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Culture of England
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|Culture of England
The culture of England is defined by the idiosyncratic cultural norms of England and the English people.
Owing to England's influential position within the United Kingdom it can sometimes be difficult to differentiate English culture from the culture of the United Kingdom as a whole.[1] However, since Anglo-Saxon times, England has had its own unique culture, apart from Welsh, Scottish or Northern Irish culture.
Humour, tradition and good manners are characteristics commonly associated with being English.[2]
- 1 Architecture and gardens
- 2 Art
- 3 Cuisine
- 4 Folklore
- 5 Language
- 6 Law
- 7 Literature
- 8 Music
- 9 Cinema
- 10 Performing arts
- 11 Philosophy
- 12 Religion
- 13 Historical markers: blue plaques
- 14 Science
- 15 Sport and leisure
- 16 Symbols
- 17 See also
- 18 References
- 19 Further reading
- 20 External links
Architecture and gardens[edit]
English architecture begins with the architecture of the Anglo-Saxons. At least fifty surviving English churches are of Anglo-Saxon origin, although in some cases the Anglo-Saxon part is small and much-altered. All except one timber church are built of stone or brick, and in some cases show evidence of reused Roman work. The architectural character of Anglo-Saxon ecclesiastical buildings ranges from Coptic-influenced architecture in the early period, through Early Christian basilica influenced architecture, to (in the later Anglo-Saxon period) an architecture characterized by pilaster-strips, blank arcading, baluster shafts and triangular-headed openings. Almost no secular work remains above ground.
Following the Norman Conquest Romanesque architecture (known here as Norman architecture) superseded Anglo-Saxon architecture; later there was a period of transition into English Gothic architecture (of which there are three periods, Early English, Decorated, and Perpendicular). In early modern times there was an influence from Renaissance architecture until by the 18th century Gothic forms of architecture had been abandoned and various classical styles were adopted. During the Victorian period Neo-Gothic architecture was preferred for many types of buildings but this did not continue into the 20th century.
Other buildings such as cathedrals and parish churches are associated with a sense of traditional Englishness, as is often the palatial 'stately home'. Many people are interested in the English country house and the rural lifestyle, evidenced by the number of visitors to properties managed by English Heritage and the National Trust.
Landscape gardening as developed by Capability Brown set an international trend for the English garden. Gardening, and visiting gardens, are regarded as typically English pursuits.
English seaside piers[edit]
Following the building of the world's first seaside pier in July 1814 in Ryde, Isle of Wight off the south coast of England, the pier became fashionable at seaside resorts in England and Wales during the Victorian era, peaking in the 1860s with 69 being built.[3][4] Providing a walkway out to sea, the seaside pier is regarded among the finest Victorian architecture, and is an iconic symbol of the British seaside holiday.[3][5] By 1914, more than 100 piers were located around the UK coast.[3] Today there are approximately 55 seaside piers in the UK.[6]
English art was dominated by imported artists throughout much of the Renaissance, but in the 18th century a native tradition became much admired. It is considered to be typified by landscape painting, such as the work of J.M.W. Turner and John Constable. Portraitists like Thomas Gainsborough and Joshua Reynolds are also significant.
Pictorial satirist William Hogarth pioneered Western sequential art, and political illustrations in this style are often referred to as "Hogarthian".[7] Following the work of Hogarth, political cartoons developed in England in the latter part of the 18th century under the direction of James Gillray. Regarded as being one of the two most influential cartoonists (the other being Hogarth), Gillray has been referred to as the father of the political cartoon, with his satirical work calling the king (George III), prime ministers and generals to account.[8]
Since the early modern era, the food of England has historically been characterised by its simplicity of approach, honesty of flavour, and a reliance on the high quality of natural produce.[9] This has resulted in a traditional cuisine which tended to avoid strong flavours, such as garlic, and also complex sauces which were commonly associated with Roman Catholic Continental political affiliations.[10] Traditional meals have ancient origins, such as bread and cheese, popular today as the ploughman's lunch, roasted and stewed meats, meat and game pies, and freshwater and saltwater fish. The 14th-century English cookbook, the Forme of Cury, contains recipes for these, and dates from the royal court of Richard II. Modern English cuisine is difficult to differentiate from British cuisine as a whole. However, some dishes are considered distinctively English.
The full English breakfast[11] typically comprises rashers of back bacon, fried and scrambled eggs, pork sausages,[12] black pudding,[13] grilled tomatoes, mushrooms, hash browns, baked beans, and fried bread, usually served with toast and a cup of coffee or tea[14] Alternative breakfast dishes include boiled eggs with toast soldiers, kippers[15] and bubble and squeak[16].
Roast beef is a food traditionally associated with the English; the link was made famous by Henry Fielding's patriotic ballad "The Roast Beef of Old England", and William Hogarth's painting of the same name. Indeed, since the 18th century the phrase "les rosbifs" has been a popular French nickname for the English.[17] Yorkshire puddings and horseradish sauce or English mustard are usually served with roast beef.[18]
An English Christmas dinner traditionally consists of turkey, which first appeared on the English Christmas dinner table in 1573, cranberry sauce, bread sauce, stuffing, gravy, pigs in blankets, roast potatoes, chestnuts, Brussels sprouts and other vegetables.[19]. It is sometimes accompanied by cooked gammon and usually followed by Christmas pudding and mince pies.[20]
A Sunday roast of roasted meat and potatoes with vegetables remains popular.[21] One English commentator wrote that "We have, throughout our history as a nation, had a weakness for meat in pastry which, while it is not unique, is a sort of hallmark of our taste."[22] Typical English main courses include steak and kidney pie, chicken and mushroom pie, bacon and egg pie, shepherd's pie (generally containing lamb), cottage pie (similar but made from beef), Lancashire hotpot, Beef Wellington, steak and kidney pudding, fish and chips (often served with mushy peas)[23], fish pie, sausage and mash, and toad in the hole.[24] Butchers sell artisanal sausages of high-quality, which are sometimes made from the meat of pedigree breeds such as Gloucester Old Spot pigs. Cumberland and Lincolnshire sausages are popular regional varieties.[25] Potatoes are served roasted, boiled, baked, mashed, and as chips; popular varieties in England including King Edward, Jersey Royal, Charlotte and Maris Piper.[26] Dumplings made with flour, suet and seasonings are served with stews.[27] A wide range of fats and oils are used for cooking and there is now more willingness to use traditional lard[28]
The popularity of curry dishes, particularly Chicken Tikka Masala, represents the ubiquity of Indian cultural influence throughout England. English-style chutneys using orchard fruits originated from Indian chutneys. Balti is a form of curry invented in Birmingham in the 20th century.[29]
English savoury dishes and snacks include potted shrimps, cauliflower cheese, Welsh rarebit, Cornish pasties, Scotch eggs, sausage rolls, pork pies[30] and the bacon sandwich.[31] The sandwich was named after the Earl of Sandwich[32] and is very common as a lunchtime and picnic item with a wide range of fillings. Worcestershire sauce is a distinctive English condiment.[33] English desserts include Bramley apple pie, bread and butter pudding, crumble, sticky toffee pudding, treacle tart, treacle sponge pudding (made with golden syrup), jam roly-poly, spotted dick, Bakewell tart, trifle, Eton mess, summer pudding and banoffee pie.[34] Hot puddings are often served with custard. Ice creams are sometimes sold from ice cream vans which use distinctive chimes to attract customers[35]
Traditionally, High Tea would be had as a full evening meal, whereas Afternoon Tea was a lighter meal taken earlier in the afternoon only by some classes of society. A cream tea includes scones served with jam and clotted cream from Devon or Cornwall[36], sometimes accompanied by dainty finger sandwiches, with fillings such as cucumber[37], and a selection of cakes such as Victoria sponge.[38] Other items served for afternoon tea[39] include teacakes, crumpets and pikelets,[40] English muffins (a form of rounded, yeast-leavened bread, also used as the base of eggs Benedict) and lardy cakes.[41] English cakes include fairy cakes, Eccles cake (from Eccles, Greater Manchester), Battenberg cake and Simnel cake (the latter being associated with Mothering Sunday and Easter),[42] whilst there are several types of fruited bun such as currant buns, Chelsea buns and hot cross buns (the latter marking Good Friday).[43] English Pancakes are popular on Shrove Tuesday.[44]
Tea and beer are typical and rather iconic drinks in England. A cup of tea is often accompanied with a biscuit or piece of cake.[45] Although tea drinking and tearooms have declined since the rise of global chains of coffee shops in the 1990s,[46] beer has seen a resurgence, particularly due to the marketing success of the term "craft beer".[47] Cider is produced in the West Country.[48] Beer and cider are generally served in pubs by the pint or half-pint, either in a straight glass or glass tankard (known as a jug).[49] Gin has been popular in England since the late 17th century and is often served with tonic water.[50] Pimm's No. 1 Cup, a gin-based drink containing a mixture of herbs and liquors, is popular for making punch for summer social events.[51] More recently, the south of England has seen the reintroduction of vineyards making English wine.[52]
England produces hundreds of regional cheeses,[53] including:
- Cheddar cheese
- Stilton cheese (Leicestershire)
- Wensleydale cheese
- Lancashire cheese
- Dorset Blue Vinney cheese
- Cheshire cheese
- Double Gloucester cheese
- Red Leicester
- Shropshire Blue cheese
English folklore developed over many centuries. Some of the characters and stories are present all over England, but most belong to specific regions. Common folkloric beings include pixies, giants, elves, bogeymen, trolls, goblins and dwarves. While many legends and folk-customs are thought to be ancient, for instance the tales featuring Offa of Angel and Wayland the Smith,[54] others date from after the Norman conquest of England; Robin Hood and his Merry Men of Sherwood and their battles with the Sheriff of Nottingham being, perhaps, the best known.[55]
During the High Middle Ages tales originated from Brythonic traditions, notably the Arthurian legend.[56][57] Deriving from Welsh sources; King Arthur, Excalibur and Merlin, while the Jersey poet Wace introduced the Knights of the Round Table. These stories are most centrally brought together within Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia Regum Britanniae. Another early figure from British tradition, King Cole, may have been based on a real figure from Sub-Roman Britain. Many of the tales and pseudo-histories make up part of the wider Matter of Britain, a collection of shared British folklore.
