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Global warming caused marine mass extinction event 251 million years agoNovember 27th, 2007 - 2:15 pm ICT by admin
Washington, Nov 27 (ANI): Researchers have discovered that the mass extinction event in oceans at the end of the Permian period about 251 million years ago happened because of a slow, drawn out demise of deep sea creatures caused due to global warming.
The research team came to the conclusion after studying bryozoans, a common type of colonial marine creature, which had began slowly declining in oceans across the world many millions of years before the mass-extinction event.
"Bryozoans form an excellent 'environmental dipstick' for studying the effects of mass extinctions," said Catherine Powers, a paleobiologist from the University of Southern California who co-authored a study on the new finding. "They live in all sorts of marine environments, from tropical reefs to muddy shallow waters to the deep sea," she added.
The most likely culprit for the gradual bryozoan die-offs was the upwelling of toxic water unleashed from the deep ocean by rising global temperatures.
"At the time, there was massive volcanism in Siberia, which threw up lots of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, thus leading to global warming," said Powers. "The warming of surface water decreased the oceans' ability to absorb oxygen," she added.
This caused the upwelling of toxic hydrogen sulfide, which is produced by deep-ocean bacteria that don't use oxygen to survive.
"So it is likely that toxic fumes of hydrogen sulfide diffused out of the oceans, killing land-based animals, which plummeted by 70 percent in the same mass extinction event," said Powers.
This so-called 'Great Dying event' wiped out about 90 percent of marine species and 70 percent of land species.
The first to go were the deeper-dwelling animals, followed by the shallow-water inhabitants.
"It indicates that something from the deep ocean is coming up," National Geographic News quoted Powers as saying. "Whatever killed these organisms and probably led to this mass extinction is tied to ocean circulation processes," she added. (ANI)
Tags: bryozoans, culprit, deep ocean, deep sea creatures, global warming, have discovered that, hydrogen sulfide, marine creature, mass extinction event, mass extinctions, million years, oceans, oxygen, permian period, plummeted, shallow water, university of southern california, upwelling, volcanismmals


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Fund I - The Early Years
Robert Andreen and Morgan Olsson co-found Nordic Capital in 1989.
Skandia Life Insurance and Svenska Handelsbanken establish a joint venture and commit to support Nordic Capital Fund I with EUR 55 mn.
Due to regulatory considerations, initial investments are made with co-investors or in partnership with vendors.
Fund III - International Investors
Nordic Capital sources capital internationally and successfully establishes Nordic Capital Fund III at EUR 350 mn, its first fund to be based in Jersey.
NC Advisory, investment advisor to the Nordic Capital Funds, is established in 1998.
Nordic Capital's expanding network of business contacts enable it to pursue buyouts outside Sweden.
Fund VII - International expansion and leadership transition
In 2008, Nordic Capital Fund VII closes at EUR 4.3 bn.
NC Advisory opens offices in Oslo, Helsinki, Frankfurt and London.
In 2010, Joakim Karlsson and Kristoffer Melinder are appointed as co-Managing Partners for the NC Advisory network, which now consists of approx. 75 employees.
In 2011, Nordic Capital announces the EUR 9.6 bn sale of Nycomed- the largest private equity trade sale in Europe and the third largest globally.
During 2012, Nordic Capital wins more awards than in any previous year.
Over a period of 24 months in 2012-2013, Nordic Capital funds make platform investments in 9 European companies.
Fund VIII - Continuing the Nordic Capital way
Nordic Capital Fund VIII closes in 2013 at EUR 3.5 bn and makes its first investment the same year.
12 platform investments are made over the next four years, strengthening the firm's position in five core sectors and its reputation as a leading investor in Healthcare globally.
Kristoffer Melinder becomes the sole Managing Partner and the organisation grows to 115 employees.
Continued focus on Ownership Excellence and Operational Improvement, including the establishment of dedicated operations team to drive portfolio performance and growth.
Significant exit momentum achieved, including seven listings on the Nordic stock markets and the successful flotation of ConvaTec on the London Stock Exchange, the largest European healthcare IPO in more than twenty years.
Nordic Capital receives recognition from the industry with awards for Operational Excellence in EMEA Large Cap for Thule (2015), and Firm of the Year in the Nordics by Private Equity International (2015); Nordic Deal of the Year for Permobil by Real Deals Private Equity Awards (2014) and Exit of the year for Permobil by the Swedish Venture Capital Association (2014).
Operational excellence is also recognised when Nordic Capital receives the Private Equity International award for "Excellence in Procurement" for its cross-portfolio initiative, Nordic Capital Procurement Optimisation (2017); and the Private Equity International Award for Operational Excellence in EMEA/upper mid-market for Permobil (2013).

subset: commoncrawl


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UPDATED: Gunman kills at least 17 at Florida high school
By TERRY SPENCER
and KELLI KENNEDY
Associated Press
PARKLAND, Fla. — A former student opened fire at a Florida high school Wednesday, killing at least 17 people and sending scores of students fleeing into the streets in the nation's deadliest school shooting since a gunman attacked an elementary school in Newtown, Connecticut.
Frantic parents rushed to Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School to find SWAT team members and ambulances surrounding the campus as classes prepared to dismiss for the day. Live footage showed emergency workers who appeared to be treating the wounded on sidewalks.
"It is a horrific situation," said Robert Runcie, superintendent of the school district in Parkland, about an hour's drive north of Miami. "It is a horrible day for us."
The 19-year-old suspect, Nikolas Cruz, was taken into custody without a fight about an hour after he left the scene, authorities said.
Broward County Sheriff Scott Israel said the suspect, who was previously expelled for disciplinary reasons, had at least one rifle and multiple magazines.
"It's catastrophic. There really are no words," Israel said on Twitter.
Most of the fatalities were inside the building, though some victims were found fatally shot outside, the sheriff said.
In a cul-de-sac near the school, Michael Nembhard was sitting in his garage when he saw a young man in a burgundy shirt walking down the street. In an instant, a police cruiser pulled up and officers jumped out with guns drawn.
"All I heard was 'Get on the ground! Get on the ground!" Nembhard said. He said he could not see the suspect's face, but that the man got on the ground without incident.
The day started normally at the school, which had a morning fire drill, and students were in class around 2:30 p.m. when another alarm sounded.
Noah Parness, a 17-year-old junior, said he and the other students calmly went outside to their fire-drill areas when he suddenly heard popping sounds.
"We saw a bunch of teachers running down the stairway, and then everybody shifted and broke into a sprint," Parness said. "I hopped a fence."
Beth Feingold said her daughter, Brittani, sent a text at 2:32 p.m. that said, "We're on code red. I'm fine," but sent another text shortly afterward saying, "Mom, I'm so scared."
Brittani later was able to escape the school, which is one of the largest in the state, with about 3,000 students.
Inside the school, students heard loud bangs as the shooter fired. Many of them hid under desks or in closets and barricaded doors.
Television footage showed those students who fled leaving in a single-file line with their hands over their heads as officers urged them to evacuate quickly.


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Would you like a North Sails Expert to call you? Just leave us your number and a short message we will direct the inquiry to the right person to help. We promise to call as quickly as possible, but at some times we may be out sailing. Looking for a quote? Please use the request a quote tab above.
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High quality equipment results in a better cruising experience, which is why more cruising sailors rely on North Sails than on any other sailmaker in the world. With our sails, your boat will sail with less heel, less helm, and less leeway, making the sailing faster and more fun for you and your crew.
Better Sail Shape through Better Design
A properly designed cruising sail will provide the widest possible steering and trimming range, allowing you to adjust to any change of conditions. Every cruising sail we make is custom-designed for your boat and your sailing based on an empirical library of cruising-specific sail shape, resulting in a better cruising experience.
Cruising sails don't have to be overweight and bulky to be strong and durable. Well-engineered sails made from refined materials mean better furling and flaking, smoother tacking and gybing, and more efficient sail handling and storage.Explore Sail Types
Longer Lifespan through Better Construction
Durability is the top priority for any cruising sailor – and durability is determined by much more than materials. It's the shape that goes first, so engineering, construction, and even components all affect a sail's usable lifespan. That's why we maintain control of the entire manufacturing process. The quality is apparent from the moment you hoist your new sail.
At North Sails, we take manufacturing seriously:
- Proprietary sail materials manufactured by North Cloth
- All of our sails are built in our own factories
- We develop and maintain the best and most modern sailmaking equipment
- We employ the largest and best-trained staff of sailmakers
- We use tried and true manufacturing techniques documented in our comprehensive Blue Books
- We deploy industry-leading quality assurance, from raw material testing to finished goods compliance
Adventure on your own terms
Going to sea is no small undertaking, and cruising with our sails enables a feeling of assuredness that will help you follow your passions. Whether you are leaving the land behind, exploring new cultures, or simply sharing leisure time with friends and family, North Cruising Sails can take you where you want to go.
North Sails Waterlogs is a compilation of adventures recounted by sailors exploring the far corners of the world's oceans. Joining the collective spirit of a diverse cruising community, we share their journeys from the Pacific Islands to the Caribbean, from South Africa to Spitzbergen, and beyond. Meet our Adventurers →


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|Order Now
|Bourbon Santos
|From Brazil, mild nutty flavor,medium body.
|Colombian Excelso
|Rich, full flavor, and full of body.
|Colombian Vintage
|An aged bean with a rich and mellow taste.
|Decaf Colombian Excelso
|Rich, full flavor, and full of body. Decaffeinated by the Swiss water method
|French Roast
|A Colombian bean roasted dark for heavy flavor; a dark oily bean.
|Peru Organic
|Slightly dark flavor with clean body and finish. Tammy's favorite!
|Viennese Roast
|A Colombian dark roasted bean, lighter than French Roast. The lightest of our dark roasts


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When Chamomile Isn't Just For Tea
June 3, 2015
The boy and I, we snuggle on the couch and read. We read about a garden, tended and growing. We read about the rows of flowers. Colors, striped and assorted and fragrant with summers perfume. We read about vegetables grown to sustain a body. The body bent and pulling and sweating summers heat. We read … More When Chamomile Isn't Just For Tea


