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African-American Ethnicity in the Antebellum North (C13)
When Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey escaped slavery, he hoped to become a member of mainstream society, as had other former slaves before him. He changed his surname to "Douglass," after a hero in Sir Walter Scott's poem The Lady of the Lake.
He reasoned that, "the basic characteristic of Scott's Douglas is his unflinching fortitude in adversities brought about by the wrongful loss of his patrimony." Douglass's "patrimony" was the legacy of his slave overseer father, Aaron Anthony.
Rejection by his father's society is what Douglass meant by "wrongful loss." His criticism of his father in _The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave_ (1845) was not directed at the man's "race" nor at his "racism."
Instead, Douglass's indictment of his father was about Anthony's repudiating his own children by hiding behind a wicked law that, in contrast with the French and Spanish laws once enforced in the lower South, allowed him to disown his slave offspring.
Douglass considered himself to be neither White nor Black, but both. His multiracial self-identity showed in his first autobiography. Introducing his father in Narrative, Douglass wrote, "My father was a white man."
In this text, his mother was a stranger whom he had never seen in daylight, he could not picture her face, and he was unmoved by news of her death.
Not only did Douglass adopt a fictional Scottish hero's name, he emphasized his (perhaps imagined) Scots descent through his father. When visiting Great Britain in 1845-47, Douglass extended his stay in Scotland.
He immersed himself in Scottish music and ballads, which he played on the violin for the rest of his life. Having plunged into a Scottish ethnic identity, Douglass wrote to his (then) friend, William Lloyd Garrison,
"If I should meet you now, amid the free hills of old Scotland, where the ancient 'black Douglass' [sic] once met his foes… you would see a great change in me!"
Upon arriving in Nantucket, Douglass hoped to represent a blending of both endogamous groups, a man who was half-White and half-Black: "Young, ardent, and hopeful, I entered upon this new life in the full gush of unsuspecting enthusiasm.
"The cause was good, the men engaged in it were good, the means to attain its triumph, good…. For a time, I was made to forget that my skin was dark and my hair crisped."
But acceptance by White society was out of reach for Douglass. In the North there was no such thing as a man who was half-Black. White ships' caulkers in New Bedford denied him a chance to work at his craft because in their eyes he was all Black.
Black society was also unwelcoming. Black stevedores rejected him because he insisted that he was half White, and refused to see himself as Black.
He joined the Garrisonians on a boat to an abolitionist convention in Nantucket. A squabble broke out when the White abolitionists demanded that the Black abolitionists take lesser accommodations. Douglass found himself classified as Black by his friends.
Later in Nantucket, Douglass so impressed the Garrisonians with his public speaking that abolitionist Edmund Quincy exchanged reports with others that Douglass was an articulate public speaker, "for a nigger."
Douglass tried to present himself as an intermediary between America's two endogamous groups. But the Garrisonians made it clear that he was expected to present himself as nothing more than an intelligent "Negro."
He was told to talk only about the evils of slavery and ordered to stop talking about racialism per se. "Give us the facts [about being a slave]. We will take care of the [racial] philosophy."
They also ordered him to "leave a little plantation speech" in his accent. In their own words, they wanted to display a smart "nigger," but not too smart.
Douglass's cruelest discovery came after he broke with the Garrisonians and went out on his own. Abolitionist friends of both "races" had warned him that there was nothing personal in how Garrison had used him.
The public did not want an intermediary; they wanted an articulate Black man. Douglass soon discovered that his friends were right.
His newspaper, _The North Star_, failed to sell because it had no market. White Yankees wanted to read White publications and Black Yankees wanted to read Black ones.
Black political leaders resented Douglass's distancing himself from Black ethno-political society. There was no room in Massachusetts for a man who straddled the color line.
Douglass dutifully reinvented himself. He applied himself to learning Black Yankee culture as if it were a college course.
"He began to build a closer relationship with… Negro leaders and with the Negro people themselves, to examine the whole range of Negro problems, and to pry into every facet of discrimination."
Eight months later, The North Star's circulation was soaring and Black leader James McCune Smith wrote to Black activist Gerrit Smith:
"You will be surprised to hear me say that only since his Editorial career has he seen to become a colored man! I have read his paper very carefully and find phrase after phrase develop itself as in one newly born among us."
From that day on, Douglass never looked back. The public wanted him to be hyper-Black and so hyper-Black he became. His later autobiographies reveal the change.
Narrative (1845) says, "my father was a white man," Bondage and My Freedom (1854) says, "my father was shrouded in mystery" and "nearly white," and Life and Times (1882-1892) says flatly, "of my father I know nothing."
Narrative says his mother was a stranger whose death did not affect him. Bondage and Freedom says he was "deeply attached to her." Life and Times says, "her image is ineffably stamped upon my memory," and describes her death with " poignancy and sorrow."
Although he wore a public persona of extreme Blackness, he continued to see himself as half White Scottish in his private life. When he married Helen Pitts, a White woman, even friends were bothered by the mismatch between the public and private Douglass.
In 1886 Jacksonville FL, Douglass justified his intermarriage on the grounds of his multiracial self-identity. According to James Weldon Johnson, "Douglass spoke, and moved a large audience of white and colored people by his supreme eloquence. …"
Douglass, in reply to the current criticisms regarding his second marriage, said, "In my first marriage I paid my compliments to my mother's race; in my second marriage I paid my compliments to the race of my father."
The Invention of African-American Ethnicity
The clash between how Douglass saw himself in 1838 and the public persona that he was forced to portray, was due to the presence of African-American ethnicity in the North.
Free citizens of part-African ancestry in the South, especially in the lower South, lacked the sense of common tradition associated with ethnic self-identity.