Some folk figures are based on semi or actual historical people whose story has been passed down centuries; Lady Godiva for instance was said to have ridden naked on horseback through Coventry, Hereward the Wake was a heroic English figure resisting the Norman invasion, Herne the Hunter is an equestrian ghost associated with Windsor Forest and Great Park (whose tale bears the common European folkloric motif of the Wild Hunt) and Mother Shipton is the archetypal witch.[58] The chivalrous bandit, such as Dick Turpin, is a recurring character. There are various national and regional folk activities, participated in to this day, such as Morris dancing, Maypole dancing, Rapper sword in the North East, Long Sword dance in Yorkshire, Mummers Plays, bottle-kicking in Leicestershire, and cheese-rolling at Cooper's Hill.[59] There is no official national costume, but a few are well established such as the Pearly Kings and Queens associated with cockneys, the Royal Guard, the Morris costume and Beefeaters.[60] The utopian vision of a traditional England is sometimes referred to as Merry England.
Published in 1724, A General History of the Pyrates by Captain Charles Johnson provided the standard account of the lives of many pirates in the Golden Age of Piracy.[61] Many famous English pirates from the Golden Age hailed from the West Country in the south west coast of England—the stereotypical West Country "pirate accent" was popularised by West Country native Robert Newton's portrayal of Long John Silver in film.[62][63] The concept of "walking the plank" was popularised by J. M. Barrie's novel, Peter Pan, where Captain Hook's pirates helped define the archetype.[64] Davy Jones' Locker where sailors or ship's remains are consigned to the bottom of the sea is first recorded by Daniel Defoe in 1726.[65] Johnson's 1724 book gave a mythical status to famous English pirates such as Blackbeard and Calico Jack. Jack is known for his Jolly Roger flag design, a skull with crossed swords.[66]
The Gremlin is part of Royal Air force folklore dating from the 1920s, with gremlin being RAF slang for a mischievous creature that sabotages aircraft, meddling in the plane's equipment.[67] Legendary figures from 19th century London whose tales have been romanticised include Sweeney Todd, the murderous barber of Fleet Street, and serial killer Jack the Ripper. On 5 November, people in England make bonfires, set off fireworks and eat toffee apples in commemoration of the foiling of Guy Fawkes' Gunpowder Plot, which became an annual event after The Thanksgiving Act of 1606 was passed.[68] Guy Fawkes mask is an emblem for anti-establishment protest groups.[69]
English people traditionally speak the English language, a member of the West Germanic language family. The modern English language is now known as the potential Norman speakings but has now evolved from Middle English (the form of language in use by the English people from the 12th to the 15th century); Middle English was influenced lexically by Norman-French, Old French and Latin. In the Middle English period Latin was the language of administration and the nobility spoke Norman French. Middle English was itself derived from the Old English of the Anglo-Saxon period; in the Northern and Eastern parts of England the language of Danish settlers had influenced the language, a fact still evident in Northern English dialects. During its history Modern English has drawn extensively from the vocabulary other languages. e.g. French, Latin, Greek, Dutch and to a lesser extent from many others.
There were once many different dialects of modern English in England - which were recorded in projects such as the English Dialect Dictionary (late 19th century) and the Survey of English Dialects (mid 20th century), but many of these have passed out of common usage as Standard English has become more widespread through education, the media and socio-economic pressures.[70]
Cornish, a Celtic language, is one of three existing Brythonic languages; its usage has been revived in Cornwall. Historically, another Brythonic Celtic language, Cumbric, was spoken in Cumbria in North West England, but it died out in the 11th century although traces of it can still be found in the Cumbrian dialect. Early Modern English began in the late 15th century with the introduction of the printing press to London and the Great Vowel Shift. Through the worldwide influence of the British Empire, English spread around the world from the 17th to mid-20th centuries. Through newspapers, books, the telegraph, the telephone, phonograph records, radio, satellite television, broadcasters (such as the BBC) and the Internet, as well as the post WWII emergence of the United States as a global superpower, Modern English has become the international language of business, science, communication, sports, aviation, and diplomacy.
|England and Wales
|England and Scotland
|England and Wales
|England and Scotland
|England and Scotland
|England and Scotland
English law is the legal system of England and Wales.[72] Due to the British Empire, it has been exported across the world: it is the basis of common law jurisprudence.[73] The 18th century English jurist, judge and politician Sir William Blackstone is best known for his seminal work, Commentaries on the Laws of England, containing his formulation: "It is better that ten guilty persons escape than that one innocent suffer", a principle that government and the courts must err on the side of innocence, which has remained constant.[74] Sir William Garrow ushered in the adversarial court system in common law. He coined the phrase "presumed innocent until proven guilty", insisting that defendants' accusers and their evidence be thoroughly tested in court.[75]
Major constitutional documents include: Magna Carta (foundation of the "great writ" Habeas corpus — safeguarding individual freedom against arbitrary state action), the Bill of Rights 1689 (one provision granting freedom of speech in Parliament), Petition of Right, Habeas Corpus Act 1679 and Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949. The jurist Albert Venn Dicey wrote that the British Habeas Corpus Acts "declare no principle and define no rights, but they are for practical purposes worth a hundred constitutional articles guaranteeing individual liberty".[76] A strong advocate of the "unwritten constitution", Dicey stated English rights were embedded in English common law, and "the institutions and manners of the nation".[77]
English literature begins with Anglo-Saxon literature, which was written in Old English and produced such heroic epic works as Beowulf and the fragmentary The Battle of Maldon, the sombre and introspective The Seafarer and The Wanderer and the pious Dream of the Rood and The Order of the World. For many years, Latin and French were the preferred literary languages of England, but in the medieval period there was a flourishing of literature in Middle English; Geoffrey Chaucer is the most famous writer of this period. The Elizabethan era is sometimes described as the golden age of English literature, as numerous great poets were writing in English, and the Elizabethan theatre produced William Shakespeare, often considered the English national poet.
Due to the expansion of English into a world language during the British Empire, literature is now written in English across the world. Writers often associated with England or for expressing Englishness include Shakespeare (who produced two tetralogies of history plays about the English kings), Jane Austen, Arnold Bennett, and Rupert Brooke (whose poem "Grantchester" is often considered quintessentially English). Other writers are associated with specific regions of England; these include Charles Dickens (London), Thomas Hardy (Wessex), A. E. Housman (Shropshire), and the Lake Poets (the Lake District).
In the lighter vein, Agatha Christie's mystery novels are outsold only by Shakespeare and The Bible. Described as "perhaps the 20th century's best chronicler of English culture", the non-fiction works of George Orwell include The Road to Wigan Pier (1937), documenting his experience of working class life in the north of England.[78] Orwell's eleven rules for making tea appear in his essay "A Nice Cup of Tea", which was published in the London Evening Standard on 12 January 1946.[79]
In 2003 the BBC carried out a UK survey entitled The Big Read in order to find the "nation's best-loved novel" of all time, with works by English novelists J. R. R. Tolkien, Jane Austen, Philip Pullman, Douglas Adams and J. K. Rowling making up the top five on the list.[80]
England has a long and rich musical history. The United Kingdom has, like most European countries, undergone a roots revival in the last half of the 20th century. English music has been an instrumental and leading part of this phenomenon, which peaked at the end of the 1960s and into the 1970s.
