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Recent Issues
Illinois Pesticide Review
May 2004
In This Issue
- Natural Indeed: Are Natural Insecticides Safer and Better Than Conventional Insecticides?
- 2004 S.A.F.E. Fly-in
- Always Wear Pesticide Protective Clothing
- Supplemental Labeling
- Pesticide Updates - Agronomic
- Pesticide Updates - Fruit/Vegetable
- Pesticide Updates - Turf/Ornamental
- Pesticide Updates - Structural
- Pesticide Updates - Many
- Pesticide Updates - Other
Natural Indeed: Are Natural Insecticides Safer and Better Than Conventional Insecticides?
Plants growing in nature, to survive, produce a host of chemical-defensive compounds, often called allelochemicals, that ward off attack by potential herbivores (plant-feeding insects and mites). These compounds may be directly harmful to herbivores or modify (that is, slow down) their development, thus increasing their susceptibility to natural enemies such as parasitic wasps (=parasitoids) and/or predators. Humans have made use of these naturally derived compounds for many years, and a number of botanical insecticides have been formulated for use by professionals and homeowners. Botanical insecticides are processed in one of three ways: (1) preparations of the crude plant material, ground into a dust or powder; (2) extracts from plant resins, formulated into liquid concentrations; and (3) isolation of the pure chemicals obtained from plants by extraction or distillation.
There is a common misconception that natural or botanical insecticides are always safer than synthetically derived insecticides. Nothing could be further from the truth because a number of registered botanicals are toxic to fish, beneficial insects and mites, and mammals. This is based on the LD50, a term used to describe the lethal dose required to kill 50% of the test animals (mainly mice and rabbits), expressed as milligrams (mg) of toxicant per kilogram (kg) of body weight. The lower the LD50, the more toxic the compound is to humans. In fact, several botanical insecticides have a lower LD50 than the synthetically derived insecticides carbaryl (Sevin) and malathion (Table 1). Although naturally occurring insect toxins are extracted from plants, "natural" does not necessarily imply "safe" or "nontoxic." Bottom line: Natural compounds derived from plants are not inherently less toxic to humans than synthetically derived compounds.
In most cases, botanical insecticides are less toxic to humans than syntheticially derived insectides. There are a number of advantages and disadvantages when using botanical insecticides to manage plant-feeding insects and mites in landscapes and gardens.
The advantages of botanical insecticides include the following:
Rapid degradation. Botanical insecticides degrade rapidly under environmental conditions such as sunlight, humidity, and rainfall. This means that they are less persistent, which reduces their impact on beneficial and nontarget organisims.
Rapid action. Botanical insecticides kill insects quickly or stop insects from feeding almost immediately after application.
Low mammalian toxicity. Most botanical insecticides have a low mammalian toxicity (based on oral LD50) and are generally nontoxic to humans, mammals, and honeybees.
Selective. Botanical insecticides are generally less harmful to beneficial insects and mites than synthetically derived insecticides-primarily due to their short residual activity.
Minimal impacts on plants. Most botanical insecticides are not harmful to plants (=less phytotoxic) when applied according to the label directions.
The disadvantages of botanical insecticides include:
Rapid degradation. Rapid degradation of botanical insecticides, although favorable to the environment and human health, means that more frequent applications may be necessary.
Toxicity. Although considered less toxic than synthetically derived insecticides, several botanical insecticides, including nicotine and rotenone, are more toxic to humans and fish than a number of synthetically derived insecticides.
Costs and availability. Botanical insecticides are generally more expensive than synthetically derived insecticides, and many are not commercially available due to lack of sales and problems associated with providing consistent product.
Lack of efficacy data. Insufficient data exist on botanical insecticides, both in terms of effectiveness and chronic (long-term) toxicity.
Many botanical insecticides, particularly those containing pyrethrin, are formulated with a "synergist," a compound that increases the effective toxicity, preventing insects from "coming back to life" by inhibiting detoxification enzymes, such as mixed-function oxidases (MFOs) or by deactivating enzymes. This blocks the ability of insects and mites to break down the toxin. The synergist most commonly used is piperonyl butoxide, PBO.
The botanical insecticides that have primarily been or are commercially available include pyrethrin/pyrethrum, rotenone, sabadilla, ryania, nicotine, citrus oil extracts, and neem.
Prethrin/pyrethrum. Pyrethrin, or pyrethrum, is derived from the seeds or flowers of Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolum, which is grown in Africa, Ecuador, and Kenya. Pyrethrin has a low mammalian toxicity; however, cats are highly susceptible to pyrethrin poisoning. The LD50 of pyrethrin is 1,200 to 1,500 mg/kg. Pyrethrin is one of the oldest household insecticides still available and is fast acting, providing almost immediate "knock-down" of insects following an application. It works as both a contact and a stomach poison. The material has a very short residual activity-degrading rapidly under sunlight, air, and moisture, which means that frequent applications may be required. Pyrethrin can be used up until harvest, as there is no waiting interval required between initial application and harvest of food crops.
The way pyrethrin kills insects (mode of activity) is by disrupting the sodium and potassium ion-exchange process in insect nerves and interrupting the normal transmission of nerve impulses. Formulations of pyrethrin always contain a synergist such as piperonyl butoxide (PBO) so that insects don't "come back to life." It is important to avoid mixing pyrethrin with lime or soapy solutions. Pyrethrin has activity on a wide range of insects and mites, including flies, fleas, aphids, thrips, mosquitoes, whiteflies, leafhoppers, caterpillars, mealybugs, beetles, lice, and spider mites.
Rotenone. The active compounds found in rotenone are derived from the roots of two plants: Lonchocarpus sp. and Derris sp. are both legumes originally from the East Indies, Malaya, and South America. Rotenone is one of the more acutely (short-term) toxic botanical insecticides, with an LD50 of 350 mg/kg. In fact, rotenone is more toxic than both carbaryl (Sevin) and malathion, two commonly used synthetically derived insecticides. Also, rotenone is extremely toxic to fish. This botanical insecticide works both as a contact and a stomach poison. Rotenone is slower acting than most botanical insecticides, taking several days to kill pests; however, pests stop feeding almost immediately. The material has a short residual activity, degrading rapidly in air and sunlight.
Rotenone is not toxic to honeybees and is safe to use on most plant material. The way the material kills insects is by inhibiting respiration, or the use of oxygen by body cells. This leads to a reduction in breathing and heart rates. Rotenone is active on many insect and mite pests, including leaf-feeding beetles (that is, Mexican bean beetle and Colorado potato beetle), caterpillars (that is, European corn borer and corn earworm), thrips, lice, mosquitoes, aphids, spider mites, ticks, fleas, flies, and fire ants.
Sabadilla. Sabadilla is derived from the seeds of the plant Schoenocaulon officinale, which is grown in Venezuela. Sabadilla is one of the leasttoxic registered botanical insecticides, with an LD50 of 5,000 mg/kg. However, it may have a sneeze-inducing effect when inhaled, as a result of irritating the mucous membranes. Also, sabadilla is toxic to honeybees. Sabadilla works as a contact and a stomach poison. Similar to the other botanical insecticides, the material has minimal residual activity, degrading rapidly in sunlight and moisture (rainfall).
Sabadilla works by affecting nerve cell membranes, causing loss of nerve function, paralysis, and death. The material is primarily effective on the group of insects called "true bugs," such as stink bugs, tarnished plant bugs, harlequin bugs, and squash bugs. However, it is also active on caterpillars, potato leafhopper, thrips, beetles, and flies. Sabadilla has no activity on aphids or spider mites.
Ryania. The active components of ryania are derived from the roots and woody stems of the plant Ryania speciosa, native to Trinidad. Ryania has a low mammalian toxicity, with an LD50 of 750 mg/kg, and works as both a contact and a stomach poison. It has the longest residual activity of the botanical insecticides, providing up to 2 weeks of control following initial application.
This botanical insecticide has a unique mode of activity, as it works by preventing muscle contraction and disrupting insect muscle membranes. Ryania works best on caterpillars (that is, codling moth, imported cabbageworm, corn earworm); however, it also has activity on a wide range of insects and mites, including citrus thrips, beetles (that is, Colorado potato beetle, elm leaf beetle, flea beetle, Japanese beetle), lace bugs, whiteflies, squash bug, and aphids. Ryania has no activity on spider mites.
Nicotine. Nicotine, which is derived from Nicotiana tabacum, is the most toxic of the botanical insecticides, with an LD50 between 50 and 60 mg/kg. It is extremely harmful to humans. Nicotine, a fast-acting nerve toxin, works as a contact poison. It kills insects and mites (and humans) through bonding to receptors at the nerve synapses (junctures), causing uncontrolled nerve firing, and by mimicking acetylcholine (ACh) at the nerve-muscle junctions in the central nervous system.
Certain plant types such as roses may be harmed or injured by nicotine spray applications. Nicotine is most effective on soft-bodied insects and mites, including aphids, thrips, leafhoppers, and spider mites. Many caterpillars are resistant to nicotine.
Citrus oil extracts. The compounds limonene and linalool are extracted from orange and other citrus fruit peels. The LD50 of these two compounds is between 4,000 and 5,000 mg/kg. Citrus oil extracts are contact poisons; however, they have very short residual properties. The mode of action is not well understood; however, it is thought that they may increase the spontaneous activity of the sensory nerves, causing massive over-stimulation of motor nerves that leads to convulsions and paralysis. Both limonene and linalool are used in flea dips and shampoos. Also, they are active on lice, ticks, aphids, mites, fire ants, house flies, paper wasps, and crickets.
Neem. Neem is derived from the tree Azadirachta indica, grown in India and Africa. Neem has an extremely low mammalian toxicity and is least toxic of the botanical insecticides, with an LD50 of 13,000 mg/kg. Neem is considered a contact poison; however, it has "some" systemic activity in plants when applied to the foliage. The material is generally nontoxic to beneficial insects and mites. Neem has a very broad mode of activity, working as a feeding deterrent, insect-growth regulator, repellent, and sterilant; and it may also inhibit oviposition. The material is active on a broad range of insects, including aphids, whiteflies, mealybugs, thrips, Japanese beetle, and caterpillars.
Botanical insecticides have limited availability, but a number of them may be purchased from Gardens Alive (www.GardensAlive.com), Worms Way (www.wormsway.com), Peaceful Valley Farm Supply (www.groworganic.com), Charley's Greenhouse & Garden (www.charleysgreenhouse.com), and Gardeners Supply Company (www.gardeners.com). When applying any botanical insecticide, always be sure to wear protective equipment and clothing because, as this article has already discussed, a number of botanical insecticides may be harmful to humans.
Garden Pests and Diseases. 1993. Sunset Publishing Corporation, Menlo Park, CA.
Natural Insect Control. 1999. Handbook 139. Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn, NY.
Olkowski, W.S. Daar, and H. Olkowski. 1991. Common Sense Pest Control. The Tauton Press, Newtown, CT.
Parrella, M. February 1988. "Organic gardening." Greenhouse Manager 6(10): 91-96.
Ware, G.W. 2000. The Pesticide Book. 5th ed. Thomson Publications, Fresno, CA.
Weinzierl, R., and T. Henn. 1994. "Chapter 48: Botanical insecticides and insecticidal soaps," pp. 541-556. In Handbook of Integrated Pest Management for Turf and Ornamentals, A. R. Leslie [ed]. Lewis Publishers, Ann Arbor, MI.
(Raymond A. Cloyd)
2004 S.A.F.E. Fly-in
The Illinois Agricultural Aviation Association (IAAA) held an Operation S.A.F.E. fly-in from April 27 to 30. IAAA is the state chapter of the National Agricultural Aviation Association (NAAA), a professional organization representing the agricultural aviation industry. One of the major goals of both organizations is to promote safe and accurate aerial pesticide applications. Operation S.A.F.E. is a program created to help achieve that goal.
S.A.F.E. stands for Self-regulating Application and Flight Efficiency. The program offers aerial applicators an opportunity for a professional analysis of their air-craft's performance. Fly-ins are important in helping pilots set up their aircraft. At a fly-in, pilots bring their aircraft in to be evaluated. Specialized equipment is used to test and measure the spray pattern and the size of the spray droplets created by the aircraft. Analysts help the pilots evaluate the results of these tests and make adjustments on their aircraft to ensure safe and accurate applications. Educational programs are also offered during the event to keep the pilots up to date on the latest research and information about agricultural aircraft and aerial application.
