text:
|Method and apparatus for the introduction of a vaporizable sample into an analytical test apparatus
|Lawrence et al.
|Carbon isotope analysis of hydrocarbons
|Gas chromatography system
This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/606,935, filed Oct. 31, 1990, now abandoned.
A adsorbing at least one of the trace constituents onto a confined sorbent material for a predetermined period of time from a sample gas moving at a predetermined gaseous mass flow rate;
B confining said sorbent material in a sealed space which includes an inlet of a detector means for receiving said one trace constituent; and
C desorbing said one trace element from said sorbent material for a predetermined period of time into a carrier gas moving at a predetermined gaseous mass flow rate which is substantially less than the gaseous mass flow rate of said sample gas whereby the desorbed amount of said one trace constituent relative to said carrier gas that contains said desorbed trace constituent is substantially greater than the same amount of said one trace constituent relative to the portion of said sample gas that contained said trace constituent.
a sorbent material which is retained in a confined space and associated with means for selectively causing said sorbent material to adsorb or desorb said trace constituents;
a sample gas source and valve for introducing said sample gas onto said sorbent material and means for selectively opening and closing said valve;
a source of carrier gas connected to provide said carrier gas to said sorbent material;
pumping means for selectively lowering the pressure in said confined space containing said sorbent material;
a detector for detecting said trace constituents in said carrier gas;
a confined passageway from said carrier gas source to said detector through said sorbent material, whereby when said sorbent material desorbs said trace constituents received from said sample gas they can be carried by said carrier gas to said detector at a pressure substantially less than the pressure of said sample gas, whereby the ratio of the density of said trace constituents to mass of said carrier gas is substantially increased relative to the ratio of the density of said trace constituents for a comparable mass of said sample gas.
This invention relates to the detection of trace constituents in air or other gases and, more particularly, to an improved method and apparatus for preconcentrating these constituents to provide a more sensitive detection and measurement. Although the invention may be used for any detector which fundamentally measures relative concentrations of gases wherein the pressure of the gas is reduced to below atmospheric pressure for analysis, its principal application is for use in mass spectrometry.
Preconcentration is a well known technique in analytical chemistry and is used in the detection of trace contaminants in both gases and liquids. In the analysis of a gas, the gas, commonly at or near atmospheric pressure, is drawn through or past a sorbent that selectively adsorbs or traps the trace constituents. The adsorption usually takes place on the surface of a solid sorbent which in most cases is a powder, "wool" or sheet. Sorbents are selected on the basis of their ability to adsorb compounds of interest and their adsorbing capacity. The amount of trace constituent that is adsorbed is proportional to the time that the gas is drawn through or otherwise contacts the sorbent ("sampling time"), before the sorbent is saturated. Following the time period wherein the sampling takes place, the sorbent is induced to release the trace constituents, usually accomplished by rapidly heating the sorbent. The temperature of the sorbent may be raised sufficiently in one step so that all of the analytes are desorbed simultaneously ("flash desorption"), or it may be increased more slowly so that different chemical species, which desorb at different temperatures, are released at different times ("temperature programmed desorption"). In either case, the trace constituent is re-introduced into a carrier gas flow in a desorption interval of time that is much shorter than the period of time wherein the sampling was accomplished and, as a result, the concentration of the plug of analyte in the carrier gas is higher than was its concentration in the original sample gas. An example of a device that so operates is the Universal Automated Concentrator manufactured by Envirochem, Kemblesville, Pa.
It is common for the sorbent to be in the form of a powder confined within a thin-walled tube which is sufficiently granular for the gas to flow through it, and to provide that the flow of carrier gas through the sorbent during the desorption period is in an opposite direction to the flow through it during the sampling period. An example of a preconcentrator which employs this method is the Automatic Chemical Agent Monitor System (ACAMS), which was developed by Southern Research Institute for the U.S. Army and which is manufactured by ABB Process Analytics (formerly Combustion Engineering, Inc.), of Lewisburg, W. Va., and CMS Research Corporation of Birmingham, Ala.
Preconcentrators also are used in the analysis of volatile compounds in liquids, typically water, by using "purge and trap" techniques. For this, an inert gas is bubbled through the liquid to entrain the volatile contaminants and carry them to a sorbent similar to the ones described above for gas samples. After the sampling (purging and trapping) is complete, the analytes are desorbed from the sorbent, as described above. The Tekmar LSC 2000, manufactured by Tekmar Company of Cincinnati, Ohio, is an example of a commercially available "purge and trap" instrument.
Preconcentrators are commonly used in conjunction with gas chromatographs (GC) to separate and identify the analytes. The flow rate of the carrier gas through the preconcentrator (or the final trap) during the desorption phase, in general, is determined by the characteristics of the GC column. Capillary columns, for example, use lower mass flow rates than traditional packed columns. In addition, to increase the resolution and sensitivity of the GC, the desorbed analytes are often retrapped, usually by cryogenic means, at or near the entrance of the CG column, from which they are desorbed rapidly to ensure that the sample is injected into the column in a short period of time. The Tekmar LSC 2000 "purge and trap" device is used with commercially available gas chromatographs using packed and megabore columns, and the Tekmar Model 1000 capillary interface, which employs cryogenic refocusing, allows the Tekmar LSC 2 "purge and trap" device to operate with capillary column gas chromatographs.
The following Publications are cited for more comprehensive explanations of prior art apparatus and techniques mentioned above, and are incorporated herein by reference:
1. SW-846, "Test Methods for Evaluation of Solid Waste," Third Edition, EPA Publication OSW 0000846; Methods 0030 and 5040.
2. D. L. Fox, Anal. Chem. 61. IR (1989), and references within.
3. D. L. Fox, Anal. Chem. 59, 280R (1987), and references within.
4. R. A. Kagel and S. O. Farwell, Anal. Chem. 58. 1197 (1986).
5. P. A. Steudler and W. Kijowski, Anal. Chem. 56, 1432 (1984).
6. R. Otson, J. M. Leach, and L. T. K. Chung, Anal. Chem. 59. 58 (1987).
7. T. Bellar and J. Lichtenberg, J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 66, 739 (1974). 8. United States Environmental Protection Agency, "Method 524.2. Volatile Organic Compounds in Water by Purge and Trap Capillary Column Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry," August, 1986.
9. N. Kirshen, Am. Lab. 16 (12), 60 (1984).
10. L. D. Landau and E. M. Lifshitz, "Fluid Mechanics," Translated by J. B. Sykes and W. H. Reid, Pergamon Press, London, 1959, p. 59.
In existing apparatus, the carrier gas into which the analytes are ultimately desorbed is generally, if not always, at, near or above atmospheric pressure on the higher pressure side of the final trap. An important aspect of the instant invention is the use of substantially reduced pressures on both sides of the trap, as well as low volume flows and short times, during the desorption period to increase the concentration of the analyte in the carrier gas.
In considering the theory of preconcentrators, the total number (N) of trace constituent molecules taken from a sample of gas and adsorbed on an ideal preconcentrator is represented by: N=fs ns Ws ts, (1)
where fs is the fractional molecular concentration of trace constituent in the gas, ns is the number density of air molecules (cc-1), which is proportional to the pressure of the gas entering the preconcentrator, Ws is the volume flow rate entering the preconcentrator (cc/sec) and ts is the sampling time (sec). The same total number (N) of molecules are released from the preconcentrator during the desorption phase, i.e.: N=fd nd Wd td ( 2)
where the parameters have the same meanings as in equation (1) except for being appropriate to the desorption phase and with nd and Wd being the number density and volume flow rate of gas, respectively leaving the preconcentrator. The subscripts "s" and "d" as used herein, identify "sample" and "desorption" symbols respectively in the equations. The combination of equations (1) and (2) defines a preconcentration factor, or "gain," (G) as the ratio of the molecular concentrations of the trace constituent during the desorption and sampling phases: ##EQU1##
In an ideal gas, the following equation is applicable: ##EQU2## where P is the pressure, k is Boltzmann's constant, T is the temperature in °K, P is the mass density (gm/cc) n is the number density and m is the molecular mass. Therefore equation (3) may be alternatively expressed as: ##EQU3##
The mass flow of gas (Q) is the product of the mass density and the volume flow rate of Q=pW. G can therefore also be defined: ##EQU4## where the subscripts "s" and "d" again refer to the sampling and desorption periods, respectively.
In viscous flow, the mass flow of a compressible gas through a restriction such as a tube or channel is, to good approximation under isothermal conditions, proportional to the difference of the squares of the pressures at the high- and low-pressure (Po and Pf, respectively) ends of the restriction and therefore: ##EQU5##
In equations (6) and (7), Phd o-Pf is the pressure difference between the ends of the tube which difference is expressed as "ΔP" in equation (8). Also in equation (8),
 is the algebraic average pressure in the tube (Po +Pf l)/2 in equation (7). K, in equations (6), (7l) and (8l), is a factor that is dependent on the geometry of the tube and the coefficient of viscosity of the gas. Because the coefficient of viscosity of a gas is independent of its pressure, factor K is a constant.
The combination of equations (5) and (8l) yields an expression for the gain (G) in terms of the average pressure in the tube and the pressure drop across it during the sampling and desorption phases: ##EQU6##
To maximize the gas flow during the sampling phase, the gas can be pumped at a sufficient velocity so that the pressure at the preconcentrator exit end is effectively zero. In such case,
s Ps /2 and ΔPs =Ps, where Ps where Ps again is the pressure at the entrance of the sorbent during the sampling. By substituting these into equation (8), the following formula results: ##EQU7##
Accordingly, equations (5) and (10) combine to provide a relatively simplified expression for the gain: ##EQU8##
As an example, if the sampling is at atmospheric pressure (Px =760 l Torr) and the pressure difference across the preconcentrator during the desorption phase is say, 100 torr, with the pressure at the low-pressure end being 40 torr, then the preconcentration factor, G, would be 32, even if the sampling and desorption times are equal.
If, during the desorption phase, the pressure drop across the tube is such that ΔPd, is much greater than the pressure at the low-pressure end of the sorbent,
d, then
d=ΔPd /2; and the expression for the gain is further simplified to: ##EQU9##
From the foregoing equations, it should be appreciated that by providing different pressure and gas flow rates wherein the higher pressure and higher volume flow rate takes place in the sampling phase of the gas and a much lower pressure and lower volume flow rate are used during the desorption phase, substantially greater gaseous and vapor preconcentrations can be achieved which are adaptable for analysis by mass spectrometers.
The invention utilizes this concept by exposing an activated sorbent to the sample of gas or vapor to be analyzed at or near atmospheric pressure, the sorbent being in a confined space which is then sealed off and the pressure therein is reduced. Next, the sorbent is heated to desorb its previously adsorbed constituents into a low pressure gas flowing within the sealed space to carry those constituents to the ionizing chamber of a mass spectrometer or other low pressure detector which then analyzes them. If the desorption time is less than that required for adsorption, a further concentration of the gases and vapors of interest occurs.
Adaptabilities and capabilities of the invention will be more fully appreciated by those skilled in the art as the description progresses, reference being had to the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 illustrates in diagrammetric form a preferred embodiment of the invention, where the preconcentrator comprises a tube that contains the sorbent material, which when cool adsorbs the trace constituents and when heated releases them back into the vapor phase, the low-pressure detector being shown as a mass spectrometer;
FIG. 1a is similar to FIG. 1 except that two preconcentrator arrangements are connected to the mass spectrometer;
FIG. 2 represents an alternative arrangement of a preconcentrator in combination with a mass spectrometer in accordance with the invention;
FIG. 3 is a further diagrammatic arrangement of a preconcentrator combined with a mass spectrometer wherein all of the desorbed concentrated constituents are received by the mass spectrometer;
FIG. 4 is a still further diagrammatic representation of the invention wherein electron impact or chemical ionization occurs in the ionizer, and the desorption pressure is matched to the ionizer pressure.
FIG. 5 is a detailed cross-sectional view of a sorbent tube as used in the invention;
FIG. 6 is a graph of desorption profiles of the different isotropic fragmentations from a trace of carbon tetrachloride (CC14); in air
FIG. 7 shows the peak isotopic fragment ion signals during the desorption period as a function of the CCl4 concentration in air; and
FIG. 8 shows the dependence of the peak intensity at mass 69 on desorption pressure for perfluorotributylamine sample in air.
Referring to FIG. 1, valves V1 and V2 are variable leak valves. Valve V2 is used to adjust the gas mass flow rate through the sorbent 10 during the desorption phase and, in conjunction with the pressure in the low-pressure gas supply, the desorption period pressure Pd. Valve V1 is a variable leak valve leading to the mass spectrometer 14 or other low-pressure detector and is adjusted to transmit a sufficiently small sample of the desorption gas flow from valve E to valve V1 that can be handled by the vacuum system provided by a vacuum pump 17 of the mass spectrometer 14 or other low-pressure detector. Valves A, B, C, D and E are high conductance valves that are either opened or closed as described hereinafter.
During the sampling phase valves A and B are opened and C, D and E are closed. Gas usually at atmospheric pressure, is drawn through the sorbent 10, which here is shown as a granular powder inside a tube, toward vacuum pump 18. After a given sampling time, ts, valve A is closed and valve C is opened with valve B remaining open, and vacuum pump 18 lowers the pressure in the sorbent tube section 10. The purpose of the bypass containing valve C is to allow rapid pumpdown of the volume to the left (as seen in FIG. 1) of the sorbent tube section 10. This bypass is not essential, in that sorbent tube section 10 would eventually be pumped down, but all the gas to the left of sorbent tube section 10 would have to be pumped through the sorbent which is an obstruction to the gas flow. Without the bypass the period of time to complete the preconcentration sequence is slightly longer.
When sufficient vacuum exists in sorbent tube section 10, valves B and C are closed, valve D is opened and gas from a low-pressure gas supply 11 enters sorbent tube section 10. Valve E is opened, either simultaneously with valve D or shortly thereafter, and low-pressure gas flows through sorbent 10. After the flow is established, the sorbent tube is rapidly heated by a heating device 12 and trace constituents adsorbed by sorbent 10 are released and enter the low-pressure gas flow. A portion of this flow is split off and enters the mass spectrometer 14 or other low-pressure detector via variable leak valve V1 and ionizer 15. Valves A and B are opened and C, D and E are closed. Heating device 12 may comprise an electrically energized heater ribbon wrapped around sorbent tube section 10, but other heating means will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Mass spectrometer 14 is evacuated by vacuum pump 17. Ionizer 15 may be located within a chamber which is evacuated by another vacuum pump (not shown) in a differential pumping arrangement.
The desorption time, td, is that period of time required to desorb all trace constituent that were adsorbed during the sampling time. This period of time can be controlled within limits by varying the rate of heat flow to the sorbent tube 10. More rapid heating produces a smaller td and therefore, as set out in equation (5), a higher gain factor, G.
The period of time during which trace constituents enter ionizer 15 is independent of the desorption gas flow rate. For example, using a slower desorption gas volume flow rate at a given pressure will produce a higher number density (or partial pressure or fractional concentration) of trace constituents in the desorption gas flow because they are distributed over a shorter distance along the flow and a larger signal will result. But, this shorter length of trace constituents in the gas flow is received through valve V1 in the same length of time td because of the slower linear flow speed.
Nevertheless, the volume flow rate does determine the period of time required to transport the desorbed analyte from the sorbent 10 to the entrance of the mass spectrometer 14 at valve V1. The linear velocity of the carrier gas, which determines the transit time, is proportional to the volume flow rate. High linear velocities and low mass flow rates occur simultaneously under the low-pressure desorption conditions.
The response of the mass spectrometer 14 shown in FIG. 1 to the desorbed analytes is also affected by the volume of ionizer 15 and the pumping speed of the aperture 16 that separates ionizer 15 and mass spectrometer 14. For example, consider the case in which desorbed analyte entering the ionizer 15 immediately diffuses throughout ionizer 15. The analyte concentration in ionizer 15, fi (t), increases exponentially during the time period that the analyte enters the ionizer (0≤t≤td): fi (t)=fd (1-e-t/τ) (13)
where fd is the analyte concentration in the desorption gas flow and τ is a time constant characteristic of the ionizer. Once the slug of gas containing the analyte has passed the entrance to valve V1 (t≥td), the concentration in the ionizer falls exponentially from its peak value, fi (td), with the same time constant τ: fi (t)=fi (td)e-(t-td)/τ (14)
Time constant τ in equations (13) and (14) is the ratio of the ionizer volume, Vi, to the pumping speed, Si, (in units of volume per unit time) out of ionizer 15, thus: τ=Vi /Si (15)
In FIG. 1, ionizer 15 is pumped only through aperture 16 that separates ionizer 15 from mass spectrometer 14.
If the ionizer's time constant τ is small compared to the desorption time td, then the analyte concentration in ionizer 15 rapidly approaches and follows the analyte concentration fd in the carrier gas. Conversely, if the time constant τ is much larger than the desorption time td, then the concentration in ionizer 15 rises during the period of time analyte enters ionizer 15 to only a fraction of the concentration in the carrier gas: fi (td)=fd (1-e-td/τ)≉fd td /τ(16)
The concentration then falls with the characteristic time constant τ according to equation (14).
Ionizers used for electron-impact (EI) and chemical ionization (CI) typically have small volumes and sufficiently large apertures whereby their time constants τ are less than the typical desorption times (a few seconds) and the arrangement shown in FIG. 1 is satisfactory. Some discharge ionization sources, however, require large volumes and moderately high pressures to allow their plasmas to be recombination limited. In such event, the arrangement illustrated in FIG. 2 is preferred wherein all of the desorption gas is directed to flow through the ionizer and the gas flow rate through such ionizer 15 is increased.
For FIG. 1, a suitable valving sequence for sampling air or other gas, and concentrating the trace elements for subsequent analysis by a mass spectrometer, is set forth in Table I.
|Valves A, B, C, D and E are on/off valves. Using "1" to designate a valve that is open and "0" to designate that a valve is closed, the valving sequence is as follows: Valves Sorbent Phase A B C D E Heat 12 Process
1. 0 1 0 0 0 Off Initial pumpdown.
2. 1 1 0 0 0 Off Sampling of air.
3. 0 1 1 0 0 Off Reduce pressure.
4. 0 0 0 1 1 Off Establish desorption gas
5. 0 0 0 1 1 On Desorption of Analytes.
In the arrangement of FIG. 2, valves A, B, C, D and E operate as in FIG. 1 and valves V1 and V2 are adjusted to produce the desired desorption mass flow as well as the appropriate pressure in the ionizer.
In either arrangement (FIGS. 1 and 2), the low-pressure desorption gas need not be the same gas as the original gas that entered the preconcentrator. Indeed it is often desirable to use a low-pressure desorption gas that is chemically different from the gas being sampled. For example, trace constituents in some air samples may react with oxygen at elevated temperatures. If air is also used as the desorption gas, the desorbed analytes may react with oxygen in air heated in the desorption process, and produce different species. The use of an inert gas such as argon or a fully oxided gas such as carbon dioxide may be desirable in these cases. Conversely, a reactive carrier gas can be advantageously used to detect a derivative of the original analyte or to distinguish compounds that have similar mass spectra based on their reactivity or reactive pathway with the desorption gas, or to produce a species that is more easily ionized. In addition, when using chemical ionization (CI) as the ionization method, the chemical ionization reagent gas may also be the desorption gas.
The use of preheated low-pressure desorption gas that is preheated by preheater 22 contributes thermal energy to raise the temperature of the adsorbent in sorbent tube section 10, thus either reducing the period of time to effect desorption therefrom, or reducing the heating load of heating device 12. The heat capacity of the low-pressure desorption gas is usually considerably less than that of the sorbent material in tube section 10. Nevertheless, because the low thermal conductivity of many sorbent materials results in the thermal activity caused by hot desorption gas being concentrated at their surfaces from whence the molecules desorb, the pre-heated desorption gas may provide a more effective contribution to the desorption process than otherwise might be expected.
The arrangements of FIGS. 1 and 2 assume the desorption mass flow is sufficiently large and that the capacity of the mass spectrometer 14 or other low-pressure detector is such that only a small portion of the desorbed gas can be received through aperture 16 for analysis, the gas handling capacity of the mass spectrometer or other detector being the limiting feature. If the desorption gas mass flow is sufficiently low, and the pumping capacity of the mass spectrometer's vacuum pumps is high, then all the desorption gas flow can be taken via aperture 16 and ionizer 15 into mass spectrometer 14. In such case, the valve V2 can be closed or an alternative arrangement as shown in FIG. 3 may be substituted.
In the arrangement illustrated in FIG. 3 the sequence of opening and closing valves A, B, C, D and E is the same as for FIGS. 1 and 2. Vacuum pump 17 is a high-speed pump (several hundred liters/sec, typically) that normally maintains the pressure in the mass spectrometer in the range of 10-5 torr. The difference here is that now all the desorption gas and therefore all the trace constituents adsorbed by the sorbent enter ionizer 15 of mass spectrometer 14 and then are received in mass spectrometer 14 itself through its aperture 16. The actual mass flow rate into a typical mass spectrometer is of the order of 10-3 torr-liters/sec or about 0.1 atm-cc/min, and the same mass flow rate of desorption gas is thus the maximum amount that should be permitted to flow through the sorbent 10. In this case, the adjustable valve V1 and the pressure provided by the low-pressure desorption gas supply govern the desorption pressure and the actual mass flow.
For a very low desorption pressure as well as very low desorption gas mass flow, either valve V1 should be wide opened or eliminated as shown in FIG. 4.
If one uses an electron-impact (EI) or chemical ionization (CI) ionizer 15, both of which usually operate at pressures less than one torr, then the configuration of FIG. 4 is acceptable if the trace constituents do not tend to be adsorbed on the interior walls of the conduits between sorbent 10 and ionizer 15 or on surfaces inside the valve E. But, if the trace constituents do tend to stick to these surfaces, then the configuration of FIG. 3 is preferable because the low-pressure gas supply and valve V1 can be set to maintain a higher pressure between the sorbent and valve V1, which inhibits diffusion of the trace constituents to the conduit walls.
According to equation (5), the relative gain in concentration depends on the ratio of the mass flow during the sampling phase to that in the desorption phase. Diffusion losses and the flow requirements of the detection method ultimately determine the minimum acceptable desorption mass flow. Therefore the mass flow during the sampling period, Qs, should be as large as possible to maximize the gain. The absolute mass flow during the sampling period is determined by the factor K in equation (6), which relates the mass flow, Q, of a preconcentrator to the difference of squares of the pressures at the two ends of the preconcentrator. This factor clearly depends on geometry the length and inside diameter in the case of a tube. To obtain a high mass flow rate during sampling, a preconcentrator tube should be short.
Use of a short tube, however, leads to the possibility that during the sampling phase the adsorption sites on the sorbent will become completely filled and the sorbent will not adsorb all the trace constituents during the sampling phase. In such event, the sorbent is saturated and trace constituents in the sample gas therafter flowing through the sorbent are not reflected in the analyte concentration during the desorption phase, even if they were within the sampling mass flow or the sampling time ts. A solution is to decrease the sampling time until G becomes proportional to ts. Alternatively, if one seeks to keep G high, the preconcentrator can be replaced with one of a larger geometry (length and diameter in the case of a tubular preconcentrator) at the possible cost of increasing the desorption time, td, because the conduction of thermal energy from preheater 12 or 22 to the center of the tube will be affected by the geometry change.
A major problem with commonly used preconcentration techniques is that they rely primarily, and often only, on the ratio of sampling to desorption times. Because a certain period of time is required for measurements on the preconcentrated sample which determines the minimum desorption time, it follows that the length of time needed to achieve a specified preconcentration factor must be relatively large. Mathematically this can be expressed as ts =Gtd.
Consider for example, a mass spectrometer wherein about 0.1 sec is required to make a mass scan over the range of a few hundred daltons. Because it typically takes about two seconds to drive off the adsorbed gas from a small sorbent tube, the mass spectrometer can make a number of scans over the time that the desorption gas is present. For a concentration gain factor of, say, 120, in a conventional preconcentrator the sampling time, ts, must be around 120×2 sec=240 sec=4 minutes. In contrast, with the instant invention, using a desorption pressure of 40 torr and a desorption pressure drop of 100 torr (the case calculated above), and with a desorption time td =2 sec, equation (11) indicates that a sampling time of only 7.5 seconds is required to achieve a desired gain factor of 120 and the total measurement time (sampling plus desorption times, plus another one or two seconds for switching the valves) is about ten to twelve seconds, neglecting pressure transient times after valves are opened and closed, rather than the four minutes total measurement time in the conventional preconcentrator case.
It is important in considering the total length of time required to analyze a given sample, that transients be considered when the gas flows required for the processes are modified by being commenced, stopped or reversed, or by having their pressures or velocities changed. In general, when a volume of gas is being evacuated through a tube and the pressure is such that viscous flow occurs, the pressure in the volume as a function of time, p(t), is given theoretically by: ##EQU10## where Po is the initial pressure, a and L are the inner radius and length of the tube, V is the volume and η is the viscosity of the gas. If one is pumping air (η≉10-4 poise) from atmospheric pressure (Po =760 torr≉1×106 dynes/cm2) through a tube of 1/8"diameter (a≉0.15 cm) that is 30 cm long, the time it takes to pump down a volume of 100 cm3 to a pressure of 0.01 atmospheres is: ##EQU11##
This calculation illustrates that, because pump-down and let-up times should be of the order of one second or less, it is necessary to use valves with small dead volumes and keep the lengths of lines short.
One of the most time-consuming aspects of the measurement cycle is the cool-down time after the trace constituents have been thermally desorbed. Forced cooling can be accomplished by causing a cool gas to flow through the sorbent tube while blowing cool air along its exterior, or by circulating a liquid coolant around the tube. Other means such as Peltier Cooling may be employed, however, as are well known to those skilled in the art. But, whatever means are used, they consume time and complicate the construction of the device. An alternative approach is to provide two or more preconcentrators in parallel and to switch between them. One is in use while the other(s) are cooling. An apparatus for doing so is illustrated in FIG. 1a. Here valves F and F' provide that one preconcentrator may be operated while the other is being cooled and vice versa. Certain elements can be shared such as low pressure gas supply sources 11 and 11', vacuum pumps 18 and 18', and the high pressure intakes. By sharing splitter valves V1 and V1 ', and V2 and V2 ', valves F and F' may be eliminated and valves E and E' can be used to switch the flows alternatively from the preconcentrators I and II to the mass spectrometer 14 via aperture 16 and ionizer 15.
A preconcentration concept in accordance with the invention was successfully implemented with mass spectrometry in April, 1990, at Extrel Corporation in Pittsburgh, Pa. The test apparatus was similar to the device shown in FIG. 1, in which the preconcentrator was of the sorbent tube configuration as shown in FIG. 5.
The sorbent tubes 30 used here were plain microhematocrit capillary tubes (Fischer Scientific Co., Pittsburgh, Pa.; cat. no. 02-668-68), which were thirty-seven millimeters in length having inside diameters of approximately of 1.5 mm and wall thicknesses of approximately 0.1 mm. The very thin wall of these tubes allows rapid heating and cooling of the sorbent 31. The capillary tube was packed with a one centimeter long section of mesh 60/80 Chromasorb 106 sorbent (TM Manville, purchased from Alltech Associates, Inc., Applied Science Labs, Deerfield, Ill.), which was held in place by pieces of silanized glass wool 32 tightly packed to a length of three millimeters on each end of the sorbent material. A nichrome ribbon (not shown) wrapped around the sorbent tube served as a resistive heater 12 for desorbing the adsorbed analyte. A type J thermocouple junction spot welded on the nichrome ribbon measured the temperature of the ribbon, and a temperature controller (Model 550, Fenwall) regulated its temperature during the desorption period. The sorbent tube was sealed to the rest of the apparatus by 1/16" Swagelok fittings 34 (TM Crawford Fitting Co.) and Teflon ferrules.
remaining plumbing, as shown in FIG. 1, comprised 1/8" tubing (stainless steel and Teflon), 1/8" Swagelok fittings 34, Teflon solenoid valves (Part 2-10-900, General Valve Corporation, Fairfield, N.J.; and Model 20-1-3, Valcor Engineering Corp., Springfield, N.J.), and stainless steel needle valves (Models SS22RS2, Whitey). A Hitachi 160VP CuteVac (174 L/min) served as the vacuum pump 18 shown in FIG. 1, and the pressures of the gases on each side of sorbent 10 in FIG. 1 were measured with a manometer (Baratron type 122AA-01000DB, MKS Instruments, Inc., Burlington, Mass.). This manometer was connected to the preconcentrator through stainless steel toggle valves (not shown in FIGS. 1-4), which generally remained closed during the entire preconcentration procedure to avoid excess volume in the preconcentrator. Pressure measurements generally were taken only while setting up a particular preconcentration sequence.
The low pressure gas supply for the desorption period was provided by two needle valves connected in series between ambient air and the vacuum pump 18. The region between the needle valves was connected to valve D, and the needle valves were adjusted to produce the desired pressure at the sorbent. Sufficient gas flow was maintained through the needle valves to ensure that gas flow through sorbent 10 did not affect the pressure applied to the sorbent. This arrangement is analogous to a stiff voltage divider in electronic circuitry. A vacuum regulator (Model 3491, Matheson, for example) constitutes another approach which may be employed.
The mass spectrometer 14 used in these experiments was a differentially pumped, single quadruple instrument (SpectrEL, Extrel Corporation, Pittsburgh, Pa.). The first vacuum chamber of the mass spectrometer, which houses the ion source, was pumped by a 450 L/S turbomolecular pump, the pumping speed of which was limited to about 150 L/S by its connection to the chamber. A 320 L/S diffusion pump pumped the rear vacuum chamber, which housed the quadruple mass filter. All of the experiments reported below were conducted using an electron-impact ion source operating with 70-eV electrons.
An external timer (ChronTrol, Lindburg Enterprises, Inc., San Diego, Calif.) controlled the operation of the solenoid valves in the preconcentrator. One timing sequence used to investigate the preconcentrator's behavior is set forth in Table II below, again using "1" to designate a valve that is open and "0" to designate that a valve is closed.
|Sor- Valves bent Phase A B C D E Heat Process Duration
1. 0 1 0 0 0 Off Initial pumpdown.
2 sec
2. 1 1 0 0 0 Off Sampling of air.
3 sec
3. 0 1 1 0 0 Off Reduce pressure.
2 sec
4. 0 0 0 1 1 Off Establish flow.
3 sec
5. 0 0 0 1 1 On Desorb analytes.
10 sec
TOTAL 20 sec
The sampling time in this sequence was three seconds and the total cycle time (excluding the time required to cool the sorbent after desorption) was twenty seconds.
Experiments using this timing sequence were carried out with air doped with varying amounts of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). FIG. 6 shows the mass spectrometer signals recorded as a function of time during a preconcentration cycle in which air containing a total CCl4 concentration of 3.4 parts per million (ppm) was sampled. Valve E to the mass spectrometer (FIG. 1) was opened about seven seconds into the scan, and a slight increase in the signals was seen at that time. About ten seconds into the scan, the sorbent 10 was heated causing the adsorbed analytes to desorb rapidly. The data recorded at masses 117, 119, 121, and 123 daltons, major peaks in the mass spectrum of CCl4, show significant responses shortly thereafter, and the desorption profiles are approximately two seconds in duration (measured as the full width at half intensity). For comparison, the response at 140 daltons, a background mass not associated with CCl4, shows little response.
The mass peaks at 119, 121 and 123 daltons correspond to fragment ions of CCl4 molecules that contain one or more 37 Cl atoms. Based on the isotopic abundance of 37 Cl, the signal at 123 daltons arises effectively from an analyte present at a concentration of about fifty parts per billion.
The desorption profiles shown above were recorded using low-pressure and low-flow desorption conditions to enhance the concentration of the desorbed analyte in the carrier gas. These desorption profiles indicate that the concentration of CCl4 in the desorption phase is about 550 times its concentration in the air sample. Because the sampling times and the desorption times are nearly equal in this case (three and two seconds, respectively), the gain in concentration results almost entirely from the differences in pressures and flow rates during the sampling and desorption phases. The gain was measured by comparing the peak intensity of the desorption profile to the signal produced from direct introduction of the 3.4 ppm sample into the mass spectrometer. Each signal was corrected for background levels produced by a blank air sample, and the appropriate valves were adjusted so that the pressure in the mass spectrometer was 2×10-5 Torr during both the desorption period and the direct sampling measurement. Because the total pressure in the mass spectrometer was the same in the two measurements, comparison of the background-corrected signals is a direct comparison of the relative concentrations.
The gain observed in this example is within a factor of two of the gain, G, calculated from comparison of the adsorption pressures, flows, and times, as set forth in Table III below:
|Sampling Desorption
Average Pressure