The achievements of the Anglican choral tradition following on from 16th-century composers such as Thomas Tallis, John Taverner and William Byrd have tended to overshadow instrumental composition. The semi-operatic innovations of Henry Purcell did not lead to a native operatic tradition, but George Frideric Handel found important royal patrons and enthusiastic public support in England. One of Handel's four Coronation Anthems, Zadok the Priest (1727), composed for the coronation of George II, has been performed at every subsequent British coronation, traditionally during the sovereign's anointing. The rapturous receptions afforded by audiences to visiting musical celebrities such as Haydn often contrasted with the lack of recognition for home-grown talent. However, the emergence of figures such as Edward Elgar and Arthur Sullivan in the 19th century showed a new vitality in English music. In the 20th century, Benjamin Britten and Michael Tippett emerged as internationally recognised opera composers, and Ralph Vaughan Williams and others collected English folk tunes and adapted them to the concert hall. Cecil Sharp was a leading figure in the English folk revival. The Proms, an annual summer season of daily classical music concerts, is a significant event in British musical life.[82] The Last Night of the Proms features patriotic music.
Finally, a new trend emerged from Liverpool in 1962. The Beatles became the most popular musicians of their time, and in the composing duo of John Lennon and Paul McCartney, popularized the concept of the self-contained music act. Before the Beatles, very few popular singers composed the tunes they performed. The "Fab Four" opened the doors for other acts from England such as The Rolling Stones, Led Zeppelin, Pink Floyd, Cream, The Kinks, The Who, Eric Clapton, David Bowie, Queen, Elton John, The Hollies, Black Sabbath, Deep Purple, Genesis, Dire Straits, Iron Maiden, The Police to the globe.
The Sex Pistols and The Clash were pioneers of punk rock. Some of England's leading contemporary artists include George Michael, Sting, Seal, Rod Stewart, The Smiths, The Stone Roses, Oasis, Blur, Radiohead, The Cure, Depeche Mode, Coldplay, Def Leppard, Muse, Arctic Monkeys, Amy Winehouse, Adele and Ed Sheeran.
England (and the UK as a whole) has had a considerable influence on the history of the cinema, producing some of the greatest actors, directors and motion pictures of all time, including Alfred Hitchcock, Charlie Chaplin, David Lean, Laurence Olivier, Vivien Leigh, John Gielgud, Peter Sellers, Julie Andrews, Michael Caine, Gary Oldman, Helen Mirren, Kate Winslet and Daniel Day-Lewis. Hitchcock and Lean are among the most critically acclaimed of all-time.[85] Hitchcock's first thriller, The Lodger: A Story of the London Fog (1926), helped shape the thriller genre in film, while his 1929 film, Blackmail, is often regarded as the first British sound feature film.[86]
Major film studios in England include Pinewood, Elstree and Shepperton. Some of the most commercially successful films of all time have been produced in England, including two of the highest-grossing film franchises (Harry Potter and James Bond).[87] Ealing Studios in London has a claim to being the oldest continuously working film studio in the world.[88] Famous for recording many motion picture film scores, the London Symphony Orchestra first performed film music in 1935.[89]
The BFI Top 100 British films includes Monty Python's Life of Brian (1979), a film regularly voted the funniest of all time by the UK public.[90] English producers are also active in international co-productions and English actors, directors and crew feature regularly in Hollywood films. Ridley Scott was among a group of English filmmakers, including Tony Scott, Alan Parker, Hugh Hudson and Adrian Lyne, who emerged from making 1970s UK television commercials.[91] The UK film council ranked David Yates, Christopher Nolan, Mike Newell, Ridley Scott and Paul Greengrass the five most commercially successful English directors since 2001.[92] Other contemporary directors from England include Sam Mendes, Guy Ritchie and Steve McQueen. Current actors include Tom Hardy, Daniel Craig, Benedict Cumberbatch and Emma Watson. Acclaimed for his motion capture work, Andy Serkis opened The Imaginarium Studios in London in 2011.[93] The visual effects company Framestore in London has produced some of the most critically acclaimed special effects in modern film.[94] Many successful Hollywood films have been based on English people, stories or events. The 'English Cycle' of Disney animated films include Alice in Wonderland, The Jungle Book, Robin Hood and Winnie the Pooh.[95]
Performing arts[edit]
Large outdoor music festivals in the summer and autumn are popular, such as Glastonbury, V Festival, Reading and Leeds Festivals. England was at the forefront of the illegal, free rave movement from the late 1980s, which led to pan-European culture of teknivals mirrored on the UK free festival movement and associated travelling lifestyle.[96] The most prominent opera house in England is the Royal Opera House at Covent Garden.[97] The Proms, a season of orchestral classical music concerts held at the Royal Albert Hall, is a major cultural event held annually.[97] The Royal Ballet is one of the world's foremost classical ballet companies, its reputation built on two prominent figures of 20th century dance, prima ballerina Margot Fonteyn and choreographer Frederick Ashton.
A staple of British seaside culture, the quarrelsome couple Punch and Judy made their first recorded appearance in Covent Garden, London in 1662.[98] The various episodes of Punch and Judy are performed in the spirit of outrageous comedy — often provoking shocked laughter — and are dominated by the anarchic clowning of Mr. Punch.[99] Regarded as British cultural icons, they appeared at a significant period in British history, with Glyn Edwards stating: "[Pulcinella] went down particularly well with Restoration British audiences, fun-starved after years of Puritanism. We soon changed Punch's name, transformed him from a marionette to a hand puppet, and he became, really, a spirit of Britain - a subversive maverick who defies authority, a kind of puppet equivalent to our political cartoons."[98]
The circus is a traditional form of entertainment in the UK. Chipperfield's Circus dates back more than 300 years in Britain, making it one of the oldest family circus dynasties.[101] Philip Astley is regarded as the father of the modern circus.[100] Following his invention of the circus ring in 1768, Astley's Amphitheatre opened in London in 1773.[100][102] As an equestrian master Astley had a skill for trick horse-riding, and when he added tumblers, tightrope-walkers, jugglers, performing dogs, and a clown to fill time between his own demonstrations – the modern circus was born.[103][104] The Hughes Royal Circus was popular in London in the 1780s. Pablo Fanque's Circus Royal, among the most popular circuses of Victorian England, showcased William Kite, which inspired John Lennon to write "Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite!" on The Beatles' album Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band. Joseph Grimaldi, the most celebrated of clowns from England is considered the father of modern clowning.[105]
Pantomime (often referred to as "panto") is a British musical comedy stage production, designed for family entertainment. It is performed in theatres throughout the UK during the Christmas and New Year season. The art originated in the 18th century with John Weaver, a dance master and choreographer at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane in London.[106] In 19th century England it acquired its present form, which includes songs, slapstick comedy and dancing, employing gender-crossing actors, combining topical humour with a story loosely based on a well-known fairy tale.[106] It is a participatory form of theatre, in which the audience sing along with parts of the music and shout out phrases to the performers, such as "It's behind you".[107]
Music hall is a type of British theatrical entertainment popular from the early Victorian era to the mid 20th century. The precursor to variety shows of today, music hall involved a mixture of popular songs, comedy, speciality acts and variety entertainment. British performers who honed their skills at pantomime and music hall sketches include Charlie Chaplin, Stan Laurel, George Formby, Gracie Fields, Dan Leno, Gertrude Lawrence and Harry Champion.[108][109] British music hall comedian and theatre impresario Fred Karno developed a form of sketch comedy without dialogue in the 1890s, and Chaplin and Laurel were among the music hall comedians who worked for him.[110] A leading film producer stated; "Fred Karno is not only a genius, he is the man who originated slapstick comedy. We in Hollywood owe much to him."[111]
English philosophers include Francis Bacon, Sir Thomas More, John Locke, Thomas Hobbes, Thomas Paine, Jeremy Bentham, John Stuart Mill and Bertrand Russell.
Christianity became the dominant religion in England in the 7th century. Polytheistic Indo-European religions, often referred to as paganism, were practised before Christianity took hold. The most notable of these religions were Celtic polytheism, Roman polytheism and Anglo-Saxon paganism, which was the religion of the early English people, or Anglo-Saxons, and which was in many ways very similar to the closely related Norse paganism practised by the Scandinavian peoples and that would later be introduced to England by the Danes.
