text: THE FEDERAL JUDICIARY INTRODUCTION • Foreign visitors are often amazed at the power of American judges. • 1834: French aristocrat Alexis de Tocqueville wrote: "If I were asked where I place the American aristocracy, I should reply without hesitation … that it occupies the judicial bench and bar… Scarcely any political question arises in the United States that is not resolved, sooner or later, into a judicial question." INTRODUCTION • A century later, British political scientist Harold J. Laski observed, "The respect in which federal courts, and above all, the Supreme Court are held is hardly surpassed by the influence they exert on the life of the United States." INTRODUCTION • Why do judges play such a central role in our political life. • Chief John Marshall in 1803 successfully claimed for judges the power of judicial review, that is, the power to authoritatively interpret the Constitution. INTRODUCTION • Justice Felix Frankfurter suggested tersely: " The Supreme Court is the Constitution." • Judges – and not those on the Supreme Court – are also asked to resolve disputes involving billions of dollars, decide conflicts among competing interest groups, supervise the criminal justice system, and make rules affecting the lives of millions of people. INTRODUCTION • Judges not only settle legal conflicts but in some cases have overseen the operation of schools, prisons, mental hospitals, and complex businesses. • Sometimes they decide the details of how these institutions should be run. • Still, the scope and nature of judicial power limit the role of judges. THE SCOPE OF JUDICIAL POWER • The American judicial system rests on the adversary system. • A court of law is a neutral arena in which two parties argue their differences and present their points of view before an impartial arbiter. • The adversary system is based on the fight theory, which holds that arguing over law and evidence, which may or may not arrive at the truth, guarantees fairness in the judicial system. • The adversary system thus imposes restraints on the exercise and scope of judicial power. THE SCOPE OF JUDICIAL POWER • Judicial power is essentially passive and reactive. • Judges cannot instigate cases. • Also not all disputes are within the scope of judicial power. • Judges decide only justiciable disputes – lawsuits that grow out of actual controversies and are capable of judicial resolution. • Judges do not use their power unless there is a real case or controversy. • It is not enough for a judge merely to have a general interest in a subject or to believe that a law is unconstitutional. THE SCOPE OF JUDICIAL POWER • The party bringing a lawsuit (the plaintiff) must have standing to sue; this means that the plaintiff must have sustained or be in immediate danger of sustaining a direct and personal injury. • Plaintiffs may not raise hypothetical issues; they must have a real dispute and opposing interests with another party. • Traditionally, individuals had to show actual monetary damage in order to gain standing to sue. • But in recent decades, the Supreme Court has granted standing to individuals who claim nonmonetary injuries that are shared by others. THE SCOPE OF JUDICIAL POWER • The Supreme Court has said that aesthetic and environmental well-being are important factors in the quality of life and the fact that environmental interests are shared by many rather than a few does not make them less deserving of legal protection. • Individuals must still claim a personal injury – the violation of a constitutional or other legal right – and show a "personal stake in the outcome." • But they may now bring suits over environmental damages, defective consumer products, and other matters that affect interest groups and large numbers of people. THE SCOPE OF JUDICIAL POWER • A related and increasingly important development is the sue of class action suits, in which a small number of persons represent all other people similarly situated – a suit on behalf of all students in a university, for example, or all persons who smoke a particular brand of cigarettes. THE SCOPE OF JUDICIAL POWER • These lawsuits may force major changes in public policy – governing, for example, the operation of prisons – and business practices, such as marketing of defective and harmful products. • In recent years, tobacco companies, drug mfgs., and financial institutions have confronted a series of class action lawsuits and have been ordered to pay damages. THE SCOPE OF FEDERAL POWER • When individuals sue • But only the govt., may each other over a traffic accident, for instance, they file suits under civil law and seek monetary awards. • The govt., may also bring civil lawsuits against individuals and business. prosecute individual crimes, like carjacking, as defined in state and federal criminal law. • Persons accused of crimes are guaranteed certain rights in the Bill of Rights and must be accorded the due process of law. • If convicted = imprisonment or sentenced to death. THE SCOPE OF FEDERAL POWER • Judges decide cases; they • Prosecutors negotiate with do not prosecute people for allegedly committing crimes. • Prosecutors decide whether to charge an offence and which offense to charge. • They have largely unreviewable discretion, so long as they have probable cause to believe that the accused has committed an offense. the lawyers for defendants and often work out a plea bargain, whereby defendants agree to plead guilty to a lesser charge to avoid having to stand trial and face sentence for a more serious offense. • Prosecutors also make recommendations to judges about what sentences to impose. THE SCOPE OF JUDICIAL POWER • Federal Level: The job of • U.S. attorneys serve four- prosecution falls to the Dept. of Justice: the attorney general, the solicitor general, the 94 U.S. attorneys, and some 1,200 assistant attorneys. • The President, with the consent of the Senate, appoints a U.S. attorney for each district court. year terms but may be dismissed by the President at any time. • These appts., are of great interest to Senators, who exercise significant influence over the selection process. • Since U.S. attorneys are almost always members of the President's political party, it is customary to resign if the opposition party wins the WH. THE SCOPE OF JUDICIAL POWER • The attorney general, in consultation with the U. S. attorney in each district, appoints assistant attorneys. • Some districts only have one; the largest the Southern District of New York, has more than 65. • These attorneys, working with the U.S. attorney and assisted by the FBI and other federal law enforcement agencies, begin proceedings against those alleged to have broken federal laws. • They also represent the USA in civil suits. THE SCOPE OF JUDICIAL POWER • Courts cannot solve all disputes. • Some raise political questions that would require the use of methods not suitable for a court, for which there is no legal remedy or which the Const., explicitly assigns to Congress or the president to decide. THE SCOPE OF JUDICIAL POWER • Such is the case with many questions arising from foreign affairs: • Which of two competing state govts is the proper one? • Which group of officials of a state or foreign nation should the USA recognize as the govt.? • When the President sends the military into international conflicts with congressional authorization, has the constitutional provision that only Congress can "declare war" been violated? THE SCOPE OF JUDICIAL POWER • The political question doctrine is admittedly circular, and the SC ultimately decides what is and is not a "political question." • In 2000, for instance, most observers thought that the SC would refuse to allow itself or the federal courts to become involved in deciding which votes from FL should be counted in the presidential election. THE SCOPE OF JUDICIAL POWER • There is hardly anything more political than a presidential election. • Also, the Const., specifically charges Congress with the responsibility for counting electoral votes. THE SCOPE OF JUDICIAL POWER • Nonetheless, the SC accepted the case in Bush v. Gore, deliberated promptly, and by a bare 5-4 majority stopped the recount of votes. • The four dissenters contended that the matter should have been left to the political branches to decide. TYPES OF LAWS • Statutory Law: Law that comes from authoritative and specific lawmaking sources, primarily legislatures but also including treaties and executive orders. • Common Law: Judge-made law. The common law continues to develop according to the rule of stare decisis, which means "let the decision stand." This is the rule of precedent, which implies that a rule established by a court is to be followed in similar cases. • Equity Law: Law used whenever common law remedies are inadequate. For example, if an injury done to property may do irreparable harm for which money damages cannot provide compensation, under equity a person may ask the judge to issue an injunction ordering the offending person not to take the threatened action. If the wrongdoer persists, he or she may be punished for contempt of court. TYPES OF LAWS • Const., Law: • Administrative Law: Statements interpreting the Const., that have been given SC approval. • Admiralty and Maritime Law: Law applicable to cases concerning shipping and waterway commerce on the highs seas and on the navigable waters of the USA. Law relating to the authority and procedures of admin., agencies as well as to the rules and regulations issued by agencies. • Criminal Law: Law that defines crimes against the public order and provides for punishment. TYPES OF LAWS • Civil Law: Law that governs the relations between individuals and defines their legal rights. However, the govt., can also be a party to a civil action. Under the Sherman Antitrust Act, for example, the federal govt., may initiate civil as well as criminal action to prevent violations of law. JUDICIAL FEDERALISM JUDICIAL FEDERALISM • Most countries have a unitary judicial system. • But the USA has a dual judicial system of federal and state courts. • Along side of the federal judiciary, each state maintains a judiciary of its own, and many municipalities have judicial systems as complex as those of the states. • Within both federal and state systems, judicial power is further divided between trial courts and one or more levels of appellate courts, which hear appeals from lower courts. • The federal and state courts are related, but not in a superior-inferior hierarchy. JUDICIAL FEDERALISM • State courts primarily interpret and apply their state constitutions and law. • When their decisions are based solely on state law, their rulings may not be appealed to or reviewed by federal courts. • Only decisions that raise a federal question, involving the application of the BofR or other federal law, are federal courts able to review. JUDICIAL FEDERALISM • Fed., courts have writ of habeas corpus jurisdiction – the power to release persons from custody if a judge determines that they are not being detained constitutionally – and may review criminal convictions in state courts for violations of the fed., constitutional and legal rights of the accused. JUDICIAL FEDERALISM • Other than the original jurisdiction the Const., vests directly in the SC, no federal court has any jurisdiction except that granted to it by an act of Congress. • Congress also determines whether the judicial power of the USA is exercised exclusively by fed., courts or concurrently by both fed., and state courts. JUDICIAL FEDERALISM • Most litigation occurs in state courts, which annually face tens of millions of civil and criminal cases. • The type of litigation in state courts also tends to differ from that in federal courts. • Apart from criminal cases, the largest portion of state court cases involves economic issues – state regulation of public utilities, zoning and small business, labor relations, natural resources, energy, and environment. • Litigation varies from state to state depending on the size of population, urbanization, and the economy. JUDICIAL FEDERALISM: MASSACHUSETTS COURTS THE FEDERAL JUDICIAL SYSTEM THE FEDERAL JUDICIAL SYSTEM • Article III of the Constitution states: "The judicial Power of the United States shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establishment." • Courts created to carry out this judicial power are called Article III or constitutional courts. • Congress may also establish Article I or legislative courts – courts, for instance, to handle bankruptcies and veterans' appeals – to carry out the legislative powers the Const., has granted it. THE FEDERAL JUDICIARY • The main difference between a constitutional court and legislative court is that the judge of a legislative court need to be appointed to "hold their Offices during good Behavior," and may be assigned other than purely judicial duties, such as supervising tax collections. • Constitutional court judges basically have lifetime appointments, subject to removal by impeachment. • Only 11 federal judges have been impeached by the House of Representatives. • 7 have been convicted and removed by the Senate. THE FEDERAL JUDICIARY • The Const., requires a SC. • The SC is a necessity of the national govt., is to have the power to make and enforce laws that take precedence over those of the states. THE FEDERAL JUDICIARY • The lack of a SC to maintain national supremacy, ensure uniform interpretation of national legislation, and resolve conflicts between states was one of the glaring weaknesses of the govt., under the Articles of Confederation. THE FEDERAL JUDICIARY • Congress decides whether there will be other courts in addition to the SC. • The First Congress, in the Judiciary Act of 1789, divided the nation into circuits (geographical areas) and created lower courts for each. • Today the hierarchy of federal courts of general jurisdiction consists of district courts, courts of appeals, and the Supreme Court (refer to chart). THE FEDERAL JUDICIARY • In cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls and in cases in which a state is a party, the S.C., had original jurisdiction – the authority of a court to hear a case "in the first instance." • In all other cases, the S.C., has appellate jurisdiction – power to review decisions of other courts and agencies – as determined by Congress. • Of course, the S.C., has final word on the constitutionality of laws passed by Congress. JURISDICTION OF FEDERAL COURTS • Fed., courts can hear and decide cases or controversies in law and equity in the following circumstances: • 1. If they arise under the Constitution, a federal law, or treaty. • 2. If they arise under admiralty and maritime laws. • 3. If they arise because of a dispute involving land claimed under • • • • titles granted by two or more states. 4. If the USA is a party to the case. 5. If a state is a party to the case (but not if the suit was begun or prosecuted against a state by an individual or a foreign nation.) 6. If they are between citizens of different states (Congress has chosen to limit this diversity jurisdiction of fed., courts to cases in which the amount in controversy exceeds $50,000). 7.If the affect the accredited representatives of a foreign nation. THE FEDERAL JUDICIARY: THE DISTICT COURTS THE FEDERAL JUDICIARY: THE DISTRICT COURTS • Although the SC • Each state has at least receives all the attention, the workhorses of the federal judiciary are the district courts. • These courts hear hundreds of thousand civil cases and tens of thousands of criminal cases per year one district court. • Larger states have as many as the demands of judicial business and the pressure of politics demand. • MA., has 2. • RI has 1. • No state has more than 4. THE FEDERAL JUDICIARY: THE DISTRICT COURTS • There are 665 judges in 94 district courts, located in each of the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. • Each federal circuit has at least one district judge but may have as many as 99. • MA. = 13 • RI = 3 THE FEDERAL JUDICIARY: THE DISTRICT COURTS • The district courts are • Otherwise, district the trial courts of original jurisdiction. • They are the only federal courts that employ grand juries and petit juries. • When cases tried before district judges involve citizens of different states, judges apply the appropriate state laws. judges are concerned with federal laws. • For example, they decide cases involving crimes against the USA – suits under the national revenue, postal, patent, copyright, trademark, bankruptcy, and civil rights laws. THE FEDERAL JUDICIARY: THE COURTS OF APPEALS THE FEDERAL JUDICIARY: THE COURTS OF APPEALS • The decisions of district courts may be appealed and reviewed by federal courts of appeals, although reapportionment and voting rights cases decided by three judge panels are taken directly to the SC. • Courts of Appeals are located in 11 judicial circuits that include all states and U.S. territories. • A 12th is located in the District of Columbia and hears the largest number of cases challenging federal statutes, regulations, and administrative decisions. • The 13th appellate court is the Court of Appeals for the Federal District, located in D.C. and has national jurisdiction, though it primarily deals with appeals in patent, copyright, and international trade cases. THE FEDERAL JUDICIARY: THE COURTS OF APPEALS THE FEDERAL JUDICIARY: THE COURTS OF APPEALS • The largest circuit is the 9th, with 28 circuit judges and 99 • • • • • • district judges. It is geographically the size of Western Europe and contains 20% of the U.S. population. Each court of appeals consists of 6 to 28 permanent judgeships (179 in all). The First Circuit, which includes New England and Puerto Rico has 8 judges. These courts normally hear cases in panels of 3 judges. But in especially important and controversial cases, all judges may be present; that is, they sit en banc. They annually hear more than 50,000 appeals. THE FEDERAL JUDICIARY: THE COURTS OF APPEALS • Although the courts of appeals have only appellate • • • • jurisdiction, they are powerful policy makers. Fewer than 1% of their decisions are appealed to the SC. As the policy-making role of federal courts has become a prominent political issue, more attention has been focused on these courts and the judges who serve them. One current controversy is the growing failure of appellate courts to publish their opinions, due to their growing caseloads, and whether published opinions are binding precedents. Another controversy revolves around whether the number of judges should be increased to keep pace with rising caseloads. THE POLITICS OF APPOINTING FEDERAL JUDGES THE POLITICS OF APPOINTING FEDERAL JUDGES • The selection of federal judges has always been a • • • • significant part of the political process. It makes a