text:
Services & Gatherings
Here's what you need to know.
Your flower arrangement will be custom-made upon your order,
and our florist needs a few hours to craft your arrangement.
If you need an arrangement delivered in less than
twelve (12) hours, please call (800) 707-7361.
Last Updated: 02/10/2015
Last Review: 02/10/2015
Please read the following terms of use ("Terms of Use") carefully before using
this site (hereafter referred to as "this Site") and writing or submitting any material for this Site.
1.) Applicability & Acceptance of Terms of Use
By using, accessing, browsing, or submitting any writing and/or Material to this Site,
you expressly agree to be bound by these Terms of Use. Newcomer Funeral Service Group
reserves the right, at any time, to modify, alter, or update these Terms of Use without
prior notice. You agree that each visit you make to this Site you shall be subject to
the then-current Terms of Use.
2.) Material Submitted by Users
By submitting any writing or material to this Site, including, for example, information,
articles, illustrations, images, lyrics, photos, poems, or text ("Material")
to this Site, you represent and warrant that you have the right to post the Material to
this Site, which means (i.) you are the author of the Material, or (ii.) the Material is
not protected by copyright law, or (iii.) you have express permission from the copyright
owner to post the Material on this Site. You also represent and warrant that the writing
you make and/or information you submit is truthful and accurate. You further represent and
warrant that the Material you submit does not violate these Terms of Use, that it will not
cause injury to any person or entity, and that it does not violate any third party's proprietary,
statutory, or common law rights.
Newcomer Funeral Service Group will not intentionally post, transmit, display, publish, or
distribute any submitted writing or Material that:
We reserve the right to remove any submitted writing, photo(s), or any other Material that does not meet the
standards described in Section 2 above, or for any other reason whatsoever.
3.) License Granted by Submitters to Newcomer Funeral Service Group.
You grant Newcomer Funeral Service Group, its affiliates, related entities, and/or assigns a royalty-free, perpetual,
irrevocable, non-exclusive right and license to use, copy, modify, display, archive, store, publish, transmit, perform,
distribute, reproduce and create derivative works from all writing and/or Material you provide to Newcomer Funeral Service
Group in any form, media, software or technology of any kind now existing or developed in the future. Without limiting the
generality of the previous sentence, you authorize Newcomer Funeral Service Group to include the writing and/or Material
you provide in a searchable format that may be accessed by users of this Site and other Web sites. You also grant Newcomer
Funeral Service Group and its affiliates and related entities the right to use your name and any other information about you
that you provide in connection with the use, reproduction or distribution of such writing and/or Material you provide. You
also grant Newcomer Funeral Service Group the right to use any facts, ideas, concepts, know-how or techniques ("Information")
contained in any Material or communication you send to us for any purpose whatsoever, including, but not limited to, developing,
manufacturing and marketing products using such Information.
4.) Indemnity
You agree to indemnify and hold Newcomer Funeral Service Group, its subsidiaries and affiliates, agents, officers, directors,
and/or such entities' agents and employees harmless from any claim or demand made by anyone regarding any and all writing and/or
Material you submit, post, transmit, display, publish or distribute on or through this Site, your use of this Site, your
connection to this Site, or from your violation of these Terms of Use.
5.) Right to Publish
Newcomer Funeral Service Group reserves the right to read and screen all submissions prior to publishing them on the website,
and reserves the right to not post any submission(s) at their discretion.
6.) Disclaimer of Permanence
Subject to our right to remove Material, Newcomer Funeral Service Group guarantees that each Message Book will remain on this
Site for 30 days. Condolence Messages will remain on this Site for the duration of the Message Book.
7.) Right to Contact You
By making a submission, you may be contacted by Newcomer Funeral Service Group so we may follow up with any issue relating
to such submission.
Newcomer Funeral Service Group shall not be liable to you for any direct, indirect, special, punitive, incidental, exemplary
or consequential damages, or any damages whatsoever, even if Newcomer Funeral Service Group has been previously advised of
the possibility of such damages, whether in an action under contract, negligence, or any other theory, arising out of or in
connection with the use, inability to use, or performance of the information, services, and materials available from this Site.
Newcomer Funeral Service Group also assumes no responsibility and shall not be liable for any damages to, or viruses that may
infect, your computer equipment or other property on account of your access to, use of, or browsing of this Site, or of your
downloading of any materials from this Site.
Newcomer Funeral Service Group assumes no responsibility or liability arising from the content of this Site, as well as any
off site pages or additional sites linked to this Site, for any error, defamation, libel, slander, omission, falsehood,
obscenity, pornography, profanity, danger or inaccuracy contained therein.
You and Newcomer Funeral Service Group agree that the warranty disclaimers and limitations of liability in this Agreement
are material, and bargained-for as a basis of this Agreement.
The foregoing limitations of liability shall only apply if permitted under the laws of the state of your residence or the
state law of the Site at which Newcomer performed funeral services for you or your family.
© 2015 Newcomer Funeral Service Group
I was a HS classmate of Kirk's.I met Amy when I moved to KC. The Henry family has endured more than most .I pray you will find comfort in all your precious memories .God Bless!
~ Ruth Martens Clouse - March 16, 2017
I knew Kirk through Beth, my wonderful roommate in college days and great friend. Words cannot express how sorry I am for you Jared and Karysn for your loss. I will not make it to the service but please know you are in my thoughts and prayers. At this difficult time in your life, I pray that God will grant you the serenity and peace that you need to get through this. May God bless the Henry family.
~ Jeriann Birath - March 16, 2017
Our prayers,hearts ,and sympathy to Jared ,Karsyn,and the Henry family. Kirk's legacy remains alive with you and I'm sure he is proud.
~ William and Linda Boutwell - March 16, 2017
I worked with Kirk @ CCW. He was a hard worker and a mentor to many. RIP Kirk !!!!
~ Jamie Sarten-Shields - March 15, 2017
I met Kirk through Amy. Our children went to Tomahawk Elementry & Frontier Junior high together. Kirk and Amy were good friends and neighbors, my heart and prayers go out to Jared, Karsyn and the family. I have wonderful memories living in Briarwood with you kids playing and us parents hanging out at the pool or sporting events. I will not make it to the services but know you will be in my prayers ?
~ Donna DeBrabander (Girton) - March 15, 2017
Rest In Peace, Kirk. I'll never forget you. Kirk was my mentor in 1989 when I was hired by CCW. We became close. He was whip smart and funny, didn't suffer fools well and was as honest as the day was long. We stayed in touch for years but I hadn't talked to him in the last 8. I'm so sorry for your loss and your loss of Amy. God rest their souls. Peace and comfort for their family and friends. I have all the old pictures Joe took at CCW if you want some. Message me on my Facebook page.
~ Carolyn Miller - March 15, 2017
Karsyn and Jared I'm so very sorry for your loss. I've got great memories of your dad from our Celtics days. He will be missed terribly. No one should have to go through what you both have gone through. Always know you have special angels watching over you. Sending all my love to you both. Jill Maloney
~ Jill Maloney - March 15, 2017
We've known Kirk most of our school days. He also was a member of Redeemer Lutheran church where Kirk and I got confirmed. Always such a nice person and fun to be around. Condolences to the families. May God wrap his arms around you and hold you near. God Bless, Tom & Tam Hauber
~ Tom & Tam Hauber - March 14, 2017
Dear Karsyn, Jared & Carly. We are so sorry to hear about your Dad. We have such great memories of your Mom & Dad at Pillsbury Point. Words can't express how deeply sorry we are for all of you. Love & prayers. Tom, Rita & Whitney Nuebel
~ Rita Nuebel - March 14, 2017
To Kirk Henry's Family: I am so sorry to hear of your loss. Your family has gone through more than most could bear but I trust that the Holy Spirt will give you strength to carry on with pride, just the way your mom and dad would want you too. He was always so proud of you and excited for life. Kirk was my first rep, twenty years ago, in the Connectivity business, representing the Midwestern States. Kirk of course was a hard worker and was always loved by customers of every type. He was creative but with a solid core and got things done. A very good man. Fun to be around. Praying for you and wishing the best for all of you during this time of grief and struggle. May he rest in peace. Sean Sullivan, Des Moines, IA
~ Sean Sullivan - March 14, 2017
Jared and Karsyn, I am sorry I will not be able to be at the sevices. You may know I live in Lake Ozark and I have to work. Please know I am thinking of you. I have great memories of spending time with your family. I miss your Mom and I pray for peace for your Dad. Much Love,Cindy Simpson
~ Cindy Simpson - March 13, 2017
Karsyn, Jared and Carly, our thoughts and prayers are with you as well as Kirk's entire family, his friends and neighbors. Each of you are very special to us and our hearts will be there with you in the coming days. No words can truly express our deepest sympathies. We love you.
~ Cathy & Darvin Detter - March 13, 2017
Please provide the following information:
Pop-ups must be enabled for you to continue. Having trouble? Please click here.
Here's what you need to know.
Your flower arrangement will be custom-made upon your order,
and our florist needs a few hours to craft your arrangement.
If you need an arrangement delivered in less than
twelve (12) hours, please call (800) 707-7361.


text:
The ruffle vest is a decidedly chic layering piece, hand crafted in Scotland from 100% silk and lycra giving the fabric a bouncy stretch and a fitted shape. Balance the cropped style by wearing it over a billowy blouse. Model wears size S.
Made to order, please allow 4 weeks for delivery.
*Free shipping on all orders*
*Now back in stock* Double ruffle collar, for double the effect! Wear the 'Pierrot Collar' in Wisp white with a gold trim; with a simple dress, sweater or even a... View full product details
This superfine merino cashmere sweater has a loose fit with a balloon shape sleeve. The pierrot ruffle collar and ruffle cuffs are delicately hand beaded, with the most delicate gold/silver... View full product details
The Carnival cape is made from superfine merino/cashmere giving an effortless drape. With a loose fit; it can be worn as a top or layered as an outer garment. The... View full product details
Spun from a luxurious blend of merino and cashmere, this is the ultimate cocktail sweater. The Carnival has a pierrot ruffle neck with a cut out detail and is delicately... View full product details