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Managing in the Current Environment: Mitigating Risks & Uncertainties to Maximise Upstream Returns
The current low oil price environment demands a focused approach based on high quality decision making in order for companies to maximise returns and achieve their performance targets. Success requires recognition of uncertainty and practical strategies for the minimisation or mitigation of risk to ensure delivery of projects within budget and to generate predictable cash flows.
Setting aside speculations about when and to what extent oil prices will recover successful companies must run their businesses based on sustainable oil price assumptions, realistic cost estimates, operational predictability, efficient project delivery and optimised exploration portfolios. To deliver these outcomes company executives must understand the sources of value, risk and vulnerability in their business concentrating on core competencies while managing risks and uncertainties.
This course reviews the key concepts for risk based evaluation, valuation, planning and decision making. In addition participants will gain a hands on understanding of markets and practical risk management instruments thereby gaining experience in selecting and using a variety of risk management techniques and tools.
Course Brochure (pdf)
Learning Level
Intermediate to Advanced
Course Length
2 Days
Why You Should Attend
This course is for management to achieve best practice in risk evaluation by reviewing their decision making processes to ensure they make the right decisions, they make these decisions quickly and efficiently, that the decisions made are implemented and incorrect decisions are recognised and acted upon.
Various tools and methods of identifying, quantifying and managing the risks and uncertainties involved with prospect evaluation, portfolio management, resource assessment, production forecasting, cost estimating and project execution through the exploration, development and production life cycle will be reviewed. These are skills critical to efficient decision making especially in a risky environment such as the current time where oil prices are at a low and margins are under pressure. Participants will also be exposed to how strategies are developed in order to minimise exposure to risk and where possible to mitigate risks thereby achieving optimal operational performance to deliver strong results.
Learning and mastering these concepts, together with the methods of analysing and making risk based decisions together with appropriate risk mitigation strategies directly leads to improved evaluation and management of exploration projects.
Who Should Attend
This course is intended for oil and gas upstream professionals and management engaged in operations, planning and decision making, assessing and managing projects and work programs, assessing new ventures opportunities and managing exploration portfolios.
Suitable Job titles:
- Business development managers
- Drilling managers
- Exploration and production team leaders
- Exploration managers
- Operations managers
- Senior exploration managers
- Senior petroleum engineers
- Senior reservoir engineers
- Senior safety engineers
- Technical safety engineers
- Planning managers and departmental heads will also benefit from this course
Engineers are responsible for enhancing their professional competence throughout their careers. Licensed, chartered, and/or certified engineers are sometimes required by government entities to provide proof of continued professional development and training. Training credits are defined as Continuing Education Units (CEUs) or Professional Development Hours (PDHs).
Attendees of SPE training courses earn 0.8 CEUs for each day of training. We provide each attendee a certificate upon completion of the training course.
In-House Training
This course is available for in house training at your office location.
|Contact Us
|Asia Pacific
|Middle East and North Africa
|United Kingdom
Ian Tchacos is an oil and gas professional with a track record of generating value through his involvement in a range of petroleum projects from exploration through to development as well as value generating acquisitions and asset sales. He has been instrumental in building a number of high growth oil and gas businesses through strategic acquisitions as well as organic growth in a range of junior to mid-sized oil company environments.
His 30 year career has involved international experience in corporate development, strategy formulation, mergers and acquisitions, petroleum exploration and development as well as commercial negotiation, oil and gas marketing, corporate and energy finance. Central to the success of these energy business activities has been risk based portfolio management, project evaluation and field development.
In his last executive appointment as Managing Director of Nexus Energy he was responsible for this company's development from an onshore A$ 2 million micro-cap explorer to an ASX listed top 200, A$ 1.2 billion market capitalised offshore producer and operator. Ian was directly responsible for initiating and developing risk based decision making as the basis for exploration, development and production investments.
Ian holds a bachelor of Mechanical Engineering and a graduate diploma in Chemical Engineering commencing his professional career as petroleum engineer with significant practical experience in exploration and energy developments. He then progressed to business development roles in organisations where he was responsible for exploration portfolio development as well as project evaluation, commercialisation and development.
Ian is currently executive chairman of an unlisted energy company, non-executive chairman of two ASX listed companies and provides strategic, technical and finance advice to a number of other companies. He brings to a board and management team hands on expertise in asset value development, strategy formulation, operational and commercial risk management, portfolio development, corporate affairs, project finance and corporate governance.


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|Season 8 Episode 2
|Curse of the Werewuff
|Pre-School Daze
|Bow Wow Wedding Vows
In this episode, the Rugrats' parents take them trick-or-treating for the first time, at an amusement park. But of course, there has to be the hard way - Angelica explains to the Rugrats what Halloween is, but, as usual, she always does it in a way to scare them even more. She tells them that if they dress up as a certain character, they actually become that character, and remain so for the rest of their life. Chuckie, who planned on being a werewolf, especially becomes traumatized by her story, to a point where he starts having nightmares about what Angelica said. However, Angelica is willing to turn the little "monsters" back into Rugrats, but only if they give her all their candy. This is especially important to her, as her parents banned her from trick-or-treating after she ate Halloween candy before Halloween.


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Prayers, like breathing, are an integral part of human life. They are considered more sacred than hard work. Bereft of a scientific sentiment and a rationalist mind-set, people believe that prayers to the gods of their choices will bring to their doorsteps all comforts of life: health, wealth and a powerful status in society.
May be these are puritan prayers. But, amazingly, sinful souls also resort to prayers with a view to getting them pardoned from the misdeeds they commit in life. Prayer is thus considered Aladdin's Lamp, the possession of which is frantically sought by every human soul.
Pathetically, prayers are always purpose-oriented, having specific demand-tags attached to them. Again, they are not a one-time affair and the god in question is continuously solicited by men either for getting more of what they already have or for retaining it.
Fear of losing comforts that are presumed to have been achieved through prayers always haunts men. Swami Adiswarananda aptly describes men's predicament thus: "The healthy have the fear of disease, the wealthy of thieves and the robbers, the beautiful of the old age, the socially prominent of dishonor, the learned of rivals and the virtuous of scandal."
Advent of money, coupled with the advancement of science and technology, makes the world a global village that offers droves of comforts to men. These are sought to be owned by the human tribe not through hard work but through prayers.
Prayers have now become gimmicks with the evolution of innumerable gods. Each caste or sub-caste has its own god. Families too have their own deities. Abodes of gods don't stop with cities and villages. Every pavement or platform is now littered with a variety of small, petty and makeshift temples.
Gods in such temples are worshipped in many unique ways. Along with mass prayers, the rural gods are offered padayals [special food] which normally contain a sackful of goat meat and a bottle of arrack. People who feed their gods in this way promise more sacks and bottles if their prayers are heard and answered.
Conventional prayers of the above kind are always visible. Conversely, most of 'have-all' do not have faith in explicit prayers; theirs are implicit and silent. You cannot trace and decipher the gods to whom they pray. But everything – their requests and the god's response-comes to light the moment these prayerists offer some gifts or presents to the gods of their choice, who had heard their prayers and responded favorably. The gift of a Tusker to the Guruvayoor Temple by one of the TamilNadu Chief Ministers is a case in point.
Today, in the name of religion, terrorism is unleashed but some disgruntled elements who, following the dictates of their leaders stage destructive activities in alien lands, causing the loss of thousands of human precious lives.
The terrorist attack on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon without any compassion for the human lives involved in their operation, underscore the extent of the havoc one could cause if one's senses are allowed to be controlled by fanatics. The world is thus exposed to violence and counter-violence.
Nothing goes wrong when a person offers prayers for his/her own development and family's well-being. It is one of the natural traits of man, which compels him to place his self above all other things. But, dangers peep in when prayers are offered by the religious with an ulterior motive of getting political clout and command.
Today, mass prayers are resorted to for the purpose of showing the strength of a particular religion to the powers-that-be. Even now there are places in India where people belonging to a particular caste are not allowed to offer prayers in temples by the upper, high-class religious fanatics.
"I pray for nectar. If I cannot get the nectar, I shall not fall back upon ditch waters," said Swami Vivekananda.
Here, in our country, bigots pray both for nectar and ditch water—nectar for them and ditch water for their rivals. Secularism can be said to have grown only when people begin praying for the whole humanity not for their own self-aggrandizement.
[I got an insignia from the Delhi-based 'Alive' mag to enter into the world of writing when they chose to publish this post in their June, 2002 issue. Thus 'Alive' had initiated me into the realm of writing a decade ago and made me go the whole hog with my tryst with words, publishing, off and on, a host of my writes. Though this post had the privilege of having been set in fine-print, it now looks mediocre not reflecting the metamorphism my current writings are sporting. But, back then, I was nascent in the realm of writing, catching up with its ropes.]
Image courtesy: Alive mag


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Meeting Agendas
- Police Facility Meeting Agenda 05/22/18
- Police Facility Meeting Agenda 04/16/18
- Police Facility Commitee Minutes 04/16/18
Meeting MinutesArchive >>
Contact Information
Brentwood Police Department
Ellen Arcieri, Chief
Christine Belanger, Admin Asst.
Phone: (603) 642-8817
Fax: (603) 642-3165
Brentwood Police Department
1 Dalton Rd
Brentwood, NH 03833
The Brentwood Police Department is dedicated to improving the quality of life by creating a safe environment in partnership with the people we serve. We act with integrity to reduce fear and crime while treating all with respect, compassion, and fairness. We strive to achieve this while maintaining the same close knit small town feel that the citizens have come to know and expect.
Brentwood Police update to posting on social media Elder Abuse CasePosted Sat, Jul 07 at 10:35am
Brentwood Police provide clarifications and statements in review of recent comments regarding the Elder Abuse posting.read more
Elderly Abuse ReportPosted Fri, Jul 06 at 06:25pm
Elderly Abuse Investigation On 6/29/2018, the Brentwood Police Department received a report of elderly abuse/assault. A witness stated that she observed an elderly woman and a female who is believed to be her daughter (witness heard her calling ...read more
Notice from the Brenwood Police DepartmentPosted Sun, Jun 10 at 08:18am
No Dogs Allowed.....read more
Fourth of July SafetyPosted Wed, Jun 27 at 08:26am
The 4th of July is right around the corner. The Brentwood Police Department would like to remind everyone to stay safe when discharging fireworks. Listed below are some informational links to educate yourself on safety procedures as well as permiss ...read more
Trooper shot and killedPosted Sat, Jul 07 at 10:29am
Trooper Nicholas Clark shot and killed while at the scene of a domestic dispute......read more
K-9 Dax training with Dr. MitchellPosted Sun, Jun 10 at 08:50am
K-9 Dax trainingread more
K9 Dax to receive bullet and stab protective vestPosted Fri, Jun 08 at 05:55am
Brentwood Police Department K9 Dax will receive a bullet and stab protective vest thanks to a charitable donation from non-profit organization Vested interest in K9s Inc. K9 Dax's vest is sponsored by a fundraiser hosted by Thin Blue Line USA and Vested interest in K9s Inc. and will be embroidered with the sentiment " In memory of Sgt. Sean Gannon, Yarmouth Police Department". Delivery is expected within eight to ten weeks. ...read more
Brentwood Police Department Press ReleasePosted Wed, Jun 06 at 10:08am
Brentwood Police execute search warrantread more


