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IP vendors sign up for referral programme
A group of semiconductor intellectual property (IP) vendors have clubbed together in a sales network that they hope will bring them into contact with more customers.
IPextreme has been joined by Cast, NXP Semiconductors, Sidense and Tempio in a programme called Constellations having agreed to forward customers' details to each other if they do not supply IP cores needed for a chip-design project.
"We came up with this concept of bringing together some of the smaller companies to increase their global footprint," explained Warren Savage, president of IPextreme. "All of us have our sales forces but the smaller companies don't necessarily see each other in accounts.
"Customers aren't exposed to the full richness of the whole IP supplier landscape. There are generally a number of IP blocks that they are looking for. This is an opportunity to serve the customer by providing more links," Savage added.
Savage said IPextreme will handle how requests are passed on to the other members of Constellations. "We use people here to sort the information and split up the IP requests and push those out to other partners who could supply the cores," he explained. "We have a certain set of keywords that the IP vendors provide to describe the customers requests."
Customers have to agree to have their requests go into the Constellations system, Savage said.
Once requests are in the system, they are sent out to all the relevant members. "We're not planning to get into a process of matching customers to suppliers," said Savage.
Hal Barbour, president of Cast, said of the initiative: "It seemed like a novel idea. Things like Design & Reuse and ChipEstimate have proved useful to us. This looked attractive and in no way competitive to those."
Johan van Ginderdeuren, responsible for licensing CoreFlux products at NXP, said: "I believe that networking effects of the programme offer an interesting possibility for scaling up our business."
Xerxes Wania, president and CEO of Sidense, said: "We went from five salespeople to eight. But just three weeks ago we found out that we lost business because we didn't know about it. No matter how many people you put on the tree there is always a larger area that you could cover with more. One of the things we have to overcome is that we have to reach them at the right time in their project cycle.
"We are competing with the bigger guys who may have six or seven hundred salespeople," Wania added. "This puts us on a more even level with the bigger guys."
Serge Maginot, CEO of Tiempo IC, a startup formed in the summer of 2007, said: "As the youngest company in the programme, this is a way to gain exposure to customers very quickly."
Kees Joosse, senior director of technology licensing at NXP, said the programme could prove important for a company like his: a device manufacturer that also sells IP. "People don't readily approach an IDM for IP even if the IDM is ready to deliver."
Savage said the approach taken with Constellations involves less overhead than a traditional distribution model. "As a distributor, you need some level of applications exposure and sales training, and IP is very complex to sell. It is a very technical sell. Distribution just adds cost to the channel. This is much more lightweight.
"This is more of a people-to-people thing. We are connecting the sales forces that are talking to customers."
Savage claimed other companies are likely to join the programme soon. "There are a number of companies who couldn't get their contracts in place before the launch date. I think we will organically grow and spread."


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CPR Saturday
Joshua Holzheimer,
Saturday, November 4, 2017 from 9:00 AM to 1:00 PM (EDT)
Event Details
CPR Saturday is a monthly event where citizens can attend an American Heart Association Friends and Family CPR/AED Course. Please ensure you add your correct mailing address to your order when you sign up, to ensure you receive your CPR cards in a timely manner. This class is not for nurses or healthcare providers.
This is for 13 y/o or Older
Have questions about CPR Saturday? Contact Joshua Holzheimer,
When & Where
CPR Saturday
City of Greer Fire Department Headquarters
103 W. Poinsett St.
Saturday, November 4, 2017 from 9:00 AM to 1:00 PM (EDT)
Add to my calendar


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Mota Multiservice is located at 462B Amboy Ave, Perth Amboy, NJ. This business specializes in Telecommunications.


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Sunrise of Woodland Hills
Sunrise of Woodland Hills senior housing community prides itself on being a welcoming and comfortable place for each of their residents. With benefits such as a beautifully landscaped outdoor garden, a specially trained staff and an elegant dining area, Sunrise of Woodland Hills is a comfortable and tasteful place to call home. Located in Woodland Hills, California, this senior living community strives to make sure each and every one of their residents gets personal care and attention. A choice of suites, special dietary menus, and a wide array of senior care options are available to the residents.
Assisted living, Alzheimer's care, and respite/short-term living are all options available to the residents of Sunrise of Woodland Hills senior housing community. Opportunities for social and recreational activities are also available, as are comfortable living areas and even a resident dog and cat.
Housing Type
Assisted Living, Memory Care, Respite/Short Term
Payment Options
Long-Term Care Insurance, Private Pay, or Veterans Benefits
Minimum Monthly Rate
$4,350/ month