Width and uniformity of the aircraft's spray pattern is tested using a string-analysis system. A special nontoxic dye is mixed with water in the aircraft's tank. The pilots then fly over a string laid out on a flight line, spraying as they would during a normal application. For each test series, an aircraft makes three passes over the string. It is then collected on reels and taken to the analysis center, where it is run through a fluorometer, which measures the amount of dye deposited. A software program records the data and is used to interpret the results. Two important pieces of information are gained from this analysis. First, the pilot can determine if the spray pattern is uniform. Second, the swath width that will give the best uniformity across a field during an application is determined.
The size of the spray droplets made during an aerial application is measured using water-sensitive cards, a flatbed scanner, and highly specialized software. The water-sensitive cards are placed on the flight line in front of the string on the aircraft's third pass of a series. The cards are yellow but turn dark blue when they come in contact with water, so spray droplets from the aircraft leave blue spots where they deposit on the cards. The cards are then scanned, and the software program determines the size of the droplets that created the spots on the cards. The volume median diameter and the percentage of spray volume in 50-micron-droplet size classes are generated from the results. This information tells the pilot the size of the spray droplets being created during an application. Creating the required droplet size for an application is important for achieving pest control and reducing the risk of drift.
The reports generated are given to the pilot. An analyst can go over the results and answer questions the pilot might have about aircraft performance and set-up. The analyst looks over the aircraft, and recommends changes to improve pattern uniformity and droplet size. After adjustments are made, the pilot can then fly another series over the string and cards to see if the adjustments produce the desired results. Technology used in agricultural aviation is constantly changing and improving. Fly-ins allow pilots to make sure new equipment is set up correctly and performing as it should.
This year's fly-in was held at the Coles County Memorial Airport near Mattoon, co-sponsored by Syngenta and FMC. Over the course of 4 days, 16 aircraft from four states were tested and evaluated, making a combined total of 144 passes over the flight line. Analysts Dennis Gardisser of the University of Arkansas and Bob Wolf of Kansas State University conducted the workshop, offering expert advice to the pilots. When it was too windy to fly, they gave talks dealing with various aspects of aerial applications, focusing on spray-droplet deposition and drift control. I assisted and received on-the-job training. The fly-in was a success, and plans were started for the 2005 event.
(Scott Bretthauer)
Always Wear Pesticide Protective Clothing
When working with pesticides, you are most likely to be poisoned dermally, through the skin. Proper clothing helps protect you when you are filling the sprayer or granular applicator and applying pesticide.
Clothing should be absorbent to keep pesticide drift or leaks from reaching your skin. Clothing with a high cotton content is not only absorbent but also cooler during warm weather. Layering clothing is also an effective means of protection. Underwear, including an undershirt or T-shirt of high cotton content, helps provide this layering effect under shirt and trousers. Wearing a coverall on top of these provides another layer of protection. Starching the clothes provides additional protection from pesticides. The starch actually absorbs the pesticide, keeping it from the skin. When the clothing is washed, the pesticide-containing starch washes away, reducing the amount of pesticide that stays in the clothing.
Spun-bonded polyester fabrics such as Tyvek and Kleengard are also protective and have the advantage of being disposable. Many companies provide clothes in these fabrics for employees to protect them, provide a uniform look, and avoid laundering tasks and equipment. Research has shown that washing spun-bonded polyester fabrics greatly reduces their protective ability. They are inexpensive enough to throw away once they become soiled.
Although it is important to protect most of your skin surface when applying pesticides by wearing a long-sleeved shirt, long pants, hat, shoes, and socks, remember to clean those articles of clothing soon after use. Cloth hats and hatbands can retain pesticide. When a contaminated hat is worn, pesticide comes in contact with the forehead and top of the head, which absorbs pesticide four times faster than the forearm. Be sure to launder hats along with your other pesticide-contaminated clothing.
Clothing contaminated with pesticide concentrates or highly toxic pesticides should be thrown away. Pesticide concentrates bind too tightly to the cloth fibers to be washed away effectively. Pesticide diluted with water separates from the cloth fibers much more effectively during washing and can easily be made clean enough to wear. Because even thoroughly washed clothes typically contain a small pesticide residue, even a small amount of highly toxic pesticide remaining in the clothing may constitute a hazard to the wearer.
Clothing contaminated with dilute pesticides can be laundered in a typical washing machine as a separate load. Use a hot-water wash and a cold-water rinse. Afterwards, to clean out the washer, run a complete cycle with hot water and detergent without clothes. If practical, line-dry the clothes rather than using a clothes dryer. The movement of fresh air and the exposure to ultraviolet light (sunlight) while the clothes are on the clothesline reduce the pesticide residue remaining on the clothes after washing.
Realize that leather or canvas (tennis) shoes also absorb pesticide readily. This can be a major source of pesticide exposure if you walk across treated areas, as is done in turf application. Rubber boots provide additional protection if your work puts you in contact with treated surfaces. Shoes are also available with the lower part made of rubber for moisture protection but with leather or canvas upper areas to provide more ventilation and comfort.
(Phil Nixon)
Supplemental Labeling
As you read various pest management newsletters, you'll inevitably come across discussions of various types of supplemental pesticide labeling. Sometimes a pesticide company issues a bulletin or recommendation that slightly modifies (but does not contradict) an existing pesticide label. In other cases, a supplemental label may be issued that substantially expands the scope of an existing label. This article explains three types of supplemental labeling that merit your attention.
Section 2(ee) recommendation. Under Section 2(ee) of amended FIFRA (Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act), supplemental "labeling" is allowed as long as it is consistent with the registered and approved Section 3 label for the pesticide product. Section 2(ee) bulletins or recommendations allow pesticide companies to respond rapidly to a limited range of pest and application issues. Thus, the time-consuming process of amending the Section 3 label and introducing it into the market can proceed without inconvenience to the applicator or pesticide company. FIFRA Section 2(ee) allows that a pesticide may be
- Applied at any dosage, concentration, or frequency less than that specified on the label (unless the label specifically prohibits such an application). Note that a Section 2(ee) recommendation can NOT change the timing of the application, nor can it decrease the pre-harvest interval or the interval between applications.
- Applied against any target pest not specified on the label (unless EPA has required that the pesticide may be used only for the specified pests). Note that a Section 2(ee) recommendation can NOT add a crop/site or expand upon an existing crop/site.
- Applied by any method not prohibited by the label (unless the label specifically states the pesticide may be applied only by the methods specified on the label). Note that a Section 2(ee) recommendation can NOT add chemigation as a method of application.
- Mixed with another pesticide or a fertilizer (if not prohibited by the label).
Section 24(c) registration. Amended FIFRA permits a state to provide registration for additional uses of federally registered pesticides for distribution and use within that state to meet "special local needs." Such registrations are referred to as state labels, special local needs, or 24(c) registrations and are considered as federal registrations that authorize distribution and use only within the granting state. Such registrations are subject to all provisions of FIFRA that apply to currently registered products, including cancellations, renewals, and suspensions.
A special local need is defined as a situation in which an appropriate, federally registered product is not sufficiently available for an existing or imminent pest problem within a state, as determined by the state lead agency (for example, Illinois Department of Agriculture, IDA), based on satisfactory supporting information. States are authorized to register a new product for any use, or an additional use of a federally registered pesticide product, if the following conditions exist:
- A special local need exists for its use within the state.
- The use is covered by necessary tolerances, exemptions, or other clearances under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act if the use is for food or feed use.
- Registration for the same use has not previously been denied, disapproved, suspended, or canceled by the USEPA administrator or voluntarily canceled due to health or environmental concerns about an ingredient contained in the pesticide product unless such denial, disapproval, suspension, or cancellation has been suspended by subsequent action of the USEPA.
- Registration would be in accord with the purposes of FIFRA.
- States may not register a new product that contains any active or inert ingredient not found in a federally registered product.
The IDA's Bureau of Environmental Programs is responsible for registering pesticides for special local needs in Illinois. Specific items or documents are requested to be included in each special local needs 24(c) packet sent to Illinois for consideration. Documentation requirements vary, based on the proposed changes to the label, and may include data on pesticide residue, metabolism, and environmental fate. If disapproved by the USEPA administrator, a registration issued by a state for special local needs shall not be effective for more than 90 days. If the registration is inconsistent with the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act or constitutes an imminent hazard, the administrator may immediately disapprove the registration. Section 24(c) pesticide registrations are governed by Title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations, Section 162 (http://cfr.law.cornell.edu/cfr/). For detailed information about this type of registration, see http://www.epa.gov/opprd001/24c.
Section 18 exemption. Amended FIFRA makes it illegal to use a pesticide for any reason unless it has been registered for that use or purpose. However, there are situations for which a registered pesticide is not available for a certain use. An outbreak of a previously minor pest may occur on a crop for which no registered pesticide is available. If the crop is a food crop and no tolerance exists on that crop, a state 24(c) label cannot be obtained. Amended FIFRA provides for emergency use of pesticides in these and similar situations. A state may obtain permission to use an unregistered pesticide in an emergency when a registered pesticide is not available to control the pest problem. FIFRA provides for four types of exemptions:
Specific exemption. When a pest out-break has occurred or is about to occur and a registered pesticide for that use or purpose is not available, a request for an exemption to use a certain pesticide to control the outbreak may be made by the state lead agency (IDA). A specific exemption may be authorized to avert a significant economic loss or a significant risk to endangered/threatened species, beneficial organisms, or the environment. Information including the nature, scope, and frequency of the problem; the pest involved; which pesticide or pesticides will be used and in what amounts; the economic benefits anticipated; and an analysis of possible adverse effects must be supplied. The USEPA grants the exemptions. Reports must be filed when the treatment is over. A specific exemption is good only for a specified amount of time and for a designated area.
Quarantine exemption. This exemption may be granted to prevent the introduction or spread of a foreign pest into or throughout the United States. The procedure for requesting this exemption is the same as for the specific exemption.
Public health exemption. A public health exemption may be authorized in an emergency condition to control a pest that will cause a significant risk to public health. The procedure for requesting this exemption is the same as for the specific exemption.
