text: Please contact BetterMilk for a complete copy of our Terms and Conditions of Sales. All sales are final. Returns are subject to shipping and restocking charges. All refund requests will be reviewed by BetterMilk Inc prior to approval. If returned product are found to have defects in quality or workmanship, charges for shipping and goods will be refunded within 30 days of the documented purchase date.


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No stopping the Boobs on Bikes porn parade in Auckland!August 2nd, 2008 - 1:42 pm ICT by ANI
Wellington, Aug 2 (ANI): Auckland mayor John Banks is desperately trying to stop the porn bike parade in Queen St. from going through.
His argument is that the numerous topless porn stars who meander around the city on the motorbikes during the parade set a bad example for the society.
"In a perfect world we wouldnt have Boobs on Bikes in Queen St, but we dont live in a perfect world," The NZPA quoted the mayor, as saying.
"Im very aware that in these post-Christian times, in this slack and ill-disciplined society, holding up a bylaw around what is decent and what is not will be very difficult," he added.
Nevertheless, Auckland City councillors will be deciding whether to rebut official consent for the topless bike parade at an extraordinary meeting.
Although the mayor has decided to go ahead with the outcome whatever it may be, he personally doesnt want Queen St. turned into front row of a strip club.
"I have always been opposed to the objectification of women."
On the other hand, pornographer Steve Crow has insisted that nothing but bad weather can stop the event, and that Council permission is not needed to hold the parade, which promotes his Erotica Expo.
"As with any event, there are those who object or find it offensive, but the overwhelming majority of people are supportive," Crow said. (ANI)
- Auckland's 'Boobs on Bikes' event sees porn stars parading topless - Aug 12, 2010
- Pornographer Steve Crow to go on with Boobs on Bike parade despite protests - Mar 20, 2010
- Kiwi Boobs on Bike parade draws boos from gals and whistles from guys - Aug 20, 2008
- New Zealand judge approves 'Boobs on Bikes' parade - Aug 19, 2008
- Kiwi court gives green light to Boobs on Bikes parade - Aug 19, 2008
- Thousands watch topless parade in New Zealand - Aug 20, 2008
- 1 in 4 UK pupils admit swapping porn images of selves by text message - Mar 18, 2011
- Kiwi porn king's 'female masturbating' billboard banned - Oct 15, 2010
- Kiwi town centres to have red-light zones? - Oct 06, 2010
- New Zealand mayor sets longest interview record - Apr 30, 2012
- Tiger Woods PlayStation game has Brit woman's avatar teeing off topless - Jan 21, 2011
- Kiwi teacher fighting for career after posing naked for Penthouse - Jan 16, 2011
- Porn stars to wear condoms in LA - Jan 26, 2012
- Carrie Prejean is engaged to Kyle Boller - Feb 09, 2010
- Porn industry may quit Hollywood over new law - Jan 19, 2012
Tags: auckland, aug 2, bad weather, bike parade, boobs on bikes, bylaw, city councillors, council permission, extraordinary meeting, front row, john banks, mayor john, motorbikes, nzpa, objectification of women, overwhelming majority, perfect world, pornographer, queen st, steve crow

subset: commoncrawl


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Welcome to Sol Physical Therapy!
Sol Physical Therapy is a physical therapist owned clinic specializing in outpatient orthopedics.
~ Individualized one-on-one treatment sessions
~ Highly skilled manual therapy with an experienced physical therapist
~ Pilates based rehabilitation
~ Serene treatment environment inside a fully equipped Pilates studio
Sol Physical Therapy utilizes a one-on-one goal oriented treatment approach with an experienced physical therapist. We do not utilize ancillary personnel to take you through your exercise routine. Your entire session is dedicated to you and your treatment goals. We take a thorough medical history and evaluation, listen to your concerns and work with you to develop a unique treatment plan. We will incorporate a number of different treatment techniques into your physical therapy session that can include skilled orthopedic manual therapy, biomechanical analysis, joint mobilizations, soft tissue release, core strengthening, postural education, Pilates exercises, home exercise progression and balance/proprioceptive training. You will be an active participant in the process and we will provide ongoing education about your specific condition that will enable you to best heal yourself outside of our treatment sessions and get you back to your healthy lifestyle.


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Essential oils are great for many things. I especially love using them in hair care treatments in the salon. Not only are they known for their relaxing aromas, they are known to be powerful agents for healing, soothing, and energizing.
Essential oils have been used for thousands of years for things like offerings in religion, healing the body, and even day to day celebrations. The history of essential oils is truly amazing. Today we use them for many of the same reasons.
Because of their strength, I do encourage people to use essential oils very carefully. They do penetrate the body and system and can be very toxic of used incorrectly. For any 4-6 ounce treatment or mixture, I learned over the years from experienced professionals never to use more than 6-12 drops of essential oils. To that, I personally recommend no more than 3 blends of oils. More than 3 can dilute your efforts, the fragrance, and perhaps the results. It's the same in hair color formulations. Any more than 3 and you begin diluting the color and it can end up looking muddy. Keep your focus simple. If you're creating a relaxing mixture, lavendar and chamomile are 2 great oils to add into a bath, moisturizer or perhaps a massage. For a stimulating treatment, perhaps 2-3 drops of mint and eucalyptus (a little goes a long way with these).
At-home treatments can be really fun to research and learn to apply. Do your homework, and remember to respect the power that essential oils truly have over our bodies, and over our moods. Relax, unwind, and enjoy your new journey in beauty with the healing elements of essential oils.


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Changing your application or making a late application
- Making a change to your application after the deadline
You cannot change your application after the deadline unless there has been a significant and material change in your circumstances. For example:
- a change of address
- a sibling has started, or has an accepted offer of a place, at your preferred school (or its linked infant or junior school, for primary phase applications)
Such changes must be notified in writing to the Admissions Team by:
- 5 January 2018 (for Year 7 applicants), or
- 15 February 2018 (for Year R and Year 3 applicants)
No changes can be made after these dates.
If you wish to change your application for any other reasons, you will have to make a late application.
- Making a late application
Applications after the closing date (see key dates) need to be made on a paper application form.
Late applications timetable:
For Year 7
Date application received Date application is considered After 31 October 2017 and before 1 March 2018 15 March 2018 On or after 1 March 2018
From 16 March 2018 onwards
For Year R and Year 3
Date application received Date application is considered After 15 January 2018 and before 16 April 2018 30 April 2018 On or after 16 April 2018 From 1 May 2018 onwards
Late applications will be considered alongside others on the waiting lists.
Places will be offered in accordance with the admission policy for each school.


text: The first resolution was received by the March 25th deadline. The second and third resolutions were received after the March 25th deadline, and were considered by Reference and Counsel Committee. The second resolution was recommended to the assembly by Reference and Counsel, and the third was referred to Synod Council. Both resolutions which were presented to the assembly for vote passed.


