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for further information please don't hesitate to contact us by e-mail (info at apollonsolar.com)
for further information please don't hesitate to contact us by e-mail (info at apollonsolar.com)
for further information please don't hesitate to contact us by e-mail (info at apollonsolar.com)
30th EUPVSEC, Hamburg, Germany, 2015
Apollon Solar's NICE (New Industrial Solar Cell Encapsulation) module technology has been developed among other objectives to provide a long term stable encapsulation for solar cells against environmental impact, such as heat, humidity, UV exposure and mechanical stress. Standard state of the art modules that feature EVA (Ethylene vinyl acetate) encapsulation and a polymer backsheet often show degradation modes after long-term outdoor exposure or accelerated laboratory degradation tests according to the IEC Standard 61215 for module certification, such as the Damp heat test (exposure to 85°C and 85% rH during 1000 hours), or the UV preconditioning test. The NICE module technology overcomes these degradation modes in that it has a glass sheet on the rear instead of a polymer foil and no lamination by polymer materials such as EVA. Instead the module volume is filled by a neutral gas and the environmental protection provided by an edge seal composed of a 10mm wide polyisobuthylene (PIB) ribbon and a secondary silicone based sealing.
In this work results from a 9000 hour Damp heat test (9x the requirements of the IEC Standard) on a NICE test module with heterojunction solar cells, carried out by CEA-INES, will be shown. During 9000 hours module power and fill factor have not shown any serious degradation, fluctuations of both parameters within a margin of -2.0% to +2.0% have been observed, some of which can be attributed to test conditions (recalibration of flash tester).
Also shown are results from an outdoor installation of industrial size NICE modules on the rooftop of CEA-INES after 3-year exposure. Over this period the module power degradation including Light Induced Degradation (the modules were made from p-type multi-c Silicon solar cells) was in average from 0.4%/y to 0.5%/y.
30th EUPVSEC, Hamburg, Germany, 2015
This work presents results from different p-type Cz ingots that were grown from intentionally Iron and Aluminium contaminated Poly Silicon Feedstock that was additionally doped with Phosphorus and Boron to simulate typical compensated UMG Silicon. The objective was to investigate the impact of the metal contaminants on the material quality and the solar cells performances, as well as to provide feedback to standards for the tolerable metal content in Solar Grade Silicon feedstock.
Energy procedia Volume 77, August 2015, Pages 382–385
This paper summarizes results from bifacial glass/glass NICE modules, using n-type BiSoN solar cells with efficiencies in the 20.0% range. A first series of industrial size (Sixty 156x156mm2) modules, fabricated under non-ideal conditions, exhibit a typical power of 250Wp under front illumination at STC conditions. Two modules have been installed and monitored at the ISC-Konstanz test site in El Gouna Egypt (27°N latitude). Monitoring data from the outdoor performance of these modules between the beginning of 2014 and August 2014 are analysed and compared to the data of a standard mono-facial reference module with an STC power of 255W. The bifacial modules show an average gain in generated power of 14.3% compared to the standard mono-facial reference module. During this monitoring period instantaneous effective peak powers of 313W were observed for the bifacial modules due to reflection from the ground in addition to the front illumination of the modules. Since bifacial modules produce high currents under bifacial operation, the current rating of standard junction boxes can become a critical factor. In this paper a newly developed junction box with a maximum current of 20A and a rated current of 17A is introduced.
This paper presents results from bifacial NICE modules using high efficiency n-type BiSoN solar cells from ISC Konstanz. A typical industrial size (60 cells) NICE/BiSoN module exhibits a power of 248W under front illumination (STC conditions). Two modules have been installed and monitored at the ISC Konstanz´ test site in El Gouna, Egypt. A bifacial gain of 14.3% compared to a standard monofacial PV module was demonstrated.
The reduction of manufacturing costs for solar panels remains the priority for all photovoltaic producers in the world. Up to today strong efforts have been made to optimize the conventional cell and module processes (p-type silicon solar cells with selective or lightly doped emitters, standard lamination with glass / EVA / cells / EVA / PVF back sheet). From now on new strategies are required to go below the current production costs. In this work, we have investigated the possibility of using the NICE module technology ("New Industrial Cell Encapsulation"), for the encapsulation of low cost n-type "PhosTop" cells. This combination with a soldering-free module technology allows removing Ag busbars from the front grid of the cells - resulting in considerable savings of this precious metal and the possibility to contact the full Al rear surface that is used to create the rear surface emitter. First full size test modules, using 60 Phostop cells, resulted in high module fill factors of > 75%.
This paper aims at evaluating the impact of boron concentration in PHOTOSIL Si feedstock on the performance of p- and n-type Cz mono-crystalline solar cells. By comparing solar cells made with 2 different batches of PHOTOSIL Si with different B concentration we demonstrate that reducing it from 0.3 ppmw to 0.12 ppmw leads to a small improvement of efficiency and light-induced degradation in p-type Si solar cells and to a strong improvement of efficiency in n-type bifacial solar cells. Average efficiencies of up to 18.1% in p-type solar cells and 18.5% in n-type solar cells made with 100% PHOTOSIL Si are obtained, demonstrating the very high quality of this material. Surprisingly weak light-induced degradation is measured to happen, particularly in n-type Si solar cells. The potential reasons for such a low light-induced degradation are briefly discussed.
In order to have a market perspective as UMG Silicon for the PV industry, PHOTOSIL Silicon needs to meet quality criteria in terms of PV cell and module performance as well as production cost objectives. To address these points a 2nd generation industrial refining equipment has been made operational, with a total annual capacity of 100 MT, allowing for an industrial evaluation and qualification of PHOTOSIL Silicon. Results of two external evaluation tests of PHOTOSIL feedstock are presented in this article: (i) Using an industrial pilot line from Multi-c Silicon ingots to solar cells and (ii) by an industrial PV producer using state of the art multi-c ingot, wafering and cell processing equipment. In all cases 100% PHOTOSIL Silicon was used as feedstock for the ingot crystallization. The average cells efficiency obtained by these two routes is superior to 16% and the homogeneous material quality both on ingot and wafers is comparable to using Polysilicon as feedstock. The feedback of the industrial customer was positive, and 5 tons of PHOTOSIL Silicon has been ordered. All critical aspects regarding UMG Silicon have been carefully investigated and taken under control, like risk of SiC, SiN inclusions, resistivity control, etc.
For a final validation of the quality of PHOTOSIL Silicon, modules have been made from multi-c Si PHOTOSIL Silicon and a total capacity of 100kWp has been installed in southern France in 2012 for monitoring and power rating. The energy production has been compared to standard modules with the same efficiency; the difference of energy production over a whole year is below 2%. Under high irradiation, the performance of both module types is similar, but under low irradiation the performance of the PHOTOSIL modules is 5% lower. No specific degradation has been observed, which confirms the potential for an industrial PHOTOSIL silicon production.
This paper investigates the importance of incomplete ionization of dopants in compensated p-type Si and its impact on the majority carrier density and mobility and thus on the resistivity. Both theoretical calculations and temperature-dependent Hall-effect measurements demonstrate that the carrier density is more strongly affected by incomplete ionization in compensated Si than in uncompensated Si with the same net doping. The previously suggested existence of a compensation-specific scattering mechanism to explain the reduction of mobility in compensated Si is shown not to be consistent with the T-dependence of the measured carrier mobility. The experiment also shows that, in the vicinity of 300 K, the resistivity of compensated Si has a much weaker dependence on temperature than that of uncompensated silicon.
In this paper, we show through both calculations and Hall effect measurements that incomplete ionization of dopants has a greater influence on the majority-carrier density in p-type and n-type compensated Si than in uncompensated Si with the same net doping. The factors influencing incomplete ionization at room temperature are shown to be the majority-dopant concentration, its ionization energy and type, and the compensation level. We show that both the majority- and the minority-carrier mobilities are lower in compensated Si than expected by Klaassen's model and that the discrepancy increases with the compensation level at room temperature. The study of the temperature dependence of themajority-carrier mobility shows that there is no compensationspecific mechanism and that the reduction of the screening in compensated Si cannot explain alone the observed gap between experimental and theoretical mobility.
This paper discusses the role of compensation engineering as a means to allow higher concentrations of dopants in
silicon than would otherwise be acceptable for solar cell fabrication. Special attention is given to tri-doping, a technique consisting on the addition of gallium to boron and phosphorus doped UMG-Si (upgraded metallurgical grade silicon) feedstock to better control the net dopant density. Firstly, we review the current understanding of compensated silicon, focusing on the fundamental electronic properties of charge carriers: their density, mobility and lifetime. Based on those parameters, we then model solar cell efficiency in order to identify the advantages and limitations of compensation engineering. Given the current uncertainty of the majority and minority carrier mobilities, we study the possible impact of different levels of mobility reduction on solar cell efficiency. This modelling indicates that it is possible to achieve reasonable solar cell efficiencies, around 18%, even in cases of strong dopant compensation and mobility reduction. Lastly, the alternative of using n-type compensated silicon is briefly discussed, taking into account recent evidence that such material can degrade significantly upon illumination.
Highly purified n-type UMG ("Upgraded Metallurgical") Silicon shows a strong potential for high efficiency low cost solar cells. Compared to p-type Silicon, n-type Silicon is in general less susceptible to lifetime degradation due to residual metal impurities or to light induced degradation due to the Boron-Oxygen complex. In this work a 15kg 6 inch mono-c Cz Silicon ingot has been grown from 100% highly purified UMG Silicon obtained with the PHOTOSIL process. In this feedstock the Boron and Phosphorus concentrations measured by GDMS were found to be 0.3 ppmw and 2 ppmw respectively. The resulting ingot is n-type, fully mono-crystalline and has a resistivity from 0.2 to 1 ohm.cm. Other impurities, especially metals were not detectable with the analysis techniques applied (GDMS, ICP OES). The ingot was cut into 125x125 mm2 pseudo square wafers of 180 micron thickness. A first series of solar cells were processed on these wafers using an industrial hetero-junction process of Roth & Rau. The best solar cell had an energy conversion efficiency of 19.0% (average: 18.6%) under standard testing conditions with a very high Voc of 725mV. According to the knowledge of authors this is the highest efficiency ever reported on industrial type solar cells fabricated on 100% UMG Silicon.
This work demonstrates the potential for high efficiency solar cells on wafers from 100% PHOTOSIL silicon. Multicrystalline and CZ p-type solar cells have been investigated using the same feedstock quality with actual dopant concentrations : B=0.3 ppmw and P=0.8 ppmw. Multicrystalline Photosil solar cells have the same efficiency like standard Multicrystalline solar cells. PHOTOSIL feedstock is directly usable to pull CZ ingot. The interest for a highly compensated p-type UMG silicon ingot has been revealed in regards to the cell efficiency distribution along the ingot height. High efficiency solar cells have been obtained on CZ wafers with an 18.0% maximum efficiency, but the LID was too high due to a higher oxygen concentration in CZ. The impurities responsible for LID need to be reduced. For CZ ingots we suggest a Boron concentration below 0.2 ppmw in the feedstock. These results demonstrated that feedstock specification need to be adjust according to the final product (CZ or multi-c).