This is session C13. African-American Ethnicity in the Antebellum North. It is the final topic of our series on the U.S. color line: when where, how and why it was invented. Last week in C12 we talked about Spanish Florida. Today we trace the emergence of African-American ethnicity in the North in four topics:
Origins of African-American Ethnicity explains how the imposition of a unique endogamous color line eventually led to the synthesis of a unique ethno-cultural community in the Jacksonian Northeast.
African-American Ethnic Traits outlines the customs of the Black Yankee ethnic group to reveal that they gave birth to many of today's African-American traditions.
The Integration versus Separatism Pendulum introduces a debate that has occupied Black political leaders since colonial times.
The Color Line in the North contrasts the harsh enforcement of the intermarriage barrier in the free states with the more permeable systems of the lower South (as presented in the preceding three session).
Early in the nineteenth-century, the American North saw the emergence of invented ethnic self-identities that became political power groups: Germans, Irish, Jews, Hispanics (from Louisiana and Florida), and, of course, Black Yankees.
Each ethnicity was synthetic in the sense that, while adopting symbols (traditions, language, rituals) associated with some land of origin, it absorbed diversity under a single label.
Residents of what would become western Germany (Bavaria or Hesse-Kassel), for example, did not think of themselves as kin to Prussians until after they became a U.S. ethnicity.
Despite internal divisions, immigrants learned that power in America comes to those who command bloc votes. Each ethnic label became an umbrella designation covering all who joined.
Parades, public rituals, riots, and gang wars pitted group against group. The aggressive, in-your-face umbrella ethnicities of the period sprang from democracy and surged with the widening Jacksonian franchise. Ethnic groups were voting blocs.
You would think that Black Yankees would have been more diverse than European ethnicities because Africa is so much larger and more populous than Europe.
The triangle bounded by Cape Town, Casablanca, and Cairo is a vast kaleidoscope of thousands of cultures, religions, and mutually unintelligible languages. Even so, Black Northerners were not exempt from the need to define themselves as an ethnic group.
Black Yankees in Boston, New York, Philadelphia, and Cincinnati also conducted parades, processions, and festivals to, "strengthen and solidify the boundaries of class and ethnicity that buttressed and circumscribed American politics of self-interest."
"Amid much pomp and parade, with carriaged processions of Revolutionary War veterans, members of benevolent and literary societies, and the committee on arrangements, entire communities made a public show of their industry, integrity, [and] temperance.
Newspapers reported: "Women and children joined the parades, waving flags from the windows of omnibuses.
"Along waterways like the Hudson and Susquehanna rivers, chartered steamboats brought large delegations from different localities to common points of celebration like Geneva, New York, and Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.
"In a resonant declaration of Pan-African unity, African-American communities made clear [their solidarity]."
In Cincinnati, a three-way fight for jobs, among Black Yankees, Irish, and Germans, led to the exile of Black Yankees from the state. The fight among laborers for lucrative work on Cincinnati's docks led to demonstrations, then parades, then riots.
Previously, Cincinnati's African Americans caste had provided the bulk of construction laborers, porters, vendors, shoeblacks, messengers, and domestic workers-steady work in an expanding economy.
The growing political power of Irish and German immigrants struggling to distinguish themselves as White men too, led to enforcement of the repressive Ohio Black Codes, laws that had long been on the books but ignored.
The city expelled Black Yankee children from public schools and forbade the construction of Black private schools. By the summer of 1829, Black Cincinnatians avoided going out in public to hotels, restaurants, theaters, or White churches
Former Virginian John Malvin organized a petition drive calling for a repeal of the Black codes. In angry reaction, the city council gave each Black Cincinnatian thirty days to leave the state or post $500 surety bond (roughly $25,000 apiece, in today's money).
Desperate, Malvin negotiated a sixty-day extension from the city in order for the refugees to find new homes in exile. The not-yet-fully-White immigrant German and Irish laborers responded with a riot that burned down all of Cincinnati's Black residential areas.
The exile and arson riot shocked Americans everywhere. It was reported worldwide. Compassion for the victims sparked collection drives for money, food, and clothing even among Southern slave-owners.
Zephaniah Kingsley, one of Florida's wealthiest slaveowners, a man who, seven years earlier had been appointed by President Monroe to Florida's Legislative Council wrote:
"[racial tolerance] may be considered as a standard measure by which the comparative state of civilization… may be fairly estimated."
He opined that Ohio had stepped outside the limits of civilized society, "in its acts of oppression against its free colored inhabitants, by which their existence seems so far to have been threatened…."
Frederick Douglass, the former slave, had no more success at portraying himself as biracial man in such an environment than an agnostic resident of Belfast would have in adopting a dual Catholic/Protestant persona today.
Ethnic Traits
The newly invented African-American ethnicity of the early 1800s differed from today's African-American ethnicity only slightly. Today's ethnic traits come from a post-bellum blending of three cultural streams:
the Black Yankee ethnicity of 1830, the slave traditions of the antebellum South, and the free Creole or Mulatto elite trad
itions of the lower South.
Each of the three sources provided elements of the religious, linguistic, and folkloric traditions found in today's African-American ethnicity. But the strongest stream of ethnic tradition comes from the men who coined the very term "African-American."
Although less wealthy than the Gulf Coast Creoles, the Black Yankees had developed a strong supportive culture that could withstand the buffeting of social upheaval. They were usually ostracized from mainstream society due to the endogamous color line.
According to contemporary accounts, they responded with grace and dignity, making a virtue of their separation. It was not uncommon to see lines of quiet, well-behaved children following their parents to Sunday service.
Their preachers taught that they were put on earth to be tested. Their lot was to serve as example to White folks of how civilized Christians behave.
Most Black Yankees distinguished themselves from slaves-indeed many families had no history of slavery but descended from indentured servants. Nevertheless, many were active contributors to and activists in the abolition movement.
This sympathy for slaves in the south is in contrast to the biracial elite of the Gulf coast and Latin America, who owned slaves and defended slavery as a noble institution.
