 640 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-283-05 Acute poisoning in Algeria is poorly evaluated as proved by the few publications in this field. To better understand this issue, we have carried out a retrospective study in the region of Setif (East-Algeria), over a period of 5 years and 03 months, from January 2010 to March 2016. This study objective was to determine the number and the types of cases of poisonings treated their distribution by gender and age of patients, and the type of toxic agents involved and intentionality. During the study period, 5293 cases of acute poisoning were reviewed in the emergency department of the University Hospital of Setif, with an age ranging from 02 days to 100 years. The high incidence was recorded at the age of 16 to 25, with 1 740 cases or 32.87%. The female patients predominated with a percentage of 55% or 2910 cases of poisoning. The frequencies of the highest poisoning were recorded in urban and peri-urban areas with 4106 or 78.52%. The drug intoxication recorded the highest number of reports in the region, with 2275 patients, 42, 64 %, followed by 1689 cases of carbon monoxide poisoning, or 31.91%, and 677 cases of poisoning caustics, or 12.8%, respectively. To reduce the incidence of accidental acute poisoning and volunteers, prevention and improvement of socio-economic conditions remain the treatment of choice. ]]> 2017-02-04T00:00:00-00:00 2017-02-04 Articles 19 3 641 647 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-200-08 Our study is focused on the characterization of Chamaerops formations in the western of Algeria. It is based on a phytoecological approach. For this, we realized this work who aims primarily to inventory the species of Chamaeropaies in the mounts of Tlemcen, and classifying the species in biogeographic type and characterize their belonging biologic. Four representative stations of Chamaeropaies were selected. 120 floristic surveys were conducted using a minimum area of 100 m2. The survey of level different floristic performed according to the method of Braun Blanquet shows a rich vegetation of the study area with 248 species distributed in 38 families. On the biological plan 59% on average species are therophytes followed by chamaephytes with 21,75%, the hemicryptophytes is less represented with 10,25 %. Geophytes and phanerophytes remain most weakly represented with respectively 6,5% et 2,25%. On the biogeographical plan 35% of taxed, are of mediterranean origin, 8 % are West-Mediterranean, Paleo-Tempered and Circum- Mediterranean(5%), Eurasian, and European-Mediterranean are represented by 3 % for each. Globally the zone of study tends towards a therophytisation. ]]> 2017-02-04T00:00:00-00:00 2017-02-04 Articles 19 3 648 653 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-234-03 La tuberculose génitale pseudo tumorale est une maladie infectieuse curable. Son tableau clinique est souvent trompeur simulant une tumeur ovarienne ou tubaire. La tuberculose génitale se situe au Maroc à la cinquième place après la tuberculose pulmonaire, ganglionnaire, ostéo-articulaire et digestive ; Sa localisation pelvienne représente 6 à 10% dominée par l´atteinte tubaire, puis cervicale et endométriale. La forme tumorale représente 15% de l´ensemble des localisations pelviennes de la tuberculose. Nous présentons l'observation d'une patiente de 34 ans sans antécédents pathologique notables. Elle a consulté pour des douleurs pelviennes. L'échographie et la TDM pelviennes ont objectivé une tumeur tubaire droite. Une coelioscopie a été réalisée, mettant une évidence une tumeur tubaire droite et une trompe gauche boudinée. La patiente a bénéficié d'une salpingectomie bilatérale. L'étude histologique a montré la présence de lésions granulomateuses avec nécrose caséeuse. Le traitement par les antibacillaires a été instauré selon le protocole 2ERHZ/ 4RH. La tuberculose pelvienne pseudo tumorale est l'apanage de la femme jeune. Le diagnostic est posé par l'étude histologique des prélèvements biopsiques ou des pièces de salpingectomies obtenue lors de l'exploration chirurgicale. Son pronostic est lié à l'infertilité séquellaire. ]]> 2017-02-04T00:00:00-00:00 2017-02-04 Articles 19 3 654 657 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-200-04 In the Touch catchment (South-West of France), samples of sediment and water were collected to evaluate the mobility and bioavailability of some potentially toxic elements (Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Pb and Cd) for ecosystems. In addition to these trace elements, certain compounds of the dissolved phase (pH, major ions, and dissolved organic carbon) were also studied. The results show two groups of trace elements in the Touch aquatic environment. We distinguish the elements associated with more than 50% in the residual phase (Cr, Zn, Ni and Cu) and those whose non residual fractions are dominant more than 60% (As, Cd, Co and Pb). In the non-residual phases, the trace elements have a significant association with the iron oxides, with the exception of Cd which is controlled to about 50% by the carbonate phases. The first two phases of the sequential extraction (water soluble and exchangeable) are insignificant in the pollutants controlling. Arsenic despite its very high proportion of non-residual phase (about 90%) is relatively less mobile than certain elements such as Cd, Co and Pb that have non residual proportions less important. Trace elements more stable in relation to physico-chemical conditions prevailing in the Touch aquatic environments are Cr, Zn and As, and most mobile are Cd, Co and Pb. The availability of these elements is particularly sensitive to the Physico–chimical conditions of this environment. Their presence in solution increases with the concentrations of inorganic ligands such as chlorides and organic ligands (DOC), while it decreases with increasing pH and alkalinity (in particular Cd and Pb because of their relative abundance in the carbonate phases). ]]> 2017-02-04T00:00:00-00:00 2017-02-04 Articles 19 3 658 667 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-225-04 This article focuses on adaptation and revival strategies of an agricultural cooperative (CAPLAME) in West Cameroon following the coffee crisis and their impacts on its performances. The study is based on survey using questionnaires with 74 producers and 12 employees. Our results show that, the strategies set up include: diversification of incomes sources and the signature of convention with government. These strategies are insufficient and inadequate for a revival though they permit a reduction of the cooperative financial deficit. Likewise, they have not improved its social performances and within the coffee sector. CAPLAME has to rethink its identity and activities. She has also to rethink its relationship with members and set up new strategies in order to impulse a positive dynamics at the level of its performances. ]]> 2017-02-04T00:00:00-00:00 2017-02-04 Articles 19 3 668 680 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-212-02 The study aimed to know the psychological needs of displacement students of west Darfur state and its relation with school achievement. The researcher used the analytical and descriptive method, the community of study formed from displacement students of basic school who are staying at Algenana camps. Random and order sample was selected about (480) students (260) males and (220) females during school years 2013-2014. Tool of study represented as follow: measurement of personal preference that acted the psychological needs prepared by Ibrahim Elkenani and siham saeed, and Measure school achievement by exams marks.The statistic package for social sciences was used to analysis the date by the following statistic equalities Mean, Standard Division, Correlation Confidence. The study result: there is negative correlation between psychological needs and school achievement, The recommendations were as follow: Social worker and psychologist must be working in displacements schools, a well satisfy for psychological needs for displacements students must be taken, Very important to support teacher and worker at displacement students by training and education leaflets which help and guide carrying out of strategy to displacement education. ]]> 2017-02-04T00:00:00-00:00 2017-02-04 Articles 19 3 681 698 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-221-04 This study involved the use of polypropylene packaging for the conservation of plantain. Two plantain cultivars French and Horn harvested at 70 and 75 days after inflorescence were stored at 25 °C in polypropylene packaging of 0.235 and 0.303 mm thick. The green life, color of skin, firmness and soluble solids were determined. The results showed that the bananas stored in the polypropylene packaging containers had a significantly the green life longer than the unpackaged bananas. The green life witnesses (unpackaged fruits) was 4 to 6 days for the Horn variety and 5-8 days for the French variety, respectively 70 and 75 days. In packaged fruit, the green life of the French was 14 to 15 days and 18 to 20 days respectively in packages of 0.235 and 0.303 mm thick. Horn variety gave green life 13 to 14 days and 17 to 18 days respectively with the packaging of 0.235 and 0.303 mm thick. The green life of the French variety is significantly higher than that of the Horn variety. Fruits packed in polypropylene bags remained green longer, firmer and slowly accumulated soluble sugars that non-packaged fruit. Generally, these characteristics have evolved significantly in control from the 7th day of storage, and in samples packed in polypropylene bags of 0.235 and 0.303 mm thickness from the 14th and 20th day respectively. ]]> 2017-02-04T00:00:00-00:00 2017-02-04 Articles 19 3 699 707 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-243-01 Surface modification of wool/nylon blended fabric was carried out with protease enzyme to improve their dyeabilities to natural dyes. Cutch (Acacia Catechu) was selected and used in this study. The effect of enzyme concentration on the dye uptake (K/S) was studied at fixed treatment conditions: pH, temperature and treatment time. The obtained results of K/S were compared to the corresponding values obtained for the control samples which were dyed without enzymatic pretreatment. Treatment with protease was found to increase the absorption capacity of both wool and nylon fibers to the natural dye leading to higher K/S compared to untreated samples. The dyeing parameters were also studied including, dyeing pH, temperature, time and mordant concentration along with concentration of dispersing agent. The colour strength was observed to increase by increasing the pH of dye bath, temperature and concentration of dispersing agent, which may be attributed to increasing dye solubility and as a result the rate of diffusion and penetration of the dye inside the fibers of both nylon and wool. Fastness properties to washing, perspiration and light were also assessed and were observed to range between good and excellent. ]]> 2017-02-04T00:00:00-00:00 2017-02-04 Articles 19 3 708 716 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-228-01 The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of emotional intelligence, dispositional optimism and emotional exhaustion on the psychological well-being of police officers in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. Two hundred and seventy- six officers constituted the study's sample. Both the independent and the dependent variables were measured with relevant standardized instruments. Three research questions were answered in the study. The results showed that the independent variables both jointly and relatively contributed significantly to the prediction of psychological wellbeing of the police officers On the strength of these findings, it was recommended that factors such as working overtime, inadequate and delay in salary, obsolete equipment, lack and delay in promotion, staff shortages, in-fighting among senior officers for promotion/ posting, inadequate basic and continuous training of police personnel, which could lead to increase in emotional exhaustion, decrease in dispositional optimism and poor emotional intelligence skills, should be targets for intervention for the police administrators. ]]> 2017-02-04T00:00:00-00:00 2017-02-04 Articles 19 3 717 723 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-307-05 Chlorophyll in the leaves is one of the main components of photosynthesis. We studied the fluorescence chloroplast papaya leaves using solvents such as acetone and ethanol (95o) of various concentrations at room temperature. Chlorophyll fluorescence is a useful technique in plant physiology. Fluorescence spectra of chloroplasts in solvents with various concentrations and under different excitation wavelengths (365 nm, 390 nm and blue) were investigated. Chlorophyll fluorescence is characterized by two peaks, one in the red, near 690 nm, and the other in the far red, near 740 nm. The fluorescence spectra measurements were taken using a spectrofluorimeter. Our results show that complex chlorophyll carriers are dissociated for high concentrations. Our results also show the evolution of peak positions with the solvent strength due to partial separations of complex chloroplasts. ]]> 2017-02-04T00:00:00-00:00 2017-02-04 Articles 19 3 724 728 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-208-02 This study aimed to evaluate the effect of heterosis on chlorophyll and carotenoid content in a hybrid soybean. This study used two genotype of the elders, and two genotypes of F1 and F1R a hybrid varieties Petek x Jayawijaya. Petek and Jayawijaya were tolerant and sensitive to shade respectively. Observed variables were the content of chlorophyll, carotenoids, plant height, number of pods per plant, seed weight per plant and weight of 100 seeds. Heterobeltiosis value and the highest positive heterosis found in the character of pods per plant and pods per plant ranged contains 75-77% for mid parent and 41-45% for high parent, while the influence of the female elders are not present in the character of chlorophyll and carotenoid contents, plant height, number of pods per plant, seed weight per plant, weight of 100 seeds. The result of the research showed that there is no correlation between either chlorophyll or carotenoids content and other variables. ]]> 2017-02-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-02-02 Articles 19 2 252 259 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-201-09 Given that nutrition strongly influences the health and physical handicaps is an aggravating factor of the bad protein-energy nutrition, this study aims to assess the nutritional status of children and adolescents suffering from cerebral palsy. This comparative study was conducted on two samples of 132 children and adolescents aged from 2 to 17 years old including 65 with cerebral palsy and 67 children and adolescents with normal development in the North West of Morocco. Using the classification system of the gross motor function - Expanded and Revised (GMFCS-È and R), Using a dietary survey and socio-demographic and anthropometric data, we were able to gather the following results: 11.1% of patients were classified at GMFCS level I, at level II 8.9%, 8.9% at Level III, 35.6% at IV and 35.6% at level V. Our results also showed that the state emaciation was observed in 39% of children suffering from cerebral palsy against 17.1% of non-pathological (chi-square = 4.40, p = 0.04). And 37.5% of adolescents suffering from cerebral palsy have a state of emaciation against absence in controls (chi-square = 14.30, p <0.001). Growth retardation is observed in pathological children (48.8%) than in normal (2.9%) with (chi-square = 19.91, p <0.001), whereas it did not differ significantly among adolescents (chi-square = 0.04, p = 0.84), a significant difference of underweight was observed in children of both samples (chi-square = 23.43, p <0.001), indicating deterioration in pathological. Our study also revealed the existence of correlations between the GMFCS and Z-scores studied, and significant correlations between Z-scores were established. These results must be considered to avoid the worsening of the nutritional status of children and teenagers suffering from cerebral palsy or corrected. Also some simple laboratory tests (serum albumin, pre albumin, C - reactive protein) will be necessary to assess the endogenous or exogenous aspect of under nutrition. ]]> 2017-02-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-02-02 Articles 19 2 260 266 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-201-10 Learning styles identification using learners' behavior and the actions they perform on a MOOC environment constitute in our opinion not just an interesting research issue but also an important solution to improve MOOC effectiveness. Indeed, providing learners with learning resources and activities that suit to their preferences and learning styles increases their satisfaction improve learning performances and save time (efficiency). In this paper, we propose an approach that uses neural networks to identify and track learners learning styles, then to provide them the appropriate resources, activities, etc. through adaptive recommendation system. The purpose of this paper is to examine the point of view of literature on MOOCs, learning styles and their use in MOOCs environment and our proposed solution to integrate an adaptive recommendation system with MOOC taking into accounts the plurality of participants' learning styles. ]]> 2017-02-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-02-02 Articles 19 2 267 275 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-201-17 We know that with the reliability structure, modeling is based on a deterministic physical system: the latter extract degradation mechanisms. Thus, mechanisms taken into account are crack propagations and are defects from thermal or vibratory fatigue, corrosion or erosion etc... The structure is submitted to some loadings in its environment; this, defines a finite number of modes of degradation. We can envision envisage two possible outcomes: failure or success. Therefore, we could consider the failure probability deterministic or probabilistic. According to the probabilistic approach, the risk will be evaluated without probability of failure. It is understood that this evaluation represents the entire problem of this work. In our study, we are going to be examining the development of two methods of structural reliability, which are the first order and second order: That is why we are going to use FORM and SORM method alongside with the Monte Carlo simulation, which are so effective that they are used to solve problems from the domain of the structure reliability. They allow approximating the limit state function, reliability index and the probability of failure. ]]> 2017-02-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-02-02 Articles 19 2 276 282 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-212-05 Today