Crisis exemption. A crisis exemption may be used if a pesticide registered to control or eradicate the pest is not readily available and there is not time to request and get approval for a specific, quarantine, or public health exemption. However, the state must notify the USEPA at least 36 hours in advance of utilization of the crisis provisions to allow an expedited review of the proposed use. If concerns are noted, the USEPA confers with the state and may not allow a crisis to be declared. The duration of a crisis exemption is short (at most 15 days unless application for a specific, quarantine, or public health exemption has been submitted), and no pesticide that has been suspended or canceled may be used. Within 3 months following the last date of treatment, the state must file information with USEPA similar to that required for the specific exemption.
Section 18 pesticide registrations are governed by Title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations, Section 166 (http://cfr.law.cornell.edu/cfr/). For detailed information about this type of registration, see http://www.epa.gov/opprd001/section18.
Final note. If you wish to use a pesticide as directed by a Section 24(c) or Section 18 supplemental label, you must have a copy of the supplemental label in your possession at the time of use. You can obtain these labels from your pesticide dealer or directly from the pesticide manufacturer. Remember that these labels specifically state where, how, and for how long the product may be used.
(Bruce Paulsrud. Source: Illinois Pesticide Applicator Training Manual 39-13: Demonstration and Research, University of Illinois Extension, 2001.)
Pesticide Updates - AgronomicThe following information provides registration status of particular pesticides and should not be considered as pesticide recommendations by University of Illinois Extension.
BACILLUS PUMILUS GB-34–Gustafson –Proposed to EPA for an exception from residue-tolerance requirements on all food commodities when used as a seed treatment and on soybeans when applied after harvest. The comment period expired 4-2-04. (FR, vol. 69, 3-3-04) [fungicide]
BAYTHROID 2 EMULSIFIABLE PYRETHROID INSECTICIDE–Bayer CropScience–A 2(ee) Recommendation has been made for control of soybean aphid in soybeans. (Source: IL Interagency Committee on Pesticides meeting, 3/12/04.)
CHLORPYRIFOS 4E AG–Makhteshim Agan–A 2(ee) Recommendation has been made for control of soybean aphid in soybeans. (Source: IL Interagency Committee on Pesticides meeting, 3/12/04.)
CONCUR (imidacloprid/metalaxyl)–Agriliance–A new seed treatment to be used on corn to control various insects and diseases.
CRUISER EXTREME PAK (thiamethoxam/azoxystrobin/fludioxonil/mefenoxam)–Syngenta–A new combination insecticide/fungicide seed treatment for use on corn.
DISCIPLINE 2EC (bifenthrin)–Amvac–The company has received registration for this new formulation for use on corn. [insecticide]
Dual Magnum (S-metolachlor)–Syngenta Crop Protection–The Special Local Need (Section 24(c)) request for the use of this herbicide on horseradish in Illinois has been approved. (Source: e-mail from IL Dept. of Ag., 4/6/04.)
EMPOWER (bifenthrin)–FMC–A new formulation for use on corn. [insecticide]
EXTREME (imazethapyr/glyphosate)–BASF–Added to their label the application on soybeans in the fall before the ground freezes. [Herbicide]
FOLICUR 3.6F (tebuconazole)–Bayer CropScience–USEPA has granted approval through a Section 18 for use on wheat to control Fusarium head blight. Approval is effective through May 31, 2004. (Source: e-mail from IL Dept. of Ag., 4/22/04.)
FOSPHITE (monodipotassium salts of phosphorous acid)–JH Biotech–Registration is pending to control Fusarium and Rhizoctonia diseases on numerous crops.
HORNET (flumetasulam/clopyralid)–Dow AgroSciences–Added to their label the postemergence use on corn with Callisto or Atrazine. [Herbicide]
LIBERTY (glufosinate)–Syngenta Crop Protection–A 2(ee) Recommendation has been made for postemergence use following a full, labeled rate of Dual Magnum or Bicep Magnum brand herbicides applied at or before planting, for improved control of woolly cupgrass in LibertyLink corn. Callisto at 3 fl oz/A may be applied in tank mixture with Liberty for postemergence broadleaf weed control. (Source: IL Interagency Committee on Pesticides meeting, 3/12/04.)
LIGHTNING (imazethapyr/imazapyr)–BASF–Label changes include the tank mix with Distinct and Callisto for use on corn. [herbicide]
RELDAN (chlorpyrifos-methyl)–Gustafson –The phase out of this product to protect stored grain will be until 12-31-05 for the distribution channels to use up inventories. [insecticide]
OLYMPUS (propoxycarbazone)–Bayer Crop Science–Used on wheat as a post-emergence treatment to control downy brome, cheatgrass, and wild oats.
OSPREY (mesosulfuron)–Bayer Crop Science–A new herbicide used as a post-emergence treatment on wheat to control wild oats and annual ryegrass.
PRIORITY (carfentrazone-ethyl/halo-sulfuron-methyl)–Tenkoz–A new combination herbicide for use as a postemergence treatment on sorghum.
QUILT (azoxystrobin/propiconazole)–Syngenta–A new combination formulation being developed as a foliar treatment for use on wheat and rice. [Fungicide]
REGENT 4 SC (fipronil)–BASF–A 2(ee) Recommendation has been made for control of wireworm and seedcorn maggot on field corn. (Source: IL Interagency Committee on Pesticides meeting, 3/12/04.)
SCEPTER (imazaquin)–BASF–Approved for use on soybeans applied in the fall in OH, IN, IL, MO, and KS. [herbicide]
TRIZMET (metolachlor/atrazine)–Drexel–A new formulation for use on corn. [herbicide]
WIDE MATCH M (fluroxypyr/clopyralid)–Dow AgroSciences–A new combination herbicide for use on wheat, barley, and oats that controls a wide spectrum of broadleaf weeds.
(Michelle Wiesbrook, unless otherwise noted, adapted from Agricultural Chemical News, March and April 2004.)
Pesticide Updates - Fruit/VegetableThe following information provides registration status of particular pesticides and should not be considered as pesticide recommendations by University of Illinois Extension.
APPLAUD (buprofezin)–Nichimo America Inc–Added to their label the control of mealybugs, leafhoppers, and scales.
ASANA (esfenvalerate)–DuPont–Added to their label the use on kiwi fruit. [insecticide]
CAPTEVATE 68WDG (captan/fenhexamid)–Arvesta–A new combination formulation for use in strawberries. [fungicide]
COURIER (buprofezin)–Nichimo America–Added to their label the use on snap beans. [insecticide]
DIAMOND (novaluron)–Uniroyal/Crompton–Registration is pending for use on potatoes, apples, and pears. [insecticide]
FURADAN 4F (carbofuran)–FMC–Illinois Department of Agriculture recently approved a special loical need request (section 24c) for use on cucurbits; to expire 12/31/06. (Source: e-mail, IDA, 5/24/04)
GUTHION (azinphos-methyl)–Bayer Crop Science–Added to their label the control of the raspberry crown borer.
HEADLINE (pyraclostrobin)–BASF–Registration is pending for use on brassica leafy vegetables, sweet corn, leafy vegetables, peas, beans, and turnips. [fungicide]
IMPRESSION (Bacillus subtilis QST 713)–Agra Quest–A new biofungicide being developed for use on grapes and tomatoes.
MAXCEL (N6-benzyl adenine)–Valent Bio Sciences–A new plant-growth regulator to be used on apples and pistachios.
PERFORMANCE PAK (azoxystrobin/chlorothalonil)–Syngenta–A prepack that can be used on potatoes and cucurbits. [fungicide]
PREFAR (bensulide)–Gowan–Added to their label the use on cilantro. [herbicide]
PREVICUR FLEX (propamocarb hydro-chloride)–Bayer Crop Science–Registration is pending for use on cucurbits, fruiting vegetables, lettuce, peppers, potatoes and tomatoes. [fungicide]
REASON (fenamidone)–Bayer Crop Science–Registration is expected sometime this year for this foliar fungicide for use on lettuce, tomatoes, cucurbits, onions, and potatoes.
SCALA (pyrimethanil)–Bayer Crop Science–Registration is pending for use on bulb vegetables, potatoes, strawberries, tomatoes, and other tuber and corm vegetables. [fungicide]
SPARTAN (sulfentrazone)–FMC–Registration is expected this spring in time for use on potatoes. [herbicide]
VEGETABLE PRO (prometryn)–Makhteshim–A new formulation for use on celery, fennel, parsley, dill, and pigeon peas. [herbicide]
VERDICON–This is the new name of the horticultural distribution company that recently combined United Horticultural Supply (UHP), UAP Timberland, and York Distributors.
VINTAGE (fenarimol)–Gowan–A new formulation used to control powdery mildew on grapes.
(Michelle Wiesbrook, unless otherwise noted, adapted from Agricultural Chemical News, March and April 2004.)
Pesticide Updates - Turf/OrnamentalThe following information provides registration status of particular pesticides and should not be considered as pesticide recommendations by University of Illinois Extension.
MERIT (imidacloprid)–Bayer Environmental Sciences–Added to their label the control of European crane flies in turf.
TALUS (buprofezin)–Nichimo America Inc–Added to their label the use in green-houses and a decrease in the preharvest interval. [insecticide]
(Michelle Wiesbrook, unless otherwise noted, adapted from Agricultural Chemical News, March and April 2004.)
Pesticide Updates - StructuralThe following information provides registration status of particular pesticides and should not be considered as pesticide recommendations by University of Illinois Extension.
SERENE (cyromazine)–Triad Specialty Products–A new formulation to control flies on horses and their corrals and barns.
(Michelle Wiesbrook, unless otherwise noted, adapted from Agricultural Chemical News, March and April 2004.)
Pesticide Updates - ManyThe following information provides registration status of particular pesticides and should not be considered as pesticide recommendations by University of Illinois Extension.
APPLAUD (buprofezin)–Nichimo America–Added to their label the control of mealybugs, leaf hoppers, and scales.
DISUS (cyfluthrin/imidacloprid)–Olympic–A new formulation to control various insects on ornamentals, or nonbearing fruit and nut trees, and in field and container nurseries.
DIMETHOATE–Cheminova/Drexel/Gowan/Micro Flo–Due to the high cost of reregistration, registration was cancelled on grapes, apples, head lettuce, spinach, chard, broccoli, raab, fennel, tomatillo, lespedeza, and trefoil, effective 1-28-04. Registrants are permitted to sell or distribute existing stock for 1 year after the effective date. (FR, vol. 69, 1-28-04) [insecticide]
ME-TOO-LACHLOR (metolachlor)–Drexel–A new formulation for use on corn, soybeans, cotton, peanuts, and vegetables. [herbicide]
OBERON (spiromesifen)–Bayer Crop Science–Registration is expected midyear for use on cotton, corn, cucurbits, tomatoes, peppers, cole crops, and strawberries. [insecticide]
PRISM (clethodim)–Valent–Added to their label the control of bentgrass and millets.
PROFUME (sulfuryl fluoride)–Dow AgroSciences–This new fumigant formulation has been registered for postharvest control of insects and rodents in cereal grains and dried fruit and nuts in processing plants, storage facilities, mills, and transportation vehicles.
SONATA (Bacillus pumilus)–Agra Quest –Registration is pending to control downy and powdery mildew on numerous crops.
SWITCH (cyprodinil/fludioxonil)–Syngenta–Registration is pending for use on beans, leafy greens (except spinach), cucurbits, mustard, and yams. [fungicide]
TOUCHDOWN HI-TECH (glyphosate-potassium salt)–Syngenta–A new formulation that contains 5 pounds per gallon active ingredient. [herbicide]
UP CYDE (cypermethrin)–United Phosphorus–A new formulation for use on cotton and several vegetable crops. [insecticide]
VANGARD (cyprodinil)–Syngenta–Registration is pending for use on beans and leafy greens (except spinach). [fungicide]
(Michelle Wiesbrook, unless otherwise noted, adapted from Agricultural Chemical News, March and April 2004.)
Pesticide Updates - OtherThe following information provides registration status of particular pesticides and should not be considered as pesticide recommendations by University of Illinois Extension.
AGRA QUEST–The company under a license agreement with the University of Montana is developing three biofumigants based on Muscador albus as a replacement for methyl bromide. Arabesque is for postharvest crop application, Andante for greenhouse uses, and Glissade for soil treatment.
AMVAC–The company has entered into an agreement with Syngenta to supply Force 3G (tefluthrin) corn soil insecticide for use through Amva's Smartbox application system.
AQUAMASTER (glyphosate)–Monsanto –Added to their label the control of salvinia in aquatic sites.
BAYER CROPSCIENCE–This company purchased Crompton's share of the Gustafson seed-treatment business for $124 million, making them full owners of Gustafson's NAFTA business. (Press release at http://www.bayercropscience.com)
GOWAN–The company has purchased Monsanto's Trilliate (Fargo) herbicide business, which includes registrations and trademarks.
CERTIS USA–The company has taken over the marketing of the soil fumigant Basamid (dazomet) from BASF.
IMC GLOBAL–The company plans a merger with Cargill's fertilizer business, Cargill Crop Nutrition, to become the leading U.S. phosphate fertilizer company.
ISAGRO–This Italian agricultural chemical manufacturer plans to open a U.S. office based in San Francisco.
NIPPON SODA–This Japanese company has purchased the agrichemical business of Dainippon Ink & Chemicals (DIC). DIC will continue to own its production facility and manufacture products for Nippon Soda.
RENOVATE 3 (triclopyr)–Sepro Corp–A new product for the control of woody plants, broadleaf weeds, water lilies, etc., in ponds, lakes, and marshes.
SUMITOMO–The company is restructuring its agrochemical business. It is merging its subsidiaries Sumika-Takeda Agro Mfg. and the Scibu Kassi Co. into a new company called Sumika Agro Mfg. Corp.
(Michelle Wiesbrook, unless otherwise noted, adapted from Agricultural Chemical News, March and April 2004.)