APOLLON SOLAR's NICE (New Industrial Solar Cell Encapsulation) module technology is an innovative technology to encapsulate and electrically interconnect solar cells without neither soldering nor full area EVA-type encapsulant. An organic edge sealing delimits the internal volume in which an under-pressure is created, allowing to establish the electrical contact between solar cells and interconnectors by pressure. The under-pressure is kept inside thanks to a Poly-IsoButhylen (PIB) material, used as organic sealing for more than 40 years in the insulating glazing industry allowing us to expect more than a 30-years lifetime for the NICE modules. Being a new technology, no long term performance information from the field is available from NICE modules working for several decades. In order to be confident on the 30-years lifetime, the module is able to support a slight increase of pressure without any problem of efficiency. Moreover, an additional security can be obtained by controlling the variation of gas inside the module. In particular we will show how the oxygen can be partly removed by the module elements themselves. After an introduction on the partial pressure concept, this paper will present a recent results on oxygen segregation inside the module. It was found that the cells and the copper inside the module are able to capture the incoming oxygen with a potential of 100 time the initial oxygen quantity present in the module. The NICE module is then intrinsically protected from oxygen diffusion through the PIB sealing during its lifetime.
Highly purified n-type UMG ("Upgraded Metallurgical") Silicon is a material with a strong potential for high efficiency low cost solar cells. Compared to p-type Silicon, n-type Silicon is in general less susceptible to lifetime degradation due to residual metal impurities or to light induced degradation due to the Boron-Oxygen complex.
In this work a 15kg 6 inch mono-c Cz Silicon ingot has been grown from 100% highly purified UMG Silicon obtained with the PHOTOSIL process. In this feedstock the Boron and Phosphorus concentrations measured by GDMS were found to be 0.3 ppmw
and 2 ppmw, respectively. The resulting ingot is n-type, fully mono crystalline and has a resistivity range from 0.2 to 1 ohm.cm. Other impurities, especially metals, were not detectable with the analysis techniques applied (GDMS, ICP-OES). The ingot was cut into 125x125 mm2 pseudo square wafers of 180 micron thickness. A first series of solar cells were processed on these wafers using an industrial hetero-junction process by Roth & Rau. The best solar cell from a batch of 14 had an energy conversion efficiency of 19.0% (compared to an average: 18.6%) under standard testing conditions with a very high Voc of 725mV. An independent confirmation of these results is pending.
Apollon Solar's NICE (New Industrial Solar Cell Encapsulation) module technology is an innovative technology to encapsulate and electrically interconnect solar. The electrical series connection is made using an under-pressure in the module allowing the front and back glasses to press the copper ribbons directly onto the cell busbars. Contrary to standard modules, NICE modules do not use EVA-like encapsulants. Instead a PIB (Poly-Isobutylene) edge sealing is used to provide a barrier for moisture ingress. This paper proposes a full overview of this technology from its concept to the final 60-cells module product.
This paper gives an overview on the latest progress of the French PHOTOSIL project towards an industrial production. The PHOTOSIL consortium has been working for 6 years on a new innovative refining approach to produce Upgraded Metallurgical Silicon (UMG) with a purity compatible with the specifications of the PV industry. The involved refinement processes are based on physical techniques and run on an industrial pilot level with batch sizes of 100kg. Two major directions for the evaluation of the quality of the PHOTOSIL UMG Silicon were pursued:
(i) a large quantity 1.3 tons of UMG Si was produced on the pilot facility using the standard PHOTOSIL purification process to demonstrate the process stability in a continuous operation and its compatibility with the specifications required by the PV industry. This UMG Silicon was used to demonstrate an installed module capacity of 100 kW using multi-c Silicon solar cells from 100% PHOTOSIL UMG Silicon, which is currently under outdoor evaluation for energy rating.
(ii) high quality UMG Silicon was purified with an improved process, to evaluate the ultimate performance potential in terms of solar cell efficiencies compared to the performance of high purity polysilicon from the Siemens route. The results of both evaluation routes as well as an economic evaluation allowed to start the next phase of the PHOTOSIL project that will install by 2014 an improved and simplified 500 t/y industrial purification equipment.
Apollon Solar's NICE (New Industrial Solar Cell Encapsulation) module technology is an innovative technology to encapsulate and electrically interconnect solar cells using pressure contacts instead of soldering. This paper shows results from a study of the characteristics of the pressure contacts in the NICE modules. The impact of the rubbing between the interconnector ribbons and cell busbars, the busbars design itself and the glass flatness have been investigated. It is shown that these three parameters must be carefully controlled to avoid any problem during the NICE module lifetime in order to maintain a high long term performance and reliability
In order to further reduce the costs of multi-crystalline ingots this work aims at increasing the ingot growth velocities well above the typical values of 1.5 cm/h or less, that are found in most industrial multicrystalline Silicon ingot growth processes. A reduced cycle time for the growth of multi-c Silicon ingots directly transfers to reduced direct costs of this important production step in the PV value chain. The impact of the growth velocity on the crystalline quality has been investigated. The objective is to obtain similar solar cell efficiencies on multi-crystalline wafer from ingots grown at higher velocities compared to the standard conditions . Solar cells from ingots crystallized at 1 cm/h and 2 cm/h have been processed and characterized. An additional ingot has been crystallized at an even higher growth velocity of 3 cm/h but the macroscopic crystal structures were not satisfying and indicated already a low quality of the ingot, so no solar cells were processed from this high velocity ingot.
In this study, we present experimental data regarding the concentration of the boron-oxygen complex in compensated n-type silicon when subjected to illumination. We find that the defect density is independent of the net dopant concentration and is strongly dependent on the minority carrier concentration during illumination. We show that annealing at temperatures in the range 500°C to 700°C permanently reduces the defect density possibly via a decrease in the oxygen dimer concentration.
In this paper, we present experimental data regarding the recombination activity and concentration of the boron–oxygen complex in compensated n-type silicon, doped with phosphorus and boron, when subjected to illumination. Unlike the data of Bothe et al. in n-type silicon compensated with thermal donors, our results suggest the dominant defect level in our doping range to be a shallow level (EC–ET = 0.15 eV), with a capture cross-section ratio σn/σp of around 0.006, suggesting a negatively charged center. We also confirm previous results showing an increasing defect density with bias light intensity. Due to the strong lifetime reduction observed, we suggest that this material might not be suited to make high-efficiency n-type solar cells, unless practical strategies to reduce the defect concentration can be developed.
A number of ingots were grown from solar grade poly Silicon, to which Boron, Phosphorous and Gallium were added as dopants. The introduction of Gallium as a third dopant allowed for a better control of the resistivity and the doping type during ingot growth. Measured resistivity in this material is shown to be systematically higher than that calculated using Scheil's law for the dopants distribution and Klaassen's model for the majority carrier mobility. This resistivity underestimation is shown to be, at least partially, due to a reduction of the majority carrier mobility in highly compensated Si compared to Klaassen's model. A similar reduction is observed for the minority carrier mobility. We propose a correction term in the mobility calculation, to allow a greater accuracy in the prediction of the resistivity and mobility of compensated solar grade silicon.
In this paper, we investigate gallium co-doping during CZ crystallization of boron and phosphorus compensated Si. It is shown that the addition of gallium yields a fully p-type ingot with high resistivity despite high B and P contents in the silicon. Segregation of doping impurities is consistent with theory. Minority carrier lifetime and majority carrier mobility measurements indicate that this material is suitable for the realization of solar cells with comparable efficiencies to standard material. Significant light-induced degradation of minority carrier lifetime is however revealed to occur in this material.
Over the past decade, the availability, quality and associated cost of silicon feedstock have been some of the most important and debated issues in the silicon-based solar cell industry. In the current paper, a status for some of the currently operating metallurgical SoG-Si feedstock routes and producers in Norway, France and China, is given. Factors such as energy requirements and emissions/waste products, as well as product purity, are examined. In addition, a summary of the demands on subsequent solar cell processing for different types of feedstock is given. An outlook for the future demand on solar grade silicon feedstock is presented.
made of 100% UMG Silicon and a material yield of >85% after crystallisation.
ABSTRACT: Apollon Solar's NICE (New Industrial Solar Cell Encapsulation) module technology is an innovative technology to encapsulate and electrically interconnect solar cells without neither soldering nor encapsulant. An organic edge sealing delimits the internal volume in which an underpressure is created, allowing to establish the electrical contact between solar cells and interconnectors by pressure. This technology represents a completely new approach for the solar cell encapsulation: besides industrial and cost advantages, a better long term module performance stability and an improved lifetime are expected.
The IEC certification of this technology represents a major step in its development, in order to prove the product robustness. This article present the results of the first certification process according to IEC of NICE modules manufactured with our prototype production line designed by Vincent Industrie and installed at INES. The certification is carried out by the TÜV Rheinland in Cologne, and shows a very high performance stability, with a maximal power degradation of 2 % (while IEC norms require a degradation lower than 5%).
In addition to the IEC tests, we also present results of several largely extended mechanical and ageing tests carried out at INES and TÜV Rheinland. We notably obtained remarkable results, with a power degradation after 1000 thermal cycling lower than 2%.
In this paper, we investigate gallium co-doping during crystallization of boron and phosphorus
compensated Si. It is shown that the addition of gallium yields a fully p-type ingot with high resistivity despite high B
and P contents in the silicon melt. Segregation of doping impurities is consistent with theory. Minority carrier lifetime
and majority carrier mobility measurements indicate that this material is suitable for the realization of solar cells with
comparable efficiencies to standard material. Significant light-induced degradation of minority carrier lifetime is
however revealed to occur in this material as in standard boron-doped silicon.
The presented work is part of the French PHOTOSIL project which deals with the purification of metallurgical grade (MG) silicon to obtain Solar Grade (SoG) silicon by a combination of innovative refinement/up grading techniques such as segregation and plasma purification. The main objectives of this project are production costs <15€/kg, a photovoltaic performance of >15% solar cell efficiencies, and material yields >85% after crystallization. In this paper we present the latest results obtained with a highly purified metallurgical silicon via a modified PHOTOSIL process.
Solar cells have been processed on 12.5x12.5 cm² wafers from both ingots using industrial type standard screen printed processes at the CEA-INES. Solar cells from the PHOTOSIL ingot were fabricated with an industrial process optimized for SoG silicon directly purified from MG Silicon. In case of the EG ingot the average efficiency was 16.3% with a maximum of 17%. In case of the ingot from PHOTOSIL silicon, solar cells from the p-type region have reached an average efficiency of 15.7 % including a best cell with 16.2 %.
In addition, a 6" Cz ingot was crystallized from the same purified silicon feedstock. The fabricated cells showed a high average efficiency of 17,4% was reached with a maximum efficiency of 17,6%, which is one of the highest efficiency reported so far if not the highest on purified metallurgical silicon. These results clearly demonstrate the potential of the metallurgical silicon route for application in PV and the possibility to reach high efficiencies.
ABSTRACT: APOLLON SOLAR's NICE (New Industrial Solar Cell Encapsulation) technology aims at drastically reducing the manufacturing costs of PV modules, while at the same time increasing the total module lifetime. It makes use of a sealing technology which is well established in the insulating glass industry to replace the state-of-the-art lamination technology for PV modules.
An additional feature is the soldering free electrical series connection of the solar cell busbars with the metal interconnectors, thanks to an under-pressure inside the module. Thanks to these features, the NICE process is completely inline and easy to automate.