we note a gradual interest and a growing awareness to the new role assigned to local authorities and their relation to sustainable development; and that, since the adoption of Agenda 21 by more than 170 countries who took part in the Earth Summit held in Rio in Brazil in 1992. This global planning document is presented as a set of action programs and an indicative plan for central and territorial governments, which aims to improve the indicators of sustainable development through the effective and efficient involvement of local authorities. However, this course depends on the degree of commitment of these entities. ]]> 2017-02-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-02-02 Articles 19 2 283 288 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-198-01 Morocco as many developing countries suffer consequences of the globalization. He knew social deficits and transfers which affected several business sectors what makes them fragile. Conscious in these stakes, the Moroccan public authorities undertook measures to strengthen and upgrade sectors having suffered the repercussions of the competition and to mobilize the social action to fight against the precariousness and the poverty. Among these measures, the implementation of the network of the voluntary sector which was rest supported by the National Initiative of the Human Development, launched by His Majesty the King Mohammed VI on May 18th, 2005. The cooperative constitutes the vertebral column of the voluntary and united sector. It has for objective to support her members and to improve their socioeconomic situation. The object of this article is to determine the role of cooperatives in the sustainable development. We tried at first to approach the characteristics of cooperatives then we showed that cooperatives integrate into their management of the multiple objectives of economic, social and ecological order. Finally, we highlighted the current situation of the Moroccan cooperatives and their performances. ]]> 2017-02-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-02-02 Articles 19 2 289 296 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-216-01 Wastewater treatment plants are dynamic systems subject to wide and uncontrolled variations of flow, concentration and composition of effluents crossing-by the plant. Mathematical models are essential to describe, predict and control the variation of method such process. The aim of this work is to develop a model for monitoring the process of an activated sludge waste water treatment plant located in the suburb or Rabat, the capital of Morocco. Data of the several physic-chemical parameters (i.e. biochemical oxygen demand -BOD5; chemical oxygen demand -COD; flow; total phosphorus; total nitrogen; dissolved oxygen; suspended solids (SS , MVS ); temperature (T);and pH) were recorder over the period 2004-2008 and assessed using multidimensional data analysis methods for correlations. Results showed a significant correlation between SS and SLE and between BOD5 and COD. Moreover, a significant correlation between MVS and MES, and between BOD5 and total nitrogen were observed at the at process output. Regression of least squares partial (PLS) was performed on significant parameters and resulted in three equations, with significant correlation coefficients suggesting a good sensitivity of the built model. ]]> 2017-02-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-02-02 Articles 19 2 297 303 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-208-03 This study aims to explain the dynamics of the local climate in southwestern of Côte d'Ivoire in a context of strong human pressure and climate variability. The methodological approach, based on the use of climate data an opportunity to discuss the impact of environmental change on natural resources. Southwestern Côte d'Ivoire has suffered a sharp change in vegetation cover. Since the climate out of 1970, the region observed spatiotemporal variation of rainfall regularly changing down. She sees an emphasis on the occurrence of extreme weather events, especially in terms of temperatures. These changes have resulted in a reduction of consecutive wet months and threatening storm agriculture practice in this area. ]]> 2017-02-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-02-02 Articles 19 2 304 314 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-204-06 Le e-Learning occupe une position centrale dans un ensemble large et diversifié de modalités d'acquisition et de développement des capacités organisationnelles. Cependant, sa mise en place implique une contrainte comportementale. Nous nous interrogeons sur les facteurs qui favorisent l'acceptation de l'utilisation du e-Learning par les salariés comme un nouveau mode d'apprentissage. L'objectif de cette recherche est d'identifier les déterminants de l'utilisation du e-Learning comme un nouveau mode d'apprentissage en s'inspirant de la théorie sociale cognitive, le modèle d'acceptation de la technologie, la théorie de l'échange social et la théorie de l'apprentissage organisationnel. A partir de cette riche base théorique, nous avons pu constituer notre modèle conceptuel. Le second objectif consiste à tester empiriquement le modèle élaboré auprès d'un échantillon de salariés dans le contexte tunisien à travers une étude qualitative exploratoire consolidée par une étude empirique menée auprès d'un échantillon de 318 salariés tunisiens. ]]> 2017-02-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-02-02 Articles 19 2 315 330 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-204-07 E-learning is considered as a learning style, which continuously improves the employees' skills. The question therefore becomes to know how to facilitate the learning transfer in the organization after the use of e-learning. The object of the study is to identify the susceptible factors which are likely to influence effective learning transfer and to consequently understand the factors hindering this transfer after the use of e-learning through a survey based on a questionnaire addressed to 109 learning employees, preceded by 17 semi-directive interview guides directed to learners and training managers of the companies practicing e-learning as an additional learning style. The study has enabled us to highlight the role of motivating the learners to transfer their learning as well as the superiors' encouragement and the colleagues' support. ]]> 2017-02-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-02-02 Articles 19 2 331 338 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-208-01 Nowadays, the management of water capital becomes an alarming situation, worrying the authorities of many countries. The purpose of this study is to assess the capacity of the Kisanga II aquifer in order to serve the population of the city of Lubumbashi with water of sufficient quality and quantity in order to reduce the shortage of water. Hydrological observations were made over a period from 2014 to 2015. They reveal the behavior of the aquifer during the critical periods (dry season, dry episodes). From these observations, the authors describe the morphological and morphometric characteristics of the catchment drained by the river KISANGA II; evaluate the reserves of the aquifer of the basin, using the flood hydrograph raised by them; Then they discuss the significance of these results obtained by applying the empirical formulas of MAILLET and WERNER, TISON and DUNSQUIT and then explain the index of storage and the rate of renewal; establishing the optimum conditions for the use of this aquifer in case of abusive exploitation and finally providing advice to the managers. ]]> 2017-02-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-02-02 Articles 19 2 339 348 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-048-07 The financial system in any economy occupies an outstanding position in channeling the necessary funds to boost the economic growth. In this context, a critical debate had been launched in an attempt to reveal the mechanism of developing the financial system and increasing its performance vis-à-vis the other economic cycles' departments. Financial liberalization comes as a strategy to improve the funds pooling and channeling process and come up with the demands of the other economic agents (investors and consumers). The antagonists of the financial liberalization argue that this tactic whether takes the sequencing or big bang approach may lead to hard distortion within the system because it requires the lift up of the government hand on the financial system and let the latter working according to the market law. These laws may deprive a large portion of the society to benefit from the gains of the financial system. This paper tries to explain the interrelations between the financial system and the requirements of the financial liberalization paradigm, and how the latter impact the efficiency of the former. ]]> 2017-02-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-02-02 Articles 19 2 349 355 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-15-189-02 Investigation on the gastro-intestinal parasites, were conducted in healthe Centers Fomulac-Katana and Miti-Murhesa, in Kabare territory in order to appreciate the prevalence of Taenia infestation to persons in consultation. Thus, the collection and analysis of records and medicine report from 200 to 2004 concerning institutions have allowed to reach the results here bellow.Over 181, 599 sample human junks which were examined in the health Centers of Mabingu, Lwiro, Kabushwa, Mbayo, Ihimbi, Mugeri, Birava, Bushumba and Murhesa, 1,157 cases of Taenia were record (6,3%). All the person parasite come from reral areas. In addition to the case of Taenia mentioned above 720 cases of other parasites (3,96%) have been observed in health institutions investigated in associating or not of their parasites. On the whole, the Taenia infestations would be reduced in that areas and significand compared the others gastro-intestinal parasites examined. ]]> 2017-02-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-02-02 Articles 19 2 356 362 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-298-01 Demographic change is responsible for the degradation of wetlands Nyong river. The overall objective of the study has been to analyze socio-economic factors who manage Nyong river, Mbalmayo Distric. Interviews and surveys of the local population have been made. The local population is mainly the men (61%), mainly to 41-60 year hold (60%). They practice mainly agriculture on the banks of Nyong river (43%). The plants are invasive (40%) and block river (40%). Biodiversity is factor mainly impacted (50%). The managing of these area for different actors is doing by all abduction of invasive plants (90%), by extraction (60%). The interviews and surveys have highlighted the complexity of interactions between actors. Respondents are aware: they identify the environmental, social, political and territorial raised by the management of risk areas. ]]> 2017-02-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-02-02 Articles 19 2 363 375 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-220-05 The petrologic study of gneiss of Bunhyakiri in the South –Kivu province in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The following lithologies were identfied: the gneiss was subdivised in gneiss "oeillés", granitics gneiss and leptyni, and the pegmatit was subdivised in pegmatit contens tourmalin and pegmatit contens biotit. The chemical analysis had shown that the gneiss of Bulambika was born from metamorphic evolution of medium and acid rocks (granit, granodiorit, tonalit). This lasts are peraluminous and belong to one magmatic series which is calcoalcalin sery. It means that they are magmatic rocks which come from mantel and they were formed in subduction context. These formations are, to the mineralogic point of view, rich in feldspaths (±55% of proportion) where the albit dominate. They are belonging to the class of Kibarian granitoids of the group of Bitale. ]]> 2017-02-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-02-02 Articles 19 2 376 384 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-220-06 This study carried out in the cheap one of Bukavu, precisely in the southern part, on water of the sources. It was carried out under two aspects: aspects quantitative and qualitative. The first aspect consisted with the taking away of the flows on the various sources to compare them from/to each other. It was noted that the flows vary from a source to another: the Kabangere source is most significant, with an average of 29,87.10-5 m3/S, followed by Brigignon 10,89. 10-5 m3/S, Hewa Bora 8,93. 10-5 m3/S, Mushununu 7,75. 10-5 m3/S, Swimming pool 3,83. 10-5 m3/S and, finally, Kaba T ate 3,15. 10-5 m3 / S. L be five last sources have medium flows varying from 3,15 to 10,89.10-5 m3/S. the second aspect which was limited on the qualitative analysis consisted in measuring the contents of chemical elements dissouts in water of the sources to compare them with their relative concentrations recommended for a drinking water by the standards of WHO (World Organization of L has Santé) and supplemented by the measurement of the physicochemical parameters such as the pH, conductivity, the temperature. This study proved that water of our sources is all drinkable, and thus, clean and without danger to consumption. ]]> 2017-02-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-02-02 Articles 19 2 385 395 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-285-02 The objective of this study is the evaluation of the groundwater's quality of the region Zegit-Oulmes by analysis of some physico-chemical parameters as pH, redox, conductivity, salinity, solids dissolved, oxygen and temperature. These parameters have been measured by a kind Consort C535 and Hanna Instruments HI 98280 multi-parameter Analyser. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) was measured by a multiparameter photometer HANNA type C 214 (HI 83214), the biological oxygen demand (BOD5) by a Dbometre for five days and turbidity by a turbidimeter. The electrical conductivity is about 2836,6 ± 229.4 µS/cm, dissolved oxygen about 6.66 ± 3,84 mg/l, about 84,86 ± 56,16 NTU turbidity, chemical and biological oxygen demand are respectively about 166 ± 133.4 mg O2/l and 40.66 ± 29.73 mg O2/l. These results indicate that the groundwater's quality in Zegit-Oulmes is bad and the measures exceed the national standards, which poses a serious problem for their direct consumption. ]]> 2017-02-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-02-02 Articles 19 2 396 400 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-237-05 This study aims to demonstrating that from independence of Democratic Republic of the Congo till now, ethnicity has always played a major role for political leaders in this that each one uses his tribe or ethnicity as to secure his power base during his reign. This, in fact, has been demonstrated through the various rebellions of the years 1960-1965, when everyone fell back in his home province to be able to provide a sound basis strengthening and legitimizing actions or ambitions of the interest of the whole community. From the taking over in 1965, 1997 and 2001, people only succeeded to empower, as the political power management system did not change at all. Since the time of Mobutu's, Kabila's father's or Joseph Kabila's regime, political power enjoyed an ethnic or tribal base safe in the sense that each governing, working with the members of his home province. Therefore, other tribes were part of the fair management that hide the image of ethnicity by appearing advocate for national unity. Really, the members of the ethnic group or tribe played or still play a vital role of running for important posts in the army and government, including the Interior Ministry, the General Staff of the Army, national defense, presidential security brigade, the intelligence services, police, the public enterprises and other government posts. ]]> 2017-02-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-02-02 Articles 19 2 401 415 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-237-03 Brand has become a necessary part in our daily life. The product, when becomes a brand, promises quality, trust and distinct place in a range of choices. Brand equity can corrode either because of negative experiences or because of positive new information about substitute brands. Brand equity makes a customer faithful with the product irrespective of its price. In telecom sector, brand equity is valuable assets of every company and it should be made to nurture. This study intends to examine the mediating effect of brand awareness on the relationship between brand loyalty, brand image and brand equity in telecom sector of Mirpur, Azad Kashmir. A sample based on 200 customers, using structural equation modeling approach, brand loyalty and brand image are found to have positive effects on brand awareness. The findings of this study suggest that the brand awareness fully mediates the effect of brand loyalty and brand image on brand equity. ]]> 2017-02-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-02-02 Articles 19 2 416 423 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-228-02 Sanitation and health of populations regarding malaria and diarrhea syndromes were studied in precarious neighborhoods of Abobo (Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire). Globally, 587 concessions were sampled with 14 232 people. Human excreta are essentially disposed in autonomous sanitation systems (8-88%). The grouping of neighborhoods according to their sanitation gave three entities: (Anonkoua and Abobo PK-18) (Sagbé, Avocatier, M'Ponon and Jean-Tahi) and (Abobo-Baoulé). People have access to the drinking water from SODECI for various usages depending on the use and the season. Drinking water from SODECI is the only one used in the dry season, but it's partially substituted by rainwater during the rainy season for bath, clothes washing and dishes. However, it is exclusively used for drinking regardless of the season. The classification of precarious neighborhoods based on water use gives five groups: (Anonkoua, Avocatier) (Sagbé, Abobo PK-18), (Jean-Tahi) (M'Ponon) and (Abobo-Baoulé). Population health in these areas is worrying with 47% of patients (35% of malaria syndrome cases and 12% of diarrhea syndrome cases). The young population ([0-8 years [) is the most affected, with 25% of malaria syndrome cases and 34% of diarrhea syndrome cases. ]]> 2017-02-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-02-02 Articles 19 2 424 434 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-296-01 In this work, we tried to study some aspects which constitute the foundation of the anthropology in Morocco. We tried to emphasize the importance of the concept of tribe grafting that mode of social and cultural organization; we lifted (raised) some themes which marked the birth and the development of the anthropological knowledge, the knowledge which revealed the anthropological