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Key Selection Criteria
Have you ever wondered if your Key Selection Criteria is up to the standard it needs to be?
Click here for a free assessment of your Key Selection Criteria.
Do you need to address Selection Criteria?
Do you use the STAR or SAO approach?
Job selection criteria are also known as key selection criteria or KSC. They are designed to help make the most accurate match between the requirements of a position and the skills of an applicant. No matter how well qualified or suited you are to a position, if you do not address them when required, your application will not make it through to the interview stage.
When you are applying for a position in Government, Council, the Public Sector, a University, a School and/or Not-For-Profit organisation, you will more than likely be asked to address Key Selection Criteria. If you are unsure whether Key Selection Criteria needs to be addressed, please feel free to email or call us and we will help you.
Did you know that 95% of Organisations do not read your Résumé, Cover Letter and Key Selection Criteria? Did you know that your documents maybe scanned via sophisticated software that only searches for the keywords? It is a process of elimination and you will only be shortlisted IF your documents contain the right KEYWORDS!
Do you know the answers to the following Criterion Points? Which approach are you going to use?
- Excellent time management skills and administration skills;
- Excellent written and communication skills and the proven ability to target these to specific audiences;
- Able to work autonomously or as part of a team;
- Excellent computer literacy and able to effectively use a wide range of programs.
How do you know your responses are going to be the right approach?
We at Proven Résumé Results are experts in this area! We know how to specifically meet, address and provide the examples that organisations are looking for. Your Key Selection Criteria/Duty Statement must be 100% professionally and correctly addressed using the right approach, it must also be detailed and it must also be specific.
It is the first document in your application that Government organisations will be judging you on therefore, it needs to stand out. We know how to achieve this so Government organisations will then want to read your Résumé and Cover Letter resulting in an interview.
Contact us for further details including prices.
Here are some of our client's success stories...
Don't just take our word for it, read about some of our client's success stories...Testimonials


text:
Scoopt picture agency founder Kyle MacRae talks about the early days of the venture and why he has made few fans on tabloid newspaper features desks
THE TROUBLE with any start-up, especially a dotcom start-up in a brand new media space, is that you don't know any of the answers before you have to sell your house to find out. But you do need to know the right questions. In Scoopt's case, these were: "Will anybody send us photos?"
"If they do, can we sell them?"
And, following a successful six-month proof-ofconcept phase: "OK, great, but is there really a scalable business here?"
That one was the killer. I'd already given up a freelance journo and technical authoring career, parked the family (ignored daily entreaties of "when will Scoopt be finished, dad?") and worked the statutory 25/8 start-up schedule for months on end.
We had "traction", whatever that means, with newspapers, magazines and broadcasters; we were fending off approaches from Silicon Valley VCs; we had massive media interest; and we were forging strategic partnerships with big players in media and mobile.
We were also selling pictures.
Not many, admittedly, but a simple extrapolation showed the potential. Ramp up from 5,000 members to five million and suddenly you're bigger than Reuters. What we had to do was reach a mass market of cameraphone-wielding punters who would be in the right place at the right time to photograph everything that happens everywhere. To the tabloids!
But here we encountered a curious dichotomy.
While picture desks are only to happy to deal with Scoopt, the feature desks won't touch us. You can see why. All newspapers (and broadcasters) can solicit pics from their own readership for free, so they have a vested interest in not promoting a company that tells their readers not to be such mugs. It was also apparent that they didn't much relish us shouting publicly about how much cash they would pay for pics, so we judged it politic to shut up.
All of this pretty much ruled out a joint promotion with The Sun or a partnership with The Mirror. On a marketing budget of bugger all, we had to grow the brand through word of mouth, media coverage and partnerships instead. That's what we've been doing.
When we launched Scoopt, we suspected that we would be held to account on all manner of ethical issues. Weren't we encouraging people to run into burning buildings and oilfields for the sake of a quick snap and a buck? On the scene of an accident, would people whip out their cameraphones and take pictures before calling 999? Would Scoopt stringers stalk celebrities in supermarkets and thrust cameraphones in their faces? (Sorry, Mr Cameron.)
So it made sense to launch Scoopt as a news agency on the basis that it's easier to defend the moral high ground when there's a genuine news story at stake. But inevitably, and gratifyingly, celebrity material started pouring in.
After all, it's not every day that a plane falls out of the sky, but there's a reasonable chance of spotting a celebrity falling out of a nightclub or a dress. And celebrity material is where the money is — particularly the kind of celebrity material that Scoopt is perfectly placed to broker. You can stop paps at the door but you can't stop the public. When a young actress happened to be arrested for drink-driving in Hawaii, it wasn't at all surprising to get a call from a savvy New Yorker who had snapshots of the same actress getting pissed on tequila and snogging a barmaid the month before.
Photo opportunity, plus tenuous news angle, equals sales on three continents.
OK, it's not a particularly edifying line of work but ScooptSlebs is undeniably where much of the action is. The difference is that these days we're being more upfront about it.
So that's pretty much where we are. Scoopt was first into this market, just three days before the terror attacks in London last summer, and the first to monetise (does that word even exist?) citizen journalism. A few Scooptalikes have since sprung up and traditional agencies are dipping tentative toes into these waters, but we're ahead of the game.
Most importantly, we have answered that third question: there really IS a business here.
The plan is now one of rapid expansion through investment and partnerships. Any interested parties — or tabloid feature eds — please feel free to give us a call.


text:
- Claire Holt plays Rebekah in The Vampire Diaries
- Zach Roerig plays Matt in the hit show
- Claire says she wants romantic scenes with Zach
As The Vampire Diaries closes in on its season finale, some of the cast are preparing to shoot the spin-off show The Originals, which airs later in the year. One of those stars is Claire Holt, who plays Rebekah in the hit The CW show and she has admitted that she would love to have some romantic scenes with Zach Roerig, who plays Matt.Holt told Hollywood.com, "I think Matt's going to see a side to Rebekah he's never seen before. He's dying to see some of the good qualities that she has. She's very vindictive — girl is definitely going out for what she wants. I think fans will be happy with the outcome. Whether it's long-lasting or not I don't know, but it's definitely going to tie up some loose ends, I think."Claire then went on to admit she would love some romantic scenes with Zach, "I kind of hope so too. I've had a lot of lovely male conquests on that show so Zach Roerig would be welcomed as another. There's one thing we shouldn't look out for as high school graduation approaches, however: Stebekah. Rebekah and Stefan ain't gonna happen, y'all."The Vampire Diaries season four airs on The CW on Thursday, May 16, while The Vampire Diaries season five will premiere on The CW later in the year. Meanwhile, the spin-off show The Originals stars Joseph Morgan, Daniel Gillies and Phoebe Tonkin and airs on The CW later in the year.
Privacy Overview
This website uses cookies so that we can provide you with the best user experience possible. Cookie information is stored in your browser and performs functions such as recognising you when you return to our website and helping our team to understand which sections of the website you find most interesting and useful.
You can adjust all of your cookie settings by navigating the tabs on the left hand side.


text:
Shimano Saint 150mm hub
150mm wide
12mm through axle
32 holes
Includes 150x12mm bolt through axle
Centre lock rotor fitting including gold lockring
Brand new, never built into wheel
Some slight small rust spots on end of axle, will not affect performance
£60 posted in UK
Shimano Saint rotor
Saint rotor
Brand new, never fitted
No lockring
£25 posted in UK
Can do deal if you buy both items together.
Located in Sheffield for viewing/hand over.
Bank transfer or cash on collcetion prefered.
No swaps or part ex - money only please!
Questions or offers to phil -at- gravity-slaves.co.uk
:: forum | [ gravity-slaves ] forum | ...


text:
Roommates prank friend by turning their bedroom into a bad museum from the future
When Ellen Huet's roommates went on vacation, she pulled out her laminator and went to work.
Everyday objects haphazardly thrown around the room became exhibits in an error-filled museum from the future. Her housemates, Tony Lai and Nihar Madhavan wrote descriptions for each ancient relic.
opportunity: two of your housemates take a trip
battle plan: rest of house bands together to convert their bedroom into an error-filled anthropological exhibit from the future pic.twitter.com/dtVyjRt4Dl
— Ellen Huet (@ellenhuet) February 12, 2018
A jar of change was, according to Huet's anthropological studies, a shrine for the "religion known as Capitalism."
The description by Lai and Madhavan claims that if ancient humans didn't leave daily offerings, they'd go to "Bankruptcy."
An otherwise innocuous curling iron, according to Huet's sources, was a sex toy used for "optimizing eugonadal elevation." It even has a clamp for the "somewhat titillating practice" of crimping!
A lonely winter mitten, was obviously a condom. "Humans would sew condoms to use before mating," Lai and Madhaven wrote.
And it seems like Huet got really into using her laminator.
it was my first time using one and honestly now i might laminate everything
— Ellen Huet (@ellenhuet) February 12, 2018
According to studies, humans of our era had no long term memory and were foriced to use label makers for everything — including the back of a door.
Her fake museum inspired people to come up with their own "early human" exhibits.
And some had some suggestions for more descriptions.
fbq('init', '1453039084979896');
fbq('track', "PageView");


text:
Construction, Energy & Projects
Tel: 029 2047 4420 / 07872 152 688
To see Andrew's Insurance specific biography, click here.
Andrew graduated with a First Class Honours in Law and is top-ranked by Chambers and Partners and The Legal 500, being recognised as an expert in resolving commercial disputes (often of a high value, complex and sensitive nature), whether in Court or by commercial means. Andrew has extensive experience of multi-party actions, judicial reviews, and injunctive relief. He has built up a detailed knowledge of the litigation funding market. He recently launched Capital's £50m litigation fund, Capital Dispute Finance – a UK first for a law firm, which enables claimants to pursue their claims without cost or risk. He was also part of the British Medical Association's advisory team which launched BMA Law.
His main areas of practice include:
A significant portion of Andrew's work involves training and advice on dispute avoidance techniques and conflict management.
View Andrew Brown's detailed CV here >