369 torr 18.5 torr
Pressure Difference ΔP
668 torr 21 torr
Time 3 sec 2 sec (Full Width at
Half Intensity)
Calculated Gain = 950
The difference between the predicted and observed gains in this case results largely from saturation of the sorbent 10, as discussed above. FIG. 7, which shows the peak ion signals during the desorption period as a function of the CCl4 concentrations for each monitored ion mass with plus/minus error bars, illustrates the effect of saturation. The desorbed signal for each CCl4 isotopic fragmentation mass does not increase linearly with sample concentration.
Finally, equation (9) predicts that the gain G, and hence the ion intensity during the desorption phase, is inversely proportional to the average pressure in the sorbent tube during the desorption period.
In FIG. 8, the dependence of the peak intensity at mass 69 on the desorption pressure for a perfluorotributylamine sample in air is shown. The signal was measured as a function of the average pressure during the desorption period for constant sampling conditions (sample concentration, mass flow, and time) and a constant 30-torr pressure difference across the sorbent during the desorption period.
It is to be seen that the ion signal does increase with decreasing pressure (increasing 1/
d), as expected, but the signal does not increase linearly with 1/
d. This discrepancy results, at least in part, from the fact that the observed temporal profile of the desorption peak depends on the pressure. The observed peak width increased with increasing pressure, presumably because of slower heating at higher pressures and flow rates contributed to the non-linear response of the signal to 1/
d.
Although we have described the preferred embodiments of our invention, it is to be understood that it is capable of other adaptations and modifications within the scope of the appended claims.