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What is a private septic system: tank, drainfield, absorption bed, soakbed?
How should I take care of the septic system and tank?
This septic system care article offers an easy-to-understand explanation of what septic systems are, how they work, and why they fail. We give basic information about how to maintain a septic tank and drainfield.
We also provide a MASTER INDEX to this topic, or you can try the page top or bottom SEARCH BOX as a quick way to find information you need.
Septic care is important for health, safety, and to avoid unnecessary and large expenses that occur when a poorly-cared-for septic system fails. We include links to companion articles which provide details of septic system care such as septic tank pumping, what not to flush down a toilet, and what you can and cannot plant over a septic leach field.
Septic systems are considered to be on-site systems designed to safely dispose of biological sanitary waste. "Gray water", such as laundry waste, is part of the waste system, but it may not result in what is referred to as "biological" waste.
We will address "gray water" waste as it impacts the design of a septic system.
This article was prepared for a continuing training session of the ASHI Capital District Chapter (Albany NY area). Edits and additions to the original article have been made by DJF.
Comments and suggestions for content are welcome. Readers of this page should also see our septic systems home page at The Septic Information Website.
Basically a septic system provides a "holding Tank" (see our septic tank sketch just above) where natural bacterial action decomposes human waste products into environmentally acceptable components - the major end-components being water, mixed with some other components that are not readily consumed by the bacterial action, gases, and undigested solids. The end products, except the undigested solids, are then discharged to the on-site environment.
The things that are most obvious are the things seen every day - the sinks, toilets, and pipes in a normal house. What are not visible are the things that are underground; the things that are underground, and the ground itself, greatly impact how a septic system works.
The individual parts of the system are the septic tank, a distribution box, and a leach field. Bacterial action takes place in the septic tank where the end products are mainly water, gases, and undigested material, called sludge that sinks to the bottom of the tank and scum that floats to the top of the tank.
The septic tank contains baffles that prevent any scum that floats to the surface and sludge that settles to the bottom from passing out of the tank. The gases that are generated vent to the atmosphere via the plumbing vent system. From the septic tank, the segregated and relatively clear liquid flows into a small distribution box where it is then metered out to several perforated pipes.
These perforated pipes then deliver the liquid to a large soil surface area, called a leach field, or absorption field, for absorption.
The soil also acts as a filter to remove any small amounts of solids that may be carried along with the liquid. The sludge in the bottom of the tank must be periodically pumped out and properly disposed of.
There are other kinds of systems for special situations, but the septic tank and leach field is the most widely used system in many areas. The following discussion concentrates on this type of system.
SEPTIC SYSTEM DESIGN ALTERNATIVES for septic systems with problem sites, poor soil percolation, limited space: aerobic, dosing, evaporation, gravelless, greywater, lagoon, media filter, septic filters, mounds, raised beds, waterless toilets
HOME BUYERS GUIDE to SEPTIC SYSTEMS inspection & testing - what to do, step by step to inspect and test a septic system when buying a home
The concrete, or sometimes steel, septic tank is buried in the ground, usually a minimum of 10 feet from the house.
The top of the septic tank is usually about one foot below the soil surface so it can be periodically opened for inspection and pumping. If you do not know for sure where the tank is located, the first step is to locate where the house sewer pipe leaves the house. In a house with a basement, this is where the pipe passes through the wall.
Locating the sewer line exit point may be more difficult for a house with no basement. If the pipe exit can be found, the tank normally begins about 10 feet from the house outside wall and in line with the house sewer pipe.
If the soil is not frozen, you can usually find the tank by pushing a slender metal rod into the ground until it hits the buried tank.
You can buy a metal rod about 1/8 inch in diameter for a few dollars at most hardware stores. Be careful when probing for the tank and avoid hammering the metal rod into the ground - you could break a sewer pipe.
The distribution box is much smaller than the septic tank and is usual found about 20 feet from the house. It too is usually only about one foot below the ground. Again, you can probe the soil carefully to locate the distribution box with a slender metal rod.
From the distribution box, several pipes direct liquid to a series of pipes in trenches called laterals. The pipes in the trenches have holes in them to allow the liquid to be evenly distributed within the trench.
To keep the pipes from being blocked with soil and to provide a space for water to be stored while it is being absorbed by the soil, the pipes are laid in a bed of crushed stone. Above the stone is a soil filter (usually one or two layers of what is called untreated building paper). Above the soil filter is top soil in which grass is planted.
Equally important is WHERE THE COMPONENTS SHOULD NOT BE. If there are wells, either yours or a neighbor's, the leach field must be a minimum of 100 feet from the location of the well. In some areas, the well is not allowed to be down-slope from the leach field.
If there is a stream or pond, the leach field must also be a minimum of 100 feet from the mean high water mark.
Normally, no part of the system should be within 10 feet of a property line. In some areas and in unusual conditions, minimum distances may be greater than those noted here. In addition, no part of the system should be under a porch or driveway and you should not drive heavy vehicles (including automobiles) over the system lest the system be damaged.
SEPTIC DRAINFIELD SHAPE: septic drainfield or leaching bed shape and placement considerations
SEPTIC DRAINFIELD LOCATION: how to find the septic drain field or leaching bed
SEPTIC DRAWINGS © drawings of septic system components, fields, layouts. These are educational, not engineering drawings and are © protected. Sample engineering drawings and plans wanted for the website.
SEPTIC & CESSPOOL SAFETY Septic System, Septic Tank, & Cesspool Safety Warnings for Septic Inspectors, Septic Pumpers, and Homeowners
Conventional septic systems are not entirely care free. The undigested solids (sludge) in the bottom of the septic tank should be pumped out every two to four years, depending on usage and tank size. If the sludge is not removed periodically, it will eventually carry over into the leach field and cause the field to fail.
A well designed system can handle a reasonable amount of normal household chemicals such as drain cleaners, laundry detergent and bleach; excessive usage can be detrimental. You should avoid putting in chemicals that are toxic to the bacteria, such as paint thinner, solvents, insecticides, etc. Cooking fats and grease should also be avoided. If a garbage disposal is used, more frequent tank pumping may be needed.
Depending on the size of the tank and your location, plan on a cost of about $200 each time the tank is pumped. When the tank is pumped, your service person should also check the tank baffles for possible damage; ask them to do this inspection before you contract with them.
While the septic tank is open, the service technician can also run some water from a hose into the distribution box to get an indication that the leach field is also still functioning; ask if the company offers this service.
See SEPTIC TANK PUMPING SCHEDULE for a table that helps determine just how often your septic tank should be cleaned. Also see SEPTIC SYSTEM CARE GUIDE.
SEPTIC TANK PUMPING SCHEDULE: When, Why, How to Pump A Septic Tank.
SEPTIC TANK, HOW TO FIND - How to Find the Septic Tank, how deep will the cover be, how to document its location
SEPTIC TANK PUMPING PROCEDURE step by step photo guideline of how to pump and clean a septic tank - septic tank care
WHEN NOT TO PUMP A SEPTIC TANK: warnings for home buyers about septic tank pumping
TOILETS, DON'T FLUSH LIST these things into a septic system: a list of what's ok and what's not ok to put into septic tanks and building drains
If the liquid effluent cannot soak into the soil surrounding the leach field, sewage may back up into the system and overflow into the house or puddle on the surface of the ground. There are several possible causes for this problem.
1. Poor Soil Conditions and Septic System Failures; Faulty Design or Installation of Septic Systems
A leaching system placed in unsuitable soil, a system that is too small for the house it serves, or an improperly constructed system may lead to early failure.
2. Soil Clogging and Septic System Failures
If sludge or scum is allowed to escape into the distribution box and from there into the leach field, the soil will quickly become clogged. If this happens, the liquid will no longer soak, or percolate, into the soil. This condition can be caused by broken baffles in the septic tank that allow sludge or scum to escape. Failure to have the tank pumped can also lead to a situation where the sludge and scum overwhelm the baffles.
3. High Water Table and Septic System Failures
During wet, or abnormally wet, seasons groundwater may rise into the leach field and force sewage upward to the ground surface. This condition may mean the system has to be re-installed at a higher level. It may also be possible to intercept the high groundwater with a series of drains around the system called "curtain drains".
4. Roots and Clogging of Septic System Failures
The roots of trees and bushes planted too close to the system can sometimes enter and block the pipes of the system. Removal of the plants and clearing the pipes of the roots is usually required.
5. Physical Damage to Septic System Components Causing Septic Failures
Trucks or heavy equipment passing over the system can damage pipes and joints to the point of rendering the system inoperable. You should be aware of the location of the system and direct traffic to avoid such damage.
In order of increasing detailed explanation
SEPTIC FAILURE SIGNS in our Online Septic Book - Details Address: How Does Each Septic System Component Fail? - What to Look For During a Septic Inspection - Step by Step Diagnosis
SEPTIC FAILURE CRITERIA listed by Massachusetts Title 5 Septic Law - a section of the document listed above
SEPTIC SYSTEM TROUBLE: WHAT GOES WRONG in the Home Buyer's Detailed Guide to Septic Systems - Buying a Home With a Septic Tank
GARBAGE GRINDERS vs SEPTICS and garbage disposal units - effects on septic systems and septic maintenance requirements
GRAZING ANIMALS OVER SEPTIC SYSTEMS, is it a problem?
SEPTIC LIFE EXPECTANCY and septic system components
PLANTS & TREES OVER SEPTIC SYSTEMS trees, shrubs, gardens, groundcover over or near the septic system: what can you plant over or near septic system components without causing a problem?
GARDENS NEAR SEPTICS, vegetables, fruits, other types of gardens
You can expect a conventional septic system, such as that being described here, to last about 30 years. Some systems last much longer and some systems can fail earlier for reasons like those noted above. Other things can also affect the life of a septic system.
For example, a septic drainfield system may have been providing satisfactory service for a previous owner for many years, only to fail shortly after you have bought the house.
If the previous owners were a working couple with no children, the system was probably not heavily used; if yours is a family of six, the added load could push a marginal system over the edge and into failure.
SEPTIC LIFE EXPECTANCY and septic system components
Sewage backup into the home is one possible sign of a failing system. However, backup can also be simply the result of a blockage somewhere between the house and the septic tank (this is relatively easy to fix).
Another possible sign of failure is a smell of sewage outside the house. If this smell is more noticeable after a lot of water has been put into the system - multiple showers or several loads of laundry (if the laundry waste discharges into the septic system), for example - this may be an indication that the leach field is failing. The smell may also be accompanied by a "spongy" feeling in some areas of the leach field, near the distribution box, or near the septic tank.
The "spongy" feel may be caused by water and waste being pushed to or near ground level. If ponding water is also seen, this is called "breakthrough" and is an almost positive indication of failure of one or more parts of the system. This smell, however, can also originate at the plumbing vent. In either case, further investigation is warranted.
Dye Testing: If you see such signs, a dye test may confirm your suspicions. For this test, a special strong dye is put in the system - usually by flushing it down the toilet. A significant amount of water is then washed into the system.
If there is "breakthrough", the dye will become visible on the ground surface. If the dye is seen on the surface, this would be a very strong indication that the system has failed. Your Home Inspector, a licensed professional engineer, or a septic system contractor can usually
CLOGGED DRAIN DIAGNOSIS & REPAIR: diagnosing septic backups and septic system failures versus clogged drains - key step in septic repair, how to diagnose & repair slow or clogged drains; find out if the problem is in a drain or in the septic system, a key step in septic repair
PLUMBING DRAIN NOISE DIAGNOSIS may indicate defective or clogged plumbing: how to diagnose and cure drain sounds
SEWER GAS ODORS in COLD / WET WEATHER - Septic Odors or Sewage Odor Diagnosis & Repair Guide for diagnosing and eliminating cold weather sewer gas odors
SEPTIC TANK LEVELS of SEWAGE - what are normal and abormal sewage levels in septic tanks and what do they mean about tank condition, leaks, etc.
SEWER GAS ODORS diagnosing, finding, and curing septic tank and sewer line smells
SEPTIC LOADING & DYE TEST PROCEDURE - How to perform this test
There are two major factors involved in adding a new system or repairing or replacing an existing one. The first is the cost; the second is the inconvenience of possibly not being able to use the existing system while a replacement is being installed. For new construction, the second factor is not usually a major consideration.
Repair or replacement cost will obviously depend on what has to be repaired and/or replaced. If the repair does not involve the leach field, the cost may be high, but it will probably not be exorbitant. The least expensive repair will be associated with a broken pipe between the distribution box and the house.
The cost for this type of repair is in the order of several hundred dollars. If only a septic tank needs to be replaced - and the leach field is still undamaged - the cost will be in the order of about $1500 to $2500.
If a new leach field is needed, and there is room for such an installation, you should plan on spending an additional $2000 to $3000 for a typical home. If there is not sufficient room for a new leach field, the existing field, including the clogged soil, must be removed and a completely new system must be installed. Such an effort can easily exceed $10,000.
SEPTIC SYSTEM DESIGN BASICS: choosing septic tank size, leach field Size - basic septic system volume and absorption system design guides.
SEPTIC DRAINFIELD SIZE size and specifications for leach fields, absorption beds, gravelless systems, seepage pits