difference who serves on the federal courts. (?) As the courts play an even more important role in the political process and as more and more interests – women, other minorities for example – participate in that process, judicial selection politics has come front and center on the political stage. The President selects federal judges with the advice and consent of the Senate. Political reality imposes constraints on the president's discretion, so the selection of a federal judge is actually a complex bargaining process. THE POLITICS OF APPOINTING FEDERAL JUDGES • The principal figures involved are the candidates, president, and the "subpresidency for judicial selection, consisting of key members of DoJ, U.S. senators, the ABA, party leaders, and, increasingly interest groups. • In addition, recent presidents have inserted the WH much more directly into the process than their predecessors did. • DoJ officials and key WH staff meet often to review proposed candidates and present recommendations to the President. THE POLITICS OF APPOINTING FEDERAL JUDGES • Before the WH submits names of nominees for federal judgeships, it observes the practice of senatorial courtesy – the custom of submitting the names of prospective appointees for approval to the senators from the states in which the appointees are to work. • Senatorial courtesy does not extend to nominees to the SC since they have national jurisdiction. • Liberal and conservative interest groups also play a role in the selection and confirmation of federal judges. (?) THE POLITICS OF APPOINTING FEDERAL JUDGES • President Obama has appointed 173 federal judges: • 2 SC Justices (two women – Justice Sotomayor and Justice Kagan) • 30 Courts of Appeals • 141 District Courts • 31 nominations are awaiting Senate action. • There are currently 15 vacancies on the Courts of Appeals • There are currently 55 vacancies on the District Courts. • There are 19 anticipated vacancies during President Obama's second term. THE POLITICS OF APPOINTING FEDERAL JUDGES • Factors contributing to the selection and confirmation process: • **The Role of Judicial Philosophy: Key questions: • The Role of Party • Does the nominee • The Role of Gender believe in judicial selfrestraint? • Does the nominee believe in judicial activism? • The answers to these questions can derail a nominee's chances. • The Role of Race • The Role of Ideology • The Role of Judicial Philosophy DO JUDGES MAKE LAW? • Do judges make law? • NH Justice Jeremiah Smith said: "Do judges make law? Course they do. Made some myself." • Judges are not that forthcoming about making law. • For many it is disturbing that judges make law. • Why? DO JUDGES MAKE LAW? • Many people equate a judge's role with that of a referee • • • • • • • because of their role in trials and the adversary system. We expect referees to be impartial and disinterested, treating both parties as equals. We expect them to apply rules, not make them. Laws are not made, however, in the same way as rules of a sport, and therein lies the answer to our question. Not only do judges make law, but they must! Legislatures make law by enacting statues, but judges must apply the statues to concrete situations. Laws are written in broad language and terms. Courts must judge their application in concrete cases. DO JUDGES MAKE LAW? • The problems of interpreting and applying laws are intensified when judges are required to apply our 224 year old Constitution. • The Constitution is written in full of generalizations. • Some examples: • "unreasonable search and seizures" • "Commerce among several states." • "due process of law." • "equal protection of the laws." DO JUDGES MAKE LAW? • Recourse to the intent of the framers or to the words of the Const., may not help judges facing cases involving multinational corporations or the Internet. • The framers could never foresee the incredible advances the country would make. ADHERENCE TO PRECEDENT ADHERENCE TO PRECEDENT • Just because judges make policy, they are not free to do whatever they wish. • They are subject to a variety of limits on what they decide – some imposed by the political system. • Some imposed by higher courts and the legal profession. ADHERENCE TO PRECEDENCE • Among these is the policy of stare decisis – the rule of precedent. • Stare decisis pervades our judicial system and promotes certainty, uniformity, and stability in law. • Judges are expected to abide by previous decisions of their own courts and by rulings of superior courts. ADHERENCE TO PRECEDENT • Although adherence to precedent is the norm, it is very restrictive. • Judges may distinguish between precedents because of differences in the context of cases, and may questions of law have conflicting precedents that can be used to support a decision for either party. ADHERENCE TO PRECEDENT • The doctrine of stare • Since 1789, the SC has decisis is less controlling in the field of constitutional law. • Because the Const., is binding, the SC can reverse a decision it no longer wishes to follow, as it has done hundreds of times. reversed 217 of its own decisions. • It has overturned more than 160 acts of Congress. • More than 960 pieces of state legislation and state constitutional provisions. • And more than 115 city ordinances. THE SUPREME COURT AND HOW IT OPERATES THE SUPREME COURT AND HOW IT OPERATES • The Supreme Court's term runs from the first Monday in • • • • • October through the end of June. The justices listen to oral arguments for two weeks from October to April. They then adjourn for two weeks to consider cases and to write their opinions. By agreement, six justices must participate in each decision. Cases are decided by a majority vote out of 9. In the case of a tie, the decision of the lower courts is sustained, although on rare occasions it may be reargued. THE SUPREME COURT AND HOW IT OPERATES • The members of the current Supreme Court are: • Chief Justice John Roberts • Associate Justice Antonin Scalia • Associate Justice Arthur M. Kennedy • Associate Justice Clarence Thomas • Associate Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg • Associate Justice Stephen G. Breyer, Jr. • Associate Justice Samuel Alito, Jr. • Associate Justice Sonia Sotomayor • Associate Justice Elena Kagan POWERS OF THE CHIEF JUSTICE • The chief justice of the SC., is appt., by the president upon confirmation by the Senate. • Yet because the CJ heads the entire federal judiciary, this method of appt., gives him greater visibility than if selected by rotation of fellow justices. • In the entire history of the SC, all CJ's have been men. THE POWERS OF THE CHIEF JUSTICE • The CJ has special administrative responsibilities in overseeing the operation of the judiciary, such as assigning judges to committees, responding to proposed legislation that affects the judiciary, and delivering the Annual Report on the State of the Judiciary. • But within the SC, the CJ is only "first among equals,' even though periods in Court history are often named after the chief justice. (The Roberts Court). • The ability of the CJ to influence the Court has varied considerably. • Like the presidency, the amount of influence a CJ would have depends on the person holding the office. WHICH CASES REACH THE SUPREME COURT WHICH CASES REACH THE SUPREME COURT • When citizens vow to take their cases to the SC even if it • • • • costs their last penny, they underestimate the difficulty of securing SC review and misunderstand the Court's rule. The rules for appealing a case are established by the SC and Congress. Until 1988, when Congress passed the Act to Improve Administration of Justice, the SC was obliged by law to review a large number of appeals. Today, however, almost all appeals come to the Court by means of a discretionary writs of certiorari, a formal petition used to bring a case before the SC. These petitions may be denied by the Court. WHICH CASES REACH THE SUPREME COURT • Since the SC's docket is now largely discretionary, it has the power to set its own agenda and to select which cases it wishes to review. • As a result, the justices decide fewer than 100 of the 9,000 cases appealed to them annually. • That is half the number of cases decided annually two decades ago. WHICH CASES REACH THE SUPREME COURT • The crucial factor in determining whether the SC reviews a case is its importance to the operation of the governmental system as a whole. • The SC will review a case only if the claim involves a substantial question of federal law that has broad public significance – what kinds of affirmative action programs are permissible, whether doctors have a right to doctor-assisted suicide, other what conditions women may have an abortion, whether gays can be married ect. WHICH CASES REACH THE SUPREME COURT • The Court also tends to review cases in which rulings among the courts of appeals are in conflict, and by deciding a case, the SC establishes which ruling to follow. • Or a case may raise a constitutional issue on which a state supreme court has presented an interpretation with which the Court disagrees, WHICH CASES REACH THE SUPREME COURT • The SC grants cases based on the rule of four. • If four justices are sufficiently interested in a petition for a writ of certiorari, it will be granted and the case brought up for review. • Denial of a writ of certiorari does not mean that the justices agree with the decision of the lower court, nor does it establish precedent. • Refusal to grant a review may indicate all kinds of possibilities. • The justices may wish to avoid hot issues, or the SC may be divided on an issue that is not yet prepared to take a stand.. WHICH CASES REACH THE SUPREME COURT • The SC may want to let an issue "percolate" in the federal courts so that the SC may benefit from their rulings before it decides. • The SC tends to take cases on which two or more appellate courts have rendered conflicting rulings on an issue, in order to resolve their conflict and to provide uniformity to the law. • After a case is granted review, each side prepares written briefs presenting legal arguments, and historical background for the justices and their law clerks to study and on the basis of which to render their decisions. THE ROLE OF THE U.S. GOVT., IN SUPREME COURT CASES THE ROLE OF THE U.S. GOVT., IN SUPREME COURT CASES • Attorneys on the DofJ and from other fed., agencies participate in more than half of that the SC agrees to decide. • Of special importance is the solicitor general (SG) who represents the fed., govt., before the SC. • The current SG is Donald Verrilli. THE ROLE OF THE U.S. GOVT., IN SUPREME COURT CASES • When the SG petitions the SC to review a decision of a lower court, the SC is likely to do so. • That is because no appeal may be taken on behalf of the US to any appellate court without the approval of the SG. THE ROLE OF THE U.S. GOVT., IN SUPREME COURT CASES • The SG also files amicus curiae ("friend of the court) briefs in cases in which the govt., is not a party. • This guarantees that the DofJ is represented if a suit questions the constitutionality of an act of Congress or the executive branch. • The SG may also use these briefs to bring to the SC's attention of the current administration. THE ROLE OF THE U.S. GOVT., IN SUPREME COURT CASES • Individuals, interest groups, and organizations may also file amicus curiae briefs if they claim to have an interest in the case and to have information of value to the SC. • An amicus curiae brief may help the justices by presenting arguments or facts that the parties to the case have not raised. • In recent decades, interest groups have increasingly filed amicus curiae briefs in an effort to influence the SC and to counter the positions of the SG and the government. • Interest groups may also issue amicus curiae briefs before the SC grants a writ of certiorari in order to encourage the SC to review the case. HOW THE SUPREME COURT DECIDES CASES HOW THE SUPREME COURT DECIDES CASES • Once the justices receive briefs from each side, a case is • • • • • set for oral arguments – usually in three to four months. As a rule, counsel for each side is allowed 30 minutes to present their case. The entire process is informally forma. Justices talk among themselves or consult briefs or books during oral arguments. Justices frequently interrupt lawyers to ask questions and request additional information. Hence the 30 minute limit is problematic, especially if the SG participates, since his 10 minutes come out of the time of the two parties before the court. HOW THE SUPREME COURT DECIDES CASES • Once oral arguments are completed, the justices meet in • • • • • • private conference. Each brings to the meeting a red leather book in which the cases and the votes of the justices are recorded. These conferences are held in secret. They are usually a collegial but vigorous give-and-take. The CJ presides, usually opening the discussion by stating the facts, summarizing the questions, and suggesting how to dispose of each case. Each justice, in order of seniority, then gives his or her views and conclusions. Recently, the justices have not bothered with formal votes because their votes are clear from their discussion of the case. HOW THE SUPREME COURT DECIDES CASES • The SC announces and explains its decisions in opinions of the Court. • Opinions generally state the facts, present the issues, and explain the reasoning of the Court. • These opinions are the SC's method of expressing its views to the world. • Their primary function is to instruct judges of state and federal courts how to decide similar cases in the future. HOW THE SUPREME COURT DECIDES CASES • Opinions of the SC are delivered by a justice but do not • • • • reflect his or her thinking alone. The opinions must explain the reasoning of the majority of justices. Consequently, opinions of the SC are negotiated documents that require the author to compromise and at times bargain with the other justices to attain agreement on an opinion. When voting with the majority the CJ decides who will draft the opinion. When the CJ is in the minority, the senior justice among the majority makes the assignment. HOW THE SUPREME COURT DECIDES CASES • A justice is free to write a • If a justice agrees with dissenting opinion. • These opinions quite common, as justices hope that some day these dissenting opinions will command the majority of the Court. • (Justice John Harlan: In Plessy v. Ferguson) the majority on how the case should be decided but differs on the reasoning, that justice can write a concurrent opinion. • Writing the opinion of the Court is difficult work. • It must win the support of at least 4 – and more if possible – intelligent, strong-willed persons HOW THE SUPREME COURT DECIDES CASES • The two weapons justices can use against their colleagues are their votes and the threat of writing a dissenting opinion attacking the majority's opinion. • If the SC is closely divided, one justice may be in a position to demand that a certain point or argument be included in, or removed from, the opinion of the Court as the price of his or her vote. HOW THE SUPREME COURT DECIDES CASES • In the past, justices would • • • • read their opinions from the bench on "opinion days." Now they give only brief summaries of the decision and opinions. Copies are made available to the press and public. The opinions are published in the official United States Supreme Court Reports. Since April 2003, opinions have been available on the SC's website: www.supremecourtus.gov. WHAT HAPPENS AFTER THE COURT DECIDES? • Victory in the SC does not • Decisions whose enforcement necessarily mean that winning parties get what they want. • The SC does not implement its own decisions. • It remands the case, sending it back to the lower court with instructions to act in accordance with it opinion. • The lower court has considerable leeway in interpreting the SC's mandate as it disposes of the case. requires only the action of a federal agency usually become effective immediately. (Nixon/Tapes) • The impact of a particular SC ruling on the behavior of individuals who are not immediately parties to a lawsuit is uncertain. • The most important rulings require a change in the behavior of thousands of administrative and elected officials. • Some decision are simply ignored. School Prayer/School Desegregation) JUDICIAL POWER IN A CONSTITUTIONAL DEMOCRACY JUDICIAL POWER IN A CONSTITUTIONAL DEMOCRACY • An independent judiciary is one of the hallmarks of a free • • • • • society. As impartial dispensers of equal justice under the law, judges should not be dependent on the executive, the legislature, parties to a case, and the electorate. But judicial independence encounters problems when a democratic society decides to allow some judges to make policy. Perhaps in no other society do the people resort to litigation as a means of making public policy as much as in the USA. The involvement of courts in politics exposes the judiciary to political criticism. The SC has always been criticized for engaging in "judicial legislation." JUDICIAL POWER IN A CONSTITUTIONAL DEMOCRACY • Some people contend that the courts have a duty to protect the interests of the public. (?) • Defenders of this activist judicial role argue that if Congress, the WH, and the state legislatures are unwilling or unable to resolve pressing problems when people are denied justice and their constitutional rights, then the courts must address those problems. • Critics of judicial activism argue that the federal courts in their zeal to protect the people have become unhinged from their political moorings in the political and constitutional system. JUDICIAL POWER IN A CONSTITUTIONAL DEMOCRACY • Even if the courts make the "right" decisions, these critics argue, it is not right for them to take over the legislative function of elected representatives. • Courts should exercise self-restraint. JUDICIAL POWER IN A CONSTITUTIONAL DEMOCRACY • Others claim that the debate between judicial activism and judicial restraint oversimplifies the choices. • Judges, they argue, should take a leadership role in some areas but a restrained role in others. JUDICIAL POWER IN A CONSTITUTIONAL DEMOCRACY • These critics stand with CJ Harlan E. Stone who argued that the courts have a special duty to intervene: • 1. whenever legislation restricts the political process by which decisions are made. • 2. whenever legislation restricts the rights of minorities. • 3. when guarantees of the Bill of Rights are violated. JUDICIAL POWER IN A CONSTITUTIONAL DEMOCRACY • In all other areas, the political process should be allowed to work, and judges should not set aside legislation or interfere with administrative agencies merely because they would prefer some other policy or even some other interpretation of the Constitution.