There was no similar independent Black ethnicity among Hispanic or French Creole planters of part-African ancestry. This was because the lower South lacked a single endogamous color line.
In many ways, Black Yankee culture (religion, language, music, dance, food, costume) was indistinguishable from that of White Yankees. The boisterous interactive style of many African-American church services today was been alien to them.
Daniel A. Payne was a Black Yankee, a career AME minister in Philadelphia. He was a sympathizer of the Underground Railroad, so its organizers asked him to preach to a group of newly escaped slaves. His diary reports:
After the sermon, they formed a ring, and with coats off sung, clapped their hands and stamped their feet in a most ridiculous and heathenish way. I requested that the pastor go and stop their dancing.At his request they stopped their dancing and clapping of hands, but remained singing and rocking their bodies to and fro.
Hypodescent was much stricter in the antebellum North than in the antebellum South. The children of interracial marriages in the Northeast were usually census-reported as "Negroes" rather than as "Mulattos" or "Coloured" as in the West, Midwest, or South.
Black Yankees set many of the patterns of modern African-American life. They developed the supportive church-centered social structure found in African-American communities today.
Long before the South was segregated, they faced isolation and cyclical rejection by mainstream society. They were also the first to articulate the dilemma that continues to occupy Black thinkers to this day: integration versus separatism.
The Integration versus Separatism Pendulum
The ethnicity invented by Black Yankees oscillated between two poles, just as African-American ethnicity does today. At one extreme, they coined the term African-American, invented a fantasy image of Africa as a civilized, Eden-like homeland.
They strove to emigrate to lands where Blacks ruled, and demanded segregated churches for worship by their adults and segregated schools for the education of their children in order to preserve their cultural integrity.
At the other extreme, they saw themselves as true Americans, their families having lived in the U. S. since long before the first Irish and Germans arrived. They demanded integrated schools where their children could learn American mainstream values.
They demanded full membership in the body politic, and rejected colonization overseas as unjust exile.
Although at any given instant in time, at least some Black Yankees populated the entire ideological spectrum between these two extremes of separatism on the one hand and integration on the other, fashions changed over the years.
From the Revolution to about 1826, the Black Yankee ethnic self-image leaned towards separatism. They spoke longingly of returning to Africa. Yet, few emigrated although many had the opportunity.
Instead, Africa became a fantasized Eden, spoken of in hushed tones the way European Jews would say "next year in Jerusalem." They made up rituals and customs, which they attributed to the Dark Continent. They founded the traditional Black churches.
The African Society, founded in 1796, was the first to use the term to denote upper-class Black Yankees. Using his own money, ship's captain Paul Cuffee of Boston personally conveyed 38 emigrants who wanted to return to Africa to Sierra Leone in 1815.
Bostonian Prince Hall, born in Barbados in 1748, organized the first chapter of African-American Masonry in 1775 and led the 1787 petition drive to open segregated schools in Boston, so Black children could be taught by members of their own culture.
After the Revolution, Peter J. Williams, Jr. and Samuel Cornish founded segregated schools for Black children in New York city, again to preserve African-American cultural integrity.
Shortly before the great Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic of 1793, Richard Allen and Absalom Jones both founded African-American churches, the former the AME Church, the latter an African branch of the Episcopal Church.
Allen and Jones both vowed that their churches, "would admit none to be enrolled members but descendants of the African race."
The Black Yankee ideological pendulum swung the other way around 1826. Black Yankees demanded full citizenship. Many families tried to enroll their children in mainstream schools. Africa was no longer seen as a desirable homeland. According to one editor:
Our claims are on America, it is the land that gave us birth; it is the land of our nativity, we know no other country, it is a land in which our fathers have suffered and toiled; they have watered it with their tears, and fanned it with their sighs. Our relation with Africa is the same as the white man's is with Europe. We have passed through several generations in this country, and consequently we have become naturalized, our habits, our manners, our passions, our dispositions have become the same. I might as well tell the white man about England… and call him a European, as for him to call us "Africans".
Ship's captain Paul Cuffee died in 1817. His dream of emigrating to Africa was carried forward by the American Colonization Society, but by 1826 the dream began to unravel.
In part, AME founder Richard Allen and the other delegates were unhappy that the White-run ACS had taken over governing what would eventually become the Liberia colony, rather than let Blacks control it.
More importantly, migrating back to an imagined African homeland was no longer fashionable. Black emigrants were going to Canada and Haiti instead.
In September of 1830, Baltimore ice dealer Hezekiah Grice suggested to Philadelphia AME Church founder Richard Allen that he convene a national meeting of Black Yankee leaders. The first goal was to debate colonization. They decided against it.
The second goal was to collect money for the 1200-2000 Black refugees who had been exiled from Cincinnati to Canada on short notice.
The convention met annually for six years, debating all aspects of the integration versus separatism pendulum. The sixth and final National Black Convention was held in 1835, its activist civil-rights agenda taken over by self-help (temperance) advocates.
Hezekiah Grice, the Baltimore ice dealer who had started it all, moved to Haiti in 1832 and was named director of Public Works for Port-au-Prince in 1834.
Thirteen years later, Frederick Douglass (1818-1895) founded his newspaper, The North Star. Douglass handled the editorial end while Martin R. Delany (1812-1885) traveled throughout Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Kentucky.
Delaney lectured, reported, and sold advertising and subscriptions for the newspaper. Though both men were uncompromising and eloquent in their support of African Americans, they came to represent both ends of the integration-versus-separatism spectrum.
Delany, who epitomized Black nationalism, advocated emigration and cultural integrity. Douglass continued to advocate integration, assimilation, and American patriotism.
The ideological clash became evident in the case Roberts v. City of Boston, 1849.
62 years after Prince Hall persuaded Boston's city fathers to open segregated schools for Black children so that they could be taught their cultural heritage, the parents of Sarah C. Roberts sued the city for not allowing Sarah to attend a White school.