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If you ever meet Jim Christy, you can talk to him about almost anything. Just don't call him a "former lobbyist." This former head of government relations at defense contractor TRW, who also spent a year as head of corporate/government relations for the pharmaceutical and biotechnology trade association PhRMA, is quick to object to the term, which many Washington lobbyists consider a pejorative.
But one-time industry liaison or not, this advisor at Northwest Financial Federal Credit Union in Herndon, Va., is quick to say his work in the nation's capital trying to articulate the wishes of his corporate employers has proven to be of great help in his work today with his investment clients. "There are lots of ways having worked in corporate/government relations in Washington helps with my work as an investment advisor," he says. "For one thing, when you're doing that kind of work in Washington, you have to learn how to assess what are real threats to your company's or industry's interests, and what are just salvos from the back benches."
By way of example, he cites an Obama administration proposal to place caps or limits on the size of qualified retirement plan investment balances-an idea that put the fear of God into many clients and their advisors. He also cites repeated proposals in Congress or from the White House to eliminate the mortgage interest tax deduction. He says, "in my view neither of these proposals has a chance of passage."
Similarly, Christy scoffs at the fear some have that Social Security will go bust, paying out only 75% of benefits to retirees sometime around 2036. "I tell my clients that if you're 55 or older, you don't have to worry about any diminution of your benefits. No advisor should say to any client that they should take Social Security benefits at 62 because the program might not be there later when they try to retire at 66 or 70." But he adds, "If you're under 55, you have to worry that your Social Security benefits might be eroded."
On the other hand, Christy says his experience working the halls of Congress and the White House convinced him early that tax rates would be rising on the highest earners, and deductions for higher earners would be cut, as happened early this year. "That had been a threat for a while, and it was going to happen," he says. "If you recall, even [former House Majority Leader John] Boehner said he was prepared to propose higher taxes for incomes of $1 million or more, and in a compromise it was everyone earning over $400,000 ($450,000 for married couples) who went from 35% to 39.5%."
Christy says his experience in Washington (he also worked on the staff of the House Energy and Commerce Committee and as a young man was on the White House staff during the administration of President Ronald Reagan) helps him to provide his clients with good advice, particularly when it comes to government policies that may have an impact on them, their savings plans and their retirements.
What his past career has not done is help him to build his client base. "When TRW was bought by Northrop Grumman in 2002, and after a year with PhRMA, I found myself out of work, and with six kids in school, I had to be responsible for my own affairs, so I took all six CFP courses." A friend invited him over to Northwest Financial, where he says he initially thought he could work as the firm's corporate rep, but the friend said, "Why don't you try advising?" So he did. (LPL Financial is the TPM for Northwest.)
From a lifestyle point of view, it was a refreshing change," he says. "I get to build a business that is much more to my strengths-working with people you can assist and help with their goals, rather than with people you cannot control, and who don't want to be controlled, like the people in Congress."
From the outset, Christy decided he was not going to go into Washington to try and corral business from his acquaintances on the Hill, but would instead build a client base in the suburban communities surrounding his new institutional home.
He has a few clients from the House committee he worked on, but no members of Congress or other staffers. "I rarely go downtown," he says. "Essentially I started from scratch. There was one advisor who had left, and there were some accounts, but the good ones had all been picked over by the time I came, and I got the debris."
Of the 6% of his current book that he started out with, he says, looking back today, that "I would have been better off without that. Those accounts haven't really developed into anything." Instead, the growth has been from federal employees living in the area, "and they're retiring from the government all the time." That, he says, is his niche: "Retired or near-to-retirement federal employees."
He says his prior work in Washington only comes up indirectly in his work with those clients. "Sometimes people ask," he says. "And based on what a person does or did for the government, it helps me to better understand them, which has helped."
The bulk of his book, which is more than $200 million in assets under management, has come to him through referrals. While he and another advisor alternate monthly in addressing a group of federal government retirees, which generates some business for both of them, he says client referrals are the main source of his new clients.
Most of those clients have investable assets in the $250,000 to $750,000 range. "You won't see many federal employees who have $1 or $2 million to invest," he says. "They have great pensions, but not that much in savings. What they need are things like estate help, advice on taking care of elderly parents, paying for kids' college and so on."
In terms of his approach to client investments, he says, "We're more tactical than we used to be. We do a core-and-satellite approach. We put maybe 60% to 70% of assets in mutual funds and ETFs, and then 30% to 40% in things like commodities, commercial real estate, emerging markets or something along those lines."
For that purpose he likes alternative mutual funds that include "all kinds of stuff," explaining, "you can get alternative exposure that way without having to buy six or seven different things. One fund can have 10 to 12 alternative investments within it."
Maybe it's having all those federal employees as clients, or just being a few hours' drive from his old stomping ground, but Christy still can't get Washington off his mind. "The government system is broken," he says. "Congressional districts have been so gerrymandered that only a handful of seats are at risk in any two-year election cycle, which makes it very difficult to turn things around. Look at [Sen. Mitch] McConnell. He's the leader of the Republicans in the Senate, and is very respected, and yet he's in a serious battle in Kentucky within his own party. What state in the country would want the most powerful, or second most powerful man in the Senate to lose his seat?"
As for Washington's role in his new profession, he takes a dim view of attempts to regulate the ethics of the advisory profession. "The government cannot regulate the ethics of advisors," he scoffs. "There needs to be a harmonized way of getting advisors' interests aligned with the interests of investors. The government needs to be careful not to make it so prescriptive that it prices advisory services out of the reach of ordinary investors."
He remains hopeful that reform will come. "Believe it or not," he says, "there are members of Congress who are looking for people with wisdom, not just people with handouts. Look at the Syrian crisis. Members of Congress will weigh public sentiment back home, but they're also thinking seriously about the problem and looking for people with ideas and answers."
Name: James Christy
Bank: Northwest Financial Federal Credit Union
Location: Herndon, Va.
TPM: LPL Financial
2012 production: $1.5 million
2011 production: $1.3 million
2012 AUM: $181 million
2011 AUM: $150 million
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subset: commoncrawl