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Francois Gourand, Ecole Nationale de la Météorologie, Meteo-France
David Atkinson, International Arctic Research Center; UAF College of Natural Science and Mathematics, Atmospheric Sciences Program
This project is a joint ENM/IARC endeavour.
The sources of meteorological data have never been so numerous and diverse. They are grouped primarily in two distinct types : observation data and data coming from digital models of the atmosphere. The steady growth in computer power has allowed digital models to play an increasingly dominant role in the world of weather forecasting.
Digital models, as complex they can be, cannot account for all physical processes and environmental details. This means that small-scale physical processes must be parametrized, rather than explicitly modeled. Frequent qualitative improvements can be realized by increasing the models' resolution, but this comes at a cost of increased computer time.
The weather station network can never be dense enough to cover the totality of a given territory, and the measurements of a network in any region often reflect the presence of topoclimates that are not accounted for in large-scale models. This is particularly true for complex, sparsely inhabited regions, such as Alaska or the Yukon Territory, in northwestern North America.
There is therefore a real need to develop a tool that can fill the gap existing between the relatively coarse resolution of a fluid dynamic/spectral forecast model and the actual detail present in the landscape. Such a high-resolution "topoclimate" model must consequently rely as much on topoclimatic specificities as on the meterological situation : for this reason a high-resolution (less than 1 km) temperature model that blends landscape features with forecast model output has been developed for subarctic northwestern North America (Alaska and Yukon).
A high-resolution global digital elevation model was chosen for this project : the United States Geological Survey "GTOPO30". Its high-resolution 1/120° is then the basis for the model resolution, and allows a quite detailed description of the terrain. The selected weather forecast model is the Global Forecast System, developed and operated by the US National Weather Service (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration), because it is a global model, easy to access, reliable, and because it should be supported for some time. By combining these two models, one can account for detailed, topographically driven processes, by computing some derived parameters on the one hand, and accounting for the synoptic meteorological situation on the other hand.
Local characteristics include slope gradient and aspect, maximum gradient to an obstruction, which affects the exposure/shelter of a given location to a wind direction, as well as flow accumulation, which shows how and where the cold air drains during night, or during strong surface inversions. Various algorithms were developed or adapted to account for these effects. These locational elements are then linked with meteorology.
This is done by expressing the meteorological situation in terms of the site-specific parameters identified above. First, elevation plays a major role in the temperature estimate. Combining temperature vertical profiles from GFS and the elevation from GTOPO30 provides a first guess of temperatures at high resolution.
Another major process, particularly important in the northern regions concerned by this study, is the handling of drainage flow and nocturnal or wintertime thermal inversions. This process, which depends on the terrain and the meteorological situation, has been modeled carefully. The results, although in general agreement with observations, can be wrong when the inversions are especially strong, like in the Fairbanks area during wintertime.
The Foehn effect, or adiabatic compression, is another major process. It is modeled to account for the substantial temperature gain that affects some regions with a marked relief during particular synoptic situations. The results add important information, however an impediment to modeling this component was a poorly captured local scale wind field in GFS. This component should ideally be driven using a high-resolution wind map, but one was not available for this project. Nevertherless, some ideas were proposed to try to correct this fact.
The solar radiation effect is also modeled. It is driven by total cloudiness (modeled by GFS) and often represents a small correction to temperature, but is particularly useful when the other effects do not apply (except elevation). Finally, another effect was modeled : coastal cooling. For now, it is not activated in the model because preliminary tests indicated it was not necessary.
Once all these effects are defined, a temperature map is produced. It is then important to assess the error of the model : a good way to do so is to compare the model to a number of observations, as many as possible over as wide a region as possible. To do this the MADIS(Meteorological Assimilation Data Ingest System) observation network, available for North America, has been used. More than 100 weather stations belonging to this network, distributed as equitably as possible across the domain, were chosen and accurately located on the digital elevation model.
An automatic evaluation system was set up that compares model values and observed values for a given time period. The model biases are calculated by averaging each weather station over the given time period. After this, the bias field is applied to correct the model results to obtain the final temperature estimate. This is especially useful in some areas where the GFS model is far from reality, for instance in the northern part of the domain. Unfortunately, some major errors in GFS can not be corrected when they happen in areas without any weather station.
The whole system runs automatically : GFS data are downloaded every 6 hours, handled by the topoclimate model to produce a temperature map. This temperature map is compared to observations to generate a bias map for the last 15 days, and this bias is "inverse-applied" to correct the temperature map to get a unbiased temperature. Finally, the unbiased map is put online. This system thus provides a high-resolution operational surface air temperature climatology in real time, day after day, over sparsely inhabited regions.
Thanks to the use of standards and convenient tools (the topoclimate model was mostly written using the NCAR Command Language of the National Center for Atmospheric Research), everything is set and ready so that the model can also be initialized with models other than GFS, for climate research puroposes, for instance.