The African-American community split. Heated intra-group debates erupted over the desirability of segregated schools for Boston's Black children.
The Color Line in the North
The endogamous color line was enforced more strictly in the North than in the antebellum lower South (South Carolina, Alabama, Louisiana, Florida).
During Tocqueville's 1831 visit to the North, he wrote: "Race prejudice seems stronger in those states that have abolished slavery than in those where it still exists, and nowhere is it more intolerant than in those states where slavery was never known."
Abraham Lincoln represented his constituency in Springfield, Illinois, on June 26, 1857. He repeated the following speech in a dozen later venues, and referred back to it for the rest of his life:
Judge Douglas is especially horrified at the thought of the mixing blood by the white and black races: agreed for once-a thousand times agreed.
… On this point we fully agree with the Judge; and when he shall show that his policy is better adapted to prevent amalgamation than ours we shall drop ours, and adopt his. Let us see. In 1850 there were in the United States, 405,751, mulattoes.
Very few of these are the offspring of whites and free blacks; nearly all have sprung from black slaves and white masters. A separation of the races is the only perfect preventive of amalgamation.
If white and black people never get together in Kansas, they will never mix blood in Kansas. … That the chief plank in [the Republican] platform-opposition to the spread of slavery-is most favorable to that separation.
Like Lincoln, many Midwestern Abolitionists became peculiarly enraged at the possibility of intermarriage. In 1862 Ohio, abolitionist newspaperman Calvin Kingsley wrote:
In the North it is a strange and disgusting sight to see a white man with a colored wife. In the South it can be practically seen everywhere. As to political equality, it has nothing whatever to do with the question of emancipation.
In 1863 Illinois, The Chicago Tribune said that Republican doctrine was to: "separate the whites from adulterous communication with [Blacks]; and preserve the purity of Caucasian blood from African admixture.
In 1863 Chicago and Columbus, editors responded to Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation by saying that Republicans were:
actively promoting miscegenation, the most dreaded form of equality. [This will destroy] "the identity of both [races] and substitute in their stead human mongrels.
Even the Government-appointed American Freedman's Inquiry Commission reported in 1864 that amalgamation between the races led to degeneration. In 1864, Democrat John McClernand of Illinois said, "We want no intermixture of white blood with theirs," and Republicans answered that it was the Democratic slaveowners who had long been guilty of trying "to bleach out the black race."
Congressman George W. Julian "recoiled in disgust" at the "intimate relations as there were in the South where slave mothers and slave masters are brought on to the level of social equality in its most loathsome forms."
In short, virtually all Midwesterners, Democrats, Republicans, Free-Soilers, Know-Nothings, Popular Sovereignty advocates, and Abolitionists alike agreed on only one thing-the importance of preserving White "racial" purity via the endogamous color line.
Some scholars interpret the northern accusations that slaveowners in the South openly intermarried as political hyperbole. In fact, as shown in the prior three topics, the accusers were correct.
More Southern slaveowners married interracially than Northern abolitionists ever did. This was especially true of the thousands of Creole, Hispanic, and West Indian slaveowners in the lower South who were themselves of partial African ancestry.
Frank W. Sweet is the author of Legal History of the Color Line (ISBN 9780939479238), an analysis of the nearly 300 appealed cases that determined Americans' "racial" identity over the centuries. It is the most thorough study of the legal history of this topic yet published. He was accepted to Ph.D. candidacy in history with a minor in molecular anthropology at the University of Florida in 2003 and has completed all but his dissertation defense. He earned an M.A. in History from American Military University in 2001. He is also the author of several state park historical booklets and published historical essays. He was a member of the editorial board of the magazine Interracial Voice, and is a regular lecturer and panelist at historical and genealogical conferences. To send email, click here.


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March 23, 2017 07:00 ET
CALGARY, ALBERTA--(Marketwired - March 23, 2017) -
Prairie Provident Resources Inc. ("Prairie Provident" or "PPR" or the "Company") (TSX:PPR) is pleased to announce the completion of its previously announced acquisition of strategic assets in the Greater Red Earth area of northern Alberta (the "Assets") for cash consideration of $41.0 million (the "Acquisition"). The Assets include high-quality and low-decline oil production which is complementary to Prairie Provident's existing operations at Evi in the Peace River Arch and further enhances the Company's size and competitive position. The Acquisition reinforces the Company's growth profile by adding a stable and predictable base of cash flow that is capable of funding repeatable growth.
The Acquisition was funded through Prairie Provident's credit facility, which has been increased by $10.0 million to $65.0 million following closing of the Acquisition, and through proceeds from the recently closed $4.0 million bought deal equity financing of subscription receipts ("Subscription Receipts").
Highlights of the Assets:
Impact of the Acquisition:
(1) Assumes 2017 average WTI US$54.00, and FX rate of C$0.76 per US$1.00. See "Oil and Gas Metrics and Non-IFRS Measures" below.
Given the complementary nature of the Acquisition, integration of the Assets into PPR's existing operations at Evi have already commenced. The Company will announce its fourth quarter and year-end 2016 financial and operating results on March 29, 2016. The results will include an operations update on first quarter 2017 activity to date, including further information on the first four Ellerslie wells from the 2017 budget which the Company has now drilled and cased.