SEPTIC SYSTEM DESIGN ALTERNATIVES for septic systems with problem sites, poor soil percolation, limited space: aerobic, dosing, evaporation, gravelless, greywater, lagoon, media filter, septic filters, mounds, raised beds, waterless toilets
SEPTIC TANK SIZE Septic Capacity - Septic Tank Size vs. Usage, What septic size is required?
WATER QUANTITY USAGE TABLES Septic Capacity - Based on WATER QUANTITY USAGE TABLES: Typical residential water usage for people, appliances, and activities.
SEPTIC DRAINFIELD SIZE specifications for leach fields, absorption beds, gravelless systems, seepage pits
Septic systems are designed to dispose of household biological waste. The amount of waste to be handled depends on a number of factors. Among these are the number of people living in the house and their lifestyle. After many years of experience, a major guideline in determining the size and capability of a septic system has been correlated to the number of bedrooms in a house.
The number of bedrooms typically determines the number of people generating waste and hence the amount of waste that must be handled. If your family is growing and a new bedroom is needed, then the load on the septic system is also increased. If the septic system capability does not keep up with the increased demand, system failure may occur.
So, how do you determine the septic system needs for your growing family? The following sections deal mainly with sizing a septic system so that it can adequately perform the desired function.
Your design professional can handle the actual testing and number-crunching - but we have provided some standard guidelines developed by New York State to aid you in discussing your options with your contractor. You may not need all this information, but it could help in making your decisions.
Septic tanks are sized according to the amount of liquid waste they must process. This is done by counting the number of bedrooms. In New York State the minimum size tank that can be installed now is 1000 gallons for a 1, 2, or 3 bedroom house.
For each bedroom after 3, add 250 gallons to the size of the tank. If a garbage grinder is in the kitchen sink, it counts as an additional bedroom.
SEPTIC TANK SIZE TABLES Septic Tank Capacity vs Usage in Daily Gallons of Wastewater Flow & How to Calculate the Size (in gallons) of a Septic Tank
In addition to Mr. Lockwood's nice summary of how to determine the size of a septic field or trench length, readers should see SEPTIC DRAINFIELD SIZE for details.
Determining the required size of a leach field is a bit more complicated.
The first thing to consider is the nature of the soil in which the leach field is to be constructed. Because water has to be absorbed in the soil, we need to know how fast it can be absorbed. This is called the percolation rate and is expressed as the time it takes for water in a test hole to decrease in level by one inch (minutes/inch).
We must also know the type of soil and whether seasonal changes in the natural level of groundwater will interfere with the satisfactory operation of the system. Seasonal groundwater must be more than four feet from the bottom of the leach field trenches. Judgments regarding the soil conditions and percolation rates are best left to a professional.
If the soil percolates very quickly, (less than one minute per inch) or very slowly (greater than 60 minutes per inch) it will not be possible to install a standard leach field in the existing soil.
We must now determine the amount of water that has to be absorbed each day. As with the septic tank sizing, there are also "rules of thumb" that can be used to find out how much water must be absorbed each day for each bedroom in the house (expressed as gallons per day per bedroom).
For older houses (built before 1979) we must allow 150 gallons per day (gpd) per bedroom. For houses where the toilets are limited to no more than 3.5 gallons per flush and the faucets and showerheads are limited to 3 gallons per minute or less, we must allow 130 gpd per bedroom.
For houses with water-saving toilets that use only one gallon per flush we allow 90 gpd per bedroom. The required flow rate is found by multiplying the appropriate flow by the number of bedrooms (in this case, we do not have to count a garbage disposal as a bedroom).
Knowing the rate at which water can be absorbed by the soil (the percolation rate) and the flow rate (in gallons per day), we can use the following table to calculate how many square feet of absorption field is needed.
Please see SEPTIC DRAINFIELD SIZE and specifications for leach fields, absorption beds, gravelless systems, seepage pits, where we give tables that easily determine the required septic absorption field size for various occupancy levels, wastewater flows and site conditions such as soil percolation rate.
Soil with a percolation rate less than 1 minute per inch or more than 60 minutes per inch is unsuitable for a conventional system. In that case you'll want to see SEPTIC SYSTEM DESIGN ALTERNATIVES
Required Soak-Bed Area (square feet) = Flow Rate (gallons per day) / Application Rate (gallons per day per square foot).
Now that we know the number of square feet of absorption field that is needed, we can divide by the width of each trench to see how many feet of trench is required. The normal trench width is two feet.
Let's do a sample calculation to see how this works. Assume you are buying a 3-bedroom house that was built in 1971. The leach field has failed and a new one must be installed. You have had a percolation test performed and the design professional has determined that the soil is suitable, the groundwater conditions are acceptable, and the percolation rate is 32 minutes per inch. How big an absorption field will be needed?
Since the house was built before 1979, the flow rate is 3 bedrooms times 150 gallons per day per bedroom, or 450 gallons per day. [Alternatively you can estimate daily water usage and thus the approximate daily waste water volume or "Flow Rate" (gallons per day) in Lockwood's equation by using this WATER QUANTITY USAGE TABLES daily water usage chart.--DF]
From the table above, the application rate is 0.5 gallons per day per square foot for a percolation rate of 32 minutes per inch.
The required trench area is then 450 gallons per day divided by 0.5 gallons per day per square foot. By this calculation you will need 900 square feet of absorption area. If the absorption trenches are 2 feet wide, you will need a total of 450 feet of absorption trench.
Most health codes limit the length of any one trench (called a lateral) to no more than 60 feet, the minimum number of laterals is 450 feet divided by 60 feet per lateral, or 7.5 laterals. Where property conditions permit, it is best to keep the laterals the same length, so your design professional may specify 8 laterals, each 60 feet long.
But what if there is only room on the property for laterals that are 45 feet long. In this case, you would need 10 laterals, or trenches. In addition to the area needed for the leach field, you should also allow room for possible expansion (50% expansion area is required in New York State).
[When a leach field fails, if adequate area was reserved on the property in the area of the original field, the repair process may permit installation of new leach lines in between the existing set of trenches (perhaps this is covered in the "50% expansion" cited above.
But additional requirements for the location, size, layout, and trench lengths in the leach field must also consider clearances from property boundaries, wells, and other encumbrances, and variations in site conditions (area of buried rock, slope, trees, etc.).
So the table and calculation approach shown here probably gives the minimum area for the soil absorption system to adequately treat the effluent discharged from the septic tank.
SEPTIC SYSTEM DESIGN ALTERNATIVES can substantially reduce the required soil absorption field area and in some instances can eliminate it entirely. --DF]
SEPTIC DRAINFIELD SIZE size and specifications for leach fields, absorption beds, gravelless systems, seepage pits
SEPTIC SYSTEM DESIGN ALTERNATIVES for small, rocky, or low-perc sites
Gray water is usually water from a laundry system, perhaps the effluent from a sump pump, the foundation footing drains, roof runoff, and sometimes shower drains. This water usually does not contain human waste products and does not need to be digested like human waste.
The disposal requirements for this type of water are less stringent than those for human waste. If there is a space problem on your site, it may be possible to segregate the gray waste from the human waste and minimize the size of the system needed for control of the human waste. Your design professional (Licensed Engineer or Registered Architect) can advise you of your options in this area.
GREYWATER SYSTEMS designs, products, explanation
The system discussed above is a conventional system installed in the soil that exists on the site. Where the site conditions do not lend themselves to installing this type of system, there are alternatives.
For example, if ground water or percolation rates are unsuitable, it may be possible to install what is called a "mound" system. In a mound system, a suitable soil is placed above the unsuitable soil. A conventional system is then installed in the mound. There are some additional requirements for this type of design.
If there is not enough room for a conventional leach field, it may be possible to install one or more cesspools, or seepage pits. These units are usually round, require less open ground, and are deeper than a conventional leach field. Again, there are specific requirements for these systems.
Conventional, mound, and seepage pit systems all work by what is called anaerobic bacterial action. This means the bacteria work without oxygen. Some systems are designed to be aerobic - meaning the bacteria need oxygen (air); There are also hybrid systems that use a combination of anaerobic and aerobic sections.
Your design professional will advise you if one of the non-conventional systems is best for your needs.
SEPTIC SYSTEM DESIGN ALTERNATIVES for small, rocky, or low-percolation soil sites
We hope the preceding has helped you in understanding what a private conventional sewage disposal system is and what the maintenance and replacement costs might be. Some of the material presented may be more technical than you expected - but we hope it will be useful and informative.
- Portions of the original text for this article were contributed by Lockwood, Dietershagen Associates [1]
Continue reading at SEPTIC TANK PUMPING SCHEDULE or select a topic from closely-related articles below, or see our complete INDEX to RELATED ARTICLES below.
Or see SEPTIC TANK PUMPING REASONS
Or see TEN STEPS to KEEP a SEPTIC SYSTEM WORKING
Or see these
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(Sept 7, 2014) Deborrah Robertson firstname.lastname@example.com said:
I live in a duplex on septic. There has not been anyone living in the other unit for about 8 months. In the almost five years I've lived here the toilets, or shower, tub have backed up 4 times pouring water all over floor and carpet. Three times there
was someone living in the unit next door when the toilets, shower backed up .I am a very neat and clean person. The Septic was pumped out about 10 months ago. My brother lives with me and he has no children nor do I. There was NOTHING put down the two
toilets except for: pee, poop and toilet paper and maybe a few hairs that went down the drain.
The Manager is in an uproar, he
says it is all my fault, he is very abusive. I don't believe it is my fault. Aren't there other things to take into consideration when plumbing is backed up on a septic tank? I am desperate for you to answer my question.
From your description it sounds as if there is either a sewer line blockage or a failed septic system. It's of course less expensive to blame you than to face what might be expensive to repair. Your building manager would be wise to bring in a qualified, experienced septic engineer or plumber or contractor to make a more accurate diagnosis of the trouble. The first steps are trivially easy: inspect the condition of the septic tank and inspect the site surfaces for evidence of drainfield failure.
Also see SEWAGE BACKUP, WHAT TO DO
(Jan 12, 2015) karen marrow said:
We are looking to buy a property which has a septic tank. We will be new to this. We arranged a surveyor to view the tank and give us a report on it. The tank in question was emptied 2 days prior to survey. The property has been left empty. The survey could not be completed thoroughly as the tanks was full and the water was backed up to the man hole cover in the garden. What could be the causes of this. We have been told that it is a cesspool/ septic tank that has a pump to pump out the water every night. We have concerns about this and are unsure whether we need to walk away from this property. Can you please give me some advise
Sounds like some contradictory information or strong evidence of a failed, possibly dangerous septic system.
Karen unless I've misunderstood there's already plenty of important information here.
1. if the tank was "emptied" 2 days prior to the survey then someone knew perfectly well that there was a problem and took steps to subvert your septic inspection and test - in my opinion an improper if not unethical act that is highly questionable.
2. As the tank was nonetheless "full of water" at your inspection and considering that the building is unoccupied, then the system is in total failure and the tank is back-filling with ground-water or effluent from a saturated, failed drainfield (if it's a septic tank with a drainfield) (Or someone left water running in the building for days)
3. Being told that it is a cesspool is incoherent. A septic tank is not a cesspool.
To understand what a cesspool is, how they work (or don't) and why they are not permitted in many jurisdictions and why they don't adequately treat septic effluent even if they dispose of it, see inspectapedia.com/septic/Cesspool_Guide.htm
Having to pump the water out of a septic tank or cesspool every night sounds odd to me - though there are some septic dosing system designs in which septic effluent from a water-tight tank (not from a cesspool) is indeed sent only at intervals into a drainfield. If that were the case a failed pump or a pump left off could explain what you saw.
In sum, you are being given (or at least are reporting) illogical and inconistent data but there are serious warning signs. You need first to get an accurate definition of what type of system is installed, where its components are located, how they are supposed to work, and what has been their maintenance and repair history. After that further inspection and testing might be in order, or might be throwing good money after bad. I don't know.
Use the "Click to Show or Hide FAQs" link just above to see recently-posted questions, comments, replies, try the search box just below, or if you prefer, post a question or comment in the Comments box below and we will respond promptly.
Search the InspectApedia website
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JERUSALEM (Reuters) - Israel's Brenmiller Energy said on Monday it will build a 300 million shekel ($77.27 million) solar power field using an energy storage technology that will generate electricity for about 20 hours a day.
The 10-megawatt field, to be built on about 110 acres (45 hectares) in the desert town of Dimona in southern Israel, will combine existing solar thermal technology with an underground system that stores heat for use at night.
Brenmiller Energy said it hopes to complete the field in early 2017, and will then sell electricity through the grid. During the four hours of the day that solar energy is insufficient, the company said it will use biomass to produce power.
The company already has a working proof-of-concept for the storage system.
A spokesman said Brenmiller Energy will fund the 10-megawatt project itself, in part to help promote the system to clients worldwide.
Brenmiller was a co-founder and chief executive of Solel Solar, a producer of concentrated solar power fields, which was bought by Siemens in 2009 for $418 million.
(Reporting by Ari Rabinovitch; editing by Jason Neely)