text:
Lake Charles Trail is a 8.4 mile heavily trafficked out and back trail located near Eagle, Colorado that features a waterfall and is rated as difficult. The trail offers a number of activity options and is best used from July until October. Dogs and horses are also able to use this trail.
dog friendly
cross country skiing
horseback riding
trail running
wild flowers
Directions from Eagle: Follow the Brush Creek Road, south of Eagle for 10 miles. Turn left onto the East Brush Creek Road, FDR 415 and drive another 6 miles. The last mile of FDR 415 is very narrow with some rocks. There is a parking lot just past the Fulford Cave campground. At the trailhead, there is an information board and a register box. A vault toilet is available for use in the campground.
awesome hike well worth it!
Pack it in, pack it out- including dog poop bags. Follow fire restrictions- no fires if there is a ban. Hard trip but peaceful destination.
This was a great challenge with a huge payoff!
first time backpacking in Colorado. very scenic hike that follows a stream for a good portion. lake was really relaxing and stunning with the snow capped mountain in background.
Awesome hike! Had a yellow belly marmot come right up to me while sitting on a rock overlooking the lake.
Great hike, well marked trail. A few backpackers & day hikers. In and out in 7 hours with an hour at Mystic Island Lake. I would rate it as a hard hike. Had a great weather window then a brief hail storm hit while at the top.
Super beautiful. Honestly one of the nicest trails I've hiked in Colorado. The whole thing is gorgeous.
2 things to note. The trail is only 5.5 miles and is not difficult as stated in the description. It's medium difficultly at worst. There two really pronounced ascents, but the rest is really steady uphill. My comparison is to other trails in the area that are way harder.
Ang W.
June 16th -lakes are spectacular, partially covered in ice. The trail in is a bit of a mess- lots of dead and down trees to maneuver around. On upper 1/2 of trail still lots of snow patches that were firm in the morning but softened up quite a bit by afternoon. With the warm weather lately snow seems to be melting quickly and there were patches of snow we used as snowbridges in the morning that were melted by the time we came back through. The runoff is flowing down and covering large sections of the trail and there are a lot of stream crossings.
Be prepared for water, mud, and snow. All that being said, this was still a fantastic hike and well worth it for the views once you get to the lakes!
Awesome trail...I think? In all seriousness, this was an awesome hike. We 100% needed snowshoes and I'm glad that we brought them. Not sure how long the snow will stick around up there, but be sure to keep an eye out for sawed logs as we lost the trail a few times do to the amount of snow. If you follow the creek/river you'll make it to the lake. Also, the road up to the Fulford Campground was closed, so we camped in Yeoman Campground and hiked to the trailhead - fairly simple incline to get there. Looking forward to going back and making the trek past Lake Charles to Mystic Island Lake without all of the snow.
Was a good day. A little windy and cool. But typical for this season. A long hike into some dense areas. A few areas were a little tough to climb, but not difficult. There are a couple of down trees blocking the path, but easily able to walk around it. You will be ascending in some areas and once you get to the lake it is all worth it.
Deb M.
Great trail,it is pretty difficult but worth it - lots of tree roots and rocks to navigate. We didn't see many people during the hike but there were a few other groups camping at the lake. Overall beautiful spot and a great place to camp.
We decided to backpack an overnighter at Mystic Island Lake, so our trip was a little longer than this route. My gps tracked almost exactly 6 miles all the way to where we made camp at Mystic Island Lake. Trailhead is in the middle of the Fulford Cave Campground. Scenery at the start of the trail is mostly aspen low growth forest, you'll pass by a few talus fields. First 2 miles are mostly flat, then comes a series of steep sections. Section between Lake Charles and Mystic Island Lake is mostly flat as well, so if you get all the way to Charles with ease, don't be afraid to keep pushing higher. Climbing parts can be misleading also, as you can't simply look uphill where the trail is taking you. Lots of water features along the way: creeks, waterfalls, natural wells, and obviously the lakes themselves. Overall a beautiful trail, and a wonderful place for an overnighter, especially during the Perseid meteor shower!
great one day hike
An absolutely beautiful hike. I started on a Friday night and stopped to camp for the evening just before the Holy Cross Wilderness boundary. The next morning I continued the trip to Lake Charles. It get quite steep at about mile 4, but nothing dangerous, and nothing overly rigorous. There are multiple places to camp near Lake Charles, and when I was there I only saw a handful of people, maybe 10 at the most. The alpine lakes are just breathtaking at all hours of the day. I will definitely do this hike again. The hike back was much easier and I made excellent time, leaving the campsite at 8:30 and arriving back at my car before 11 am.
We took the Lake Charles Trail down from Lake Charles to the Fulford Campgrouns as we backpacked the Ironedge Trail up to Lake Charles. It was raining, and had been raining for quite some time so the tail we very wet, muddy, and slick, I am pretty sure we each slipped at least once. That being said, it was BEAUTIFUL. It is a very steep descent down at the beginning for about 1.5-2.5 miles. It then become much more gradual. Everything was so green. It follows the river the entire way and it was just beautiful. Absolutely recommend. Hope to try it out when it is not so wet next time!
Weekend H.
Just hiked the trail to Lake Charles (4.4 miles one way).
Started at 7:30 am; first 2.5 hours there wasn't much sun and the trail was wet and slippery (rocks, mud, and tree roots). Several small stream crossings.
The last mile or so, there were a lot of wildflowers (not as many during the first part of the hike).
No one at the lake when we got there (took 3hrs and 15min, but we did stop several times).
We did see several hikers coming up when we were coming down.
Coming down was easier as there was a lot more sun and trail had dried out in many places.
Overall, hike was nice and lake was beautiful. The trail follows East Brush Creek.
Lots of mosquitoes-bring bug spray!
It probably won't be on my annual hike list, but would do it again some time and would be a great place to camp.
I love this hike. It's fairly difficult but never dangerous. During spring runoff, there can be a lot of postholing in the pull to the lake. I've never seen more than 5-10 people on this hike.
Heavy usage. Way more people than expected. Do not go on a weekend.
One of my favorite hikes in the area.


text:
More than half of employers have not calculated the costs of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, but of those that have, 61% say PPACA has increased their expenses. According to a survey of 1,200 employers by Willis Human Capital Practice, a majority (60%) of employers would like to avoid increases in spending on their group plans. However, only 20% of respondents plan to adjust benefits outside of health care — including retirement, dental, vision, salaries and vacation.
"Employers continue to recognize the value of providing medical benefits, how important those benefits are to their employees and that providing benefits allows them to attract and retain the employees they need," says Jay Kirschbaum, practice leader at Willis.
Other findings include:
- Of the employers who say PPACA has increased their costs, 17% say those increases are more than 5%.
- 34% of employers say they will shift benefits costs to employees, while 55% feel that competitors should do so.
- 39% are choosing to voluntarily forego grandfathered status, due to a desire to control plan design and other elements such as co-pays and premiums; last year, only 13% of employers made this decision. Willis says this increase drastically exceeds the Department of Health and Human Services predictions.
- Most employers are intending to play under the pay or play mandate
As for the future, Kirschbaum says: "While few employers consciously manage their group medical benefits as a component of their total rewards perspective, survey responses indicate the very beginning of an employer trend in this direction."
Register or login for access to this item and much more
All Employee Benefit Adviser content is archived after seven days.
Community members receive:
- All recent and archived articles
- Conference offers and updates
- A full menu of enewsletter options
- Web seminars, white papers, ebooks
Already have an account? Log In
Don't have an account? Register for Free Unlimited Access


text:
Article 319 History Column Dave Petersen This week we will take a look at some of the pictures taken by another premier maritime photographer, although it may be one most Michiganders are not familiar with. I don't have much information about Les Borst but I have seen enough of his work to know he had a great eye and took some wonderful pictures of the Great Lakes Fleets. These views are courtesy of the Robertson collection and I thank the family for making these available to us in this weeks column. If you have photographs to share with our readers please contact me at 757-3240, e-mail to firstname.lastname@example.com, or mail in care of the Ludington Daily News, P.O. Box 340, Ludington, MI, 49431 Pic1 The Detroit Edison was launched in 1954 at 589 feet in length and by 1965 we saw her lengthened to 661 feet. This mammoth ore carrier served the American Steamship Company until being towed out and broke up for scrap in 1986. Seen here in anticipation of her launch in 1954 at the Manitowoc Shipbuilding yard. Pic2 We've seen some pictures of the Ann Arbor No. 6 before, this fine ship was launched in 1917 from the Great lakes Engineering Works in Ecorse Michigan. The ship was renamed the Arthur K Atkinson in 1959 and for awhile was moored here in Ludington before being owed to the Upper Peninsula where at last report was still sitting idle awaiting her fate. Pic3 This is a great view of our own City of Midland in much better days before conversion to a barge. Seen here in all of her original glory with a full load of cars and passengers she prepares to embark for the Michigan side of the Lake about the summer of 1955. Pic4 A group of school children pose in front of the Laurence C Turner while in dry dock. This fire tug was built by the Ship Owners Dry Dock Company in 1903 for the City of Milwaukee Fire Department. Served as a fire tug until 1948 and by 1954 had been rebuilt as a towing tug. The tug was renamed the Ohio in 1972 and its current status is unknown. Pic5 The City of Flint Pere Marquette 32 is seen here in the river on the Wisconsin side of the lake about 1955. For some reason the 32 is the one I always think about first. It might have something to do with those days sitting on the break wall watching the Flint leaving the harbor back in the days when I was a kid with nothing to do except enjoy the lazy days of summer. Pic6 The Isle Royal was originally built in 1893 by the Chicago Shipbuilding Company and was a grand old lady of the Lakes carrying thousands of passengers in style and fashion during the glory days of steamer travel in the early 20th century. Eventually the improvement of roads, cars, and the depression took their toll and the ship burned while being scrapped in Manistee. Reportedly reduced to a barge after the fire the once luxurious liner slipped into the misty past.
Like us on Facebook!
Every click helps to promote the website! If you like this let everyone know! THANKS!
Purchase an Image!
Every image used in the history columns is available for purchase from CLASSIC VIEWS for as a little as 1.00 for a 4x6 picture. T-Shirts, Mugs, Calendars and a wide assortment of other products are also available. Your purchase helps to support my efforts to place free history and genealogy resources online and offsets the costs associated with this effort.
I thank everyone who has supported those efforts and has shared stories and materials
There is a paypal donation link to the left if you would care to donate a dollar to the maintenance and support of my history and genealogy websites.
I thank everyone who has supported those efforts and has shared stories and materials
There is a paypal donation link to the left if you would care to donate a dollar to the maintenance and support of my history and genealogy websites.