As previously announced, the Company issued 5,971,000 Subscription Receipts at a price of $0.67 per Subscription Receipt, and 5,195,000 common shares issued on a "flow-through" basis pursuant to the Income Tax Act (Canada) ("Flow-Through Shares") at a price of $0.77 per Flow-Through Share, for total gross proceeds of approximately $8.0 million (the "Offering"). In accordance with their terms, each Subscription Receipt was automatically exchanged, for no additional consideration and without any action required on the part of the holder, for one common share of the Company (an "Underlying Share") and one-half of one common share purchase warrant (each whole warrant, an "Underlying Warrant") in connection with closing of the Acquisition, and the net proceeds of approximately $3.9 million from the sale of Subscription Receipts under the Offering were released to the Company from escrow. Each Underlying Warrant entitles the holder to acquire one common share at an exercise price of $0.87 per share until March 16, 2019. The Underwriters led by Mackie Research Capital Corporation have an over-allotment option exercisable in whole or in part at any time prior to April 15, 2017 to purchase up to an additional 15% of the number of Subscription Receipts and Flow-Through Shares sold at the Offering prices, for total additional gross proceeds of up to approximately $1.2 million. In the event and to the extent the Underwriters exercise the option to purchase additional Subscription Receipts, an equal number of Underlying Shares and one-half of such number of Underlying Issues will be issued in lieu of the Subscription Receipts.
Further details regarding PPR, the Acquisition and the Offering are set out in the Company's short form prospectus dated March 8, 2017, which is available under Prairie Provident's profile on the SEDAR website and on the Company's website at www.ppr.ca .
This news release does not constitute an offer to sell or the solicitation of an offer to buy any securities of the Company in the United States or in any other jurisdiction in which any such offer, solicitation or sale would be unlawful. The securities to be offered under the Offering have not been and will not be registered under the United States Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "1933 Act") or any state securities laws, and may not be offered or sold in the United States or to U.S. Persons (as that term is defined in Regulation S under the 1933 Act) except in transactions exempt from the registration requirements of the 1933 Act and applicable state securities laws.
BOE Disclosure. We have adopted the industry-standard conversion ratio of six Mcf to one bbl when converting natural gas quantities to "barrels of oil equivalent" (BOEs). BOEs may be misleading, though, particularly if used in isolation. A BOE conversion ratio of 6 mcf: 1 bbl is based on an energy equivalency conversion method primarily applicable at the burner tip and does not represent a value equivalency at the wellhead. Although the six-to-one conversion factor is an industry accepted norm, it is not reflective of price or market value differentials between product types. Based on current commodity prices, the value ratio between natural gas and oil is significantly different than the 6:1 ratio based on energy equivalency. Accordingly, a 6:1 conversion ratio may be misleading as an indication of value.
Forward-Looking Information. Certain information included in this press release constitutes forward-looking information under applicable securities legislation. All statements other than statements of current or historical fact constitute forward-looking information. Forward-looking information typically contains statements with words such as "anticipate", "believe", "expect", "intend", "plan", "budget", "forecast", "target", "estimate", "propose", "potential", "project", "continue", "may", "will", "should" or similar words suggesting future outcomes or events or statements regarding an outlook. Forward-looking information in this press release includes, but is not limited to, statements concerning: cash flows from the Assets (and their capability to fund growth); forecast 2017 operating netback for the Assets; forecast 2017 funds from operations for the Assets and the Company; waterflood optimization potential; expected annual 2017 production volumes; expected 2017 exit production; estimated forward adjusted EBITDAX ratio and target run-rate level; operational and technical synergies from the Acquisition; expected operating cost reductions; improved ability to compete for services; asset integration expectations; timing for announcement of the Company's fourth quarter and year-end 2016 financial and operating results; and the potential exercise of the Underwriters' over-allotment option to purchase additional Underlying Shares, Underlying Warrants and Flow-Through Shares.
The forward-looking information contained in this press release is based on certain key expectations and assumptions made by Prairie Provident, including expectations and assumptions concerning, among other things: commodity prices and foreign exchange rates for 2017 and beyond; the timing and success of future drilling, development and completion activities (and the extent to which the results thereof meet Management's expectations); the continued availability of financing (including borrowings under the Company's credit facility) and cash flow to fund current and future expenditures, with external financing on acceptable terms; future capital expenditure requirements and the sufficiency thereof to achieve the Company's objectives; the performance of both new and existing wells; the stability of production from the Assets and capital and operating costs in respect thereof; the timely availability and performance of facilities, pipelines and other infrastructure in areas of operation; the geological characteristics and quality of Prairie Provident's properties (including the Assets) and the reservoirs in which the Company conducts oil and gas activities (including field production and decline rates); successful integration of the Assets into the Company's operations; the successful application of drilling, completion and seismic technology; future exploration, development, operating, transportation, royalties and other costs; the Company's ability to economically produce oil and gas from its properties and the timing and cost to do so; the predictability of future results based on past and current experience; prevailing weather conditions; prevailing legislation and regulatory requirements affecting the oil and gas industry (including royalty regimes); the timely receipt of required regulatory approvals; the availability of capital, labour and services on timely and cost-effective basis; the creditworthiness of industry partners and the ability to source and complete acquisitions; and the general economic, regulatory and political environment in which the Company operates.
Although Prairie Provident believes that the expectations and assumptions upon which the forward-looking information in this press release is based are reasonable based on currently available information, undue reliance should not be placed on such information, which is inherently uncertain, relies on assumptions and expectations, and is subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors, both general and specific, many of which are beyond the Company's control, that may cause actual results or events to differ materially from those indicated or suggested in the forward-looking information. Prairie Provident can give no assurance that the forward-looking information contained herein will prove to be correct or that the expectations and assumptions upon which they are based will occur or be realized. These include, but are not limited to: risks inherent to oil and gas exploration, development, exploitation and production operations and the oil and gas industry in general, including geological, technical, engineering, drilling, completion, processing and other operational problems and potential delays, cost overruns, production or reserves loss or reduction in production, and environmental, health and safety implications arising therefrom; uncertainties associated with the estimation of reserves, production rates, product type and costs; adverse changes in commodity prices, foreign exchange rates or interest rates; the ability to access capital when required and on acceptable terms; the ability to secure required services on a timely basis and on acceptable terms; increases in operating costs; environmental risks; changes in laws and governmental regulation (including with respect to royalties, taxes and environmental matters); adverse weather or break-up conditions; competition for labour, services, equipment and materials necessary to further the Company's oil and gas activities; and changes in plans with respect to exploration or development projects or capital expenditures in respect thereof. These and other risks are discussed in more detail in the Company's short form prospectus dated March 8, 2017 and its Annual Information Form for the year ended December 31, 2015, copies of which are available under Prairie Provident's issuer profile on the SEDAR website and on the Company's website at www.ppr.ca. This list is not exhaustive.