Modules with 36 silicon solar cells have been produced with the NICE technology and evaluated, including by tests according to the IEC 61215 standard. Although the power degradation of the tested modules remained largely in the acceptable range, the evaluation revealed two areas onto which additional work was necessary to increase the overall performance and reliability of the NICE modules: (i) mechanical aspects concerning the stability of cells and migration of cells and interconnectors during thermo-cycling tests, (ii) performance losses due to a lack of optical continuity between front glass and solar cell. This work reports on solutions to overcome both performance limiting factors.
Keywords: Module Manufacturing, Cost Reduction, Encapsulation
In order to estimate the quality of the crystallisation process of multi-crystalline Silicon ingots, we have developed a new optical method for the determination of grain sizes on as-cut wafers that were taken from different height positions of the ingot. This fast method is based on image analysis and allows in a simple way to get numerical data which represent the crystallographic quality of silicon wafers. The obtained data were used to calculate a grain size distribution over the analysed wafer area as well as an average grain size by using two different algorithms. It was thus possible to represent the average grain size as a function of ingot height, which indicates ingot regions of lower crystalline quality, for example regions of equiaxed growth of very small grains ("grit").
This technique was used for the characterisation of different multi-crystalline Silicon ingots, using Silicon feedstock of different quality (electronic, upgraded metallurgical or solar grade), and also to monitor the impact of modifications of the crystallisation process parameters on the grain sizes distribution. It was found that this method is able to give a first qualitative impression of the multi-crystalline ingots and wafers which in the end are used to produce solar cells.
Keywords: crystallization, silicon, grain.
This paper presents an overview of significant crystallisation results obtained with purified metallurgical grade silicon in the framework of the French Photosil project.
Especially we show that in case of a high Boron concentration in the feedstock (>2.1017 cm-3), the higher the compensation level is, the higher the solar cells efficiency will be. Several ingots were crystallised with different concentrations of boron and phosphorus and the best solar cell efficiency (15.2%) was obtained with the highest compensated ingot.
Moreover we show that this performance improvement is due to an increase of carrier lifetime which largely counterbalances the decrease of carrier mobilities, likely caused by scattering effect of ionized dopants.
However, due to the different segregation coefficients of the major dopant atoms, Boron and Phosphorus, compensated multi-c Silicon ingots often show n-type regions, decreasing the overall material yield. Based on these findings, we suggest a novel concept of doping engineering, allowing a control of the compensation level through the entire ingot height, by introducing a well defined mix of dopant atoms (B, P and Ga) to the silicon before crystallisation. This can lead at the same time to a higher electrical performance and a higher material yield of the crystallised Silicon. As a further perspective the use of lower grade and less expensive Silicon with a high electrical performance and material yield can be expected.
APOLLONSOLAR's NICE (New Industrial Solar Cell Encapsulation) technology makes use of an air and humidity tight sealing technology known from the insulating glass industry and based on the application of an organic sealing material from the family of poly-isobutylene (PIB).
Important features of the NICE technology are the absence of EVA lamination and the use of an underpressure inside the module to provide the electrical series connexion between solar cell contact lines and metal interconnectors, thus suppressing the soldering of metal interconnectors to the solar cell busbars, which is the most widely used technology today. Other important features include a specially developed metal foil that is used as for the metal rear surface and new external connector which is integrated in the edge-sealing of the module. From a production point of view, the NICE module technology presents a largely simplify module assembling technology since it allows for a complete inline operation which can be fully automated.
This paper presents first results obtained with the new NICE pilot production line, realised by VINCENT INDUSTRIES. The pilot line incorporates all necessary automated production stations without the automatic loading and sorting.
Keywords: Modules, Encapsulation, Sealing quality
This study is devoted to the variations of the carrier lifetime and minority carrier diffusion length with the compensation level in solar-grade crystalline silicon. Especially we show, by using the Shockley-Read-Hall statistics, that an increase in the compensation level reduces the recombination strength of doping species and of some metal impurities.
These theoretical results are confirmed by the chemical and electrical characterizations of strongly compensated multicrystalline silicon wafers and solar cells, from silicon purified by the metallurgical route.
These results are of paramount importance since an accurate control of the compensation level can lead to strong improvements in silicon solar cells efficiencies. Nevertheless, possible limits of too high compensation levels are also evoked.
Solar Grade Silicon obtained by purification of metallurgical grade Silicon becomes an important source of Silicon feedstock for the crystalline Silicon based PV industry. This paper presents a new process and furnace for the crystallization of multi-crystalline Silicon ingot, using purified metallurgical grade Silicon as feedstock. In particular, the influence of the remaining dopant concentrations, such as Boron and Phosphorus, in purified metallurgical Silicon on the electrical characteristics of the obtained ingots, wafers and solar cells are discussed.
Indications have been found that compensation of n-type and p-type dopants can lead to an improved minority carrier diffusion length, improving the overall efficiencies of solar cells: Efficiencies of 14 % have been obtained on ingots that were grown from feedstock with relatively high concentrations of Boron (2.5x1017 cm-3) and Phosphorus (3.5x1017 cm-3) respectively. Although the feedstock is n-type due to the higher concentration of Phosphorus, the ingot showed a p-type polarity with a resistivity of 0.5 Ohm-cm over 75% of its height starting from the bottom, which is due to a more effective segregation of Phosphorus.
This also leads to an accumulation of Phosphorus atoms in the top region of the ingot, which turns n-type again and a transition region of high compensation.
Keywords: Multi-Crystalline, Compensation, Solar grade Silicon
The crystallization of purified metallurgical Silicon often leads to multi crystalline ingots which present regions of strong compensation and an inversion of the polarity type. These effects result from the presence of different dopant atoms, donors and acceptors, in this type of Silicon and their different segregation behavior during the crystallization process.
The most commonly found dopant atoms in Silicon, Boron and Phosphorous, have relatively high segregation coefficients with an important difference in their absolute value. As a result, suitable resistivities in the 0.5 to 1.0 Ωcm range are obtained in an important part of the ingot, but at a relatively high compensation ratio.
This paper discusses these compensation effects, as observed on upgraded metallurgical Silicon from the PHOTOSIL project and using a new crystallization process and furnace developed by CYBERSTAR and APOLLONSOLAR.
A new, innovative crystallisation process and furnace for the growth of multi-crystalline Silicon ingots is presented. Important key features of the furnace and process include a newly designed, thermally anisotropic quartz crucible and a very uniform inductive heating and cooling system. This thermal configuration allows for a perfect lateral and vertical temperature control during crystallisation so that high temperature gradients can be obtained, which are especially beneficial for the segregation of remaining impurities in lower quality silicon.
Solar cells have been processed on wafers from multi-crystalline Silicon ingots that were crystallized with this new process and furnace, using doped electronic grade silicon and purified metallurgical silicon.
The resulting efficiencies were 14.3% in case of the purified metallurgical Silicon and 15.0% in case of the doped electronic grade Silicon.
This article presents the status the PHOTOSIL project, which includes partners from industry, R&D institutes and equipment manufacturers. The objectives of this project are the production of solar grade (SoG) silicon at costs <15€/kg and of multi-crystalline ingots at costs <35€/kg, starting with metallurgical silicon and using a combination of innovative up-grading and purification techniques. On the basis of encouraging results on laboratory level, the PHOTOSIL consortium has obtained the funding for the construction of an industrial scale pilot line. This line will become fully operational in October 2006 and it will serve to demonstrate the industrial viability of the PHOTOSIL technology by up scaling the different laboratory scale processes to an industrial level. In a first stage, the pilot line operates with batch sizes of 60kg which will be doubled to 120 kg in a second stage, arriving at a nominal capacity of 200 tons per year.
The PHOTOSIL process includes metallurgical and plasma purification techniques, giving rise to a complete vertical integration from the metallurgical Silicon production to the fabrication of exploitable multi-crystalline Silicon ingots for the PV industry, of either p- or n-tpye. At present, a resistivity level of 0.3 – 0.5 Wcm has been reached after the combined metallurgical and plasma purification. Metal impurity concentrations have been reduced to 20 ppm for Fe, 15 ppm for Al and <2 ppm for Ti after the metallurgical purification by segregation.
Keywords: Silicon, Metallurgical Grade, Multicrystalline
Fabriquer un silicium précisément adapté aux capteurs photovoltaïques : tel est l'exploit d'un procédé qui promet de réduire leur prix… d'un tiers. De quoi relancer la filière !
ABSTRACT: APOLLON SOLAR's NICE (New Industrial Solar Cell Encapsulation) technology aims at drastically reducing the manufacturing costs of PV modules, while at the same time increasing the total module lifetime. It makes use of a sealing technology which is well established in the insulating glass industry to replace the state-of-the-art lamination technology for PV modules.
An additional feature is the soldering free electrical series connection of the solar cell busbars with the metal interconnectors, thanks to an under-pressure inside the module. Thanks to these features, the NICE process is completely inline and easy to automate.
Modules with 36 silicon solar cells have been produced with the NICE technology and evaluated, including by tests according to the IEC 61215 standard. Although the power degradation of the tested modules remained largely in the acceptable range, the evaluation revealed two areas onto which additional work was necessary to increase the overall performance and reliability of the NICE modules: (i) mechanical aspects concerning the stability of cells and migration of cells and interconnectors during thermo-cycling tests, (ii) performance losses due to a lack of optical continuity between front glass and solar cell. This work reports on solutions to overcome both performance limiting factors.
Keywords: Module Manufacturing, Cost Reduction, Encapsulation
A plasma-refining technique is applied to upgraded metallurgical grade silicon (UMG) to produce solar grade silicon for multi-c silicon ingots at direct costs lower than 15€/kg. Using oxygen and hydrogen as reactive gases injected in the plasma, boron is removed from the material mainly in form of BOH and BO. The boron volatilization time has been reduced to 50 min compared to previous processes, by increasing the temperature of the silicon bath. At the same time, the Al, Ca, C, O concentrations are strongly reduced. From a first batch of purified UMG Silicon, mutli-crystalline ingots (12 kg), wafers (125x125 mm²) and solar cells have been produced for an evaluation of this intermediate material. The obtained solar cells gave efficiencies of up to 11.7 %. Process development towards an up-scaled pilot equipment is on the way to further increase the purification efficiency.
Keywords: Silicon, Metallurgical-Grade, PV Materials
The direct production costs of state-of-the-art PV modules, produced with solar cells fabricated on wafers, represent between 30% and 40% of the total costs per Watt peak of the entire PV production chain, including ingot production, wafer cutting, cell production and module assembly. The NICE technology aims at reducing these costs by more than 50%.
It combine an air- and humidity tight sealing technique, which is already known and proven from the insulating glass industry, with a solar cell interconnection that makes use of an underpressure between the front and back sheet which delimitate the module. The underpressure inside the module assures low resistivity contacts between cells and metal interconnectors. The entire NICE process takes place at room temperature avoiding all heat related risks of cell degradation. Compared to the state-of-the-art technology the solder connection between the cells and metal connectors is completely avoided, as well as the batch type lamination process, largely facilitating the automation of the NICE module fabrication process.
A number of test modules with 36, 16 and 6 125x125 mm² silicon solar cells have been produced with the NICE technology and tested according to the IEC 61215 standard, resulting in no degradation of the module power.
Keywords: Module Manufacturing, Cost Reduction, Encapsulation