text:
Its just occurred to me that William Gallas is very much like my girlfriend. Not in looks thank god but the fact that he just keeps talking none stop and says stuff without thinking about the consequences is all very familiar to me. (I hope she doesn't read this!)
Willy G has been talking yet again but at least this time he is bigging us up and saying positive things. Gallas claims that Arsenal will not be bullied anymore and that he has seen a difference in our attitude so far this pre season. Which is mega important. I was thinking the same thing watching the Ajax and Inter matches. Even though these were friendly matches our players were running all over the place closing people down and working hard as a team. This will also help us concede less goals over the course of the whole season.
The start of the season is getting close and I'm excited. I really hope we can prove all these big spenders wrong.
Have a splendid day, chat tomorrow.


text:
Margaret Harris reviews Significant Figures by Ian Stewart
Sofia Vasilyevna Kovalevskaia (sometimes spelled Kovalevskaya) is surely the only person in history who became a mathematician because of a botched redecoration project. As Ian Stewart recounts in his book Significant Figures: the Lives and Work of Great Mathematicians, Kovalevskaia's parents ran out of wallpaper while renovating their country estate outside St Petersburg, Russia, so they had their daughter's bedroom papered with pages from an old mathematics textbook instead. Their improvisation had long-term effects: young Sofia was fascinated by the strange formulae on her ersatz wallpaper, and she spent hours staring at them, trying to discern their meaning. Soon she had them memorized.
Although it took Kovalevskaia a few more years to understand her wallpaper in full, this early exposure to mathematics ignited a passion that drove her across Europe in pursuit of the educational opportunities denied to women in 19th-century Russia. During her short but eventful life (1850–1891), she wrote plays, studied the dynamics of Saturn's rings and made notable contributions to the mathematics of rigid rotating bodies. She also became, by some estimations, the first woman in Europe to gain a PhD in mathematics, and eventually landed a (paid and tenured) job as a lecturer at Stockholm University in Sweden – another first.
Kovalevskaia is one of 25 mathematicians profiled in Stewart's book, which begins with Archimedes and runs nearly to the present day, with the final chapter devoted to Bill Thurston, a topologist who died in 2012. In addition to anecdotes, Stewart, a mathematician at the University of Warwick, UK, makes a serious stab at explaining the mathematics for which his profilees are remembered and their significance to the wider field. For example, around the book's halfway point, he describes how the 19th-century German mathematician Bernhard Riemann used an idea from mathematical physics to obtain certain results in mathematics. Riemann's results were correct, but the underlying idea, known as the Dirichlet principle, had not been rigorously proven, which troubled some in the mathematical camp.
What happened next nicely elucidates the difference between mathematical physicists and mathematicians, and Stewart's description of it deftly sidesteps the question of whose approach is "correct". Eventually, he writes, other mathematicians managed to prove the Dirichlet principle, but "In the interim, the physicists made progress that wouldn't have happened if they'd heeded the objections of the mathematicians, and the mathematicians' efforts to justify Riemann's intuition led to a host of major results and concepts that wouldn't have been discovered if they'd sided with the physicists. Everybody won."
The book's chronological structure means that later chapters necessarily involve more advanced mathematical ideas, and the going sometimes becomes a bit steep for non-mathematician readers. Nevertheless, readers who have a bit of background in the field (or are willing to put in some extra effort) will be rewarded with a better feel for how the subject developed, as well as how some of history's greatest mathematicians thought. Stewart's choice of "greats" is also notably (and deliberately) inclusive, at least by the low standards of the "great figures" genre. Kovalevskaia is one of three women profiled. Four non-European mathematicians also appear among the 25, including one from the 20th century, the self-taught Indian genius Srinivasa Ramanujan.
Yet despite these welcome efforts at diversity and the high quality of the writing, Significant Figures nevertheless comes across as rather tired in its concept and structure. Without a coherent thread running through the profiles, the book struggles to be more than the sum of its parts. Worse, Stewart's brief attempt at pulling the disparate threads together – in the epilogue, he argues that "great" mathematicians will readily give up everything, including family, material success and outside interests, for their work – is actually contradicted by his own book. Several of his picks, including Kovalevskaia, were as passionate about politics as they were about mathematics. Many devoted significant chunks of their lives to practical projects such as mine engineering (Henri Poincaré) or swamp drainage (Joseph Fourier). As for family life, although a few were indeed childless and/or unmarried, no less a mathematician than Leonhard Euler apparently felt "he had done some of his best work while holding a baby and surrounded by children playing".
The "mandatory sacrifice" narrative peddled by Stewart (and, alas, by many others of lesser gifts) is not only false, but is also pernicious, because it tends to exclude brilliant people whose personal priorities or socioeconomic circumstances don't fit into it. In one of the book's last sentences, Stewart writes admiringly of those "great" mathematicians who "lecture for years for no salary, just to get a foot in the door". If he is seriously offering this as career advice to young mathematicians today, I hope some friendly colleague convinces him to buck his ideas up before an irate mob of poorly paid adjuncts and teaching assistants begins sending him unpleasant letters. How many talented minds have been shut out by this kind of thinking in the past? How many are we still losing today? One thing is clear: unless such attitudes change, all of mathematics will be poorer for it, and writers a century hence will struggle to compile a more diverse collection of "greats" than Stewart has in 2017.
- Ian Stewart Significant Figures: Lives and Works of Trailblazing Mathematicians 2017 Profile Books 320pp £20hb
- Enjoy the rest of the December 2017 issue of Physics World in our digital magazine or via the Physics World app for any iOS or Android smartphone or tablet. Membership of the Institute of Physics required


text:
Domo kun Figure
With Domo now having taken the pop culture world by storm, Dark Horse is excited to introduce these fancifully decorated 4″ Domo vinyl figures. Hot on the heels of their successful Domo flocked vinyl figure series, Dark Horse is releasing these eight styles of the 4″ Domo Deco vinyl figures in very limited quantities. These are sure to go fast, so order your group of "decked out" Domos today before they're all gone!
Looking for more cute characters? Check out our Character Index.


text:
Phil and I had been together for more than 5 years when he decided one Easter to take me away for the weekend. He normally works weekends but had arranged to leave work at three o'clock that Easter Saturday. I didn't know much more than this however. He wouldn't tell me anything about it except that we would be spending Saturday night at his parents (who were away on holiday), would be going to a restaurant on Saturday night, and going somewhere else on Sunday. On the Saturday morning he had told me to pack certain outdoor clothing items, so I collected some stuff together and loaded up the car in preparation for our departure. I was intrigued by all the mystery but didn't suspect anything, purely because I harboured high hopes for our forthcoming trip to New York, which was planned for just a few weeks later.
Phil insisted on driving. We live in Aberystwyth in mid Wales, and his parents live closer to Swansea so the journey is between one and a half and two hours. En route, Phil explained that he wanted to show me something before we got to his parents, hence his insistence that I hadn't dressed for the meal before we left Aber. At Carmarthen, we took a detour down a route I had never gone before. After a few wrong turns and backtracking (with hindsight I realised Phil was a bit nervous and acting strange) we finally arrived at Carreg Cennen castle, a partially ruined castle perched atop a high cliff overlooking the surrounding valley. We arrived at about six o'clock in the evening, just as the daylight was starting to fade to dusk. The climb up to the castle was quite energetic and on arrival at the top, I noticed that there were only a couple of other people up there. We wandered around the castle for a bit before finding ourselves in front of one of the windows above the cliff, with a spectacular view. At this moment, Phil turned to me and asked if I was cold. I wasn't, and was a little surprised by the question. Phil then took my left hand and said "Not even this finger" indicating my ring finger. I should have clicked then but instead I just thought he was being silly. Phil responded by taking hold of his commitment ring (we had given them to each other a few years previously and Phil had been wearing his on a cord around his neck), snapped the cord and asked if I would marry him. I was completely taken by surprise and said yes immediately. He then put his commitment ring on my finger and said that he thought it best if we chose the engagement ring together.
Phil's proposal, in this beautiful setting, was incredibly romantic. We left some time later, and headed to Phil's parents house to find Easter and Engagement cards waiting for us, which we opened before we left to dine at a lovely local restaurant that night. The whole trip was a complete surprise…we both had a fantastic engagement weekend and are really looking forward to our winter wedding in January 2005!