Christianity was first established in Britain by the Roman Empire. According to legend, Christianity was introduced to Britain by Joseph of Arimathea, who came to Glastonbury. There is also a tradition ascribing this accomplishment to Lucius of Britain. Archaeological evidence for Christian communities begins to appear in the 3rd and 4th centuries. The Romano-British population after the withdrawal of the Roman legions remained mostly Christian. The Anglo-Saxon invaders and settlers who replaced them, founding the English nation, represented a stark return to pre-Christian religion for Britain. From the arrival of the Anglo-Saxons beginning in the 4th century until the arrival of the Augustinian Mission in 597 AD, England was entirely pagan, and the pre-Christian Germanic religion was practised openly in pockets throughout the country for many decades after this.
Christianity was reintroduced into England by missionaries from Scotland and from Continental Europe: the era of Augustine of Canterbury, the first Archbishop of Canterbury, and the Celtic Christian missionaries in the north (notably Aidan of Lindisfarne and Cuthbert who came from Scotland) began in 597 AD. The Synod of Whitby in 664 ultimately led to the Church of England being fully part of the Catholic Church. Early English Christian documents from this time include the 7th-century illuminated Lindisfarne Gospels and the historical accounts written by Bede. The Durham Gospels is a Gospel book produced at Lindisfarne.
In 1536, the Church of England split from Rome over the issue of the divorce (technically, the marriage annulment) of King Henry VIII from Catherine of Aragon. The split led to the emergence of a separate ecclesiastical authority. Later the influence of the Reformation resulted in the Church of England adopting its distinctive reformed Catholic position known as Anglicanism which maintains episcopacy while adopting a Lutheran theology. For more detail of this period see the following article: Timeline of the English Reformation.
Today, the Church of England is the established church in England. It regards itself as in continuity with the pre-Reformation state Catholic church (something the Roman Catholic Church does not accept) and has been a distinct Anglican church since the settlement under Elizabeth I of England (with some disruption during the 17th-century Commonwealth of England period). The British Monarch is formally Supreme Governor of the Church of England. Its spiritual leader is the Archbishop of Canterbury, who is regarded by convention as the head of the worldwide Anglican Communion. In practice the Church of England is governed by the General Synod of the Church of England, under the authority of Parliament. The Church of England's mission to spread the Gospel has seen the establishment of many churches in the Anglican Communion throughout the world particularly in the Commonwealth of Nations.
A strong tradition of Methodism developed from the 18th century onward. The Methodist revival was started in England by a group of men including John Wesley and his younger brother Charles Wesley as a movement within the Church of England; it developed as a separate denomination after John Wesley's death. Other non-conformist Protestant traditions were also established in England.
Saint George is recognised as the patron saint of England. Before Edward III, Edmund the Martyr was recognised as England's patron saint, and the flag of England consists of the Saint George's Cross. However, Saint Alban is venerated by some as England's first Christian martyr.
Change ringing is the traditional method of bell ringing in English churches, co-ordinated by the Central Council of Church Bell Ringers[112] and promoted by societies such as the Ancient Society of College Youths and the Society of Royal Cumberland Youths. Change ringing is central to The Nine Tailors by Dorothy L. Sayers, voted the best crime novel of the 1930s by the British Crime Writers' Association.[113]
Celebration of Christmas[edit]
In 17th-century England, the Puritans condemned the celebration of Christmas.[114] In contrast, the Anglican Church "pressed for a more elaborate observance of feasts, penitential seasons, and saints' days. The calendar reform became a major point of tension between the Anglicans and Puritans."[115] The Catholic Church also responded, promoting the festival in a more religiously oriented form. King Charles I of England directed his noblemen and gentry to return to their landed estates in midwinter to keep up their old-style Christmas generosity. Following the Parliamentarian victory over Charles I during the English Civil War, Puritan rulers banned Christmas in 1647.[116]
Protests followed as pro-Christmas rioting broke out in several cities and for weeks Canterbury was controlled by the rioters, who decorated doorways with holly and shouted royalist slogans.[114] The book, The Vindication of Christmas (London, 1652), argued against the Puritans, and makes note of Old English Christmas traditions, dinner, roast apples on the fire, card playing, dances with "plow-boys" and "maidservants", old Father Christmas and carol singing.[117] The Restoration of King Charles II in 1660 ended the ban. Following the Restoration, Poor Robin's Almanack contained the lines: "Now thanks to God for Charles return, / Whose absence made old Christmas mourn. / For then we scarcely did it know, / Whether it Christmas were or no."[118]
In the early 19th century, writers imagined Tudor Christmas as a time of heartfelt celebration. In 1843, Charles Dickens wrote the novel A Christmas Carol that helped revive the "spirit" of Christmas and seasonal merriment.[119][120] Dickens sought to construct Christmas as a family-centred festival of generosity, in contrast to the community-based and church-centred observations, the observance of which had dwindled during the late 18th century and early 19th century.[121] Dickens influenced many aspects of Christmas that are celebrated today in Western culture, such as family gatherings, seasonal food and drink, dancing, games, and a festive generosity of spirit.[122] A prominent phrase from the tale, "Merry Christmas", was popularized following the appearance of the story.[123] The term Scrooge became a synonym for miser, with "Bah! Humbug!" dismissive of the festive spirit.[120]
The revival of the Christmas Carol began with William Sandys's Christmas Carols Ancient and Modern (1833), with the first appearance in print of "The First Noel", "I Saw Three Ships", "Hark the Herald Angels Sing" and "God Rest Ye Merry, Gentlemen". In 1843 the first commercial Christmas card was produced by Henry Cole leading to the exchange of festive greeting cards among the public.[124]
Historical markers: blue plaques[edit]
A blue plaque, the oldest historical marker scheme in the world, is a permanent sign installed in a public place in the UK to commemorate a link between that location and a famous person or event.[125] The scheme was the brainchild of politician William Ewart in 1863 and was initiated in 1866.[125] It was formally established by the Society of Arts in 1867, and since 1986 has been run by English Heritage.[125]
The first plaque was unveiled in 1867 to commemorate Lord Byron at his birthplace, 24 Holles Street, Cavendish Square, London. Examples that commemorate events include John Logie Baird's first demonstration of the television at 22 Frith Street, Westminster, W1, London, and the first sub 4-minute mile run by Roger Bannister on 6 May 1954 at Oxford University's Iffley Road Track.
England was a leading centre of the Scientific Revolution since the 17th century.[128] The English have played a significant role in the development of science and engineering. Prominent individuals have included Roger Bacon, Francis Bacon, William Harvey, Robert Hooke, Isaac Newton, Edward Jenner, Henry Cavendish, Isambard Kingdom Brunel, Francis Crick, Charles Babbage, Abraham Darby, Michael Faraday, Charles Darwin, James Chadwick, Joseph Swan, Barnes Wallis, Alan Turing, Frank Whittle, Tim Berners-Lee and Stephen Hawking. It is home to the Royal Institution, the Royal Society, the Greenwich Observatory and its associated meridian.
Industrial Revolution[edit]
The Industrial Revolution began in England due to the social, economic and political changes implemented in the previous centuries. Whereas absolute monarchy stayed the normal form of power execution through most parts of Europe, institutions ensured property rights and political safety to British people after the Glorious Revolution of 1688. Aided by these legal and cultural foundations, an entrepreneurial spirit and consumer revolution drove industrialisation in Britain.[129] Geographical and natural resource advantages of Great Britain also contributed, with the country's extensive coast lines and many navigable rivers in an age where water was the easiest means of transportation. Britain also had high quality coal. According to British historian Jeremy Black, "an unprecedented explosion of new ideas, and new technological inventions, transformed our use of energy, creating an increasingly industrial and urbanised country. Roads, railways and canals were built. Great cities appeared. Scores of factories and mills sprang up. Our landscape would never be the same again. It was a revolution that transformed not only the country, but the world itself."[130]
The 18th century entrepreneur Josiah Wedgwood is credited with the industrialisation of the manufacture of pottery. Meeting the demands of the consumer revolution and growth in wealth of the middle classes in Britain, Wedgwood created goods such as tableware, which was starting to become a common feature on dining tables.[130] Credited as the inventor of modern marketing, Wedgwood pioneered direct mail, money back guarantees, travelling salesmen, carrying pattern boxes for display, self-service, free delivery, buy one get one free, and illustrated catalogues.[131] Described as "natural capitalists" by the BBC, dynasties of Quakers were successful in business matters which contributed the Industrial Revolution. This included ironmaking by Abraham Darby I and his family; banking, including Lloyds Banking Group (founded by Sampson Lloyd),[132] Barclays PLC,[132] Backhouse's Bank and Gurney's Bank; life assurance (Friends Provident); pharmaceuticals (Allen & Hanburys[132]); the big three British chocolate companies Cadbury,[132] Fry's[132] and Rowntree[132]); biscuit manufacturing (Huntley & Palmers[132]); match manufacture (Bryant and May) and shoe manufacturing (Clarks). With his role in the marketing and manufacturing of James Watt's steam engine, and invention of modern coinage, Matthew Boulton is regarded as one of the most influential entrepreneurs in history.[133]
Other important English engineers and inventors in the Industrial Revolution include; George Stephenson, Richard Arkwright, Henry Maudslay and Isambard Kingdom Brunel. England has the oldest railway networks in the world, with the Stockton and Darlington Railway, opened in 1825, the first public railway to use steam locomotives.[134] Opened in 1863, London Underground is the world's first underground railway.[135] Known as the "Father of Railways", Stephenson's rail gauge of 4 feet 8 1⁄2 inches (1,435 mm) is the standard gauge for most of the world's railways. Henry Maudslay's most influential invention was the screw-cutting lathe, a machine which created uniformity in screws and allowed for the application of interchangeable parts (a prerequisite for mass production): it was a revolutionary development necessary for the Industrial Revolution.[136][137] Brunel created the Great Western Railway, as well as famous steamships including the SS Great Britain, the first propeller-driven ocean-going iron ship, and SS Great Eastern which laid the first lasting transatlantic telegraph cable.[138]
Sport and leisure[edit]
There are many sports which have been codified by the English, and then spread worldwide, including badminton, cricket, croquet, football, field hockey, lawn tennis, rugby league, rugby union, table tennis and thoroughbred horse racing. In the late 18th century, the English game of rounders was transported to the American Colonies, where it evolved into baseball. Association football, cricket, rugby union and rugby league are considered to be the national sports of England.