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The Team Leaderboard tab shows the teams in the event (e.g. Team XYZ in the NYC Marathon) and the Top Individuals tab shows individuals, regardless of what team they're on.
Some events may have one or both of these tabs disabled. There are also various controls for how these are organized. For example, it may include or exclude Offline Donations from being taken into account in the leaderboard standings, if the event allows teams to add those at all.

subset: commoncrawl


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Tesco Pharmacy - Aberdeen
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Record Number: 4037
Phone: 01224 426647
Chemist in Tesco supermarket, Bridge of Don
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Area Covered: Aberdeen
Opening Hours: Mon-Sat: 9.00am-9.00pm Open Public Holidays 9.00am-6.00pm
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Alongside this, we have done a great deal of maintenance, fixed a load of bugs and Gigabyte GA-H61N-USB3 USB 3.0 Driver 18.104.22.168 done some important enhancements to keep our ongoing commitment to stability and performance.
Jul 2008 Operating Systems.


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That scarf that won't stay put, the cardigan that keeps opening up, the button-up shirt that's just a tad too low-cut for this particular outing during your trip — forget about that old standby safety pin. Don't poke holes in your clothes when you can use MagneButtons, twin round heavy-duty magnets that, by mutual attraction, fasten together whatever layers need to be joined.
MagneButtons are embossed with simple to fantastical designs, and once in place, look like classy buttons — without the hole. Design choices range from classic antique-looking metal or pearl-like domes, to bold and whimsical patterns printed on the surface.
Among our favorites: multi-colored paw prints, 3-D resin rose blossoms, kaleidoscope-like mandalas, and even an inspirational message — "KEEP CALM AND CARRY ON," printed in bold black over a pastel diamond-patterned background.
Most MagneButtons are a diminutive 24mm in diameter (just a hair under an inch), but a few styles — faceted black crystal, creamy pearl, clear crystal — are available in a "jumbo" 32mm size (about 1 1/4 inch). The magnets will hold fast through thick shawls and suit lapels.
You can make MagneButtons part of your look, or keep them out of sight through some discreet fold maneuvers. You can even wear one as a decorative accent, holding together nothing but its twin selves on, say a hat brim or shirt pocket.
MagneButtons are $18 per pair in 24mm size; $24 in 32mm size; at www.magnebutton.com.


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Strange the Dreamer
By: Laini Taylor
Expected Publication Date: March 28, 2017
Genre: Fantasy
Bang Bang Rating: 1/2
Lazlo Strange is a dreamer and he has been ever since he was found parentless and raised by monks. Fueled by stories from a cantankerous monk, Lazlo pretends he's a warrior from a fairy tale city named Weep. Determined to find this city, Lazlo becomes a librarian apprentice and studies hard until he gets his chance to visit the doomed Weep.
If you are looking for a light fun filled fantasy, Strange the Dreamer is NOT for you. This book is not only dense with LOTS of information, it is dark and is quite metaphorical and jam packed with vivid imagery and beautiful prose. Taylor has written a new world complete with many characters, myths and beasts so get your pencils ready to keep up.
Strange the Dreamer is told in 3rd person and centers mostly around Lazlo Strange and Sarai. I won't say who Sarai is because it is a spoiler and the exciting part is discovering who she is as the story progresses. Taylor plays mind games with the reader because I am used to a clear villain and a clear hero but in Strange the Dreamer, these lines are blurred. This is story about war and revenge and the greater good.
It's very difficult to review this book in detail because I don't want to spoil anything. What I liked about this book is that Taylor took her time to develop the world and to explain the conflict. If you read the Smoke and Bone series, you know that Taylor likes to through curveballs. Strange the Dreamer is multi-themed, has strong characters, and is often sad.
My only issue is the length-560 pages. I have read longer books but every scene had a purpose to the plot and I felt 90% of this book was purposeful to the plot. Taylor has the gift of conveying a message in a paragraph but I felt there were instances when she took several chapters to say something that could have been done in two pages. The length was the reason this book wasn't a 5/5.
Spoiler Edition of Strange The Dreamer