The forward-looking information contained in this press release is made as of the date hereof and Prairie Provident undertakes no obligation to update publicly or revise any forward-looking information, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, unless required by applicable securities laws. All forward-looking information contained in this press release is expressly qualified by this cautionary statement.
Oil and Gas Metrics and Non-IFRS Measures. This press release includes reference to certain metrics commonly used in the oil and gas industry but which do not have standardized meanings or methods of calculation under International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), the Canadian Oil and Gas Evaluation Handbook or applicable law, namely "operating netback" and "funds from operations" and "adjusted EBITDAX ratio". Accordingly, such metrics, as determined by the Company and presented in this news release (or in other documents published by Prairie Provident), may not be comparable to similarly defined or described measures presented by other entities, and should not be used for any such comparisons. These metrics are provided as supplementary information by which readers may wish to consider the Company's performance, but should not be relied upon for comparative or investment purposes. With respect to the metrics referred to herein:
Financial Outlook Information. The information disclosed in this press release regarding forecast operating netback and forecast run rate funds from operations in respect of the Assets, and corporate-level forecast 2017 funds from operations and adjusted EBITDAX, constitutes financial outlook information within the meaning of applicable Canadian securities laws. Statements containing a financial outlook constitute forward-looking information and are therefore subject to the assumptions, risk factors, limitations and qualifications set forth under "Forward-Looking Information" above. All such financial outlook information is made as of the date hereof and is provided for the sole purpose of describing the Company's internal expectations as to the effect of the Acquisition on its cash flows for the stated period. Readers are cautioned that the financial outlook information contained herein should not be used, and may be inappropriate for, any other purpose.
Prairie Provident Resources Inc.Tim GrangerPresident and Chief Executive Officer(403) firstname.lastname@example.com Provident Resources Inc.Mimi LaiChief Financial Officer(403) email@example.com
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subset: commoncrawl


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Can Houses of Worship Commit to Going Plant-Based?
July 12, 2017 By
It is not a stretch of the imagination to say that the Western palate is accustomed to meat as one of the primary means of community interaction. Think about all of the celebrations, life-cycle events, and solemn occasions that have... Read more


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Secondary students who are interested in learning about the practical and theoretical sides of farming are being encouraged to enroll in Bluewater District School Board's Agriculture Specialist High Skills Major (SHSM) program. Although Chesley District Community School will become a JK -8 school in September, this popular and unique program will continue to be offered on the Chesley site in Semester Two.
During a recent tour of the facilities, students who are currently enrolled in the program were eager to share their experiences. Ally Curry, who comes from a farming background and has a passion for the industry, looks forward to continuing her education after graduation in the University of Guelph's Agriculture program. She feels that Bluewater's Agriculture SHSM, especially the "hands-on barn aspect", has been an invaluable learning experience in helping her to move toward that goal. The students have enjoyed the opportunity of working with pigs, steers, chickens, rabbits, sheep, a goat, and even a veal calf donated by a student's dad. The theoretical classroom component, which includes learning about calculations such as feed to weight ratios and average daily gains as well as field trips to the Keady Market, is also a critically important part of the program.
Above all, the Agriculture SHSM is for any student regardless of their background and level of farm experience. As Ally pointed out, the program provides genuine mentorship and peer building opportunities through "the farm kids helping the non-farm kids." She was also quick to compliment teacher Dennis Watson, whose exemplary work ethic and passionate leadership have been a key to the program's tremendous success.
Registrations are already being accepted for Semester Two of the 2017 – 2018 school year. Interested students can contact their school's Guidance department for more information. Details are also available at www.bwdsb.on.ca/success/SS_SHSM or by viewing the video below, which includes student and staff interviews.


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This site is entirely user-supported. See how you can help.
Street View is the best available vantage point looking, if possible, towards the location of the building. In some locations, Street View may not give a view of the actual building, or may not be available at all. Where it is not available, the satellite view is shown instead.
Latitude: 50.8684 / 50°52'6"N
Longitude: 0.15 / 0°9'0"E
OS Eastings: 551386
OS Northings: 109862
OS Grid: TQ513098
Mapcode National: GBR LRL.GRJ
Mapcode Global: FRA C66T.28Y
Entry Name: The Parish Church of St John the Baptist
Listing Date: 30 August 1966
Grade: I
Source: Historic England
Source ID: 1043087
English Heritage Legacy ID: 295530
Location: Chalvington with Ripe, Wealden, East Sussex, BN8
County: East Sussex
District: Wealden
Civil Parish: Chalvington with Ripe
Built-Up Area: Ripe
Traditional County: Sussex
Lieutenancy Area (Ceremonial County): East Sussex
Church of England Parish: Ripe with Chalvington
Church of England Diocese: Chichester
The Parish Church of
St John the Baptist
Pelham Perpendicular Tower with Pelham buckle on the doorway. Built of flint
with tower of stone rubble and rendered chancel, nave, west tower and south
porch. Piscina and Sedilia. Mainly decorated with a good east window with
flowing tracery and some Perpendicular windows.
Listing NGR: TQ5138409862
This text is from the original listing, and may not necessarily reflect the current setting of the building.
Other nearby listed buildings


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The lovely folks at Links of London are giving one lucky person the chance to win their wishlist up to the value of £1000 this Valentines. There are two ways to enter, you can either publish a blog post or you can create a pinterest board and pin your little heart out. Once you have created your entry you just need to tweet a link using the hashtag #myvalentinewishlist.