horizon of the Moroccan society. To do it, we made appeal(recourse) to the works of Robert Montagne, Ernest Gellner and Raymond Jamous to understand(include) the use(custom) which they made of the Moroccan tribal model and to know how also this one definitively marked the birth of the anthropology in Morocco. ]]> 2017-02-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-02-02 Articles 19 2 435 442 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-296-02 Our work has for object of study the museum cultural policy in Morocco. Our anthropological approach joins in an interpretative approach which consists in reporting ethnographical museums and their way of functioning. We also tried to see the definition which we assigned to the notion of museum cultural policy to understand the problematic relationship which maintains the museum, on one hand, with field of the cultural heritage and one the other hand with the public Moroccan. One has to note that said relationship cannot be understandable without the talking into consideration of the organizational criteria which obeys the reception of the patrimonial culture to acquire the status of museum culture. ]]> 2017-02-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-02-02 Articles 19 2 443 448 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-256-01 The aim of this study was in one hand to characterize fish population and to estimate catch per unit effort (cpue) and production in Potou lagoon. The present survey has been led in the Potou lagoon from April 2004 to March 2006. The data have been collected 10 days per month with an experimental fishing using a beach seine associated to commercial fishings data collected during the sampling days. Fish community inventoried on the Potou lagoon was composed of 38 species including left in 33 genuses, 23 families and 8 orders. A species (Parachanna obscura) was reported for the first time in the Ebrié lagoon. Fish fauna in the Potou lagoon was dominated by 4 orders (Perciformes, Siluriformes, Elopiformes, Clupeiformes) forming 97% and 99% of the total number and biomass respectively, with the Perciformes as main order (55% of fish total abundance and 49% of total biomass. Community was dominated by six species (82% of total abundance: Tilapia guineensis (18%), Elops lacerta et Ethmalosa fimbriata (17% chacune), Sarotherodon melanotheron (16%), Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus (9%) et de Polydactylus quadrifilis (5%). In Potou lagoon, catch per unit effort (cpue) showed variation according to fishing gear and seasons. Annual mean cpue varied from 39 kg/output (trap fishery) to 1008 kg/output (beach seine fishery), with maximum values during the dry season (16 to 580 kg/ output) et minimum in the rainy season (11 à 134 kg/ output). Annual production in Potou lagoon was estimated to 526.584 tons, with a yield of 250 kg/ha/year. ]]> 2017-02-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-02-02 Articles 19 2 449 462 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-279-02 Yam is the first food crop in Côte d'Ivoire. However, it has experienced a low yield due to anthracnose. The objective of this work is to identify the disease endemic zones, the most susceptible yam varieties and the causative agents of anthracnose. A phytosanitary survey was then conducted in four yam growing zones of Côte d'Ivoire (Centre-north, Centre, Nord-east and South-west) three months after planting, to evaluate the distribution and the prevalence of this disease on two improved varieties (TDa/0090 and C18) and one or two local varieties (bètè-bètè, krenglè, adaguié, sapian et woro) specific to each study area. Leaves and stems symptomatic sample were taken for laboratory analysis. Three groups of symptoms were identified : brown necrosis surrounded by a yellow halo, black necrosis and burns. The prevalence of yam anthracnose ranged from 4 to 72,22 % and the severity from 1 to 4. The highest prevalence was observed in the South-west zone and on the local varieties. Samples analysis revealed that Colletotrichum gloeosporioides/Glomerella cingulata would be responsible to yam anthracnose in Côte d'Ivoire. ]]> 2017-02-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-02-02 Articles 19 2 463 474 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-227-07 This cross-sectional study aims to identify health behaviors among adolescents engaged in team sport in Taza, Morocco. The whole sample includes 512 adolescents aged between 13 and 20 years old (Girls = 45.5% and Boys = 54.5%). Participation in team sport was estimated to 61.1%. Results revealed that engagement in team sport is not associated with healthy behaviors of adolescents. Hence, more adolescents in team sport adopt violent behaviors. Otherwise, le level of education about healthy behaviors was suitable in team sport participants than the non-participants. ]]> 2017-02-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-02-02 Articles 19 2 475 481 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-223-02 Polymorphisms of the glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), which are involved in the cellular oxidative and antioxidant mechanisms of the xenobiotic substances and carcinogens, represents a factor that increases the risk of developing cancer. We aimed to determine in a case-control study (82 patients and 152 controls) a possible association between the GSTT1, GSTM1 and GSTP1 gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) in a Romanian population. GTSs genotypes were obtained using the multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Increased frequencies of the GSTM1 null genotype were observed in the patients (51.22%) with NHL and in controls (56.58%). No associations were observed between GSTP1 Ile/Val + Val/Val and GSTM1 null genotypes and risk of NHL, while an increased risk for GSTT1 null genotype was noticed without statistical significance. We did not find differences for the combined GST gene polymorphisms and risk of NHL between patients and controls. Also, no differences between patients' demographic and clinical characteristics and GTSs genotypes were detected (p>0.05, for all comparisons). Therefore, our research suggests that GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1 genotypes do not contribute to the risk of developing NHL. ]]> 2017-01-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-01-02 Articles 19 1 1 8 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-227-01 Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis is the most direct and definitive technique for determining (or confirming) the geometric structure of chemical compound. In this paper, we describe the capacity of semi-empirical methods such as AM1, PM3, PM6 and NODCs for determining interatomic distances and bond angles for three compounds P1 ((1S, 3R,8R)-2,2-dichloro-3,7,7,10-tetramethyl-tricyclo [6,4,0,01,3] dodec-9-ene), P2 (1S,3R,8R,9S,11R)-2,2,10,10-tetrachloro-3,7,7,11 tetramethyltetracyclo [6,5,0,01.2,09.116 ] tridecane) and P3 (1S,3R,8R,9S,11R)-2,2,10,10-tetrabromo-3,7,7,11 tetramethyltetracyclo [6,5,0,01.2,09.116 ] tridecane) including experimental data interatomic distances and bond angles are available. The results obtained show a good agreement with experimental reference values, a few exceptions, for semi-empirical methods AM1 and PM6 appear more reliable than PM3 and NODC. ]]> 2017-01-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-01-02 Articles 19 1 9 23 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-210-03 The trend of escalation religious intolerance in many countries to be a potential trigger proliferation of disputes and conflicts, in which it will have an impact on security and stability threats, deterioration of economic aspects, social-cultural and even may affect on the destruction of civilization of a country. Indonesia, the country with the largest degree of heterogeneity in the world that has diverse ethnicities, cultures, customs, language, religions, must continue to build and develop an attitude of tolerance, particularly religious tolerance. Islamic Boarding School as an Islamic educational institution, a place of propaganda and dissemination of religious teachings of Islam, are expected to to build and develop an attitude of religious tolerance to their students more optimally. An enhancement of religious tolerance attitude of students conducted through a learning management by implementing a variety of learning theory and comprehensively via methods of sorogan, bandongan, fathul kutub, muhawarah, mudzakaroh and memorization which is based on ukhrawi. While the effectiveness of classroom management carried out by making the students as learning subjects so it motivate students in the development of their cognitive, affective and psychomotor. Pupils that have a tolerance are expected to uphold the attitude of respect, appreciate, recognize and simplify to preaching in public. ]]> 2017-01-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-01-02 Articles 19 1 24 32 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-220-02 There is no doubt that the technology greatly affect the users in all fields, and perhaps the most notable educational field and this article aims to identify the role of the internet in education and disclosure of the most important educational services provided by the information and research sources and efficient manner. ]]> 2017-01-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-01-02 Articles 19 1 33 36 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-204-05 Labyrinth seals are widely used to limit leakage flow between rotating and stationary parts of turbo machines. However, these elements often generate driving forces that may increase the unstable vibration of the rotor. Thus, an accurate prediction of the static and dynamic behavior of labyrinth seals is more required to improve turbomachines performance and design. In this paper, a numerical model based on CFD computation has been developed to predict the flow characteristics through an eccentric short labyrinth seal with four teeth fixed on the rotor. The realizable k-ε and k-ω SST turbulent models have been separately used in this computational model to compare predictions to experiments for the complex turbulent flow field within the seal. The pressure distribution around the seal is calculated in each cavity and the obtained results show that the k-ω SST turbulent model predictions are better than those of the realizable k-ε model. The Pressure contours and its distribution along the seal are also presented. Additionally, a parametric study of the circumferential velocity distribution assessed the use of bi-dimensional models to predict rotor dynamic characteristics of this kind of seals. Furthermore, influences of pressure ratio and inlet swirl on the leakage flow through the seal have been studied in this paper. ]]> 2017-01-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-01-02 Articles 19 1 37 45 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-279-07 Sensitivity analysis was performed on the mathematical model of Cholera to determine the influence and importance of each parameter on the basic reproduction number (R0) in the dynamical spread of Cholera. Basic Reproduction Number (R0) was obtained using next generation matrix method (NGM). The disease free equilibrium was analyzed for stability and the analysis shows that the disease free equilibrium point is globally asymptotically stable whenever the basic reproduction number is less than unity i.e (R0<1). Also, there exist endemic equilibrium points of the model whenever R0>1. The relative sensitivity indices of the model with respect to each parameter in the basic reproduction number is calculated in order to find the most sensitive parameter which the medical practitioners and policy health makers should work on in order to reduce the spread of cholera in the society. The result shows that effective contact rate and fraction of individuals with low immunity are the most sensitive parameters in the reproduction number. Numerical simulation was carried out by MAPLE 17 software using Runge-kutta method of order four to show the effects of contact rate and fraction of individuals with low immunity in the dynamical spread of Cholera. This work will allow the health policy makers to know the best control measure to be adopted in order to have disease free environment. ]]> 2017-01-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-01-02 Articles 19 1 46 54 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-201-11 The area, on which our search is driven, is situated in the north west of Algeria, it an integral part of Traras Mountains. The present study focuses on Tetraclinis articulata groups in the coastal region of Honaine, province of Tlemcen (Western Algeria). To identify the biological potentials of Tetraclinis articulata groups, our study has been based on two methodological approaches: - The method of Braun-Blanquet which relies on abundance and dominance realized on the three search areas (Sidi Driss, Ouled Youcef and Ziatene). - The method of Durietz based on relative frequencies. The results achieved show the different species which accompany Tetraclinis articulata. The analysis of different inventories have allowed us to find out 80 vegetal species, the main of which are Tetraclinis articulata, Pistacia lentiscus, Globularia alypum, Cistus monspeliensis, Calycotome intermedia, Chamaerops humilis, Erica multiflora, Pistacia lentiscus, Echium vulgare… The second approach has allowed us to find out four classes from which we identify the species related to each class as concern: Lavandula dentata, Calycotome intermedia, Pistacia lentiscus, Globularia alypum, Cistus monspeliensis, Ulex europeus, Urginea maritima, Asteriscus maritimus, Schismus barbatus, Chamaerops humilis, Phillyrea angustifolia, Ampelodesma mauritanicum, Helianthemum pilosum et Vicia villosa. ]]> 2017-01-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-01-02 Articles 19 1 55 64 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-266-01 The juice that percolates through the hospital sewage and that loads of pollutants must be eliminated. Our study contributes to the establishment of a purification system of hospital wastewater was expensive and effective. The process (stabilization coupled to bio filtration) involves aquatic plants such as Azolla and sand filtration. It thus improves the drainage conditions of the hospital effluents by dramatically reducing the pollution load. This technique decreases and lowers the organic filler according to the conditions imposed. The bio filtration has a specific behavior with respect to the leachate and increases the purification performance of wastewater. So by applying this technique, our study shows a reduction of 77.4% of the chemical oxygen demand (COD), 68.6% of turbidity, 94% of nitrates and phosphates 95% for a residence time of 8 am in the lagoon. This technics following the filter coupling shows a reduction of pathogenic microorganisms. The lagoon level the concentration of organic matter (OM), nitrogen and phosphorus decreased. This study is an important step in the design of a wastewater treatment plant wastewater university clinics in Kinshasa, DRC. ]]> 2017-01-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-01-02 Articles 19 1 65 78 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-276-02 The objective of this work is the identification of certain biomolecules such as tocopherols, sterols, alcohols, aliphatic and terpene of sesame oil (sesanum indicum l.) from Congo Brazzaville in the Department of the bowl to the village of ONTOGO. This oil contains tocopherol which are composed of: gamma tocopherol (Wgamma): 171 mg/kg to MG, followed Delta tocopherol (W delta): 5 mg/kg. There is a content of total sterols of 543 mg/kg to MG including Beta-sitosterol (58.9%) follow-up of Campesterol (16.7%) and Delta5-Avenasterol (10.7%) and two middle peaks that will be Delta5-Avenasterol (10.7%) and Stigmaterol (7.2%). alcohols present in sesame also contains the terpene alcohols which are: the important thing is that of lupeol (9.0%) followed the cycloartenal (4.4%) and finally the α-amyrin (1.3%) , and the aliphatic alcohols are forms of traces. All of these biomolecules are important in the prevention of cardiovascular disease for some and fight some cancers for others. ]]> 2017-01-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-01-02 Articles 19 1 79 84 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-199-02 In Morocco, the impact of global climates changes, mainly the climatic hazards, was observed during the last decade on the environmental, agricultural and economical area in Morocco. However, scares are studies carried out to quantify and describe the negative effect of climatic hazards on the stability and the conservation of soil, water and bio-resources, including the principal watersheds highly exposed to erosion phenomenon. The present research aim's the prioritization of the erosion risk in the basin of Inaouene, situated in the northeast of Morocco. The application of Remote Sensed Data allowed the determination and delineation of thirteen sub-watersheds. The morphometric analysis using different parameters (linear, sharps parameters and relief aspects) and ranking of each estimated parameter for each sub-basin allowed the classification of these sub-watersheds in three prioritization categories regarding the priority for conservation and management of resource. High priority was assigned to the SBV01, SBV04, SBV05, SBV06, SBV11 and SBV12, which are subject to a maximum soil erosion, medium priority for the SBV02, SBV03, SBV07, SBV08, SBV09 and SBV10, and low priority for SBV13. The group with high priority is concerned by high risk of erosion and soil degradation, stressing immediate action to prevent possible natural hazards. Special attention for the sub-watersheds SBV05 and SBV06 characterized by very low compound value (CP) are very susceptible to erosion risk. These sub-basins are of highest priority and needs urgent interventions to protect the soil. These sub-basins were integrated as data base together with morphometric parameters, into geographical information systems in order to establish different maps showing sub-watersheds with high risk of erosion. ]]> 2017-01-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-01-02 Articles 19 1 85 97 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-186-03 Cashew apple, was a false fruit of cashew tree. It was not valorized because of its astringency. In the purpose of valorization of this fruit in juice, this study showed the impact of coupling of crossflow microfiltration and vacuum concentration on the juice quality. Crossflow microfiltration tests were carried out on the raw cashew apple juice followed by its concentration by vacuum concentration at different temperatures (40, 60 and 80 ° C). Different juices (clarified and concentrated) obtained were characterized and compared to the raw one. The results showed that the crossflow microfiltration