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Take your diving abilities to a whole new level by learning to take care of yourself and others.
"Challenging" and "rewarding" best describe the PADI Rescue Diver course. Building upon what you've already learned, this course expands on how to prevent problems and manage them if they occur. Rescue is a strongly encouraged course.
Skills Learned:
- Self rescue
- Recognizing and managing stress in other divers
- Emergency management and equipment
- Rescuing panicked divers
- Rescuing unresponsive divers
Spring 2018 Course:
- Dive days: tbd at Tigertail Lake. Will be AM dives
- Classroom session: tbd
- $300 (includes rental transportation, dives, books, etc.)
- Contact email@example.com if interested


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Fast Passes at Disneyland
One thing I love about Disneyland is that they still run on the old paper fast pass system. There a some tricks to using the fast passes and making the most out of your trip. We utilize them to make sure we don't stand in lines for longer than 15 minutes! My 4 year old even walks away from a ride line that may seem too long. We've figured out a great system to make it manageable for all of us!
June 2018
Mickey's Dream Vacations, Inc
Email: email@example.com
California Seller of Travel #:211211640
Independent Agents in compliance with
Florida Sellers of Travel, section 559/926-939
Copyright © 2010- 2018 Mickey's Dream Vacations, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
As to Disney artwork, properties, & logos © Disney
Ship Registry: The Bahamas.