So what's on my wishlist? I have created a Pinterest board of my favourites which can be found here. My absolute favourite item on the Links website has to be this moon charm, it is so adorable.
This competition is open to the general public. for more information follow this link: http://blog.linksoflondon.com/2014/01/win-valentines-day-list/


text: Our team will utilize targeted solutions and equipment to create a customized plan for your specific business needs. We can help you lower credit card processing rates, develop mobile payment solutions and so much more! Learn how Targeted Merchant Solutions can help your business start saving money and improving efficiency today. Get Started


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A numbers of years ago, back in 2005 to be exact, I picked up a book that was one of those things that set off a chain of events that changed the course of my life.
It was Secrets of the Millionaire Mind by T. Harv Eker.
The book is great, and if you want more money in your life, than you oughtta read it for sure. It's chock full of time-tested tips for achieving financial success, creating abundance in your life and mastering the "inner game" of wealth. Something we ALL could get better at.
But it wasn't just the book, it was what happened AFTER I read it that led to major shifts in my life. And one very specific idea, or as Harv calls them "wealth files", that has been a major guiding principle in my life.
I'll tell you about it in a sec, but first, let me tell you what happened after I read the book.
In the book, Harv HEAVILY promotes the Millionaire Mind Intensive (MMI). It's a 3 day financial transformation event, which I found to be very interesting.
When I picked the book, I've been involved in direct sales for 10 years, so I read every self-help, personal development book under sun by that time. Maybe not EVERY one, but it was a lot. And being in the state of always working on myself, and because I really liked the book, I decided to go to the MMI.
The closest one was in Toronto, a mere 4 hour drive for me, so my wife and I went together.
I'm not going to get into the whole thing, although it was a really cool experience. But I do want to tell you about one very specific topic from a session on a Friday afternoon, which was the first day. This is almost 11 years ago, but I remember it vividly.
The trainer (it wasn't Harv) spoke about the idea of Multiple Streams of Income, and the fact that there are so many ways to make money, it's mind boggling that some people still struggle and can't figure out how to earn more.
You see, at that point, I've been laser-focused on the business I was in, a direct sales financial services business, which I was working hard at for over a decade. TEN straight years, non-stop. And, up until that time, I pretty much had my mind closed to any and all other opportunities. Foolishly, I may add.
Ironically though, about a week BEFORE the event, I found a little booklet in my mailbox about starting an online business.
I ordered the package advertised in the booklet, and was still waiting for it to arrive. EAGERLY waiting for it, because I was kinda getting a little tired of the financial services business. It was wearing me out, and I was 'secretly' looking for a way out. NO ONE (not even my wife) knew this.
So, we're sitting in Toronto at the MMI, and the guy brings out a whiteboard, and starts writing with a marker all the different ways you can make money. Some of which included e-commerce and internet marketing.
I'm sitting there, thinking… "Is this a sign? I just ordered this product about doing something online." There was no other mention of internet marketing for the rest of the weekend, but the idea that I was toying with already, was firmly cemented in my mind.
That month, I made my first buck online and a few months later was generating several thousand PER MONTH. In fact, exactly one year later I had my first $8,000 month.
Now, let me tell you about the principle or "wealth file" that I discovered in the book, which I really embraced, and followed for years now.
The way Harv put it in the book is…
Rich People Think "Both." Poor People Think "Either/Or."
Most people think that you can't have your cake and eat it too.
This comes from scarcity mentality with a very LIMITED perspective on life.
For example…
You can't have a successful career and spend lots of time with your family.
You can't save a lot of money and still have enough to enjoy the things you want now.
You can't have lots of time off to do what you like, and make a lot of money at the same time.
All this, and there are many other examples of this kind of thinking, comes from limited outlook on life. Which says… "If I have this, then I must give up that."
And while I agree, there's always going to be some "give and take", but a question to ask yourself to get out of this 'limited thinking' is…
How can I have BOTH?
This immediately opens the doors of opportunities and possibilities wide open for you. Your mind starts thinking HOW I CAN instead of WHY I CAN'T.
We just came back from a 6 week vacation in Florida. Yes 6 WEEKS. For most people (in United States), even those with some money, that's unthinkable. They can't wrap their head around the idea of going on vacation for 6 weeks.
During our 6 week stay in the oceanfront condo in northern Miami, I was still able to tend to my copywriting commitment on a daily basis. Run a high six-figure e-commerce business. Run another online business. And be on the beach every morning, swimming in the ocean with my 3 kids.
By thinking… "How can I have both?"
Instead of thinking (like most people do) – you can't make a lot of money and have time to enjoy with your family… I think… how can I can?
How can I create multiple streams of income, so that I can free up more time and do the things I really want to do?
How can I take multiple vacations and trips a year, and not miss a beat in my business?
Yes, it takes some creativity and certain skills, which you can acquire with a little elbow grease, some skull sweat and lots of persistence.
Same goes for other areas of your life.
Wanna be fit and healthy, without having to starve yourself?
YOU CAN! You can be fit and healthy, and enjoy foods. You just need to arm yourself with the right information about health and fitness, develop a plan of action and THIS IS THE KEY… have the discipline to stick to that plan.
When I was in Miami, I had some conversations with a guy who was staying with his wife in the same condos were were at. They're in their 60's, seem to be doing ok, but one thing he said which rubs me the wrong way is… "I learned that in life, you don't want to bite off too much of the cake. If you do, you'll choke."
In other words, aim to do well, but don't aim too high.
I simply nodded my head, and thought to myself – I'll stick to my philosophy that I can have a cake ANY size… and can eat it too!


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Why the 2018 Toyota Camry could be Right for you
When you want a sedan that offers a smooth and powerful ride, you want to look for the 2018 Toyota Camry. A new look, impressive technology, and comfortable interior are all secondary to the excitement that the Camry can provide. When you come to Everett Toyota of Paris in Paris, TX, we want you to test drive the Camry so that you can truly see what it has to offer.