eliminated tannins and therefore astringency. It was not affected the nutritional value of the juice. Concerning the vacuum evaporation, it was not influenced on titrable acidity, whatever the temperature. However, it affected the vitamin C content, color and flavor profile of the juice. This process increased losses of vitamin C depending the temperature. Regarding color, we noted that, juices concentrated has a high absorbance between 400 and 480 nm. More the temperature of vaccum evaporation was high more the absorbance was important. Finally, the flavor profile of concentrated juice obtained by vacuum evaporation was modified from the clarified juice obtained by crossflow microfiltration. ]]> 2017-01-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-01-02 Articles 19 1 98 107 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-201-12 The research aims to test the relationship between innovative marketing and sustainable competitive advantage at some hotels in Dohuk city. To achieve the research goal and complete the requirements, researchers proceeded to prepare a theoretical framework from the literature. Research sample consisted from (55) of the managers in these hotels. A questionnaire has been developed to collect field-side data. Through some statistical methods, results and hypotheses have been analyzed and tested. Conclusions represented the adoption of researched hotels to the concept of innovative marketing with high level of acceptance. Correspondingly, the research owned sustainable competitive advantage with high level of acceptance. The research found set of proposals represented the need of enhancing the attention of innovative marketing and sustainable competitive advantage, and the development and progress of innovation among workers in the surveyed hotels. ]]> 2017-01-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-01-02 Articles 19 1 108 122 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-204-04 This research aims to analyze the state of conservation of gazetted forest, community forest and sacred forest in the southern Benin. To do this, two gazetted forests, two communities forests and two sacred forests were chosen. The evaluation of the dynamics of the forest cover has been made of the comparative diachronic analysis of land cover in 1982 and 2015. The phytosociological and forest inventories were carried out in the forests studied. The results revealed that the areas of forest classes are held and sometimes experiencing an increase in the sacred forests while these forest classes experienced a regressive development in gazetted forests. In community forests, regression and maintaining forest classes were observed. The average density of trees is the highest recorded in the sacred forest of Zannouzoun (352.50 trees / ha) and the lowest density is achieved in the community forest Togbin-Daho (104.60 trees / ha). The highest Shannon diversity index is obtained in the sacred forest of Kodjizoun (3. 08 bits) while the lowest value of this index is recorded at the gazetted forests of Pahou (1.96 bit). The state and the evolutionary trend of forest cover and ecological parameters show that the sacred forests and incidentally community forests are best preserved as gazetted forests. However, the small size of sacred forests requires to qualify this conclusion. ]]> 2017-01-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-01-02 Articles 19 1 123 139 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-212-06 The aim of this work is to highlight the forms of trusts and their respective influences on the commitment in a logistics perspective in partnerships between suppliers and modern distribution. The theories of trust and commitment, and relational approach have been used as the frame work of analysis and the hypothetical-deductive method lay out as a methodological framework. Trust was measured in three dimensions: trust calculated, cognitive trust, and affective trust, which has enabled us to build a scale and detailed measurement. A two-step methodology was adopted: qualitative studies were conducted with industry players; and a quantitative study was conducted there by to verify the assumptions of research. After selection of the two sample holders Research (suppliers, and employees of the modern distributor), the results, for the implementation of factorial analysis (SPSS) and structural equation modeling techniques(PLS), allowed assessment simultaneous reliability and validity, while estimating the relationships and links between manifest variables. In this context, the results of this study suggest the significant impact, in both senses of the dyad, trust on collaborative commitment. On the other hand, it appears that this is the emotional confidence that is determinative of the other types of trust. Managerial and theoretical implications have been put into perspective. ]]> 2017-01-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-01-02 Articles 19 1 140 154 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-207-02 The objective of this study is to describe and investigate the circumstances of an epidemic infections outbreak of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in pediatric intensive care unit. Between August and October 2012, where ten strains of Acinetobacter baumannii have been isolated. Blood cultures and protected distal bronchial samples were the main sites of isolation. The study of antibiotic resistance helps to identify two phenotypical clones confirmed by the genotypic study using the pulsed field gel electrophoresis. The audit on respect of the hygiene precautions by healthcare workers revealed a large lack. The line adopted following this event was the establishment of corrective measures in order to stop this epidemic. Reinforcing the hygiene measures and staff training were successful in ending the outbreak without having to close the unit. The emergence of strains of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infections outbreak in the intensive care units seems very alarming and requires the development of an effective and permanent strategy against healthcare associated infections. ]]> 2017-01-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-01-02 Articles 19 1 155 165 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-201-14 Climate changes have sever threats on food security in subsistence farming systems of Burkina Faso where agricultural production is strongly base on rainfall. Soil and water conservation techniques such as zaï and improved seeds of sorghum (Sorgum bicolor L.) were tested and adopted in the drier zones of the North as adaptation technologies to the climate changes. The aim of this study was to assess the performance of the combination of improved sorghum variety (Sariasso 11) with zaï technology on its yields performance in the context of climate changes. The trail was conducted in field conditions and 10 farmers were concerned. The different treatments were randomly distributed according to a Fisher block design with 4 treatments and 5 replicates in the villages of Loaga and Sika. Measurements were carried out on the components of sorghum yield, and soil parameters. The results showed that the treatment « zaï compost + improved seeds» adapt better to the climatic changes. It allowed a better development of the sorghum and grain yield increased by 3 compared to the control. Chemical parameters of the soil were significantly improved, and the pH reached a value of approximately 6.5 in this treatment. The combination of the two techniques permits therefore to improve the resilience of the agricultural production facing the climate changes. ]]> 2017-01-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-01-02 Articles 19 1 166 174 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-198-05 This work is entitled "literature in action through Shi folk music". Literature and Music are two inevitable and inseparable elements in the traditional Shi folklore. They always go together. In this way, dealing with the present paper we wanted to side with Eno BELINGA who confirmed that "In their traditional aspect, literature and Music are in Black Africa (…) so intimately all together that they most of the time constitute one and same activity. To talk of one without the other is to practice an artificial division that nothing can legitimate" (1965:19).to bring more light to this, we have described some useful musical instruments and collected a folk song entitled Segese which was translated from Mashi, the mother tongue of the minstrel who sang it into English. Thanks to the song in question, it was noticed that the features are highly various, complex and related to both literature and music. We have disclosed along our study that Shi folk Music bears numerous situations and other occurrences which can be interpreted in a literary way. ]]> 2017-01-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-01-02 Articles 19 1 175 184 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-200-18 Because of the shortage of drinking water in some parts of Morocco, people are resorting to the consumption of natural waters. In the majority of cases, those waters pose potential health risks, because few studies focus on their quality. In this regard, our study consists to evaluate physicochemical and bacteriological quality of both types of natural waters used for food by people. A well's water in the region of Ain Chgague, and source's water of Sid Bettare, both located near the Fez city. According to standardized norms, we evaluated the physico-chemical and bacteriological quality of those waters. The physico-chemical quality of those waters is studied by measuring temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, nitrate, ammonium and total phosphorus. As for the bacteriological quality, is evaluated by counting the revivable germs at 37 °C, total coliforms, fecal coliforms, intestinal enterococci, and sulfite-reducing anaerobes. The results obtained show a difference of parameter values analyzed in water to another. For the physicochemical study, all parameters are conforming to standards. While, the majority of bacteriological parameters studied, far exceed the drinking water quality standards. Indicating a microbial pollution, that represents an alarming health risk for consumers of these waters. ]]> 2017-01-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-01-02 Articles 19 1 185 190 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-237-06 Outsourcing isn't recent as managerial practice. However, this phenomenon of outsourcing has increased significantly in recent years. Two main factors have contributed to explain this development. First, the need to create more value for shareholders and customers, and secondly, the emergence of a market of specialized providers with skills to provide businesses with property and custom services. The main objective of this article is to explain the phenomenon of outsourcing through the transaction cost theory and resource theory, highlighting the determinants and risks of this management practice. The literature review shows that the search for flexibility, productivity gains, quality and focus on the heart of the trade are the major determinants of operations outsourcing. Moreover, the risks are mainly: loss of control, loss of quality, cost problem and the difficulties in the management of human resources. ]]> 2017-01-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-01-02 Articles 19 1 191 196 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-204-02 Agriculture is the base of the economic growth of Benin. So the improvement of the outputs became a permanent concern of all the actors of the agricultural sector. Present research aims at studying the contribution of the installation of the underworld to the productivity of rice in the Commune of Boukoumbé. The adopted methodological approach is articulated around the document retrieval, the investigations of ground, the processing the data and the analysis of the results. The use of the Active Method of Participative Research (MARP) made it possible to collect information near the targeted made up actors of 50 producers, 20 persons in charge of groupings and 05 agents of rural framing. It arises from the study that the Commune of Boukoumbé has 67 underworld with a total surface area of 2106 ha whose 12 sites are arranged corresponding to a surface of 320 ha. The average outputs obtained for the two varieties are approximately 2.9380 t/ha on the level of the arranged underworld and 1.3073 t/ha for the non made-up underworld. The installation of the underworld thus represents a strategic axis for the increase in the especially rice agricultural productivity in the sector of study. ]]> 2017-01-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-01-02 Articles 19 1 197 205 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-220-08 The zone of study is located north of Pointe noire town, in the Department of Kouilou, in Republic of Congo. In order to better understand the floristic richness and chorology of the study site of interest, an analysis on a flora, of the autoecological and phytogeographycal spectra of species was undertaken. This analysis is based on the floristic material from different botanical surveys carried out in 2012, and deposited at the National Herbarium of the Congo (IEC). Over a study area of 202'700 ha investigated through 243 phytosociological plots, a matrix of 580 specific and subspecific taxa, distributed in 386 genus and 119 families, were inventoried. Seven species, of which one for the science, were new for the flora of Republic of Congo. The families of Fabaceae, Poaceae, Rubiaceae, Euphorbiaceae, of Malavaceae and Annonaceae and are the most diversified in species. The ecological spectrum highlights the strong preponderance of the phanerophytes, sarcochores and mesophiles, thereby confirming the dominance of the forest biodiversity compared to grasslands. From a phytogeographical perspective, the preponderance of the base element identified as well as three families and eleven genus of endemic nature integrate the flora within the Guineo-Congolian centre of endemism. ]]> 2017-01-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-01-02 Articles 19 1 206 217 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-220-07 As many rivers crossing urban region in Morocco, Martil's river feeding the cities of Tetouan and Martil suffers from an organic and metallic pollution problem under the effect of a rising anthropological pressure. In fact the recent study has detected a surprising phenomenon of sediment enrichment exceeding 280 ppm for Cooper (1, 21 mg/l), 90 for Lead (0, 35 mg/l), and 3 ppm for Cadmium (0,016 mg/l) downstream. The present work objective is to examine the reality of this metallic pollution and to understand the nature of the polluting sources. The metallic elements analyses have been done in sediment with an appropriate technical means. Results interpretation has been used by indices of contamination: Factor of enrichment, to identify the metal origin enriching sediment. This work has shown that the municipal dump situated at the river shore has a moderate and located impact on sediment for: Cu, Pb, and Zn. On the rest of the zone of study no other impact by the Pb has been detected, but the result indicated the existence of a diffusing geogenic source, recording relatively elevated degrees of the seven metallic elements in comparison to the upstream of the river. ]]> 2017-01-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-01-02 Articles 19 1 218 225 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-201-07 Sisseb El Alem-Nadhour Saouaf (SANS) basin, is located in the Northeastern Tunisia, where groundwater systems are often exposed to rapidly reserve overexploitation, changing recharge amounts and quality degradation. A three-dimensional (3D) regional hydrogeological model of SANS basin was developed in order to understand the geometry of subsurface and its implications on groundwater dynamics. The 3D model was built by the interpretation of 2D seismic reflection profiles, calibrated by wire line logging data of oil wells, hydraulic wells and geologic field sections. After checking efficiency of interpolation methods by geostatistical tools, validated model highlighted the impact of faults system on the aquifer geometry and structure. Thus, Plioquaternairy and Oligo-Miocene aquifers in the study area represent important geometric variations and cumulated thickness affected by intensive fractures which divided the system into 4 sub-basins (Bled Ktifa, Sisseb, El Alem and Nadhour Saouaf). Moreover, vertically, geological modeling shows 11 hydrogeological layers, with different hydrodynamic characteristics. This study was benefic to propose a conceptual model for the SANS system and to identify the recharge zones and the over-pumped areas which are affected by a significant evaporation rates and reveal large fluctuations of flow dynamic. These results suggest the critical importance of building a various GIS database and testing numerical geological models on groundwater flow dynamic assessment. ]]> 2017-01-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-01-02 Articles 19 1 226 238 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-174-03 Streptococcus agalactiae or group B streptococcus (GBS) is a common agent of maternal and neonatal infections. Invasives diseases due to GBS are increasing in non-pregnant adults, mainly for immunodepressed adults with a mortality rate ranging from 20% to 50%.Among these infections, meningitis streptococcus agalactiae are exceptional. This observation reports the case of meningitis Streptococcus agalactiae in a diabetic patient. The urinary tract was the starting point of the invasive infection due to GBS. ]]> 2017-01-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-01-02 Articles 19 1 239 241 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-200-16 The use of water resources is steadily increasing with respect to the population growth. This theory also applies in the Kingdom of Morocco specifically in the Sahel-Doukkala region and therefore requires special attention as the water resources are in limited quantity. For industrial, agricultural and domestic reasons, aquifers of this region are subjected to excessive pumping, resulting in environmental harms such as declining groundwater level, which considerably affects both its quality and quantity. The agency of Oued Oum Er R'bia watershed has therefore established a number of strategies for a proper management of those aquifers among which an artificial aquifer recharge to reduce this imbalance; preventing irreversible degradation. This paper is thus devoted to explore solutions that can help characterizing components of the hydrological system of the region in order to determine the potential areas of surface water for its possible remobilization. With an area of 7700 Km2, the semi-arid characteristics and the endoreism at certain location of the region, the geomorphological analysis from digital elevation