The rules of football were first drafted in 1863 by Ebenezer Cobb Morley, and England has the oldest football clubs in the world.[139] Recognised by FIFA as the birthplace of club football, Sheffield F.C., founded in 1857, is the world's oldest football club.[140] The first ever international football match was between England and Scotland in 1872.[141] Referred to by the sport's governing body FIFA as the "home of football", England hosted the 1966 FIFA World Cup, and won the tournament.[142] With a 32.3 million viewing audience, the 1966 final is the most watched television event ever in the United Kingdom.[143] The English Barclays Premier League is the most-watched football league in the world.[144] Its biggest clubs include Manchester United, Liverpool, Arsenal, Chelsea, Tottenham Hotspur and Manchester City. In 2016, Leicester City, who were 5,000-1 outsiders at the start of the season, became champions.[145] By some measures it was the greatest sporting upset ever: multiple bookmakers had never paid out at such long odds for any sport.[145] As is the case throughout the UK, football in England is renowned for the intense rivalries between clubs and the passion of the supporters, which includes a tradition of football chants, such as, "You're Not Singing Any More" (or its variant "We Can See You Sneaking Out!"), sung by jubilant fans towards the opposition fans who have gone silent (or left early).[146][147]
The modern game of tennis originated in Birmingham, England, in the 1860s,[149] and after its creation, tennis spread throughout the upper-class English-speaking population, before spreading around the world.[150] Major Walter Clopton Wingfield is credited as being a pioneer of the game.[151] The world's oldest tennis tournament, the Wimbledon championships, first occurred in 1877, and today the event takes place over two weeks in late June and early July.[148] Created in the Tudor period in the court of Henry VIII, the English dessert strawberries and cream is synonymous with the British summer, and is famously consumed at Wimbledon.[152]
England, and other countries in the United Kingdom, compete as a separate nations in some international sporting events, especially in football, cricket, rugby league and rugby union. The England cricket team actually represents England and Wales.[153] However, in the Olympic Games, England competes as part of the Great Britain team. English supporters are now more likely to carry the Cross of Saint George flag than the British Union Flag.[154]
Football maintains a consistent popularity across the country and is often indicative of trends across wider culture in England, such as in clothing and music. Different sports directly represent the different social classes within England. Rugby league, for instance, was traditionally associated with the old mill towns of north-west England, whereas cricket and rugby union have their origins in the private schools of the 18th and 19th centuries respectively.
The English use as their national flag the red cross of St George. St George's Day in England is marked as the day of the patron saint, and is also celebrated as the day of birth and death of William Shakespeare.
In 1198, King Richard the Lionheart introduced the coat of arms of England, depicting "three lions".[155] The three lions form the basis of several emblems of English national sports teams, such as the England national football team,[156] and the English national cricket team (though in blue rather than gold). The English oak and the Tudor rose are also English symbols, the latter of which is (although more modernised) used by the England national rugby union team.
England has no official anthem; however, the United Kingdom's "God Save the Queen" is commonly used. Other songs are sometimes used, including "Land of Hope and Glory" (used as England's anthem in the Commonwealth Games), "Jerusalem", "Rule Britannia", and "I Vow to Thee, My Country". Moves by certain groups are encouraging adoption of an official English anthem following similar occurrences in Scotland and Wales.[157][158]
See also[edit]
- ^ Little, Allan (2018-06-06). "Scotland and Britain 'cannot be mistaken for each other'". BBC News. Retrieved 2018-06-06.
- ^ "How proud is your area of being English?". BBC News. 2018-06-03. Retrieved 2018-06-04; Easton, Mark (2018-06-03). "The English question: What is the nation's identity?". BBC News. Retrieved 2018-06-04.
- ^ a b c "The expert selection: British seaside piers" (1 August 2014). Financial Times. 15 June 2015.
- ^ Dobraszczyk, Paul (2014). Iron, Ornament and Architecture in Victorian Britain: Myth and Modernity, Excess and Enchantment. Ashgate Publishing. p. 143. ISBN 978-1-472-41898-2.
- ^ "A very British affair - the fall and rise of the seaside pier". BBC News. 16 June 2015.
- ^ "Piers". National Piers Society (2006). Archived from the original on 29 September 2008. Retrieved 24 February 2012.
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- ^ "Satire, sewers and statesmen: why James Gillray was king of the cartoon". The Guardian. 16 June 2015.
- ^ 'Food In England: A complete guide to the food that makes us who we are' Dorothy Hartley (1954)
- ^ Richard L. Greaves Society and Religion in Elizabethan England, ISBN 978-0-8166-1030-3 p. 474: here
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- ^ An English breakfast sausage generally contains about 70 per cent meat, bread rusk and seasonings: What makes a British sausage British?. The 1984 episode Party Games of the television comedy 'Yes, Minister' involved Jim Hacker resisting the abolition of the British sausage by the EEC. As a result of his heroic stand he became Prime Minister.
- ^ White pudding, although more common in Scotland and Ireland, is traditional in Northumberland.
- ^ For example, one retailer offered a breakfast in 2018 comprising "three rashers of British bacon, three British pork sausages, three hash browns, two half slices of fried bread, two fried eggs, two half tomatoes, two black puddings, baked beans and sliced mushrooms." Big Daddy Breakfast. The English Breakfast Society researches, records and publishes the history, heritage and traditions of the English breakfast.
- ^ 'Craster: inside Northumberland's centuries-old kipper smokehouse' The Telegraph (16 January 2016)
- ^ 'Bubble and Squeak' British Food: A History
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- ^ 'English cooking: A new approach' (1960) Rupert Croft-Cooke
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However, when Thomas Mocket, rector of Gilston in Hertfordshire, decried such vices in a pamphlet to justify the parliamentary 'ban' of Christmas, effective since June 1647...
- ^ Sandys, William (1852). Christmastide: its history, festivities and carols. London: John Russell Smith. pp. 119–120.
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Further reading[edit]
- Briggs, Asa (1994) A Social History of England: from the ice age to the channel tunnel; new ed. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson ISBN 029783262X (1st ed. 1983)
- Redlich, Monica (1957) Everyday England. London: Gerald Duckworth
External links[edit]


text:
By Elizabeth Mitchell
(or I may still be talking about this at 45, and if I survive that long, it will be a blessing)
Golden Gate Bridge, San Francisco
I imagine I will become one with the water
below, its dark depths calling me to silence,
serenity. Not wanting an ending, but needing a calm,
I plead with passersby to see me, hear my sobs,
but no one is listening.
To whomever is not listening to the sea
this Friday morning,
to whomever… *
A woman requests a picture. I snap
her smiling face, mine a film of tears.
As she walks away, I place my hands on the railing,
familiar touch of steel. My eyes seek out
the place where the rocks will not break me.
100 feet down and I am aware
that I do not want this. To shift
my body midair, feel
my spine crack against the waves.
Immersed in this silent darkness.
Seal or sea lion slips past my leg.
This is not the death I wanted. But
it chooses to support my back, pushes me
to light and air and holds me there
above the water.