text: posted on March 7, 2017 by The Mice A Blast from the Past Filed under Blog 8 Sorry no update*, but something better! My first fanfiction/canon submission from this moment so long ago: Read it! *1) Rewriting/rethinking some dialogue 2) Had an actual paying illustration job 3) Preparing for vacation at Spring break! 4) So subscribe! Tagged with fanfiction general wowness real life


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Oregon at Michigan2016-12-02T16:30:00-08:00
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Pac-12 Women's Volleyball Scores
More: Oregon at Michigan - Women's Volleyball
Ducks No. 18 in AVCA Preseason Coaches Poll
The Oregon volleyball team will open its 2018 season ranked in the top 20 in the nation after slotting in at No. 18 in the preseason coaches' poll released by the AVCA on Wednesday
Volleyball Single-Match Tickets on Sale Now
Single-match tickets are on sale now for Oregon volleyball's 14-match 2018 home schedule at goducks.com/tickets or 1-800-WEB-FOOT
Ducks Announce 2018 Volleyball Schedule
Oregon volleyball's 2018 schedule features four premiere nonconference opponents, 14 home matches at Matthew Knight Arena and 15 total televised matches
Ducks Sign North Carolina Transfer Taylor Borup
Oregon volleyball added an impact player for the 2018 and 2019 seasons on Thursday when outside hitter Taylor Borup announced her decision to transfer to the Ducks from North Carolina
This year in Pac-12 Volleyball
Agost Named All-America Honorable Mention
Oregon volleyball's Taylor Agost has added an AVCA all-America honorable mention selection to her list of honors from a terrific senior campaign


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Physical Therapist
Within the home environment our therapists work with individuals who
have impairments, limitations, disabilities or changes in their physical
function and health status resulting from injury, disease or other
causes. Their role includes:Evaluation and Home SafetyPain ManagementGait TrainingTherapeutic ExercisesStrengthening/Balance CoordinationMuscle Re-EducationUltrasound TreatmentsProsthetic Training
Occupational TherapistAll of our occupational therapists work with individuals who have conditions that are mentally, physically, developmentally or emotionally disturbing. Their role includes:Assessment and instruction in activities of daily livingInstruction in adapting the home environment to increase independenceDesign, fabrication and fitting or orthotics and self help devicesTechniques for sensory integration, energy conservation, work simplification and joint protectionActivities to restore physical function Medical Social WorkerOur medical social services professionals help individuals cope with the social, psychological, cultural and medical issues resulting from an illness. Their role includes:Assistance in accessing community resources for finances, food and transportationCounseling for health related problems


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How to Survive Your Break
A seven week-long break.
It sounds awesome on paper, but by week three you're probably brain-dead from boredom or going insane from family reunion overload.
Instead of veering towards laziness or busyness over the break, take advantage of the time to grow in your walk with the Lord. Below are seven ways to survive your seven-week break.
1. Get plugged into a local church
And let us consider how to stir up one another to love and good works, not neglecting to meet together, as is the habit of some, but encouraging one another, and all the more as you see the Day drawing near. –Hebrews 10:24-25
Don't just attend on Sundays; pursue others in church, help out with a church ministry that operates outside of your normal attendance.
2. Find a Bible reading plan and stick to it
For the Word of God is living and active, sharper than any two-edged sword –Hebrew 4:12
Devotionals are great, but nothing can substitute for a true study of God's Word, for yourself. Check out BibleGateway for all sorts of reading plans ranging in length from one year to a few months.
3, Memorize Scripture
I have hidden your word in my heart that I might not sin against you. –Psalm 119:11
Something supernatural begins to take shape when we memorize Scripture and meditate on it. Thankfully, there are a ton of resources out there to make memorizing easier. Scripture Typer and Fighter Verses are the best apps on the market (I prefer Scripture Typer.)
4. Read good books
"Five years from now you'll be the same person you are today--except for the books you read and the people you meet." –Charles Jones
At Cru I mentioned picking up The Reason for God by Tim Keller. But really, anything by him is great. Over the breaks I try to read one C.S. Lewis book. If you're new to Lewis, try the Narnia series or Mere Christianity. Last recommendation, if you've never read A.W. Tozer's The Knowledge of the Holy it is a must-read for every Christian.
5. Listen to good teaching
Faith comes from hearing, and hearing from the Word of Christ. –Romans 10:17
During long car rides or running errands there's a couple sermon podcasts that I go to. My favorite apps are The Summit Church followed by Ask Pastor John.
6. Keep in touch with Cru friends
A friend is always loyal, and a brother is born to help in time of need. –Proverbs 17:17
Your friends from WKU are in the same boat as you. Send them a text. Ask to crash on their couch during a weekend. Give your Bible Study leader a call.
7. Come to Encounter!
What better way to survive the break than to spend 5 days with 60 other Hilltoppers worshipping together, staying up late and learning how to reach others for the gospel back on campus? It's not too late to sign up. (For those that can't make it, sign up for Winter Retreat.)
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Certain statements contained in this document constitute forward-looking statements. The use of any of the words "anticipate", "continue", "estimate", "expect", "may", "will", "project", "should", "believe" and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. These statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause actual results or events to differ materially from those anticipated in such forward looking statements.
Ambit believes that the expectations reflected in these forward-looking statements are based on reasonable assumptions but no assurance can be given that these expectations will prove to be correct and the forward-looking statements included in this website should not be unduly relied upon. These statements speak only as of the date of this website.


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Professional Contributions Award
(Nominations for this award are made by and voted upon by ALL members)
This is awarded to a MACCA member to recognize excellence and significant contributions to the career development field through leadership activities, innovative programming, or contributing articles/books. Past recipients have included Fulbright Scholars, noteworthy authors, and accomplished leaders in the field of career development.
2016 Recipient ~ Rowe Leathers
Rowe Leathers addresses the needs of underserved populations, and has brought to MACCA topics that many shy away from.
In 2014 and 2015, she co-presented, "From Orange to Black: Empowering Career Professionals to Assist People with a Criminal Past Transition Forward" and "Career Coaching the Underserved and Overlooked."
Her contributions have been published on websites such as Careers in Government and DC Jobs. Additionally, she provides workshops for military veterans transitioning into the civilian workforce and coaches at FBI National Academy Associates conferences to assist retiring law enforcement. Rowe seeks to promote the values that MACCA members exemplify.
Previous Recipients


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We were lucky enough to have a super clear image on our 12 week 3D scan, which meant we were told whether our little bundle was going to be pink or blue. But since it was so early they recommended getting confirmation at our 20 week scan.
I couldn't resist doing some shopping, and I believed in my heart that I knew it was right. Luckily for me is was, cos I love the goodies and the name we have chosen.
We are having another little man. A little blue bundle. Such joy!
Ryan was beyond thrilled, he said all along that he wanted a baby brother. Mia on the other hand, not so much at first. But she has warmed to the idea, especially since I reminded her that it would make us the two princesses of the family. I knew calling her a princess would work!
Don't forget to get your entries in for the Stuck on You giveaway for your chance to win your very own Family Activity Planner, small Personalised Sketch Book and a Party in a Cup. Perfect, just in time for Christmas!