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BURLINGTON, Mass., Feb. 28, 2018 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Flexion Therapeutics, Inc. (Nasdaq:FLXN) today announced that Michael Clayman, M.D., President and Chief Executive Officer, will present at the Raymond James 39th Annual Institutional Investors Conference in Orlando, Florida. Dr. Clayman is scheduled to present at 8:05 a.m Eastern Time on Tuesday, March 6, 2018. Investors can access the live webcast and subsequent archived recording of the presentation by visiting the Flexion website at http://ir.flexiontherapeutics.com
About Flexion Therapeutics
Flexion Therapeutics (Nasdaq:FLXN) is a biopharmaceutical company focused on the development and commercialization of novel, local therapies for the treatment of patients with musculoskeletal conditions, beginning with osteoarthritis, a type of degenerative arthritis. The company's core values are focus, ingenuity, tenacity, transparency and fun. Flexion was named one of The Boston Business Journal's 2017 Best Places to Work and one of the Top Places to Work in Massachusetts by The Boston Globe.
Corporate Contact:
Scott Young
Vice President, Corporate Communications and Investor Relations
Flexion Therapeutics, Inc.
Last updated on: 01/03/2018
PharmiWeb.com is Europe's leading industry-sponsored portal for the Pharmaceutical sector, providing the latest jobs, news, features and events listings.
The information provided on PharmiWeb.com is designed to support, not replace, the relationship that exists between a patient/site visitor and his/her physician.


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Download the song, 'Arts Degree' from our new album, On The Banks of the Detroit River.
Order a copy of the new album at our
bandcamp page on blue hazed 12″ Vinyl or CD. Digital copies are for sale at itunes. Physical copies are also available at Dr.Disc in Windsor.


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Celebrating the season at CityPlace
Picture this scene: A cool, December evening and you're enjoying live music under the stars with your family. In the background you hear children laughing as they skate around an ice rink. Suddenly, it starts to snow, lending the kind of magic to the scene that only holiday snowfalls can conjure. So where are you? CityPlace of course!
The snow might not be real, although it sure looks like the real thing, and the ice rink might be "ice-less," but the fun of a winter wonderland at CityPlace is 100 percent genuine. CityPlace transforms into a tropical winter wonderland each year, and the nightly "Snowfalls" on the Plaza is part of the Downtown West Palm Beach tradition. Skating starts on Black Friday (November 25) and lasts until Sunday, December 4.
Photo Credit: Tracy Benson Photography
Iceless Rink Time Slots:
Friday, Nov. 25 – noon to 10 p.m.
Saturday, Nov. 26 – noon to 10 p.m.
Sunday, Nov. 27 – noon to 8 p.m.
Monday, Nov. 28 – 3 p.m. to 9 p.m.
Tuesday, Nov. 29 – 2 p.m. to 9 p.m.
Wednesday, Nov. 30 – 3 p.m. to 9 p.m.
Thursday, Dec. 1 – 3 p.m. to 9 p.m.
Friday, Dec. 2 – 3 p.m. to 10 p.m.
Saturday, Dec. 3 – noon to 10 p.m.
Sunday, Dec. 4 – noon to 8 p.m.
Lots of photo fun! Bring your camera to Macy's for a FREE photo with Santa, from 2 p.m. – 5 p.m. on November 26, December 3, December 10, and December 17.
Wonderland Free Family Fest is a can't-miss event on Sunday, December 11. Snowfall on the Plaza will occur hourly during the event, from 1 p.m. – 4 p.m. Winter characters will be ready for all your hugs and family photos. At 3:15PM, Jolly Saint Nick will arrive on his sleigh during a parade led by "Holidays Around the World" dancers and Loud Live musicians. Enjoy special holiday performances, crafts, family photos and more!
The holiday fun doesn't stop there. Join us Tuesday, December 27 from 4 p.m. – 8 p.m. for the Chanukah Family Fun Fest with Chabad of West Palm Beach. Bring your friends and family as we celebrate the Festival of Lights. Gather around the Menorah for its ceremonial lighting at 6:30 p.m., family activities and much more.
Be sure to check the events page for other holiday happenings.


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Choosing Paint Colors For Kitchen
Wednesday, March 15th, 2017
If you would like add a touch of elegance and romantic endeavors to your residence, next this fantastic Kitchen Makeover Cost graphic collection can help you. Whether or not the check that you want is normally current or typical, that styles this displayed by way of Kitchen Makeover Cost photograph gallery works certainly. A designs which exhibited just by Kitchen Makeover Cost pic stock are generally endless and be widely used choices within this 365 days. By applying a concept from this amazing Kitchen Makeover Cost image collection to your residence, it means everyone create a cool property. Definitely, your home will give off a luxurious atmosphere which might improve the secondhand benefits. The information which you could look for in Kitchen Makeover Cost pic collection will help you to develop a unified check. Kitchen Makeover Cost photograph stock will also help you to generate a comfy and superb home, consequently, your household has to be warm sanctuary. If you possibly can submit an application that ideas from this amazing Kitchen Makeover Cost pic stock well, then an guests are going to be concerned along with enjoy the home, perhaps even initially.
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Wednesday, March 15th, 2017
Monday, March 27th, 2017
Tuesday, March 21st, 2017
Monday, April 10th, 2017
Wednesday, April 5th, 2017
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Saturday, April 1st, 2017
Thursday, March 30th, 2017
Saturday, March 4th, 2017
Sunday, March 19th, 2017
Monday, April 10th, 2017
Sunday, April 2nd, 2017


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Management Group of the ESC | ESC Elections 2018-2020
Management Group of the ESC | ESC Elections 2018-2020
Prof. Jeroen Bax, Netherlands
Prof. Barbara Casadei, United Kingdom - Cardiovascular Round Table and Research
Prof. Ian Graham, Ireland
Prof. Stefan Anker, Germany - National Cardiac Societies and CommunicationsProf. Lina Badimon, Spain - Scientific Affairs (including Working Groups and Councils)Prof. Bela Merkely, Hungary - National Cardiac Societies, Editors Network, and Cardiologists of Tomorrow
Prof. Hector Bueno, Spain - AdvocacyProf. Sarah Clarke, United Kingdom - e-CommunicationsProf. Donna Fitzsimons, United Kingdom - GrantsProf. Christophe Leclercq, France - Global AffairsProf. Cecilia Linde, Sweden - Women in ESCProf. Franz Weidinger, Austria - Young ESC Community
Prof. Fausto Pinto, Portugal
Prof. Maddalena Lettino, Italy - President of ACCAProf. Bogdan Popescu, Romania - President of EACVI Prof. Diederick Grobbee, Netherlands - President of EAPCProf. Michael Haude, Germany - President of EAPCIProf. Gerhard Hindricks, Germany - President of EHRAProf. Frank Ruschitzka, Switzerland - President of HFA
Prof. Stephan Achenbach, Germany - Congress Programme CommitteeMr. Nigel Clarke, United Kingdom - AdvisorProf. Francesco Cosentino, Sweden - Industry RelationsProf. Gerasimos Filippatos, Greece - MembershipProf. Peter Kearney, Ireland - AdvocacyProf. Paulus Kirchhof, United Kingdom - EducationProf. Steen Dalby Kristensen, Denmark - MediaProf. Thomas Lüscher, Switzerland - PublicationsProf. Gunnar Olsson, Sweden - AdvisorProf. Alec Vahanian, France - EORPProf. Stephan Windecker, Switzerland - Committee for Practice GuidelinesProf. Jose Zamorano, Spain - Global Affairs
Mrs. Isabel Bardinet, France - Chief Executive OfficerMrs. Nathalie Lefebvre, France - ESC Chief Financial OfficerMrs. Marina Ximeris, France - ESC Board Secretary
Contact the Board
Our mission: To reduce the burden of cardiovascular disease
Contact us
© 2018 European Society of Cardiology. All rights reserved


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Madison still has not met Jaxson. She is so excited but since it's flu and rsv season no one is allowed in the Nicu except Mommy and Daddy. I cant wait for him to come home so we can have a family picture with all four of us.
Jaxson was 7 weeks early but looks great. Those steroids really helped his lungs. He is breathing on his own :)


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(Reuters) - Barring a crash in Sunday's final stage, Alberto Contador is poised to win the Giro d'Italia after the Spaniard limited the damage on the 20th stage, a punishing 199-km trek from Saint-Vincent to Sestriere on Saturday.
The Tinkoff-Saxo rider, who won the race in 2008, lost touch with his main rivals in the penultimate climb, up the narrow dirt roads to the Colle delle Finestre, but retained the overall leader's pink jersey.
At the end of the final ascent to Sestriere, Contador was sixth, two minutes 26 seconds behind stage winner Fabio Aru of Italy, who is second overall, two minutes two seconds behind with only one flat stage left to Milan.
Aru jumped away from a small leading group with just under two kilometers left and did not look back, claiming his second stage win in as many days.
Canadian Ryder Hesjedal of Cannondale-Garmin was second, 18 seconds behind, and Colombian Rigoberto Uran finished third, 24 seconds off the pace.
Spain's Mikel Landa, Aru's Astana team mate who looked the strongest rider in the field in the climb to Colle delle Finestre, remained third overall, 3:14 behind Contador.
Contador is looking to become the first rider to achieve a rare Giro/Tour de France double since the late Marco Pantani in 1998.
(Reporting by Julien Pretot; Editing by Ed Osmond)