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Letters to the Editor
Rider's actions showed a lack of racing class
I was astonished to read in the Nov. 23 Aqueduct Notes item "Carrero called before stewards" that a New York jockey, Victor Carrero, threw his whip and a clod of dirt at his mount after the horse snapped a leg and broke down past the finish line. I am a bit sorry that the horse just missed falling on Carrero.
If Carrero is that insensitive to the animals who put bread on his table, then I suggest he find another line of work.
This is bad for racing at a time when it can least afford further tarnishing of its image. Imagine if an animal rights group picks up that story.
I applaud the New York Racing Association for the punishment ("A contrite Carrero fined and suspended 15 days," Nov. 24). No suspension or fine can be enough, but kudos to NYRA for spanking him hard.
I was thinking that Carrero should have to spend a day locked in War Emblem's stall when the colt was in a particularly bad mood as suitable punishment, but we can't always get what we want.
Barbara Bowen - Oak Park, Calif.
Cruel gestures another blow to sport's public image
Here in Arizona, we just faced a crushing defeat on a proposition that would have greatly helped our gaming industry. A lot of us campaigned and really tried to get the public to see the good things about gaming. After reading about Victor Carrero and his very cruel behavior in the face of a tragic accident, I can understand why the public is so put off by some of the horse racing they see.
Carol Croft - Chino Valley, Ariz.
Real pick six scam lies in the wager itself
Amid all the hand-wringing about bettor confidence and the integrity of wagering software, no thought is being given to the integrity of the pick six itself: Is it a fair wager or an impossible wager where pure luck, not handicapping skills, determines the winner?
Where are skills, when most bettors play several horses in each race, when only one horse can win each race?
Why do racetracks offer the pick six? To earn the 25 percent takeout, of course. At Arlington Park on Breeders' Cup Day, Churchill Downs Inc. earned over $1 million on a wager that no one won legitimately. Is Churchill Downs going to give back the bucks they virtually stole until winners are declared, or have they invested the abominable 25 percent takeout already?
If the pick six is such a wonderful wager, how come all the expert handicappers from coast to coast didn't win it? Daily Racing Form gave some guy $10,000 to invest in pick six combinations - he lost! Andrew Beyer went into some detail in the Form explaining how to wager a few hundred and win - he lost! All of the Form's astute handicappers lost, as did the prior winners of the National Handicapping Championship, all the current qualifiers for the next championship, and every other hard-core bettor across this country. So did all the event-orientated bettors who played license plate numbers, birthday numbers, or street addresses as their pick six numbers. It seems nothing works.
Isn't it apparent that the pick six is more trouble than it is worth? If it weren't for track management's greed to get their hands on the 25 percent takeout, the bet would never be offered in the first place. When it takes a fix to win, the bet should be eliminated - for integrity's sake.
But, then again, track management has that 25 percent takeout to consider.
Wendell Corrow - Barkhamsted, Conn.
Shuffle New York schedule to clarify championship
The 2002 Breeders' Cup once again was a spectacular day for the sport, and Azeri and Storm Flag Flying both showed they are deserving champions. Volponi's win in the Classic, however, showed one major problem: the lack of a truly major race for older horses after the Breeders' Cup.
In many years, the Breeders' Cup does what it's supposed to do in crowning champions, but there have been several years where an upset, particularly in the Classic, leaves a muddled picture. While several other divisions still have major races remaining that can decide year-end honors, the only Grade 1 non-sprint remaining on dirt for males 3 and up is the Cigar Mile at Aqueduct on Nov. 30. While that race is still important, a mile race on dirt by no means is one to decide Horse of the Year.
This is where the New York Racing Association can help restore the luster of one of its major fall stakes, and at the same time provide a platform for an "instant rematch" of the Breeders' Cup Classic if that race fails to decide matters.
The Jockey Club Gold Cup should be moved to the Saturday before or after Thanksgiving at Aqueduct and lengthened to 1 3/8 miles, with the Woodward returned to late September or early October and returned to 1 1/4 miles, becoming the final major BC Classic prep.
The Cigar Mile, currently run on Thanksgiving weekend, could be returned to its former spot on the schedule in late October or early November (the week before or after the Breeders' Cup), where it can be a consolation prize, if you will, for horses deemed not good enough to run in the Breeders' Cup.
Aside from the Breeders' Cup and Triple Crown events, the Jockey Club Gold Cup is supposed to be the most important race in the sport. While moving it to late November may seem risky to some, the race carries enough importance that trainers would be likely to keep their top stars in training following the Breeders' Cup, especially in a year where there's a major upset in the Classic.
Walter Parker - Philadelphia
Shining examples exist amid current gloom
To quote Donald Sutherland's Oddball character in the movie "Kelly's Heroes," "Stop hitting me with these negative waves, baby."
Although no one can overstate the magnitude of the recent pick six scandal or the importance of rectifying the related issues, it is high time to blow some much-needed fresh air into an otherwise stagnant situation.
I recently spent some vacation time visiting friends in Oklahoma, and while there I was able to visit three entirely different racing facilities, all with a common denominator: respect for the horse fan.
At Blue Ribbon Downs, a Quarter Horse track that may have seen better days, a mutuel clerk actually came to my table with the out-of-town scratches that she had been temporarily unable to provide me moments before. At Remington Park (a track in tough financial straits), I asked if there were any simulcast rooms on-site. The general manager and host both informed me that there were none, but they were kind enough to escort me to a box-seat area with a personal monitor to fulfill my simulcast needs.
I was told how beautiful Lone Star Park is, so I decided to take a drive down to Dallas to see for myself. Aside from how esthetically beautiful it is (after all, it is fairly new), what impressed me most was the fantastic treatment I received. Every employee greeted me with a smile, wished me luck, or told me to have a great day. As I left, I couldn't believe my eyes: employees stationed at the exits thanking everyone for coming! Unbelievable.
Just at a time when I was becoming a little sour on the game, the treatment I received at these racetracks proved to me that if the sport needs to save itself, it can. All it requires is time, effort, and heart.
Kevin Cox - Oceanside, N.Y.