* "To whomever…": from "Poets Obligation," Pablo Neruda, The Essential Neruda, City Lights Publishers, 2004
Elizabeth J. Mitchell is originally from Detroit and lives in southeast Michigan. She studied literature, history and race while an undergraduate at Williams College. She builds websites for a living. She enjoys mentoring teens, nature, and birds. Her poetry appears or is forthcoming in Mobius: The Journal of Social Change and BLACKBERRY: a magazine.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
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As of January 29th, just on the shores around the North Sea, sperm whales were found stranded in the shallow area that is not meant for marine wildlife. Read More
Pet Archive
February 25, 2018|
Dog Helps Mother Cat Deliver Her Kittens And It Is So Beautiful To Watch
February 15, 2018|
Cat brings huge live rat inside house. Footage of mom freaking out has whole internet dying of laughter
February 13, 2018|
Grizzly Bear Climbs The Pool Ladder. But It Was What He Did Next That Had Everyone Floored!
January 9, 2018|
Dogs Left Outside In The Cold Have Died And Been Found 'Frozen Solid'
January 8, 2018|
Be On The Look Out For These 11 Signs And Symptoms. Get Smart, And You Might Just Save A Life!
September 22, 2015|


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UBS employee commitment
UBS and its employees are involved in numerous projects that benefit the community in Switzerland. Our volunteering, a donation program and grants support and empower people, projects and organizations in the areas of education and entrepreneurship as well as the environment, societal issues and culture. Our goal is to make an active contribution to shaping the future of Switzerland as a strong business location.
UBS Employee Donations
UBS Employee Donations is a program that benefits ten Swiss charitable organizations per year. All employees who work in Switzerland can support these selected charitable organizations through donations. UBS matches donations of up to CHF 3,500 per person, per year.
When choosing projects, UBS attaches importance to contributing to a broad range of charitable activities at home and abroad. These range from supporting poor families in Switzerland and the support of educational projects in countries in the developing world. The careful vetting of organizations ensures that employees' donations are used effectively and efficiently.
UBS also works with the Swiss Red Cross and the UBS Optimus Foundation Emergency Rapid Response Fund. In the event of disasters, the two partners make it possible for UBS employees to donate quickly and without unnecessary bureaucracy.


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Art and DesignIn both Year 7 and Year 8 students create a range of project based art works based around a specific theme.
Y7 - Me, and My World – Cubist Self-Portraits and Cultural Diversity: Developing basic skills module including developing drawing and painting skills and techniques. Introduction to contextual research and cultural references in Art and Design.
Y8 - Consequences of Conflict – An introduction to Street Art: Further development of basic skills including drawing, painting, contextual studies and developing ideas.
ComputingY7 – We follow out own curriculum as an academy that is entirely tailored to our needs at KS4. Therefore students have opportunities to develop their skills towards out own age related expectations in units of work base around ICT, Business and Computing. In Y7 this involves broad topics called The Web, Programming and Hardware, Software, Networks and Binary. There is considerable scope for groups to request "more" of topics that they have enjoyed towards the end of the year.
Y8 – In Y8, units of work include Multimedia and Graphics, Data Handing and Security, Responsibility and Laws.
DanceY7 - will do three projects; Basic skills - 5 basic actions, Street Dance and Social Dance. Each unit assesses skills in Composition, Performance and Appreciation.
Y8 - will do three projects; Professional work- Dance Tek Warriors, Choreographic Devices and Lindy Hop. Each unit assesses skills in Composition, Performance and Appreciation.
Y7 - Year 7 students study a broad collection of texts ranging from Shakespeare's 'A Midsummer Night's Dream' to contemporary novels such as 'Private Peaceful,' the modern American classic 'Holes' and poetry from the English Literary canon. All classes are given the opportunity to develop their writing skills by producing both fiction and non-fiction texts in a variety of formats and for an assortment of audiences and purposes. As students are frequently assessed against the Key Stage 3 assessment foci their lessons are personalised and differentiated according to students' needs. Students' learning is supplemented by the successful phonics programme 'Fresh Start' and the engaging Accelerated Reader scheme is used in every classroom to foster a life-long passion for reading.
Y8 - The Year 8 curriculum builds on skills developed in Year 7 through the study of William Shakespeare's 'Macbeth,' gothic fiction and poetic ballads in addition to a contemporary novel such as 'Looking for JJ' or 'The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas.' A spoken language study is undertaken and ample opportunities are given for students to write a range of texts are given throughout the year. During the Autumn term, students develop their analytical reading skills through the deconstruction of various presentational features across a range of media. Students continue to engage in the Accelerated Reader programme and 'Fresh Start' phonics where needed.
Food Technology
Y7 - Students explore key practical skills using the topic 'Around the World'. Pupils develop their awareness of ingredients, functions and food sourcing. Y8 - Students develop further key skills appropriate for studying the GCSE Food Preparation and Nutrition. They explore the concepts of Food Provenance, sourcing and food product design.
GeographyStudents are assessed in many ways throughout the course, including more formally twice in every topic.
Y7 - students study these topics; Where on Earth is Sheffield?, Endangered ecosystems, Exploring Africa, The Rise and Rise of China, How Fair is Fashion?, Sheffield's Urban Environments
Y8 - students study these topics; Limestone Landscapes of England, Weather Climate and Change, Earth's Fury, Brazil Favelas Forests and the Future, Changing Coasts, Geography in the News.
HistoryY7 - Throughout the academic year students will follow a course of study looking at 'What is History?' and how the 'Power of the Monarchy' changed over time. This is followed up by 'Did social history change society?'. Year 7 study covers the years 1066-1700.
Y8 - The year will start with 'Did inventions change the world?' leading to 'Should Empire be a Source of Pride?'. The final module looks at 'The Modern World 1900-1945 and beyond'. These programmes of study look at the years 1700-1945.
MathsY7/Y8 - The Key Stage 3 Curriculum for Y7 and Y8 in Mathematics is differentiated for students of varying ability levels, with students set into two pathways allowing for a personalised learning experience for all. Through the delivery of an engaging Scheme of Learning, all students are introduced to functional aspects of Mathematics relating to real life experiences and problem solving. They engage in practical activities that help to motivate and develop their Mathematical reasoning and fluency.
We aim to foster a passion for Mathematics both inside and outside the classroom with a range of enrichment activities including, the UK Maths Challenge, STEM programme, Numeracy Quizzes in form time, Numerate Word of the Week and Maths events such as 'World Pi Day'.
MFLY7 - We follow the Mira 1 textbook for Spanish where pupils not only learn the language content, but also cultural information about Spanish speaking countries all over the world.
Y8 - We finish the Mira 1 and move on to Mira 2, which also contains key cultural information.
MusicY7 - will complete three projects; Basic Skills, Global Cultures and Theme and Variations. Each unit assesses skills in listening, composing and performing.
Y8 - will complete three projects; Jazz Music, Pop Music and Music & Media. Each unit assesses skills in listening, composing and performing.
Physical Education
Y7/Y8 - students cover a variety of activities on a half termly rotation. Students learn the theory of Physical Education as required by the National Curriculum through completing two independent learning projects – one in Year 7, and one in Year 8.
Learning >


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2nd Street Stage kicks off June 15
The Park Rapids Downtown Business Association celebrates summer with 2nd Street Stage — free, live street music on Thursday evenings from June 15 through Aug. 17.
2nd Street Stage concerts run from 6 to 8 p.m. with regional bands, a beer garden and family activities. The stage is set on 2nd Street, between Main Avenue and Highway 71.
This season, the beer garden opens at 5 p.m. for a social hour with $1 off on beer. Buy a button at the beer garden for a free cup or koozie and extra prize drawing tickets all 10 weeks.
Weekly sponsors are ready to meet and greet while audience members find a spot, listen to the sound check and greet neighbors and friends. Bring your own lawn chair.
This month's lineup involves the following bands:
• June 15 - "Frogleg"
"Frogleg" is a fresh, young band out of Minneapolis. Known for their songwriting and improvisational live performances, this seven-piece band would be best described as a soul band, as their influences are not drawn from one specific genre. A typical "Frogleg" show will feature a blend of funk, reggae, rock, jazz and bluegrass. Band members are Joe Dun, guitar and vocals; Demitri Rallis, guitar and vocals; Elliott Wachs, saxophone; Jimmy Geisinger, bass; Doug Christianson, percussion; and CJ Vanderpoll, drums.
• June 22 - "Circle of Heat"
Based in Minneapolis, "Circle of Heat" returns to 2nd Street Stage. Drawing inspiration from genres such as funk, jazz, classic and '90s rock, their music is ever-expanding into an original sound with a familiar feel. For their album, "Some People Say," "Circle of Heat" continued their focus on musicianship and diversity in songwriting all while allowing room for spontaneity and improvisation.