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Discussion in 'Kodi/XBMC for MINIX' started by jruiz14, Dec 23, 2014.
new kodi 14 helix, with support H265
web KODI.TV
Here is the announcement of the official release
Will the next MINIX version of XBMC (err.. KODI) be based on 14.0?
I'm a newbie *(my NEO X8-H Plus arrives tomorrow!).
I take it that Minix' implementation of XBMC is optimized for the player, and that it would not be a good idea to try and manually
upgrade the 13.1 Gotham *(?) currently to the new Kodi 14 Helix, is that correct?
So in other words, wait for a firmware update or other update regarding Helix?
You can install Kodi 14 as it will work separate from the minix version.
From their website:
"The caveat to this update is that the decoding of h.265 is entirely software based. This means most low power systems, such as those operating Android or iOS, may struggle compared to the heftier HTPCs or Intel NUCs and ZOTAC ZBOXes that are running desktop and laptop processors."
As the X8-H Plus is meant to do hardware decoding of h.265, do not know what the result will be on that issue.
"On the Android side, hardware playback improvements continue, including more and better support for various chipsets, improved fast forward and rewind capability, as well as 4K support for the AMLogic s802 chipset."
We possibly have to wait for a Kodi 14 update to include the new S812 chipset which is found in our X8-H Plus boxes.
It all looks promising. Just got to have a little patience for the software to catch up with the brand new hardware.
There is no harm in trying. You can install Kodi just like any other app. It will not replace the minix xbmc.
Just use MINIX XBMC beta 8, which the H.265 support is HARDWARE.
Please post a link for the minix XBMC beta 8, thanks.
Hi ken. When are the purple issues with h.265 videos going to be fixed? Thanks
I have no idea about the "purple issues".
The screen has purple pixelation when playing back 4k files throught xbmc 13.3.3 beta 8 or the included 4k player locally or though smb. The videos are clips downloaded from this site. http://demo-uhd3d.com/categorie.php?cat=demouhd Videos are encoded in HEVC. Try the transformer one for example.
For Kodi v14, do you install from here on Minix - get the Android version?
Or do you do this via another way?
Thanks again forum.
Yes, from the link you posted. Download ARM version for android.
Perfect and thanks again for the quick reply. Once I become a pro at this, I hope to pay it forward
That's how a good forum works mate. Read, learn, ask and once you have a "know how" - pay it forward Cheers.
So to confirm, because I want the best version of XBMC for this new player, it's ok to use Kodi Helix 14 as opposed to Minix' special 13.3 Beta?
Thanks again!
I would not say that. Read the posts above:
Ime on Gotham 13-2 at the mo , everything plays well , on my plus ! , don't know if all the addons will work yet on kodi so ime hanging fire before using kodi at the mo
I personally havent noticed any difference between the two in terms of playback performance. Its also worth nothing that the two can be installed side by side without interfering with each other so you should be able to test between the two and remove the one you ultimately dislike the most.
Separate names with a comma.


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Give Goods
We gratefully accept donations of new or gently used clothing, accessories, and household goods at three locations in Edmonton.
Donations Make a Difference
- 35,000 articles of clothing are given free of charge to people struggling with poverty and homelessness in the inner city each year.
- Thousands of Thrift Shoppe customers depend on the affordable clothing and household goods monthly to support their low-income families.
- All revenue from our Thrift Shoppe directly supports Bissell Centre programs, which are designed to eliminate poverty in Edmonton.
How Donations Are Used
Community Closet
Bissell Centre participants can access our Community Closet for free clothing and footwear. This volunteer-run program provides a dignifying shopping experience to over 5,000 people each year.
Family Closet
Similar to the Community Closet, our Family Closet provides low-income families with free clothing and footwear for adults, children and infants.
Thrift Shoppe
Our Thrift Shoppe, located on 118th Avenue, is a place for people to find affordable clothing and household goods. It is also home to our donation sorting centre.
Drop-off Locations
Bissell Centre Thrift Shoppe: 8818 – 118 Avenue
Donation Drop-Off Hours: Monday – Saturday 10:00am – 4:30pm (Closed Sundays)
Southside: 5120 – 122 Street
Donation Drop-Off Hours: Monday – Saturday 9:00am – 4:00pm (Closed Sundays)
Bissell Centre Downtown: 10527-96th Street
Donation Drop-Off Hours: Monday – Friday 8:00am – 4:30pm (Closed Sat. & Sun)


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Fraser, Chairman of ACA, Retiring; Called 'Founder' of Guaranty Industry
Related Articles
- Selzer leaves ACA; split is 'amicable'. Sherman, Lynn // Bond Buyer;09/14/99, Vol. 329 Issue 30725, p23
Reports on the resignation of Mary Otto Selzer as executive vice president of ACA Financial Guaranty Corp.
- Troubled guarantor loses its longtime chair, revamps staff. O'Leary, Christopher // Investment Dealers' Digest;02/26/2001, Vol. 67 Issue 8, p9
Highlights rumors concerning the alleged removal of H. Russell Fraser from his position of chairman of ACA Financial Guaranty Corp. Possible revamping of workforce; Near downgrading of the guarantor to junk status.
- Amid Executive Shake-Ups, ACA Announces 65% Earnings Increase. Chang, Helen; Briggs, Amanda // Bond Buyer;5/17/2004, Vol. 348 Issue 31885, p1
Reports on bond insurer ACA Financial Guaranty Corp.'s posting of higher earnings for the first quarter of 2004 amid key executive changes, including the resignation of chief executive officer Michael Satz. ACA's actual and forecasted earnings; Net income for the period; Satz's reasons for...
- ACA Tells Investors of Its Plans To Attract New Capital Sources. Carpenter, Sheri // Bond Buyer;03/30/2000, Vol. 331 Issue 30860, p1
Reports on the plans of insurer ACA Financial Guaranty Corp. to attract capital sources under the leadership of its chief executive H. Russell Fraser. Negotiations with banks to obtain soft capital; Replacement of a reinsurance agreement with ACE Capital Re Bermuda; Lessons from the experience...
- ACA Financial hires three new executives. Sherman, Lynn // Bond Buyer;01/28/99, Vol. 327 Issue 30567, p33
Reports on the hiring of new executives by bond insurer ACA Financial Guaranty Corp. Positions to be filled; Job responsibilities; Previous work experiences of the executives.
- Satz Steps Up at ACA Named CEO; Fraser Will Remain Chairman. Carpenter, Sheri // Bond Buyer;08/03/2000, Vol. 333 Issue 30946, p1
Reports the appointment of Michael Satz as chief executive officer (CEO) of ACA Financial Guaranty Corp. in New York, New York. Career background of Satz; Reasons of Satz for accepting the position; Responsibilities of Satz as CEO.
- ACA names two as executive VPs. Heaton, Kenneth // Bond Buyer;
Reports on the appointment of Mary Selzer and Michael Freed as executive vice presidents of ACA Financial Guaranty Corp. Career history of Selzer and Freed.
- ACA to Seek Capital Infusion to Stave Off Standard & Poor's Downgrade, CEO Says. Carpenter-Kasprzak, Sheri // Bond Buyer;01/08/2001, Vol. 335 Issue 31052, p34
Focuses on ACA Financial Guaranty Corp.'s talks with investors for a needed capital infusion. Chief executive officer Michael Satz's speech before investors; Response to Standard & Poor's Inc.'s decision to place the firm on CreditWatch with negative implications; Decreased confidence in ACA...
- Satz to Resign ACA Posts; Capital Needs Keep IPO on Table. Chang, Helen // Bond Buyer;5/7/2004, Vol. 348 Issue 31879, p3
Reports on the plans of Michael Satz to resign as the deputy chairman and chief executive officer of ACA Financial Guaranty Corp. in the United States. Resignation of chief operating officer Maryann Muessel; Effect of the executive changes on the firm's plan for an initial public offering;...


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I've quit my job, given notice on my flat, and on Monday I will fly to Hanoi with a donated 45l rucksack containing a week's clothes, a Kindle and a few phrasebooks.
Tomorrow will be my last day at work. Saturday I have a wedding to go to, and Sunday I will be travelling from Glasgow to London via Edinburgh and Cardiff.
I have not yet packed, and I'm low on phrasebooks.
I can be something of a last-minuter.
I am resoundingly calm about the whole enterprise, but for the fact that the washing machine is broken.
Resigning during a recession, in order to leave the country and spend my life savings exploring a small list of countries selected mainly on a whim and a prayer, is causing me very little psychological discomfort.
I am, however, sitting here at close to midnight five days before I leave and having a minor meltdown at the idea of having to do washing as soon as I get there.
I'll just add a pack of knickers to the shopping list of phrasebooks.