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And a Freedom Caucus aide said Wednesday that the now have more than 25 no votes and are "asking leadership to start over". "It is time to lead", Poe added. We were captives in an internal House caucus fight. The House Freedom Caucus, in particular, is made of many newer and more conservative lawmakers who never had a chance to develop a personal relationship with Pence.
Attorneys. Co-host Gayle King then asked Cuomo about rumors that Bharara may challenge him for governor or run for mayor of New York City. He even referenced his investigation into Cuomo's commission on his way out the door. Bharara refused and was sacked Saturday. Bharara brought this up in a phone call with acting Deputy Attorney General Dana Boente, who had been informing the US attorneys of the resignation requests Friday afternoon, according to the Post, but Boente was unable to ...
Crude oil prices moved in to the mid-$50 range after the initial agreement went into force in January , but pulled back recently on US supply pressures. Gasoline production declined almost 3 percent at Gulf Coast refineries. "The difference between what the market observers as production, and the actual supply levels in any given month, is due to operational factors that are influenced by storage adjustments and other month to month variables".
Bulgaria joined the European Union in 2007 and is one of its poorest member states. Radev appointed a caretaker government - Bulgaria's sixth in four years - after he took office in January. While Bulgaria historically has had strong ties with Moscow, Borisov's GERB party is strongly pro-EU and has supported the bloc's sanctions on Russian Federation over its role in the Ukraine crisis.
He later added: "We have pledged to repeal and replace Obamacare, and that is exactly the process the House will begin with our vote later this week". That's what the American people want. But late in the week it became clear that the House Freedom Caucus - the hardcore conservative group known for making principled stands, even when they seem quixotic - wasn't on board with merely repealing the taxes while leaving in place "Obamacare Lite".
UAlbany (21-11) is the America East tournament champion. We know that Stanford Women's basketball has qualified for the NCAA Tournament by virtue of winning the Pac-12 Conference Championship. The team will enter the tournament as a No. 1 seed for the 20 time in program history and the 11 season in-a-row. Duke is the No. 2 seed in UConn's region and plays host to Hampton on Saturday.
It was "disastrous piece of legislation", he said. At least, one observes, the Democrats had a bill. Mr Trump himself ordered a vote on Friday before backing down when it became clear there was no prospect of the bill being passed. Republicans had for years insisted Obamacare repeal was a paramount priority. House Speaker Paul Ryan, who argued for weeks that this was the conservatives' only chance to succeed on a promised repeal, appeared to keep his cool.
However, her two companions, whose ages are not known, were not allowed on because they did not have a change of clothes handy. United spokesman Jonathan Guerin told the Star Tribune the two girls who were denied boarding were "pass riders", meaning they were traveling as relatives of an employee.
On Friday, caucus member Justin Amash, of MI, argued the group had done nothing more than exercise its authority to improve the legislation - despite dire warnings from the White House and leaders that voting against the bill could hurt the President's agenda and threaten the party's political future.
After a dramatic day on Capitol Hill, Ryan rushed from the White House to Capitol Hill to tell Trump he did not have the votes to pass the measure, the culmination of seven years of Republican efforts to eradicate President Barack Obama's proudest domestic achievement.
The potential for new market supply could weigh on Micron's margins. Earnings per share (EPS) is the portion of a company's profit allocated to each outstanding share of common stock. A former bull that's now a bit skeptical is Mark Newman by means of Bernstein, who currently restates a Market Perform rating on stock, at the same time as raising his price target to $30 from $25, asking.
Russian authorities have arrested dozens of protestors including Russian anti-corruption activist Alexei Navalny. A Sputnik correspondent reported that that detention took place near Tverskaya Street in downtown Moscow and that the bus with Navalny had already left.
The event is not aimed at demonstrably reducing the amount of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere - such an effort would require tens of millions of people to shut off lights for much longer than an hour. This year in Brunei, there will be cross events between Brunei-Muara, Tutong, Temburong and Belait districts. That's why Earth Hour is so crucial - it's a chance for everyone across the globe to come together and speak up about climate change .
I did a quick download of information in the Cup garage with crew chief Chris Gayle and the crew before walking out to the Xfinity Series pre-race stage. Menard's auto briefly caught fire but he was able to climb out uninjured. "I just got hooked going into the corner", Custer said. Byron dropped to fifth when Custer was tagged by Ryan Sieg and hit the Turn 1 wall to ignite the sixth caution.
The teenager, tipped to give Ricciardo headaches this season after challenging him on track a year ago, said he was surprised his auto had the pace to keep close to Ferrari's fourth-placed Kimi Raikkonen. But instead of fun, it became further frustration for Ricciardo. "On the plus side, I'm getting out of here - it's been a long week", he said. We need more downforce, we need more grip.
Donald Trump tweeted his opening shot at House Freedom Caucus Republicans, who are still holding out on casting a "yes" vote for Trumpcare . Trump was holding unspecified meetings Saturday at a golf club in Virginia. Another read: "On day one of the Trump Administration, we will ask Congress to immediately deliver a full repeal of Obamacare". "At my core, I'm a fiscal and social conservative, but here's what I believe - I can't run the country by myself, and we have to work together", ...
Though he likely knew what response would be waiting for him, Trump told Costa he didn't regret kicking off his agenda with the health care bill. Rep. It would have pulled 24 million people off of insurance, raised premiums over time , and cost older, poorer Americans much more than they are paying now, while giving billions in tax breaks to the country's wealthiest and insurance companies.
Analysts considered the healthcare vote as a test of Trump's ability to implement such campaign promises like tax reform and infrastructure spending. Stock-index futures in China, Hong Kong and South Korea pointed to advances after the S&P 500 Index nudged higher.
The escalator was going up before suddenly going backwards, throwing shoppers off balance. People fell to the base of the escalator and others can be heard screaming while clinging to the railings. A spokesperson for Langham Place was quoted by Apple Daily as saying that all escalators in the mall were inspected by Otis Elevator, the maintenance contractor, in accordance with the law.
Bristol-Myers Squibb Company's growth estimate for the current quarter is 1.4, and 0 percent for the next quarter. They are projecting Next Quarter growth of 0%. ILLEGAL ACTIVITY WARNING: "Bristol-Myers Squibb Co (BMY) Upgraded at Vetr Inc." was first reported by BBNS and is owned by of BBNS. A number of brokerages recently weighed in on BMY.
Some have even called it "Obamacare Lite". Meanwhile, Hillary Clinton saw the news in another light, responding to the news with a powerful tweet captioned "Today was a victory for all Americans" in which she wrote: "Today was a victory for the 24,000,000, people at risk of losing their health insurance, for seniors, for families battling the quiet epidemic of addiction, for new moms and women everywhere".
The stock's price moved down its 200-day moving average of $53.15. The Moving Average SMA50 is -6.42% while SMA200 is 20.09%. If the share price is now hovering near the 52 week low and the value is achieved in the current past then it can suggest that the price of the shares is likely to go up.
Putting a bomb in checked luggage could make it harder to detonate because it may require human interaction. However, as Demitri Sevastopulo and Robert Wright at the Financial Times suggest, non-US observers are skeptical of this explanation.
The airline boss said Emirates was stung by the Trump administration's executive orders to restrict travel to passengers from seven Muslim-majority nations, with demand for the US less robust than before. There's much at stake given the rapid growth Gulf carriers have enjoyed recently in the U.S. If the airlines don't comply, they could have their certificate to fly to the US revoked.
Brown said Hilario was identified through surveillance camera footage. The bag contained a pair of Cartier cufflinks with clear and green stones worth $25,000, as well as other personal items and clothing, according to prosecutors. "Thanks to the airport police/security", he tweeted . He was arrested on charges including grand larceny (theft) and possession of stolen property.
It affects nine foreign air carriers that have 50 daily nonstop flights to the United States. The airline was already preparing for restrictions on November 6 when they shared an ad that read "just in case he wins travel to the US while you're still allowed to!" Dubai's Emirates airline today announced it will provide a free packing-and-handling service for passengers on flights hit by a USA ban on electronic devices larger than a standard smartphone.
In South Asia, state-run Pakistan International Airlines - which wasn't hit by the new U.S. ban - tweeted that its passengers could continue to carry laptops and tablets on its flights to the US. Turkish Airlines followed suit, and shared an advert to celebrate passengers having watched more than 2 billion minutes of entertainment while flying over the year.
After a week of wrangling with Republican lawmakers, he suffered an embarrassing setback on Thursday, when a decision over the new healthcare bill had to be postponed, apparently due to a lack of support. Trump, who put in a half-derriered effort for the bill, and Ryan, who pulled out every stop, look both cruel and incompetent. "We don't browbeat our folks", said Rep.
Despite Donald Trump's professed negotiating prowess, the president and his senior leadership team failed to reach a deal with the House Freedom Caucus after meeting Thursday to discuss the legislation. "I alone can fix it", he said at last summer's GOP convention, promising "something terrific". White House press secretary Sean Spicer said in his Friday briefing that he did not know who provided the documentation to Nunes, a Republican.
We bet you'll never even notice the difference. The list posted on the Royal Jordanian's social media accounts advised passengers to "read a book", "reclaim territory on armrest", and "think of reasons you don't have a laptop or tablet with you".
The aforementioned airlines are EgyptAir, Emirates, Etihad Airways , Kuwait Airways , Qatar Airways , Royal Air Maroc, Royal Jordanian , Saudi Arabian Airlines and Turkish Airlines . was banning most electronics, including laptops, on board certain flights. Four countries included in the US list - the United Arab Emirates , Qatar , Kuwait and Morocco - are absent from the U.K.
Inability to bridge the divide in the House shows the bill "wasn't conservative enough, and it was too conservative" at the same time , says G. William Hoagland, a health-policy expert and senior vice president of the Bipartisan Policy Center.
A U.S. and United Kingdom ban that forbids electronic devices larger then a cell phone from being carried into cabin baggage on flights from certain states has come into effect. The US Department for Homeland Security has cited attacks on planes and airports over the past two years as the reason for the ban. He pointed to Abu Dhabi's modern airport that not only has advanced equipment for detecting explosives but where USA authorities have set up immigration and customs checks for ...
But for those of us stateside, we won't get to see the special until May 25. Members of the cast including Colin Firth , Keira Knightley, Chiwetel Ejiofor and Andrew Lincoln all came together for the mini sequel more than 13 years after the film's original release.
The Union Home Minister said BSF is the only force after the Indian Army to operate on Land, Water and Air. The BSF has changed rules of engagement at global borders. Assam chief minister Sarbananda Sonowal has also called the Border Security Force to seal the Bangladesh border to stem what he called a steady stream of miscreants and illegal migrants from the neighboring country.
In a wide-ranging discussion, Iger mentioned that they're now filming the still-untitled Young Han Solo film, which "picks up with Han Solo when he was 18 years old and takes him through when he was 24". "That's all I can say, that's it", Harrelson said in an interview with Jimmy Fallon . "Her performance, which we're really pleased with, remains as it was in VIII ", Iger said.
Imports are banned for all products from the plants, including frozen beef and poultry, some frozen vegetables, honey and frozen fish, it said. It said Friday that the temporary import suspension will be maintained. Brasilia- Saudi Arabia announced Thursday a decision to stop importing beef and poultry products from four Brazilian companies, over concerns about food safety after accusations that individuals had been bribed to allow sales of rotten and salmonella-tainted meats .
Royal Jordanian Air is poking fun at the US government on social media over the recently imposed electronics ban on flights entering America from certain Muslim-majority countries. Dubai-based Emirates , one of the world's biggest airlines , said it won't require passengers to pack their laptops and tablets into checked luggage.
The bank sold $100 million in forwards on Thursday. It firmed to as much as 385 on the black market. The Naira has continued to sustain its ride against major currencies, especially the United States dollar, since CBN consistently pumped in more dollars.
Eleven states - 15 airports - accepted travelers from those countries from January through September 2016, according to data from the U.S. Department of Transportation that was compiled by the Associated Press. "To suggest that Dubai doesn't have the equal capabilities or better than the Europeans, the Americans and the Asians in terms of search, interdiction and surveillance, I find unbelievable", he added.
The company also recently declared a quarterly dividend, which will be paid on Tuesday, April 11th. Vantage Investment Advisors LLC raised its position in Philip Morris International by 1.6% in the third quarter. The Next Year EPS growth is 10.5%, Long term annual growth estimate of 9.85%, Annual EPS growth past 5 years of -3.99 percent. Covering sell-side analysts have recently weighed in on shares of Philip Morris International Inc .
Emirates is the only carrier in Dubai affected by the new USA rules. "Only 6.0 percent connect via their laptops, and 4.0 percent via their tablets". ban. But after years of blistering growth, carriers like Emirates , Etihad Airways and Turkish Airlines had started to struggle even before this week's new security restrictions added to their difficulties.
Emirates, one of those affected with flights coming in from Dubai, announced Thursday a service for laptop-using travelers who want to use their banned device to actually get some work done. It does not apply to passengers travelling on Emirates' US-bound flights via Milan and Athens, or Emirates flights to/from any other destination. "Who needs tablets and laptops anyway?" asks the message at the beginning of the ad.
The stated goal of the us ban, which affects nonstop flights from 10 Middle Eastern airports, is to protect travelers from security threats on commercial flights. They say the ban won't necessarily make flying any safer. Royal Jordanian also took a tongue-in-cheek approach, listing on Twitter "12 things to do on a 12-hour flight with no laptop or tablet", including reading, meditating, saying hello to your neighbour, or "reclaiming territory on your armrest".
Right before boarding the flight, the customers would have to declare and give all their tablets, laptops and other electronic devices that are banned to the Emirates security staff while going through the screening at the boarding gate. The U.S. Department of Homeland Security, however, said extremists were seeking "innovative methods" to attack jets. It follows a similar measure announced on Tuesday by the United States authorities affecting flights originating in a longer list of ...
On Wednesday, AT&T and Verizon said they were pulling ads from YouTube and Google's non-search ad networks. While the United Kingdom government noted its advertising freeze was temporary "pending reassurances from Google that government messages can be delivered in a safe and appropriate way", other advertisers were highly critical of the company for not better policing its products.
More than 250 organizations, including the British government, Toyota and McDonald's have stopped advertising on Youtube in the United Kingdom. But the issue at the heart of this developing scandal - ads appearing next to extremist and offensive content - is nearly as old as the notion of automated ad buying.
At first glance, police said, Masood, who was born on December 25, 1964, in the Kent area of southeastern England, appeared to share several characteristics with recent Islamist radicals who staged attacks in Berlin and in Nice, France, using vehicles to mow people down.
The request from the Maduro's socialist government came after Venezuela's Medical Federation recently said that the country was facing acute crisis of medical supplies and that the hospitals had less than 5% of the drugs they needed, the BBC reported.
This is the second time in just over a year that the shoe firm have gone into administration and, despite being saved in 2016, thousands of employees across the country are yet again at risk of losing their jobs. GlobalData retail research director Maureen Hinton said that Brantano is mainly based in out-of-town stores so it had to be a destination to attract people.