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Yerevan: Up to 10,000 anti-government protesters rallied in the capital of ex-Soviet Armenia on Friday and occupied a central square after riot police withdrew to prevent clashes.
Calling for the government`s resignation and early elections, they held a short rally and then marched through the city to Freedom Square, which had been cordoned off by riot officers with batons and shields.
But the police pulled back, allowing the demonstrators to continue their protest in the square, which was the scene of mass rallies after disputed Presidential Elections in 2008 that ended in clashes leaving 10 people dead.
The leader of the opposition Armenian National Congress, former president Levon Ter-Petrosian, warned the government that more radical protests could follow if it does not to comply with his demands before the next rally later this month.
"We are not speaking with the authorities in the language of ultimatums yet, but the people`s patience has limits," Ter-Petrosian said.
Another senior Armenian National Congress official, Levon Zurabian, called on activists to prepare for a campaign of civil disobedience.
"We are entering a new stage in our struggle," Zurabian said.
Opposition supporters are angry about poor social conditions and the continued imprisonment of activists allegedly involved in the violence in 2008.
They claimed that the authorities had disrupted public transport heading to Yerevan from the provinces in an attempt to thwart the demonstration.
After Ter-Petrosian`s speech, some of the protesters were in a celebratory mood and danced to Armenian music in the square, where demonstrations had been prohibited until a large rally last month also forced riot police to abandon their cordon.
The Armenian National Congress has predicted a bloodless "velvet revolution", hoping to emulate mass uprisings in the Arab world.
But the governing Republican Party led by President Serzh Sarkisian says that it has no intention of holding polls before a Parliamentary Election due next year and is working to improve social conditions in the impoverished country of three million people.
"Stability and stable development is very important for the country," governing party lawmaker Eduard Sharmazanov said, warning against political "shocks" which could damage Armenia.
The country has gone through political and military turmoil since independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, with a series of disputed elections and a war with neighbouring Azerbaijan over the region of Nagorny Karabakh.
Since the Karabakh war in the 1990s, Armenia has suffered economically because of closed borders with Azerbaijan and another neighbour Turkey, which strongly objects to Yerevan`s campaign to have the World War I-era mass killings of Armenians by the Ottoman Empire recognised as genocide.
Bureau Report