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A five-year checkup
by Jeff Foust
|"Five years after the President laid out his vision, we're seeing it come to fruition and, much like the images being beamed to Earth by Hubble, what we're seeing is marvelous," Bolden said last week.
Obama used that speech to put that budget proposal into a broader context desired by the industry—even if they didn't necessarily like what he had to say. In that speech, Obama eschewed a return to the Moon ("We've been there before," he said) in favor a human mission to a near Earth asteroid by 2025 and a human mission to Mars orbit by the mid-2030s. "And a landing on Mars will follow," he added. "And I expect to be around to see it."
So, five years after that speech that laid out, at the highest levels, NASA's human space exploration strategy, how is NASA doing? The answer might well be, "It depends."
NASA administrator Charles Bolden has a more optimistic view of NASA's progress in the last five years. "Five years after the President laid out his vision, we're seeing it come to fruition and, much like the images being beamed to Earth by Hubble, what we're seeing is marvelous," he said in a speech April 14 at the 31st Space Symposium in Colorado Springs.
Bolden cited, as one example, the Orion spacecraft that served as the backdrop for Obama's speech, which successfully flew on its first test flight last December. (Not mentioned was that Orion was revived just days before that 2010 speech, after originally being placed on the chopping block along with the rest of Constellation.) He also cited the development of the Space Launch System, although that emerged in the Congressional compromise later in 2010, months after the speech.
A more unqualified success might be the International Space Station. NASA's plans prior to the Obama Administration called for ending the station as early as 2015. "In 2010, the President called for extending its life for five years," Bolden said last week. "We've now extended it for ten."
That's a reference not just to an extension to 2020 that all five partners—NASA, ESA, JAXA, CSA, and Roscosmos—have agreed to, but a desire by NASA to extend its life through 2024. Last month, the new head of Roscosmos, Igor Komarov, endorsed such an extension, although there remains confusion about what Russia's plans are: as recently as last week, Russian president Vladimir Putin said Russia would develop its own national space station by 2023, putting into question its commitment to the ISS.
The ISS has also been the hub of NASA's efforts to develop a commercial space transportation industry through its commercial cargo and commercial crew programs. Orbital ATK and SpaceX have contracts to deliver cargo to the ISS (although Orbital is still recovering from an October launch failure), and Boeing and SpaceX have contracts to develop systems to carry astronauts to and from the ISS starting in late 2017.
Commercial crew in particular has been a lightning rod for controversy for the last five years, as some in Congress questioned the companies' abilities to safely transport astronauts, as well as NASA's funding requests for the program. While questions about capabilities have subsided, funding remains an issue on Capitol Hill, as NASA asked for more than a 50-percent increase in commercial crew funding in its 2016 budget request, to nearly $1.25 billion.
|"I think that the path on which we are currently embarked, with two providers, maintains competition," Bolden said. "I think if we downselected to one, it would not speed up the process at all."
Bolden and other NASA officials have said several times since the release of the budget two and a half months ago that the funding level is based on the milestones in the contracts awarded last year to Boeing and SpaceX. "It is critical that we receive the funding requested for 2016, so that we can meet our 2017 target date and stop writing checks to the Russian Space Agency," Bolden said in testimony before the House Science Committee's space subcommittee April 16.
Bolden has previously warned that, if Congress comes up short in its funding of commercial crew, development of the vehicles will be delayed as NASA is forced to renegotiate milestones with the two companies. He rejected a proposal by one committee member, Rep. Bill Johnson (R-OH), to select just one company and put all of the funding on it in order to speed up work.
"I think that the path on which we are currently embarked, with two providers, maintains competition," Bolden responded. "I think if we downselected to one, it would not speed up the process at all. It may even slow it down because then that one provider becomes the monopoly that dictates to me what it can or can't do, and what it will and won't do."
Nonetheless, NASA is in the process of purchasing additional Soyuz seats to cover flights in 2018, as a hedge should commercial crew providers experience delays. "What has NASA seen so far in the continued development of our own crewed vehicles to justify paying Russia hundreds of millions of dollars for seats that should already be covered by US providers?" asked Sen. Richard Shelby (R-AL), chairman of the commerce, justice, and science subcommittee of the Senate Appropriations Committee, in a hearing also held April 16.
Bolden laid the blame back at the feet of Congress. "The primary reason is we've seen in the lack of commitment on the part of the Congress to fund the program at the amount requested," he said. "We really need $1.2 billion in 2016 because this is a critical time for us to make 2017."
Shelby, a longtime critic of commercial crew, didn't sound convinced by Bolden's call for funding. He noted NASA spent $1.9 billion on earlier phases of the program before awarding contracts to Boeing and SpaceX last September. "NASA continues to blame Congress for a lack of resources when it was NASA who chose to spend nearly $2 billion on competition," he said.
Despite the ongoing debates about the level of funding, the support that NASA has been able to provide has been warmly welcomed by commercial ventures. "Our industry is more robust and competitive than ever before," said Eric Stallmer, president of the Commercial Spaceflight Federation, in a statement issued on the five-year anniversary of Obama's speech. "From all of us at CSF, we applaud President Obama and Congress's commitment to securing US leadership in space and expanding our Earth's economic sphere."
While debate about commercial crew may have evolved from whether to do it to how much money it should receive, the future of Mars exploration—the long-term goal laid out in Obama's 2010 speech—remains unsettled, along with what NASA has been billing as the next major step to get there, the Asteroid Redirect Mission (ARM).
NASA has been billing ARM as a key step as it moves beyond Earth orbit and, eventually, to Mars. ARM, the agency argues, will develop several key technologies, including solar electric propulsion (SEP) that it believes will be essential in reducing the cost and increasing the overall viability of those future Mars missions.
|"We also need to have some flexibility to policy changes," said Gerstenmaier.
But, five years after Obama established a goal of humans orbiting Mars in the mid-2030s, NASA hasn't provided a detailed plan of how it will do that, to the frustration of some in the space community. Agency officials argue that they're still figuring out what they need to learn in order to develop a more comprehensive Mars mission architecture.
They also acknowledge that they want to preserve options should the next administration want to change direction. "We also need to have some flexibility to policy changes," William Gerstenmaier, NASA associate administrator for human exploration and operations, said at a meeting of the NASA Advisory Council (NAC) April 9.
"We recognize that we'll get some direction somewhere along the way," he said, referring to changes a new administration might want to make. "We need to not be so iron-barred to this particular application that when a little redirection comes the entire process falls apart."
Gerstenmaier said that while it needs to make some decisions soon—such as for life support technologies, so there's sufficient time to test them on the ISS—other decisions can be deferred for several years. That includes whether the first human Mars mission should be a mission to land on Mars itself, one of its two moons, or simply orbit Mars.
"We don't need to make those decisions right now," he said, suggesting NASA could hold off until as late as 2020 as it studied the various options. It would, he added, avoid making enemies prematurely of options not selected. "Once you make that decision, you've now created x number of friends, and you've created y number of enemies."
Thus, NASA is no hurry to update its design reference mission, last revised in 2009. "In terms of another design reference mission," Gerstenmaier said April 8, "it's probably years away."
But ARM, introduced by NASA two years ago this month as a means of achieving Obama's goal of a human asteroid mission by 2025 and as a step towards later missions to Mars, remains as controversial as ever. At the NAC meeting earlier this month, council members unanimously approved a finding suggesting NASA abandon ARM entirely.
In that finding, the NAC endorsed the development of SEP, but not for redirecting an asteroid. "Maneuvering a large test mass is not necessary to provide a valid in-space test of a new SEP stage," the finding states. "We also find that other possible motivations for acquiring and maneuvering a boulder (e.g. asteroid science, planetary defense) do not have value commensurate with their probable cost."
|"ARM still hasn't garnered any support in academic, scientific, exploration, or international communities," said Palazzo. "It is tough to see how this proposal gains traction in the remaining months of the President's term."
The council recommended that NASA instead demonstrate SEP with a round-trip Mars mission, "flying it to Mars orbit, and then back to the Earth-Moon system and into a distant retrograde lunar orbit." The finding didn't suggest what scientific payload, if any, that spacecraft should carry on that round-trip flight.
The NAC's finding—less significant than a recommendation, which requires a formal response from NASA—became fodder for debates about ARM in the House hearing last week. "The ARM mission still hasn't garnered any support in academic, scientific, exploration, or international communities," said subcommittee chairman Rep. Steven Palazzo (R-MS). "It is tough to see how this proposal gains traction in the remaining months of the President's term."
Bolden defended ARM as part of the agency's Mars plans. "ARM is a critical component of getting humans to Mars," he said. He said he wasn't obligated to follow the NAC's findings, noting that he can't accept all of the advice that he receives.
Palazzo wasn't swayed by Bolden's arguments, though. "I think you will be challenged to make ARM last longer than this administration," he said, cutting off Bolden from giving another response.
Rep. Lamar Smith (R-TX), chairman of the full committee, brought up ARM, and the NAC's finding about it, again later in the hearing. "Charlie, all these experts have been unanimous in not recommending the ARM missions, and you all keep forging ahead," he said. "Now I'm asking you, why are you ignoring all of these experts' advice?"
"Mr. Chairman, because I believe in constancy of purpose," Bolden responded. "I believe that my job is to determine which way this agency is going to go, recommend it to you and the President, and then pick that path and follow it. We are on a path to Mars."
Five years after President Obama sketched out that path to Mars, NASA's current leadership believes it's moving down that path, bringing humans closer to Mars than ever before. But, just as the current president changed that path five years ago, his successor could do the same a few years from now.