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Using Wood in the Bathroom – To Be? Or Not…
K+BB's managing editor, Erinn Waldo, recently asked our K+BB Designers Network on LinkedIn about using wood elements in wet environments like the bathroom.
Here are some of the responses she received from the experts in the group:
Peggy Golden, ASID, Interior Designer, Golden Interiors Inc.
I see many magazine photos of wood floors in bathrooms, and I suspect that most of these floors are vinyl composite flooring materials. There are so many today that look stunning installed; they are soft underfoot so there is no breakage when you drop something, and they are much easier on the knees over tile flooring.
David Stimmel, Owner/Senior Designer, Stimmel Consulting Group
We use wood elements in the bath on a regular basis. In fact, in my own home we designed a mahogany shower. My bathroom also features birdseye maple flooring, American cherry wall panels and Mahogany cabinetry.
There are several good finishes for wood in this application, however the key is using the correct species. I believe the wood finishing products available on the market today make the wood as good as any product available, including flooring.
Vintage barn woods are very hot in the home now – especially the gray-weathered look. These aged woods have been exposed to the elements naturally, so most home interiors – even baths – are gentle compared to where they've originated. Plus, who hasn't used the ceramic tile hardwood look-a-likes now? They are everywhere.
Nar Bustamante, President of Nar Fine Cabinetry
I love wood in bathrooms. Make sure all wood has a factory finish and a large exhaust fan.
Jud Dinsmore, Owner, The Southside Woodshop
As a wood guy, it is more about the finish and less about the inherent properties of any given wood species. The design can also affect how well a wood surface will fare. The less glue joints, the better, and allowing room for wood movement is key to the longevity of a piece.
We finished a shower floor and bench for a client many years ago. It was built from Red Grandis (a hybrid wood, designed for exterior applications), stained and finished with our permanent finish. It still looks great to this day and I'm sure these clients perform almost no maintenance (you can just tell with some people, and there really is no maintenance with this product).
Almost all wood finishes are labeled as non-toxic when fully cured (usually after 30 days). There will likely be zero off-gassing after that time, and the amounts of off-gassing and types of chemicals being released vary per product. There are regulations and guidelines finish manufacturers follow, so unless you have a hyper-allergic client – it should be a non-issue.
Photography by Nar Fine Cabinetry
Joseph Freenor, Principal Writer at CFT411.com
I've not used wood elements myself, but there are finishing products that seal wood completely. One was tested by a guy who applied it to a piece of wood and then ran it through several cycles of a dishwasher! I have also seen wood used for spas INSIDE the spas and have to believe they're using a similar product.
Cynthia Murphy CKBR, Owner of Murphys Design
Many sealing products and the old-fashioned varnishing that made wood so attractive for the classic wet-boating applications have VOC concerns. A lot of the applications we are seeing in bathrooms feature the porcelain tile made to look like wood in plank styles. Teak is acceptable for bathrooms without tremendous maintenance and is even used on the shower floor over tile. It brings beautiful warmth and an exotic feel.
Cindy Sherman, AKBD, Owner/Designer Sherman Design
Bamboo does well as long as it's well ventilated…such as a stepping area out of the shower.
This entry was posted on Friday, July 24th, 2015 at 2:17 PM and is filed under Bath Design, Creativity. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site.


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Princess Pumagirly put on her sexy high heel boots with plateaus and thin heels. She wants to trample the slave's dick which is sticking out of a hole in the floor. The slave literally screams in pain when she applies her full weight to his cock and digs her heels into the skin. This mistress doesn't give a shit about the well-being of her slave and his dick. She also grinds his penis under the hard plateau and kicks it viciously!
Mistress Emily tramples her slave girl Maggie today. Emily is taller and heavier than her slave girl and uses her weight to inflict pain on her victim. She keeps Maggie on a leash while she tramples the weak stomach under her bare foot soles and enjoys sinking into it deep. Maggie's in great pain and really suffers under the feet of her merciless mistress, but she knows she has to take it to please her mistress!
Princess Chanel looks really gorgeous in her black mini dress, stockings and high heel shoes with glitter all over them - but she's going to use them in a mean way! She tells her slave to strip down to his undies and then starts trampling his body immediately. She also twists his nipples under her sharp heels and makes him worship the dirty soles of her beloved shoes!
Mistress Pumagirly is a petite mistress - but she knows how to use her weight to torture a man. She steps on her slave's face with her red ballet flats and enjoys inflicting pain on this loser. The hard soles of her ballerina shoes nearly crush his nose and jaw - but he takes it for his mistress. She even jumps on his face and kicks it - just for fun!


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Throughout The Car Industry
Another Camaro Transformers Edition Rolls Out
As a general rule, I avoid movies starring Shia Labeouf—with the exception of Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull… for better or worse. Even so, as a car enthusiast, it is almost impossible to resist the temptation of Transformers. In light of that fact, Chevrolet saw fit to create a Transformers Special Edition Camaro back in 2010 and now plans to release a 2012 version. A bright yellow Camaro steals the show in the Transformers latest installment, Dark of the Moon. In conjunction with the release of this box-office summer hit, Chevy announced the specifics for the upcoming 2012 edition.
In case you're wondering: is Shia Labeouf actually the lynchpin in convincing Americans to buy American products? The answer is yes, and he's so much more. The 2010 Camaro was such a success that Mr. Labeouf's boy-handling of a muscle car has propelled next year's Transformers Edition Camaro to receive the international treatment. The 2012 Transformers Edition will be available in North America and other markets around the world, namely China, Japan, Europe, South America and the Middle East.
This latest Special Edition is offered only in Camaro's top two trim levels—2LT and 2SS, with the RS Appearance Package. The vehicle's design incorporates a Bumblebeesque stripe pattern, Rally Yellow Exterior paint and carbon-fiber weave rally stripes that travel from each side of the hood bulge to the front fascia and through the roof to the spoiler. Most importantly, the Autobot® shield can be found throughout the exterior and interior.
The 2012 Camaro Transformers Special Edition is available for order as of June 27, 2011. Production looks to start in mid or late August. While the Transformers Special Option Package starts at $3000, that price can go up with additional add-ons. Blackground effects cost $2500 installed and larger black 21-inch wheels add $5280.
In general, the latest Transformers Special Edition is one slick looking ride. If you can manage to avoid buying extra options, then $3000 might be well worth how unique this new Camaro looks. And, of course, you'll have to dig deep to determine if you have the moxy to tell people you drive a car themed after a bumblebee and driven by an unfortunate Hollywood icon.
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Posted In: Car News, Special / Limited Edition, Videos
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BLOG: Soul of Chogokin VOLTRON / GOLION Teased!
The wait is definitely freaking over as Tamashii Nations made this glorious announcement as San Diego Comic Con 2016 looms on the horizon. It also doesn't help that the momentum of the franchise is on high gear thanks to Netflix's well received adaptation VOLTRON Legendary Defender.
That said, there have been many Voltron figures released prior, notables including Mattel's 23-inch rendition, as well as the Mad Toys' third-party King of Beasts release. And while these releases were great on their own right, many have clamored Bandai / Tamashii Nations to release it as part of their Soul of Chogokin line.
Tamashii Nations will make the formal reveal on SDCC happening on July 21-24, 2016.