subset: commoncrawl


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Sound Technology
In addition to mastering their instruments, Penn State School of Music students will now have the option to delve deeper into the technological aspects of music, like digital recording, editing, and distribution.
Music performance is full of age-old rituals: clamping new reeds into clarinets, running bars of resin along violin bows, and ensuring instruments stay in tune and in tip-top shape. These traditions will never go away, but alongside music's traditional world of pristine instruments, bright spotlights, and hushed recitals is a newer, digital one: the world of music technology.
As the need for more tech-savvy musicians rises, the University will implement a new music technology degree option within the Penn State School of Music's bachelor of arts degree. The option will require students to complete courses in such technologies as desktop music production and recording studio maintenance as well as more general education courses in the science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) fields.
"With the new degree option, it's the same bachelor of arts degree, just with a technology focus," said Mark Ballora, associate professor in the School of Music. "Musicians can't avoid technology any longer—music is recorded, edited, and distributed digitally, and many students want to specialize in that."
"Musicians can't avoid technology any longer—music is recorded, edited, and distributed digitally, and many students want to specialize in that."—Mark Ballora
One such student is Elliot Kermit-Canfield, who graduated from Penn State in spring 2013 with a bachelor of arts degree in integrative arts with a focus in music technology and a master of arts in music theory. He's now finishing a master of arts in music, science, and technology at Stanford University.
While the music technology degree wasn't yet available when he was at Penn State, Kermit-Canfield spent much of his time exploring his interest in the field and was also Ballora's teaching assistant in his digital audio class.
"Computers and technology have become essential tools for research and computer systems, and I see this dependence only growing in the future." —Elliot Kermit-Canfield
Kermit-Canfield says his interest in the intersection of music and technology stems from just how much people depend on sound on a daily basis.
"From the emotional engagement with music to the fight-or-flight response to a loud sound, auditory cues shape our daily behaviors," says Kermit-Canfield. "Computers and technology have become essential tools for research and consumer systems, and I see this dependence only growing in the future."
The new degree option will take some of the course students have been taking as electives—such as the computer programming for musicians class—and make them requirements. Although programming might not leap to mind when thinking about a music degree, the course is invaluable to those interested in composing music with technology.
The course teaches students to use such programs as Max/MSP and SuperCollider, both specifically designed for musicians.
"SuperCollider is code-based and great for sound synthesis, which is the process of creating sounds and compositions completely digitally," says Ballora.
Sound synthesis is just one of the topics students can explore in the School of Music. They can also study digital audio or editing, among others. But Ballora pointed out that although the new degree option will have a strong focus on technology, it's still a music degree at heart.
"If you know recording, that's one more valuable tool in your belt. But arts students can go on to do so many things. That's the great thing about an arts degree—it teaches you the critical thinking skills to be flexible."—Mark Ballora
Students interested in the option will still have to audition with an instrument and take the same core music classes. That way, after graduation, music technology students will have the flexibility of going on to either traditional music careers or newer, tech-focused ones.
"Students can continue pursuing their instrument of choice, or they can go into a field like music production and recording. If you know recording, that's one more valuable tool in your belt," says Ballora. "But arts students can go on to do so many things. That's the great thing about an arts degree—it teaches you the critical thinking skills to be flexible."
As a student invested in the field of music technology, Kermit-Canfield believes the new option will be popular among incoming students.
"Penn State has strong programs in music, engineering, and computer science, and I know several students—myself included—who struggled with the decision of whether to major in music or science," he says. "I hope this new program will allow students to find a place in the middle."