• June 29 - "The Plott Hounds"
Formed in April 2014 with an angst to revive the sounds and stories of country music with a rock and roll backbone, "The Plott Hounds'" newest release is a live album titled "Blue Collar Hippie Music." "Plott Hounds" aim to put their own spin on classic, southern rock sound, one founded heavily on talented lead players, powerful lyrics and heaps of raw energy. It is music from the heartland of America, part southern, part Midwest.
Bring youngsters on June 29 for a photo with Nickelodeon's Jimmy Neutron, sponsored by Paul Bunyan Communications.
To see the complete summer line up, go to www.parkrapidsdowntown.com.
This activity is made possible by the voters of Minnesota, through a grant from the Region 2 Arts Council, thanks to a legislative appropriation from the Arts and Cultural Heritage Fund.


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Words containing agduf
Found 1 words containing agduf. Browse our Scrabble Word Finder, Words With Friends cheat dictionary, and WordHub word solver to find words that contain agduf. Or use our Unscramble word solver to find your best possible play! Related: Words that start with agduf
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Dear everyone who has lived through our endless renovation project and the ensuing chaos it caused for so long:
Our deepest gratitude to Massimo for his team for doing such a great job, and for giving us back some faith in the construction business as a whole. We'd also like to thank our customers for your patience throughout. Seriously.
Oh, and we want to thank the cops who arrested the first contractor. That may not have fixed any of the problems he caused, but it was pretty damned satisfying nonetheless.


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THAILAND, like Malaysia, is both a destination and transit country for human trafficking and people smuggling. Citizens of both countries were shocked when told of the gruesome discovery of 36 bodies in shallow mass graves at several locations near the Thai-Malaysian border in early May 2015.
These sites are believed to be "transit camps" where human traffickers held their victims (many were Rohingya Muslims fleeing Myanmar) as hostages until their relatives were able to pay for their release and their journey across the border into Malaysia and countries beyond.
A definitive milestone in the war against human trafficking was reached last Wednesday when the Bangkok Criminal Court handed down a guilty verdict on 21 individuals out of 103 defendants accused of human trafficking, organised transnational crime, forcible detention of migrants leading to their deaths, and rape. The list of defendants includes senior Thai government officials, politicians and Myanmar nationals. The court took 13 hours to read out a 500-page verdict and sentences for the defendants. Forty of the defendants were acquitted.
A July 20 report by Bangkok Post of the trial stated that a three-star army official, Lieutenant-general Manas Kongpaen, was one of the prominent figures found guilty. He was found guilty of complicity in a "transnational organised crime" and collaborating with others "to facilitate human trafficking", and was given a prison sentence of 27 years.
Another high-profile defendant, a former politician from Satun, Pajjuban Aungkachotephan, was also convicted of human trafficking and given a prison sentence of 75 years. He was widely regarded as the country's kingpin in the modern human slave trade.
Arraignments in the case began in November 2015, but actual trial of the 103 defendants began in March 2016 and continued until February this year, involving over 200 witnesses (98 for the prosecution and 111 for the defendants). Lead police investigator Major-General Paween Pongsirin resigned a few days before the arraignments. He fled the country and sought asylum in Australia, claiming that some "influential people" in the government had plans to silence him.
Manas was singled out for this landmark trial because of his senior position in the Internal Security Operations Command (Isoc) in the country's south. He was responsible for keeping out and expelling migrants who entered Thailand illegally. During the proceedings, the court was told that Manas received bank transfers of 14.8 million baht (RM1.9 million) from several human trafficking agents. His conviction was based on evidence that he had received kickbacks from Pajjuban (aka Ko Tong).
Apart from Manas and Pajjuban, another public figure convicted at the Bangkok trial was Banchong Pongphon (aka Ko Chong), the mayor of Padang Besar.
According to Fortify Rights, a non-profit human rights organisation based in Southeast Asia and registered in Switzerland and the United States, the Thai authorities arrested only 103 suspects out of 153 who were named in arrest warrants issued in connection with the case.
Thailand has long been criticised for not doing enough to combat human trafficking and migrant smuggling. Until the major crackdown in May 2015, thousands of Rohingya Muslims from Myanmar had been smuggled across the Thai-Malaysian border. In 2014, Thailand was placed on Tier 3, the lowest list in the US State Department Trafficking In Persons (TIP) Report.
In May 2015, when the mass graves at the Thai-Malaysian border were discovered, then Thai police chief General Somyot Poompanmoung had openly admitted that some police officers were involved in human trafficking syndicates.
Commenting on the July 19 verdict, the director of the Institute of Security and International Studies at Chulalongkorn University, Thitinan Pongsudhirak, said that the two-year long trial and the recent guilty verdict "will serve as a litmus test for Thailand's military government", which in the past had been tainted by controversies and corruption scandals.
Under Thai law, the offence of being involved in a crime syndicate carries a penalty of four to 15 years in jail and a maximum fine of 300,000 baht. A human trafficking offence carries a maximum penalty of 15 years' imprisonment and a fine of up to one million baht. The penalty is doubled if the convicted individual is a government official.
During the Bangkok trial, reporters were not allowed inside the courtroom, but they could follow the proceedings on closed-circuit television in adjacent rooms. While this has been criticised by some quarters, I do not find it unusual or objectionable because the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia in Phnom Penh trying the Khmer Rouge war criminals adopts the same procedure. Although we (members of the public and journalists) were seated in a separate room (not the courtroom), we could follow the entire proceedings live via close-circuit television.
Last month, the US State Department listed Thailand on a Tier 2 Watch List in its TIP report, while Malaysia was "upgraded" to Tier Two. The Thai Foreign Ministry has called the TIP report unfair and does not do justice to Thailand's efforts to stop human trafficking over the past year. I agree.
Salleh Buang formerly served the Attorney-General's Chambers before he left for private practice, the corporate sector and academia. He can be reached via email@example.com


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La Cité de la Mer publie son nouveau guide consacré à « Titanic, retour à Cherbourg »
Plus qu'un guide souvenir, cet ouvrage, réalisé par l'équipe de La Cité de la Mer, reprend les thématiques du parcours permanent, tout juste un an après son inauguration. En 56 pages, ce livret revient sur l'escale du Titanic, sur le triste destin de ce mythique paquebot mais aussi sur l'histoire transatlantique du port de Cherbourg […]
Articles, 2012 Exhibition : Titanic, returns to Cherbourg
Relive the unique and tragic voyage of the Titanic
CHERBOURG, A PORT FOR MIGRATION, A GATEWAY TO THE WORLD The first part of the exhibition is housed in the impressive former Baggage Hall. There is an interactive video display, where you are able to share the emotion of emigrants, going back in time to feel the atmosphere of the era and meeting the passengers […]
Articles, The passenger ship Titanic
The Navratil enfants: orphans of the Titanic
Michel Navratil and his two sons, Michel and Edmond, marked the history of the Titanic….. a father who took his children away from their mother in the hope of reuniting his family in America. When the ship went down, the father, knowing that death was inevitable, put his 2 children into a life raft. Their […]
Articles, The passenger ship Titanic
R.M.S. Titanic
The R.M.S. Titanic (Royal Mail Steamer) was a masterpiece of early XXth century technology and the pride and joy of England. It was named as such because besides passengers, it also carried His Majesty King George V's mail. The White Star Line and the race to create a giant […]


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(Video) Yuna, Zizan, Harith and Siti Nordiana to the rescue
Posted on 5 April 2017 - 09:46am
IT'S Yuna, Harith Iskander, Zizan Razak and Siti Nordiana to the rescue when Kuala Lumpur comes under attack by a giant cat.
In an advertisement for the Japanese uncarbonated soft drink brand, Calpis, the superheroes cut the humongous feline down to size and transformed it back to a loveable pet again.
"I finally get to share this! My first time in a superhero costume on screen! Had so much fun working on it and loved my character!," Yuna said in sharing the advertisement on her social media pages.
When a short clip showing the four stars clad in superhero costumes first surfaced on the Internet, there had been speculations that they could be starring in a secret movie. There were huge billboards all around Klang Valley featuring the four as superheroes with the headline, "Coming Soon, April 2017".
It turned out to be an advertisement instead. The minute-long video has Yuna, Zizan Harith and Siti Nordiana representing different flavours. Yuna and Zizan represent the original flavour, Harith is mango, while Siti Nordiana represents grapes.
They have various superpowers including self-multiplying, bubble shield, super speed, and bubble beam, and their costumes give off a Fantastic Four kind of vibe too.