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In den letzten drei Jahrzehnten stieg die Popularität von Laufen auf der ganzen Welt stark an. Im selben Zeitraum entwickelten sich die Laufschuhe vom einfachen Schuh zum High-Tech-Produkt mit erweiterten Dämpfungstechnologien und Bewegungssteuerungen. 40 - 70 % aller Läufer leiden mindestens einmal pro Jahr an einer Verletzung. Ursächlich dafür sind zum Teil sich wiederholende Muster beim Laufen. Ein Läufer benötigen für einen Kilometer durchschnittlich 1.000 Schritte, wobei bei jedem Schritt das 3- bis 5-fache des Körpergewichtes auf jedem Fuß landet.
Die herkömmlichen Studien über die Fußlandung sind in unseren Augen überholt und veraltet. Darüber hinaus ist es der falsche Ansatz, sich einen Schuh nach dem gegebenen Fußtyp auszusuchen.
Um dem Läufer ein passendes Schuhwerk zuweisen zu können, müssen standardisierte Fragen bezüglich Laufstrecke, Laufkonditionen und aktuellem Laufschuh beantwortet werden. So können die biomechanischen Gegebenheiten des Fußes beurteilt und eingeschätzt werden. Vielen ist unklar, dass es trotz Behauptung mancher Hersteller, den einzig richtigen Laufschuh für den gegebenen Fußtyp oder dessen Krankengeschichte nicht gibt.
In speziellen Kursen und Einrichtungen werden Ganganalysen für Läufer durchgeführt. Während man auf einem Laufband läuft, wird der Fußaufsatz von hinten gefilmt. Wenn die Ferse den Boden berührt, lässt sich in normalen Laufschuhen oft beobachten, dass der Fuß übermäßig nach innen kippt und eine Überpronation entsteht. Um dieser unkontrollierten Bewegung entgegenzuwirken, werden bewegungskontrollierende Schuhe mit einer dickeren Mittelsohle empfohlen.
Die Stütze des medialen Fußgewölbes wurde oft als eine der effektivsten Korrekturen zur Bewegungskontrolle empfohlen. Die "Duo Density"-Mittelsohlenkonstruktion war die Lösung der letzten 30 Jahre, welche von mehr oder weniger allen Schuhindustrien vertreten wurde. Trotzdem änderte sich die Häufigkeit von Laufverletzungen in diesen Jahren nicht signifikant.
Heute ist erwiesen, dass das mechanische Konzept zur Bewegungskontrolle durch die "Duo Density"-Mittelsohlenkonstruktion seinen Erwartungen nicht gerecht wird und somit nicht zur Risikoreduktion von Verletzungen geführt hat.
Das Problem dieser veralteten Methode ist, dass sie das Finden der Hauptursache für Verletzungen bzw. die Verletzungsprävention generell nicht fokussiert.
Die Lauftechnik oder –form in Bezug auf Verletzungsprävention oder Ausbau der Laufeffizienz wird üblicherweise nicht beachtet. Jedoch zeigen Erfahrungswerte, dass das Verstehen von Lauftechnik, Laufform und Trainingsaufbau eine signifikante Rolle in diesen Bereichen spielt.
Es ist erwiesen, dass die Optimierung der Lauftechnik zu Verbesserungen der Laufgeschwindigkeit mit zugleich weniger Anstrengung führen kann. Erfahrungen zeigen jedoch auch, dass die Entwicklung einer besseren Schrittmechanik und neuromuskulären Kontrolle eine effektive Verletzungsprävention darstellt.
Statt einer Videoanalyse am Laufband verfolgen wir den ganzheitlichen Ansatz als "Full Body Running Analysis". Es handelt sich hierbei um eine Analyse der persönlichen Lauftechnik in Bezug auf das System der Bewegungserfassung, das die präzise Ausführung des Bewegungsablaufes zum Ziel hat. Dies ist unseres Erachtens nach sinnvoller, da der Ursprung für die Art, wie der Fuß den Boden berührt, oft ganz wo anders lokalisiert ist als am Fuß selbst. Im Zuge unserer Analyse erhalten Sie einen Bericht und ein visuelles Feedback zu den Schlüsselparametern einer optimalen Lauftechnik, inklusive Hüftrotation, Kniewinkel, Knöchelflexion, Armbewegung, Fußkontakt u.ä. Darüberhinaus werden Ihnen nützliche Tipps mitgeteilt, welche unter Berücksichtigung zu einer Verbesserung des Laufstils führen. Wir setzen auf den ganzen Körper in Funktion und um dies zu gewährleisten erhalten Sie zusätzlich zu dem ausführlichen Bericht ein Trainingsprogramm, Bewegungsübungen und/oder Koordinationsübungen und/oder Kraftübungen für bestimmte Muskelpartien, welche Ihnen helfen, Ihre Lauftechnik zu optimieren.
Nachstehend finden Sie eine Auswahl an Erfahrungsberichten von Fachleuten und wissenschaftliche Publikationen zuverlässigster Fachzeitschriften der letzten 30 Jahre.
Das Gangbild ist der medizinische Begriff zur Beschreibung der menschlichen Fortbewegung. Der Gang kann in zwei Phasen gegliedert werden:
1. Stand – definiert als Intervall, in dem der Fuß den Boden berührt
2. Schwung – definiert als Intervall, in dem der Fuß keinen Bodenkontakt hat Nachstehend werden wir näher auf die "Standphase" eingehen, wann und wie der Fuß den Boden berührt.
Der Gang startet mit dem Aufkommen der Ferse am Untergrund vor dem Körper (dem Zentrum der Masse), danach rollt der Fuß nach vorne ab zum Stand und geht anschließend zur Antriebsphase über, in welcher der Fuß über die Zehen den Boden wieder verlässt.
Diese Gangart ist sehr effizient bei normalem Gehen. Nicht alle Mittel, die fürs Laufen vorhanden sind, werden involviert, wie die Achillessehne und der Gesäßmuskel (Glutaeus maximus).
Die oben beschriebene Gangart (Fersenstandlauf) kann beim Laufen verschiedene Nachteile haben. Zum Beispiel:
Die richtige Lauftechnik beginnt mit der Berührung des Untergrundes durch den Mittelfuß oder dem Fußballen unter der Körpermitte. Idealerweise mit einer Vordehnung im Fuß (siehe Salming Running Wheel). Der ganze Fuß wird so schnell wie möglich aufgesetzt, so dass ein möglichst kurzer Bodenkontakt angestrebt werden kann.
Zusätzlich unterstützend wirkt die biomechanische Federung des Körpers.
Recycling ist das wunderbare Konzept, das beim Laufen durch ein vom Körper selbst gebildetes Energierücklaufsystem umgesetzt wird. Die Achillessehnen, welche die größten Federn des Körpers darstellen, sowie andere Muskeln und Sehnen halten die benötigte Energie im Laufzyklus. Wenn der Fuß also den Untergrund berührt, wird die in Muskeln und Sehnen gespeicherte Energie dazu verwendet, den Körper nach vorne abzu federn.
Fußgewölbe, Achillessehnen, Kniebeugung und die s-förmige Wirbelsäule sind Bestandteile der natürlichen Federung des menschlichen Körpers. Bei richtiger Lauftechnik werden diese Gegebenheiten optimal ausgenutzt, während im Gegensatz dazu künstlich erzeugte Dämpfungsmaterialien dem Anschein nach diese Arbeit übernehmen sollen.
Beim Sprinten wird der Fuß am Vorderfuß aufgesetzt - der Kontaktpunkt verschiebt sich somit im Verhältnis zum Weitstreckenlauf weiter nach vorne. Sprinten benötigt sehr viel Energie und beansprucht vor allem die Wadenmuskulatur. Deshalb wird diese Technik nur für Strecken bis zu 400 Meter angewandt.
Laufen über den Vorderfuß und das nicht vollständige Aufsetzen des Fußes werden für längere Laufstrecken nicht empfohlen, weil so eine zu große Belastung auf Achillessehnen und Wadenmuskulatur ausgeübt wird.
Unser Körper recycelt Energie indem er über ein eingebautes "Energierücklaufsystem" verfügt. Diese Aufgabe übernehmen verschiedene Sehnen, insbesondere die Achillessehnen. Wenn der Fuß also den Grund berührt, wird die in den Muskeln und Sehnen gespeicherte Energie dazu verwendet, den Körper nach vorne zu federn.
Das Fußgewölbe ist ein flexibles und elastisches Gebilde, bestehend aus 26 Knochen, 33 Gelenken, 12 elastischen Sehnen und 18 Muskeln, welche alle untereinander verspannt und gedehnt sind. Gemeinsam wirken sie beim Laufen wie eine natürliche Sprungfeder. Etwa 17% der mechanischen Energie wird hierbei in diesem natürlichen Federapparat gespeichert und freigesetzt. (Dr. Liebermann)
Die Achillessehne, des Körpers größte Feder, setzt an der Hinterseite der Ferse an und geht aufsteigend in den großen Wadenmuskel über. Beim Laufen werden hier etwa 35% der Energie durch den Aufprall am Boden gespeichert und freigegeben.
Diese federnde Energie ist sehr unterschiedlich zu den von Konzernen aufgebauschten Materialien, die angeblich Wunder bewirken sollen. In Wirklichkeit verliert der Körper durch dämpfende Mittelsohlen an natürlicher Energie. Je dicker die Sohle, desto mehr Energie geht verloren.
Eine neuere Studie hat ergeben, dass ein leichter Laufschuh mit dünner Zwischensohle effektiver sein kann als barfuß zu laufen. Es wird angenommen, dass das kleine, zusätzliche Gewicht dieser Schuhe weniger Energie verbraucht als die Menge der Energie, die der Körper beim Barfußlaufen aufwenden muss, um die Kräfte beim Aufsetzen der Ferse abzuwehren.
Während des Gehens und Laufens finden Pronation und Supination im Fuß statt. Pronation ist wichtig für die optimale Bewegung und das Abfangen des Aufpralls. Beim Aufsetzen des Fußes am Boden beginnt sich der Fuß nach innen zu drehen und das Fußgewölbe wird flacher. Diese Anpassung nennt man Pronation, die bei jedem Schritt in einem gesunden Fuß stattfindet. Sie führt zur Anpassung an den Boden, speziell bei Unebenheiten.
Bei normalem Gang folgt auf die Pronation die Supination. Der Fuß dreht sich leicht nach außen und wird rigide, um sich nach vorne zu drehen und vom Boden abzustoßen. In dieser Phase dreht sich der Fuß wieder leicht nach innen und das Gewölbe wird höher, wodurch es ermöglicht, über den großen Zeh abzurollen.
Eine Vielzahl an Faktoren kann das normale Gangbild stören. Zwei der am häufigsten verbreiteten Ursachen sind das Ungleichgewicht der Muskulatur sowie die Steifigkeit übertechnologisierter Schuhe.
Die Meinung, dass manche Menschen Pronatoren und manche Supinatoren sind, ist eine grobe Vereinfachung und meist eine leere Marketing-Floskel. Jeder Mensch proniert und supiniert. Der Grund dafür, dass manche Menschen exzessiver pronieren oder exzessiver supinieren, ist oft auf die Überversorgung der Schuhe zurückzuführen. Vor allem bei Kindern sollte man vorsichtig sein, da sich ihre Füße nur ohne Schuhe oder zumindest mit sehr flexiblen Schuhen richtig entwickeln können.
Das Angebot der Schuhindustrie an Motion-Control-Modellen ist ein Beispiel dafür, dass Symptome mit einer integrierten mechanischen Lösung bewältig werden, statt die Grundursache zu behandeln. Der neue Ansatz fokussiert die Lauftechnik und Laufform. Im Salming RunLab wird eine detaillierte Ganzkörper-Analyse durchgeführt, um einen effizienteren und verletzungsfreien Laufstil zu ermöglichen. "Salming Running Wheel" und "Salming Academy" bieten Anweisungen zur Verbesserung der Lauftechnik und Laufform und das Tragen von Natural-Running-Shoes erleichtert diesen Prozess.
Niemand würde mit Skihandschuhen auf einem Keyboard spielen. Warum also sollten wir beim Laufen Schuhe mit einer dicken Mittelsohle tragen? Es ist ein Mythos, dass die Füße äußerst sorgfältig geschützt werden müssen.
Der Fußballen hat viele Sensoren, die für die Kommunikation zwischen Fuß und Gehirn verantwortlich sind. Das Gehirn reagiert sofort auf die Informationen und der Körper passt sich dem geänderten Untergrund an. Wird zwischen dem Untergrund und dem Fuß eine zu dicke Mittelsohle platziert, beeinträchtigt diese sämtliche neurale Kommunikation. Es wird für den Körper schwieriger, die korrekte Lauftechnik, Form und Fußlandung umzusetzen.
Der menschliche Körper ist nicht dazu bestimmt, mit der Gewalt, die durch den Aufprall der Ferse beim Laufen entsteht, zurechtzukommen. Folglich wechselt der Körper beim Laufen vom Fersenlauf zum Mittelfußlauf. Platziert man nun eine dicke dämpfende Zwischensohle unter dem Fuß, so wird die beim Wechsel vom Gehen zum Laufen entstehende Anfangsgewalt vom Gehirn nicht wahrgenommen und die falsche Gangart bleibt bestehen.
The American Journal of Sports Medicine,
September 2010 vol. 38 no. 9 1759-1767
AUTHORS: Joseph J. Knapik, Daniel W. Trone, David I. Swedler, Adriana Villasenor, Steve H. Bullock, Emily Schmied, Timothy Bockelman, Peggy Han, and Bruce H. Jones
Background: Shoe manufacturers market motion control, stability, and cushioned shoes for plantar shapes defined as low, normal, and high, respectively. This assignment procedure is presumed to reduce injuries by compensating for differences in running mechanics.
Hypothesis: Assigning running shoes based on plantar shape will not reduce injury risk in Marine Corps basic training.
Conclusion: This prospective study demonstrated that assigning shoes based on the shape of the plantar foot surface had little influence on injuries even after considering other injury risk factors.
British Journal of Sports Medicine, doi:10.1136/bjsm.2009.069849
AUTHORS: Michael B Ryan, Gordon A Valiant, Kymberly McDonald, Jack E
Background: The present study examines the injury status in women runners who are randomised to receive a neutral, stability or motion control running shoe.
Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that our current approach of prescribing in-shoe pronation control systems on the basis of foot type is overly simplistic and potentially injurious.
British Journal of Sports Medicine
AUTHORS: Criag E Richards; Parker J Magin; Robin Callister
Objectives: To determine whether the current practice of prescribing distance running shoes featuring elevated cushioned heels and pronation control systems tailored to the individual's foot type is evidence-based.
Results: No original research that met the study criteria was identified either directly or via the findings of the six systematic reviews identified.
Conclusion: The prescription of this shoe type to distance runners is not evidence-based.
8th Footwear Biomechanics Symposium - Taipei 2007
AUTHORS: Gert-Peter Brüggemann - Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopedics - German Sport University Cologne, Germany
Conclusion: Motion control concepts are used for more than 20 years in running footwear. The frequency of running related injuries did not change significantly in this period of time. Remarkably even the injury distribution and location were not affected. The relative number of knee and shank injuries did no differ when comparing data reported from the same group (Clement et al. 1981, Taunton et al. 2002). One can conclude that the purely mechanical concept of motion control by duo density midsole technology did not meet the expectations to decrease the risk of injuries. The skeleton changes its path of movement for a given task only minimally and non systematic when exposed to a mechanical intervention. The locomotor system seems to choose a strategy to keep a "minimal resistance movement path" (Wilson et al. 1996). An optimal or appropriate shoe concept would affect muscle activity and muscle force potential rather than a mechanical support.
Journal of Sports Science, 1986 Winter;4(3):169-84.
AUTHORS: Frederick EC.
One prominent pattern emerging from a review of the literature on sport shoes and biomechanics is the observation that many effects are the indirect result of shoe-induced adjustments in movement, i.e. a particular shoe characteristic elicits a kinematic adaptation which in turn has secondary consequences on kinetics and on injury and performance. For example, in addition to its variable effects on peak forces, cushioning system design has been shown to alter electromyographic patterns and to affect knee flexion during foot strike and affect indirectly the economy of running. Mediolateral stability as measured by rearfoot kinematics is strongly influenced by shoe design features such as heel lift, and sole hardness and geometry. The frictional properties of the shoe and surface interface have also been shown to affect kinematics in a way that in turn affects the recorded frictional forces themselves. Such kinematically mediated responses are the most provocative result of studies of the biomechanical effects of footwear. It is becoming apparent that the shoe can be a powerful tool for manipulating human movement. The abundance of shoe design possibilities coupled with the body's tendency to adjust in predictable ways to shoe mechanical characteristics have given us a new way to manipulate human kinematics and kinetics, as well as a convenient model for studying biomechanical adaptation.
Footwear Science – The Official Journal of the Footwear Biomechanics Group, Volume 3, Issue 1, 01 Mar 2011
AUTHORS: Joseph Hamilla, Elizabeth M. Russella, Allison H. Grubera, Ross Millera
Increased impact characteristics are often cited as a cause of running injuries. One method that has been used to reduce impact characteristics is to increase the thickness of the midsole of running footwear with the intention of attenuating greater shock from the foot-ground collision. A second method that has been suggested is to run barefoot. The purpose of this study was to compare the impact characteristics of running footwear of different midsole thickness to a barefoot condition. Three-dimensional kinematic and kinetic data were collected as participants ran at their preferred running speed and at a fixed speed. Impact characteristics (impact peak, time to impact peak and vertical loading rate) were derived from the vertical ground reaction force component. Ankle and knee joint stiffness during the loading phase of support were derived from the change in moment divided by the change in angle. The impact parameters were statistically analyzed using a two-way, repeated measures ANOVA. There were no significant speed by footwear condition interactions. For impact peak, ankle stiffness and knee stiffness, there was no difference among the shod conditions but there were significant differences between the shod and barefoot conditions. Based on their strike index, participants in this study appeared to alter their footfall pattern from a rearfoot to a midfoot pattern when changing from running shod to barefoot. It may be concluded that the change in the impact characteristics is a result of changing footfall pattern rather than midsole thickness.