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Serve these cheesy stuffed chicken breasts with a side salad to balance out the meal.
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This is the original version (as it was originally made). This item of legislation is currently only available in its original format.
4. When the barriers are fully lowered their uppermost surfaces shall be not less than 900mm above the road surface at the centre of the carriageway and the underclearance between the barriers and the road surface shall not exceed 1 metre.
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Re: 146th Engineer Combat Battalion WWII
In reply to:
Re: 146th Engineer Combat Battalion WWII
Louie Franklin Turner 11/22/01
Hello Mr. Turner,
Thank you for the wonderful information!
My grandfather's name was Roy Walter Theil.
The following is information from his discharge paper:
Organization: Co A 146 ENGR BN
Date of entry into Active service July 16 1943.
Date of separation: Dec 12 1945.
Battles & Campaigns: Normandy, Northern France, Ardennes, Rhineland, Central Europe.
Decorations & Citations: 3 overseas service bars, WWII victory medal, European-African-Middle Eastern Theater Ribbon with 1 silver battle star, Good conduct medal.
(Note we also found a Presidential citation in with his other medals, do you know why it was not mentioned with the other medals?)
Do you know what it means in the box (on discharge paper) that says "Arm or Service" then filled in with "CE"? Also "Component" filled in with "AUS"?
You have been very kind.
Thanks again,
L. Nelson


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Marge and Jim Gower were born and live in Auburn New York. They live in their home with their French Bull Dog mix named Bugg.
Jim grew up in a family of nine, of which he is the youngest. He served in the Air Force in Viet Nam. He built air conditioners for forty years and retired in January. In his downtime, he does wood burning, drawing, while listening to a diverse collection of music.
Marge was the oldest girl with four siblings. After she married and started a family, she was a stay-at-home mom, until her girls entered school. Their two daughters are Colleen and Carrie. Colleen has two children Nicole (6) and Joshua (3). They live about fifty miles away. Carrie and her husband have a beautiful baby girl named Helen. She was born just before Christmas 2012. A welcome Christmas present for us all.They live about thirty miles away. Carrie is a Special needs teacher in Oswego, N.Y. and her husband, Kurt, works for channel 9 TV in Syracuse, N.Y.
Marge received a degree from Institute of Children's Literature. In 2003, at the age of 57, she enrolled in college. She minored in English and writing, but earned an Associate Degree in Early Childhood Education in 2005. Marge worked as a para professional, as an aide for children with special needs. She retired in June 2012.
Marge spends much of her free time writing children's stories and working on assorted manuscript projects. Some of her favorite hobbies include photographing nature. She films an assortment of wildlife that comes to their homemade nature center. She enjoys bird watching and has planted a garden to attract hummingbirds, meanwhile she waits for her elusive hummingbirds.
Update: 6/26/11 Marge saw several Ruby Throated hummingbirds hovering around her Honeysuckle vine. It was a glorious moment.


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Call +91 855 882 2984
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Hotel Regenta Central, Amritsar is an ideal destination for weddings, social and corporate events. Our venues have been designed to help you create that much needed impression and make your events a grand and lavish affair. Our hotel is home to a spacious ballroom, Sartaj and a classy boardroom. Moreover, our skilled associates are always on their toes to make your events a flawless one.
Sartaj is our magnificent ballroom that has an area of 6300 sq. ft. It is perfect for hosting weddings and other large-scale corporate and social events.
With an area of 2550 sq. ft., Seasosn -I is our classy venue where you can host your corporate events, social events and conferences. This state-of-the-art banquet hall is equipped with all business-friendly amenities.
Seasons-II hall faces the Sky Lounge and is a perfect venue for hosting small get-togethers and parties of around 40 people.
Hold your important corporate meetings at our classy boardroom and make us your partner in success. With all the modern business-friendly amenities, it is suitable for any high-powered board meeting, corporate High-teas or interviews.
Exquisitely designed, Twilight- Sky Lounge is a roof top space that provides ample room to have a tête-à-tête with your clients or to hold brief meetings in the secluded ambience of our lounge. This space is an idyllic zone for you and your guests to concentrate on important conversations without any distraction.
Royal Orchid Group of Hotels and Resorts is home to state-of- the-art venues that could help you in making your corporate events a successful affair. The business world demands professionalism, perfection and class, find all of them in our well-maintained boardrooms and banquet halls that are equipped with all enhanced modern business-friendly amenities. Plan your important meetings, conferences and business events with us and turn those opportunities into accomplishments. What more? Our diligent and dedicated team has honed all the skills to ensure that your event goes by as planned without any glitches.
Plan a Perfect, Enchanting & Incomparable Event filled with grace and moments which you will cherish for a lifetime.
We take great pride in providing exceptional food and drink, service and ambience for your wedding reception such as great wine selections, distinctive menus, beautiful floral displays, dramatic lighting and exotic wedding reception ideas.


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Top Entrepreneurs 2006
Clinilabs Inc.
President, Chief Executive: Gary Zammit
Being a visionary often means having the conviction to ignore the most formidable obstacles. Just ask Gary Zammit.
Shortly after buying St. Luke's–Roosevelt Hospital Center's Sleep Disorders Institute five years ago, he boldly forecast that the operation––under the umbrella of a new company called Clinilabs Inc.––would become a leader in testing new drugs for pharmaceutical firms. Never mind that the institute had averaged just one clinical drug trial a year, and that the institute's work had always been sleep–related.
Dr. Zammit, who had co–founded the institute a decade earlier, was convinced that such experience was enough to help Clinilabs grab a healthy piece of the multibillion–dollar drug–testing market, 15% of which is outsourced to private vendors.
"The pharmaceutical industry has a long memory for quality work," says Dr. Zammit, who holds a Ph.D. in clinical psychology.
Undaunted by the odds, he set up shop across the street from the hospital in a 7,500–square–foot, six–bed space. He wasted no time in training his employees––six of whom came with the acquisition––to run clinical trials, control infections and handle hazardous materials.
Dr. Zammit began promoting Clinilabs' capabilities, using his contacts as a consultant to pharmaceutical companies and his reputation as the author of two books and many articles. He devoted hours to sifting through publications to identify firms that were developing drugs, and made hundreds of cold calls––as many as eight a day.
The result: Clinilabs has become a recognized leader in testing drugs for depression, diabetes, anxiety, Alzheimer's and heart disease. Meanwhile, the company has burnished its reputation as a leading resource on sleep disorders.
Over time, clients have started looking to Clinilabs to fill other needs. Several years ago, when a pharma company expressed interest in having Clinilabs analyze, monitor and manage clinical data from testing sites around the world, Dr. Zammit jumped at the chance. He has invested more than $2 million in state–of–the–art servers and other computer hardware and software to handle such business, which has become one of the company's biggest growth engines.
Revenues for clinilabs are expected to jump 30% to $12 million this year. In May, the company added a second location––a 24,000–square–foot, 20–bed facility on West 55th Street.
Clinilabs' reputation continues to grow along with the firm, which now employs 110 people.
"We definitely intend to use Clinilabs for future clinical trials," says Dr. Kenneth Sprenger, executive director of clinical development and operations at biopharmaceuticals maker Neurogen Corp.
In the belief that sleep is the best medicine, Dr. Zammit is launching a program to provide air mattresses, pillows, sheets, pajamas and slippers to children who are being discharged from hospitals and returning to homes that lack the basics for healthful sleep. He also regularly provides pro bono services to indigent patients suffering from sleep disorders.
—Cara S. Trager
|Entering the market for outsourced clinical drug trials
|Not pursuing venture capital sooner
|Thomas Roth, a leading scientist at Henry Ford Hospital in Dr. Zammit's hometown of Detroit, for demonstrating both scientific and personal integrity
|Clinilabs will be recognized as a brand name for safe, high-quality research in the life sciences
|Just put together second plan as part of an effort to woo venture capitalists


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Seems to me that retirement at 40 makes it the new 60. Jens Voigt, is retiring at age 43 after a successful 18 year career as a professional cyclist.
In a weekend Globe and Mail article, Oliver Moore profiled Voigt who has been a pro as long as I've been following cycling. Like his many fans, I would cheer Jens on when he headed out on long solo attacks, will him to stay away long enough to take the stage, curse the riders who overtook him at the line. It was exciting racing. I'll miss him. And not just for his courage. Jens was a nice guy, thoughtful and generous. The real deal.
What disappoints me is that many masters, or as they refer to us in the article, aging, athletes seem to be so inspired by Voigt's ability to ride through pain and suffering, to ignore his body.
I will admit to trying out Voigt's famous catch phrase, "Shut up Legs" on certain climbs. And I know the difference between pain that will go away and pain that won't. But having lived with pain that just wouldn't go away (until they installed a new hip), I just can't buy into Voigt's assertion that pain kept him young. Pain doesn't keep you young, it makes you feel old.
There is so much emphasis these days on epic endeavours. People who will literally hurt themselves to achieve a seemingly insurmountable goal are held up as inspiration and I wonder where it will all stop. When will it be just as admirable, just as inspiring, to be doing your sport just because you have done for decades, and intend to for many years more. Seems to me that if you are in it for the long haul, that is going to take some patience, and patience is sometimes a lot harder to come by than grit and determination.
I think more of us should aspire to be like Ed Whitlock, the 83 year old runner who runs so he can race and is still breaking world records. Scott Douglas's 2010 article, Ed Whitlock and the Age of Simplicity is well worth a read. Go ahead, click on the link, you won't be disappointed! But just in case you don't, here is my favourite Whitlock advice.
"I do what not to do to an extreme."
"Running should be a pastime," he says. "All sports should be a pastime."
"I don't know how to motivate other people. I never know what to say to people who say, 'You're an inspiration.' What do you say to that? I'm not an inspiring person at all."
"Age-grading tables are a great motivator. My main interest in them is to see if I'm going downhill faster than the tables say I should or see if I can beat the tables."
"All people are strange in different ways."
Jens Voigt says that when he eventually goes back to riding his bike, "I'm going to do one hour, easy, in the sunshine, riding my bike to the next ice cream shop." I don't believe him, but it sounds like a plan.