text:
Marco Griffiths from Athens-Clarke County was looking for best essay topics to write about
Robert Thomas found the answer to a search query best essay topics to write about
Link ----> best essay topics to write about
write my paper essayerudite.com
custom blog post ghostwriter websites for mastersimportant person essayesl phd resumeessay on modernization, essay the horlapay for custom homework onlinevlad ivanov thesis. best paper writers websites gb aqa a2 biology writing the synoptic essay pdf, best essay topics to write about custom masters essay writers services ca.
Future of Napsterrhetorical analysis essay writing sitefree beoowulf essaysIBM Company: A Source of Innovation. esl masters essay writing site for phd kannada essay on independence day for kids esl expository essay writers sites usa.
popular cover letter editing services for masters. literary essays on native son, top thesis proposal proofreading site for phdprofessional university essay writer site for school. professional book review ghostwriting for hire for college science research paper topics for high school!
write my custom critical analysis essay on founding fathers - https://essayerudite.com/cheap-essay-writing-service/ best essay topics to write about and esl article review writers site ca, pay to get cheap cheap essay on shakespeare.
top admission paper editor for hire usConquest of New Spain - Bernal Diaz. Fathers and Sons Mutual Feelings! custom research proposal editor site for university when writing an analytical essay you should avoid.
Analysis of AandP by John Updike college writing service, alternative energy resources essaymba thesis suggestionsA Book Review on A Wagner Matinee By Willa Catherbest dissertation results ghostwriter for hire for collegecheap cover letter editor site us? professional phd essay editor site ca, professional dissertation chapter ghostwriter website for masterspay to write medicine bloga walk in the park lyrical essays on everyday lifeThe History of Greek Theatre.
best analysis essay writing site auesl literature review writer services uk. famous essayist cheap college papers examplehelp with biology essaysessay about future job. thesis topics communication arts, best essay topics to write about Taming the Shrew.
history thesis paper ideascustom masters course work advice. write essay writing custom essay writing cheap content editor for hire onlinetop admission paper writer sites uk.
comparison and contrast essay layout famous analogy essay, top reflective essay writers site autop personal essay editor websites onlinepopular presentation editing site for mba. essay explanation skill, essays about freedom of religion.
google research papersAmerican Indians and Gaming - buy essay on. best essay topics to write about and What to listen for in music by Aaron Copland, best dissertation introduction ghostwriting site us.
Significance of PalinurusThe Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglass. rhetorical analysis essay ghostwriter for hire au, assignment help, should cell phones be allowed in school persuasive essay
best essay topics to write about
Recomandari de locuri de munca/ stagii de voluntariat care nu necesita experienta anterioara, opinii sincere de la oameni care au lucrat in anumite firme, sugestii de cursuri gratuite
1 mesaj • Pagina 1 din 1
1 mesaj • Pagina 1 din 1


text:
- Wildlife should not be disturbed.
- Dogs must be kept under proper control, particularly in the nesting season for ground-nesting and water birds.
- No cars, motorcycles, mopeds and other motor vehicles of any description are allowed.
- Cycles should be used with due care and consideration for other users of the meadow.
- No fires or barbecues of any description are allowed on the meadow.
- No litter should be discarded in or on the meadow or in the river. All litter should be taken home.
- Damage to the Hurst Water Meadow, including the river banks, trees, meadow and fences is strictly forbidden.
- No shooting is allowed on the meadow.
- No camping or overnight stay is allowed.
- To preserve the tranquillity of the meadow, only personal radios (walkman type) using earphones are allowed. No transistor radios or other electronically amplified music is allowed.
- Metal detectors are not permitted unless authorized in writing by the County Archaeologist and the trustees.
- Fishing is allowed in season (16 June to 14 March) to holders of a permit obtainable from the Post Office. A rod licence is also required. Fishing is permitted only in the areas shown on the map and is subject to separate by-laws.
The trustees do not accept liability for accidents or misadventures which may occur on the Hurst Water Meadow, or adjacent water, or other property owned or leased by the trustees, however caused. Recreation on the meadow and its surroundings is at the user's risk.