Nature – International Weekly Journal of Science, Nature 463, 531-535 (28 January 2010)
AUTHORS: Daniel E. Lieberman, Madhusudhan Venkadesan, William A. Werbel, Adam I. Daoud, Susan D'Andrea, Irene S. Davis, Robert Ojiambo Mang'Eni & Yannis
Humans have engaged in endurance running for millions of years, but the modern running shoe was not invented until the 1970s. For most of human evolutionary history, runners were either barefoot or wore minimal footwear such as sandals or moccasins with smaller heels and little cushioning relative to modern running shoes. We wondered how runners coped with the impact caused by the foot colliding with the ground before the invention of the modern shoe. Here we show that habitually barefoot endurance runners often land on the fore-foot (fore-foot strike) before bringing down the heel, but they sometimes land with a flat foot (mid-foot strike) or, less often, on the heel (rear-foot strike). In contrast, habitually shod runners mostly rear-foot strike, facilitated by the elevated and cushioned heel of the modern running shoe. Kinematic and kinetic analyses show that even on hard surfaces, barefoot runners who fore-foot strike generate smaller collision forces than shod rear-foot strikers. This difference results primarily from a more plantarflexed foot at landing and more ankle compliance during impact, decreasing the effective mass of the body that collides with the ground. Fore-foot- and mid-foot-strike gaits were probably more common when humans ran barefoot or in minimal shoes, and may protect the feet and lower limbs from some of the impact-related injuries now experienced by a high percentage of runners.
Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, Volume 21 Issue 3
AUTHORS: Hasegwa, Hiroshi; Yamauchi, Takeshi; Kraemer, William J.
The purpose of the present study was to document actual foot strike patterns during a half marathon in which elite international level runners, including Olympians, compete.
Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that foot strike patterns are related to running speed. The percentage of RFS increases with the decreasing of the running speed; conversely, the percentage of MFS increases as the running speed increases. A shorter contact time and a higher frequency of inversion at the foot contact might contribute to higher running economy.
Journal of Biomech, 2000 Mar;33(3):269-78.
AUTHORS: De Wit B, De Clercq D, Aerts P. Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, University of Ghent, Belgium.
This study investigated spatio-temporal variables, ground reaction forces and sagittal and frontal plane kinematics during the stance phase of nine trained subjects running barefoot and shod at three different velocities. Therefore, it is assumed that runners adopt this different touchdown geometry in barefoot running in an attempt to limit the local pressure underneath the heel. A significantly higher leg stiffness during the stance phase was found for the barefoot condition. The sagittal kinematic adaptations between conditions were found in the same way for all subjects and at the three running velocities. However, large individual variations were observed between the runners for the rearfoot kinematics.
Medicine and Science Sports and Exercise, 2012 Aug;44(8):1519-25
AUTHORS: Franz JR, Wierzbinski CM, Kram R
Purpose: Based on mass alone, one might intuit that running barefoot would exact a lower metabolic cost than running in shoes.
Conclusion: Running barefoot offers no metabolic advantage over running in lightweight, cushioned shoes.
Medicine and Science in Sport and Exercise, 2012 July; 44(7);1335-43
AUTHORS: Perl DP, Daoud AI, Lieberman DE.
Purpose: This study tests if running economy differs in minimal shoes versus standard running shoes with cushioned elevated heels and arch supports and in forefoot versus rearfoot strike gaits.
Conclusion: Minimally shod runners are modestly but significantly more economical than traditionally shod runners regardless of strike type, after controlling for shoe mass and stride frequency. The likely cause of this difference is more elastic energy storage and release in the lower extremity during minimal-shoe running.
International Journal of Sports Medicine, 2008 Jun;29(6):512-8.
AUTHORS: Divert C, Mornieux G, Freychat P, Baly L, Mayer F, Belli A.
The higher oxygen consumption reported when shod running is compared to barefoot running has been attributed to the additional mass of the shoe. However, it has been reported that wearing shoes also modified the running pattern. The aim of this study was to distinguish the mass and shoe effects on the mechanics and energetics when shod running. Twelve trained subjects ran on a 3-D treadmill ergometer at 3.61 m . s (-1) in six conditions: barefoot, using ultra thin diving socks unloaded, loaded with 150 g, loaded with 350 g, and two shoe conditions, one weighing 150 g and another 350 g. The results show that there was a significant mass effect but no shoe effect for oxygen consumption. Stride frequency, anterior-posterior impulse, vertical stiffness, leg stiffness, and mechanical work were significantly higher in barefoot condition compared to shod. Net efficiency, which has metabolic and mechanical components, decreased in the shod condition. The mechanical modifications of running showed that the main role of the shoe was to attenuate the foot-ground impact by adding damping material. However, these changes may lead to a decrease of the storage and restitution of elastic energy capacity which could explain the lower net efficiency reported in shod running.
Medicine and Science in Sport and Exercise, 1985 Feb;17(1):158-63.
AUTHORS: Burkett LN, Kohrt WM, Buchbinder R.
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of shoes and foot orthotics on running economy and selected frontal plane knee kinematics during the support phase of running. Results from the mechanical aspect of this study indicate that there were no significant differences among the means for linear displacement of the knee. Angular displacement of the knee during barefoot running was significantly (P less than 0.05) less than shoe and shoe-plus-orthotic conditions. There was no difference, however, between shoes and shoes plus orthotics. The economy results revealed that the aerobic cost of running increased as the amount of mass added to the foot increased.
January 2013 issue of Podiatry Management. It was written on behalf of the American Academy of Podiatric Sports Medicine
AUTHORS: Nicholas A. Campitelli, DPM, FACFAS Podiatrist, Foot and Ankle Surgeon
In conclusion, it seems that most practitioners are straying from the path of helping a runner by focusing on shoes as opposed to form. The term "appropriate shoe" is a misnomer when viewed by the old paradigm of selecting a shoe according to arch type, and many are still advocating shoes this way. A running shoe should allow the foot to function as it was designed to – naturally without inhibiting motion. Adding cushioned heels and motion control mechanisms can inhibit this. By viewing shoes as the first line of treatment for most conditions, we must make sure this does not interfere with the foot's natural function.
US Army Med Dep J., 2012 Oct-Dec:25-30.
AUTHORS: Goss DL, Gross MT. US Army-Baylor University Doctoral Program in Physical Therapy, Fort Sam Houston, Texas, USA.
Context: Some runners are experimenting with barefoot or minimalist shoe running to reduce lower extremity overuse injuries. However, there has been little research to examine injury trends associated with barefoot or minimalist shoe running.
Objective: To assess the association of self-reported shoe selection with reported foot strike patterns, compare overall injury incidence associated with different shoe conditions, and identify differences in injury location between different shoe conditions. Results: Shoe selection was significantly associated with reported footstrike (χ² (4df) =143.4, P<.001). Barefoot and minimalist runners reported a more anterior footstrike than traditionally shod runners. Traditionally shod runners were 3.41 times more likely to report injuries than experienced minimalist shoe wearers (46.7% shod vs 13.7% minimalist, χ² (1df) =77.4, P<.001, n=888). Minimalist shoe wearers also reported fewer injuries at the hip, knee, lower leg, ankle, and foot than traditionally shod runners.
Conclusion: Barefoot and minimalist shoe wearers reported a more anterior footstrike than traditionally shod runners. Traditionally shod runners were more likely to report injuries of the lower extremities than runners who wear minimalist shoes. Additional longitudinal prospective research is required to examine injury incidence among various footstrike patterns and shoe preferences.
Medicine and Science in Sport and Exercise, July - 44(7):1325-34
AUTHORS: Daoud AI, Geissler GJ, Wang F, Saretsky J, Daoud YA, Lieberman DE
Purpose: This retrospective study tests if runners who habitually forefoot strike have different rates of injury than runners who habitually rearfoot strike. Conclusion: Competitive cross-country runners on a college team incur high injury rates, but runners who habitually rearfoot strike have significantly higher rates of repetitive stress injury than those who mostly forefoot strike. This study does not test the causal bases for this general difference. One hypothesis, which requires further research, is that the absence of a marked impact peak in the ground reaction force during a forefoot strike compared with a rearfoot strike may contribute to lower rates of injuries in habitual forefoot strikers.
The American Journal of Sports Medicine, March 2011
AUTHORS: Angela R. Diebal, PT, DSc (email@example.com), Robert Gregory, PhD, Curtis Alitz, MD and J. Parry Gerber, PT, PhD
Background: Anterior compartment pressures of the leg as well as kinematic and kinetic measures are significantly influenced by running technique. It is unknown whether adopting a forefoot strike technique will decrease the pain and disability associated with chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS) in hindfoot strike runners.
Hypothesis: For people who have CECS, adopting a forefoot strike running technique will lead to decreased pain and disability associated with this condition.
Conclusion: In 10 consecutive patients with CECS, a 6-week forefoot strike running intervention led to decreased postrunning lower leg intracompartmental pressures. Pain and disability typically associated with CECS were greatly reduced for up to 1 year after intervention. Surgical intervention was avoided for all patients.
Medicine and Science in Sport and Exercise Feb - 43(2):296-302
AUTHORS: Heiderscheit BS, Chumanov ES, Michalski MP, Wille CM, Ryan MB
The objective of this study was to characterize the biomechanical effects of step rate modification during running on the hip, knee, and ankle joints so as to evaluate a potential strategy to reduce lower extremity loading and risk for injury. Results: Less mechanical energy was absorbed at the knee during the +5% and +10% step rate conditions, whereas the hip absorbed less energy during the +10% condition only. All joints displayed substantially more energy absorption when preferred step rate was reduced by 10%. Step length, center of mass vertical excursion, braking impulse, and peak knee flexion angle were observed to decrease with increasing step rate. When step rate was increased 10% above preferred, peak hip adduction angle and peak hip adduction and internal rotation moments were found to decrease. We conclude that subtle increases in step rate can substantially reduce the loading to the hip and knee joints during running and may prove beneficial in the prevention and treatment of common running-related injuries.
Nature – International Weekly Journal of Science, Nature 463, 433-434 (28 January 2010)
AUTHORS: William L. Jungers
Detailed analyses of foot kinematics and kinetics in barefoot and shod runners offer a refined understanding of bipedalism in human evolution. Conclusion: Foorfoot/Midfoot runners can take fuller advantage of of elastic energy storage in both the Achilles tendon and the longitudinal arch of the foot. FF/MF runners therefore require more calf- and footmuscle strength, but avoid uncomfortable and potentially injurious impact transients.
The American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation , Volume 1, Issue 12, Pages 1058-1063, December 2009
AUTHORS: D Cassey Kerrigan, Jason R. Franz, Geoffrey S. Keenan, Jay Dicharry, Ugo Della Croce, Robert P. Wilder
Results: Increased joint torques at the hip, knee, and ankle were observed with running shoes compared with running barefoot. Disproportionately large increases were observed in the hip internal rotation torque and in the knee flexion and knee varus torques. An average 54% increase in the hip internal rotation torque, a 36% increase in knee flexion torque, and a 38% increase in knee varus torque were measured when running in running shoes compared with barefoot.
Conclusion: The findings at the knee suggest relatively greater pressures at anatomical sites that are typically more prone to knee osteoarthritis, the medial and patellofemoral compartments.
Medicine and Science in Sport and Exercise, 2009 Dec;41(12):2177-84
AUTHORS: Edwards WB, Taylor D, Rudolphi TJ, Gillette JC, Derrick TR.
The fatigue life of bone is inversely related to strain magnitude. Decreasing stride length is a potential mechanism of strain reduction during running. If stride length is decreased, the number of loading cycles will increase for a given mileage. It is unclear if increased loading cycles are detrimental to skeletal health despite reductions in strain. Purpose: To determine the effects of stride length and running mileage on the probability of tibial stress fracture. Conclusions: Results suggest that strain magnitude plays a more important role in stress fracture development than the total number of loading cycles. Runners wishing to decrease their probability for tibial stress fracture may benefit from a 10% reduction in stride length.
American College of Sports Medicine, September/October 2009 - Volume 8 - Issue 5
AUTHORS: Vormittag, Kara; Calonje, Ronald; Briner, William W.
Playing sports barefoot has been contested since the very beginnings of athletic competition. Even today, some data suggest that shoes may limit the adaptive pronation that occurs after footstrike during running gait. This pronation likely protects runners from injury. Boardsport participants who perform their sports barefoot on the water seem to be at risk for foot and ankle injuries. The high-impact forces in gymnastics place participants at risk for foot and ankle injuries, as well. Swimming and diving have a low rate of foot and ankle injuries. The risk of ankle sprain in beach volleyball, which is played barefoot, seems to be lower than that for indoor volleyball, played wearing shoes. Martial arts place competitors at risk for injuries to the foot and ankle from torsional and impact mechanisms. Athletes who hope to return to barefoot competition after injury should perform their rehabilitation in their bare feet.
The Journal of Physical Education, Recreation and Dance, April 2008
AUTHORS: Hart, Priscilla M.; Smith, Darla R
The purpose of this article is to describe for coaches and runners the theory behind the use of barefoot activity as a method of reducing running injuries. Conclusion: In summary, internal strengthening is often overlooked as a method of preventing running injuries. Key factors to consider when implementing a barefoot activity program are: (1) maintaining a running and injury journal to compare current progress and prior injury frequency; (2) gradually increasing the time spent and the variance of terrain; (3) decreasing shoe support, if desired, to more flexible and thin midsoles on a gradual and incremental basis; and (4) being consistent and persistent, because strengthened structures weaken with cessation of barefoot activity (Robbins & Hanna, 1986).
Sport Science , 5(3), sportsci.org/jour/0103/mw.htm, 2001
AUTHORS: Michael Warburton