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It isn't necessary to be outrageous in order to make a home's design stand out from all the others on the block. It does help, however, to be a bit daring in the use of furniture and other elements of decoration.
I offer this advice even though I've never been able to make peace with a cobbler's bench that's been converted into a cocktail table. Similarly, the sight of grandma's coffee grinder doesn't fill me with the urge to wire it and shade it so that it becomes a lamp. At the same time, I've always liked trunks that have been turned into coffee tables, whether they be scrubbed pine, as shown in the photo, or the more elegant mahogany with brass accents.
Coordinated wallpapers offer another opportunity for using decorative features in unexpected ways. Most of these packaged collections include numerous patterns -- large as well as small florals, along with stripes and sometimes plaids. Borders, too, are often part of a coordinated set of wallpapers.


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Many singles have reached a point where they have started to give up on finding the right person to love and share everything with. However, with a dating site like www.eharmony.com, your odds can finally be in your favour. This site prides itself for using an effective scientific approach to matching singles. They state that there have been many success stories, and that they lead to quality dates with singles who are indeed compatible to what members are looking for. The founder of this dating site is a clinical psychologist and a writer of books that deal with love, relationships, marriage and emotional health. So the foundations of this dating site are very strong. According to statistics, there are some 600,000 married couples who originally met through eharmony. That is quite a staggering number!
When joining the site you will be asked to complete a relationship questionnaire and to set up your free personality profile. You can then start reviewing the matches, start communicating with them and dating will come by easily and nicely. The site's layout is very well designed, making your dating experience even more pleasurable. Eharmony.com places a lot of importance on good matches. There are many conventional dating services that do not manage to strike good matches, but with the compatibility matching system offered on eharmony.com prospective dates can be narrowed down effectively, making your chances of finding a good match for a quality relationship increase considerably. There are over 20 million users registered on this site. So your chances of finding the love of your life with that staggering number of users, and a proven matchmaking system are really high. All you have to do is sign up and get started! The compatibility matching system is based on 29 dimensions of compatibility and this is what makes eharmony.com stand out among all the other dating sites available online. It is not just about finding a nice partner to have a good time with, but finding your soulmate for a lasting relationship. And it seems that this serious goal is responsible for 5% of married couples in the US, which is no small number for sure.
Once you sign up you will be able to choose from different types of plans, with the longer plans being at discounted rates. Viewing matches is free, but if you want to contact a member you would have to pay for a plan. However considering the high chances of finding a good match, the fee is going to seem as an investment to many. Since matches are shown by compatibility tests that seem to be really effective, this is one of the best guided dating sites you are going to find online.
eHarmony Reviews
Been looking for a site that gives me amazing results and finally I found it. Wow, this site is everything I wanted and more.
If you are looking for love and you are just about to give up then this is definitely a site worth trying. Super easy to navigate and use and the results are amazing!
Very simple site to use. I love how they give you the ability to add all your details in from the start on this website making it easy to get started. Brilliant!


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Tuesday, July 27, 2010
Sugar Is Sweet And Very Painful
Last night I was "watching" t.v. and my hubby leaned over to kiss me goodnight and I jumped. I may even have let out a small screech.
My hands may or may not have connected with his face. I don't know. My eyes were closed.
Hubby then said something incredibly brilliant and enlightening. He said "Did you fall asleep?"
Another time, I had a small five pound ball of poodle fluff jump on my stomach. Now I know why cartoon characters say "ooof!" if they're playing football or punched in the stomach. And you always thought it was because the artist made them say it, didn't you?
Five pounds of ninja-dog may not seem like a lot to you. If it doesn't, please ask someone in your family to drop a five pound bag of sugar on your stomach the next time you're sleeping. You're welcome!
If I am concentrating on something, I can startle easily. I can really block things out sometimes, so if my hubby or someone comes up to me, I can jump about ten feet high. I can also come out swingin.'
Nice to know those years of karate weren't wasted, ya know?
5 comments:
LOL!! I hate it when I get startled. I will yell at my step son for hours for doing that to me! And five pound pups SEEM light. Until they land on your stomach. Or your bladder.ReplyDelete
Sometimes my washing machine does that to me.ReplyDelete
Oh crack me up!! I'm the SAME way but I always chalked it up to having 3 older brothers who made it their life's mission to jump out from behind every wall to scare me. I think I'll try the sugar idea tonight and have someone drop a bag on me just to see how it feels. HA HA You're too much ~ ♥ReplyDelete
Agent does that to me all the time when he yells at the TV randomly. Sheesh. scares me to death.ReplyDelete
My husband LOVES to scare me. When we first got married, he would crawl around all the time and pop up and scare me. (He's old enough now that his joints crack so he's not as good at the sneaking.) However, one time, when we'd been married just a few short months, he snuck down the hall, around the corner of the couch (with my back to him still) and reached up and grabbed me. It scared me so badly that my scream was quickly followed by sobbing. Which, of course, scared him right back. :) We made a "no grabbing" rule for scaring me after that. :) haha!ReplyDelete
We love your comments! Please keep it nice and sweet and family friendly so we don't have to delete!


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Since last spring, (thanks to my Fingal Green friends who contributed towards the cost of a new greenhouse for my 50th birthday!), I now have a great sowing and potting shed as well. The shelves on each side of the greenhouse are at just the right height to support a plank between them, which I use as a work top for sowing seed and potting up plants. I can work away there blissfully sheltered from the April showers.
I an sowing the bulk of the seed varieties around now, but in early June, I will be back to do a later sowing of runner bean, lettuce, oriental greens, basil, coriander, beetroot etc. The benefits of a greenhouse or polytunnel are many, but extending the season and growing more tender crops are benefits to which I look forward.
My friend Lorcan kindly called in with his camera the other day while I was sowing some seeds. The following video clip saves me saying much more on the subject for the moment.