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Press Releases
Emergency Department Visits Related to Flu the Highest in CT since 2009
Many Local Health Departments to Hold Flu Shot Clinics on Saturday
The state Department of Public Health (DPH) today released the weekly 2017-2018 Influenza Season Update for the week ending on February 3rd. The full report is available on DPH's Influenza Surveillance and Statistics webpage. DPH also announced that several local health departments throughout the state will be holding low/no-cost flu vaccine clinics this Saturday. Please click here for the current schedule and locations of Saturday's flu clinics.
"With the peak of flu season potentially still weeks away, it is still not too late to get a flu shot. Several local health departments will be holding flu shot clinics this Saturday, and I strongly urge anyone who hasn't yet been vaccinated to visit one of the clinics in their area or call their healthcare practitioner in order to get vaccinated," said DPH Commissioner Dr. Pino.
According to this week's update, which tracks flu activity through February 3rd, flu activity in Connecticut remains high and widespread with an increasing number of patients presenting with flu symptoms, as well as increasing numbers of flu-associated hospitalizations and deaths. Statewide emergency department visits attributed to the flu have increased to 14.2%, which is the highest weekly level observed in Connecticut since the 2009 H1N1 pandemic.
A total of 1,360 patients have been hospitalized with confirmed cases of flu between August 27, 2017 and February 3, 2018. 63 deaths have been attributed to the flu (50 associated with flu A, 13 with flu B) so far this season. Of these deaths, 52 were among patients over the age of 65, 6 were 50-64 years of age, 3 were 25-49 years of age, 1 was between 19-24 years of age, and 1 was between 5-17 years of age. A total of 3,895 influenza positive laboratory tests have been reported so far this season.


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The large differences in excise tax rates for various smoking products are prompting consumers with a tobacco habit to shift their smoking habits to pipes and larger cigars, according to a new government study.
A report by the Government Accountability Office attributed the change in smoker preferences to the Children's Health Insurance Program Reauthorization Act of 2009, or CHIPRA, which created opportunities for tax avoidance and led to significant market shifts by manufacturers and price-sensitive consumers toward lower-taxed products.
Monthly sales of pipe tobacco increased from approximately 240,000 pounds in January 2009 to over 3 million pounds in September 2011, while roll-your-own tobacco dropped from about 2 million pounds to 315,000 pounds.
During the same months, large cigar sales increased from 411 million to over 1 billion cigars, while small cigars dropped from about 430 million to 60 million cigars. According to government, industry, and nongovernmental organization representatives, many roll-your-own tobacco and small cigar manufacturers shifted to the lower-taxed products after CHIPRA to avoid paying higher taxes.
While revenue collected for all smoking tobacco products from April 2009 through fiscal year 2011 amounted to $40 billion, the GAO report estimated that federal revenue losses due to market shifts from roll-your-own to pipe tobacco and from small to large cigars range from about $615 million to $1.1 billion for the same period.
The Treasury Department has limited options to respond to these market shifts, the report noted. "Treasury has attempted to differentiate between roll-your-own and pipe tobacco for tax purposes but faces challenges because the definitions of the two products in the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 do not specify distinguishing physical characteristics," said the report. "Treasury also has limited options to address the market shift to large cigars and faces added complexity in monitoring and enforcing tax payments due to the change in large cigar tax rates."
Unlike cigarettes and roll-your-own tobacco, pipe tobacco and cigars are not currently regulated by the Food and Drug Administration and thus are not subject to the same restrictions on characterizing flavors, sales or distribution, the GAO noted.
In 2011, the FDA indicated that it intended to issue a proposed rule that would deem products meeting the statutory definition of "tobacco product" to be subject to FDA's regulation. However, the FDA has still not issued the proposed rule as of March 2012. FDA officials told the GAO that developing the rule was taking longer than expected.
In 2009, CHIPRA increased and equalized federal excise tax rates for cigarettes, roll-your-own tobacco, and small cigars. Though CHIPRA also increased federal excise tax rates for pipe tobacco and large cigars, it raised the pipe tobacco tax to a rate significantly below the equalized rate for the other products, and its large cigar excise tax can be significantly lower, depending on price. Treasury collects federal excise taxes on tobacco products.
Another law passed in 2009, the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act granted the FDA with regulatory authority over tobacco products.
The GAO report recommended that as Congress continues its oversight of CHIPRA and Tobacco Control Act implementation, it should consider equalizing tax rates on roll-your-own and pipe tobacco and, in consultation with the Treasury, consider options for reducing tax avoidance due to tax differentials between small and large cigars. The Treasury Department generally agreed with GAO's conclusions and observations.
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I've been slacking on my novel. I haven't even hit 11,000 words yet and I should be at 20,000 words. Kind of depressing but I keep telling myself that, even if I don't win, at least I'll have a great book to start getting my name out there. I try to write a little every day. Even if I can't get my 2,000 words a day in. Plus, Thanksgiving break starts on Friday, so I will have that whole week to try to get caught up.
Big news!! I had an interview with a temp agency of Friday! They offered me a second interview on Tuesday (tomorrow) at 5/3rd bank's call center and I accepted (obviously! What unemployed college student wouldn't?). So I'm going in at 11:00 tomorrow because Josh has his interview with them first and then I have mine at 11:45. Josh has this job in the bag because he has previous experience in a call center and his best friend works there, but I'm going to have to work really hard to get this job. We both really need jobs so I'm praying that I get this.
Well, I will update tomorrow after the interview. Love you guys.


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Senior Accountant and Senior Manager
Karen has been in accounting for twenty (20) years including thirteen (13) of these years as a member of The Accountant Group team. She has a Certificate III in MYOB and is currently completing her Bachelor of Commerce, majoring in Accounting and Commercial Law.
Her specialities include establishment of companies, trusts, partnerships and SMSFs, all types of activity and financial statements and returns, as well as Workcover and SMSF auditing. Karen also acts as an ASIC and ATO liaison for our clients.
Click here to contact Karen or to view her LinkedIn profile.
Copyright © The Accountant Group. All rights reserved.


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Knitting for the Absolute Beginner
If you would love to knit but simply don't know where to start, this fantastic little book is for you!
Previously published as The Beginners Guide to Knitting (978-1-90397-583-1), this popular book has been given a completely new and updated look. Now in a handy small format that fits comfortably in a bag and wire-bound so that it lies open while you are working, it also has a useful fold-out flap at the back that provides a quick and easy reference to all the abbreviations used in the patterns. All the essential techniques are covered, including basic garter and stocking stitch, casting on and casting off, and increasing and decreasing, all clearly explained using step-by-step photographs and simple instructions. Alison's designs have a timeless appeal that will delight knitters of all ages, and there are projects for children as well as adults. Within a few pages you will be knitting a fabulous stripy scarf, and by the end of the book you will be able to knit yourself a gorgeous cable-knit cardigan! Packed full of helpful tips and simple projects, this is a 'must-have' book for anyone who would love to knit but doesn't know how to.
Clear, step-by-step photographs and simple instructions guide the reader effortlessly through all the basic techniques, making this an ideal book for anyone who has never knitted but would love to know how to.
Starting with simple scarves, by the end of the book the reader will be knitting gorgeous children's sweaters with simple motifs, hats and cardigans, as well as cushion covers and cosy throws for the home.
Author: Alison Dupernex
Format: Hardback
Pattern Count: 20


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The third season of Fargo has added new cast members, including David Thewlis, Michael Stuhlbarg, Jim Gaffigan, Scoot McNairy, Karan Soni, Fred Melamed, and Thomas Mann, according to Variety.
Thewlis will play V.M. Vargas, who is a mysterious loner and true capitalist who is the bearer of bad news to Emmit Stussy (Ewan McGregor). Stuhlberg will play Emmit's right-hand man, Sy Feltz. Gaffigan will play Gloria Burgle's (Carrie Coon) deputy at the local police station, Donny Mashman.
McNairy will play Maurice LeFay, a stoner with a criminal past. Soni will be a scientist named Dr. Homer Gilruth. Malamed will play Howard Zimmerman, a man with the ability to easily make a profit and, Mann will play Thaddeus Mobley, a critically acclaimed science fiction author.
These actors will be joining the previously announced stars Ewan McGregor, Carrie Coon, and Mary Elizabeth Winstead.
Production for the third season of Fargo will start January in Calgary and will air on FX in 2017.