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Limited Time Special - 25% Off! Use Promo Code "Promo25"
Make A Reservation Here!
Lynn Limos is a leading limousine service providing a quality experience to people in the Boston area. We specialize in Airport and Executive transportation and we are your top source of authentic, affordable, reliable and renowned limo services in the area.
We at Lynn Limos are committed to outstanding customer service. Our goal is to provide memorable, luxurious, affordable, and safe rides to all who ride with us. If you are not satisfied with your ride, we have not done our job correctly. Our drivers are well trained, and experienced and always considerate to all of our customers requests. Safety and satisfaction of our customers are our top priorities here at Lynn Limos.
Our whole team is committed to ensuring a quality experience for each and every customer from beginning to end. We strive to go above and beyond your expectations, with delightful chauffeurs, luxurious vehicles, and exceptional customer service. Lynn Limos is comprised of central principles which we dedicate in order to please our customers.
1. Safety is indeed our number one priority. We have numerous safety precautions and have experienced well trained drivers whose main concern is ensuring safety for all of their passengers. Our goal is to get you to and from your destination without being in any danger and without putting you in harms way. All our drivers follow safety regulations, recieve training, and follow all traffic laws.
2. Customer Service. We at Lynn Limo look at our customers like family. We only want the best for our customers and provide them with top notch service; the best of the best. Without our customers, we would not be here, which is why we dedicate all of our time to ensuring your satisfaction making sure we meet all of your needs. We want to make sure each passenger leaves with a smile, and gets to their destination safely and at a timely and affordable manner.
3. Variety of Areas. Although we are based in Lynn, our services extend to a variety of areas in the Boston area. We can accomodate your pick up and drop off location to ensure it is the most convenient for you. We are not limited to one just region and we will accomodate based on your requests.
4. Affordable Rates. Luxurious rides, outstanding customer service, experienced drivers, all for an affordable price. Why? Because our goal is to provide unforgettable limo rides and to ensure customer satisfaction. We believe everyone should experience a luxurious ride without having to break the bank. We offer the lowest prices at our competitive rates so that we succesfully meet all of your expectations.
5. Exceeding Customer Expectations. At Lynn Limos, we care about our clients and our reputation. We want your experience with us to be easy and enjoyable so we can continue to keep serving you. We keep our schedule flexible and focused on you, so that your ride go as planned.
Our main focus is on customer satisfaction here at Lynn Limos. Our state of the art vehicles have all the necessities needed in order for your ride to be the best one yet. Each vehicle is equipped with elegant leather seats and impeccable sound systems. We have a variety of vehicles of all different sizes and we will personalize your vehicle and ride based on your requests. Lynn Limos has an extensive partnership with other surrounding limo companies and our fleet contains a variety of impeccable vehicles which are well- maintained and cleaned daily. We offer smaller sedans for smaller parties and larger SUV's for bigger parties.
We focus on Airport and Executive limo transportation and we always make sure we arrive early to your pickup location so that you make it to your destination on time. You may enter your information on the left to receive your free quote, or send us a message through our contact form for a personal inquiry.
"I had such a great time riding with Lynn Limos. The service was great and the chauffeurs were so delightful, it was an experience I will definitely never forget" -Jill, Lynn Limo customer
"I frantically called Lynn Limos as I was running late to my business dinner and was pleased to hear that they could accomodate my pickup request right away. I made it to my dinner in a timely and affordable manner. Thank you Lynn Limos!" - Jake, Lynn Limo Customer
"My chauffeur Daniel was so friendly while driving me and my coworker to the airport to catch our flight. He arrived early to our pickup location and took the quickest route so that we were able to make it to our flight on time." - Lisa, Lynn Limo Customer
"I felt safe and comfortable while riding with Lynn Limos. I got to my destination on time and was very satisfied with the service."- Michael, Lynn Limo customer
For Reservations, please call 617-555-1234!
We would love be a part of your limousine experience.
We would love be a part of your limousine experience.
Hours of Operation Address Monday- Sunday 24/7 Lynn, Massachusetts
Serving all of the Boston area
Lynn Limos Telephone
Copyright © 2017 617-555-1234
Serving all of the Boston area
Lynn Limos Telephone
Copyright © 2017 617-555-1234


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I am driven to track and improve a child's readiness for kindergarten
Whether a child is ready for kindergarten can predict whether that child stays on the path to becoming a positive force within society. Yet many children are entering kindergarten unequipped with the foundational skills necessary for learning.
Executive function skills—like staying focused, flexible problem solving, and inhibiting impulses—are more predictive of kindergarten readiness and academic success than IQ. Children who don't have them begin to falter immediately.
Professor Philip Zelazo has discovered that a potential solution to close the opportunity gap is to reliably assess executive function and intervene to help at-risk children develop these skills.
"...we measure children's neural activity in certain situations before [executive function] training and after training. And what we've found is that we cannot only improve children's behavior, but we can bring about corresponding physical changes in the brain." Philip Zelazo, Professor Click to tweet


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Monday, February 13, 2012
After Reading: Angel Fire
Only Willow has the power to defeat the malevolent Church of Angels, and they will stop at nothing to destroy her. Willow isn't alone, though. She has Alex by her side – a trained Angel Killer and her one true love. But nothing can change the fact that Willow's a half-angel, and when Alex joins forces with a group of AKs, she's treated with mistrust and suspicion. She's never felt more alone…until she meets Seb. He's been searching for Willow his whole life – because Seb is a half-angel too.
I reviewed Angel Burn, the first book in the trilogy, here. Okay, right off the bat, this book was an excellent sequel, in my opinion. I've had my share of let-downs for the second book, but this one wasn't one of those instances, and kept up the pace and tone set in book one. I'll admit, I was a little wary of reading it for another reason, though--it's set in el DF (Mexico City). I've spent a lot of time in that city, and while it's not one of my favorite places exactly (it's insanely huge, complicated, and don't even get me started on the traffic!) there are elements that are very near and dear to my heart. So I was a little worried Weatherly wasn't going to do the city justice. Quite the contrary, actually! She did a great job portraying the place, which pleased me (I only had a few quibbles, like it is ALWAYS raining in DF, almost at least once a day!). Anyhow, other than that, Seb's character was spot-on, and as always, Alex was awesome, sizzling, and so perfect for Willow. I can't wait for the next one!


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WASHINGTON (Reuters) - The director of the office of municipal securities at the Securities and Exchange Commission, John Cross, will leave his post in November to return to the U.S. Treasury Office of Tax Policy, the agency said on Tuesday.
Cross was named head of the newly formed office barely two years ago after becoming a leading figure in the $3.7 trillion municipal bond market through his role as associate tax legislative counsel in the Treasury's tax policy arm.
"As the Office of Municipal Securities' first director, John provided valuable leadership and expertise in the oversight of the municipal securities market that is so vital to financing our public infrastructure," said SEC Chair Mary Jo White, in a statement.
(Reporting By Lisa Lambert and Sarah N. Lynch; Editing by Chizu Nomiyama)


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Multiple Teams · Golf Schedules now available for 2018 Spring Golf
Its time to hit the links, Dragon fans, and as such all Dragon and Lady Dragon Varsity Golf schedules are now available. Please click Spring Sports, then Boys Golf or Girls Golf and these 2 varsity squads are broken down into green and black squads. Choose the squad you want to see and print away.


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Salon Terrazzo has a lot to offer my clients (i.e. complimentary soda, water, or coffee. an esthitician who does facials and waxing, and a manicurist for mani's & pedi's). The atmosphere is wonderful all the girls are friendly and client satisfaction is important to the whole team. I am a very people person, I love to talk. I can promise that I will do my best to have you leave with a smile! :-] MY SERVICES INCLUDE: cut, color, highlights, lowlights, deep conditioning treatments,.. scientific brushing, up-do's, set, thermal curl, flat iron, and make-up.VIEW MORE »VIEW LESS »
[JPG] cut, color, & lowlight
[JPG] cut, color, & lowlight
Be the first to write a review! Write a Review »


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Lycoming College provides students with many opportunities to grow professionally and build leadership skills outside of the classroom through enhanced educational experiences. Toward that end, the college launched its Outdoor Leadership and Education program in 2016.
Learning while doing is one of the most effective ways to gain and apply new knowledge and skills. Lycoming Outdoor Leadership and Education is committed to providing students with opportunities to learn and grow through intentionally-designed outdoor experiences in an adventure-filled, fun environment.
We offer students a variety of opportunities to engage in outdoor education at any skill level. Our trips and certification classes include:
Spring 2018 Trips
As the Director of Outdoor Education, Jae leads the Department of Outdoor Education in all aspects of the program including development, training, and safety and risk management.
Jae earned a bachelor's degree in outdoor leadership from North Greenville University and a master's degree of education in outdoor education administration from Georgia College & State University. Jae is a Wilderness EMT and a wilderness medical instructor through SOLO Wilderness Medical School. Prior to joining Lycoming College, Jae worked as the program director at Glendale Outdoor Leadership School where he trained others in outdoor activity specific skills, challenge course management, and wilderness medicine.