Conclusions: - Running in shoes appears to increase the risk of ankle sprains, either by decreasing awareness of foot position or by increasing the twisting torque on the ankle during a stumble. - Running in shoes appears to increase the risk of plantar fasciitis and other chronic injuries of the lower limb by modifying the transfer of shock to muscles and supporting structures. - Running in bare feet reduces oxygen consumption by a few percent. Competitive running performance should therefore improve by a similar amount, but there has been no published research comparing the effect of barefoot and shod running on simulated or real competitive running performance. - Research is needed to establish why runners choose not to run barefoot. Concern about puncture wounds, bruising, thermal injury, and overuse injury during the adaptation period are possibilities. - Running shoes play an important protective role on some courses, in extreme weather conditions, and with certain pathologies of the lower limb.
Medicine and Science in Sport and Exercise, Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 130-139, 1989.
AUTHORS: Robbins, S. E., G. J. Gouw, A. M. Hanna.
Running-related injury prevention through innate impact-moderating behavior. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc, Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 130-139, 1989. The purpose of these experiments was to test the Robbins and Hanna hypothesis, which relates differences in discomfort from localized deformation at certain positions on the plantar surface to protective behavior (intrinsic foot shock absorption).
Results: These data further support the notion that plantar sensory feedback plays a central role in safe and effective locomotion.
The American Journal of Sports Medicine, June 1988 vol. 16 no. 3 285-294
AUTHORS: Bernard Marti, John Paul Vader, Christoph E. Minder, Theodor Abelin
Using a survey questionnaire design, we investigated the incidence, site, and nature of jogging injuries among all participants of a popular 16 km race. The response rate was 83.6%. Of 4,358 male joggers, 45.8% had sustained jogging injuries during the 1 year study period, 14.2% had required medical care, and 2.3% had missed work because of jogging injuries. Occurrence of jogging injuries was independently associated with higher weekly mileage (P < 0.001), history of previous running injuries (P < 0.001), and competitive training motivation (P = 0.03). Higher mileage was also associated with more frequent medical consultations due entirely to jogging-related injuries. In 33 to 44 year olds (N = 1,757), the number of years of running was inversely related to incidence of injuries (P = 0.02). Injuries were not significantly related to race running speed, training surface, characteristics of running shoes, or relative weight. Achillodynia and calf muscle symptoms were the two most common overuse injuries and occurred significantly more often among older runners with increased weekly mileage. We conclude that jogging injuries are frequent, that the number of firmly established etiologic factors is low, and that, in recommending jogging, moderation should be the watchword.
Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 2009 Mar;49(1):6-13.
AUTHORS: Squadrone R, Gallozzi C
The first aim of this study was to assess how changes in the mechanical characteristics of the foot/shoe-ground interface affect spatio-temporal variables, ground pressure distribution, sagittal plane kinematics, and running economy in 8 experienced barefoot runners. The second aim was to assess if a special lightweight shoe was effective in mimic the experience of barefoot running.
Results: Compared to the standard shod condition when running barefoot the athletes landed in more plantarflexion at the ankle. This caused reduced impact forces and changes in stride kinematics. In particular, significantly shorter stride length and contact times and higher stride frequency were observed.
Conclusions: The data of this study support the assumption that changes in the foot-ground interface led to changes in running pattern in a group of experienced barefoot runners.
Biomedical Central Res Notes, 2011 Aug 24;4:307. doi: 10.1186/1756-0500-4-307
AUTHORS: Rethnam U, Makwana N. Department of Orthopaedics, Glan Clwyd Hospital, Rhyl, UK. firstname.lastname@example.com.
Background: Footwear characteristics have been implicated in fatigue and foot pain. The recommended time for changing running shoes is every 500 miles. The aim of our study was to assess and compare plantar peak pressures and pressure time integrals in new and old running shoes.
Conclusion: Plantar pressure measurements in general were higher in new running shoes. This could be due to the lack of flexibility in new running shoes. The risk of injury to the foot and ankle would appear to be higher if running shoes are changed frequently. We recommend breaking into new running shoes slowly using them for mild physical activity.
British Journal of Sports Med, 2009 Oct;43(10):745-9. doi: 10.1136/bjsm.2008.047761. Epub 2008 Sep 18.
AUTHORS: P W Kong, N G Candelaria, D R Smith
Objectives: In this study, the effect of shoe degradation on running biomechanics by comparing the kinetics and kinematics of running in new and worn shoes was investigated. Three types of footwear using different cushioning technologies were compared.
Conclusions: As shoe cushioning capability decreases, runners modify their patterns to maintain constant external loads. The adaptation strategies to shoe degradation were unaffected by different cushioning technologies, suggesting runners should choose shoes for reasons other than cushioning technology.
British Journal of Sports Medicine , 42:189-193 doi:10.1136/bjsm.2007.038844
AUTHORS: R Clinghan, G P Arnold, T S Drew, L A Cochrane, R J Abboud
Objective: This investigation aims to determine if more expensive running shoes provide better cushioning of plantar pressure and are more comfortable than low-cost alternatives from the same brand. Conclusions: Low- and medium-cost running shoes in each of the three brands tested provided the same (if not better) cushioning of plantar pressure as high-cost running shoes. Cushioning was comparable when walking and running on a treadmill. Comfort is a subjective sensation based on individual preferences and was not related to either the distribution of plantar pressure or cost.
British Journal of Sports Medicine, 1997;31:299-303 doi:10.1136/bjsm.31.4.299
AUTHORS: S Robbins, E Waked
Objectives: Athletic footwear are associated with frequent injury that are thought to result from repetitive impact. No scientific data suggest they protect well. Expensive athletic shoes are deceptively advertised to safeguard well through "cushioning impact", yet account for 123% greater injury frequency than the cheapest ones. This study tested the hypothesis that deceptive advertising creates a false sense of security with users of expensive athletic shoes, inducing attenuation of impact moderating behavior, increased impact, and injury.
Conclusions: These data provide a plausible mechanism explaining higher injury frequency in users of expensive athletic shoes. This is the first report to suggest: (1) deceptive advertising of protective devices may represent a public health hazard and may have to be eliminated presumably through regulation; (2) a tendency in humans to be less cautious when using new devices of unknown benefit because of overly positive attitudes associated with new technology and novel devices.
Journal of Biomechanics, Volume 28, Issue 7 , Pages 817-827, July 1995
AUTHORS: G. Bergmann, H. Kniggendorf, F. Graichen, A. Rohlmann
The forces and moments acting at the hip joint influence the long-term stability of the fixation of endoprostheses and the course of coxarthrosis. These loads may depend on the kind of footwear and the walking or running style. These factors were investigated in a patient with instrumented hip implants. He wore different sports shoes, normal leather shoes, hiking boots and clogs and walked barefoot with soft, normal and hard heel strikes. The loads were lowest while walking and jogging without shoes. All shoes increased the joint force and the bending moment at the implant slightly, but the torsional moment rose by up to 50%. No relation was found between the different type of shoes and the load increase, only shoes with very hard soles were clearly disadvantageous. Soft heels, soles or insoles did not offer advantages. Gait stability seems to play the most important role in increasing the joint loading and should be the criterion for the choice of footwear.
The Journal of Orthopedic and Sports Physical Therapy, 1988;10(2):47-53.
AUTHORS: Hamill J, Bates BT
The purpose of the study was to assess the effects of repeated in vivo loading on shock attenuation and mediolateral stability of running shoes using ground reaction force data.The results support previous findings that material properties of the systems evaluated deteriorated resulting in a loss of shock absorbing capabilities (7.3%) but the magnitudes of the losses were far less than previously reported results (23-40%). The reason for this discrepancy is presumed to be the result of the different loading and evaluation methods used in the present study. The results also suggest that these changes are not totally deleterious since foot control seems to improve as cushioning is lost and foot control accounts for at least half of running shoe related injuries.
Medical Science in Sports & Exerc., 1987 Apr;19(2):148-56.
AUTHORS: Robbins SE, Hanna AM.
A number of reports indicate an extremely low running-related injury frequency in barefoot populations in contrast to reports about shod populations. It is hypothesized that the adaptations which produce shock absorption, an inherent consequence of barefoot activity and a mechanism responsible for the low injury frequency in unshod populations, are related to deflection of the medial longitudinal arch of the foot on loading. It is also hypothesized that the known inability of this arch of the shod foot to deflect without failure (foot rigidity) is responsible for the high injury frequency in shod populations. Changes occurred in the medial longitudinal arch which allowed deflection of this arch on loading which substantiated the hypotheses. Other evidence suggests that sensory feedback largely from the glabrous epithelium of the foot is the element of barefoot activity which induced these adaptations. The sensory insulation inherent in the modern running shoe appears responsible for the high injury frequency associated with running.
International Journal of Sports Medicine, 1983 Nov;4(4):247-51.
AUTHORS: Clarke TE, Frederick EC, Cooper LB
To determine the effects of widely varying amounts of cushioning upon vertical force (VF) parameters, ten male subjects, (mean weight = 68.0 kg) ran at a speed of 4.5 m . s-1 (6 min/mile pace) and contacted a Kistler force platform. Two shoes were tested: a hard one and a softer shoe that had 50% more cushioning as measured by an instrumented impact tester. It was found [force magnitudes expressed in multiples of body weight (BW)] that the time to the vertical force impact peak (VFIP) was significantly longer (hard = 22.5 ms, soft = 26.6 ms) in the soft shoe; however, no differences were seen in the magnitudes (hard = 2.30 BW, soft = 2.34 BW). The minimum after the VFIP was also significantly delayed in the soft shoe (hard = 33.8 ms, soft = 37.9 ms) and was significantly greater in the soft shoe (hard = 1.46 BW, soft = 1.90 BW). The peak VF propulsive force occurred statistically at the same time in both shoes (hard = 85.7 ms, soft = 84.0 ms), but was significantly greater in the soft shoe (hard = 2.73 BW, soft = 2.83 BW)
Journal of Foot Ankle Res., 2011 Jan 18;4:3. doi: 10.1186/1757-1146-4-3.
AUTHORS: Wegener C, Hunt AE, Vanwanseele B, Burns J, Smith RM.
Background: The effect of footwear on the gait of children is poorly understood. This systematic review synthesises the evidence of the biomechanical effects of shoes on children during walking and running.
Conclusion: shoes affect the gait of children. With shoes, children walk faster by taking longer steps with greater ankle and knee motion and increased tibialis anterior activity. Shoes reduce foot motion and increase the support phases of the gait cycle. During running, shoes reduce swing phase leg speed, attenuate some shock and encourage a rearfoot strike pattern. The long-term effect of these changes on growth and development are currently unknown. The impact of footwear on gait should be considered when assessing the paediatric patient and evaluating the effect of shoe or in-shoe interventions.
Journal of the New Zealand Medical Association, 18-April-2008, Vol 121 No 1272
AUTHORS: Keith Rome, Dene Hancock, Daniel Poratt
In response to the recent debate on barefoot running and walking of children published in the New Zealand Herald we have put together an argument relating to the pros and cons based on current evidence. There is very limited evidence specifically relating to barefoot running and walking in children. One study from Germany reported that the increased prevalence of flatfoot and hallux valgus (bunions) in modern societies may be the consequence of inadequate footwear in childhood. The German study postulated that barefoot walking represents the best condition for the development of a healthy foot. Walking and running on different types of surfaces such as grass, sand, and artificial running tracks may indeed enhance healthy foot development. However, the problem of barefoot walking on hard surfaces such as pavements may alter the biomechanics of walking and running. This may lead to potential arthritic changes and consequently a reduction in foot function. However, a study from Germany reports shows that slimmer and more flexible children's shoes do not change foot motion as much as conventional shoes and therefore should be recommended for children of all ages.
Gait Posture, 2008 Jan;27(1):51-9. Epub 2007 Mar 13
AUTHORS: Wolf S, Simon J, Patikas D, Schuster W, Armbrust P, Döderlein L. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, 69118, Heidelberg, Germany. firstname.lastname@example.com
The increased prevalence for flatfoot and hallux valgus in modern societies may be the consequence of inadequate footwear in childhood. Based on the assumption that barefoot walking represents the best condition for the development of a healthy foot the objective of this study was to monitor the influence of commercial footwear on children's foot motion during walking. Furthermore, an attempt was made to reduce this influence by changing the physical properties of standard footwear. Conclusion: The present study shows that slimmer and more flexible children's shoes do not change foot motion as much as conventional shoes and therefore should be recommended not only for children in this age but for healthy children in general.
Kasturba, Medical College, Manipal, India, VOL. 74-B. No. 4, JULY 1992
AUTHORS: Udaya Bhaskara, Rao Benjamin Joseph
We analysed static footprints of 2300 children between the ages of four and 13 years to establish the influence of footwear on the prevalence of flat foot. The incidence among children who used footwear was 8.6% compared with 2.8% in those who did not (p < 0.001). Significant differences between the predominance in shod and unshed children were noted in all age groups, most marked in those with generalised ligament laxity. Flat foot was most common in children who wore closed-toe shoes, less common in those who wore sandals or slippers, and least in the unshod. Our findings suggest that shoe-wearing in early childhood is detrimental to the development of a normal longitudinal arch.
British Journal of Sports Medicine, Br J Sports Med doi:10.1136/bjsports-2013-092690
AUTHORS: Patrick O McKeon, Jay Hertel, Dennis Bramble, Irene Davis
The foot is a complex structure with many articulations and multiple degrees of freedom that play an important role in static posture and dynamic activities. The evolutionary development of the arch of the foot was coincident with the greater demands placed on the foot as humans began to run. The movement and stability of the arch is controlled by intrinsic and extrinsic muscles. However, the intrinsic muscles are largely ignored by clinicians and researchers. As such, these muscles are seldom addressed in rehabilitation programmes. Interventions for foot-related problems are more often directed at externally supporting the foot rather than training these muscles to function as they are designed. In this paper, we propose a novel paradigm for understanding the function of the foot. We begin with an overview of the evolution of the human foot with a focus on the development of the arch. This is followed by a description of the foot intrinsic muscles and their relationship to the extrinsic muscles. We draw the parallels between the small muscles of the trunk region that make up the lumbopelvic core and the intrinsic foot muscles, introducing the concept of the foot core. We then integrate the concept of the foot core into the assessment and treatment of the foot. Finally, we call for an increased awareness of the importance of the foot core stability to normal foot and lower extremity function.
AUTHORS: Various authors