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OK, so this will probably be the last post about my experiences with that "road" they call Robie Creek. Yep, I know you're getting tired of hearing about my sick obsession... Anyhooo..
We - meaning Alyssa and Mrs. Brooks (AKA Joni) - ventured out Saturday morning with the clear intentions of running to the blessed summit to get a beautiful view of the smoggy Boise valley and work out our legs in the process. It was steep, friends, steep, muddy, icy, snowy, and treacherous. The diamonds I talked about last week, well fugedaboudit... There were definitely no diamonds and no sparkling anythings around us. Just ice, mud, and snow, oh, and a foot trench running down the middle of the road.
Well, we headed up, trying to avoid the thought of having to actually come back down without cross country skis... Scary thought, but it had to be done.
"I really don't want to fall," I thought.
"I really don't want to fall," Joni said out loud, and just because she said it, IT HAPPENED.
I turned around to see her rolling down the road (just a couple of rotations) and squealing (just a little bit) and imagining (just remembering) about those days when motion sickness didn't take over and I could roll down a grassy green hill FOR FUN. Poor Joni. What a trooper. She is just fine - well except that today she told me she felt like she'd gotten a tetanus shot in her arm where she landed... sorry I wasn't there to grab you, friend...
We made it down, and we even had a pretty good laugh about the whole incident. I know, it's not nice to laugh when someone falls as they're running down a steep road with icy patches just waiting to grab their foot.
But, boy, can she tuck and roll!
Monday, March 16, 2009
Tuck and roll...
OK, so this will probably be the last post about my experiences with that "road" they call Robie Creek. Yep, I know you're getting tired of hearing about my sick obsession... Anyhooo..
Posted by The Ball Babies at 5:47 PM 1 comments
Saturday, March 7, 2009
Back country road "diamonds"
Refreshing, except when snow got in my shoes and up my pant legs.
Invigorating, until I stopped to walk the last half mile to my car - then I felt the miles!
Still, except for the occasional "hello" to another endorphin junkie going the other direction.
Yes, "diamonds" are a girls' best friend. Followed by powerade and water at the end of the run!
Posted by The Ball Babies at 8:57 PM 1 comments
Wednesday, March 4, 2009
Two Word Wednesday: GOT IN!!!!
Posted by The Ball Babies at 10:38 PM 3 comments
Monday, March 2, 2009
Love List
March is here and spring is soon to arrive...right? (Spring will arrive soon...right?) 'Cuz I.AM.READY!
Before I get too far away from that holiday I call Valentine's a couple of weeks ago, I thought I'd make a list of things I love since I like lists like that and since I've been involved in several "girlfriend" lists and have read their lists...Wow, can you say "run-on sentence"? Anyway, you get the gist: I didn't write anything about Valentine's Day or what I love and I'm gonna do it now:
I love reading all my favorite blogs!
I love reading my children's blogs!
I love pretty jewelry. Love it.
I love homemade wheat bread that my visiting teacher brings me.
I love my friend's crocheted dish rags - uh, they are the bomb!
I love to crunch on ice after it's been in the water for about 30 minutes.
I love to run outside on a sunny spring Saturday morn!
I love an empty laundry basket!
I love the smell of Billy!
I love to play with Payton's fluffy white hair!
I love watching Kourtni's long legged leaps down the basketball court.
I love my soft bed!
I love my brown boots-even when I'm cleaning the bathroom in them...
I love planting flowers. That's it. The planting part, not the keeping alive part.
I love laughing at funny e-mails Sally, Emily, Teressa, Carolyn, Aly, Ashlee, Chalae, and Tresa send me.
I love finding a good deal - like boxes of tampons for $1 EACH!
I love Ross...the store not the intern...
I love Lindsay's natural waves in her thick hair.
I love eating my oatmeal with honey and walnuts each morning.
I love to see my old friends on Facebook.
I love the sunrise.
I love the sunset and the way it makes the Boise foothills purple. love it.
I love to think of Alyssa as a BYU coed!
I love to visit Utah and get a hair overhaul while I'm there.
I love to come back home and kiss Billy!
I love to go to bed knowing that all my children are home and accounted for.
What do you love?
Posted by The Ball Babies at 9:32 PM 6 comments


text: Citori Superlight Feather (12 gauge) Browning Citori 725 Field Grade III 12 G... Browning Silver Hunter 20 GA NIB 26"BBL ... Browning Citori 16ga. White Lightning 28... Browning Citori Sporting 725 20 Gauge Guns Shotguns Browning Shotguns Over Unders Citori Hunting Browning Citori inch inch tubes IC M F | 114 | 85 | Lc | 296.8895ms View Category Browning Citori 20, 3-inch, 26-inch, tubes IC/M/F, 97% For Sale from Sportsmans Legacy | Positive feedback: 100% View | Verified Seller | 547 Completed Sales View Sellers Items /UserImages/1730/961443274 7123928.jpg Description: Browning Citori 20 gauge with 26-inch barrels. Chambers are 3-inch and included choke tubes are IC/M/F. Ejectors. Length of pull is 14 1/8 inches and weight is 6.8 pounds. Serial 31920NX163. From estate and little used. Metal finish is at least 99%. Wood is about 97%, due mostly to a small area of scratches through finish on right side of butt near plate. No box, papers or other choke tubes. Includes choke tube wrench. Price firm. California shipments only to dealers who accept from a private party. Photo package by request. Layaway considered. Read More Condition: Used, Minor Wear Brand: Browning Caliber: 20 Gauge Location: MT Trades Accepted: Fine bolt & double rifles, handguns, hunting books Read More Each item is listed at the lowest acceptable price and will remain firm. Layaway purchases are welcome, subject to an agreeable timeline. (Usual terms are 1/3 plus shipping down, with 1/3 at 30 days and balance at 60 days.) Other suggestions will be given every consideration.PayPal purchases (for approved products) will be assessed a 3% convenience fee.Most credit/debit card purchases will be assessed a 3.5% convenience fee. American Express purchases will be assessed a 4.5% convenience fee.Wire transfers are accepted.Personal checks are accepted. A 10-day bank hold is required.No sales tax is required.California purchases are welcome.Shipping amount quoted applies only to seller's choice of courier via ground service in the lower 48 states. Shipping to Alaska and Hawaii, as well as any expedited service or special handling, is available at actual cost.All transactions are conducted with absolute professionalism and courtesy. Customer satisfaction is foremost and always ensured. Shipping Notes: See Description Read More Share Item Item #: 961443274 Sportsmans Legacy Seller Since: Mar. 2000 Seller Level: Verified This seller is an FFL City: Kalispell State: MT Price: SOLD Shipping: $40.00 (or Arrange local transfer) Accepted Payment Methods: Returns: 3 Days Your Recently Viewed Items


text: Designing Spaces presents three topics for home owners; even for future homeowners! First, we dive into the world of first time mortgages, and how to cross the hurdles that are often preconceived notions. Then, we look at another type of living space-the college dorm, and how students can keep those cramped spaces organized. And, for homeowners, there are some great tips on how to organize spaces around the house too! Finally, we go out in the back yard to enjoy the pool, and find it has turned green from algae. That sparkling water has turned into an ugly pea soup color. Despite how bad it looks, we have an expert with the right tools and treatment that will have the pool back to its inviting self quicker than you would think. That's what we do at Designing Spaces, help living spaces…get better!


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Home made ice creams, fat free frozen yogurts & sorbets
Our home made ice creams, fat free frozen yogurts & dairy free sorbets are hand made by us using traditional Italian recipes. Our ice cream (technically gelato) is lower in fat than conventional British ice cream.
Available in 1 scoop, 2 scoop or 3 scoop tubs or in waffle cones. All the extras you would expect (and some that you wouldn't) are available - Flakes, fudge fingers, and an array of toppings & sauces. There's always a large choice of flavours on display, which change regularly so you're bound to find something you'll love!
Most of our ice creams are gluten free – we even offer gluten free cones! You'll always find a choice of dairy free sorbets too. Please ask our team for details.
Take home tubs
Take home tubs 500ml - £5 each or 3 for £12.50
You'll find a selection of delicious home made flavours in our pre-packed tubs for you to take home with you. Given that we make so many flavours, we will never have them all available so do come and have a good rummage to see what we've got. Or you can choose up to 3 flavours from today's selection in the scooping freezer and we'll pack them into a tub for you while you wait.
If you really want a specific flavour then we do take orders for tubs with payment being taken at the time of ordering, we usually need about a week's notice. 1L tubs also available
Choose a flavour from today's selection of ice creams and we'll make it into a refreshing, thick milkshake for you. Or why not try a delicious Chocoshake - made using a whole chocolate bar? Or a coffee milkshake for a revitalising change.
Bubble tea
An exciting new drinks range to arrive from Japan. It's not tea and it's not hot!
Choose your drink flavour then choose contrasting flavoured 'pobbles' to put in it. Drink both simultaneously through a big fat straw, differently tasty!


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Cut QualityDiamonds of premium cut are almost as good as ideal. While nature determines the color and clarity of a stone, diamond cut is dependent solely upon the skill of the cutter. Premium cut diamonds may be close to the ideal cut proportions and look just identical. Most people cannot distinguish between the two. However, there is a slight difference in quality and reduction in price over ideal cut diamonds.
ColorDiamonds of E color are virtually colorless. Only less than 0.7% of natural diamonds have this color. Diamonds of this color grade will appear colorless even when observed face down against a flat white background.
ClarityVVS2 diamonds have very very small inclusions which, when viewed under 10X magnification by an expert, are difficult to be seen. The inclusions should be light colored. The features of the VVS2 clarity grade are exceptionally difficult to discern. Diamonds of this clarity appear to be perfect to an unaided eye.