text:
"But for the Sir Walter disease, the character of the Southerner — or Southron, according to Sir Walter's starchier way of phrasing it — it would be wholly modern, in place of modern and mediæval mixed, and the South would be fully a generation further advanced than it is . . . Sir Walter had so large a hand in making Southern character, as it existed before the war, that he is in great measure responsible for the war." - Mark Twain, Life on the Mississippi, 1883
"Looked through Uncle Tom's Cabin, by Mrs. Beecher Stowe. That book is womanish & I am afraid absurdly unprincipled; written by a woman clearly. I feel like I am the man for times coming." - Henry Hughes, The Diary of Henry Hughes of Port Gibson, 1852
"I consider that you have impeached my character. I demand satisfaction." - Courier editor Milford Prewett, to Free Trader editor T.A.S. Doniphan, published in the Courier on October 18, 1843
"[T]he very things necessary to the overthrow of American slavery, were left undone, while those essential to its prosperity were continued in the most active operation; so that, now, after more than a thirty years' war, we may say, emphatically, COTTON IS KING, and his enemies are vanquished." - David Christy, Slavery in the Light of Political Economy, 1860
The newspapers of Natchez served a number of purposes beyond the political, and at times, the political functions of the newspapers played a very minor role. Any attempt to document or analyze all of the purposes of the antebellum press would require a much larger work than this paper. However, the material in the Natchez newspapers covered a variety of subjects and served a number of purposes beyond those that have been examined in previous chapters. Two of the topics chosen for further examination, values and economics, display distinct characteristics of the southern way of life. The stringent demands of southern honor burrowed into every aspect of southern life. The subject of values permeates almost every other topic under discussion. Every attitude and opinion became a personal badge of honor, disagreements led to insults, and affairs of honor resulted, in which southern gentlemen defended their honor on a dueling field. The southerner considered any attack on slavery as an attack on his way of life. Slavery had to be justified and defended by any and every rationalization possible. Slavery, culture, economics, politics and values became inextricably mixed, and this mix shows up in the Mississippi press in a number of ways.
However, to be clear, it should be pointed out that southerners had interests beyond honor, slavery and cotton. The southern press, to reach as many readers as possible, had to appeal to other interests beyond politics and economics. More than a frontier, party or slave press, southern newspapers also included a wide range of material on oddities, entertainment, and culture that did not reflect a particularly southern orientation. For example, the following story, taken from a New England newspaper, appeared in the Daily Courier in the summer of 1854:
"We learn from the Providence (R.I.) Journal, of the 6th inst., that the large elephant attached to the Broadway menagerie got loose from his keeper on the way from Pawtucket to Fall River, early yesterday morning. Before starting, his keeper made him lift the binder part of a wagon, loaded with 3500 pounds for the purpose of getting it into line. It is supposed that this, although not unusual, might have suggested to him the mode of attack which he adopted afterwards. When about seven miles from Pawtucket, he got free from the control of his keeper, and meeting a horse and wagon, belonging to Mr. Stafford Short, he thrust his tusk into the horse and lifted horse, wagon and rider into the air. He mangled the horse terribly and carried him about fifty feet, and threw the dead body into a pond. The wagon was broken to pieces, and Mr. Short considerably hurt. The elephant broke one of his enormous tusks in this encounter. A mile further the elephant, now grown more furious, attacked in the same manner a horse and wagon and wounded the horse, with Mr. Thomas W. Peck and his son. He broke the wagon and wounded the horse, which ran away. Mr. Peck was pretty badly hurt in the hip.
While the keepers were engaged in securing the smaller elephant, who had not, however, manifested any signs of insubordination, the larger one got off from them, and went on through Barneyville, when Mr. Mason Barney and another man mounted their horses and kept on the track as near to him as was prudent, giving warning of the danger to the passengers whom they met on the way. The elephant would occasionally turn to look at them, but did not attempt to molest them.
The next man in the path was Mr. Pearce, who was riding with his little son in a one-horse wagon. He was coming towards the elephant, and being warned by Mr. Barney, turned around and put the horse to his speed, but the elephant overtook him and seizing the wagon, threw it into the air, dashing it to pieces and breaking the collar bone and arm of Mr. Pearce. The horse, disengaged from the wagon, escaped with the fore wheels, and the elephant gave chase for eight miles, but did not catch him. The elephant came back from his unsuccessful pursuit and took up his march again on the main road, where he next encountered Mr. Jabez Eddy, with a horse and wagon. He threw up the whole establishment in the same way as before, smashing the wagon, killed the horse and wounded Mr. Eddy. He threw the horse twenty feet over a fence into the adjoining lot, then broke down the fence, went over and picked up the dead horse and deposited him in the road, where he had first met him.
He had killed one other horse and pursued another, who fled to a barn. The elephant followed, but at the door was met by a fierce bull dog, which bit his leg and drove him off.
Once on the route, the keeper being ahead of him, saw him plunge over a wall and make for a house. The keeper got into the house first, hurried the frightened people within to the upper story, and providing himself with an axe, succeeded in driving off the furious beast.
The elephant finally exhausted his strength, and laid himself down in the bushes, about two miles from Slade's Ferry. Here he was secured with chains and carried over the ferry to Fall River. A part of the time he ran at the rate of a mile in three minutes." (1)
This story fascinates modern audiences as it must have sparked the interest of the Rhode Island editor who originally included it in his paper and, later, the Natchez editor who reprinted it. Nothing particularly southern characterizes this story, and many other items from this period simply convey interesting tales of other nations, extraordinary people and exotic animals. Throughout the period being studied, newspaper editors often included unusual stories, such as the "Monstrous Negro" mentioned in the Weekly Courier and Journal in 1843. This four-year-old male slave had died in Louisville. The article claimed that the boy had achieved a height of four feet, one inch. At the age of one year, "he began developing in a manner that excited the astonishment of all who saw him. His hair grew with surprising rapidity over his entire body and face, giving him whiskers and beard, as luxuriant as an adult." He could lift 200 pounds. (2) Another oddity rated several articles in the fall of 1817 when the Washington Republican reported a sea serpent had been sighted near Boston, and the paper even reprinted a poem dedicated to the creature in a Boston paper. (3)
Another story that reads like it came from a modern supermarket tabloid claims that mammoths may have lived in North America until the middle of the 1700s. Titled "MAMMOTH," the 1818 article claimed to be from a letter written by an Indian agent at Fort Wayne in Indiana. "This country affords more recent remains of the Mammoth than any other . . . If any reliance can be placed upon the reports or traditions of the Indians, it is not more than 70 or 80 years since they last existed." The author claimed that Indians had brought molars to him with food still on them, and they offered to take him to the rest of the skeleton. The Indians claimed to know the habits of the creature: ". . . he did not lie down . . . he rested leaning against a tree. His food soft wood, of which he eats the whole tree." (4)
The general newspaper-reading public must have been interested in less lurid accounts of the world, as newspaper editors certainly devoted space to science and history. On January 5, 1838, the Free Trader printed a lecture on the "Great Superiority of the Ancients" about Pompeii. In the 1840s, Natchez newspapers published many short articles about the exploration of the Arctic, including many articles about the tragic Franklin expedition of 1845 and the long and dramatic search for survivors. (5)
In June 1843, the Free Trader devoted two full columns to John Lloyd Stephens's Incidents of Travel in Yucatan, discussing some of Stephens's conclusions about the history of the many ancient and ruined Mayan cities he visited in southeastern Mexico: "They were the creation of the races who inhabited the country at the time of the Spanish conquest or of their not very remote progenitors." (6) The article then expanded on this theme, explaining Stephens's evidence: writings of the Spaniards; wooden artifacts that remained in good shape, indicating a comparatively recent date for the civilizations; the indigenous people identified the cities as the homes of their ancestors; and the use of symbols associated with the ruins all across North America. "Passing by all the other evidences of the identity of the race of those who built these wonderful cities . . . with the wandering and degraded beings who now serve the Spaniards as menials, we come to one which is certainly sufficient of itself to convince the most skeptical. It is the print of the red hand upon the wall of almost every house or palace in every town, city or village explored. This the Indians said was the hand of the master of the house." The article claimed that Stephens confirmed that the red hand symbol could be found among many of the tribes of North America "and the red hand is seen constantly upon the buffalo robes and skins of wild animals brought in from the rocky mountains, and, in fact, it is a symbol recognized and in common use among the North American Indians of the present day." The author of the Free Trader analysis concluded that Stephens had successfully presented his case "that the builders of these cities were the immediate progenitors of the inhabitants of the country at the time of the Spanish conquest, and the forefathers of the present degraded race that now inhabits that country." (7)
Advertising in Natchez newspapers also provides clues to some of the diversions and entertainments of the people of the area. The newspapers distributed information about plays, races and clubs, as well as other uncommon entertainment. The Mississippi Herald of 1806 advertised Mr. Rannie, a ventriloquist from Europe who "will give a display of his various and unparalleled performances of extraordinary powers of ventriloquism . . . Mr. Rannie will imitate almost every kind of Birds and Beasts, in a manner that words cannot express." Mr. Rannie performed at the City Tavern and admittance cost one dollar. (8)
The same issue advertised an African lion, which could be viewed on a boat at Natchez-Under-the-Hill. The animal could not be viewed in Natchez proper because "the Den of the Lion is so particularly constructed that it would be absolutely necessary to take the boat entirely to pieces to remove him." Within a few years, the newspapers advertised whole menageries and circuses to entertain the people of Natchez. In 1837, the Free Trader printed a large ad with tempting graphics, promising elephants, hyenas, zebras, camels, llamas, quaggas, buffaloes and "THE UNICORN, OR ONE HORNED RHINOCEROS." In December the following year, the Free Trader announced the imminent arrival of H. Ludington's circus, which included the 12-piece Lafayette Band in addition to bears, camels, panthers, jaguars, lions, badgers, a Bengal tiger and an elephant. An ad page from November 1851 announced two circuses, Dan Rice's Circus and Spalding, Rogers & Orden's People's Circus, "Equestrian, Dramatic and Zoological, Circus, Theatre and Menagerie!"
The Natchez newspapers also kept readers informed of the latest developments in literature, and frequently printed poems and fiction. Local poetry appeared occasionally. Motivated by patriotism as well as literary interest, the Washington Republican published the words to "The Star-Spangled Banner" on October 26, 1814, a few weeks after Francis Scott Key composed it. The editors of these newspapers also printed the latest news on the most recent works of writers such as Washington Irving, Charles Dickens and Sir Walter Scott. (9) Editors sometimes published selections from prominent writers. The Mississippi Republican printed Irving's "Tale of Rip Van Winkle" in two parts in the winter of 1820, and the Free Trader printed selections from The Pickwick Papers in January 1838.
Discussions of literature could assume an unfavorable or political tone. An article in the Courier of August 9, 1843, expressed anger at Charles Dickens for sections of Martin Chuzzlewit, which portrayed Americans as loud, ignorant and vulgar. Southern commentators subjected Uncle Tom's Cabin to scathing criticism. The Concordia Intelligencer of Vidalia, Louisiana, across the river from Natchez, wrote an unfavorable review in 1853, ridiculing Harriet Beecher Stowe's situations as unrealistic and accusing her of advocating miscegenation. (10) The Free Trader objected to a version of the book written for children, titled Pictures and Stories from Uncle Tom's Cabin. The article characterized abolitionism as "crafty, false and base . . . casting its firebrands into the community to create a political conflagration" as it "denounces the Constitution, libels Washington, desecrates the flag of our country and threatens to apply the torch of the incendiary to the national capitol." The Free Trader argued that the juvenile version of Uncle Tom's Cabin, was "calculated to produce a lasting impression on the minds of children too young to reason . . . and it would be perhaps impossible to impress in maturer years, a true view of negro slavery on the mind of one who in his earliest years had been taught abolitionism, with all the fascinating charms of fanciful poetry and pictures adapted to the capacity and appealing to the sensibilities of a child." (11)
The newspapers reflected southern values, influencing and reinforcing attitudes towards slavery, women and honor. Just as the Natchez press defended slavery and trivialized blacks through pseudo-scientific jargon, Biblical justifications and ridicule, it also revealed condescending and dismissive attitudes about gender, when gender issues received any attention at all. Demure, timid women like those of the South were obediently enacting God's intended role for women. Loud, opinionated women like the females who seemed to fill the abolitionist ranks were defiant in the eyes of God and disrupting the peace of the nation.
Natchez readers occasionally found articles that claimed to examine women's attitudes across the nation, such as an item titled "Kissing Customs" in an 1837 issue of the Free Trader. For example, a girl from Alabama, the recipient of an impudent kiss, reportedly remarked, "'I reckon it is my turn now,' and gives him a box on the ear that he didn't forget until next week!" (12) A similar article, titled "How the Girls of the U.S. Kiss — By Region," appeared a decade later in the Courier.