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Back In 2008 the Canadian Government made changes to the Federal Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act to make RRSPs are creditor proof, but with a few provisions. It is important to note that the protection from creditors is available only if you are entering formal bankruptcy proceedings. The law does not protect RRSPs outside of a bankruptcy context. If a person is suffering financial difficulties and they do not wish to declare bankruptcy they do not benefit from this law and may have their RRSP assets seized by creditors.
As well, creditors may still seize any funds contributed to the RRSP in the past 12 months preceding the date of bankruptcy. A bankruptcy trustee can also seize an RRSP plan in bankruptcy within 5 years of a transfer to the plan, if the client was insolvent at the time of the transfer. So in other words if you are already behind in your debts, if your liabilities already exceed your assets and if the creditors have already been knocking on your door then you cannot protect your money by simply "shoveling" your assets over into an RRSP plan. This law does truly protect the regular, solvent person who has contributed to an RRSP over the years and now due to unforeseen circumstances suddenly faces bankruptcy. At the end of the day they will have their RRSP accounts intact.
In addition to the federal protection some of the provinces have also enacted legislation in various forms to offer bankruptcy protection for RRSPs.
Finally though, there is one creditor against which there is no protection even if bankruptcy is declared. Canada Revenue Agency is still entitled to seize assets if there are taxes owing.


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Flies belong to an order called Diptera.
Besides being annoying flies can spread disease. If food is left out flies can spoil it by making it fly blown.
are flies all the same?
There are many different types of flies with four main types being considered pests.
- Domestic house fly. These come in a variety of sizes and colours.
- Cluster fly. As the name suggests they are found in groups or clusters.
- Fruit fly. Small fly sometimes with red eyes. Commonly found around ripe fruit.
- Moth fly or drain fly. Small brown fly with triangular shape.
why do i have them?
- House flies are a seasonal pest. In the hotter months they increase in numbers and become a pest in homes and businesses.
- Cluster flies appear in mass when you have a lot of earth worms in your garden. They move inside your house or business when the weather cools down. Once inside they lay down a pheromone resulting in clusters or groups of flies. Due to the cool temperatures they are docile and slow moving.
- Fruit flies are often found in bars. Persistant pests in bars, cafes and restaurants.
- Moth or Drain flies need a nutrient rich water for their life cycle to work. Can be an indication there is a drain and or sewerage issue.
should i be worried?
Flies can spread disease and spoil your food. Flies are annoying to home owners, business owners and customers.
how does aces get rid of flies?
At ACES we work out which fly you have and,
- applies long acting and effective treatments
- uses a combination of treatments
- uses a combinations of treatment methods
- integrated approach. We make suggestions that will help the situation
does DIY fly pest control work?
There are some non-chemical things that you can do to reduce flies in your home or business
- Put up a barrier to flies e.g. mesh over windows.
- close windows and doors and air condition your house or business.
- Restrict access of flies to food. Food scraps are discarded into sealed plastic waste bins.
- Ensure all drains are free flowing and not blocked.
- Where a barrier cannot be put up at a door consider installing air curtains.
At ACES we understand the stress that flies can cause. You need a solution as soon as possible. We will endeavour to get to you the same day or the very next day.
Our treatments are eco-friendly and GREEN. Our products break down into harmless elements when exposed to soil. At ACES we are EPU approved handlers so we can safely treat your house or business. We are also university trained with all our staff having science degrees in Entomology. The products we will use are based on naturally occurring chemicals, so they are safe for you and your pets.


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Bashaw, Alberta
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This is the familiar story of bloggers getting busy with other things in their offline life. They get busy, so they blog less. And that's what happened to me, more or less.
The first semester of my second-to-the-last year in grad school is proving to be my most challenging yet. Not even the weekly papers I am required to churn out in my Environment, Culture and Society class a few semester ago can compare.
International Relations (IR), an elective I'm taking this semester, is much harder. Since my IR background is nil, I have to work double time to catch up with my classmates. There are around 100 pages worth of required readings each week. Additional readings on current events has to be done, too, to be able to participate in class discussions. And then there are the papers I have to research for and write.
My International Reporting class is about to start on Monday. Aside from required readings, additional reading on current events has to be done, too, to substantiate class discussions. There are also weekly writing activities and mini researches.
Ah, and then there's my full-time work as well as my upcoming volunteer work, so good luck to me and my sanity!
But I shouldn't complain, really. After all, learning these things is a dream I'm making a reality. I can't really save the world from impending climate change, but I can at least help explore solutions through my own expertise, right?
Anyway, these should have been my blog entries the past weeks:
1. Tried and Tested: Human Nature Natural Deodorant – I love how it allows me to sweat naturally without the icky body odor. The rosemary scent gives a girly vibe, too.
2. About to Try: Planters Organic Laundry Detergent – I bought this at Sesou in Trinoma yesterday and I'm excited to try it. The box says I can even use it to clean the bathroom! Let's see how multi-tasking this product really is.
3. Tried and Tested: Human Nature Strengthening Shampoo with Rosemary Scent – Rosemary scent rocks! It makes my nightly showers extra-soothing and refreshing.
4. Tried and Tested: Human Nature Choco-Vanilla Lip Balm – Ah, this one disappointed me a little. Whenever I glide the tube to my lips, it feels like I am swiping candle on my lips–totally not cool. It seems to be short on oil and moisturizers, unlike the Human Nature Mandarin Lip Balm which I love!
5. Rags2Riches Tree Bag – RIIR's new tree bag is light enough to carry and roomy enough to put my things in. I would love to buy this—as soon as I get extra money!


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As you all know, I have two daughters, who can be quite the divas. When we received their Mini Play Makeup in the mail, they just about drove me crazy waiting to play with it! We were getting ready for their brother's wrestling tournament though, so I wouldn't let them play with it yet, in fear that they'd lose some of the pieces before I got to get pictures of them, lol.
They sent us all of this awesome "makeup!"
This play makeup is the perfect solution for an overprotective dad who won't let his six year old wear makeup yet, even around the house, lol. She had a BLAST getting to "put it on." (Her nails were already painted.)
I couldn't get over how real the makeup looks! All of it looks totally authentic! The lip gloss is even scented! How freaking cool?! Marissa's little mind was blown with the nail polish - she couldn't understand how it looked full but wouldn't spill! lol!
The folks over at Mini Play Makeup were so kind as to also offer the chance for one of my readers to win some play makeup of their own! One lucky winner will receive the Deluxe Kit that I received, a Posie Pink Lip Roller, and a Razzleberry Red Nail Polish. They do ask that the winner be willing to write a review on their website after they've received it though. Simple, right?! :)
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Contest ends March 20th!
Find me on:
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I did not receive compensation for the above post. The Mini Play Makeup was provided by Mini Play Makeup. All thoughts and opinions are my own.


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Visit the Trophy Room & the Meat Locker Page!
Shotgun Reloading tips & videos HERE!
Be sure and send me your pictures for the trophy room page from season 2017/2018!
Scroll down to enter the B.R.O. 25,000 sub drawing!
and Welcome to:
Great news folks! Kick's Chokes can ship to Canada! Our Canadian subs are welcome to enter the drawing for the chokes!
The Bubba Rountree Outdoors channel is having a 25,000 sub give-away!! Click HERE to subscribe to the B.R.O. channel! If you're already a subscriber, keep reading!
Kick's chokes has gotten on board with us here at the B.R.O. channel so we will be giving away some awesome choke tubes from the guys over at Kicks... Our 1st place winner will receive 3 Kick's chokes of YOUR choice! (That's a $210 value) Our 2nd place winner will receive 2 Kick's chokes of YOUR choice! (That's a $140 value) and Our 3rd place winner will receive 1 Kick's choke of YOUR choice (That's a $70 value)
The B.R.O. channel will be giving away a Re-loader's Package! I will send you some of my Powder-coated Buckshot, some Lyman 525 slugs, as well as some Ballistic Products MG-42 wads and some TPS wads!! So, If you're a loader, you can also enter this part of the 25,000 sub give-away!
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If you're not a Re-loader, then click here--> to only enter the drawing for the Kick's chokes!!
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'If you will confess with your mouth that Jesus Christ is Lord & believe in your heart that God raised Him from the dead, you will be saved!'!
Meet the Co-Hosts of the B.R.O. Channel:
Josh 'Country-Boy' Branham & Thomas the 'Hammer' Rush
Rachel Rush & Capt Buster Rush
SC is divided into 4 Game Zones (Click on map) to visit the SC DNR Website!
Capt Buster & Ms Jean finally get a chance to get back to the Wateree River!
This is some awesome Crappie Trolling action!
Visit the NEW Deer Dogging Page!
Nothing but Dog Drives here!
Click HERE to send your Pictures for the 'MEAT LOCKER' Page!
Click HERE to send your Pictures for the 'Trophy Room' Page!
The TROPHY ROOM PAGE! New Hunting Videos Posted on YouTube! Link Below! The MEAT LOCKER PAGE!
Need a Great FFL in the Columbia SC area?
Mr Brian Fraley owner of 'Time to Get A Gun' is located in Columbia SC!
He is my Federal Firearms Licensed Dealer... If you are loacted near the Midlands of SC and need to transfer or purchase a firearm Contact Mr. Brian Fraley: email@example.com
Fralo Farms supplies corn to the Hunters in the Midlands of SC and beyond!
The NEW
The Reloading
The Trophy Room!
The Meat Locker!
Deer Dogging