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The Instigator
2 Points
The Contender
Pro (for)
2 Points
Is creationism valid?
Post Voting Period
The voting period for this debate has ended.
after 2 votes the winner is...
It's a Tie!
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|2 years ago
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Debate Rounds (5)
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Round 1 is for acceptance, 2 is for opening arguments, 3-4 rebuttals and additional arguments, and 5 is for closing arguments.
Best of luck to pro.
How can nothing come from something? How did the matter for the Big Bang come about.
Man's natural moral reasoning or our moral obligations such as our natural hatred for murder or rape also needs a genesis.
There must be a source to the creation of man and the universe.
Theory: a coherent group of propositions formulated to explain a group of facts or phenomena in the natural world and repeatedly confirmed through experiment or observation. Its usage in science is very different from typical everyday language. Normally when people talk about theories, they put it in the same cashier as guess. However, when I say theory, I am talking about the scientific definition. Examples of theories include germ theory, cell theory, atomic theory, and evolutionary theory.
In order for something to be considered valid, it has to have a well grounded basis . By this I mean, it must be in accordance to observed facts in reality. It must not, in other words contradict the laws of nature. One plus one equals two, and it will always equal two. Now when a topic like this comes up that makes claims about reality, we use the scientific method to determine truth from non truth. I will give a brief rundown of what the scientific method is ( these are not my words, sources below):
-Observe some aspect of the universe.
-Invent a tentative description, called a hypothesis, that is consistent with what you have observed.
-Use the hypothesis to make predictions.
-Test those predictions by experiments or further observations and modify the hypothesis in the light of your results.
-Repeat the preceding two steps until there are no discrepancies between theory and experiment and/or observation.
There is an immediate problem. Creationism is not based on observed facts about reality. It is based on things like faith, which creationists often freely admit. It's a tradition, or it makes them feel good to be part of "God's plan" or whatever the case may be. The start isn't an honest inquiry into observed phenomena, it's a dishonest non-inquiry into claims of the supernatural. It doesn't even qualify as a hypothesis, because a hypothesis has the basis of at least limited evidence. Creationism does, however, make claims about existence, claims which are testable and can be falsified. Here is a brief list:
-the universe was created by a supernatural being called Yahweh in six days, about 6000 years ago.
-It says that man was created by dirt, and then women by the rib of man.
- It says that a man named Noah brought two of each animal onto a large boat, because God flooded the entire world, killing everything else.
These are only a view examples, I just picked perhaps the most obvious ones. Lets look at the first one, the claim that God created everything approximately 6000 years ago. There is no dancing around it, this is simply not true. The earth is about 4.5 Billion years old, and the universe about 13.7 billion years give or take. There are several methods by which this is measured. To quote hubblesite.org, " Because all of the galaxies in the universe are generally moving apart, we infer that they must all have been much closer together sometime in the past. Knowing the current speeds and distances to galaxies, coupled with the rate at which the universe is accelerating, allows us to calculate how long it took for them to reach their current locations. The answer is about 14 billion years. " Another way is the length of time it takes the light from stars to reach us. The light from our sun takes about 8 minutes to reach us, but some stars take millions of years.
One of the main ways we know the earth is about 4.5 Billion years old is through various radiometric dating methods. Radiometric dating is essentially measuring the decay rate of certain isotopes. Different isotopes have different decay rates, for example the half life of carbon-14 is 5,730 years, while potassium 40 has a half life of around 1.3 billion years. Though these various methods, we can calculate that the age of the earth is roughly 4.5 billion years old.
The second claim is that God created all forms of life over the course of two days. This is also false. Life didn't just spontaneously appear in it's current form in one fell swoop, it evolved over the course of around 2 billion years. There is a mountain of evidence to support this claim, and I will only name a few and will hopefully expand on this later.
- The universal genetic code. All cells that we know of on earth are capable of reading any piece of DNA from any life form on Earth. This is very strong evidence for a common ancestor from which all life descended.
-Genetic similarities. We share more than 97% of our DNA with chimpanzees, 80% with cows, chickens about 68% etc. This suggests that that we shared a common ancestor in the past. And the amount of difference between our genomes corresponds to how long ago our genetic lines diverged.
-Bacterial resistance to antibiotics. Through random mutation, the bacteria the most resistant to a certain type of antibiotics will survive while the others die off. In the succeeding generations, most of the bacteria will be resistant to this particular type of antibiotics.
-Comparative Anatomy/vestigial structures/ homologous structures. On a surface level, animals that look very different from one another actually have a very similar physical structure. For example, underneath the fin of a whale, the skeletal "hand" is very similar to the hand of humans and chimps. Humans have tailbones .
Again, these are only a few examples, I will certainly expand upon this in the next couple of rounds.
Now finally, we have the issue of Noah and the flood. I will only point out a few obvious issues with this (more later, if you want).
- Gathering all the Animals. How could penguins, polar bears, moose, and plants have all gotten to the same place?
- The arks ability to support all the different species of animals. The ark was supposedly around 450 feet in length. They had to fit two of every type of animal on the planet, plus there's the issue of dinosaurs. How did they all fit?
-Maintaining animal life on the ark. Most elephants eat around 400 pounds of vegetation everyday, and drinks around 50 gallons of water and . How could they possibly fit all that food and fresh water into the ark for 40 days and 40 nights?
I think that is all I will state for now on the subject. I'm looking forward to your arguments, best of luck. This is an important conversation.
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By the "scientific method" macroevolution is also not viable.
-It is not observable
-You are also not able to test your predictions.
The Big Bang or the sudden occurrence of matter, time, and space also takes large quantities of faith. The unguided spontaneous existence is not only improbable but impossible. How did the mass exist to form the universe?
Also say the Big Bang happened how could the non-living matter evolve to create living matter? If macroevolution in and of itself depends on life and death.
"Valid" is not just for the scientific but also for the historical. Something such as the existence of George Washington or Winston Churchill whether we see them or are able to, by the scientific method "observe" them, we can with valid beliefs believe they existed. Such as the numerous writings, the factual evidence of the existence , the predictions of the Bible leading up to Jesus, and the reign and fall of Rome (as predicted in the Bible)
By the "scientific method" macroevolution is also not viable.
-It is not observable
-You are also not able to test your predictions.
The Big Bang or the sudden occurrence of matter, time, and space also takes large quantities of faith. The unguided spontaneous existence is not only improbable but impossible. How did the mass exist to form the universe?
Also say the Big Bang happened how could the non-living matter evolve to create living matter? If macroevolution in and of itself depends on life and death.
Just a few pieces of evidence:
-Galaxies wind themselves up too fast
-Not enough sodium in the sea
-The earth's magnetic field is decaying (losing energy) too fast
-Biological material decays to fast
-Too few supernova remnants
-Not enough mud on the sea floor
-Polystrate fossils
Galaxies rotate are supposed to be about ten billion years old the stars on the inside are moving much faster than those on the inside if our galaxy or others were ten billion years old then they would be a featureless disk of stars.
Four hundred and fifty million tons of sodium is dumped into the ocean per year. By natural process only about 25% of that is removed each year. According to old age scenario the oceans should be about three billion years old. However if you were to use the evolutionary method "that the present is the key to the past" then the max age of the oceans are forty-two million years old.
The Earth's magnetic field loses half its energy every 1454 years. Therefore, again using the key that the present is the key to the past the max age of the Earth is 20,000 years old which largely different to the 4.6 billion years old.
Tyrannosaurus Rex fossils are supposedly 65 million years old. DNA and biological material is very fragile. Scientists claim that this type of material could only last for 10,000 years if left in the best environments. However in 2005 in Montana, United States a scientist found the cross section of a Tyrannosaurs Rex leg bone of which contained red flexible blood cells.
There is not enough Super Nova remnants. For an example our Milky way Galaxy there are roughly only 200 remnants considering a super Nova happens about once every 25 years. That means that when doing the math you are left with only 7,000to fourteen thousand years.
The accumulation of sediment at the present rate all sediment in the ocean would accumulate in no more than 14 million years.
A polystrate fossil is a fossil that traverses many rock layers. According to evolution these layers are represented by millions of years therefore logically the polystrate fossil contradicts evolution.
Also even if evolution wasn't scientifically impossible, evolution doesn't contradict creation. Creation is its genesis but evolution is post genesis. The six day period could be symbolism.
Due to lack of evidence for evolution and the Big Bang, and the fact that we exist and therefore need an explanation as to our existence I have come to the conclusion that creationism is not only valid but viable.
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Posted by BrandonHyde 2 years ago
Posted by roark555 2 years ago
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Vote Placed by V5RED 2 years ago
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Reasons for voting decision: Pro used no sources and made unfounded statements that would not have stood up to rebuttal. Only con cited sources. Con did not finish the debate.
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Reasons for voting decision: Con ff more than Pro, so conduct to Pro.
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This couple is amazing! We have worked well together ever since their engagement session, so I knew their wedding would be a blast! Even though it was 5,000 degrees outside (plus the humidity because of those Kentucky storms), everybody stayed high-spirited throughout the day. It was clear that they were there to celebrate love, first and foremost.
I am so happy that (even with the weather), we were able to fit all of our photos in. I felt nerdy at the start of the day, wearing my portable-fan-necklace-of-purple-chicness, but after a few minutes out in the heat, the fan became my best friend. We were able to catch some light around around sunset, and thankfully things had cooled off a bit to make for some great photo conditions. Somehow all the storms got very close to the farm house, but always seemed to pass around us. They got close enough to make gorgeous clouds and even a rainbow during the ceremony (if that isn't a good sign, I don't know what is!!). There were SO many special touches to this wedding. One of my favorite moments was the father/daughter dance - the father had written a song for the bride and had a singer perform it for them. It was difficult for me to narrow down enough photos for the blog because I am just in love with them all! I can't wait for the bride & groom to see the rest of their photos!
Kelsey and Taylor, I hope we stay in touch. You were such a fantastic couple to get to know. I wish you a lifetime of happiness!
Coordinator: Margaret Schwartz
Cake: LeAnne's Cake Creations
Florist: Lasting Impressions
DJ: Bil Bratcher
Catering: Echo Valley Winery
Hair/Makeup: Megan Watson (Haute Roots Hair Salon)
Singer: Emily Stephens
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Even More Changes
Well this week has been another odd week. I don't think there has been a day in the MTC where our schedule followed everything we were supposed to do. First off, me and Elder Belchior got another companion named Elder Christensen from LA. He helped me to know how Brigham felt with his last companion (Zazueta? I don't remember...). Anyway, I think this is the Lord's way of testing my patience for the remainder of my time here. It's ok, though, I'm pushing through and doing just fine. I forgot to tell you that we got to host last week, and that was a really fun experience. I think the new way of doing it is so much more effective than what they did with Scott, and it's so much more organized, too. I also saw Elder Oaks, Dallin H. just walking by, which was also really cool. I didn't shake his hand or anything, because he was obviously going somewhere and I didn't want to hold him up. Then on Saturday night, we had a big 4th of July fireside/celebration. We heard from a general authority who had been a direct advisor to three different presidents, so that was cool. Then they did a little slide show of every single mission with "Hark All Ye Nations" playing behind it. Then we closed with Praise to the Man, and I understood a little bit why you liked that so much when I played it. The spirit was so strong, and it really testified that Joseph Smith really was and is a prophet of God and that he restored the fullness of the Gospel in these latter days. Then they let us go and watch the stadium of fire firework show, but I couldn't see too much because there are trees all around the MTC, and I'm not tall enough to see over a big group of missionaries all in the same place. Sunday night we had a fireside by Jenny Oaks Baker (Dallin H. Oaks's daughter who is a professional violinist) which was good. She played a lot of music and spoke a little, which I think is a good way to do a fireside. They finished with "This Is The Christ", which has been one of my favorite songs since we sang it in choir a while back. It was nice to be able to just enjoy the spirit that comes with sacred music. Other than that, it's been mostly just class and studying.
I found out that I'll most likely have a temporary assignment before I head down to Mexico, but they'll still send me out probably Wednesday, maybe Thursday at the latest. I think they said that once they know, then I can call you and let you know, so depending on what time it is, I'll either call home or mom's work. I'm really excited to get out, though. I love the MTC, but I'm really ready to go out and do this for real. My Spanish continues to improve, and I feel confident enough speaking and understanding that I could head out anytime and do just fine. We had a substitute teacher from Hidalgo (one of the states where I'll be serving), and he was impressed with my Spanish, and also said that in Hidalgo, the missionaries that were there when he left were baptizing about 1200 people a month. That isn't a typo, it's one thousand two hundred people in one month. I'm really excited to get to go and be a part of that work.
I heard a little bit from Brigham, just a two-liner in which he demonstrated his use of Mexican slang, but I'm glad he still took the time to write me. Thanks to everyone that wrote and sent packages this week including Emily, Heather, and I think there was one more, but I'm having a hard time remembering right now. Know that even though I can't remember, I'm really grateful to you all. I was especially happy with Tara's package/letter, and I think the mint brownies may not last until tonight. I'm glad Tara is doing well and staying busy. It's good that you got to do the cash register and Rio Tinto. It's good to have a varied skill set when you're this age and trying to a job. Dad has certainly taught us how to do hard manual-type labor, so anything else you can get will only help. I had to do all kinds of different things at Bert Murdock, and knowing how to work really helped. Of course, it helps here, too, but this is a lot more mental labor at this point. I know that will change fairly soon. But I hope Tara continues to work and to prepare for the life that lies ahead. You don't want me to come home and totally show you up when we're at BYU together. Oh, and don't destroy my car! Keep working on driving so you can maintain my excellent gas mileage (my last tank that I filled up was 34 mpg). Otherwise, I'm making you pay for gas when I get home.
So how was everyone's 4th? I assume we just had the normal celebrations. Did Manuel get to use his bbq? I wish i could've enjoyed some of dad's hamburgers. The food here is ok, but it's definitely not like home, and it maybe is taking it's toll on me. I'm still about as healthy as I was when I left (not that that's anything to brag about), but I can just feel the food doing things to my insides that I'm quite sure normal food wouldn't do. It's all good, though. I probably have enough food from packages to sustain me until I leave. Anyway, I hope everyone is staying busy and not feeling the void of my absence too much. I'm sorry I haven't sent pictures, these computers aren't very accessible as far as external plug-ins go, so they may have to wait until I get in the field, but I have taken some, so don't worry.
Well I'm about out of time and things to talk about. I know that this church is true, and that it was restored through Joseph Smith. I know he translated the Book of Mormon, and that everything in the introduction to the book is absolutely true, and that Heavenly Father will keep the promises contained therein. I know that Heavenly Father sent His son to suffer for all of our pains, sorrows, hardships, and sins, and that through His Atonement, we can find peace, comfort, and joy in this life. I know that if we live righteously according to the covenants we have made, that Heavenly Father will bless us with all the things we need in this life and Eternal Life after we are ressurected. I know that this is His work, and that He has called me here to do a great and marvelous work. May the Lord bless you all in everything you do if you will do it unto Him (2 Ne. 32:8-9)
Elder Joseph Facer