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Below is a full listing of each course provided during the 2018 Summer Training Session with a brief description.
Courses descriptions for all classes being held at the upcoming academy can be found below. They describe the basic class and include the pre-requisite requirements.
COURSE DESCRIPTIONS - June 2018
FEMA ALL HAZARDS Courses
L-954: NIMS All-Hazards Safety Officer (SOF)
This course is designed to provide local and state-level emergency responders with a robust understanding of the duties, responsibilities, and capabilities of an effective SOFR on an All-Hazards Incident Management Team. These responsibilities fall into two categories: responding to the incident and the safety needs of the incident, and effectively fulfilling the position responsibilities of a Safety Officer on an All-Hazards IMT. Exercises, simulations, discussions, and a final exam enable students to process and apply their new knowledge. Prerequisites: Required: IS/ ICS-100, 200, 300, and 700. Recommended: ICS-400, AHIMT Course or C&G Local Training
L-960: NIMS All-Hazards Division/Group Supervisor (DIVS)
The course prepares students to perform in the role of the Division/Group Supervisor on an All Hazards Incident Management Team (AHIMT). It provides instruction in support of the specific tasks of the DIVS. Topics include DIVS management, organizational interaction, division operations, all-hazard operations, and tactical decision games. Prerequisites: Required: ICS - 100, 200, 300, and IS-700. Recommended: ICS- 400, AHIMT Course or C&G Local Training.
L-962: NIMS All-Hazards Planning Section Chief(PSC)
This course provides local- & State-level emergency responders with a robust understanding of the duties, responsibilities, & capabilities of an effective Planning Section Chief on an All-Hazards Incident Management Team (AHIMT). These responsibilities fall into two categories: 1) managing the planning cycle, & 2) tracking resources & incident status.Prerequisites: required completion of IS-100, 200,700, 800, ICS 300 and ICS 400
L-965: All-Hazards Resources Unit Leader (RESL)
As of October 1, 2013, NWCG recognizes the FEMA NIMS E/ L965, Resources Unit Leader course as an alternative to taking the NWCG S-349 course. This course is designed to train potential resources unit leader (RESL). It describes RESL responsibilities related to resource status systems, planning process, and resource products/outputs. Prerequisites: Required: IS/ ICS - 100, 200, 300, 700 and 703. Recommended: ICS- 400, AHIMT Course or C&G Local Training
O-305: All-Hazards Incident Management Team
As part of a technical assistance program to develop Incident Management Teams(IMT) across the country, the U.S. Fire Administration's National Fire Program Branch is coordinating the management of the All-Hazards Incident Management Team curriculum for State and specified Regional Incident Management Teams. The overall goal of USFA's IMT program is to develop state and regional IMTs to function under the National Incident Management System (NIMS) during a large and/or complex incident or a major event. This course is designed for those who are assigned to function in an All-Hazards IMT during a large/complex incident, typically extending into the second operational period. The AHIMT can either support an existing ICS structure, or can assume command of an incident if requested to do so. The AHIMT can ease the transition to a Type 2 or Type 1 IMT for incidents of national significance. Prerequisites: All responders who may serve in command or general staff positions must have the following: IS-100.B, IS-200.B, G-300/ICS300, G-400/ICS400, IS-700.A and IS-800.B courses
Skill Specific Courses
CS: Collector & Survey 123
This course will provide a hands-on introduction to using and supporting Survey123 and Collector during incident response. Participants will use the NIFC ArcGIS Online Organization. Classroom demonstration and discussion as well as indoor and outdoor exercises will cover these topics: device configuration, using the applications, working with little or no cell/ Wi-fi, and creating maps and surveys from existing templates.
Prerequisites: Participants will need to bring their own smart phone or tablet. Tablet needs to be capable of having a cellular data plan thus ensuring it has a GPS.
MM: Mix Master Workshop
A qualified Individual who is in charge of mixing fire chemicals for use during fire operations. This position is often viewed as the sole individual who adjusts mix equipment during mix operations. The mix master has the sole responsibility over keeping fire chemicals within Agency specifications. The mix Master will monitor mixing equipment, micro-motion meter(s) and assisting personal during all mixing operations All Agency and manufactures product guidelines will be adhered to during mixing.
N9062: e-Isuite:
This e-ISuite course is designed to expose a user to the basic application functions of each of the following modules in eISuite; Resources, Cost, Time and the Incident Action Plan. These application modules are used within the Plans and Finance sections of an incident management team (Types 1,2 and 3) as well as home units. Functional knowledge of the application is required to accomplish the responsibilities in those sections. Objective: to prepare students to work on an incident management team in one or more of the following positions; SCKM, RESL, DMOB, PTRC, EQTR, COST or COMP. Target group; this course is designed primarily for those who wish to work on a Type 1, Type 2 or Fire Use IMT in Planning or Finance.
PEW: PTRC/EQTR Workshop
This workshop is a great opportunity for hands-on experience including e-Isuite for time and equipment recorders who have completed S-261. Example incident scenarios will be provided. Students are encouraged to bring laptop with e-Isuite. Prerequisite: S-261.
NWCG Courses
FI-210: Fire Investigation Training
This course is designed to prepare an individual for basic fire investigation responsibilities in the area of origin and cause determination. Students successfully completing this course will recieve full credit for FI-210 as required by NWCG certification standards.
Prerequisites: Law Enforcement Officer or 1 year experience as a firefighter.
ICS-300: Intermediate ICS: ICS for Supervisors & Expanding Incidents
This course is designed to enable personnel to operate efficiently using the Incident Command System (ICS) in supervisory roles on expanding or Type 3 incidents. Topics include: ICS fundamentals review, incident/event assessment and agency guidance in establishing incident objectives, Unified Command, incident resources management, planning process, demobilization and incident transfer of command or close out. This course is NIMS compliant. Qualifies for CO Post Credit!
Prerequisites: ICS-200.
ICS-400: Advanced ICS: ICS for Command & General Staff & Complex Incidents
This course directs the student towards an operational understanding of large single-agency and complex multiagency/multi-jurisdictional incident responses. Topics include fundamentals review for command and general staff, major and/or complex incident/event management, area command, and multi-agency coordination. Interchangeable with G400 and H467, they are all NIMS compliant. Qualifies for CO Post Credit!
Prerequisites: ICS-300.
L-280: Followership to Leadership
This training course is designed as a self-assessment opportunity for individuals preparing to step into a leadership role. The course combines one day of classroom instruction followed by a second day in the field with students working through a series of problem solving events in small teams (Field Leadership Assessment Course). Topic areas include: Leadership values & principles; transition challenges for new leaders; situational leadership; team cohesion factors; & ethical decision-making.
Prerequisites: Experience on incident assignments in operations or support functions & L-180.
L-380: Fireline Leadership
This course also known as "At the Point of the Spear: Leading and preparing emergency response units "(DHS CA-002PREV) is a 36-hour program that focuses on helping response leaders build more cohesive, adaptive, and resilient teams. This program teaches principles for leading in high-risk and high-stress environments, building team cohesion, and resolving conflicts and problems within the team. Using a mix of theory, classroom exercises, and field exercises, this interactive program is designed to reinforce mission-driven operational culture at the team level and to provide a framework from which to launch future organizational development. More than 50 agencies and departments rely on this program for first-line leader development. Prerequisites: Incident personnel with supervisory responsibilities; Human Factors in the Wildland Fire Service (L-180); completion of pre-course work. Sponsored by CO Division of Fire Prevention & Control.
S-130/190: Firefighting Training & Intro to Wildland Fire Behavior
This introductory course is designed to train entry-level firefighters referred to as a Firefighter Type 2 (FFT2). You will be introduced to & gain knowledge of the basic incident management organization, firefighting techniques, suppression equipment, safety, strategy/tactics along with fire behavior. Field exercises will be performed for valuable hands-on training. Includes L-180.
Prerequisites: None.
S-130/190 (Online): Review & Field Day ONLY!
This two-day class assists those students taking the online S-130/190 course modules with the necessary classroom review & field work to successfully complete the class for NWCG certification.
Pre-requisites: successful completion of online S-130/190 modules with academy instructor.
S-131: Firefighter Type 1 *New curriculum
This course is designed to the meet the needs of an advanced Firefighter Type 1 (FFT1). The course is interactive & contains several tactical decision games designed to facilitate learning the objectives & class discussion. Topics include: fireline reference materials, communications & tactical decision making.
Prerequisites: Qualified as FFT2.
S-200: Initial Attack Incident Commander
The intent of this course is to provide students with the tools & techniques to make the transition from Single Resource Boss to Incident Commander.
Prerequisites: Qualified as any Single Resource Boss (SRB).
S-212: Wildland Fire Chain Saws
This class is designed to train students in the proper use of chain saws and techniques necessary to prepare them for their functional role as a chain saw operator on an incident. Class A and B certification is available with this 5-day class & field (based on evaluation). Prerequisites: Qualified as FFT2 and current certification in Basic First Aid & CPR.
S-215: Fire Operations in the Wildland/Urban Interface
Instructional units include firefighter safety in the interface, managing human factors in the interface, pre-incident planning, sizeup & initial strategy, structure triage, structure protection overview, tactics in the interface, tactical operations & resource use in the interface, action assessment, plan update, & after action review.
Prerequisite: Agency personnel - (FFT1) qualified. Structural Fire Department complete Intro to ICS(I-100), (L-180), (S-130/190), and (S-131); or equivalent training.
S-219: Firing Operations
This course introduces the roles and responsibilities of a Firing Boss (FIRB) to qualified FFT2 and FFT1 and outlines duties of other personnel who may engage in a firing operation. The course discusses and illustrates common firing devices and techniques. Although comprehensive in nature, the course work is not a substitute for the dynamic fire environment.
Prerequisites: a minimum of FFT2 qualified and RT-130. Students seeking FIRB certification must successfully complete, ICS-200, S-230, S-290 and RT-130.
S-230: Crew Boss (Single Resource)
This is a classroom course designed to produce student proficiency in the performance of duties associated with the single resource boss position from initial dispatch through demobilization to the home unit. Topics include operational leadership, preparation & mobilization, assignment preparation, risk management, entrapment avoidance, safety & tactics, offline duties, demobilization, & post incident responsibilities.
Prerequisites: S-290 & FFT1 qualified.
S-231: Engine Boss (Single Resource)
This is a skill course designed to produce student proficiency in the performance of the duties associated with engine boss, single resource (ENGB). Topics include engine & crew capabilities & limitations, information sources, fire sizeup considerations, tactics, & wildland/urban interface.
Prerequisites: S-230 & FFT1 qualified.
S-236: Heavy Equipment Boss (Single Resource)
This is a skill course is designed to meet the training needs of a Heavy Equipment Boss on an incident as outlined the PMS 310-1 and the Position Task Book developed for the position. Primary considerations are tactical use and safety precautions required to establish and maintain an effective dozer operation. A field exercise is required as part of the course. Prerequisites: includes completion of pre-course work (2 hours) and Qualified as firefighter type 1 (FFT1).
S-261: Applied Interagency Incident Business Management
This course is designed to provide the prerequisites skills/knowledge necessary to perform the task of the entry-level finance positions for commissary manager, personnel time recorder, equipment time recorder, compensation for injury specialist and claims specialist.
Prerequisites: S-260
S-270: Basic Air Operations
This course covers aircraft types & capabilities, aviation management & safety for flying in & working with agency aircraft, tactical & logistical uses of aircraft, & requirements for helicopter take-off & landing areas. Note: The regulations, procedures & policies addressed in this course are primarily those governing federal agency & ICS operations.
Prerequisites: None.
S-290: Intermediate Wildland Fire Behavior
This fire behavior course provides students with the knowledge of wildland fuels & fire behavior to make safe & effective fire management decisions on prescribed & wildland fires.
Prerequisites: S-130/190.
S-330: Task Force/Strike Team Leader
This course meets the training requirements for the positions of Task Force & Strike Team Leader. The course is designed to be interactive with several scenarios & exercises specific to wildland fire suppression.
Prerequisites: Qualified as any Single Resource Boss; completion of pre-course work.


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To decrease the assault surface area from this vector, you should consider utilizing blocking computer software in your network's firewall to prevent infections by using contaminated advertising on Web sites.
The principle is that the malware encrypts files on a system's hard disk drive utilizing an unbreakable vital, and this is decrypted by the attacker when a ransom is compensated, ordinarily by on-line forex, for example Bitcoin.
Exactly the same is true if you need to do your own equipment backups having an exterior hard drive. These drives ought to only be connected to a machine when performing backups, then disconnected. "If your backup travel is linked to the system at the time the ransomware operates, then it could also get encrypted," he notes.
By the center 2000s, tricky-to-break ransomware was turning out to be highly regarded, but the challenge of how hackers would gather their money remained. Actual cash and credit card transactions might be traced.
Latest ransomware variants have also listed option payment choices for instance iTunes and Amazon present playing cards. It ought to be famous, even so, that having to pay the ransom won't assure that people can get the decryption key or unlock Resource necessary to regain use of the contaminated procedure or hostaged data files.
Moreover, you'll want to ensure that the anti-virus suite deployed on all PCs has all the anti-malware features executed making sure that any uncommon behaviour that may suggest an infection can be swiftly identified. Be certain all running technique and software program patches are utilized
But in case you have not backed up your info and can't discover a technique for getting throughout the encryption, your only choice to get use of your details is to pay for the ransom. Even though the FBI suggests not having to pay, Ghosh claims he understands the impulse.
There are many forms of "risky" conduct that can cause an infection but many of the crucial kinds are:
This application also will aide inside the restore of documents. The Evaluate tab can be utilized to compare binary of files vs the final fantastic backup and offer you a listing of the data files adjusted (be sure no copy solutions are utilised when comparing a backup). Audit tab can Assess file signatures and only restore the corrupted/encrypted files (Audit tab does not work on textual content data files only binary information with signatures). The Audit Files tab and Uncover Data files tab may also make Be aware of file house owners of corrupted/encrypted information.
It is possible to download totally free anti-ransomware equipment underneath. These equipment will take away ransomware viruses out of your computer and decrypt any documents that have been encrypted within the attack. They'll also notify you about the kinds of ransomware and explain to you what they seem like.
Dr. Popp despatched a floppy disk containing a system masking AIDS details, training, and screening to tens of Countless mailing record subscribers. At startup, a crude EULA warned people they had to buy This system—as well as the author reserved the lawful right to "make sure termination of one's use of the plans .
Also, lots of assaults are sent by mass random emails. Mark James, protection expert at ESET, says the intention is to infect as numerous as you can to maximise the probability of obtaining a end result.
A) that zipped particular file varieties ahead of overwriting the original documents, click here leaving just the password-protected zip information from the person's method. It also designed a text file that acted as the ransom Observe informing end users the documents might be retrieved in exchange for $300.
Why end-to-end encryption is about a lot more than simply privacy Billions of Bluetooth-enabled equipment at risk of new airborne attacks
The smart Trick of how to prevent ransomware That Nobody is Discussing
To decrease the assault surface area from this vector, you should consider utilizing blocking computer software in your network's firewall to prevent infections by using contaminated advertising on Web sites.