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About us
Harvey Curtis is a firm of professionally qualified financial planners, advisers and employee benefit consultants.
We work with individuals and companies to establish and achieve their unique financial aims and aspirations. We do this through the creation, implementation and review of tailored financial strategies.
Trading for over 40 years and with some £400m invested through us, we are one of the largest firms of financial advisers in the South East.
Based in Sussex we have relationships with clients throughout the UK ranging from national firms, small and medium sized businesses to individuals. We are privately owned and totally independent.


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Blooms And Cakes For Your Special Day
It is a hassle free way to plan your wedding venue décor when you have a specialist who does it all. If you hire an event planner, he or she might offer similar services but at a higher price. How about finding a vendor who has just the services you need at great rates? You could get a great combination of décor and wedding cake solution that will take care of most of the arrangements for your wedding reception.
Florist services
It is important that you locate a reliable florist service in a Lillypad that has expertise in wedding floral arrangements. Not every florist will have the right expertise or rates for wedding arrangements. In order to get started, seek a catalog or an album of previously décor arrangements that a florist service has done. When you check out their catalogs you will know the kind of work they do and be able to decide for yourself.
Helpful suggestions
Choosing a flower delivery service for your wedding goes beyond the mere setup of wedding centerpieces, the venue décor and arrangements.
You need advice regarding the choice of blooms you could have for your wedding; the kind of blooms you want for your wedding bouquet to match your dress and theme; what is your budget and whether you want a mix and match of artificial and real flowers. A helpful florist will be able to provide suggestions that go well with the season, as per a wedding theme or décor colors and that suits the budget constraints of the client.
Cake and flower options
It is helpful if the décor service that gets your floral arrangements done can offer you wedding cake options as well. Besides the basic décor requirements of chairs and tables, getting the décor done with flowers and having the right wedding cake chosen will help you sum up the arrangements for your reception. Hence, it is helpful when a single service can cater to these needs. Often a wedding venue organizer can direct you to the right service that does floral arrangements for wedding venues. Alternately, many wedding floral services can be found from online directories. You could shortlist a service based on the range of flowers they offer package deals on wedding decor arrangements as well as cake designs and flavors that they advertise. With several choices online you need not compromise on your dream décor as well as the desired design of your wedding cake. With a bulk package deal you also get to save on such costs.


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New York Nurses
some help, please. I am an RN, living on Long Island. I have become somewhat disabled over the last 3 years. Hopefully, would like to get back to work, not in nursing, but perhaps being an ultrasound tech.
I can only obtain info on one school in nassau county. I am sure there are others, but can't seem to find out the info. I have even called several techs from local hospitals, they acted as if I was really strange to ask, and wouldn't give me any info.
I am hoping those of you that work on long island could maybe ask the techs working in ultrasound if they know of any schools closeby? I would SO appreciate it.
About exactly150
Joined: Feb '05; Posts: 2


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Holly Schwarting admits that she had to act brave at first.
When she and her fellow Kansas State University researchers would head into a dusty old barn looking for brown recluse spiders to catch, she had the instinctive fear that causes people to recoil at the sight of an arachnid.
"The first few times I had to totally suck it up and fake it because I didn't want to look like the wimp of the group," said Schwarting, a research associate at K-State. "But after working with them a few times I saw they weren't aggressive."
This is the time of the year when brown recluse spiders come to life in houses.
This is the time of the year when brown recluses come to life in houses and other buildings around most of the state. They usually go dormant in October until their prey food sources, mainly insects and other spiders, become plentiful once again in the spring.
Schwarting, along with grad student JR Ewing, have caught hundreds of brown recluses for research into how different types of prey affect the spiders over the long term. Far from being aggressive, the spiders have been found to be true to their reclusive name.
"We've never had one come after us," Schwarting said. "Think about the size of the spider and the size of us. Their first reaction is to get away. If you see a giant, are you going to try to smash his foot or run away?"
Neither Schwarting nor Ewing nor any undergrad pressed into service to feed the spiders has ever been bitten, said Jeff Whitworth, an associate professor in the entomology department.
"The only times they act like they're in a defensive posture is when they can't do anything else – you've got them really, really pinned" – say, between your arm and your shirt sleeve, or in your shoe, Whitworth said. "Otherwise they prefer to run or hide. They've been on Holly's arm or people's leg, but they don't bite."
People just don't get bit that often for as common as they are.
K-State professor Jeff Whitworth
This is good news because they're probably in every house in Kansas except in the northwest corner of the state, Whitworth said. "People just don't get bit that often for as common as they are."
In the unlikely event that a person is bitten by a brown recluse, the reaction depends on the body's sensitivity to the venom. Only one death has ever been directly attributed to a brown-recluse bite, but even then, other health factors were involved, according to K-State.
Still, it does pay to follow basic sanitation as well as these housekeeping practices to avoid any close encounters: don't leave clothes on the floor; avoid stockpiling paper, boxes and cardboard; and keep bedclothes from touching the floor. These are places spiders could crawl on or into.
In addition, close up openings, even the tiniest, that would let spiders get into the house. Use caulk, and be sure that weather stripping is intact, K-State advises.
They like warm, cluttered areas. We go through barns full of old furniture. … We always find them.
Holly Schwarting, K-State research associate
When the researchers go out looking for the spiders, they go to "old abandoned homes and barns and outbuildings," Schwarting said. "They like warm, cluttered areas. We go through barns full of old furniture. … We always find them."
Before he started his spider research, whenever Ewing would find a spider in his house, he'd flush or otherwise dispose of it. Now he would never exterminate them.
"We collect them, and that's one thing my family has learned. We catch them, we collect them in a cup, and we release them outside."
What spiders do go after aggressively are insects that you might otherwise want to exterminate.
But for people who have lots of spiders in their house or who can't tolerate even one, methods of getting rid of them are not super efficient.
A pesticide that has "brown recluse spider" on the label will kill the spiders only if it is sprayed directly on them, or if the spiders come into contact with it while it is still damp, according to K-State. Pesticides are even less effective on carpet.
Some pest control companies go after the spiders' food source with an insecticide; that way when the spider feeds on the poisoned prey, it also dies.
Sticky traps can help monitor spider activity but won't eliminate the spiders, Whitworth said. Plus "they're not real humane, I guess," he said.
Where would Halloween be without them?
JR Ewing, K-state student
One fun fact: If you find a spider in your bathtub or sink, it didn't crawl up the drain; it either came from the overflow drain or fell in and couldn't get out.
"Generally spiders are beneficial because they're predators in general," Ewing said. "Where would Halloween be without them?"
Annie Calovich: 316-268-6596, @anniecalovich
Spider defense
To reduce the chances of a spider encounter:
▪ Caulk even the tiniest openings into the house
▪ Be sure weather stripping is intact
▪ Don't leave clothes on the floor
▪ Avoid stockpiling paper, boxes and cardboard
▪ Keep bedclothes from touching the floor


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On Thursday, May 18th, the Vitality Barbell Club will be launching a "Platform Prep" olympic lifting cycle. The purpose of this 6-week cycle is to prepare lifters for an in-house Olympic Lifting Meet. The meet will take place here at Vitality on June 24th @ 11:30a.
The cost for the 6 weeks of Platform Prep will be $130 for CrossFit Vitality members and complimentary for Barbell Club members. Classes will start at 6:30 on Thursday nights and wrap up around 7:30. The first portion of the class will be intensively focused on increasing range of motion through stretching and mobility drills. The remainder of the class will be focused on barbell technique and lifting. Nate has a wealth of experience with Olympic Lifting and is passionate about passing on this knowledge to his lifters. In addition to the Thursday night training sessions, Nate also provides "homework" that can be completed throughout the week. All lifters who are signed up for the Platform Prep will also have an included Open Gym Membership for the duration of the 6-week program.
This is a great opportunity to spend a few weeks learning the basics of the Snatch and Clean and Jerk. From beginners to seasoned lifters, Nate will be able to improve your technique and comfort level with these two lifts.
For those unfamiliar with how an Olympic Lifting Meet is structured, the meet will start with each lifter getting 3 attempts for the Snatch, followed by 3 attempts for the Clean and Jerk. There will be a Men's and Women's division, with the women lifting first. Upon signing-up, each lifter must register their opening weight for both the Snatch and the Clean and Jerk. These weights are not set in stone and can be raised or lowered on the day of the meet.
The lifter who has registered the lowest opening weight will lift first. Each lifter will have one minute to complete a lift once the bar is loaded and their name is called. If the first lifter successfully completes the lift, the lifter with the next lowest opening weight will be called to the platform. If the first lifter misses and would like to repeat the same weight for their second attempt, they have 3 minutes to do so. If on the day of the meet or in between attempts, lifters would like to change the weights for their attempts, the order of lifters will be changed accordingly.
Nate will talk strategy and mindset throughout the 6-week cycle and ensure all lifters are comfortable with the gameplan. The idea is that this short, 6-week cycle will be a springboard into a follow-on program Nate can take the club to a sanctioned Meet and really put your skills to the test. This will be an awesome opportunity to get a feel for the excitement and nerves associated with testing your mental toughness under the barbell.
Expect to gain more range of motion, become technically sound, and lift heavier weights!
CrossFit Vitality members who are interested in competing at this meet, but do not want to complete the Platform Prep Program, can register for the meet only for $50.
We will have prizes for top male and female lifters based on the Sinclair Formula which takes into account bodyweight of the lifters.
For more information, you can reach out to Nate Lambert (firstname.lastname@example.com)
To get signed up for the program, you can email Laura (email@example.com)