subset: commoncrawl


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2008 Sonoma County Merlot
| 2008
4 Stars - Excellent
Ronn Weigand, Restaurant Wine
The 2008 Merlot is fleshy and full bodied; a fairly intense and complex wine, especially at the price. It has plum, spicy oak, cassis, and mint aromas/flavors, and a mildly tannic finish.
88 Points
Paul Lukcas, Wine Review Online
A substantial Merlot, with a well-defined structure, firm tannins, and good length on the palate, this wine stands as a counterpoint to the bevy of sappy, candied California Merlots whose only charm comes from their sugar. It's a serious red wine, made for early consumption rather than cellaring, so would be a good wine for many restaurateurs to add to their lists.
Very Good (88)
Ken's Wine Guide
This dark ruby colored Merlot from the Duckhorn family opens with a very fragrant mulberry and red currant bouquet with a hint of eucalyptus. On the palate, this wine is medium bodied, balanced, and delicate. The flavor profile is a tart black currant and plum with notes of black cherry and black pepper. The finish is dry and it mild tannins are slightly prolonged. The panel suggested pairing this wine with pheasant or duck breast.
89 Points
Robert Whitley, Wine Review Online
This very solid Napa Valley Merlot is appealing on a number of levels, not the least of which is an affinity for food. It's extremely dry for a Napa red, with a slightly tart black cherry finish. The nose offers aromas of black currant, plum, cedar and spice, with excellent persistence and firm tannins. It is well balanced for the alcohol level (14.5) and holds the promise of a lovely evolution over the next two to three years. Great value in an everyday Napa Merlot! If anything I've slightly underrated it.


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Като мярка за сигурност трябва да се предостави достъп до този браузър чрез въвеждане на специален код. Ще го намерите във Вашия е-mail в
King's Bounty: Warriors of the North - Valhalla Edition EU Steam CD Key
King's Bounty: Warriors of the North - Valhalla Edition EU Steam Ke
|Release Date:
Product Description
Product has been restricted to Europe.
Includes the following items:
- King's Bounty: Warriors of the North
- Valhalla Armor Set
- Digital artwork and wallpapers
Valhalla Armor Set: These unique in-game items are an armor set the hero can collect in the course of their journeys. Combined together these artifacts give additional a strong boost to the character's attributes. Digital artwork and wallpapers. Digital bonuses: Ultra-high resolution artwork depicting an epic battle of Olaf and the Valkyries against undead hordes, and wallpapers available in all popular desktop resolutions.
King's Bounty: Warriors of the North is the next chapter in the cult RPG/adventure saga. The new tale takes place in the familiar world of Endoria featured in the previous games, but begins in the Viking lands, which the celebrated hero Bill Gilbert never visited during his famous quest in King's Bounty: The Legend.
The Mighty Olaf, son of the Konung of Northlings, has dedicated his life to battling the undead who have infested the northern lands of Endoria. He seeks to liberate the snowy wastes, dwarven dungeons, and the very heart of Endoria, the kingdom of Darion itself, from the dark grip of necromancy. On his quest towards immortal glory he will encounter cunning foes and new friends, hard battles and amazing adventures.
- The unique race of furious Vikings, as well as new neutral creatures;
- New main hero - Olaf the Viking;
- Valkyries! Five magnificent warrior maidens accompany Olaf, which he can call up during battle by expending his Rage points;
- Improved skill tree and new unique talents;
- New awards that grant special benefits;
- Additional battle spells and a completely new magic school - Runic Magic;
- Modified battle system based on the use of Runes;
- Chant - a unique ability of the Skald class which can turn a likely defeat into an overwhelming victory;
- The ability to forge new items;
- Full Steam services integration, including Steam Cloud, Achievements and Leaderboard.
System Requirements
- OS:Windows XP/Vista/7
- Processor:2.6 GHz and better
- Memory:1 GB RAM
- Graphics:nVidia GeForce 6600 with 128 Mb VRAM or similar AMD card
- DirectX®:9.0c
- Hard Drive:8 GB HD space
- Sound:DirectX 9.0c compliant
Go to: http://store.steampowered.com/ and download STEAM client
Click "Install Steam" (from the upper right corner)
Install and start application, login with your Account name and Password (create one if you don't have).
Please follow these instructions to activate a new retail purchase on Steam:
- Launch Steam and log into your Steam account.
- Click the Games Menu.
- Choose Activate a Product on Steam...
- Follow the onscreen instructions to complete the process.
After successful code verification go to the "MY GAMES" tab and start downloading.
Unable to activate even after following the steps above?Report a problem!
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text:
Stephan was the driver of the 2012 Porsche 991 Carrera S on our mountain drive yesterday. He took some great pictures and got through them very quickly. Here they are!
Tags , Mountain Drive, North Georgia, Photography, Porsche
Posted by Ed Bolian on Monday, August 20th, 2012 at 10:02 am in Mountain Drives


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This site is entirely user-supported. See how you can help.
Street View is the best available vantage point looking, if possible, towards the location of the building. In some locations, Street View may not give a view of the actual building, or may not be available at all. Where it is not available, the satellite view is shown instead.
Latitude: 50.8374 / 50°50'14"N
Longitude: -0.7786 / 0°46'42"W
OS Eastings: 486104
OS Northings: 104923
OS Grid: SU861049
Mapcode National: GBR DGS.FYS
Mapcode Global: FRA 968W.DHS
Entry Name: 76 and 77, North Street
Listing Date: 8 October 1971
Grade: II
Source: Historic England
Source ID: 1026723
English Heritage Legacy ID: 300039
Location: Chichester, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19
County: West Sussex
District: Chichester
Civil Parish: Chichester
Built-Up Area: Chichester
Traditional County: Sussex
Lieutenancy Area (Ceremonial County): West Sussex
Church of England Parish: Chichester St Paul
Church of England Diocese: Chichester
(East Side)
Nos 76 & 77
(Originally 1 house) C18. Red brick. 3 storeys and attic. Slate
gabled roof; 2 flat roofed dormers. 2 windows each. Sash windows
with flush boxes in flat arches; glazing bars intact; rubbed brick
voussoirs to first floor windows. Stringcourse above first floor.
Small C19 shop front on ground floor of No 76; C20 plate-glass shop
front and fascia to ground floor in No 77.
Nos 74 to 81 (consec) including No 75A and former St Olave's Church form a
Listing NGR: SU8611804919
This text is from the original listing, and may not necessarily reflect the current setting of the building.
Other nearby listed buildings


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Ellen Bailey Poems
Life Poems
Top Ten Poems
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Christmas Poems
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Friendship Poems
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Life Poems
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Self-Esteem Poems
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Submit A Poem
by Ella Wheeler Wilcox
Do you wish the world were better?
Let me tell you what to do.
Set a watch upon your actions,
Keep them always straight and true.
Rid your mind of selfish motives,
Let your thoughts be clean and high.
You can make a little Eden
Of the sphere you occupy.
Do you wish the world were wiser?
Well, suppose you make a start,
By accumulating wisdom
In the scrapbook of your heart;
Do not waste one page on folly;
Live to learn, and learn to live.
If you want to give men knowledge
You must get it, ere you give.
Do you wish the world were happy?
Then remember day by day
Just to scatter seeds of kindness
As you pass along the way,
For the pleasures of the many
May be ofttimes traced to one.
As the hand that plants an acorn
Shelters armies from the sun.
Email This Poem To A Friend
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The copyrights of all poems on this website belong to the individual authors. Website Copyright 2000 - 2018 Ellen Bailey Poems