model (DEM) and the modified equation of Beven-Kirkby index allowed us to locate useful wet and hydromorphic soils from their physical properties revealing remarkable traces of a regular water saturation. ]]> 2017-01-02T00:00:00-00:00 2017-01-02 Articles 19 1 242 251 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-198-02 This article presents a visual analysis and processing of a data set of vehicle GPS paths for the discovery of spatiotemporal patterns, which is developed in the Weka tool and QGis, the proposed analysis is based on the location of length and presents latitude of a set of vehicles which determines how close are the north pole and likewise verify that industry make more geographic coordinates. To perform this experiment was taken as the first step in selecting a software environment and appropriate hardware, enabling configuration and correct implementation of applications and thus able to perform better in the development of research, the following steps They are to create a base of spatial data, load the spatial data set using a procedure developed in Visual Studio, generation of geometric points, display of geometric points loaded from the database within a geographic information system QGis and finally analyze and process GPS vehicle trajectories using the technique of data mining, which it was found that there are a number of vehicles that make it coordinates near north pole. ]]> 2016-12-02T00:00:00-00:00 2016-12-02 Articles 18 4 961 971 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-224-05 This study is exploring impact of macroeconomics and bank specifics factor on nonperforming loans (NPLs) and banking sustainability performance (BSP) particularly in financial performance, with Indonesian commercial banking system back ground. The Study period is over the year 2004 to the year 2013. The objective is to perform statistic examining and analyzing to find out the impact of macroeconomic factors which comprise of gross domestic product (GDP); Bank Indonesia interest rate (BI rate); inflation; exchange rate; unemployment. Then bank specific indicators, which comprise of total assets; loan deposit ratio (LDR); capital adequacy ratio (CAR); credit growth. The conclusion of this study is confirmed that macroeconomic and bank specific factors have a significant impact on NPLs and BSP. ]]> 2016-12-02T00:00:00-00:00 2016-12-02 Articles 18 4 972 989 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-194-03 The study examined the relationship between Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Government Expenditure between 1981 and 2012. The motivation was, in fitting regression model to time series data, autocorrelation in the error terms should be expected. Utilizing data from the Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin, we found that regression model could capture the linear relationship between the dependent variable (GDP) and the independent (Government Expenditure). However, the error terms of the regression model were found to be autocorrelated and could be corrected by ARIMA(1,0,1) model. Moreover, regression model with an ARIMA(1,0,1) error was able to capture the linear relationship between GDP and the Government Expenditure alongside the autocorrelated errors. Evidence from the model revealed that Gross Domestic Product is a linear function of Government Expenditure at present and immediate previous year. The policy implication of this study is that if Government Expenditure is kept constant from immediate previous year to the present year, then, the GDP would tend to decrease, as such; Government should vary its expenditures in order to improve the GDP. ]]> 2016-12-02T00:00:00-00:00 2016-12-02 Articles 18 4 990 996 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-192-01 Introduction: The present study aims to analyze the waiting time before the general and specialized medical consultation, to identify the causes and consequences of prolonged waiting and propose ways to reduce the waiting time. Methodology: The study will be descriptive and will use the literature review to determine the long waiting time before the medical specialist consultation for patients referred, the participant observation to measure wait times in general medical consultation and interviews to determine the causes and consequences of a prolonged wait times. ]]> 2016-12-02T00:00:00-00:00 2016-12-02 Articles 18 4 997 1005 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-198-06 At first glance, Christians attitudes to words political realities during institutions democratization era in democratic republic of Congo, were opposed one another, but their ideas in agreement as for democraticy's expectation, failed. And they believe that one day in the way things are going, there will be improvement as expected because DRC is still a young democracy. Therefore, the population of Congo must understand that politic sis not bad, but politicians through their bad deeds make people believe that it is a demilish activity. So, it is wrong to think that Christians have no right to do politics, because voting is their right would unchristians when legislating or making decisions concerning the country, make decisions which will not allow Christians to adore God ? ]]> 2016-12-02T00:00:00-00:00 2016-12-02 Articles 18 4 1006 1014 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-189-01 This study was designed to characterize the most cultivated and consumed yam (Dioscorea) cultivars within the Ghanaian yam germplasm based on their physico-functional properties in order to assess their potential alternative food and industrial processing applications. Matured yam varieties grown and harvested under the same climatic and edaphic factors were obtained from the Roots and Tuber Conservatory Division of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research-Plant Genetic Resources Research Institute, Bunso Ghana. Colour of bulk flour for each yam sample was measured using the Hunter Lab Colour Difference Meter. Functional properties such as water absorption capacity, swelling power and solubility index were determined using standard analytical procedures. Significant differences (p<0.05) existed among the yam varieties for their colour and functional properties. Flours of D. bulbifera and D. dumetorum had an attractive yellow colour while flour of D. esculenta recorded the highest whiteness (L = 84.09). D. esculenta had the highest swelling power (9.4%) and solubility index of 27.6%. No significant difference was observed in water absorption at 27°C and 70°C for all varieties except D. dumetorum. D. dumetorum flour had relatively high water absorption capacity of 295.9% in water at 27°C and 189.4% in water at 70°C. The findings from this research will be relevant to yam producers and processors in programmes aimed at developing new food/industrial processing applications using Ghanaian yams. ]]> 2016-12-02T00:00:00-00:00 2016-12-02 Articles 18 4 1015 1022 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-196-02 This study addresses some mathematical and statistical techniques of medical image compression and their computational implementation. Fundamental theories have been presented, applied and illustrated with examples. To make the report as self-contained as possible, key terminologies have been defined and some classical results and theorems are stated, in the most part, without proof. Some algorithms and techniques of image processing have been described and substantiated with experimentation using MATLAB. Medical image compression is necessary for huge database storage in Medical Centers and medical data transfer for the purpose of diagnosis. Wavelet transforms present one such approach for the purpose of compression. The same has been explored in study with respect to wide variety of medical images. In this approach, the redundancy of the medical image and DWT coefficients are reduced through thresholding and further through Huffman encoding. In this study our main goal is to compare different types of wavelets for medical image compression. Finally, implementation of the above-mentioned concepts is illustrated. ]]> 2016-12-02T00:00:00-00:00 2016-12-02 Articles 18 4 1023 1031 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-198-03 Despite the technological advances in the system for determining spatial coordinates in recent years, still they have minimal defects, therefore, the GPS not as evidenciable would be considered as the localization error is denoted in a few meters unlike what actually recorded. That's why, to analyze a vehicle trajectory, conducted the study of a set of records, downloaded from a website, which contain GPS trajectories 10,357 taxis during the period from 2 to 8 February 2008 in the city of Beijing. Fields containing the data set are: taxi identifier, date and time, longitude and latitude. a corresponding geographical map was also used to the city mentioned, which was unloaded in download.geofabrik.de, and was implemented by the Geographic Information System QGIS, the same which allows a geographical display of all vehicular paths. The resulting information will be integrated into the R statistical analysis tool for the user to visualize in statistical tables movements of taxis at certain times or points of the city, so it can be displayed in bar statistics frequency fields and time. These data obtained have greater relevance because, you can work and manage an accurate and concrete way. ]]> 2016-12-02T00:00:00-00:00 2016-12-02 Articles 18 4 1032 1038 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-198-04 With the advent of smartphones and applications that provide users originate research efforts to learn the basic software that allows the iteration between the device and the user, this is called the Android operating system for mobile devices. This paper explains the main features, architecture and components of the operating system, analyzing their kernel, making the final make a comparison with GNU / Linux and application models, drivers, kernel extensions, as a result of this investigation. ]]> 2016-12-02T00:00:00-00:00 2016-12-02 Articles 18 4 1039 1046 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-196-01 This paper reviews wildlife crime in developing countries, its effects on rural livelihoods and the measures taken to curb it. The key question is whether the efforts made by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Fauna and Flora (CITES) and other organizations in conjunction with various nations is paying off. While efforts by CITES are being lauded, individuals and governments have violated the laws that regulate exports, imports and re-exports of wild. Thus, this crime has pushed such species, especially the endangered species to the brink of extinction, hence impacting on the livelihoods of the rural poor. Rural poverty, food insecurity, corruption, lack of law enforcement, corporate crime, lack of legislation, conflicts, and increasing demand have been identified as the main drivers of this crime. Trade suspensions of non-compliance nations by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Fauna and Flora, seizures of wildlife species and products as well as strengthening of law enforcement, coordination between nations, and raising public awareness through workshops, conferences and the media have been some of the solutions embarked on to solve this crime. To achieve a more sustainable economic growth in developing nations, tackling the crime suggest priority attention be given to this resource and tougher sanctions be carried out by CITES and other international and national organizations. ]]> 2016-12-02T00:00:00-00:00 2016-12-02 Articles 18 4 1047 1055 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-179-01 The objective of this research is to propose a measuring scale of people satisfaction in Moroccan public administrations showing valid and satisfactory psychometric properties. The methodology is based on the steps recommended by the paradigm of Churchill (1979), which allows to build rigorous instruments standard questionnaire measuring multiple scales. Measurements were constructed from two surveys of officials at the Casablanca-Settat region. The processing and analysis of data collected by questionnaire was made using the SPSS 21 for exploratory factor analysis and AMOS 21 for confirmatory factor analyzes. The results demonstrate the existence of five factors of personnel satisfaction need to be considered: Compensation and career management, Information on work, relationship at work, choice of work and service and working conditions. This research proposes a validated measurement instrument according to the most rigorous validation methods and the latest methodological advances, in particular by confirmatory factor analyzes has then been created. ]]> 2016-12-02T00:00:00-00:00 2016-12-02 Articles 18 4 1056 1073 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-188-01 Nowadays enterprises are considering economics grow based on exportations. When we go into the study of migrant groups, experiences and cultural contexts established in deep-rooted ancestral customs that allow us to identify problems and opportunities in the context of supply and demand for products. Being this the precursor of market opportunities that are created in both the host countries and in emerging or developing countries. Companies in relevant markets are building international brands supporting these somewhat vulnerable populations to change their living conditions, in order to provide a vision of opportunity. Given this increasingly representative worldwide phenomenon, this paper aims to focus the ways in which some of the companies captivated by relevant markets are facing the challenges and taking advantage of the multiplier effect and expansion wave to give sustainability to their markets. ]]> 2016-12-02T00:00:00-00:00 2016-12-02 Articles 18 4 1074 1078 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-283-01 This is a story of research synthesis and Islamic archeology that we occurred on a geographical area North East Moroccan Taza, Debdou, Taourirt and the region. This is the first such research in Islamic archeology in this part of Morocco. Thus, this research fits into a larger perspective. It is the establishment of an archaeological map of the area, itself part of a vast archaeological program throughout Morocco. We evoked at first, the most famous monuments of the city of Taza, dating back to the Middle Ages namely religious architecture represented by the Grand Mosque and other monuments and defensive architecture through its ramparts and bastion. The second part of this article will focus on the medieval archaeological site of the city of Debdou and its components: the qasba and the mosque and the medieval town of Qasba Taourirt and the most important historical monuments of the city. We approach then the other historical monuments, little known which are very important on the architectural and heritage level, the medieval Qasba called "Merada" near the town of Guercif and Qasba Alouite called "Msoun", to 25 km east of the city of Taza on the national road linking Fez to Oujda. In this research special attention was given to the cartographic, graphic and photographic documentation. ]]> 2016-12-02T00:00:00-00:00 2016-12-02 Articles 18 4 1079 1096 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-279-01 Obviously, the concept of the entrepreneur is polyphonic and researchers in the field of entrepreneurship have not unanimously retained a consensual definition of this concept. This phenomenon has attracted so much the interest of social scientists in all disciplines such as economics, management, psychology, sociology, etc. However, the contribution of researchers in management science seems the most significant. This article aims to highlight all schools of thought and different streams of research on entrepreneurship. Besides, we try to explore all different previous studies dealing with the entrepreneur as a research subject. Finally, we try to stress research opportunities in the field of entrepreneurship. ]]> 2016-12-02T00:00:00-00:00 2016-12-02 Articles 18 4 1097 1122 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-237-10 Stress situations confronted in anyone's study and work environment are seen as a chief characteristic of our modern society. Therefore, researchers from different scientific fields, perpetually, are studying this phenomenon and trying, by several tools and methods to suggest an appropriate conceptualization. This hard exercise conducted by researchers emphasize how this concept called stress is related to a complex phenomenon, why its study is significant for many stakeholders (public administrations, private organizations, universities, families, students, etc.) and to what extent the results obtained from empirical investigations could be beneficial to establish efficient strategies or at least adjust others deployed somewhere. This article is in search of explaining the business students' stress on the subject of the situations that could explain their emergence in a university context. Methodologically, our research paper was based on a quantitative questionnaire distributed to 500 college business students in Kingdom of Morocco to emphasize their evaluation of the sources recognized to be the catalyst of stress felt in their study and living environment. Classification, in the light of the business students' stress, was made to aggregate, in factors, the situations acknowledged to be sources of anxiety for business students. As a result, six factors underlying the business students' stress sources were found. Nevertheless these factors, when confronted to the literature, explicit divergence that could be enlightened to fit comprehension and simplification purpose. ]]> 2016-12-02T00:00:00-00:00 2016-12-02 Articles 18 4 1123 1131 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-209-01 In this work, we investigate the hydrochimy of surface water of the Senegal River (the Mauritanian delta of the city of Rosso). After several years of domestic exploitation: agricultural and industrial one, besides the climate changes in the area, it is interesting to make sure of the quality of water. With this intention, we tried to carry out a physicochemical evaluation, to have an idea on the probabilities of pollution and the effect of the seasonal variation of the climate on water of this river. For that a sampling was carried out during every season of 2015 at the five stations on the axis of the river at the city of Rosso. The followed physicochemical parameters are : T°C, pH, C.E, the total hardness (TH), Ca2+, Mg2+ , Na+, K+ , NH4+, CL-, NO2-, NO3-, HCO3-, CO2, SO4--,TA, TAC and suspended matter. These measures comprise volumetric analysis, spectroscopic, Potentiometric. Statistical exploitation of the results and their comparison with the European standards of potability of water has shown that there is a true deterioration of the quality of water of the Senegal River. The content of nitrite varies between 0.13 mg/l and 1.6 mg/l