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Happy Valentine's Day from Peekapak!
Valentine's Day is the perfect time to express love and appreciation … we're so glad for educators and parents like you who support social-emotional learning and teach these important skills to children.
Like Cody says in the Valentine's Day card above … You Rock!
Here are some more fun Peekapak Valentine's Day cards for you to print out for your students, children, other teachers, or for anyone you want!
Click here to see and print out your own Peekapak Valentine's Day cards!
Will you Viagra for Healthy Male Online – Get Ch… be our Valentine?
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French for Kids
Beginner Level 1. Volume 2DVD - 2006
Featuring Pénélope and her dog Pezi, this video teaches beginner French through interactive exercises, lessons and songs, and introduces practical phrases and vocabulary words. Includes remote control DVD games.
Publisher: [San Francisco] : Language Tree, c2006
Branch Call Number: J DVD French 448.3421 Fre 3558jv 1
Characteristics: 1 videodisc (ca. 30 min.) :,sd., col. ;,12 cm., in container
Additional Contributors:
From the critics
Community Activity
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BaBs2 Sep 14, 2014
This disc needs to have the cover adjusted. The contents are in fact the excellent Level 1 volume 1 . The cover needs to reflect that fact. Have had discussion with OB librarian. The cover for the corresponding Level one, vol 1 has been "withdrawn "from the system entirely meaning that sorting it out is not possible.
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Product Description
The Lackmond Beast 5 is a small, portable handheld tile saw capable of executing a diagonal cut or rip cut on virtually any size of tile or stone. The integrated plunge cut feature provides up to 1-1/4" depth of cut at 90 degrees and an impressive 1" when in the 45 degree bevel position. Lackmond's high strength rip fence ensures accurate rip cuts over long tiles, and can be reversed to allow precise depth control when working on a flat surface. The 12 AMP motor makes the BEAST5 one of the most powerful saws in its class - easily capable of cutting through hard 3 cm thick granite slabs.
Our one-piece gear box / handle assembly provides increased strength and allows for incredible cutting accuracy. The BEAST5 is designed to accept both concave and standard blades and is an essential tool for any tile or stone contractor.
- Can use both standard and concave blades
- Exceptionally powerful 12 amp motor
- Bevel cuts up to 45 degrees and has an integrated plunge cut feature
- 13,500 rpm variable speed motor
- Strong rip fence ensures accurate rip cuts over long tiles
- Can be used wet or dry
- Handle is secured to the one-piece gear box, providing higher strength and cut accuracy
Product Specifications
|In the Box:
|1 Year Limited Warranty
|Blade Capacity:
|Arbor Size:
|Depth of Cut at 45° (in.):
|1-1/4" at 90°; 1" at 45°
|Wet or Dry:
|Wet or Dry
|Net Weight (lbs.):


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For the past seven years, Equus Medendi has focused this innovative program on our Military/Veterans Community in order to provide alternative and effective options to traditional types of therapies. Spouses and children of Veterans are also eligible for this service at no cost.
All sessions are led by an Equine Specialist, a Mental Health Professional, one or more horses and are ground based (no riding) The program consists of an orientation and 6 weekly small group or individual sessions which meet for 1 to 2 hours each depending on the needs of the group or the individual. The initial sessions include learning how to communicate and interact with the horse while increasing self-awareness of one's own emotional state, body language and how one relates to others. The next sessions build on these new skills and will increase focus on the participants individual and unique struggles and challenges.
Most of our participants have had little or no prior exposure to horses and are often doubtful about what they can accomplish with them. However, by the end of our program, our clients have long overcome their initial fears; they have bonded with one or more horses, feel good about what they have achieved as an individual and as a group and typically experience a clinically measurable reduction of troublesome symptoms. Follow up group meetings are held every couple of months and give participants a chance to come back and visit.
This EAGALA certified program is supported and endorsed by the California Department of Veterans Affairs. San Bernardino County Department of Veterans Affairs, the Riverside County Department of Veterans Services, Christian Counseling Services, San Manuel Band of Mission Indians, Stater Brothers Charities, the William A. Betterley Western Heritage Foundation, numerous local businesses and many incredibly generous private donors and friends. Because of their support, no Veteran has ever had to pay to participate.


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Coral Springs, FLHome Sitemap Contact
Emergency Information
Hurricane Irma
Boards and Committees
Fill out the Board and Committee Application.
Construction Review Committee
- Divisions:Boards and Committees
The mission of the committee is to assist the City in designing and building construction projects that meet the customers' needs and are completed on schedule and within budget. The committee provides advice on the entire construction design and procurement process, reviews designs, and participates in interviews of design professionals and bidders.Return to full list >>


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NOVOROSSIYSK, Russia—The port in this town on Russia's Black Sea coast should be frantic with activity to send the country's wheat harvest worldwide. Sunday, however, the grain terminal here, with its giant silo towers, fell silent as Russia's export ban came into effect.
The last rail wagon was offloaded Saturday afternoon, in time for the last shipment to be send off by midnight. Only a few of the more than 200 workers employed by the port were in sight.
The grain from these terminals, part of the fourth largest port in Europe measured by cargo turnover, could have gone to ...


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Carisbrooke CE Primary School (Isle of Wight)
'Carisbrooke CE Primary is a dynamic, exciting and nurturing community school. We have a strong Christian ethos and you will find us friendly, open and eager to work together to provide the best opportunities for your children.
We set high standards and have high expectations of everyone in our school. Mutual respect, tolerance and consideration for others underpin our high expectations through which we hope everyone may achieve personal growth and contribute to the life of the school as a whole. We have an open door policy and endeavour to ensure excellent communication between home and school. We are a fully inclusive school recognising every individual as unique and able to flourish.'
Carisbrooke Church of England Primary School, Wellington Road, Carisbrooke, Isle of Wight PO30 5QT
'At Cheriton Primary School we firmly believe that the caring, family ethos of our school provides a very special environment in which all children can flourish. Strong relationships between home and school are fundamental in this and we aim to build active partnerships throughout the time that children are with us.
It is our aim to ensure that the character of our school comes through the curriculum and to this end, children will be engaged in the joy of discovery, in solving problems and in developing independence as learners throughout their time with us. From this foundation, the highest standards of achievement can go hand in hand with creativity and enjoyment.'
Cheriton Primary School, Cheriton, Alresford, Hampshire, SO24 0QA
Four Marks Church of England Primary School
'As a Christian School Community, we believe that the ethos of our school should be built on a foundation of core Christian Values. The staff, children and governors have agreed the following four core values that we feel support our school motto which is 'To prepare children for life'.
We aim to provide irresistible learning that will equip children to live in our diverse and mobile world! We want them to be motivated and inspired to become successful, life-long learners who can apply their learning, make progress and achieve highly. Above all, we aim for children to live happy, safe, healthy and fulfilling lives, to become confident individuals and responsible citizens who make a positive contribution to society. We believe that every child has the potential to do these things.'
Four Mark C Of E Primary School, Kitwood Rd, Four Marks, Alton GU34 5AS
Preston Candover Primary School
'At Preston Candover we aspire for all our children to become confident, caring individuals who have a love of learning. We aim to enable every child to grow intellectually, morally, spiritually and physically within a caring Christian environment.
Our core values of love, hope and justice are underpinned by other values; nurtured by leadership at all levels and explored during assemblies and through an inspirational curriculum.We hope that these values will provide guidance to our children, as they become confident and responsible citizens who make a positive contribution to society.
Children flourish at school when the relationships between home and school are established on trust and mutual respect. We seek to build a strong partnership of teachers, parents and governors to ensure the provision of an outstanding education.'
Preston Candover, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG25 2EE
'Located in the heart of Ropley village, in the county of Hampshire, resides our small (but distinctive) C of E primary school. Our three key values 'ABC': Appreciation, Belonging and Compassion stand out in every Ropley learner as they strive for excellence in everything they do. During whole school assemblies nobody is left out, for example participation in role plays, reading from the bible, acting out a story and more!
Ropley pupils play a big part in their learning, with the older children helping the smaller ones progress through the learning stages of which they have already had the experience. Students are taught by their class teachers and a wide range of visitors and guests which provide the children with a good contrast of different and interesting lessons and activities.'
Ropley C of E Primary School, Church Street, Ropley, Alresford, Hampshire SO24 0DS
'Sun Hill Infant School is a very happy place to work, play and learn.
We pride ourselves on being a community of learners. All of the adults who work or volunteer in our school are committed to providing the highest quality of education possible which will meet the interests, abilities and talents of every single one of our pupils.
The children regard themselves as partners in their learning and play a very active role in the life of the school as a whole. They take on responsibilities from the earliest days in school and expect to be asked for their thoughts and opinions on a wide range of topics, either informally in class, or formally through the school council. Please see our Key Information page to read more about our School Mission Statement and Long Term Aims for Sun Hill Infant School.'
Sun Hill Infant School, Sun Lane, Alresford, Hampshire SO24 9NB
We endeavor to provide an excellent and stimulating environment that supports and cares for all of our children. The achievement of excellence in all aspects of school life is the aim for all staff and governors and we believe that good communication between all members of the community is paramount in achieving this.
Sun Hill Junior School, Sun Lane, Alresford, Hampshire SO24 9NB www.sunhilljuniorschool.co.uk/


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The Caribbean Spelling Bee
Date:Saturday, June 10, 2017, 1:00 PM—3:00 PM
Event Type:Special Events
Age Group:Family (All Ages)
Rising second graders through rising eighth graders will compete in a spelling bee with words related to Caribbean people, places and things. The entry form, rules and word list are available upon request, and the top 3 spellers will receive exciting prizes. To enter the spelling bee, please call 404.286.6980, or complete and return the entry form to the branch by June 3, 2017.


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Bulk SMS Pricing
1 - 9,999 units = N1.10 per unit
10,000 - 19,999 = N1.00 per unit
20,000 - 49,999 = N0.95 per unit
50,000 - 499,999 = N0.90 per unit
500,000 - 999,999 =N0.85 per unit
1. Check the above price matrix to determine how much you are to pay per unit depending on how many units you want to buy.
2. You can pay using your ATM card by clicking on the 'BUY SMS CREDITS' tab and log in with your username and password. Thereafter, input the number of units you want and it will automatically generate the amount you are to pay. Just follow the prompts to pay online using your ATM card.
3. You can also make payments straight into our bank account(you can get our bank account details by clicking on 'BANK DETAIL' tab) by either over the counter payment or online transfer. Simply refer to the information on amount to be paid as pointed out in No. 1 above. Pay same amount into our bank account and contact us via any of the channels as listed in the CONTACT page. Send the following details: payee name, bank name, bank branch, number of units paid for, amount paid and username.
4. Please do not leave out any of the details above in order to avoid delays. You will receive your SMS units once your deposit is ascertained.