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Today's fan share comes from Rachel of Opdahl Photography. She writes, "My little girl turned five and wanted a 'flower party'. So, I started brainstorming how I could make her party beautiful and I immediately thought of Design Aglow! I have purchased many of your products in the past and just love how they are so interchangeable and versatile. As I started going through my library of Design Aglow products, I came across the Secret Crush Senior Graduation Cards. They were perfect for several of my party items. I just moved a few things around, personalized some colors, added my own text and voila! I soon had the perfect invite, party printable cupcake toppers/thank you tags, and a birthday banner. Then, I quickly transformed the Designer Frames into beautiful label cards for the various food items on the treat table. They are so pretty! Everything by Design Aglow is so easy and fun to use. Sometimes I think I need to keep taking clients just to fund my Design Aglow addiction! Thank you so much. You did it again Design Aglow!"
Thanks for sharing, Rachel, and enjoy your $75 gift certificate~


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Kat Fox, The Farsights, Paper Parlor, Chasm of Czar, and The Trash Cats
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Pop Punk/Rock show downstairs while Dead Larry & the Limns play upstairs. Two Amazing Shows for the Price of One
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The Dames with Wolf Blood and Strange
The Dames play their first show in over a decade! The Local Legends are joined by two Heavy Bands that are bound to Rock Your Socks Off
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Three Singer/Songwriters showcasing their talents
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Tom Main is a partner in 7wire Ventures and founder of the Oliver Wyman Health Innovation Center. Over the past decade, Mr. Main has dedicated himself to building a vastly better health and wellness marketplace by building the Oliver Wyman Health Innovation Center, uniting a diverse community of senior leaders from across the industry to accelerate the volume to value revolution and championing high-impact innovators to accelerate adoption.
To the business world, Mr. Main is a recognized health care thought leader with articles published in The Atlantic, Forbes, WIRED and Entrepreneur. Within the industry, he is considered a visionary who has provided a picture of the future health market through his "revolution" white paper series: The Quiet Healthcare Revolution, The Volume to Value Revolution, The Patient to Consumer Revolution and, most recently, The Marketplace Revolution.
Prior to Oliver Wyman, Mr. Main directed strategy and technology efforts at Baxter; headed strategy and corporate development at Aetna; and founded ChapterHouse, a health care-focused management advisory company that he later sold to Oliver Wyman, creating the foundation for the health practice. He has worked with and advised more than 100 health and wellness organizations, ranging from health systems to precision medicine.
Mr. Main serves as a trusted advisor to many CEOs and boards and is actively involved in a series of early-stage companies positioned to change the course of the industry. He serves on the boards of HudsonAlpha Envision and Zest Health and the advisory boards of Alignment Healthcare and Welltok. He is also a frequent speaker at industry events and board retreats – working to change the conversation in health care. He is a respected leader who strives to transform health care through the relentless pursuit of a better way.
Mr. Main holds an MBA from Northern Illinois University and a bachelor of arts in business from Miami University of Ohio. He and his wife Lodovica (Lodi) have three adult children and five adorable grandkids.