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Ioan Gruffudd Has Got Video World Forearms That He Always Displays In
Ioan Gruffudd That Amazing Cant-believe-they-keep-surprising-us Noir On The CW With Sarah [...]
Ringer Hottie Ioan Gruffudd Gives Good Spoiler! Oooh, Ioan Gruffudd… He was the only officer with heart enough to row back and save Kate Winslet's lifeboatless icicle of a body in Titanic. And he was incredible with Jessica Alba in Fantastic 4… But most recently we've fallen in love with him in Ringer.. that amazing cant-believe-they-keep-surprising-us noir on The CW with Sarah [...] [link]
Gruffudd Currently Plays Andrew Martin Alongside Sarah Michelle Gellar In The Hit
Many People Agree That Ioan Gruffudd Is Charming And That His Best
You Can Always Depend On Celeb Dating Buzz For The Latest Ioan
Ioan Gruffudd Welsh Pronunciation160160 Listen Born 6 October 1973 Is A Welsh
Without A Doubt Ioan Gruffudd Has The Most Mesmeric Abs In The


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HAWG®: Hybrid Arcade
Wager-Based Gaming
Creating an exciting offering for a younger demographic:
- 28-45 years old
- Socially driven
- Tech Savvy
- Risk-averse
Our patented and patent-pending HAWG® solution blends GLI11 compliant, skill and non-skill-based gambling with the uninterrupted entertainment of arcade style play. Patrons play through the arcade game while simultaneously wagering. In simple terms, HAWG® is a highly entertaining way for patrons to participate in class 3 and class 2 gaming. The gambling aspect takes into account jurisdictional minimum and operation maximum returns to player, while incorporating the seamless entertainment component which draws a younger demographic.
Synergy Blue has developed several games for it's HAWG® solution. These include word puzzle, match 3, platformer, driving and first person shooter type games. Additionally, existing licenses and game titles can easily be adapted. HAWG® is a compliant under current regulations in most jurisdictions.
With HAWG® everyone wins. The casino operator taps into an under-serviced demographic. The manufacturers and distributors sell more games. And most importantly, the patron enjoys a new, engaging and fun experience with the chance to win!
For licensing opportunities, contact us now.
- HAWG® is protected intellectual property
- HAWG® is GLI compliant NOW
- HAWG® is pre-approved interface is market ready
- Using the HAWG® system means no risk, regardless of skill-based regulatory outcomes
- Same hold and volatility as traditional slots
- Adjustable spin rate
- Our line of VGM® brand gaming machines incorporate the latest HAWG® technology


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Tennants has 24 separate specialist departments.
This specialisation enables us to provide our UK and international clients with the highest levels of personal service, combined with the expertise and in-depth knowledge for which we are renowned. Select a department from the list below for more information and galleries of items past, present & future.
Black-Backed Jackal (Canis mesomelas), modern skulls, four full prepared skulls with fixed jaw, approx 17cm (4)
Your bid has been saved and is waiting to be submitted in your unconfirmed items.
Close this box to continue bidding or click here to submit your bids.


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Illinois is one of a small number of states that has passed a law on gestational surrogacy. The law provides clear and consistent standards and … [Read more...]
An Intended Fathers letter about Surrogacy….
How do you feel about the necessity of taking this Surrogacy journey? This is a question that I have to answer. I am going to repeat the … [Read more...]
How to Start Your 2016 Surrogacy Journey
Now is the time to plan your Surrogacy Journey for 2016. And here are 4 actionable ideas, especially if you haven't set goals for 2016. First, … [Read more...]
One Decision Away
As an Intended Father Surrogacy is scary. Well I suppose that if you asked any man he would tell you that becoming a father is scary. However, … [Read more...]
On Surrogacy, Fathers, and Fighting For Your Children
For a moment, I thought that I would never become a Father. I fell in love with a woman that didn't have a uterus and I had the choice of keeping … [Read more...]


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Viterbo University Scholarship Application
This application is for students enrolling in the fall of 2018.
Accepted students to Viterbo University may receive an academic scholarship upon admission. This scholarship application is intended for additional competitively-awarded scholarships. Scholarships awarded from this application range from $500 - full tuition. No single factor will be responsible for an applicant receiving a scholarship. Factors which may be considered include: academic performance, letters of recommendation, extracurricular or professional activities, community involvement, scholarship essay, and financial need. The scholarships available and specific requirements for each are available at: http://www.viterbo.edu/affordable. After submitting the application, you will receive further instructions on how to submit letters of recommendation.
The deadline for all scholarships is February 1, 2018, unless you are interested in the Health Science Scholarship or Nightingale Nursing Scholarship. The deadline for the Health Science Scholarship is January 19, 2018, with an on-campus competition for finalists on February 9, 2018. The deadline for the Nightingale Nursing Scholarship is January 5, 2018, with an on-campus competition for finalists on February 2, 2018.
If you qualify for additional scholarships you will be contacted directly by the university.
The following scholarships are awarded from this application:
• Alumni Children's (Sr. Celestine) Scholarship
• Coulee Region White Cane Club Scholarship
• Edward ("Pop") Janke Scholarship for Brillion Students
• Health Science Scholarship Competition
• Hope Diocesan Scholarship
• J. Senty Families Scholarship
• John and Anna Mann Scholarship
• Nightingale Nursing Scholarship Competition
• Norman L. Gillette, Sr. Family Scholarship
• NURSES (Nursing for Underserved Rural Students seeking Educational Success)
• Professional Diversity Scholarship
• Project Success Scholars
• Russell and Vera Smith Finance Scholarship
• Russell and Vera Smith Foundation Scholarship for the Dahl School of Business
• Xcel Energy Women Scholarship for Women in Science


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Reel Steal slot game by NetEnt casino software provider has 5 reels and 9 paylines. It is robbery-themed, with all the essential elements on the reels such as guns, safes full of gold, getaway cars, bags of money, dynamite and gangsters. Fun to choose in the play free slots online section, offering a flexible and varied betting range, a skill stop feature and free spins, this slot game is quite entertaining despite having only 9 paylines. You can find Reel Steal at CasinoBedava.com and a great selection of other NetEnt games as well. Play free demo to begin with, before you aim at wins, or to choose a betting amount that is most suitable for you.
An online casino game like this is most attractive for its biggest possible prize, certainly, but since the jackpot isn't won that often, line wins, scatter payouts and free spins wins are what prevents your balance from dropping down to zero, and what you should really look forward to. The orange Car is the wild symbol that's just great in Reel Steal slot machine, as it multiplies wins by five. It's really remarkable, as most wilds in online slots for fun or money have only a 2X multiplier or no multiplier at all.
During the free spins, it even becomes a 25X multiplier, which is simply incredible. Reel Steal can be played with coin values of $0.01, $0.02, $0.05, $0.10, $0.20 and $0.50, the maximum bet being 10 coins per line. The Sticks of Dynamite scatters award scatter payouts and 15, 20 or 25 free spins. If more scatter symbols appear during the free spins, an extra free spin is added for each scatter.


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Acneiform rash
C026/3335 Rights Managed
530 pixels on longest edge, unwatermarked
Request/Download high-res file
Uncompressed file size: 50.1MB
Downloadable file size: 12.5MB
Please login to use the price calculator
Credit: DR P. MARAZZI/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
Restrictions: Not to be shared on social media or embedded in a web page without permission.
Release details: Model release not required. Property release not required.
Keywords: 13, 13-year-old, 13-years-old, abnormal, acneiform, adolescent, adverse effect, boy, caucasian, child, close-up, condition, crohn'ss disease, cutaneous, dermal, dermatological, dermatology, dermatosis, detail, disease, diseased, disorder, drug, drugs, effects, gastroenterological, gastroenterology, human body, ibd, inflammatory bowel disease, male, man, medical, medicine, patient, people, person, rash, reaction, side effect, side-effect, skin, steroid, steroids, teenage, teenager, treatment, unhealthy, white, young, youth
Licence fees: A licence fee will be charged for any media (low or high resolution) used in your project.


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Song Writing for the BIG SING!
Date: 5th Feb 2016 @ 2:55pm
The children in Years 5 and 6 took part in a song writing session. The children composed the music and lyrics for their very own song ready for Doncaster Music Hubs Big Sing in the summer term at the Doncaster Dome.


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Audrey and Morgan, two thirty-year-old best friends in Los Angeles, are thrust unexpectedly into an international conspiracy when Audrey's ex-boyfriend shows up at their apartment with a team of deadly assassins on his trail. Surprising even themselves, the duo jump into action, on the run throughout Europe from assassins and a suspicious-but-charming British agent, as they hatch a plan to save the world.
Starring: Mila Kunis, Kate McKinnon, Justin Theroux, Gillian Anderson
Runtime: 117 minutes
Rating: R16 (Strong violence, offensive language and nudity)


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Air Conditioner Repair Service in Minneapolis & St. Paul, MN and Surrounding Cities
Air Conditioner Repair is a daunting thought. The fear of what damage is done and the even bigger worry about the cost implications can often be unbearable. You don't know what went wrong, your air conditioner was working smoothly only last night, but tonight the sound coming from the unit is one that you have never heard before and yes, it doesn't sound good at all.
Experience, Expertise, and Knowledge
Residential Heating and Air conditioning have been servicing the Minnesota region for the past 25 years and we know these systems inside and out. Our years on the job have allowed us to grow in experience, expertise, and knowledge. Our reputation precedes us and our customers know the value of our service.
Trustworthy Repairs
Your air conditioning unit is a system that is composed of moving parts, these parts, as with any mechanical system, are subjected to wear and tear at some point or another. Air conditioning repairs are something that every air conditioner owner really hates to hear. The costs involved can be high and there is always question of who to allow to undertake the repairs to ensure that the system is back on top form as quickly as possible. Will the repair last? Are the parts high quality? Is this repair worth the money involved?
Highly-Skilled and Certified Technicians
We, at Residential Heating and Air Conditioning have a wealth of knowledge on all air conditioning units and vast experience in how these systems operate. Our technicians are highly-skilled and certified, and completely capable of handling repairs with results that exceed your expectations. We will come out to your home, evaluate and troubleshoot, pinpoint the problem, and have your part repaired in an instant. Our turnaround times are impeccable and you are assured that you will never be left sweltering for weeks on end.
AC Repair Options
We use only quality parts for our repairs so you can rest assured that your money spent is well worth the repair carried out. If we feel the repair is unwarranted or not worth carrying out, we will be honest and upfront and tell you so. We will offer you an alternative and a price. Repairs need not leave your air conditioner below par, our repairs ensure your system is in excellent condition and ready to service you for many more years.
Guaranteed Quality Workmanship
Call Residential Heating and Air Conditioning (612)-724-1899 for repairs to your air conditioning system. Repairs need not be that 4-letter word in your home when you make use of our repair services. Quality parts and workmanship are always guaranteed.