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Shaw brings Juno Beach to life for Remembrance Day
Storming Juno airs on History Television on Nov. 11, the same day an online experience based on the film launches. Sponsorship opp available.
Shaw Media has teamed up with Secret Location and Windup Filmworks to bring the docudrama film Storming Juno to life in the digital world.
The website, which launches on Nov. 11, the same day the film premieres on History Television, was created concurrently with the show. Secret Location developed the online experience, which puts the user directly onto the battlefield.
Shaw decided not to use standard ad units for the website but is still looking for a last-minute sponsor for the interactive website, says Chris Harris, director of digital content, Shaw Media.
'We're talking about putting users directly on the battlefield on one of the most important days in the military history of Canada. It just didn't seem right to put standard ad media in that experience,' he says. 'We do have an opportunity for a client to come on board as a sponsor, but it's in a much more elegant, integrated way, so it doesn't interfere with the experience, and it keeps it respectful of the subject matter.'
History Television kicked off its Days of Remembrance programming on Nov. 5, airing content about war, and it culminates with the Storming Juno premiere on Nov. 11.
To promote Storming Juno, History Television is running promos for both the TV film and the online content, a tactic rarely seen on the channel, says Harris. Usually, the promo would be for the on-air show, with a call-to-action to visit the site tagged onto the end. There are also ads on the channel's website, History.ca.
With files from Playback Daily


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Lake View Credit Union helps bring Junior Achievement back to Peace Region
Photo: JA volunteer team at Lake View Credit Union: Tammy Beers, Glen Travers, Rolene Waldie and Jennifer Pierce.
Tumbler Ridge and Chetwynd, British Columbia – March 9, 2016 – Employees from Lake View Credit Union are bringing Junior Achievement (JA) programs back to the BC Peace River Region this spring.
Having recently arrived in BC, Glen Travers, Regional Branch Manager of Lake View Credit Union, formed a JA volunteer team with a few colleagues to deliver the JA Our Business World program at Tumbler Ridge Elementary (hosted by teacher Ms. Sarah Lutgen) and Little Prairie Elementary in Chetwynd (hosted by teacher Ms. Ashley Tower) beginning in March this year.
Travers is no stranger to JA. He has been delivering JA programs for years throughout Canada. "I have had the privilege of partnering with Junior Achievement across Canada – in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Ontario and now in beautiful British Columbia."
"There's no doubt JA programs truly inspire and engage our youth to think globally and understand the importance of innovation and financial literacy," says Glen Travers. "Our volunteer partnership with JA British Columbia (JABC) gives Lake View employees the opportunity to share relevant experiences which help to reinforce these important values."
JA program Our Business World inspires students to become Canada's next entrepreneurs. Offered to grades five and six in BC, the program helps students explore how businesses are created and what makes them thrive. Students learn about innovation, start-ups and self-employment through games such as Dollar a Glass – an online virtual game taking the player through a lemonade sales stand business, and Business Benefit Bonanza – an interactive game board where students collect Business Benefit cards and are quizzed on how businesses can positively impact the community.
Lake View Credit Union is a strong supporter of JA in the Peace Region. Jennifer Lalonde, Executive Assistant to the CEO and Board of Directors, explains why Lake View believes in the value of JA programs.
"At Lake View Credit Union, we embrace the concept of partnership, rather than sponsorship, where there is value for all parties. JA programs in BC align closely with Lake View's community programs and projects that support our mission of enriching our members' lives and improving the social benefit and well-being of our communities."
"JA programs provide essential inspiration and pique the curiosity of our youth to help them stretch to their full potential. Lake View is pleased to be partnering with JABC."
If you are a teacher interested in hosting a JA program that helps your students build up skills in work readiness, financial literacy and entrepreneurship, visit jabc.ca/teachers for more information. If you are a business person interesting in sharing your experience with young people and inspiring them to achieve their full potential, visit jabc.ca/volunteers to find out how.
Other media:
- Coffee Talk Express, page 5 – Lake View Credit Union helps bring Junior Achievement back to Peace Region
- Alaska Highway News – Credit Union brings Junior Achievement program to South Peace
For more information about this news release, please contact:
Annie Ko
Manager, Marketing & Communications
firstname.lastname@example.com | 604.688.3887 x. 231
JA British Columbia
About JA British Columbia
JA British Columbia (JABC) is a member of JA Canada who is a member JA Worldwide (JA), the world's largest NGO dedicated to educating young people about business. Since 1955, British Columbia schools have relied on JA to inspire and prepare youth to succeed in an ever-changing global economy. In 2015, over 35,000 students in BC benefited from JABC programs delivered free of charge by volunteers from local business communities, who bring real-life experience into the classroom. JABC programs focus on work readiness, financial literacy and entrepreneurship, giving students the confidence and skills they need to become the next generation of business and community leaders. Visit jabc.ca for more information.
Categories: JABC GeneralPrograms