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We Offer Several Payment Methods:
- By phone: Customers can conveniently pay their utility bill during regular business hours using Visa, Mastercard or Discover credit cards. Simply call the automated system at (877) 768-5046. Please have your 12 digit utility account number and credit card information readily available before you call. Business Information Systems, a third party payment processor, charges a 2.75% convenience fee.
- By mail: Make checks or money order's payable to the Dandridge Water Management Facility (DWMF) and mail to P.O. Box 68, Dandridge, TN 37725. Please do not mail cash.
- In person: Bring both portions of the bill to our office at 1114 Wastewater Drive.
- Drop box: Two night depository boxes are located for your payment convenience at the front entrances of the following locations: Dandridge Water Management Facility Office, 1114 Wastewater Drive and Dandridge Town Hall, 131 East Meeting Street. In order to ensure proper credit, please pay with check or money order rather than cash.
- Bank draft: It's easy to have your bill process automatically on the due date (12th of each month) through your checking account. To set up your account for bank draft, contact (865) 397-3696 or (865) 397-2925 or click Authorization Form to access a printable form. Complete form and return with a voided check to: Dandridge Water Management Facility (DWMF), P.O. Box 68, Dandridge, TN 37725.
- Local bank: You can pay your utility bill at one of the participating banks located in Dandridge. Banks will accept our payment until the due date. You must have your bill with you to make payment. After the 12th, all payments must be processed through our office. Currently, the following banks will accept water/sewer bill payments: BB&T, FSG, CNB, First Peoples and US Bank.
- Online: Click Pay Online to navigate your way to the Business Information Systems secure payment processing website. Please note there is a 2.75% convenience fee.
- If you are processing a payment due to shutoff for nonpayment, a reconnection fee of $50.00 must be added to the bill total.
- Upon completion of the online payment process, you will receive a confirmation e-mail.
Past Due Accounts: Payments for water and sewer bills are due upon receipt. Payments received after the past due indicated on the bill will be subject to a 10 percent late charge. If payment is not received within 10 days of the due date, service is subject to disconnection.
If service is disconnected, you will be charged a reconnection fee to reinstate your service. Service will not be reinstated until the bill is paid in full, to include the reconnection fee.
ServLine Leak Protection Program Auto-Enrollment:
All residential customer are automatically enrolled in our ServLine Leak Protection Program for the current added monthly service charge. To remove your account from the program, call (865) 484-4200. This program is the only method to have an adjustment made for any excess water/sewer bill. There is a 30 day waiting period for customers who wish to re-enroll on a later date. All requests for billing adjustments must be made through our ServLine Program by calling the separate customer support at (865) 484-4200. Adjustments cannot be made at the DWMF Office.
Sanitation Fee:
Town sanitation charge is listed on the bill as SAN charge. This is for garbage service from the Public Works. For questions regarding this fee or service, call (865) 397-5101.


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Tag Archives: improve
Tips For Bedtime That Will Change Your Life
On the internet, you'll find tips on how to improve your finances, your home, and so much more. But how often do you read about how you can improve yourself? In this article, you'll find advice that will help you to become the best you that you can possibly be.
Give yourself a routine. Depression and similar negative moods can be caused by boredom, stress, and a wide variety of other things. Creating a routine for yourself and sticking to it can eliminate many of these factors. You will stay busy and accomplish far more with your day, alleviating potential guilt.
Personal Development Can Help You To Make The Most Out Of Your Life
Self improvement focuses on the growth and progression of a person over time. Self improvement allows people to explore their mind and discover ways to improve themselves and their quality of life. The self improvement advice in this article will help you if you wish to improve yourself.
The most critical way to improve your mental outlook and sense of purpose is to believe in something larger than yourself. Search for something (a cause, a purpose, a religion, etc.) that moves you. You must believe in this intrinsic merits of this cause in themselves; if you pursue it simply for your own benefit, you will be disappointed. Find something you believe in and immerse yourself in it.
Key Tips To Further Self Improvement
Self improvement encompasses activities that are designed to improve awareness and identity and develop talents and potential. Personal development training is meant to, in addition to improving who you are as a total person and increase your enjoyment and happiness with life. This article contains several useful tips about self improvement.
In order to improve your personal development performance, look for goals you have been putting off and get to work on them. Ambitious goals and multiple goals are good things – unless you tend to leave some of them unattended. Make a plan that moves you towards your problem goals, at least a little bit every day.


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Today I was feeling a little bit down, so I decided to meet my mum and spend the day together. Its rare that we spend much time on our own anymore, and I miss her. So she picked me up and said she'd take me food shopping.
Food shopping is one of those necessary chores which I absolutely hate. I find supermarkets too busy and frustrating, of course then it all has to be lugged home and put away. Eugh.
As much as I hate the shopping, mum makes it less of a chore. She knows I have a temptation problem when it comes to bargains and she helps persuade me away from spending my money on stupid stuff.
"Ooo 2for1! I might as well get a couple""But Claire, remember you said you don't like those"
Anyway, with her help I got through the till and realised I'd not only spent under my budget, but I'd also got more stuff (which I wanted but was willing to sacrifice) than I had on my list. We were both tired because the shop was hectic, and mum wasn't feeling too steady on her feet, so on the way out I suggested we go to Krispy Kreme - which just happens to be right next to the supermarket and at that time of day is very quiet.
She loved that idea so I went and bought us a coffee and couple of doughnuts each (still managing to stay well under my budget for the day).
I love Krispy Kreme. I know its not for everyone, but I just love pretty much all of their doughnuts. The glazed Chocolate Cake is my fave, which is kind of a surprise, as I had thought it would be too sweet for me (not a big fan over chocolate flavoured stuff). I was also surprised at the coffee.
I've never tried the coffee from Krispy Kreme before, and had expected an OK drink, but it was bloomin lovely! I can't say that I've ever had a better coffee, though that probably tells you more about how much bad coffee I drink on a regular basis than the state of the good coffee lol.
Anyway, we sat for ages, just talking and caught up on everything. I had forgotten how much I'd missed of this - just us two again chatting. She's not just my mum, she's my friend too and its been a long time since I saw this side of her. It was lovely to see her relax a bit, especially when she's hurting.
I then went home for the first time since Christmas. I saw Ben the pet dog again and made his day by spoiling him rotten. I saw how much my brother has completely taken over my room lol, and spent some great family time.
I'll have to do today again sometime, and not leave it so long. I miss home, but I know part of the reason I appreciate it so much is exactly because I miss it.
I'm going to shut up and leave you with a couple of pictures, because I have to share them with someone, and where else am I gonna post them? :-p
I'll be back soon!


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Curriculum Subjects
Congratulations to our Oddizzi Champions!
Year 2: Gold – Caitlin, Silver – Max
Year 3: Gold – Archie, Silver – Charlie
Year 4: Gold – Ruby, Silver – Ayran
Year 5: Gold – Kenzie, Silver – Alfie F
Year 6: Gold – Jessica, Silver – Caitlin
The new school champion is…….
Ruby (Year 4) with an awesome score of 47,631!
Will you be our next Oddizzi champion?
We've been published!
Following a hugely successful study on the River Mersey in LKS2, our Year 5 class made a movie about a lost seal. Their short film explains the features of a river, then plots the route of Dumbledore the seal, who found his way to Newton-le-Willows. The innovative movie caught the attention of the Geographical Association and Mrs Mansell was invited to write an article about their work called Rivers in Reverse .
Watch A Journey Along the River Mersey'
Suggested websites:
National Geographic – Games World Geography Games Mapzone Games The Newspaper
Children's BBC Newsround Primary School Geography Encyclopedia Name parts of UK / Europe and World
Ambleweb Label UK Ambleweb Label Europe Name continents and oceans Name the countries
World Jigsaw Mapzone Games Map Symbols and Keys Landscapes Maps and Symbols
Maps and Grid References Simple Coordinates OS Symbols
For more information on our geography topics through the school, click on the geography link on each class page!


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School Board of the City of Virginia Beach
Regulation 5-37.1
Reporting Incidents to the Police
Certain infractions or violations of the Code of Virginia shall be reported to the police. These infractions include the following:
- Truancy
- Theft, vandalism, and arson
- Indecent exposure
- Hazing
- Extortion
- Illegal Gambling
- Manufacture, possession, or triggering of firebombs
- Inciting to riot
- Threats to bomb
- Trespass
- Homicide and Robbery/Larceny
- Drinking or possession of alcohol on public property
- Manufacturing, selling, giving, distributing, or possessing controlled substance or drug paraphernalia
- Assault and battery
- Threats of death or bodily injury
- Possession, use, or distribution of weapons
- Possession or use of tobacco products by students less than 18 years of age
- Gang activity
- Cyberbullying
- Possession and use of look-a-like drugs
Legal Reference:
Code of Virginia § 18.2-46.1, et seq., as amended. Definitions.
Code of Virginia § 22.1-279.3:1, et seq., as amended. Reports of certain acts to school authorities.
Virginia Board of Education Student Conduct Policy Guidelines 2009, as amended.
8VAC20-560-10, as amended. Reportable incidents.
Approved by Superintendent: July 16, 1991
Revised by Superintendent: June 11, 2001
Revised by Superintendent: July 31, 2001
Revised by Superintendent: March 17, 2006
Revised by Superintendent: March 18, 2013


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Paragraph 10 Arrangements for assistance
263.Paragraph 10 allows the Ombudsman, with the agreement of the Lord Chancellor, to make arrangements for assistance to be provided to him. This would include contracting out services as it sees fit and in doing so to pay for such services. It is intended that the Ombudsman will be supported by civil servants seconded to his office, as happens with the Parliamentary Commissioner.


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I recently had the opportunity to sit down with Elizabeth Cromwell, the president of the Frederick Chamber of Commerce. We spoke about my approach to food, business and the recent chamber of commerce expo that I was cooking at. The clip below is just a brief portion of our discussion.
If you like what you see, please consider hiring me for an in-home dinner or cooking lesson. I run a personal chef business based out of Frederick, MD. Get more information here. Thank you.
Chris Spear
Like my Facebook page
Follow me on Twitter
Check out my Instagram
Watch me on Youtube