with an average about 0,55mg/l which exceeds the standard (0.1 mg/l).The content of bicarbonate varies between 18 mg/l and 61 mg/l with average value36, 14mg/L exceeds the standard (30 mg/l).The content of carbon dioxide varies between 6.94 mg/l and 28.45 mg/l with average value 17.26 mg/l exceeds the standard (10 mg/l). A quality control of water of the Senegal River must be required and updated in particular the reduction of the domestic and industrial effluent of the factories located at the shore of this river. ]]> 2016-12-02T00:00:00-00:00 2016-12-02 Articles 18 4 1132 1138 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-266-02 Core banking diffusion in developing countries has been phenomenal in comparison to the many other technological devices implemented/introduced over the past 20 years. The success of this modality has spurred a lot of studies on consumers' adoption and usage. The purpose of this research is to understand factors that influence core banking deployments in the financial sector, specifically in the context of a developing country. This study has adopted the Technology-Organization-Environment (TOE) framework and a qualitative approach to analyze core banking technology deployments in a financial company in Ghana. Respondents were interviewed to understand mobile banking deployments and thematic analysis was used for the purposes of making conclusions on the data. However, the study found that variables in the TOE framework like the relative advantage of a given technology, the less complex a technology, management support, firm size, competitive pressure and customer expectation were seen to influence core banking deployments. Another finding was that core banking functionality was not just about installing the services for consumers to use, but for the company to perform a trial run before deploying the services to customers. The findings will serve as a guide for financial companies in the deployment of similar technologies in the future. ]]> 2016-12-02T00:00:00-00:00 2016-12-02 Articles 18 4 1139 1148 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-225-01 The objective of this study is the impact of "work and family" conciliation of the women health agent in Porto-Novo city, on their children education. Jean Pierre PAGES theory (1993) is here our analysis model so as to build a field of controversies by taking in account the opinion of each other concerned by this subject. The information received on the literature review plans, about work and women, led us to the formulation of the hypothesis, depending on whether, the women health professionals of Porto-Novo city in Benin get real difficulties in conciliating their profession and their mother role. In order to verify this hypothesis, we've chosen two hundred and fifty subjects who answered to a questioner, which includes the status of the women in health field, the housework, and the difficulties tied to their organization The results obtained are supporting this hypothesis by emerging first from this, the husband's controversial appreciation regarding to the situation, then about the problems engendered by this situation on the family life and at the end the impact and the women absence on children education. ]]> 2016-12-02T00:00:00-00:00 2016-12-02 Articles 18 4 1149 1158 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-236-04 The emergence of obesity and diabetes in Ivory Coast due to changes in the population's lifestyle led us to conduct this study. Ivorian flora abounds in many plants with pharmacological properties. Through this study, we want to find the plants that were best suited to treat both obesity and diabetes. We have found eighteen (18) plant species used for the treatment of diabetes and ten (10) for the treatment of obesity. Among these plants, two of them were the most indicated for the treatment of diabetes, it is Picralima nitida and Catharantus roseus. Similarly for obesity is Cassia senna which was most appropriate. However, it is Moringa oleifera and Phyllanthus amarus that have been mentioned for the treatment of both obesity and diabetes. The Moringa oleifera is used as a dietary supplement. Our study shows that the Moringa oleifera can be recommended for the treatment of diabetes and obesity. ]]> 2016-12-02T00:00:00-00:00 2016-12-02 Articles 18 4 1159 1166 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-237-02 The tchapalo is a traditional beverage made from cereals widely consumed in Côte d'Ivoire. A study conducted in Abidjan was to identify tchapalo production sites and to characterize them. The questionnaire survey was carried out in 10 towns of the city among responsible of tchapalo production areas. The results indicated that the responsible of tchapalo production areas were only women whose 59.1% are older than 45 years. These responsible employed 2094 women to assist them in their activities on average 4 persons per cabaret. The Ivorian women who practiced this activity were mainly ethnic group Gur and more precisely of the Lobi ethnic (94.66%) and to a lesser extent the Akan group (0.98%). In total, 538 tchapalo production areas have been identified in the Abidjan city. The Yopougon contained the highest number of cabarets (137 cabarets) followed municipalities of Abobo (123 cabarets) and Cocody (102 cabarets). Municipalities contained massive tchapalo production areas and individual production areas. Tchapalo production areas the aromas are also characterized by the presence of flies, filth and stagnant sewage. The municipalities of Abobo, Adjame, Attecoubé and Port-Bouet were the most unhealthy. This study represents not only a basic cartographic support for the government but also provide them information to develop appropriate measures to the supervision of brewers of compliance with rules of good hygiene and production practices that could improve their well-being and that of the consumer population. ]]> 2016-12-02T00:00:00-00:00 2016-12-02 Articles 18 4 1167 1176 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-200-15 The economic growth of a country is often judged by different results having a direct impact on the life of the population. It was demonstrated that when the standard of living of the population is raised, his attitude, in the matter of birthrate, stretches to go to a controlled procreation; dragging surely a stability or a diminution of the birthrate and surely of a number of the population. The DRC government has done efforts in this sense, pushing him to declare that the country attains, in the matter of population, the level of countries entering in transitional demographic phase, more precisely entering in the first phase of the demographic transition. Knowing that all countries of the world pass by different steps of this schema, the goal of this work is to determine the real level attained by the Congolese populations confirming or annulling authorities' declarations in this regard. After analyses by using graphical and numerical methods of comparison, we are arrived to the conclusion according to who, the DRC is still in phase meadow-transitional, then efforts must be supplied for the improvement of this situation. ]]> 2016-12-02T00:00:00-00:00 2016-12-02 Articles 18 4 1177 1196 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-274-01 The city policy unlike urban policy aims to rebuild the pieces of the stigmatized city located mostly to the peripheries of cities. Indeed, those who formulated the policy of the city, trying to apply a new public policy articulated around socializing ideology. The cognitive dimensions of these decisions aim to create socially harmonious cities, egalitarian and free from the concrete contractors of selfishness and greed architects and interest. New city policies are experiences to create an integrated man, released from its bellicose provisions in a city increasingly oppressive and dangerous. Max Weber pointed out that the city is not a natural thing, but is the result largely of urban policies, streamlining processes, and even bureaucracy. We must streamline the city knowing that the regulatory planning and planner are exceeded; it must therefore, help the development of sustainable cities, make possible the participation of the population, and allow modest citizens to live in decent material conditions. ]]> 2016-12-02T00:00:00-00:00 2016-12-02 Articles 18 4 1197 1206 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-200-09 This article aims to explore the determinants of Moroccan culture and analyze their influence on the relational integration and the performance of Supply Chains, by answering the following research question: Does Moroccan culture present favorable characteristics to the relational integration of Supply Chains? Given the fact that the relational integration of Supply Chains represents the cornerstone of the philosophy of Supply Chain Management, a crucial source of the performance of the whole of links of Supply Chain, and an origin of the durability of their relations. And since the national culture showed its influence on values and lifestyles, on negotiations, and on behavior and ethics. Consequently, we can estimate that national culture can have influence on the relational integration and the performance of Supply Chains, and the building of trust between partners. The methodology adopted is both qualitative and quantitative, and is inscribed in the framework of moderate positivist epistemological position. The combination of methods will lead us to identify and more understand our research problematic. ]]> 2016-12-02T00:00:00-00:00 2016-12-02 Articles 18 4 1207 1215 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-192-06 The term Smart-Grids, literally "Smart Grid" in the case of electrical networks can be extended to smart water networks. Indeed, thanks to systems using ICT (information technology and communications), network management becomes distributed and bidirectional. In this context, this paper discusses the design and implementation of an intelligent water meter and communicating at low cost. This counter is based on Arduino type of development boards and hall effect sensors that measure water flow. The assembly communicates with a central control and data storage via common communication interfaces. ]]> 2016-12-02T00:00:00-00:00 2016-12-02 Articles 18 4 1216 1227 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-203-01 This work relates to a method of flow control for a unit of ultrafiltration membrane water powered by photovoltaic energy over the Sun in order to better master the sealing time and avoid damage to the filtration module. The complete system modeled and simulated on Matlab/Simulink includes a photovoltaic generator and a floor of adaptation converter-inverter, a single phase Electromagnetic induction motor coupled to a centrifugal pump, constituting the membrane ultrafiltration unit. The chopper booster switch IGBT is controlled by a MPPT controller - P and O that regularly adjusts the duty cycle taking its values in a range restricted to stabilize the voltage at the output of the chopper, and at the same time the flow of the pump. ]]> 2016-12-02T00:00:00-00:00 2016-12-02 Articles 18 4 1228 1238 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-224-01 Rosetta is one of the cities in Egypt Lake County, located in the west of the Nile at the mouth of the Rosetta branch of the Mediterranean, and represents one of the corners of the triangle occupied by Delta between Cairo and Damietta and Rosetta, and is one of the important Egyptian ports. Mamluk sultans were interested in the establishment of military fortifications and means of enemy control, where the Lighthouse of Al-Zahir Baybars was the most important of these fortifications, Sultan Qayet-Bey established a tower, the sources said that he visited Rosetta in 884 AH (1429 AD) for the detection of this tower. Before (1985), This castle landmarks were not clear, which is not conducive to the study of the architectural elements, Researcher was General Manager for the Rosetta effects, and Head of the Mission of the Islamic and Coptic monuments sector in the Egyptian Antiquities Authority, and supervised the excavation and restoration of the castle, and rehabilitation to be a tourist attraction, within the national project activities to restore the monuments of Rosetta in (1985). The researcher was able to place a large number of drawings and illustrations of the elements of the castle after identifying all the architectural features and determine the time periods that have passed these milestones, and if possible to identify many of the renovation work throughout the period since the thirteenth century until the nineteenth century and that during the reign of Al-Zahir Baybars, Sultan Qayet-Bey, Sultan Al-Ghouri, Ottoman era and Muhammad Ali, as well as possible access to this castle that had been established along the lines of the lighthouse of Alexandria, which was set up by the castle. Excavations began in preparation for the restoration of the castle, it has made the site depths reached three meters was largely under the groundwater level in search of the foundations of the castle and in particular the internal tower internal parts. Despite the short time that has the excavations, which did not exceed the month, but it resulted in a very significant results, where possible, follow the foundations of the castle and the study of the merits of excavations, documented and photographed, and draw a full outline of the castle in each period that passed by. Thus possible to put an end to the controversy that erupted around this castle and its history and the evolution of its military and its elements, and this has not happened before, it has also been described Citadel, which never one to be described or has studied complete a thorough study. ]]> 2016-12-02T00:00:00-00:00 2016-12-02 Articles 18 4 1239 1259 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-228-07 Ani ruins located near the border between Turkey and Armenia on the west bank of the River Akhuryan, the military position in the first place, and is - according to the topography of the region Alleha- built on an elevated area planning to take a triangle, its base in the south, It seems that the choice was deliberate according to the great defense of the city. The importance of Ani due to being a trading center on the Silk towards Anatolia, and control through a crossroads for trade caravans between Byzantium and Persia, Syria and Central Asia, as one of the Armenian cities that retains many of the buildings of the Islamic character in terms of architectural planning and architectural elements and artistic. Armenia has been affected by Islamic tradition since the income of the Muslims in the Umayyad era during the reign of Walid bin Abdul Malik, and it was the results of the stability of the Arab presence seen in the Abbasid prosperous architect, and she continued renovations and construction of many buildings and facilities operations, helping to move the architectural influences of the Abbasid and spread on throughout Armenia, where he built mosques, palaces and walls with towers, markets, hotels, khans and baths. Architectural influences Seljuk moved to groves Annie especially when Alp Arslan renew groves city private fences and gates, in (465 AH) Al-shdaddein (Kurdish) strain and purchasing (1072 m) of the city, and who they adopted the religious tolerance policy toward the city's population of Christians. The research aims to highlight the civil architectural heritage of the city of Annie, Kalqsour which include: Palace castle and palace northwest city (Sultan Galatasaray), fences and gates, which include: Duane Gate and Lion Gate (Alp Arslan), these buildings with Islamic influences, and the resolution of the controversy over real history of the groves, and to highlight the planning and architectural and artistic elements of Islamic influences that have left traces on the Seljuk architecture later. Spin research questions about the importance of civic buildings Islamic Annie city, consisting of palaces and fortifications of war, and what analytical elements and the comparison was based on them, along with Alaiwana planning emergence of inertial affected by the traditions of the Abbasid architecture, as fences and gates followed the same architectural planning and architectural elements of the walls and towers of the Abbasid Balastgamat. Hence, the researcher followed the descriptive and analytical approach to the study of buildings contained research, as well as the comparative method with buildings that went on the same layout and architectural elements and decorative. ]]> 2016-12-02T00:00:00-00:00 2016-12-02 Articles 18 4 1260 1279 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-236-06 Asir region famous for the existence of a number of architectural heritages which include the Heritage Houses, palaces and ancient castles that played a big role in immunization and the defense of the region landmarks. The Asir region, – by its identity heritage and respect of the archaeological treasures - an environment of urban heritage which features a comprehensive idea of traditional architecture, in every sense of the good solutions reflected the conditions of the local environment «climatic, geographic, social», as well as the content of design solutions in line with the the needs of the individual and the community in terms of customs and traditions. Architectural Heritage varies in Asir region between residential architecture and fortifications taken character of war in its entirety, where the lower walls built of large rocks topped by upper walls built of stone or clay, used logs to become bishop, consists of palaces and fortifications warships from several floors up to seven. One of the most fortified palaces in the Asir region palaces Abha and Khamis Mushayt and Bisha and Namas and Tanumah, and Shada Palace and dad urgent and Wadi Hishbl. Asir was the only in the Arabian Peninsula beyond the Ottoman political spectrum but which is the most dangerous in the Arabian Peninsula on the places where the Ottoman presence. The Ottomans sent a military campaign was able to triumph over Alasirien after heroic resistance valiant and besieged leadership in Reeda. And for the achievements of the Ottomans from the military success in Asir have set up a number of castles citadel as Shamsan, Daqal, Thara, She'aar and Qushla. The research aims to highlight the military architectural heritage in Asir region, which consists of fortifications in civil buildings as fortified palaces, castles and forts that were used for housing, defense and surveillance. The scientific method, which runs the research, to study the fortifications in civilian buildings, forts and castles in the region of Asir, the descriptive approach of these buildings on one side and the analytical method and comparative of defensive architectural elements inertial fortified castles and contemporary forts on the other. The paper discusses models of castles, forts and military installations architecture established during the Ottoman era, the castles and