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|Complete Games for Sale - click name to purchase
(All games are previously played unless otherwise noted)
Game Condition => Pricing Scale (click link above)
# 00000 - 2004 Clue Haunted Mansion 2nd Ed game PB $34.95
Excellent Condition - Sold Out
# 00000 - 2004 Clue Haunted Mansion 2nd Ed game PB $29.95
Very Good Condition - Sold Out
# 00000 - 2004 Clue Haunted Mansion 2nd Ed game PB $27.95
Acceptable Condition - Sold Out
Clue Disney Haunted Mansion game (2nd Edition Metal Tin)
©2004, Parker Brothers
Ages: 8 to Adult
Players: 3 to 6
|Don's Game Closet
|Related Games
2002 Clue Haunted Mansion game PB (1st Ed)
See 2000s games
See Clue games
See Disney games
See Holiday games
See Horror games
See Party games
See Mystery games
|Game Parts Available for Sale
No Parts Available for Sale
|1 Haunted Mansion game board
1 Madam Leota envelope
1 Set of detective notebooks
21 Eerie cards (see below)
21 Game tokens (see below)
1 Doom die (standard die)
21 Eerie cards
6 Guest cards
1 Daisy Duck card
1 Donald Duck card
1 Goofy card
1 Mickey Mouse card
1 Minnie Mouse card
1 Pluto card
6 Ghost card
1 Skeleton card
1 Prisoner card
1 Traveler card
1 Bride card
1 Opera singer card
1 Mariner card
9 Room cards
1 Attic card
1 Ballroom card
1 Conservatory card
1 Foyer card
1 Graveyard card
1 Library card
1 Mausoleum card
1 Portrait chamber card
1 Seance room card
12 Game tokens
6 Guest tokens
1 Daisy Duck token
1 Donald Duck token
1 Goofy token
1 Mickey Mouse token
1 Minnie Mouse token
1 Pluto token
6 Ghost tokens
1 Skeleton token
1 Prisoner token
1 Traveler token
1 Bride token
1 Opera singer token
1 Mariner token
|Game Contents
|Minimum Purchase Required More info
Click the "Buy Now" Button, which opens a secure
window to PayPal to make your purchase. To make
your purchase add up the total of the parts you wish
to order and enter that amount into the box of the first
page. On a later page, on the left side of the page,
please list the parts you are ordering in a drop down
box. Parts will be sent out within two days of payment.
|Check Our
Recently Added Games
|2nd Edition


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In an effort to follow the smart money and its relationship to private equity, we viewed an interview with Tiger21 founder on CNBC this week. Private equity was a popular investment choice last year for Tiger 21's high net worth (HNW) members to the tune of about 21% of assets under management, according to Michael Sonnenfeldt.
Tiger21 is an investment club of sorts whose members, many of whom are HNW entrepreneurs and seasoned business angels, pay USD 30,000 in annual membership fees to belong to what Tiger21 calls a peer to peer network. Sonnenfeldt said that publicly traded stocks are interesting at the moment, but his wealthy clients are more interested in private equity because these "aren't passive investments". There is an "opportunity to roll up our shirt sleeves and get involved", and it is "where people can use their skills", he said. (Image source: CNBC )


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For More Information
Bowstring Lake Unorg. Terr. Homes For Sale
This Bowstring lake unorg. terr. home features Bathrooms: 0.00, Acreage: 71.35, Lot: Description Irregular Lot, Tree Coverage - Light, Additional Land Available, Topography Sloped, Low Land, High Ground, Improvments None, Remarks: Directions From Deer River, north on State Hwy 6 approximately 8 miles. West on Co Rd 37 approximately 3 1/4 miles to property on the left (southwest side of rd)., Excellent wildlife habitat and prime hunting destination conveniently located on Co Rd 37 north of Deer River.... [Read more about this property]


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|Message view
|« Date » · « Thread »
|« Date » · « Thread »
|"Carlos Tejo Alonso" <carlos.t...@fundacionctic.org>
|RE: [Documentation] Develop a Generator
|Wed, 14 Jan 2009 08:43:14 GMT
[Sorry for the last empty email.] Hello, > > I was looking for documentacion about "how to develop a > Generator" and > > "how to develop a serializer". This is the last documentation that I > > have found: [1] and [2]. > > > > Is this documentation the properly one to create generators for > > Cocoon-3? > > > The documentation mentioned is specific for Cocoon 2.2. :-( > Unfortunately we have very little documentation for Cocoon 3 > as of this > time and none of that contains anything about writing custom > generators > or serializers, I'm afraid. > So at this moment I can only suggest to have a look at the generators > and serializers already available and come back with specific > questions. > The module "cocoon-optional" contains some custom generators and > serializers contributed recently by Simone Tripodi - they all are > compatible with the other SAX components from Cocoon 3. > So this may be a good starting point (I assume you intend to build > generators/serializers for XML processed with SAX). That's the situation: I want to extract information using different "ways" (http, svn, cvs). This information is encoded using different formats (xml, .odt). The result of the generator or the generator+transformer should be the same information in an intermediate format. I would like to know if I have to develop a generator for the "way" and a transformer to the intermediate format or I just need to develop a transformer. > I am willing to offer as much assistance as my time schedule > allows and > answer any question that may arise. Thanks! Regards, Carlos Tejo
|View raw message


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All information, documents, and/or materials submitted to the Financial Aid Office at Loyola Marymount University become the property of the Financial Aid Office. For more information and to submit forms, please email at firstname.lastname@example.com or fax at 310.338.2793.
*Make copies of all submitted forms for your records.
Please allow at minimum 3 business days for a form to show as received in PROWL
We recognize our students may be utilizing different internet browsers (i.e. Chrome, Safari, Firefox and Internet Explorer) and may encounter some difficulties when attempting to view our forms. These forms require an updated version of Adobe Reader so please make sure that you have properly installed the necessary program onto your operating system.
- You can upgrade to the latest version of Adobe Reader for for Windows®, Mac, or Linux® by visiting here. You can also find additional assistance with Adobe Reader here.
- We recommend visiting Acrobat Help for step by step instructions for different web browsers here.
General Forms for the 2018-2019 Academic Year
- Affidavit of Immigration Status
- Affidavit Regarding Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals
- Appeal and Special Circumstances Form
- Appeal to Adjust Cost of Attendance Form
- Asset Information - Student
- Asset Information - Parent
- Cal Grant B Access Refund Request Form
- Child Support Paid Verification - Dependent Student
- Child Support Paid Verification - Independent Student
- Consortium Agreement Form
- Dependency Override Letter of Support
- Determining Your IRS Filing Status
- 1819 FAFSA Correction Form
- Financial Aid Information Release Form
- Household Size-Number in College-Independent Student
- Household Size-Number in College-Dependent Student
- Insufficient Income to Support Household Size
- Monthly Income and Expense Form - Student
- Monthly Income and Expense Form-Parent
- Parent PLUS REVREQ Form
- Provide Over Fifty Percent Dependent Confirmation Form
- Satisfactory Academic Progress Appeal Form
- Sibling Verification of Enrollment
- Statement of Educational Purpose
- Tax Extension for 2017 Income Worksheet - Student
- Tax Extension for 2017 Income Worksheet - Parent
- Undergraduate Financial Aid Revision Request Form
- Verification of 2016 Income Information for Nontax Filers - Parent
- Verification of 2016 Income Information for Nontax Filers - Student
- Verification of Other 2016 Untaxed Income - Student
- Verification of Other 2016 Untaxed Income - Parent
Graduate and Law School Forms


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By DIRK LAMMERS
Associated Press
A federal judge on Wednesday moved a South Dakota beef processing company's defamation lawsuit against ABC News back to state court.
Beef Products Inc. sued American Broadcasting Companies Inc. and ABC News Inc. for defamation in September over its coverage of a meat product the company calls lean, finely textured beef but that critics dubbed "pink slime." The meat processor claims the network damaged the company by misleading consumers into believing the product is unhealthy and unsafe. BPI is seeking $1.2 billion in damages.
On Wednesday, U.S. District Judge Karen Schreier ordered the case back to the circuit court in Union County.
Erik Connolly, a lawyer for BPI, said the company is looking forward to presenting its case.
Lawyers for ABC wanted the suit moved to federal district court in South Dakota because it said the parties involved are all from different states. A lawyer for the broadcasting company did not immediately respond to a request for comment.
In order for the federal court to take a case under the concept of diversity jurisdiction, none of the defendants must hold citizenship in the same state where any plaintiff holds citizenship.
Dakota Dunes, S.D.-based BPI is incorporated in Nebraska, but the other two plaintiffs, BPI Technology Inc. and Freezing Machines Inc., are incorporated in Delaware. ABC is also incorporated in Delaware.
ABC argued that BPI Technology and Freezing Machines are not true parties, but BPI argued that all three companies have a stake in making the beef product.
Schreier ruled that BPI Technology is a real party, and because it and ABC are both Delaware corporations, there is no diversity.
In addition to ABC, the lawsuit names ABC news anchor Diane Sawyer and ABC correspondents Jim Avila and David Kerley as defendants. It also names Gerald Zirnstein, the U.S. Department of Agriculture microbiologist who named the product "pink slime," former federal food scientist Carl Custer and Kit Foshee, a former BPI quality assurance manager who was interviewed by ABC.
BPI officials have long insisted that the product is safe and healthy, and blamed the closure of three plants and roughly 700 layoffs on what they viewed as a smear campaign.
Lawyers for ABC News, in a motion to dismiss filed last year, argued that although the term "pink slime" may come across as unappetizing, it is not incorrect. Lean, finely textured beef is both pink and _ like all ground beef _ has a slimy texture, they argued.
Follow Dirk Lammers on Twitter at http://www.twitter.com/ddlammers