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Melanie Walker Counselling
Melanie Walker Counselling is a small website design for Melanie Walker, a clinical social worker in Burlington, Ontario. The site is design to portray relaxation and tranquility and the ability to utilize therapy to help with personal problems. It is fully responsive (can be viewed on any device) and is optimized for keywords related to Melanie's industry.
For this design we utilized:
- Joomla CMS
- Professional Theme
- Responsive Design
- Keyword Specific Content and some SEO


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One of the dozens of locks Grande Caribe must pass through on the Erie Canal cruise.
Inside Grande Caribe's the wheelhouse.
Grande Caribe's sister ship, Grande Mariner, on the Erie Canal.
Local entertainers on the Grande Caribe.
Lobster is ready for dinner.
The food is plentiful on the ships. Wine, beer and soft drinks are included with lunch and dinner.
The outer deck of the Grande Caribe.
Blount Small Ship Adventures has specially-designed flat bottom ships that take cruisers from New York City to Montreal the back way - up the Hudson River to the Erie Canal, and all the way to Lake Ontario.


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Status: Open
Know more about this business than we do? Cool! Please submit any corrections or missing details you may have.Help us make it right
Be the first NJ.com user to add photos or videos of Oradell Health Care Center
If you need a Health Care Center Oradell is the place to go. I recently was a patient and was happy with my care and therapy.
Oradell Health Care Center is an average sized, for profit, nursing home with 154 beds based in Oradell, NJ. At last check, the facility had 149 residents indicating that it is 97% occupied which is about average within the state of New Jersey. The provider accepts both medicare and medicaid programs, and provides resident and family counseling services.
This nursing home is not located in a...
Oradell Health Care Ctr is located at 600 Kinderkamack Rd, Oradell, NJ. This business specializes in Nursing Homes.
Oradell Health Care Center, a nursing home in Oradell, NJ received a 5 out of 5 overall rating from CMS of the Dept of Health and Human Services on April 14th 2015. This score means that Oradell Health Care Center is rated much above average overall based on health inspections, nursing home staffing and quality measures.


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James Ellsworth began his career in the WWE getting his ass kicked by Braun Strowman. After his appearance on RAW Ellsworth blew up on the internet becoming a fan favorite.
Ellsworth was then moved to Smackdown where he received a title shot with AJ Styles and was aligned with Smackdown Money in the bank winner Carmella.
In recent months Ellsworth spent majority of the time getting beat down by the women of Smackdown.
After coming back from the European tour WWE decided to release him.
"WWE has come to terms on the release of WWE Superstar James Ellsworth. WWE wishes Ellsworth the best in all of his future endeavors."
Here are my thoughts on his time in the WWE.
Subscribe to my channel for more Mad Wrestling Takes


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President, Congress likely to clash over tax cut plan
In an effort to make U.S. corporations more competitive globally, President Bush said he might consider cutting corporate tax rates. Such a plan already is causing friction with some congressional lawmakers, who want more funding for a federal children's healthcare program.In a televised conference last Thursday the president vowed to veto spending bills that exceed his targets and accused Democrats of planning the large tax increase in history. Prior to the August recess, the House and Senate passed bills that would dramatically expand the State Children's Health Insurance Program.
The Senate's bill would increase the federal cigarette tax by 61 cents per pack to help fund the program. The House's bill would also raise the cigarette tax and cut Medicare payments to skilled nursing facilities and other Medicare programs. Administration officials have repeatedly said a compromise on SCHIP between the president and Congress would be difficult.


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Here is the directory listing for hypnobirthing class instructors in Oklahoma. Just click on the link to find complete course information for the hypnobirthing classes offered in Oklahoma City and other parts of Oklahoma. Listings include HypnoBirthing (Mongan Method) practitioners, Hypnobabies instructors, and certified Blissborn educators.
Oklahoma hypnobirthing directory:
- Dynamic TranceFormations (Oklahoma City)
- HypnoPaige (Stillwater)
- My Loving Birth (Oklahoma City)
- Willow Birth Services (Oklahoma City)
Return to 50-state directory: Hypnobirthing Classes
Information on home study options: Hypnobirthing Home Study


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Lily Organic Drop Necklace. Aurora Borealis Crystals
V-necklace with faceted crystals in multiple colors combined with inlayed beads
Necklace has fuchsia, turquoise and orange accents. Matches earring #7399
Soft Cross has light turquoise crystal center with clear and aurora crystal accents.
Cross has yellow crystal center with turquoise and fuchsia accents.
Dragonfly necklace in purple. Matching earrings are #7554
Art Nouveau Necklace
Flora Necklace with Pearl Dangles
Five Stiletto Drops
Flame Crystal Pendant


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December 6, 2013 (CHICAGO) --Chicago's Chinese-American Service League kicks off the celebration of its 35th anniversary with entertainment and a dinner on Friday night.
The event raises money for the group's ongoing human services and other programs.
Eyewitness News anchors Linda Yu and Judy Hsu advise the group and took part in the fun.


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It was in Fast and Furious 6 too. To combat hacking they went old school and bought mustangs and chargers from the 60s.
From what I've read of the Person of Interest set-up, it's downright creepy and gives me a feeling that it's part of a campaign to desensitize you for the Surveillance/Police State.
From wikipedia:
Seriously creepy.You are being watched. The government has a secret system: a machine that spies on you every hour of every day. I know, because I built it. I designed the machine to detect acts of terror, but it sees everything. Violent crimes involving ordinary people; people like you. Crimes the government considered 'irrelevant'. They wouldn't act, so I decided I would. But I needed a partner, someone with the skills to intervene. Hunted by the authorities, we work in secret. You'll never find us, but victim or perpetrator, if your number's up... we'll find you.
Season one opening voice-over by Mr. Finch


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Item details
Our festive light pink/baby pink indoor/outdoor premium metallic deco mesh pom pom puffs are perfect for any type of event. These unique deco extra large pom/pom set measures at 35 inch diameter, 30 inch diameter and 25 inch diameter and sold in sets of 3. We also applied three 30 inch color coordinating sheer or satin ribbon to each puff for easy hanging. You can cut the ribbon to your desired length or remove the ribbon and hang them with clear wire for a more transparent appeal. Hung from the ceiling, made into garland or grouped as a chandelier, these amazing deco poofs are turning up at all sorts of chic events, dormitories, apartments, children' s rooms, and tents. These versatile mesh pom pom puffs can be used for weddings as well casual pool parties, graduations parties, bbq's, catering halls, holiday decorations, and festive children's and adult birthday celebrations.
The remarkable feature of our unique deco pom pom puffs is that they are durable, and reusable from event to event. Hang these decorator poly mesh puffs from any type of ceilings using various hanging ranges. Since these poofs are utterly lightweight, they are quite capable of getting adequate support from quality masking tape or clear tape. Or you can also attach a large paper clip to the ribbon and hang them from drop ceilings with ease.
Since our pom pom puffs are water proof this makes them perfect for all outdoor events. There are no worries of limp paper or fabric puffs once the humidity or rain hits the delicate materials. Our poofs always maintains their rounded shape in any type of weather all year around!
These unique deco poofs are a keeper for all event planners who are looking for a more upscale and sophisticated appeal for their clients. Our amazing one of a kind hanging pom poms can transform any tent or hall from Drab to Dramatic in a matter of minutes!
Currently, we offer these pom poms in the color that is shown in the image. However, if you desire a different color poly puff set, please convo us and we will accommodate your request at no additional charge to you. Please be mindful that there is a 2 to 3 week processing time for your special order custom color request.
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Shipping & policies
Estimated Shipping
All items will be shipped within 1 week of placing the order. Please expect your order to be received 5 days from the purchase date. We typically select the most affordable shipping option for your order. We currently utilize United States Postal Service for all of our shipping needs, pricing is determined by distance and overall weight of each package. Many of our products quality for USPS priority shipping which allows for your package to arrive to you between 1 and 3 days after the processing time is completed.
Also, if you desire faster shipping options, please contact us via convo and we will make every attempt to get your package to you as quickly as we can for an additional upgraded expedited shipping costs. As with the standard or priority shipping, prices are determined by weight, distance and how fast do you need the product to be delivered to your said residence or business.
*For our international customers only, customs can delay packages by up to 6 months depending on where you are located.
You can choose the PayPal Option during checkout. After you submit your order click the "Pay Now" button. Scroll Down and you will see the option to pay with a Credit or Debit Card WITHOUT having to sign up for a PayPal account."
* Please be advised that we will not send packages until payments have cleared.
* If you are having problems with your payments, please contact us via convo.
Returns & exchanges
We sincerely apologize, but at this time our store cannot allow refunds or exchanges "please purchase seriously". We will consider refunds and exchanges at a later date. If you are not satisfied with your purchase, please contact us via convo and we will resolve this issue. Happy customers is our top priority!
Additional policies
In addition, we offer custom order services on many of our products for your special day or event. The approximate shipping time frame for custom orders are between 1 to 2 weeks, depending on the volume of items that you order. We require full payment prior to starting any custom orders. If you are ordering for any large event, we also suggest that you place your orders promptly so that all of your items will arrive in time for your special occasion.