forts built by locals and local materials as stone and clay, and model form in accordance with the models prevailing fortifications in that region, and these castles built on the foundations of previous castles on the Ottoman era. ]]> 2016-12-02T00:00:00-00:00 2016-12-02 Articles 18 4 1280 1299 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-332-07 Objective of the study was to evaluate water management efficiency at Karaigorou's irrigated rice fields. Efficiency of water distribution amongst users was assed using equity and percent grower satisfaction, as key indicators of effectiveness. Survey conducted amongst irrigated water users revealed that water was not fairly distributed among rice growers. Equity index found was 23% which was much higher than reference value of this indicator of 10%. User satisfaction of the watering scheme varies from 70% to 82% between the wet and the dry seasons of irrigated rice, respectively. These low values of user fulfillment clearly indicate insufficient water availability in the perimeter's irrigation scheme. Water distribution inefficiency was most likely due to degraded irrigation channels, weak water management skills, bad crop growing calendar and bad setup of irrigation canals. It is suggested that inefficiency can be overcome by improved growers capacities, and good cooperative organization. ]]> 2016-12-02T00:00:00-00:00 2016-12-02 Articles 18 4 1300 1308 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-350-10 This paper deals with land transactions on the border rural area of Dan Barto. Under the influence of the Federal Republic of Nigeria (Kano, Mai Adua and Daoura), the rural area of Dan Barto knows a great pressure on land. This high demand has led farmers to fragment them and selling them. Through a methodological approach focused primarily on quantitative and qualitative surveys, data were collected to analyze the situation. The results reveal that the land, considered in the past as an inalienable heritage of the family, is today the subject of many speculations. Indeed, Nigerian traders buy expensive small plots to build commercial buildings (shops, gas stations, parking lots, houses) and department stores to save their goods. This contributes to the vulnerability of populations already subject to a scarcity increases, with the consequent emergence in recent years of landless peasants. To reverse this situation the local authorities should raise awareness about the long-term danger of selling land for present and future generations. Then, to sustainably secure the peasant supporters are more than necessary for the garden and income-generating activities. Finally, the state must rethink its policy of border areas by making them more viable. ]]> 2016-12-02T00:00:00-00:00 2016-12-02 Articles 18 4 1309 1317 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-349-09 This research showed positive effect of A. senegal on soils total microbial activity on different sites in Niger. Soils were sampled under and outside A. senegal crown. The depth of soil sampling is 0-25 cm. sites that samples take out are: Azzai, Bader, Malam Maimari, N'Guel kolo, Kokoye and Kiki. Activity was greater on soils under A. senegal crown, than outside crown. Results showed strong correlation between total microbial activity and soils physico-chemical parameters. Correlation was positive on soils with higher clay content, and negative on those with higher sand content. Thus, under A. senegal crown, soils total microbial activity was significantly different between studied sites. Activity on Kiki's site with value of 5,9 µg/g/h, was twice that obtained at N'Guel kolo. On all sites, total microbial activities on soils outside of A. senegal crown, was either a third lower (Kokoye and N'Guel kolo), or half lower (Kiki, Malam Maimari, Bader and Azzai), than under the crown. A. senegal is legume plant, that can contribute to fertilize and stabilize poor soils. A better valorisation of A. senegal would allow development of agroforestry system in nitrogen deficient soils of the Sahelian zone. Agroforestry practices could increase plant diversity, control soil erosion and sequester organic carbon. ]]> 2016-12-02T00:00:00-00:00 2016-12-02 Articles 18 4 1318 1326 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-226-01 The petrographic and geochemical study of the geological formations of Tabou and Grand-Béréby area located in SASCA domain (south-west of the Ivory Coast) show a strong foliated paragneisses. These gneisses are characterized by an alternation of dark layers of garnet-biotite-sillimanite and millimeter-thick leucocratic quartz-feldspar-cordierite bands. The mineralogical assembly thus described indicates a high grade metamorphism (granulite-facies). The major and traces elements made it possible to force the paragneisses protoliths. Thus this study shows that paragneisses are composed by greywackes and derived from source areas of felsic to intermediate composition. Their chondrite normalized REE patterns show a moderate LREE enrichment (LaN/YbN= 6,90-38,36) and a flat heavy rare earth patterns (HREE) This spectrum is almost identical to those of the Post-Archean average Australian Shale and Early Proterozoic Greywackes. Geochemical data also suggest that paragneisses are set up in a tectonic environment of active continental margin and continental island arc. ]]> 2016-11-02T00:00:00-00:00 2016-11-02 Articles 18 3 646 658 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-220-04 The Ablo is a cereal product fermented. It is considered like humid, slightly salty and sugary bread, cooked steam and sold under shape of wads. The objective of the survey is to have present quantitative and qualitative data on the production and the merchandising of Ablo in Benin. The methodology adopted consist to do an investigation of land in some townships of the center (Abomey, Bohicon, Covè) and of the south (Abomey-Calavi, Comè, Cotonou) Benin by the producers and sellers of Ablo. The results of our investigations showed that the production and the sale of Ablo is exclusively an activity feminine, casual, economically profitable and constitute a source of employment. It generates incomes and allows the producers and sellers to face their daily needs including those of their families. The Ablo is prepared mainly from the corn and rice and is consumed alone or accompanied of pimento or frying with fried fish or of the fried meat. ]]> 2016-11-02T00:00:00-00:00 2016-11-02 Articles 18 3 659 667 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-194-01 The Congolese state by its constitution of February 18, 2016 in Articles 22 and 37 enshrines the rights free access to any person to express his faith through a church of their choice. However, this freedom is often badly exploited by the followers of these churches called awakening, the most involved in day length pray and sing ignoring the neighborhood that is to say the environment in which they operate. The sounds they produce are an inconvenience to others, which sounds prejudice to the environment. These uproars are often a source of conflict between the authors and the surrounding people often feel a pop, so that some people are forced to enter the judicial bodies or municipal authorities to stress the churches to reduce their noise or outright stop. But often these disputes are ongoing and the state fails to apply the rigor of the law in this matter against offenders. While CCCLIII Article 258 provides for penalties and compensation from the author of the unlawful act to benefit the victims of these uproars. ]]> 2016-11-02T00:00:00-00:00 2016-11-02 Articles 18 3 668 681 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-200-10 Floral morphology of the date palm was studied to complement the knowledge of its floral structure and trace the evolution of single carpel fruit. This results in the morphological transformation of the ovary, consisting of three carpels, mortification style, and the degeneration of the twin carpels. The morpho-histological changes are monitored before and after pollination. The three carpels have very specific positions relative to the petals. Carpel two twin white and of the same size are carried by the same petal. They are different from the third carpel worn only by the 3rd petal. Development continues, the size of the third carpel becomes larger than twins carpel. After pollination, the white color of the carpel first turns green. Dissection carpel, exposing the eggs, let's see that the three eggs are colored pink, but one is more colorful than the other two. Only the carpel containing a strongly colored egg develops into fruit. The other two degenerate by a deposit of polyphenols. A histological study has tracked the decline twins carpel and training the embryo sac of the third carpel. These studies show the change in color of the egg from the translucent natural state to a pink coloring corresponds to the increase in the mitotic intensity nucellar cells. The change from pink to white of the fertilized ovum after formed the embryo sac becomes a seed. ]]> 2016-11-02T00:00:00-00:00 2016-11-02 Articles 18 3 682 694 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-212-04 Our research focuses on Technology for Human Learning, particularly on assistance to learners in their online learning courses. This method of learning has profoundly benefited from important technological innovation of the 21st century, and the emergence of the Web 2.0. The integration of social networks at the distance learning systems, focused on new features for users, which changed their behavior in the web and created a new methods of collaboration and information sharing. Our approach is to integrate a social network at our distance learning platform and conducted experiments to observe and study the behavior of learners in these new platforms. ]]> 2016-11-02T00:00:00-00:00 2016-11-02 Articles 18 3 695 702 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-200-11 Tata territory at south-east of Morocco is rich in natural potentials. Its relief is composed of Precambrian and Paleozoic lands that are shaped by tectonics and erosion, thus giving rise to landscapes of different forms and values. The geomorphosites that multiply through the Tata-Tagmoute way are very interesting for Earth Sciences. They represent an excellent archive of phenomena and processes which have led to the deformation of the crust. This article aims to contribute to the understanding of the conditions of the genesis of these geomorphosites and to the assessment of their geodidactic and geotouristic involvement in the local economy of this landlocked arid zone. ]]> 2016-11-02T00:00:00-00:00 2016-11-02 Articles 18 3 703 710 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-140-19 The progressive loss of kidney function is associated with an inflammatory state and functional defects of the innate and adaptive immune system. The combined effects of increased activation and immune dysfunction could explain the susceptibility of patients in End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) to viral and bacterial infections, their weak responses to vaccination and increased risk of malignant tumors and cardiovascular disease. It is important to underline that these immune complications mainly affect patients on dialysis. The mechanisms of these immunological disturbances observed in ESRD patients are still unclear. Early identification of chronic kidney disease allows implementing interventions to slow the progression to ESRD. Therefore, measures aimed at attenuating immune abnormalities in ESRD should be a main research area as this could lead to increased survival and better quality of life in HD patients. ]]> 2016-11-02T00:00:00-00:00 2016-11-02 Articles 18 3 711 720 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-200-01 The focus in recent years has been on process improvements that lead to enhanced recovery of phosphorus from wastewater. This study was designed to develop a methodology based on the operating results of numerical simulations and laboratory experiments. The developed methodology is meant to determine the conditions favoring the maximum efficiency for the recovery of calcium phosphates. It concerns the modeling of chemical equilibria, for calculating the rate of conversion of phosphate depending on the pH and the reactant concentration of the developed reaction and their dependence on supersaturation. To measure the phosphate conversion rate, experiments were carried out in aqueous solution at different pH (from 9.5 to 11.5) for molar ratios of initial ion concentrations of Ca / P in different temperature (25 ° C). These conditions were chosen to cover the pH values at which calcium phosphate crystallizes easily. In order to achieve a visible precipitate and phosphorus removal efficiency close to 90%, 2 hours contact time was also required. The precipitation / crystallization process was then studied using the VISUAL MINTEQ program as a predictive tool to determine the conditions that affect the saturation index as a dependent function of the pH and the concentration of calcium, revealing the existence of three different stages. ]]> 2016-11-02T00:00:00-00:00 2016-11-02 Articles 18 3 721 731 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-236-02 A lot of media and scientists think about theory round innovation growth speed and evaluate our future with some theories like "singularity" or "Transhumanism". But, is there any demonstration of innovation growth speed? Proving that we are tantamount to converge on an artificial intelligence in 2057 is not obvious. This article aims at putting innovation into a mathematical equation to evaluate how innovation growth behave and trying to find a natural trend. What are different factors that influence this equation? Does Mankind influence this growth and how? These are the purposes of this article. Why do we need to impact this trend and how do we have to behave in face of these disturbing theories? ]]> 2016-11-02T00:00:00-00:00 2016-11-02 Articles 18 3 732 735 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-215-01 The Islamic finance develops rapidly and its activity draws several stakeholders, Morocco is considered as one of the few Arab-Muslim countries not to have Islamic Bank. Morocco has everything to gain by integrating the Islamic finance. Who can bring fresh resources, and inject a new blood in our economy. Through our research we wonder about the place of Islamic finance in the financing of small and medium-sized enterprises, thanks in particular to an offer of financial products complementary to the classical system, which allows to meet the growing needs of SMES who struggle yet to find adequate sources of funding. We are going to present in a first time the Islamic financial system by focusing on the products of this branch of the conventional finance, and also the products offered by this new industry. In a second time we discuss the contribution of the conventional Finance in Morocco in relation to small and medium-sized enterprises. ]]> 2016-11-02T00:00:00-00:00 2016-11-02 Articles 18 3 736 742 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-221-01 The current study was carried out in 24 New Zealand white rabbits (2.0-2.5 kg) to evaluate cefquinome residues in their tissues (kidney, liver, and muscle) following intramuscular (IM) administration of 2 mg/kg of body weight, once daily for 3 consecutive days. The solid phase extraction and high performance liquid chromatography were used to determine cefquinome concentrations in tissue samples. We found that cefquinome was highly concentrated in the kidney followed by the liver, while traces of it were detected in muscles. Cefquinome was not detected in kidney on the 24th day post-administration, while it disappeared from liver and muscle tissues on 7th and 3rdday post-administration, respectively. The withdrawal periods were established based on European UnionMaximum Residue Levels (EU MRL) using the statistical method (95% tolerance limit and 95% confidence) stated in the guidance and the withdrawal time calculation program WT1.4 which was developed by Germany and adopted by the Committee for Veterinary Medicinal Products (CVMP) of EU. The suggested preslaughter periods are: 10 days for kidney, 2 days for liver and 1 day for muscle. ]]> 2016-11-02T00:00:00-00:00 2016-11-02 Articles 18 3 743 748 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-213-01 Chimpanzees communities depend highly on plant resources availability and the stability of their habitats. To characterize the territories of chimpanzees living in Taï National Park, this study aimed to analyze species diversity and structural parameters of these habitats. Rectangular transect of 93 ha were established in three chimpanzee territories. On each transect, trees with dbh ≥ 10 cm were identified, measured, and counted. Two hundred sixty four (264) plant species belonging to 180 genera and 52 botanical families were recorded in the three territories. The most important families are Ebenaceae, Fabaceae, and Malvaceae. The dominant plant species are Diospyros mannii, Calpocalyx brevibracteatus, and Coula edulis. The chimpanzees feed on the leaves and fruits of these three species. The studied territories present a density (486.5 individuals/ha) and a basal area (30.88 m2/ha) similar to those of most of tropical forests. Vegetation structure reveals that those habitats are stable with high regeneration capacity. By contributing to a best knowledge of chimpanzees' habitats, this study establishes a scientific base for their communities monitoring in the Taï National Park. ]]> 2016-11-02T00:00:00-00:00 2016-11-02 Articles 18 3 749 759 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-236-05 The three dimensional upholstery is considered as one of the fabrics which have distinctive technical and aesthetic values. This effect comes from the presence of projections or wrinkles in the fabric which leads to better aesthetic nature and decorative sense. This in turn enriches the appearance of these types of fabrics. The three dimensional effect can be obtained through several production methods. This research is concerned with the possibility of obtaining projections and heights (three dimensional effects) on the surface of the fabrics through altering the applied production method used in weaving or finishing stages then studying the effect of each applied method on the physical and mechanical properties of the upholstery fabrics. Four fabrics having the same design were produced by different applied methods to achieve three dimensional effect then these fabrics were tested for essential functional properties such as tensile strength, tear strength, stiffness and abrasion resistance. The test results obtained showed that sample which was produced by weft backed cloth method has scored the highest value for tensile strength in warp direction and abrasion resistance. ]]> 2016-11-02T00:00:00-00:00 2016-11-02 Articles 18 3 760 772 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-199-05 Across the northwestern Tabular