A glance at the titles of articles pertaining to women and male-female relationships confirms that an omnipresent paternalism clouds the attitudes of the southern readership: "Woman's Ample Temper," (13) "How to Wed a Woman," (14) and "Can't Please Old Maids." (15) In October 1829, the Southern Galaxy printed a number of articles that offered advice on "Courtship," "Rules for Husbands," "Rules for Wives," and even a number of "Reasons for Not Marrying." (16) A Free Trader article of 1858 discussed "When Ladies Should Be Looked At":
"Nature and custom would no doubt agree in conceding to all males the right of at least two distinct looks at every comely female countenance, without any infraction of the rules of courtesy or the sentiment of respect . . . It is astonishing how morbidly sensitive some vulgar beauties are to the slightest demonstration of this kind. When a lady walks the streets she leaves her virtuous indignation countenance at home; she knows well enough that the street is a picture gallery, where pretty faces framed in pretty bonnets [are] meant to be seen, and everybody has a right to see them." (17)
The newspapers seldom mentioned women involved in politics except, occasionally, to ridicule the idea in general or to launch a specific attack on abolitionists because of the prominent role of northern women in the movement. An 1838 item mentioned women while complaining of 500 anti-slavery petitions hindering the real business of the House of Representatives: "It is worthy to note that more than half of the petitions of this character are from the female sex. They were all laid upon the table without further discussion. No other business of importance was attended to. Thus it is that the time of congress is worse than wasted by the infatuated policy of fanatics and knaves." (18)
Southern values, founded on exaggerated ideas of honor and class, demanded a very rigid view of the world, a perspective that had to be defended with guns, if necessary. This inflated attachment to the idea of personal honor gradually transformed slavery the necessary evil to slavery the positive good. This sense of honor also created a class of gentlemen who felt it necessary to defend every perceived slight and insult on a field of honor. (19) Dueling is included as a topic because of several incidents carefully recorded in the newspapers that supplied sufficient material for analysis and comment. By the time of the Besançon-Armat unpleasantness of 1837, dueling had died out in the North, but its appeal still attracted self-styled southern gentlemen to the dueling grounds of the South, even New York natives like Besançon. As late as 1857, James W. McDonald staunchly defended his decision to duel on the Sabbath. The cult of the duel and its worship of southern honor remained a particularly southern phenomenon all through the period under consideration, and the press illustrates the importance of southern honor and provides many examples of how it operated.
The newspapers provide some interesting and not entirely unexpected insight into the importance of dueling, the manner in which duels came about, and changing attitudes towards dueling. Natchez newspapers documented many duels. Commodore Stephen Decatur, the naval hero of the war against the Barbary States of Tripoli and the War of 1812, died after a duel with another naval officer in 1820. The Mississippi Republican, knowing what interested its readers, devoted three columns to the correspondence between Decatur, Commodore James Barron and their friends as they unsuccessfully sought to find a way to avert the duel. (20)
Newspaper editors, publishing political views in such a public manner on a weekly basis, found themselves the target of many challenges. Some of the editors issued these challenges themselves. And newspaper editors sometimes printed these challenges and the ensuing correspondence to counteract "much misapprehension," as one editor explained in 1837, when the Free Trader devoted more than half a page to the correspondence that passed between Lorenzo Besançon, Thomas Armat, and ten other Natchez residents as they successfully clarified that the alleged insult resulted from a misunderstanding, negating the need for an exchange of fire.
The Free Trader had mistakenly identified Natchez lawyer and politician Thomas Armat as the author of an article titled "Rules" that appeared in the Courier on May 25, 1837. The article listed seven rules that explained how "the most insignificant man may bring himself into pretty considerable notice" by pretending to be "'undecided as to whether he is an administration man or a whig' until interest regulates his 'principles.'" The article also noted that a man could be appointed a commissioner just by hanging around and pestering the legislature. Besançon interpreted the "Rules" article as a personal attack against himself — and not without reason. The New Yorker had arrived in Natchez two years previously and started his career in the city by working for the Courier, the Whig newspaper. By the end of 1835, Besançon started a Democratic newspaper, the Free Trader. He had also been appointed to the position of state bank commissioner. These and other hints convinced Besançon that the article targeted him.
Besançon suspected Armat and published a snide reference to the article in the Free Trader on May 27, identifying the author as someone who "lately got into the legislature to fill a vacancy." Armat, knowing he had been identified as the author of "Rules," wrote to Besançon the same day and asked "whether or not you alluded, or intended to allude to me." Besançon dashed off a note to Armat, asking point blank if he had written the article. Armat eventually denied he had written "Rules," but he refused to answer the question directly in his earliest communications with Besançon. Several letters passed, and the tone became more severe and unyielding. Before the end of May 28, Armat claimed that Besançon's "evasive note" added "insult to injury" and left him "no other alternative than a meeting."
Both parties designated friends to arrange a meeting, and a series of notes passed between Besançon, Armat, A.S. Thurston, Thomas Johnston, James Edward, J.M. Duffield, G.S. Cook, John Quitman, R.M. Gaines, E. Garnett Howell, C. Rawlings, A.E. Addison and Samuel H.B. Black. Nearly 20 letters circulated before the principals decided on "Rules to govern the meeting to take place between Thos. Armat and L.A. Besançon." The duel would take place on June 1, 1837, across the river in Louisiana "on the levee opposite Natchez." A surgeon and two friends would attend both duelists. Separated by thirty paces, each duelist would have four pistols, one in each hand and two "fastened to the body by an ordinary belt not exceeding three inches in breadth, and to be made of material not to obstruct the entrance of a ball." They did not just start blasting away at each other. The letter lists thirteen rules for this engagement, written by Col. G.S. Cook for his friend Besançon and approved by Mr. Duffield on behalf of Armat. The duelists could advance on each other after the order to "Fire" was given, but they had to advance in a straight line; zigzagging was not allowed. The final article shows the seriousness of this duel: "The fight to close after either or both parties shall have been killed, or so badly wounded as to be unable to proceed in the fight, and not before."
Since Armat had not written the offending article, friends of the two men interceded and, after a further flurry of notes and letters, both men were satisfied that their honor could be preserved without a duel. Word had gotten around that Armat and Besançon might engage in a battle, so Besançon, on June 1, published a notice that the difficulty between himself and Armat had been resolved but he would continue to seek the name of the author of "Rules" from the Courier editor. (21) On June 3, the Free Trader published all the correspondence, as well as the original Courier article.
In the fall of 1843, the opposing editors of the two Natchez newspapers exchanged notes, but the matter did not end in a duel. The editor of the Free Trader, T.A.S. Doniphan, claimed that he was morally opposed to dueling. Courier editor Milford Prewett objected to an article in the Free Trader that claimed that the unnamed editor of the Courier had "repudiated his own honest debts" and fled Texas "to escape the gallows on which his companions had expiated their crimes." Letters passed between Doniphan and Prewett, but the Free Trader editor's answers did not satisfy Prewett, who issued this challenge on October 7, 1843: "SIR — I consider that you have impeached my character. I demand satisfaction."
Doniphan responded the same day: "I have received your call for satisfaction. It is well known that I am principled against dueling — being an invasion of the laws both of my country and my god, all of which I wish to obey and respect as a good citizen. I cannot therefore accept your polite invitation."
Prewett printed all of the preceding notes in the Courier on October 18 and attacked Doniphan's character for refusing the challenge:
"So it seems Mr. Doniphan is willing to 'damn by insinuation,' to stab the character of a fellow being without making any reparation, whatever. He would vilify and abuse in the most outrageous and scurrilous manner, and then seek refuge, not behind 'the laws of my country and my God,' for which he hypocritically intimates that he entertains the most Christian-like reverence; but by pitifully sneaking out of responsibility for his own deliberate and malicious acts."
Whatever public disapproval Doniphan may have suffered for refusing to duel did not affect his ability to run a newspaper as he continued as editor of the Free Trader until 1848.
The case came to the attention of the authorities and Prewett was charged with issuing a challenge to a duel. Court documents characterized Prewett as "a person of a turbulent and quarrelsome temper and disposition and contriving and intending only to vex, infuse and disquiet" Doniphan. The case was thrown out of court and Prewett was never tried. (22)
Two Mississippi editors fought a duel in 1857 but, in contrast to Besançon's penchant for full disclosure, the court documents and the scant coverage in the newspapers provide few details. James W. McDonald, editor of the Mississippi Free Trader, fought a duel with R.H. Purdom of the Port Gibson Herald on April 10, 1857, for causes undetermined. McDonald was arrested in December and charged with "leaving the state to fight a duel and fighting a duel out of this state." Purdom issued the challenge on a Saturday, and McDonald chose the next morning as the date for the duel. The participants crossed the river at Grand Gulf and fought the duel in Louisiana. The proceedings culminated in further violence the same day among members of the dueling party as one of the seconds, William H. Wood, was charged with trying to kill John W. Inge.
McDonald's case was dismissed in May 1858, and Wood's case attracted the attention of Governor John McRae who, in a letter from September 1857, suggested that Wood should not be prosecuted if the prosecutor was of the opinion that "Wood acted in self-defense or ... a conviction is doubtful." The governor suggested that Wood should be able "to prosecute his intention of going out in the Nicaragua Expedition." (23)
McDonald shed a little light on this murky affair in the Free Trader while responding to a critical notice in the True Witness, a Presbyterian newspaper, which attacked McDonald because he fought a duel on a Sunday. McDonald defended the Sabbath duel by saying he wanted to get it over with as quickly as possible. He "wanted to give [satisfaction] at the earliest moment; he therefore named the next morning, without in fact, thinking that it was Sunday." McDonald wrote at length, attacking the True Witness and its "ungentlemanly notice." McDonald felt particularly insulted at the characterization of the practice of dueling as "cowardly." He also criticized the True Witness as a supporter of Know Nothing politics, asking "whether a man professing christian is worthy of confidence who will stealthily slip into a Know Nothing den, for the purpose of assisting in putting into power a political party whose object and inevitable result would have been the establishment of a religious test in this land of religious freedom?" (24)
Dueling remained popular in the South until the Civil War, long after it had died out in the North. (25) Public sentiment against dueling developed in the later decades of this period, and Doniphan displayed no unusual views with his antipathy to dueling. (26) Natchez newspapers advertised anti-dueling societies and occasionally reported the tragedy of dueling, such as an article from Doniphan's Free Trader titled "Another Duel and Another Editor Killed." Two editors of Vicksburg exchanged four rounds and a Mr. Ryan fell dead. "We know nothing of the circumstances that led to the meeting, and only regret, that in what is called a Christian country, persons should be misled to settle difficulties in this summary monstrous manner." (27)
Economic information, a consistently important feature of newspapers, always took up a large amount of space in the Natchez newspapers. Southern businessmen needed information on advertising, domestic and international markets, prices on commodities, especially cotton, and economic news on a regular basis, as quickly as possible. Through the antebellum period, newspaper editors regularly checked other newspapers, the mail and almanacs for the latest economic information. As transportation and communication technology improved, news arrived from steamboats, the telegraph and the railroad, and Natchez editors had to compete with each other and with newspapers across the region to report economic news as quickly as possible. Representative of the kind of timely news presented by Natchez editors for interested businessmen, newspapers of the 1850s often published a "Telegraphic" section of very short news summaries. For example, the Free Trader devoted a whole column to single-line notices. Along with international news on a treaty with China, Queen Victoria's visit to Germany, and a fire on the steamer Agamemnon, the Free Trader also reported that, on the foreign markets, "Flour is quiet, Wheat steady. Coffee dull." Further, the European exchanges, particularly Paris, were "very firm." The telegraphic news reported on Liverpool markets, the New York Weekly Bank Statement, New York Markets, the New Orleans Cotton Market and the Cincinnati Market.
Aside from these timely reports of vital economic information, Natchez newspapers also analyzed economic trends, and editors often included editorials on new crops and techniques, warnings that the South needed to diversify its agriculture, commentary on banking and the railroad, and miscellaneous items of a commercial nature.
"Cotton is King," from an 1854 Free Trader, reprinted the statistics from a Philadelphia Enquirer article, showing the growth of cotton exports, expanding from 570,000 bales in 1824 to well over three million bales in 1853. Another Philadelphia newspaper added this commentary about the nature of the cotton trade: "It dictates the whole course of foreign and domestic policy, appoints men to office and dismisses them, teaches wisdom to Congressmen, and furnishes judges with learning and ingenuity to construe constitutions and laws. Cotton directs the movements of armies and navies, negotiates treaties, organizes Territories, and erects sovereign states. Yes, friend Enquirer, Cotton is King!" (28)