text:
- Douglas A. Bell, Ph.D.
Principal Investigator
- Tel 984-287-3862
- P.O. Box 12233Mail Drop C3-03Durham, N.C. 27709
Research Summary
Douglas A. Bell, Ph.D., heads the Environmental Epigenomics and Disease Group and holds secondary appointments in the NIEHS Epigenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory and the NIEHS Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory.
The Environmental Epigenomics and Disease Group works to characterize underlying factors that contribute to variability in human toxicological responses. We especially focus on discovery of human alleles and epigenetic factors that modify responses to exposure and we investigate how such factors affect risk in exposed people. This basic information will be useful for understanding variability in human risk estimation models, and potentially, for identifying at-risk individuals and devising disease-prevention strategies.
Having uncovered the genetic basis for several susceptibility phenotypes in carcinogen metabolism, the group has developed high-throughput genotyping assays and worked with epidemiologists to further explore the gene-environment interaction component of exposure-induced disease. Several genotypes affecting carcinogen metabolism and DNA repair have been identified as susceptibility factors in environmentally-induced disease. The group's gene-environment interaction studies on polymorphisms in GSTM1 (Bell et al., 1993) and N-acetyltransferase (Taylor et al., 1998) in bladder cancer have been highly cited.
The NIEHS Environmental Genome Project and the NIH 1000 Genomes Project have uncovered millions of sequence variants in the human genome. However, relatively few of these single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) affect protein structure. Perhaps more SNPs will affect gene expression related to environmental stress responses, but methods for studying this are not established. The Environmental Epigenomics and Disease Group has developed novel methods that identify SNPs and methylation changes in environmentally responsive enhancers (Figure 1) and have evaluated functional impact on transcription factor binding (Figure 1a, b), gene expression and cellular phenotype. Thus, the group's overall objective is to identify factors that modulate exposure responses and to evaluate their roles in human susceptibility to environmentally-induced disease using a variety of functional approaches.
Epigenetics is the nongenetic transmission of information encoded in methyl-CpGs, histone modifications or microRNAs, from parent cell to daughter cells and from one generation to the next. Epigenetic factors such as chromatin state may modulate the impact of exposure, or conversely, exposures such as tobacco smoke can directly alter epigenetic status including DNA methylation levels in enhancer regulatory sequences (Joubert et al, 2012) (Figure 2a) (Reynolds et al, 2015). Determining the functional impact of exposure-induced changes in methylation, such as the effect on transcription, is an active area of interest for our group (Figure 2b).
Major areas of research:
- Identification of epigenetic factors and sequence variants that modulate exposure responses regulated by the Ah receptor (carcinogen metabolism), NRF2 (oxidative stress), and p53 (DNA damage) (Figure 1).
- Evaluation of the role of these factors in environmentally-induced disease.
Current projects:
- Computational discovery and functional analysis of p53 and NRF2 transactivation target sequences (response elements) (Tomso et al., 2005; Wang et al., 2007; Bandele et al 2011; Chorley et al., 2012) (Figure 1a). The group is developing and applying novel bioinformatics methods including phylogenetic analysis (Horvath et al., 2007; Wang et al., 2007) and new functional assays to assess the impact of SNPs on regulatory elements in p53; (Noureddine et al., 2009; Bandele et al., 2011; Zeron-Median et al., 2013; Wang et al., 2015) and NRF2-responsive genes (Wang et al 2011). These studies will help us understand the role of chromatin state, dynamics, and methylation status on exposure-induced transcription of genes in the p53, AhR and NRF2 pathways (Figure 1b)
- Identifying exposure-induced methylation patterns in blood cell DNA. In a project led by Dr. Stephanie London (Epidemiology Branch) we have identified that maternal smoking produces highly significant changes in the methylation status of genes in fetal cord blood. Genes involved in carcinogen metabolism and hematopoietic progenitor cell proliferation were strongly affected (Joubert et al., 2012). The Environmental Epigenomics and Disease Group has extended this work to determine that several of these genes, such as AHRR, are also strongly affected in the blood of adult smokers (Figure 2a). We are currently examining the impact of tobacco smoke exposure on DNA methylation in purified leukocyte cell types from adult smokers and in a mouse model using whole genome sequencing techniques.
- In an FDA Center for Tobacco Research funded project, the group is validating DNA methylation change as a biomarker of tobacco smoke exposure. We are also identifying which cell type or tissue may be the most useful for monitoring tobacco associated changes in DNA methylation.
Bell received his Ph.D. and M.S. in environmental chemistry and biology from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and a B.S. from Cornell University. He is adjunct Professor in the Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He has published over 130 peer-reviewed articles in leading biomedical journals, as well as several book chapters.
He served as Senior Editor for Biomarkers at Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention and has held a number of editorial board positions, including, Pharmacogenetics and Environmental Health Perspectives and has given over 80 invited lectures in the United States, Europe, Asia and South America. He served as elected chair of the Molecular Epidemiology Group, American Association of Cancer Research and president of the NIEHS faculty (Assembly of Scientists).
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Love the pink cropped pants, they would really suit you. R x
Thank you so much for taking the time to comment! It really means the world to me and don't forget to leave your link so I can come and say hi! Feel free to comment in English, German, French or Luxembourgish :)


text:
WPS Uses DiCentra.
Thanks to some tremendous work by Dave Lally, you won't have to worry about preparing your PDI files in "DiCentra" format. The entry form, visible on the Internal Competitions sub-menu when logged in, includes a check routine for:
- Image type, (ONLY jpeg)
- File size, (no greater than 4mb)
- Image dimensions, (max 1600px wide by 1200px high)
- The correct colour space (ONLY sRGB).
Another change is to introduce check boxes per image for web and social media use instead of the overall check box for all uploads.
It will still be necessary to get the title element of your PDI files correct. The easiest way to rename a file in a Windows environment is to left-click once on the file, whether it is in a list, detail or icon view and then press F2 on your keyboard. The existing filename will be highlighted and you simply enter the name as you want it to appear on the screen. Spaces between words please, and you may use any character OTHER THAN THE UNDERSCORE because this is used in DiCentra to separate the various parts of the whole filename. PLEASE NOTE – PC users cannot use any "Illegal Character" in a filename. These are / \ : * ? < > " | MAC Users have the ability to use the "?" character BUT this will cause a problem when the file is uploaded as it is recognised as an illegal character and is replaced by an underscore "_" which is used by DiCentra to separate each field in the file name. For MAC users only – DON'T make your filename a question!
If you want to call your entry, "Under the moonlit sky" and the filename is, for example, _IMG_1234.jpg, replace the "_IMG_1234" with "Under the moonlit sky". N.B. Image titles must not include the entrant's name – either in part or whole.
When you submit your PDI entries, you MUST enter your name as you want it to appear on screen together with your distinctions if you have them. Then select the PDI Competition and class – the upload form does the magic and creates the filename needed for DiCentra.
You will receive an email confirming your entry but this may take up to 30 minutes to process so please be patient. There will be a confirmation of a successful upload at the foot of the page. If, by whatever reason, the upload fails, and here it must be stressed that the only check is for the file type – jpeg, please inform Dave Lally (Email address on Committee Contact Details when logged in). Every entry will be logged, including ones that fail so we'll have a history check if things do go awry.
Tony Charters & Dave Lally.Edit


text:
Can't see the Full Screen puzzle? Your pop-up blocker probably prevented it from opening. Click here to relaunch the pop-up.
Still can't get it to work? Please contact us for additional help
Free jigsaw puzzle online of two horses out in a field. The horses are grazing on the green grass.


text:
Questions? Get in Touch.
Drop us an e-mail with this handy little form:
Want to speak with someone direct?
1 (800) 518-8189
We're a small, very hard working team and make customer needs a priority which is why we haven't outsourced our phones to a large call center (who couldn't really help you anyway). That said, we may not always be available to answer your call immediately so either leave us a voicemail, or for an even faster response, send us an email to email@example.com.
Also, our normal operating hours are 9am-5pm Eastern Time, Monday-Friday although we often respond to emails we get outside of those hours which is why that's usually the best way to reach us.


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Laser Radial Worlds – USA wins Boys, Australia wins Girls at Dun Laogh
Laser Radial Worlds – USA wins Boys, Australia wins Girls at Dun Laogh
Dun Laoghaire Harbour, Saturday 30th July 2016: Ireland's Ewan McMahon on his way to winning Silver on the final day the KBC Laser Radial World Championships hosted by the Royal St. George Yacht Club and Dun Laoghaire Harbour. Photograph: David Branigan/Oceansport © David Branigan/Oceansport http://www.oceansport.ie/
Massachusetts student Henry Marshall has won the Boys KBC Laser Radial World title in Dun Laoghaire this afternoon. In a dramatic conclusion to the three world–title event, Ireland's Ewan McMahon took the boys silver medal challenging the American for gold in a cliffhanger final 11th race.
The decision to launch early at the Royal St. George Yacht Club bore fruit this morning as three more races in the week long series were completed, bringing the curtain down on the biggest regatta sailed in Ireland this year. Continue reading