Watch the video below:


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From the struggle of poverty in a small city named Tocopilla to the glamorous life in London, the emergence of Alexis Sanchez has seen it all. Alexis, now Arsenal supporters' heartthrob, has endured a lot of pain but his dream of becoming a footballer has prevailed against all the odds, from poverty to the other problems of Devil's Corner.
Alexis and Devil's Corner:
As I said Devil's Corner, it is the nickname of the town where he was born, Tocopilla. There are just two places where the real Alexis Sanchez can be found. One is on the football pitch. The other is in his home city of Tocopilla. A thousand miles north of Santiago, stuck between the mountains, the desert and the sea, lies the tiny town where the Arsenal forward was born. "Tocopilla is like Vina del Mar, only smaller," he once said on the TV show Nacidos para Ganar [Born To Win]. The city is full of pollution, dirt, poverty and a high rate of drug related antisocial activities, making it one of the arid places of the world. No doubt the locals refer it as "La esquina de Diablo" or The Devil's Corner. It's mainly a mining port of Chile but the life standard of the locals are very poor. That's where the real Alexis made his first steps, that's where the dream of becoming a footballer blossomed in his tiny but dauntless heart.
A Financial barricade where earning money wasn't easy:
Just as Alexis was born, his father left his family. Alexis' mother was in deep trouble with his brother Humberto and two sisters. So little Sanchez grew up fast, at least his circumstances made him to do so and he had to help his mother in the households.
His mother would go to nearby city to sell fishes while Alexis had to wash cars that was parked in the cemetery, either he washed them or make sure nobody steal them.
"It wasn't easy to get money," he told Spanish newspaper El Pais in 2013. "I'd say to my mom, "Don't worry, I'll be a footballer and everything will work out – we'll have money", and she would laugh. I would promise gifts, cars and houses to my friends, too.
When little Alexis was in school, he sometimes saw his mother sweeping at the school and he used to hide from there as nobody can see the pain in his eyes. That struggle, determination and unassailable willpower has made him what he is today. Each and every step in his life has collided with poverty, he didn't have even boots to play for, his mom used to borrow boots for him on the match days.
The junior Maestro:
Despite all these, little Alexis had a respite from all these crisis when he played football. In the streets of Tocopilla, he used to play with bare foot and that was where a star was in making. He earned a nickname as well, 'Dilla', short form of Ardilla or Squirrel, because of his rapid pace, play with bare foot and his ability to climb roofs to recover lost balls. He was something different, even his first coach Juan Segovia agrees so. Playing barefoot gave him the style, running with little jumps as he was dodging rocks in his Tocopilla days. He joined Arauco FC as a 6 year old and started playing for them.
His amazing talent was not left unnoticed as many clubs across Chile was interested to sign the young sensation. Like most of his predecessors, Sanchez was so attached to his hometown that he refused to leave permanently when the first offer to move appeared, at 13, to play in Rancagua – 750 miles from home. But the youngster's talent would open more doors and things were different when he drew the interest of Cobreloa, mainly as they were just 75 miles away in the Atacama desert.
Attracting the attentions:
Some outstanding displays with Tocopilla attracted an interest from Italian side Udinese, who bought him and then loaned him back in Chile with the Chilean giants Colo-Colo.
17 year old Alexis started his new life in Santiago, the capital of his country. He had some outstanding performances and a subsequent loan move to River Plate saw him win his first league medal, the 2008 Argentine Primera Division Clausura title.
Udinese, Barcelona and Arsenal:
He went back to his parent club Udinese and played an important role for the next 3 seasons, scoring 21 times for them.
In 2011, Alexis joined Barcelona. He played 3 season with the Spanish giants and scored 47 goals for them.
In 2014 after a magnificent display in the World Cup, Alexis joined Arsenal. So far he has been an integral player of Arsenal and scored 50 goals for the Gunners.
He has also won two back to back Copa America title with Chile, while in the last one he was the best player of the tournament.
The Aftermaths:
Sanchez may have hit the peaks of his life but Tocopilla is still well and warm in his heart. He loves to go back to his birth place and enjoys with the kids there, gives them gifts and plays football with them.
"I was happy as a boy," he admitted. "We were humble, hell yes, but I'd give away everything I have now to be back in those days again. I was the happiest kid in the world. That's why I so enjoy coming back. There's my family, my friends and my memories. And I like the sea. It's the thing I like the most. If there's the sea, then I'm happy."– yes, that's why Alexis is different. He remembers his root and he respects from where he belong. He remembers his root and makes sure no one suffers what he suffered as a child.
He still is a Tocopilla boy in heart who has conquered all. The sacrifice, fight he had to make is worthy of a hundred bows. Coming from a poor background it was difficult, but he has done it all. The street boy still reflects vividly in his game, who still works as hard as he used to do as a kid, that's why he is El Nino Maravilla(The Marvelous Boy), rightly so.
Photo by Gobierno de Chile


text: Tech Support Request Tech Support Request Form Please complete the following form as completely and accurately as possible (essential fields are marked with a *). Date Originated: Tuesday Aug 21, 2018 * Building: -- Please select -- BOE Christensen Central Davey Holden Longcoy RHS Stanton Transportation Walls *Name: *Room #/Area: *kentschools.netEmail address: Computer #:(if applicable) Printer Sticker #:(if applicable): *What is the problem? Please be as descriptive as possible! Problem already resolved/for documentation purposes only


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The sun knifed through the stained and bent Venetian blinds. The sun couldn't set soon enough. He twisted the auger on the blinds to halt stilettos of beams that sliced through the long yellowed plastic slats. He yanked the sun-worn olive curtains together. Glittering dust lifted from the tattered swags.
The temperature was locked in at 110 degrees and it was only 4 p.m. The air was stifling hot. The sun continued its brutal beating, belt-whipping the dirt and concrete. The venomous air wouldn't temper down enough for any man with a stitch of remaining common sense to walk to the corner bar until it was near 9 or 10 p.m.
Motels across the line (la lina) just south of the border provide a hombre with a healthy measure of anonymity. It can be a hidden curse. Inside the tiny filthy room the air was soupy and smelled of urine. The ceiling fan, absent one of four blades, clattered and shook violently. It tapped in tempo to his beating pulse. Sweat had beaded on his forehead and around his eyes. The moisture ring growing on his collar provided a small touch of coolness against his neck.
He firmly gripped the neck of the Jimador Blanco tequila bottle. With conviction he stated out loud, "It'll be quick." He held the bottle out at arms-length as if he was handing it to someone. But no one was there. He stared blankly at the wall. He folded his arm, placed the bottle at his lips and guzzled the remaining contents. He examined the empty bottle and with the skill of a professional baseball player, he pitched it overhand directly into the waiting corner. The crash was reminiscent of many wild parties hosted in the room, without the laughter. No one in adjacent rooms in the motel would be alarmed by the sound of shattering glass. Nor would they ever dare. Broken bottles, drunken screams, and occasional gunfire etched the pedigree of this place.
He picked up his holster from the grey Formica kitchen table. He unclipped the retention strap, slid the pistol from its black leather pouch and pointed the barrel towards his carefully opened mouth. The smooth-bore muzzle tapped against his front teeth. He exhaled and salty gunpowder bit his pallet. He firmed his grip around the weighted handle. He slid his index finger slowly around the curve of the trigger.
The Mexican police would find him sprawled on the hard packed dirt floor in this filthy three-peso motel room — a través de la línea. He murmured a mantra that found him during the past three days, "It is all lost. It is gone." He gazed down the barrel and caught a glance at a cockroach scurrying up and over a large chip in the plaster. He dropped his gaze as if drawing forward intention through his third eye. With a hard exhale, he tightened his stomach and felt the beveled site of the pistol pressed against his upper lip. As if she were in the room watching, he stated, "This is all for you, my dear." And, like the good Catholic altar boy that he once was, he prayerfully lowered his eyes and tutted a final breath of release. He squeezed the trigger tenderly while he maintained the authority that he once had when he pulled her close for a kiss when they first met. The cylinder rotated, ever — so — slowly. The hammer clapped against the firing pin. His head jetted backward. But there was no burst. Just the echo of the lonely clap that slapped against the walls. The pistol failed to eject. Deadened silence folded into the center of the room.
He lowered to the floor onto his knees as the pistol fell. A tear slid from the corner of his eye and traced down his cheek. A lump swelled in his throat. She was gone. There was nothing he could do about it. And he finally arrived at the end of his path. He lifted his eyes and welled with rage. Shaking his fists, he cursed at the top of his lungs "Chinga! Chinga La Madre Maria!"
But God did not hear him that day. So he crumpled on the floor and sobbed.
(c) 2018, Ron McFarland – All Rights Reserved