From time to time, the newspapers warned the Natchez planters of the dangers of the monoculture economy and the economic system that had developed around slavery and cotton. The Courier reprinted an article from the Vicksburg Whig that encouraged the southern business interests to develop manufacturing in the region. "We fear that the South will wait for the worst teachings of bitter experience, before she will make an attempt towards that diversification of industry which is known to be the great secret of success in every prosperous community …. When her planters have worn out noble lands and have broken up old associations in removing from these to others which must be reclaimed from the wilderness of nature at vast expense — when this has been done, we say, through a few more generations, then some voice crying in the wilderness may awake the South to the necessity of completing the circle of industry." (29)
The same issue featured an article from the New York Journal of Commerce, reporting on the efforts of Dr. Junius Smith, who had acquired seven cases of black and green tea plants and hoped to "proceed to the South, soon, with a view of forming a plantation." The article goes on to suggest that "we have now the means in hand of extending tea plantations throughout such sections of our country as may be found adapted to their culture."
In the summer of 1851, the Courier reprinted an article from the New Orleans Bulletin: "To the Cotton Planters of the United States." It took up two full columns and warned cotton growers about the dangers of glutting the market, picking the cotton too early just to get it to market first, and selling too low. Imprudent business practices on the part of southern planters enabled the cotton buyers in the North and in England to buy cotton cheaply every season. "Planters knowing how easily and to what extent prices are affected by an over supply, should … keep at home one-fourth or one-third of their respective crops, which would correct the evil. The better remedy, however, would be to plant less cotton, and raise more corn, oats, hay, peas, mules, sheep and hogs; make more of articles for home use and buy less …. So long as planters strive to make so much more cotton than is wanted, strive to hurry a few bales to market earlier than his neighbor, talk very loudly of their growing crop, and publish in the newspapers the first blossom on the first boll of cotton open, with a view to precedence of their neighbors …. they must expect ruinously low prices …. Will the cotton planters never learn to be wise, and only supply the demand." (30)
By the 1830s, railroads and canals transformed the Northeast, and a larger proportion of the upper Mississippi Valley's trade — that had formerly been transported down the Mississippi — turned to the east via northern railroads and the Erie Canal. At first Natchez leaders seemed to be dragging their heels in formulating a plan to take advantage of the new technology, but eventually some Natchez civic and political leaders considered the transportation revolution and wondered how to bring its benefits to the Lower Mississippi Valley and to Natchez. City leaders got serious when a railroad from Vicksburg to Jackson began to lure business away from Natchez, and a Louisiana consortium proposed a route between New Orleans and Nashville that bypassed Natchez and went through Jackson.
A group of investors formed The Mississippi Railroad Company to finance and build a line from Natchez to Jackson to connect with the longer route. However, the Panic of 1837 hindered all attempts to get financing or credit to finish building the line. John Quitman's trip to Europe to tap sources in England, France and Germany proved fruitless during the 1837 worldwide depression. Critics accused the directors of company of mismanagement, and by the early 1840s, the Mississippi Railroad Company declared bankruptcy. Only twenty-five miles of track had been constructed before the abandonment of the project. The newspapers participated in this drama, editorializing on the importance of the railroad, criticizing or praising civic leaders, reporting on the meetings of the board of directors, and repeating rumors of corruption. (31)
After the failure of the Mississippi Railroad Company, newspaper editors realized the potential economic calamity to the future of the region if the railroads bypassed Natchez. Both the Free Trader and the Courier advocated resumption of railroad construction to connect Natchez with Jackson, one of the few things both newspapers agreed on during their long rivalry. An 1843 Free Trader article referred to the pseudonymous Courier author of a pro-railroad article as "an able writer" and commended him for being "industriously engaged in remonstrating against the surrender of the railroad." The article argued that the expense to finish the line would be worth it in the long run: "Mississippi is not rich enough to throw away the hundreds of thousands of dollars already expended on the road. Works of this kind are always to be numbered among those which it is more economical to keep on good repair than to permit to go to ruin by neglect — or by the most foolish of all delays — waiting for better times. The only 'better times' which Mississippi, or any other agricultural State will ever know, must come from an energetic cultivation of its never-failing soil, and by affording every facility for the transportation and exchange of its staple productions for those of other parts of this country and foreign climes. The railway is the only great measure for this facilitation in southern Mississippi." (32)
A few weeks later, the Courier responded to "some wiseacres" who had asserted "that the railroad from Vicksburg to Jackson, had proved an injury to the trade of Vicksburg, and consequently a railroad from Natchez to the interior, would prove injurious to Natchez." The author disputed this assertion, differentiating between the economic possibilities experienced at a trading point and a shipping point. Vicksburg, a shipping point, enjoyed very little of the robust trade that characterized economic relations in Natchez. Vicksburg planters relied on New Orleans merchants for their goods and, when the Panic of 1837 destroyed credit relations, Vicksburg planters suffered more from the ensuing chaos than Natchez planters. "I therefore contend," continued the article in the Courier, "that Vicksburg never enjoyed a trade susceptible of being affected injuriously by the railroad . . . it was fondly hoped that the completion of the railroad to Jackson would concentrate the whole trade of the interior to Vicksburg. This hope, however, proved fallacious." The article espoused the differing circumstances of Natchez, and explained that these conditions exactly corresponded to all the elements that would benefit from a railroad to the interior of the state. "[T]he people of Vicksburg have now learned, that to create a home market, it requires not only the facilities of transportation to their city afforded by a railroad; but a healthy location, a cash capital sufficient to purchase the commodity offered by the planter, a supply of goods and merchandise commensurate with the trade, rendered cheap by direct importation and active competition, together with a command of shipping equal to the commerce of the place — a facility for exportation, essentially requisite to the merchant, to render trade mutually advantageous to both parties. But will any one affirm that these requisites are not possessed by Natchez? Is not this the most healthy location for a commercial mart in the whole southwest?" (33)
From these examples, it is clear that the economic role of the newspaper extended far beyond advertising and market reports. Raw data had to be analyzed and interpreted, and the best businessmen looked into the future, seeking visionary ideas for development and investment. Natchez newspapers supplemented specialized journals, such as DeBow's Review, in providing information on trends and opportunities.
Newspaper readers of antebellum Natchez, like newspaper readers everywhere, wanted a variety of reading material and information. A large number of desired customers preferred economic information on a regular basis and political material almost as often. During elections, political material dominated, but the rest of the time, newspapers provided a greater variety to attract as many potential customers as possible. Natchez editors knew that the potential readership had interests beyond economics and politics. They included many items of general interest, poetry, international news, philosophical musings, literary criticisms, travel reports, lectures, club announcements and other subjects.
An attempt to record and analyze every important trend in the Natchez newspapers would require a work much larger than this one. This chapter documents a sampling of non-political roles of the press in Natchez. The existence of so much material and such a variety of items make it easy to find interesting topics to expand on but difficult to make choices and devote adequate attention to any single topic. It would be easy to write this chapter with completely different topics and completely different examples and still convey the same general idea.
Fitting some of the random items on popular culture into the framework of southern beliefs proved to be a largely pointless task in regards to most of the material. Southerners loved plays, books and circuses as much as northerners. But critics savaged books like Uncle Tom's Cabin, a major and glaring exception to any attempt to generalize about the South and popular culture as a whole. Attitudes expressed in the Natchez newspapers generally reflected popular opinions. Each particular newspaper advocated the policies and personalities of a specific party, but editors generally hoped to attract a larger readership by supporting, in general, the basic ideas and beliefs of the population.
Natchez newspapers also expressed economic attitudes unique to the Deep South. Whenever an editorial justified slavery, or characterized slavery as a positive good, it also defended an economic system, as well as political and cultural beliefs. I included several articles about cotton to show how completely this crop dominated the culture of the South, demanded the justifications of slavery, and dictated the rigid devotion to honor rampant in the South. By the 1850s, planters — set in their ways and dedicated to extracting as much profit out of their investment as possible — found it difficult to transform southern agriculture, despite warnings in the press. The Natchez press reflected southern culture, with its stubborn reliance on slavery, and unconsciously demonstrated the dangers of intolerance and isolationism that eventually led to the Civil War.
(1) Natchez Daily Courier , June 17, 1854.
(2) Natchez Weekly Courier and Journal, September 5, 1843.
(3) Washington Republican, September 20 and December 6, 1817.
(4) Mississippi Republican, April 9, 1818.
(5) John Franklin was the leader of a polar expedition to the Arctic planned by the Royal Navy. The expedition disappeared in the 1840s, prompting many expeditions to search for Franklin and his crew, including the efforts of several American expeditions. Remains of the ships, expedition equipment, and a few graves were found, but the real story of what happened to the Franklin expedition remains a mystery.
(6) The article in the Free Trader, mentions that Stephens had concluded in an earlier book that the cities of the Yucatan had been built by an ancient race of the Old World. By 1843, Stephens had done more research and changed his conclusions.
(7) Mississippi Free Trader, June 21, 1843.
(8) Mississippi Herald, several issues in January 1806.
(9) Scott wrote many of his novels anonymously until the mid-1820s when the secret got out, but his poetry was well-known in the South long before he was publicly identified as the author of the Waverly novels and Ivanhoe.
(10) Concordia Intelligencer, April 16, 1853.
(11) Mississippi Free Trader, September 15, 1854.
(12) Mississippi Free Trader, November 9, 1837.
(13) Natchez Cutter, May 18, 1841.
(14) Mississippi Free Trader, September 6, 1858.
(15) Mississippi Free Trader, September 6, 1858.
(16) Southern Galaxy, October 22, 1829.
(17) Mississippi Free Trader, September 6, 1858.
(18) Natchez Courier and Journal, January 5, 1838.
(19) Wyatt-Brown, Southern Honor, pp. 25-114, 362-401.
(20) Mississippi Republican, May 9, 1820.
(21) William Johnson mentioned it in a diary entry for May 30, 1837. "Whilst I was Down at the Landing to day I was told that those Gentleman that had Crossed the River was then about to fight a Duel. It was thot to be Besancon and Armat that had gone across but it was a mistake for they had not gone over … Mr Besancon told me this morning that he had been very much abused by the other party, and that he would fight the whole Concern of them, but what, he would be Satisfied or Revenged He seemed to have a good Strong Disposition to whale Mr Mellen if he met him anywhere and said also that Mr Black would get a fall through the course of the day." William R. Hogan and Edwin A Davis, editors, William Johnson's Natchez: The Antebellum Diary of a Free Negro (Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, 1951), p. 179.
(22) State of Mississippi v. Milford N. Prewett, 1843, Natchez Historical Foundation, Natchez, Mississippi.
(23) The Nicaragua Expedition refers to a filibustering mission then being organized by William Walker to invade and conquer Nicaragua. Walker led one expedition to take over northern Mexico and several expeditions to Central America before he was executed by the Honduran government in 1860.
(24) The State of Mississippi v. James W. McDonald, 1857; The State of Mississippi v. William H. Wood, 1857, Natchez Historical Foundation, Natchez, Mississippi; Mississippi Free Trader, April 28, 1857.
(25) For a comparison of northern and southern views on honor and how these views changed in the 19th century, see Wyatt-Brown, Southern Honor, pp. 15-22 and 360-367.
(26) Doniphan did get into a few fights and scuffles that are mentioned in William Johnson's diary. He also turned down a challenge to a duel on at least one other occasion, chronicled by Johnson on April 20, 1841.
(27) Mississippi Free Trader, March 6, 1844.
(28) Mississippi Free Trader, September 15, 1854.
(29) Natchez Courier, November 28, 1848.
(30) Natchez Courier, August 15, 1851.
(31) See James, Antebellum Natchez, pp. 190-192 and 215-216, and May, John A. Quitman: Old South Crusader, pp. 99-106, for more information on the troubles of the Mississippi Railroad Company. These include many citations from a number of Mississippi newspaper articles commenting on the railroad.
(32) Mississippi Free Trader, August 2, 1843.
(33) Natchez Weekly Courier and Journal, September 6, 1843.


text:
Debra-Louise Cossu
Email: email@example.com or email@example.com
Facebook: Visit me on Facebook.
DONATIONS "Contributions to IHOP-KC are income tax deductible to the extent allowable under applicable law. All contributions to IHOP-KC are made with the understanding that IHOP-KC has complete discretion and control over the use of all donated funds."
Make an investment into my ministry and take part in what the Lord is doing here!
Send Debbie your prayer requests.