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The Southfields 2013 Remembrance Service took place at St Barnabas Church on Sunday 10th November at 10:30am. Shortly before 11am the congregation went into the grounds for a short service led by Rev. Ian Tattum who read out the names of some of those killed in 1917. There followed the 2 minute silence by the War Memorial in memory to those killed in action [KIA] in the First World War and the 200 names inscribed in the memorial stone. The last post was also sounded.
Research by Pat Sheerin and Stech has found that many casualties were from Grid streets and roads. A few of those are listed below, one taken from every street or road name, there are many more. Do you live in that house, street or road, if yes, just take a few moments to think of that person who stepped out of your front door to go to war and never returned.
Boy Telegrapher, William Roberts, aged 17, KIA 1916, H.M.S Queen Mary, 103 Heythorpe Street,
Sergeant Robert Chaney, 35a Astonville Street, KIA 1917. Awarded Military Medal and Bar.
Sergeant Frederick Crowe, 22a Astonville Street, KIA 1916
Rifleman Henry Bint, 150 Trentham Street, KIA 1917
Private Frederick Wiseman, 100 Trentham Street, KIA 1916
Private Alfred Ames and Lance Corporal Charles Ames, brothers,of 155 Elborough Street, both KIA 1917,
Sergeant Reginald Bailey, 25 Elborough Street, KIA 1916
Gunner Phillip Butcher, 178 Engadine Street, KIA October 1918
Lieutenant James Barrow, 12 Engadine Street , KIA 1916
Lance Corporal Robert Dolding, 9 Clonmore Street, KIA 1917
2nd Lieutenant Edward Weller, 114 Clonmore Street,
Awarded Military Cross, KIA 1918
Corporal Edward Lenzt, 106 Heythorpe Street, KIA 1916
Private Walter Bailey, 121 Elsenham Street, KIA 1917
Sergeant John Dixon, 202 Elsenham Street,
Private George Cobbett, 77 Lavenham Road, KIA 1918
Rifleman Arthur Worster, 90 Lavenham Road, KIA 1916
Private Herbert Cansick, 112 Brookward Road KIA 1918
Rifleman George Dearling, 16 Brookwood Road, KIA 1918
Private William Watts, 87 Replingham Road, KIA 1918
Private William Fleet, 258 Merton Road, KIA 1916
Corporal Cecil Manville, 356 Merton Road, KIA 1914
The Great War as it is also called officially commenced on 28th July 1914 and less than a month later on 26th August 1914, 17-year-old Private Arthur Reeve of 17 Burr Road was killed in action.
The last recorded name Private G.F Verge, listed as KIA was on 11th November 1918, Armistice Day but Harold Strange of 96 Ravensbury Road, was killed on 7th November 1918 just four days before hostilities ceased.
We will remember them.
The research into the War Memorial names is ongoing by Pat Sheerin and myself. Any information would be greatly appreciated. If you attend Services at St. Barnabas, you can find a wall tablet to Arthur Rhodes, a Chorister and Server at the Church, killed in action 13th November 1916, aged 20 years.
Also you could buy a copy of 'Roomy Villas' at The Golden Treasury Bookshop, Replingham Road and read about Southfields history and of Lieutenant James Pulleyn of the Royal flying Corps who was shot down. He lived with his family at 85 Elsenham Street.
Research continues into the names listed on the war memorial and it is planned to publish these in time for the centenary of the Great War.
Peter Stechman


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HFM Co.,Ltd is a professional global plates and gaskets provider for plate heat exchangers. Services we provide:Applied technology solutions Type selecting & design Plate heat exchanger rebuilding & expanding Plate heat exchanger cleaning & repairing
All sizes shown below are in millimeters for use on the chart to the right.
|Sigma SX19
|Sigma SX29
|Sigma SX49
|Sigma S7
|Sigma S9
|Sigma S12
|Sigma S17
|Sigma S27
|Sigma S37
|Sigma S16
|Sigma S22
|Sigma S32
|Sigma S52
|Sigma S45V
|Sigma S90V
|Sigma M27
|Sigma M36
|Sigma M37
|Sigma M66
|Sigma M76
|Sigma M106
|Sigma F45
|Sigma S30
|Sigma S64
|Sigma S65
|Sigma S85
|Sigma S108
|Sigma S109
|Sigma S138
|Sigma S166
|Sigma S38
|Sigma S48
|Sigma S60
|Sigma S114


text:
Lakeland Mills Timber Nightstand - 1 DrawerWith a deep and smooth sliding drawer and log accents, our beautiful 1 drawer nightstand will be a beautiful addition to any bedroom. Has drawer for added storage. Ships with rustic log drawer pulls attached. Legs are made of full round logs. Nightstand top is 1 1/2" with 1/4" roundover. Has three logs in bottom to form a primitive shelf. See "Additional Images" thumbnails above for finish option examples.
25"H x 21W" x 21"D


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Sep 10
Three New AcharyasFiled under Scene and Heard
Appointments made this month in Europe
The Office of the Sakyong is delighted to announce that the Sakyong has appointed three new acharyas. On September 3, during the final ceremonies of Scorpion Seal Assembly 8 at Dechen Choling, the Sakyong personally blessed Acharya Beate Kirchhoff-Schlage, Acharya Daniele Bollini, and Acharya Arnd Riester.
Beate Kirchhoff-Schlage of Hamburg, Germany, began practicing in Shambhala after her first child was born. A former theater worker and university teacher, she is now the mother of 3 sons. Beate served as Shambhala Center Director in Hamburg for 5 years. In 2010 she was appointed shastri for Hamburg and Berlin.
Entries filed under Scene and Heard
Fifteen New Shastris – HIGHLIGHTOn behalf of the the Kongma Sakyong, Jampal Trinley Dradül Rinpoche, the Office of the Sakyong is pleased to announce the appointment of fifteen new shastris, effective on the Harvest of Peace weekend: September 22 – 23, 2017. These shastris join over one hundred shastris appointed ... continue
Posted September 2, 2017 by CGH
Introducing Indigo Poppy! – HIGHLIGHTCelebrating a beautiful summer birth Scott Robbins and Sarah Lipton are thoroughly delighted to introduce their second beautiful baby girl to the Shambhala world. Indigo Poppy Lipton Robbins was born on July 2nd, 2017 after a beautiful and seamless labor and birth at home. She was smaller ... continue
Posted August 24, 2017 by CGH
Happy Memories of Children's Day – HIGHLIGHTCheerful Season's Greetings from the Shambhala Times! Traditionally, Shambhalians recognize and celebrate the changing of the seasons on Nyida Days. One of the most beloved of these celebrations is Children's Day, which comes at the winter solstice, celebrated this year on December 21st. We hope you enjoy ... continue
Posted December 21, 2016 by CGH
Wedding news: Root and Kluck Exchange VowsErin Padma Root and Christopher Eric Kluck married August 29, 2015 Erin Padma Root and Christpher Eric Kluck hosted a lovely weekend in Port Townsend, WA, to celebrate their wedding. Amid whale watching, touring the quaint Victorian seaport and socializing, over 100 guests enjoyed a cheerful, inspiring ... continue
Posted January 12, 2016 by CGH
Appreciations and Farewells – HIGHLIGHTAn appreciative farewell gathering is held to honor the service of outgoing Shambhala leaders Carolyn Mandelker and Anna Weinstein by David Brown, with photos by Terry Rudderham On December 18th the staff of the Halifax Kalapa Centre hosted a farewell gathering in appreciation of Carolyn Mandelker and Anna Weinstein ... continue
Posted December 28, 2015 by CGH
Voting for Enlightened Society – HIGHLIGHTYour vote can help Shambhala San Francisco share Enlightened Society through Wisdom 2.0 By James Beange & Marty Behrens The San Francisco Shambhala community is aiming to share the message of Enlightened Society at the upcoming Wisdom 2.0 conference. The community has entered a video submission in an ... continue
Posted December 22, 2015 by
Howard University: The First Eight – HIGHLIGHTIntroduction The First8: From bottom left to right—March Wood; Endia Sowers Paige, Rashid Hughes. Top left to right is Chiquita Richardson, Jennifer Nash, Alice Bellis, Erin Johnson, Donna Lawson, Cleon Peoples. Washington DC Shambhala Member March Wood completed her Masters at The Howard University School of Divinity earlier ... continue
Posted December 4, 2015 by CGH
Warrior Tribute for Khenchen Michael Taney – HIGHLIGHTOn the morning of November 14th, Khenchen Michael Taney, Rusung of Vermont's St. Johnsbury Shambhala Center and long-time student of both Sakyongs passed away. He had recently been diagnosed with a rare form of aggressive cancer. He was surrounded family, including Susan and Gabe Taney and ... continue
Posted November 26, 2015 by Sarah
Speaking Up and Speaking Out – HIGHLIGHTChicago Shambhala Center's open mic night builds community, fosters diversity by Sai Wei photos by Chase Bauer On the third Friday evening of every month, the Chicago Shambhala center transforms from a peaceful meditation center to a throbbing hub of music and expression. Gone are the smartly dressed middle ... continue
Posted November 22, 2015 by CGH
Full Moon over Boulder – HIGHLIGHTOn the night of an extraordinary full moon, Boulder Shambhala Center offers the Shambhala Sadhana by Elaine Logan I walk into the main shrine room at the Boulder Shambhala Center on the full moon, Sunday, August 30, for the Shambhala Sadhana practice. Achary Dan Hessey sits up front, surrounded ... continue
Posted November 8, 2015 by elainelogan
Changing the MetricsEllen Kahler and her wife Susanna On the Scene in Montpelier, Vermont by Sarah Lipton Ellen Kahler, executive director of the Vermont Sustainable Jobs Fund, is the winner of the inaugural Con Hogan Award for Creative, Entrepreneurial, Community Leadership. You've met her before. Ellen Kahler was responsible for hosting Sakyong ... continue
Posted October 26, 2015 by Sarah
Davis and Steele wed in Boulder ceremonyOn September 6th, 2015, Beka Davis and Tracy Steele exchanged marriage vows in a Shambhala Wedding Ceremony. Acharya Judith Simmer Brown led the joyful ceremony in Boulder, Colorado at the Boulder Shambhala Center. The vows were witnessed by family and friends from near and far and ... continue
Posted October 21, 2015 by
Are You Worthy of Love? – HIGHLIGHTAnnouncing a New Book by Lodro Rinzler I was leading a daylong meditation workshop in Boston. After studying Buddhist teachings and talking about how to apply them to our lives, I encouraged the participants to write down something they were struggling with and submit it anonymously. We ... continue
Posted September 15, 2015 by
Movin' and Shakin' – HIGHLIGHTAsheville, NCCOLUMN: Shambhala on the Move A summary of recent moves and renovations occurring across the Shambhala mandala. Did we miss your Center? Let us know! Asheville, North Carolina We are at our new location in Reynolds Village! The address is 60 North Merrimon Ave, #113. This location was ... continue
Posted August 29, 2015 by Dan
100 Acres at a Time – HIGHLIGHTThe heronry that started it allPaul and Cathy Keddy of Ontario Receive a Conservation Award Buddhist and Shambhala liturgies make many references to caring for other sentient beings. But how do we put such aspirations into practice? The world is full of sentient beings, the vast majority ... continue
Posted August 23, 2015 by
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"The reason I love this show so much is the choreography and the music. The second show I saw in New York was 42nd Street which was choreographed by Randy Skinner, who is the choreographer for White Christmas, and his style is inspired by Gene Kelly and Fred Astaire and that old world musical theater style. I grew up listening to jazz and the show is set in the fifties, so to be able to live in that world and dance that style again... I have a real passion for that style. It's very American and rooted in jazz."
Since the show is set in a Broadway milieu where two friends try to save their commanding general's inn by putting on a show, the ensemble has lots of opportunities to shine. "The opening number, "Let Yourself Go" is a blast. It's like being shot out of a cannon. It's about seven minutes long and it's a tap number. My favorite number in the show is when Betty sings, "Love, You Didn't Do Right By Me". It's her "eleven o'clock number" and it is set in a Broadway cabaret, so it has that mood about it. She has three dancers who partner her one-by-one, and I am one of those dancers. It's very emotionally based because she's just been through sort of a break-up, and I think that Randy's work and his intuition as a choreographer really shines in this number. "
Davidson also works as a house manager for Broadway shows, including the New York Musical Theater Festival, the showcase that launched [title of show], Altar Boyz, Next To Normal, Yank! and The Great American Trailer Park Musical. The show that he expects to see share that kind of success is Kiki Baby. Starring Broadway favorite Jenn Colella as the title character, a four year old who is gifted with an angelic voice, Kiki Baby tells the story of how she is exploited by her mother and needy neighbors in 1931 Germany.
Interview by Neil Cohen, resident film critic of Movie Dearest and Phoenix's Echo Magazine.
: Nouvelles de Téléphone et Gadgets