text:
Write articles for 'GatewayforIndia'
East India Company
(Before 1857)
First War of
Colonial Rule I
Colonial Rule II
British Period - Colonial
Rule 1919-1947
Jalianwala Bagh Massacre 1919
Swaraj Party
Non-Cooperation Movement
Revolutionary Movement in India during 1920s and 1930s
Satyagraha Movement of Gandhi
Round Table Conferences and Gandhi Irwin Pact
Continuing revolutionary struggle and role of women
Government of India Act 1935 and formation of Provincial
Legislative Government
Rise of Subhash Chandra Bose in Indian freedom movement
British Involvement in World War II and Quit India Movement
Role of Indian National Army (INA)
Events leading to partition and independence of India
Independent India
Bagh Massacre 1919
responded to the Indian help in World War I by enacting in 1919, The
Rowlatt Act. This allowed the government to imprison anyone without a
trial or a conviction. There were widespread protests to this law. On April
13, 1919, thousands of people gathered peacefully in protest against this
law in Jallianwala Bagh, Amritsar Punjab. British troops marched to the park
accompanied by an armored vehicle on which machine guns were mounted. The
vehicle was unable to enter the park compound due to the narrow entrance.
The troops were under the command of General Reginald Edward Harry
Dyer. He ordered his men to open fire on the peaceful gathering. Since
there was no other exit but the one already manned by the troops, people
desperately tried to exit the park by trying to climb the walls of the park.
Some people also jumped into a well to escape the bullets. More than a
thousands people including women and children were massacred. Sir Michael
OÆDwyer, who was The Governor of the Punjab region, supported the
massacre. The event was condemned worldwide and General Dyer was summoned to
London the Hunter Commission in 1920, found him guilty. However, the British
Parliament cleared his name and even praised his ruthlessness. Many Britons
raised a fund in his honor.
æJalianwala Bagh
MassacreÆ catalyzed the militant movement against
British rule and paved the way for GandhiÆs
Non-Cooperation Movement
against the British in 1920. After the end of World War I Turkish Khalifa
was removed, which led to a worldwide protest by Muslims. Under the
leadership of the Ali Brothers, Maulana Muhammad Ali and Maulana Shaukat
Ali, the Muslims of South Asia launched the historic Khilafat Movement.
Gandhi linked the issue of Swaraj with the Khilafat issue to bring Hindus
and Muslim together in one movement. The Civil Disobedience or
Non-cooperation movement was started. The ensuing movement was the first
countrywide popular movement. It began with returning of honorary titles
given by the British and then continued to a boycott of the legislatures,
elections and government works. Foreign clothes were burned and Khadi (home
woven cloth) became a symbol of freedom. By the end of 1921, all of the
important leaders, except Gandhi were in jail. In February 1922, at
Chaurichaura, Uttar Pradesh, violence erupted and Gandhi called off the
movement. He was then arrested and the movement ended.
Deshbandhu Chitt
Ranjan Das, along with Motilal Nehru,
founded the Swaraj Party in 1923 for
maintaining of continued participation in legislative councils. The party
was soon recognized as the parliamentary wing of the Congress. In Bengal
many of the candidates fielded by the Swaraj Party were elected to office.
The Governor invited C.R. Das to form a government but he declined. The
party came to be a powerful opposition in the Bengal Legislative Council and
inflicted defeats on three ministries. The Calcutta Municipal Act of 1923
was a major landmark in the history of local self-government in India. The
Swarajists were elected to the Calcutta Corporation in a majority in 1924.
Deshbandhu was elected mayor and Subash Chandra Bose was appointed
Chief Executive Officer. The leaders of Swaraj Party began to advocate for
dominion status to India. Many of the elected deputies soon forgot
about obstruction and began cooperating with the government (tariff autonomy
bill passed, 1923). In 1924 Gandhi was released from prison due to poor
health and was elected President of the Indian National Congress. 1925 saw
the first woman becoming the president of Indian National Congress when
Sarojini Naidu was elected President for the Kanpur session.
Revolutionary Movement in India during 1920s and 1930s
revolutionaries in northern India organized under the leadership of the old
veterans, Ramprasad Bismil, Jogesh Chatterjee, Chandrashekhar Azad and
Sachindranath Sanyal whose æBandi JiwaniÆ served as a textbook to the
revolutionary movement. They met in Kanpur in October 1924 and founded the
Hindustan Republican Association (HRA) to organize armed revolution to
overthrow colonial rule and establish in its place a Federal Republic of the
United States of India.
Gopinath Saha
in January 1924 tried to assassinate Charles Tegart, the hated Police
Commissioner of Calcutta. By an error, another Englishman named Day was
killed. Gopinath Saha was arrested and executed despite large-scale
protests. The most important action of the HRA was the Kakori train episode.
On 9 August. 1925, ten men up the 8-Down train at Kakori, an obscure village
near Lucknow, looted its official railway treasury. The Government reaction
was quick and hard. It arrested a large number of young men and tried them
in the Kakori case, Ashfaqullah Khan, Ramprasad Bismil, Roshan Singh,
Rajendra Lahiri were hanged, four others were sent to the Andaman for
life and seventeen others were sentenced to long terms of imprisonment.
Chandrashekhar Azad remained at large. In 1927, the Simon Commission
was appointed by the British Government to suggest political reforms in
India. Sir John Simon and six other members of the commission were British.
At the Congress meeting in Madras in 1927, it was decided to boycott the
commission. Formation of Simon Commission led to large-scale protests all
over India.
The Kakori case
was a major setback to the revolutionaries of northern India. But soon young
men such as Bejoy Kumar Sinha, Shiv Varma and Jaidev Kapur in U.P.,
Bhagat Singh, Bhagwati Charan Vohra and Sukhdev in Punjab set out to
reorganize the HRA under the overall leadership of Chandrashekhar Azad.
Finally nearly all the major young revolutionaries of northern India met a
Ferozeshah Kotla Ground at Delhi on 9 and 10 September 1928, created a new
collective leadership adopted socialism as their official goal and changed
the name of the party to the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HRSA).
Lala Lajpat
Rai's died, as the result of a brutal lathi-charge
when he was leading an anti-Simon Commission demonstration at Lahore on 30
October 1928. The romantic youthful leadership of the HSRA saw the death of
this great Punjabi leader, popularly known as Sher-e-Punjab, as a direct
challenge. And so, on 17 December 1928, Bhagat Singh, Azad and Rajguru
assassinated, at Lahore, Saunders, a police official involved in deadly
lathi-charge on Lala Lajpat Rai.
Bhagat Singh and
Batukeshwar Dutt threw a bomb in the Central
Legislative Assembly on 8 April 1929 protesting against the passage of the
Public Safety Bill and the Trade Disputes Bill that would reduce the civil
liberties of citizens. The aim was not to kill, for the bombs were
relatively harmless.The leaflet they threw into the Assembly hall said ōIf
the deaf are to hear, the sound has to be very loudÆ. The objective was to
get arrested and to use trial court as a forum for propaganda so that people
would become familiar with their movement and ideology. Bhagat Singh and
B.K. Dutt were tried in the Assembly Bomb
Bhagat Singh,
Sukhdev, Rajguru and many other revolutionaries were tried in a series of
conspiracy cases. During the trial they said - ōWhen we dropped the bomb,
it was not our intention to kill anybody. We have bombed the British
Government. The British must quit India and make her free." Their
fearless and defiant attitude in the courts and their slogans 'Inquilab
Zindabad,' songs such as 'Sarfaroshi ki tamanna ab hamare dil mein
hain' and 'Mera rang de basanti chola' became very popular all
over India.
Bhagat Singh, Rajguru & Sukhdev became symbols for Indian
struggle against British rule. They became an inspiration for many youths
who wanted to see India independent. Sukhdev and Rajguru were
executed on 23rd March 1931 and Bhagat Singh on 24th March
1931. Millions of people in India wept and refused to eat food, attend
schools, or carry on their daily work, when they heard of their hanging.
Chandrashekhar Azad had escaped from getting arrested and he continued
to organize the revolutionary youths. But on 27th February 1931 Azad was
betrayed by an informer and was encircled by a huge posse of British troops
in the Alfred Park, Allahabad. He was asked to surrender but Azad refused.
For several hours he alone fought against hundreds of policemen. He kept on
fighting till the last bullet. Finding no other alternative, except
surrender, Azad shot himself.
A large number
of revolutionaries were convicted in the Lahore conspiracy Case and other
similar cases and sentenced to long terms of imprisonment many of them were
sent to the Andamans. The revolutionary under-trials went on hunger strike
protesting against the horrible conditions in jails. They demanded that they
be treated as political prisoners and not as criminals. On 13th September,
after 64 days of an epic hunger strike Jatin Das, the iron willed
young man from Bengal died. The entire nation rallied behind the hunger
strikers. Thousands came to pay homage at every station passed by the train
carrying his body from Lahore to Calcutta. At Calcutta, a two-mile-long
procession of more than half a million people carried his coffin to the
cremation ground.
Satyagraha Movement of Gandhi
and rise of Sardar Patel and Jawaharlal Nehru
Patel, qualified as a barrister in 1913 and returned to India to a lucrative
practice in Ahmedabad. But soon following GandhiÆs footsteps, Vallabhbhai
took to spinning the charkha, boycotted foreign goods and clothes and burned
his foreign possessions on public bonfires. He even discarded the western
dresses he once so coveted. The relationship between Gandhiji and
Vallabhbhai was concretely defined when Gandhiji was elected the President
of the Gujarat Sabha and Vallabhbhai the Secretary, in 1917. He participated
in the Nagpur flag satyagraha from May to August in 1923 in protest against
the stopping of a procession which carried the national flag. In 1928,
Vallabhbhai once again came to the rescue of the farmers, this time it was
in Bardoli, which was then a part of Surat district. The Government
increased the tax on the land. Those who were not able to pay the high
taxes, their lands were confiscated. Vallabhbhai urged the farmers not to
pay, declaring the hike unjust. He prepared the farmers for satyagraha. The
Satyagraha continued for six months. Finally the government agreed to hold
an inquiry into the justification of the tax hike, released the satyagrahis
and returned all confiscated items back to the farmers. So pleased was
Gandhiji with Vallabhbhai's effort that he gave him the title of "Sardar" or
In 1929
Lord Irwin promises Dominion Status for India. This year also saw the rise
of Jawaharlal Nehru, who was destined to become the first prime
minister of free India. Jawaharlal Nehru was son of congress leader Motilal
Nehru. Jawaharlal was educated in Britain from where he graduated as a
barrister. After the Jalianwala Bagh massacre in 1919, he joined the freedom
struggle. In the Lahore session of Congress in 1929, under President
Jawaharlal Nehru, the resolution of "Poorna Swaraj", Complete
Independence, was adopted. On December 21, 1929, the Trianga (tricolor) flag
was unfurled. On January 26, 1930, the first Independence Day was
celebrated. The Civil disobedience movement was started as well as the
movement to no longer submit to British Rule. Nehru spent most of the period
from 1930 to 1936 in jail for conducting civil disobedience campaigns.
On March 12,
1930, Gandhi marched from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi, to protest
against æstate monopoly on saltÆ often called the Dandi march. The
march was 375 km and took 26 days. As a result of this march, all of India
joined the campaign to boycott foreign goods and refused to pay taxes.
Sardar Patel left for Dandi to prepare for Gandhiji's Salt satyagraha.
He went to villages to organize for the food and lodging of the marchers. In
every village he went, he made stirring speeches, rousing the people to join
the march to Dandi. The Government swooped down and arrested him while he
was in the village of Ras. This was Sardar Patel's first prison sentence.
Khan Abdul
Ghafar Khan started the Khudai Kidmatgar movement
in the NorthWest of India. The government imprisoned 90,000 people that were
participating in the movement in the first year.
Round Table
Conferences and Gandhi Irwin Pact
First Round
Table Conferences was held in November 1930 was
attended by eighty-nine delegates from different religious, political groups
and princely states. The Indian National Congress, then engaged in civil
disobedience, was not represented. Lacking representation from the Congress
and preoccupied with problems of federation, the first conference adjourned
in January 1931, without having made appreciable progress on the issue of
communal representation. Sardar Patel, was released after the
Gandhi-Irwin pact of March 1931. Gandhi signed the Pact on behalf of the
Congress and by Lord Irwin on behalf of the Government. The terms of the
agreement included the immediate release of all political prisoners not
convicted for violence, the remission of all fines not yet collected, the
return of confiscated lands not yet sold to third parties, and lenient
treatment for those government employees who had resigned. British
Government also conceded the right to make salt for consumption to villages
long the coast, as also the right to peaceful and non-aggressive picketing.
That year Sardar Patel presided over the Congress session in Karachi.
The second
round table conference opened in London on September 7, 1931. Two
committees were formed during the conference - committees on federal
structure and minorities. Gandhi was a member of both and he claimed that he
represented all India and dismissed other Indian delegates as
non-representative because they did not belong to the Congress. There was
serious disagreement on communal representation issue between Congress and
other minority groups. Gandhi returned from the conference and continued the
civil disobedience movement and was arrested again. The third
round table conference began on November 17, 1932. It was short and
unimportant. The Congress, and the Labor opposition in the British
Parliament were both absent. Reports of the various committees were
scrutinized. The conference ended on December 25, 1932.
Continuing revolutionary struggle and role of women revolutionaries
Most historians write about the dominant role of Gandhi and Congress during
the Indian freedom movement of 1930s but only a few mention the
revolutionary movement that continued in different parts of India. Some of
these revolutionary leaders worked in congress but later got disillusioned
by GandhiÆs non-violent satyagraha. Among the new 'Revolutionary Groups',
the most active and famous was the Chittagong group led by Surya Sen.
He actively participated in the non-cooperation movement and was popularly
known as æMasterdaÆ. Arrested and imprisoned for two years, from 1926
to 1928, for revolutionary activities, he continued to work in the Congress.
On 18th April 1930, a group of fivety-six revolutionaries under the leader
ship of Surya Sen, Ganesh Ghosh and Loknath Baul captured two