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Hello ;) I am excited to say that my tripod has arrived I will utilize it in upcoming posts!
My little sister took a majority of these pictures. (She's pretty good, right?)
I apologize for wearing my combat boots and Aero jeans in nearly ever post!
Maybe my style will be more interesting this summer!
As you can see I am reading Gulliver's Travels for a school book report.
Any good books I should know about?
Top :: Sear's
Jeans :: Aeropostale
Boots :: Tilly's (Soda)
Bracelets :: Handmade & I got the beaded one in Sedona, AZ
Have a great day :)


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Don't Pack Without It!
Whether you are going on a short trip or long trip in or out of Canada, to the US, Europe etc., or if you have visitors coming to Canada, you and they need a form of travel insurance that protects against any unexpected emergencies.
While traveling outside your own province of residence in Canada, some medical and paramedical expenses may only be partially covered by your provincial health insurance program. And, if you travel outside of Canada, emergency medical expenses are not generally covered by your provincial medical plan and these expenses can be financially overwhelming.
There are a variety of plans that can be suited to your specific needs so please ensure that you review the specific coverages available under each plan.
Generally speaking, almost every Travel Plan available offers single trip, multiple trip, all-inclusive, and trip cancellation coverage. Some plans offer additional benefits such as Accidental Death and Dismemberment, baggage loss, etc., but don't lose focus on what you really need …… insurance to protect against unexpected emergencies. These add-on benefits can increase your overall cost while adding little value to the policy.
For Canadians covered under a group insurance plan, you need to determine if your benefits are available while traveling outside of Canada. In most cases they are. But you need to be extremely careful when traveling outside of Canada if your plan incorporates co-insurance. A 20% co-insurance factor applicable to your healthcare benefit can translate into a $200,000 payment if you incur a $1,000,000 claim in a U.S. hospital. $1,000,000 claims in the U.S. are not un-common.
For Snowbirds traveling south for the winter, there are numerous packages available, offered in conjunction with credit cards. That doesn't mean you shouldn't overlook what insurance companies offer on a stand-alone basis. The key point to consider in "snowbird" travel coverage is the pre-existing medical clause. Make certain that if you have any existing type of medical disorder, it will not prohibit you from either obtaining coverage or claiming against the policy.
For travelers to Canada, we highly recommend visiting a website such as iBenefit.ca to obtain a competitive quote rather than buying the coverage from a travel agent at the time tickets are purchased. A number of companies offer a variety of travel packages at various prices. To ensure you or your visitors get the greatest value at the best price, its always best to search around. A Barron's Financial advisor can assist you in your search and would be pleased to compare products and prices for you or your visitors.
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