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U.S. District Judge Andrew Hanen of Texas has temporarily blocked President Obama's executive order on immigration that would delay deportations for millions of illegal immigrants, an action which may buy Congress more time on the looming February 27th shutdown of some key departments within the Department of Homeland Security.
Judge Hanen argues that the 26 states which filed a lawsuit against the executive order would "suffer irreparable harm" unless permitted a preliminary injunction where the question of the constitutionality of the executive order would be addressed. The first phase of the executive order, the deportation delay of the young illegal immigrants who were brought here as children, "The Dreamers", was scheduled to go into effect February 18. The second part, the deportation delay of the parents of the "Dreamers" is targeted for implementation in two months. Department of Homeland Security Secretary Jeh Johnson announced that the agency will not start accepting applications for deportation relief on February 18 as originally planned. Johnson commented that "The Department of Justice will appeal that temporary injunction; in the meantime, we recognize we must comply with it."
Judge Hanen makes the argument that once amnesty is granted to these undocumented immigrants, the action cannot be undone. You cannot put the jam back in the jar. The lawsuit against the executive order alleges that with the "executive order" the President has exceeded the authority of the Executive Office and violated the "take care" clause of the Constitution which requires that the President "take care that the laws are faithfully executed." Texas Governor Greg Abbott, who was previously the state's attorney general, applauded Hanen's action: "We live in a nation governed by a system of checks and balances, and the President's attempt to by-pass the will of the American people was successfully checked today."
Judge Hanen's temporary halt of President Obama's immigration executive order has perhaps given Congress more time to resolve the DHS funding showdown. What will happen now? Will Republicans hold their ground and keep their measure intact? Will they continue to require that DHS funding be contingent upon rolling back Obama's executive order. Republicans are between a rock and a hard place. The Senate has tossed the DHS Funding bill back to the House without any changes, leaving it to the House to rework it so that it will obtain the Senate Democratic votes needed for passage and ultimately a signature from President Obama. If Republicans cave to pressure from other Republicans, Democrats or the public at large to uncouple DHS from the executive order roll-back, they will upset their conservative base. If they stand their ground, they will be blamed for the DHS shutdown. And even though Republicans are not advocating for the full defunding of the agency, only the areas which support the executive order, history has shown that they will be skewered by the liberal media for "shutting down" the government. In the October 2013 and the 1995 and 1996 government funding shutdowns, the public polls blamed the Republicans for the shutdown. And today's situation does not look very different. According to a recent CNN poll conducted February 12-15, 53% of those surveyed would blame Republicans for a DHS shutdown, 30% would blame President Obama and 13% would say that they are equally to blame. These statistics are interesting given that the same poll revealed that 59% of those surveyed disagree with Obama's handling of the illegal immigrant situation, up from 53% in November. So now you have it. Even if people aren't in agreement with President Obama, somehow the blame is always heaped upon the Republicans.
Judge Andrew Hanen has done the right thing by finding way to stop President Obama's executive order over-reach. We have to remember that our government was established with three branches: the executive, legislative and judicial, with the intent that the branches check and balance each other's use of authority. We need to return to this system. We cannot continue to allow the balance of powers to be violated.
The views expressed in this opinion article are solely those of their author and are not necessarily either shared or endorsed by EagleRising.com


text: As more and more businesses marketers shift their attention toward social media, we're all trying to catch the next trend, even before it's trending. In the digital realm where content is king, B2B sales reps mustn't overlook the value of Pinterest, a social network driven entirely by sharing and curating content. Despite optimal conditions for


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Each new Lake Ashton "Green" Islander Series home is Certified Green providing you with greater insulation, energy saving appliances, and water saving plumbing fixtures. Our Green Certified Homes feature floor coverings and paints that are rated to provide greater indoor air quality thus enabling you to live in a healthier environment.
It's an important role for each of us to be better stewards of our planet and bodies. Lake Ashton's "Environments for Living" program goes a long way at fulfilling this role without a premium price tag.
Lake Ashton is introducing its new "Environments For Living" program beginning with our Islander series homes constructed after January 1st, 2009. Our state of the art homes are designed to save earth's resources, create better air quality, and save you money. Our program meets specific building standards, resulting in homes that are more comfortable, durable, healthy, safe, and energy- and water-efficient than conventionally built homes.


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Keeping our automobiles searching great is essential, particularly with unhealthy condition in our economy. Purchasing a brand new vehicle isn't a choice for a lot of once we have been in a fiscal crunch. We are attempting to eliminate regular bills instead of increase them. So we have to keep your automobiles that finances searching ideal for a very long time. We should also preserve their exchange or selling value. If you would like your automobile to carry on searching ideal for a very long time, here are a few great auto reconditioning services for the vehicle.
Paintless Dent Removal: paintless dent removal is really a procedure that can remove dents and dings without having using fresh paint or additives. The specialist uses reflective sources, rods along with other special tools to massage the dents out of the inside. Most dents can be taken off by using this technique, in most cases there's no evidence that there is ever a dent or dimple there.
Car windows Repair: in case your car windows is cracked or chipped it may probably be fixed. The bottom line is being careful from it immediately. Should you wait too lengthy to have it fixed you might be confronted with changing it. Car windows repair is quick, simple and inexpensive. Many occasions they'll even come your way with mobile repair shop.
Bumper Repair: you heard right, REPAIR, not alternative. Bumpers are made now to ensure that they may be fixed once they incur damage. In case your bumper consists of plastic you are able to go for an auto repair shop to have it fixed in a couple of hrs.
Front lights Restoration: many occasions our automobiles car headlights become cloudy, hazy, or discolored. This really is because of the oxidation that happens. It's really very unsafe they are driving with car headlights such condition as your evening vision is decreased by 90%. Additionally they look bad and hinder the look of your automobile. Have them fully restored in an auto reconditioning shop.
Interior Repair: sometimes our automobiles inside become susceptible to damages and neglect. In case your automobiles interior needs repair or perhaps a good cleaning a auto reconditioning specialist will have the ability to assist you to.
Take a look at these extra services you will get at some auto reconditioning shops:
Window Tinting film: window tint involves setting up a tinted film for your automobiles home windows. Your window tint provides benefits for example thievery protection, privacy, protection for your automobiles interior, a cooler inside temperature, safeguard the skin for dangerous sun rays, and reduce gas. Plus it really enhances your automobiles appearance and boosts its value.
3M Obvious Bra: the 3M obvious bra is really a obvious protective film that's installed for your automobiles front bumper, grill, car headlights, bumpers, side mirrors and hood. It is made to safeguard individuals areas, that are vulnerable to minor damage, from damage occurring. Additionally, it safeguards your fresh paint from dangerous elements and bugs juices which could harm it.


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If you experience problems during video capture, you may see an error message. Final Cut Express monitors the state of controlled devices and reports an error if the problem is due to a camcorder or deck malfunction. Cancel the operation before proceeding and consult your camcorder or deck manual for troubleshooting information. Here are some basic troubleshooting tips that may help you get back on the road.
If a "No Communication" message appears in the Deck Status area of the Capture window (Figure 5.36):


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Nathan Edwards, Director of Recording Technology
(920) 424-7034
Nathan Edwards is a recording engineer, musician, and songwriter from
Wisconsin. As a UW Oshkosh alumnus, he formerly served as Assistant
Professor of Audio Technology in the Digital Arts and Design program
at Dakota State University in South Dakota, taught Audio Technology
courses at the Illinois Institute of Art in Schaumburg, Illinois, and served as head recording engineer at Ark Media Group in Menasha, Wisconsin. He also specializes in live music production, digital filmmaking, and electronic music composition.
Professor Edwards has engineered and self-published numerous albums which have won awards including "The Year's best Tribute EP" for his album, "The Music of Stephen Foster". He has also presented his original compositions at a number of electro-acoustic conferences and exhibitions across the country. As a musician and songwriter, he has performed on South Dakota Public Radio, the "White Wall Sessions" television program, and Wisconsin Public Radio.
As an instructor, Professor Edwards believes in preparing students for a sustainable career in the music industry by not only instilling knowledge, but also inspiring students to deepen their passion and commitment to their discipline both in and out of the classroom. His areas of focus include real-world application, creative freedom and autonomy, and career guidance. As an active recording engineer and musician, he seeks to inspire students to commit to the intense work and dedication necessary to achieve success.
Professor Edwards earned his Bachelor of Music degree in Recording Technology and Music Business from the University of Wisconsin Oshkosh, and his Master of Music in Electronic Music and New Media Technology from Northern Illinois University.
More information about our Music Industry program can be found here.


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No One Knows (Hardcover)
A Book Club Recommendation!
Gallery Books, 9781501118470, 368pp.
Publication Date: March 22, 2016
List Price: 26.00*
* Individual store prices may vary.
In an obsessive mystery as thrilling as The Girl on the Train and The Husband's Secret, New York Times bestselling author J.T. Ellison will make you question every twist in her page-turning novel--and wonder which of her vividly drawn characters you should trust. The day Aubrey Hamilton's husband is declared dead by the state of Tennessee should bring closure so she can move on with her life. But Aubrey doesn't want to move on; she wants Josh back. It's been five years since he disappeared, since their blissfully happy marriage--they were happy, weren't they?--screeched to a halt and Aubrey became the prime suspect in his disappearance. Five years of emptiness, solitude, loneliness, questions. Why didn't Josh show up at his friend's bachelor party? Was he murdered? Did he run away? And now, all this time later, who is the mysterious yet strangely familiar figure suddenly haunting her new life? In No One Knows, the New York Times bestselling coauthor of the Nicholas Drummond series expertly peels back the layers of a complex woman who is hiding dark secrets beneath her unassuming exterior. This masterful thriller for fans of Gillian Flynn, Liane Moriarty, and Paula Hawkins will pull readers into a you'll-never-guess merry-go-round of danger and deception. Round and round and round it goes, where it stops...no one knows.