police armories in Chittagong. They hoisted the National Flag among shouts
of Bande Mataram and Inquilab Zindabad and proclaimed
Provisional Revolutionary Government. It was on the Jalalabad Hill that
over a thousand British government troops surrounded them on the afternoon
of 22 April. After a fierce fight, in which over eighty British troops and
twelve revolutionaries died, Surya Sen decided to disperse to the
neighbouring village there they formed into small groups and conducted raids
on Government personnel and property. They continued their fight against
British army for over 3 years. Surya Sen was finally arrested on 16
February 1933, tried and hanged on 12th January 1934.
participation of young women in freedom struggle under Surya Sen's
leadership characterized this phase of revolutionary movement. These women
provided shelters, acted as messengers and fought guns in hand.
Preetilata Waddekar died while conducting a raid, while Kalpana Dutt
was arrested and tried along with Surya Sen and given a life sentence. In
December 1931, two schoolgirls of Kummilla in Bengal, Shanti Ghosh
and Suneeti Chaudhary, shot dead the district magistrates. In
December 1932, Beena Das fired point blank at the Governor while
receiving her degree at the convocation. In Nagaland, Rani Gaidilita,
a 13-year girl raised a flag against the British and was put into prison for
life in 1932.
Government of India Act 1935 and formation of Provincial Legislative
In 1935, the
Government of India Act was passed in the British Parliament. This created
an All-Indian Federation based on provincial autonomy. The Congress swept 7
out of 11 of the provinces in July 1937. The Muslim League which claimed to
represent Indian Muslims, secured less then a quarter of the seats reserved
for Muslims. While, political prisoners were released and civil liberties
promoted, the limitations on the Act of 1935 few real achievements were
made. The Muslim League fared poorly in the elections. Muhammad Ali
Jinnah, the permanent president of the Muslim League, began rumors that
the Muslim minority was in danger under the Hindu majority and promoted a
two separate nation plan. In 1940, the Muslim League passed a resolution
demanding Pakistan after as a separate country after Independence.
Rise of
Subhash Chandra Bose in Indian freedom movement
Subhash Chandra
Bose was born in 1897. He was selected for Indian
civil services but resigned from it and returned to India in 1921. He joined
Swarjya Party of C.R. Das in Gaya Congress in 1922. In 1930 he was elected
Mayor of Calcutta and became a prominent leader of Indian freedom movement.
During 1933-36 Subhash Bose met several prominent European leaders and tried
to persuade them to help India in its freedom struggle against British
colonialism. Many people questioned GandhiÆs leadership. Subhash Chandra
Bose and Vithalbhai Patel (brother of Sardar Patel) in a strong
statement had said in 1933 that 'Mr. Gandhi as a political leader has
failed' and called for 'a radical reorganization of the Congress on a new
principle with a new method, for which a new leader is essential.' Subhash
returned to India in 1936 and was arrested. In 1938 he was elected as
the President of Indian Congress and made the historic speech in Haripura
convention. Subhash brought new ideas to the Congress and wanted a quick
move towards launching a freedom struggle. Gandhi and Nehru were in favor of
helping British during World War II and against any serious movement that
could harm British War efforts. Subhash Bose strongly opposed this idea.
Sardar Patel, Rajendra Prasad, J.B. Kripalani, Jawaharlal Nehru and Gandhi
supported Pattabhi Sitaramayya as a candidate for the post of Congress
president against Subhash in 1939. Subhas Bose was elected on 29th January
by 1580 votes against 1377. Gandhi declared that 'Pattabhi's defeat is my
defeat'. Not wanting to embarrass these leaders and due to strong policy
differences with Gandhi and Nehru, Subhash resigned and formed the new
organization Forward Block. Subhash later became President of Indian
National Army, which played a crucial role during last part of Indian
freedom movement.
British Involvement in World War II and Quit India Movement
On September
1st., 1939, German troops invaded Poland. Britain and France declared war
against Germany on September 3rd 1939. Beginning of World War II hastened
the end of British rule in India. During World War II, Congress stated that
if it wanted India's cooperation, it must give India the right of
self-determination. The British refused and in 1939 Congress led provincial
ministries resigned. Role of Gandhi during this period was again
controversial. In October 1940, Gandhi called for limited Satyagraha so the
movement did not seriously harm the British war effort. Many of his closest
colleagues and the rank and file in the Indian National Congress could not
bring themselves to accept the feasibility of defending the country against
aggression without resort to arms. During the war whenever there was a
possibility of a rapprochement between the Congress and the Government for a
united war effort, Gandhi stepped aside.
Udham Singh
had witnessed his brother being killed in the Jalianwala massacre as a
child. Twenty-one years later he took the revenge for that massacre by
killing Sir Michael O'Dwyer on 13th March 1940. Sir Michael O'Dwyer was the
governor of Punjab at the time of Jalianwala Bagh massacre and had strongly
supported the massacre. Udham Singh was captured and executed On July 31,
In 1942,
Stafford Cripps lead the Cripps Mission, promised Dominion Status
with the right of secession but refused to allow immediate transfer of
power. The Indian leaders refused to accept promises. Under tremendous
pressure from his colleagues in Congress Gandhi agreed for a mass
independent movement. The Quit India resolution was passed in 1942,
Bombay session of Congress. Gandhi stressed, "We shall either free India or
die in the attempt. We shall not live to see the perpetuation of our
slavery". This is famously known as "Do or Die". This was declared illegal
by British government and all of the prominent leaders were arrested. There
were revolts all around India with the slogan of
"British Quit India".
Role of Indian National Army
Mohan Singh, an
Indian officer of the British Indian Army who did not join the retreating
British army in Malaya first conceived the idea of the Indian National Army
and asked for Japanese help. Indian prisoners of war were handed over by the
Japanese to Mohan Singh who then tried to recruit them into an Indian
National Army. On 1 September 1942, the first division of the INA was formed
with 16,300 men. But later due to differences with Japanese Mohan Singh was
arrested. Accompanied by Rashbehari Bose, Netaji arrived at Singapore from
Tokyo on 27 June. He was given a tumultuous welcome by the resident Indians
and was profusely 'garlanded' wherever he went. His speeches kept the
listeners spellbound. By now, a legend had grown around him, and its magic
infected his audiences. He went to Tokyo and Prime Minister Tojo declared
that Japan had no territorial designs on India. The Provisional Government
of Free India was formed on 21 October 1943. INA was now known as Azad Hind
Fauz (Free India Army) It was reorganized with the creation of a second INA
division and even a womenÆs regiment known as Rani Jhansi regiment was
created. Subhash Chandra Bose was popularly called æNetajiÆ by his
followers. His call of æ Tum mujhe Khun dou mai tumhe Azadi dungaÆ(I
promise you freedom, if you are ready to spill your blood) encouraged
thousands youths to join the freedom movement.
The Provisional
Government of free India formed under æNetajiÆ declared war on Britain. In
March - April 1944 INA set its foot inside India and captured large parts of
Manipur. On April 6th 1944 Kohima, a major city was captured. Indian
tricolor (flag) was raised inside free India. But soon the balance of power
in World War II shifted in favor of British and allied forces. With defeat
of Japan and German forces the INA was forced to retreat from Kohima.
Thousands of INA soldiers died fighting British and many were captured.
Despite the defeat Subhas Chandra Bose and his INA became household names
throughout the country as the British prosecuted the returning soldiers.
Subhash Chandra Bose escaped to Japan and some reports say he died in an
air-crash while others say he survived the air-crash. His ultimate fate
remains unknown till date.
leading to partition and independence of India
Gandhi- Jinnah
First partition
of Bengal in 1905 had sowed the seeds of division of India. Many Muslim
leaders had started entertaining the idea of a separate Muslim dominated
country. GandhiÆs initial stand was that India should not be partitioned
into two nations after Independence. Muhammad Ali Jinnah was the leader of
Muslim League, a self-proclaimed champion of Muslim cause. Although Muslim
League never had popular support amongst Indian Muslims, British always
supported Muslim League. The Muslim League adopted the Pakistan demand in
its Lahore resolution in 1940. The demand stated that the
geographically contiguous regions of India where the Muslims are a majority
like the North West and the Eastern side of India should be constituted as
independent states.
On September 19,
1944, Gandhi-Jinnah talks began in Bombay over partition of India and
creation of Pakistan. Gandhi insisted that he came in his personal capacity
and was not representing Hindus or Congress. During the talks Jinaah
insisted on the need for a separate Muslim state (Pakistan) while Gandhi
tried to impress that India needs to remain a united one country. Talks
ended on September 24, 1944 without any conclusion.
On the 21st of
February 1946, mutiny broke out on board the Royal Indian Navy. Mutiny in
Royal Indian Navy was quickly controlled. Mutiny in Royal Indian Navy
only highlighted the amount of discontent amongst the Indian troops who were
serving British Raj. As a result of the Indian National ArmyÆs exploits in
World War II, British had already started doubting the loyalty of the
British Indian soldiers who formed the bulk of troops in India. Afraid of
further revolts in armed forces British planned to quickly hand over power
to Indian political establishment. Events like INAÆs capture of Kohima in
World War II and Indian Navy mutiny were probably not significant militarily
but were a psychological blow to the confidence of British government, which
hastened Indian Independence.
Cabinet Mission
plan (1946) - To end the dead lock between
Congress and Muslim League on the issue of creation of Pakistan, British
Government sent a group of ministers. The mission consisted of Lord Pethic
Lawrence, the Secretary of State for India, Sir Stafford Cripps, President
of the Board of Trade, and A. V. Alexander, the First Lord of the Admiralty.
The main points
of the plan were:
1. There
would be a union of India comprising both British India and the Indian
States that would deal with foreign affairs, defense and communications.
The union would have an Executive and a Legislature.
2. All
residuary powers would belong to the provinces.
3. All
provinces would be divided into three sections. Provinces could opt out
of any group after the first general elections.
4. There
would also be an interim government having the support of the major
political parties.
1. There
would be a union of India comprising both British India and the Indian
States that would deal with foreign affairs, defense and communications.
The union would have an Executive and a Legislature.
2. All
residuary powers would belong to the provinces.
3. All
provinces would be divided into three sections. Provinces could opt out
of any group after the first general elections.
4. There
would also be an interim government having the support of the major
political parties.
1. There
would be a union of India comprising both British India and the Indian
States that would deal with foreign affairs, defense and communications.
The union would have an Executive and a Legislature.
2. All
residuary powers would belong to the provinces.
3. All
provinces would be divided into three sections. Provinces could opt out
of any group after the first general elections.
4. There
would also be an interim government having the support of the major
political parties.
Both Congress
and Muslim League agreed to the Cabinet mission plan. But Jawaharlal Nehru
made an astonishing statement while addressing a press conference on July
10. He said that the Congress had agreed to join the constituent assembly,
but it would be free to make changes in the Cabinet Mission Plan.
Jinnah and
Muslim League who were forced to accept the Cabinet Mission Plan earlier now
pounced on the blunder made by Jawaharlal Nehru. Muslim League disassociated
itself from the Cabinet Plan and resorted to "Direct Action" to achieve
Viceroy Wavell
invited the Congress to join the interim government.
On 16th August
1946, mob violence and rioting erupted in Calcutta and many people died. On
October 14, 1946, to reduce the increasing communal tension Lord Wavell,
invited Muslim League participate in the interim Government led by Congress.
Second blunder
made by Nehru was to give the post of Finance Minister to Muslim League
nominee Liaquat Ali Khan who tried to win the favor of Indian Muslims by
presenting a budget that favored Muslims.
On December 9,
1946 the Congress started framing the Indian
Constitution. On March 22, 1947, Lord Mountbatten arrived as the last
Viceroy. It was announced that power would be transferred from British to
Indian hands by June 1948. Lord Mountbatten entered into a series of talks
with the Congress and the Muslim League leaders. Jinnah insisted on creation
of Pakistan as a separate country for Indian Muslims. Congress also agreed
to the partition of India. Gandhi who had previously said that India would
be partitioned over my ædead bodyÆ now agreed to the partition plan.
Mountbatten now prepared for the partition of the Sub-continent and
announced it on June 3, 1947. The Congress and the Muslem League agreed that
India would become free on August 15, 1947. The country would be partitioned
under the guidance of the Red Cliff Mission.
Independent India
On 15th August
1947 India became an independent country and
Pakistan was also formed. Jawaharlal Nehru took oath as the first Prime
Minister of Independent India. Massive exodus of population from Islamic
Pakistan to India took place. Nearly the whole Hindu population living in
PakistanÆs Punjab and Sindh and East Bengal migrated to India. Large numbers
of Hindus were killed in the riots in Pakistan and many others were forcibly
converted to Islam. Only a few Hindus survived in Islamic republic of
Pakistan. Muslims from Independent India also migrated to Pakistan and many
Muslims were killed in riots that took place in India. But majority of
Muslims preferred to stay in India and were given equal rights in secular
India. The Muslim population of Independent India was much bigger than that
of Independent Pakistan. Indian independence was scarred by the trauma and
bloodshed of partition.
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text:
This is a tropical-fruit-oriented Sauvignon Blanc, with notes of yellow fruits and spices and a very floral character. With its textured nature, it could age for another year.
Roger Voss covers Bordeaux, Burgundy, Champagne, the Loire and South-West France as well as Portugal. His passion is matching food with wine, bringing the pleasures of the table to wine lovers. He has written six books on wine and food, and was previously national correspondent on wine for the London Daily Telegraph. He is based in the Bordeaux region.
Email: email@example.com