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After 8 years of being one of Old Town Scottsdale's hippest Italian restaurants, Furio is closing its doors Thursday night.
The space, which featured live music and manicure nights, has suffered financially over the past 18 months. Business this past summer was only half of what it was last year, says general manager Tim Flanigan, presumably due to the recession.
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After throwing around the idea of re-designing the restaurant's concept, his business partner, Anthem Restaurants of America founder John Casale, decided to sell the spot. It's assumed the venue will remain a restaurant and could re-open as soon as January.


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Bow town moderator Peter F. Imse, right, and selectman Eric Anderson at the voting at Bow Memorial School on Tuesday, March 14, 2017. GEOFF FORESTER—Monitor staff
Andover Elementary School custodian Victor Stewart saw the principal in the morning and no one else during the day. Andover postponed its town meeting in light of the inclement weather. GEOFF FORESTER photos / Monitor staff
Bow resident Bob Rapoza at the voting at Bow Memorial School, Tuesday, March 14, 2017. GEOFF FORESTER—Monitor staff
Tom Beaulieu leaves Pines Community Center in Northfield on Tuesday.
Donald Rapoza spoke for many outside Bow Memorial School on Tuesday morning.
"New Englanders," the New Englander said, "are supposed to be 'hahdee.' "
And he's right. We are, indeed, supposed to be hardy, or hahdee, if you prefer. Pronounce it any way you choose, the definition means the same thing: capable of enduring difficult conditions.
Or, for our purposes here, voting when it snows like crazy outside, like it did on Tuesday.
Voting day.
Bow's polls were open. So were Northfield's. But about 10 towns in the Concord area, or nearly 25 percent of them, told voters to come back another day, and people like Rapoza thought this was a bad idea.
"Nothing wrong with staying open," Rapoza told me. "Drive slow."
Rapoza is an 83-year-old retired engineer with gray hair, wire-rimmed glasses and lots of inner strength. He fits nicely here, as part of the state's quiet, rugged landscape. But, like the Old Man of the Mountain 14 years ago, a piece of New Hampshire's granite toughness toppled a bit when some town moderators took it upon themselves Monday to postpone their local elections.
This ran counter to our tradition, not to mention our reputation. We're known for hosting the First-in-the-Nation Primary every four years. That's held in February.
It's cold in February. It snows in February.
And we make darn sure we vote in the November national elections, and it snows sometimes then, too.
Eric Anderson, who's been on Bow's select board for 30 years, saw things this way. He stood in the corner of the school cafeteria wearing a tan suit jacket and name tag, guiding voters to a box that sucked in ballots like a vacuum cleaner on steroids.
"I'm disappointed," Anderson told me, when asked to comment on postponed elections. "This is New Hampshire. It snows occasionally. When I had the opportunity to run for office, it was colder and there was more snow. Can you imagine canceling a national election in November?"
Anderson then pulled out the heavy artillery, the data showing that voters in Bow were voting. By 10:30 a.m., 716 people had voted, compared to 441 by the same time last year. In 2013, 654 people voted all day.
Outside, Ken and Marge Nesbitt, who have been married for 57 years, kept the New Hampshire Strong theme rolling.
"We both were born and raised in Bow," Ken Nesbitt told me. "(The weather) is nothing exceptional."
"It's winter," Marge Nesbitt added. "As long as he's driving, it's fine."
Not everyone in Bow believed the show had to go on. Bob Blanchette, a select board candidate, told me, "I would have left it to the towns on the local level. I would have postponed this."
Matt Poulin, who was running for the budget committee, said, "I would have preferred that they closed. People in upper age brackets are probably not going to venture out."
And voter Nancy Rheinhardt said, "It should have been postponed. I saw a car off of Page Road, in the trees."
It's been a hot issue this week, one that could have melted snow on Interstate 93 like rock salt. Safety was a concern, and town moderators insisted they had the power to re-schedule elections.
But Secretary of State Bill Gardner and Speaker of the House Shawn Jasper clearly wanted polls open, citing a state statute with fuzzy language that they claimed meant voting had to be held.
And Gov. Chris Sununu also pushed for polls to remain open, although he softened his language and stopped short of a mandate. But his words still had teeth, said Bow Town Moderator Peter Imse. He said a conference call that included Sununu and Gardner made him feel as though results from a postponed election could have faced some sort of challenge later on.
"He boxed us in," Imse said, referring to Sununu. "We were told we did not have the authority and we could open ourselves to a legal challenge concerning the results. I would have postponed the election."
Andover did postpone it. The grade school there was empty, save for the head custodian, Vic Stewart. He let us in from the cold and said he was going home soon, to Wilmot, where he said he'd "go in and vote if the polls are open."
They weren't. Signs were posted on the double green doors, telling voters the election and meeting had been moved to next week.
Across the street, Don Brady was dressed in pajama bottoms and a coat. He dug his car out, and before a quick drive down the snow-covered road to a nearby convenience store, said, "It's probably a good idea they didn't have it. The winners would have gotten two votes and the losers would have gotten one."
Over in Northfield, longtime Town Moderator Scott McGuffin said he believed the state statute gave him the right to postpone the election.
"I have a lot of respect for Bill Gardner," McGuffin told me. "But I believe he is incorrect. I believe the town moderator can reschedule during inclement weather."
By the time Tom Beaulieu entered Northfield's Pines Community Center to vote, visibility was virtually nonexistent, I-93 was treacherous and the side roads had not been plowed.
Beaulieu didn't mind. He's a volunteer firefighter, the best New Hampshire has to offer. He stopped to vote after driving from his job in Concord. The 15-mile trip took him an hour.
The volunteer firefighter sounded very much like the retired engineer.
Remember? The one who was hahdee.
"I think it's very strange, and I've never heard of the election not happening," Beaulieu told me. "If they said the polls should be open, they should be open."
Post op-ed: My Dad, Ronald Reagan, wouldn't have stood for this
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Letter: The power of voting
Letter: The new McCarthyism
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SOURCE: topseos.com
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