Middle Atlas of Morocco there are many examples of geomorphosites providing key evidence of a particular moment or period in Earth history. Such Earth heritage sites are important for educating the general public in environmental matters. They also serve as tools for demonstrating sustainable development and for illustrating methods of site conservation, as well as remembering that geomorphosites form an integral part of the natural world. A detailed geomorphological study has been carried out in the area of the northwestern Tabular Middle Atlas of Morocco using a combination of high resolution satellite data and direct field observations integrated by geological maps and scientific literature. In order to describe and evaluate the geomorphological heritage of this area, 24 geomorphosites have been selected comprising springs, karst landforms (polje, dolines, caves, sinkholes, stone forests, cryptokarstic dolines), carbonate depositional landforms (travertines and waterfalls), and volcanic landforms (volcanoes, caldeira, pyroclastic cones, lava tube). The results of this research have been summarised in a thematic map, representing the geomorphosites related to various landscape units. The significance of certain sites for aesthetic or tourism reasons is obvious. There are numerous geomorphosites, which could contribute to effective exploitation of geotourism, often in conjunction with ecotourism. The strategy employed in such sites involves close consultation with all communities in the vicinity of each geomorphosite and is not only aimed at tourism and education, but also at sustainable improvement of infrastructures of the people of this area. Geological heritage sites, properly managed, can generate employment and new economic activities, especially in regions in need of new or additional sources of income. ]]> 2016-11-02T00:00:00-00:00 2016-11-02 Articles 18 3 773 783 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-200-13 Tafilalet, circuit of the oases, are located at the South-East of Morocco corresponds to Wilaya of Draa-Tafilalet. It gathers the provinces : Midelt, Errachidia, Tinghir and Ouarzazate. The province of Errachidia, zone of study, contains in its administrative unit the following municipalities : Errachidia, Goulmima, Tinjdad, Erfoud, Errissani and Boudnib. The region of Errachidia, constitutes of the principal geomorphological entities of North to South : the carbonated Jurassic High-Atlas, the cretaceous bassin Boudnib-Ouarzazate with oases characteristic of this bioclimatic zone ressemblignthe « islands in the saharan desert » and the Anti-Atlasic chain dominated by a Precambrien basewich supports with its back a thick cover of the Paleozoic. In the tourist littérature of Morocco and many web sites nationals and internationals, refer to the gravitational landscapes in the Moroccan south among which geomorphosites of the province of Errachidia, considered by a very diversified geology, a very contrasted geomorphology offering superb landscapes carved by many meteoricerosive phases since the beginning of the Quaternary one strewn with serval endemicoases. Such is the primary reason of this research task from of point of view to promote geo-eco-tourism for the sustainable development of this area. Several tourist routes cross the zone of study. It presents two important routes such as the Amellagou-Tinjdad circuit and the Errachidia-Ettaous circuit. While liking it self of tourism of mountain of the High-Atlas of the rural communes of Amellagou and Aghbalou N'kerdous, we will review some summary aspects of natural sites of this presaharien field deserving guided tours in particular geomorphosites hydrogeologic and karstic, following the road curves of the Gheriswadi, appears on its side, a geomorphlogical landscape named « Asdram » of a distance from important observation offers a beautiful vision on the synclinorium infracenomanien. And while arrivingat the South of geomorphosites of the sedimentological type in particular the deposits of travertineuses layers meadows of the emergence of the sources. One proposess for this tourist way to make know a methodology of evaluation of the geosites recentlyused in the literature relating to the geological heritage in Switzerland, in Italy, in France and Romania following the many requests to share it with an aim of showing the wealth and the importance of the local geodiversity, methodology discusses the structure of the cards of evaluation, the scientific, didactic evaluation and of the additional parameters as well as the attribution of the various scores. ]]> 2016-11-02T00:00:00-00:00 2016-11-02 Articles 18 3 784 793 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-222-02 In the offshore basin of Benin, some sediments of Albian age were identified. These sediments are gathered in formation named "Albian Formation". At regionally scale, they are targeted for petroleum exploration and production. This paper aims to precise the petrographic and structural features of these sediments. Petrographic analyzes reveal the presence of two dominant facies (a main sandy facies and a shale facies which is thicker in deep offshore). Sandstones are very compact, gray to dark gray, and composed mainly of sharp and subrounded quartz grains of various sizes. Shales are massive, gray to blackish and friable to compact. Seismic sections interpretations show that Albian formation is generally continuous, of more or less constant thick and little varied lithological composition in East-West direction. In North-South direction, the formation gradually thick towards the offshore and become significantly reduced in very deep water. The formation is affected by normal and combined faults as well as by reverse faults of NE-SW and NW-SE trends. Structural traps of hydrocarbons are more present in shallow deep offshore while, in deep offshore, traps are essentially of stratigraphic type. ]]> 2016-11-02T00:00:00-00:00 2016-11-02 Articles 18 3 794 807 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-186-01 The woman is often considered as the basis of the development without we know the ways by which she reaches there. So in certain countries as Togo, thanks to the apprenticeship, the woman, in particular the girl of today succeeds and gives way in the "society of the people ", and this is true in spite of the difficulties which she faces. To encircle better the impact of the learning and the exercise of a job on the emancipation of the girl in urban zones, we were interested in the city of Vogan. Through this study, the link between the doing of a job and the emancipation of the girl is established, and we highlighted the measure at which these activities they excel. ]]> 2016-11-02T00:00:00-00:00 2016-11-02 Articles 18 3 808 815 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-199-04 Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease widespread in Côte d'Ivoire. Due to lack of attention, little is currently known about the pattern of the spread of schistosomiasis and the potential links with climate variability. The aim of this study to examine the relationship between the variability of climate parameters and the spatiotemporal distribution urinary schistosomiasis. The data used in rainfall, temperature and the number bilharzia cases recorded over the period 1996-2013. Overall, the results show a significant decrease of schistosomiasis in region Marahoué. The spatial distribution shows that large cities and areas near rivers and lakes are the most endemic. The analyzes indicate a decrease in schistosomiasis during the rainy season from april to july and increased during the dry season from december to march. In addition, a significant linear correlation was found between the annual mean maximum temperature (0.8 to Bouaflé, 0.66 and 0.34 to Sinfra Zuénoula). ]]> 2016-11-02T00:00:00-00:00 2016-11-02 Articles 18 3 816 827 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-194-04 In Ghana, solid waste collection and disposal services over the years have become the bane of Metropolitan and Municipal Assemblies. Among the obstacles to effective solid waste management in Ghana, inadequate and unsustained financing have been identified to be the most important. To help provide a sustainable means of financing solid waste management in the Kumasi Metropolis, the metropolis has instituted a Pay As You Throw system (PAYT), dubbed City-Wide Solid Waste Collection Levy Scheme. This paper therefore examines the impact of this program on solid waste collection effectiveness. The indicators used were money generated from communities, and solid waste handling since the introduction of the program. It was found that there has been an improvement in the handling of solid waste, and also the program had resulted in increase in revenue stream and a reduction of cost on the central government. ]]> 2016-11-02T00:00:00-00:00 2016-11-02 Articles 18 3 828 835 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-212-01 Morocco provides a large botanical treasure which can be the source of many interesting products for the development of new insecticides. The purpose of this study was to validate the therapeutic properties of Mentha suaveolens Ehrh. used heavily in Moroccan traditional medicine, to determine the chemical composition of its essential oils (EO) and to assess its insecticidal activity against Bruchus rufimanus .The leaves and flowers of M. suaveolens Ehrh. were collected in two regions of Morocco (Middle Atlas and Loukkos). The chemical composition of EO was analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. 41 The Constituents representative (99.12%) from that of Loukkos whereas 35 constituents representative (99.60%) of the Middle Atlas, the majority compound of the two oils is the oxide of piperitenone. The probabilities of survival and the values of the LC50 and LC99 reveal that the EO of M. suaveolens Ehrh. presents a strong insecticidal activity. This toxicity increases with the increase of the concentration and the duration of exposure. After 24h of exposure the EO of Loukkos proves to be more active than that of Middle Atlas. Therefore the insecticidal activity is intimately linked to the chemical composition of the oils tested. It can be inferred that the yield and the chemical composition of EO that were studied vary in function of the region of the plant as well as these oils studied can be used as botanical insecticides against B. rufimanus. ]]> 2016-11-02T00:00:00-00:00 2016-11-02 Articles 18 3 836 845 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-199-01 This biometric study was made on four Moroccan populations of sand sole obtained from the main fishing ports of the Atlantic central area (Safi, Essaouira, Agadir and Ifni). A total of 252 individuals were taken from commercial captures. Seven meristics characters were counted and fourteen morphometrics parameters were measured to reveal possible geographical variations of this species. The test of Kruskal-Wallis shows a significant difference at 5 % for the four meristics values in whole sites. The morphometric treatment of variables by PCA shows a strong percentage of variance expressed by the first of three components. All the variables are correlated to the first main component, except the pre-orbital distance (LPO) and the pre-dorsal distance (LPD). The ascending linear discriminating analysis, confirms 90 % of classification of the individuals of the four stations, 9 of 14 characters morphometrics analyzed are discriminating. The morphometrics result in our Study area presents geographical variations of the population of sole pole. ]]> 2016-11-02T00:00:00-00:00 2016-11-02 Articles 18 3 846 856 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-220-03 In most cases of failure of dikes, hydraulic fracturing is the evoked main cause. Severalauthors analyzed the properties of soils under mechanic and hydric solicitation. However, these analyses do nottake into account the chemical influence of the liquid percolating the matrix of soil. This article analyzes theimpact of the liquid effluents emanating from ore concentrators on the behavior of compacted lateritic soils inwaste containment dikes. It emphasizes the shear strengthparameters of the compacted laterites andpercolated by liquid effluents with different chemical nature. Demineralized water was taken as prototype. The tests include the shear strength measures consolidated drained and undrainedwhen thespecimens were imbibed with the different fluids. The results show that acid and basic liquid effluents affect the shear strength parameters and the strainmodulesareappreciably modified. The effect of the initial suctions and the density before the imbibition was alsoinvestigated, what reveals that the fall of shear strength parameters of lateritic soils, on wetting path (during the passage of the state partially saturated in the saturated state), is all the rougher as the moisture content of implementation during compaction is widely lower than the optimum water content. However, structural changes caused by initialsaturation and density of specimens seem to be more important for explaining the volumetric and deviator behavior than chemical interaction. ]]> 2016-11-02T00:00:00-00:00 2016-11-02 Articles 18 3 857 867 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-199-03 The study was realized to evaluate the soil fertility potential in cocoa in Côte d'Ivoire. A total of 140 farmers' plots from 14 producing regions were randomly selected for soil sampling in the 0-20 cm horizon. Soil samples for chemical analyses were performed on the following parameters: pH-water, total organic C, total N, available P and exchangeable cations. Both organic C and total N were low. Although, available P was rated high Low. Cation exchange capacity (CEC) was an indication that the soils have low potential for plant nutrients retention. A guided fertilizer usage should be recommended to cocoa farmers to boost the productivity of the cash crop. ]]> 2016-11-02T00:00:00-00:00 2016-11-02 Articles 18 3 868 879 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-201-15 Many researchers in image and video processing field test the effectiveness of the proposed or existing methods depended on the assumption that the brightness or illumination in scene is static among all sequenced images or frames. So they used synthetic dataset with frames contain approximately static blurriness degrees. This is not practical in the real world. In this paper, a method of generating synthetic blurred video dataset with frames containing different blur variances to solve this problem. The result showed that the proposed algorithm has ability to produce useful blurred dataset with having different blurriness values. ]]> 2016-11-02T00:00:00-00:00 2016-11-02 Articles 18 3 880 884 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-195-04 The Chari-Baguirmi aquifer, located East of Lake Chad, is the main source of water in this region. The groundwater piezometry is marked by a large depression. The work presented here aims to understand the development of this depression. The approach is based on a sedimentological study coupled to a hydrogeochemical study of the groundwater. The sedimentological analysis revealed the grain size heterogeneity of the different layers. Clay mineralogy showed that the deposition of sediments takes place from the periphery to the center of the depression. This sedimentation mode suggests the existence of a morphological cuvette to which sediments are driven by the transport agent. We deduced the existence of a "structural" depression unlike the common assumption of an origin due to accentuated evaporation of the groundwater over the depression area. The combined study of chloride and oxygen-18 has shown that the area between Lake Chad and the piezometric depression is a special evaporation zone. This means that the process of evaporation of groundwater does not occur mainly in the center of the depression. The first results of this work provide new insights into the functioning of this important aquifer system and the establishment of the large Chari Baguirmi piezometric depression. ]]> 2016-11-02T00:00:00-00:00 2016-11-02 Articles 18 3 885 903 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-206-03 Migration of device intrauterine (IUD) are exceptional, particularly within the fallopian tube. The authors report a case of complicated pelvic inflammatory disease, tubal migration, one month after the insertion of an IUD. They recall the interest of radiographic and ultrasound scans in the diagnosis of this complication. Removal of the IUD was conducted by a mini laparotomy. ]]> 2016-11-02T00:00:00-00:00 2016-11-02 Articles 18 3 904 908 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-196-05 Students' performance in the area of mathematics is a topic of concern in the whole word, with several reports documenting the need of effective instruction to boost students' achievement. However, what type of math instruction will most effectively raise students' achievement remains a matter of debate. Problem-based learning is a promising methodology for engaging and motivating students' learning while increasing their math concepts and skills. Problem solving is central to mathematics. Problem solving should be the site in which all of the strands of mathematics proficiency converge. It should provide opportunities for students to weave together the strands of proficiency and for teachers to assess students' performance on all of the strands. Problem solving approach guides students through complex problems and it must remain part of day-to-day instruction because solving problems is central to doing and learning mathematics. We have provided and discussed effective teaching and learning methods from the literature as well as making suggestions and recommendations to use problem-solving methods during instruction in the classroom. ]]> 2016-11-02T00:00:00-00:00 2016-11-02 Articles 18 3 909 927 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-16-201-08 The most of groundwater in Katiola area present high relatively proportions of iron. Previous works indicate that over 67% of collected water have iron proportions above the WHO guideline value which is 0.3 mg L-1. If iron and manganese do not pose serious health risks, their presence may indicate that groundwater is of poor quality and may be indicative of an existence of other problems that could cause adverse health effects. Therefore, this study aims to determine the origin of iron in groundwater of the area study and give answers to high iron contents. To achieve this goal, we applied multivariate analysis (CNPA and CAH) on the results of physico chemical analysis and overlay maps of iron distribution with geological map. The results of the ACPN indicate that; solubility of iron and manganese increases in anoxic conditions. The overlay map of iron concentration distribution of with geological map shows that, high iron levels are found in greater proportion in the biotite's granites; suggesting their origin related to the geology of the area study. ]]>