text:
what our customers say
"Curtis and his staff are awesome and always deliver beautiful arrangements and their customer support is excellent! Great team and great company!" - Howard
"Called from California requesting an arrangement: 1). Service on first phone call to get ideas - wonderful 2) Service on second call to place order - efficient 3) Followup - email receipt, photo of actual arrangement prior to delivery, and delivery confirmation email - perfect! 4) The reaction from the recipient - Thrilled! Thank you!" - Joe
"I love the arrangement you made for my mother, but more importantly, my Mother loves them! It is so beautiful and has five new red blooms on it to her delight! Thank you guys so much!! Excellent job!" - Kay
"Beautiful flowers that my mother loved, and great service as always. This is why I have been a customer for so many years." - Jeffrey
Our Blog
A few of our recent posts
Welcome to Our New Online Store!
Posted by Radford Florist on 25th May 2018
We're excited to announce the launch of our new Radford Florist on
Birth Flowers and Their Meanings
Posted by Radford Florist on 25th May 2018
Looking to send the perfect gift for a special someone's birthday?
Tips to Keep Your Flowers Lasting Longer
Posted by Radford Florist on 25th May 2018
We take pride in delivering the freshest, highest-quality flowers.


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The annual Mt Pisgah Lodge Ladies Night Banquet will be held on April 21, 2018 at 6PM.
This years event will be hosted at Mrs. Gibble's Restaurant, 7325 Molly Pitcher Highway, Greencastle PA 17225.
The cost of this event is $20/person.
Entertainment for the evening will be the Chambersburg High School Steel Band.
Payments can be made to the Secretary.


text:
Robert Pattinson: Shirtless Paddleboarding!
A shirtless Robert Pattinson hits the beach for some paddleboarding on Friday (March 30) in Malibu, Calif.
The 25-year-old English actor "has been trying to get more outdoorsy and cut down on smoking and drinking," a source recently told Us Weekly, adding that he's "doing more athletic stuff."
In case you missed it, check out the teaser trailer for Twilight: Breaking Dawn – Part 2!
The final installment of the Twilight franchise, co-starring Rob's real-life girlfriend Kristen Stewart, hits theaters November 16.
10+ pictures inside of Robert Pattinson paddleboarding in Malibu…


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The store listing includes a variety of graphics. Every app must have at least two screenshots created on phones, and a feature graphic. The sizes of these graphics are described in the Developer Console. Optionally, you can provide screenshots of the app running on tablets. If you do not provide these, the app will be marked "Designed for phones".
- [Instructor] Before you publish your app,…you need to provide a set of marketing graphics.…You need at least two screenshots from the app…running on a phone, and then optionally,…you can provide tablet images.…If you don't provide tablet images,…your app will be marked design for phones.…If you do want the app to be shown as a tablet-based app,…you need to provide both a seven-inch and a 10-inch image.…Now you may not have all of these devices,…but you can build everything you need using virtual devices.…
You'll also need a high-resolution icon,…which you probably already have even if you don't know it,…and you'll need to create a feature graphic.…And I'll show you an easy way to do that.…You don't need the promo graphic.…That's for older versions of Android,…and you only need a TV banner if you're publishing your app…for Android TV.…If you like, you can provide a promo video on YouTube…and then that will be displayed in both the app store…on the web, and on devices.…So let's go back to the screenshots.…You need to provide between two and eight screenshots…
- Packaging apps in APK files
- Building a signed APK file
- Distributing through Google Play
- Adding app graphics
- Setting pricing
- Publishing the app
- Submitting an app to Amazon
- Tracking app use in Google Play and Amazon


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Gudrun Sjöden
Oriental colors
Fiolstræde 5 Copenhagen
Copenhagen Fashion Week AW15
Thursday 29th January
I missed the first day of Fashion Week, as my schedule was filled with other stuff I needed to deal with, but to my great luck, I got to shoot an amazing event at the reopened 'Gudrun Sjöden' store on Fiolstræde 5 in Copenhagen.
The AW15 collection was inspired by Asia, but with a main theme from China. It was amazing, and my friend and I were satisfied with all of the colors from this collection.
Chinese fortune cookies were handed out with wise words.
A Chinese dance-session—these shoes were too crazy not to shoot!
A Chinese tea-lady made delicious tea for all of the guests—it really was a treat!
Young models donned the clothes, and it made me think of starting to wear colors again.