text:
As liquid product can't be transported by air, so you will probably recieve an empty bottle of shampoo together with GHD MK4 Gold and other accessaries. But please note that the pirce of shampoo is already deducted from the item price of this model so that we can make sure you won't lose a single penny from this event.
Established in 2001, GHD is committed to developing the most effective and innovative products for the hair care industry. GHD creats different and beautiful hairstyles with hair straightening irons leading to wonderful results. People with big and curly hairstyles were considered in vogue at that time.
Better known as 'Good Hairs Day', GHD plunged into the cosmetic & beauty market and provided a real meaning of the hair styling and straightening. These beauty stylers can actually be used for almost any sort of hairstyle. A person can easily create dead straight hair to a vintage mop curl that will make heads turn. Seeing its popularity and craze in the fashion market, GHD has launched a series of hair stylers for fashion freaks. They can get better ways to play with their hairs and flaunting a distinguished style statement.
GHD has floated different versions of hair stylers to help beauty conscious in achieving their dream appearance. They are designed to make the hair styling experience a great one, with noticeably marvelous results. Test en français du GHD Gold classique.
Details are as follows:
Shell Color: Gold
Shell Material: 100% of PET and 30% of Glass Fiber,environmental protection, fireproofing thermal stability
up to 240 centigrade
Heating Unit: MCH
Heating Panel: The heating panels are painted with Ceramic Paste imported from Korea; it can generate
infrared ray and negative ions which can protect and rehabilitate hair; the paint does not peel
off after 40 thousand continuously straightening.
Warm-up Time: 1.Generating heat in 5 seconds and up to 200 centigrade in 60 seconds
2.NTC temperature-sensing element and high-temperature fuse,it not only can warm up fast,
but keep your safety
Temp. Control: The internal circuit boards are original dual circuit boards using original NASA IC; it is
accurate and steady in controlling temperature; the switch takes two-row switch(L (wire
under voltage), N(neutral)); there is no current on the boards after switching off so that can
avoid getting an electric shock.
Performance: 1.Automatically warming up at 200 centigrade when power on and power off after 30 minutes
if no one use it;
2.Ergonomics Design, comfortable for operating;
3.Far infrared tech and microcoptuer for controlling temperature more accurately and evenly;
4.Easy operation of switches, auto-safety apparatus fitted in the circuit board for cutting off
electricity when creepage
Voltage & Plug: 1.Voltage: AC110V/60Hz—240V/50Hz,available for every country;
2.Plug: by customers' requirements
Power Line & Tail: The power line takes 360 rotation designs; the internal sheet copper takes gilding
technics which is in high safety factor
Manufacturing Technology
1.All the raw materials are environmentally-friendly materials;so do the tools, auxiliary materials used during
processing; which assure the products meet the requirements of ROHS;
2.The products are manufactured according to the CE and UL standard, with good electromagnetic interference
in internal circuits and little interference to other electrical equipments; and every target is within EMC
3.The surface paint uses baking finish which assures it cannot be wiped away by ethyl alcohol and other
chemicals; and it is durable without changing color, fading and peeling off paint;
4.The printing uses special technics which assures it cannot be wiped away by ethyl alcohol and other
chemicals or scraped off by nails;
5. All the products perfectly pass high voltage (3750v) test which assures you avoid getting an electric shock;
6. All the products perfectly pass aging test by 30 minutes which assures it keep steady as usual;
7. All the products perfectly pass function test, appearance checking which assures the products are the best
from the factory;
Do you want to buy GHD hair straighteners? Look through our website and get one for you! Then you can have the most stylist look that goes well with your personality.
Package as follows
1* Panel
2* Hair Conditioner & Bags
1* Golden Mirror
1* Comb
2* Manuals
1* External Case& Box
Date Added: 12/11/2009 by sara blee
I have REALLY THICK HAIR that I got permed (BIG MISTAKE). This is the only flat iron that gets my hair super straigth. Its made my hair look really shiny and took out all the frizz. The best part is it only took about 15 minutes to do this. I would say GO AHEAD to any one who wants to buy this!
Date Added: 12/06/2009 by Rachel Blandford
I like curl hairstyle. And it seems like disposable curl is more nature, so i would love to create my hairstyle by myself.GHD is the best one of what i have used.
Date Added: 12/05/2009 by Sharon Lesley O'Connor
Date Added: 12/02/2009 by A'Lisa Dancy
i think straight hair is the symbol of tenderness, so i bought a straightener, and tried to be a straight girl, as is expected, there are more people think me of a graceful lady. this straightener's color and design also attracted me and made me satisfactory.
Date Added: 11/14/2009 by carl williams
it looks great and a bit mysterious. i love it! btw, the DVD is really useful
Date Added: 11/08/2009 by Madison Kent
this one is really great! i have never thought about getting such a great straightener at such price. tks!


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Brian often works outside to take images in and
around the Dover & Deal area. It is
important to work out what the background would be to enhance the image like a
large park area, or may be the seafront, or other areas.
The best thing is to get an idea and call Brian who
can talk this through with you.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Spectacular Wedding Ideas
Find your idea for wedding venue lewes
Find your idea for wedding venue lewes
Autumn is the favourite season for many people in the UK. With cooler weather and so many beautiful colours around, there's no wonder that people love autumn time. This is why some homeowners have begun decorating their houses with a festive autumn style. Having an autumn inspired kitchen is a great way to make the heart of your home feel warm, comfortable and homely. Here are some ideas if you are interesting in bringing autumn in to your kitchen, whether it is permanent or temporary decoration:
As I said in my article on the choice of a software for the photo, Adobe Lightroom is an extremely powerful tool, which covers all the needs of the photographer, from the sorting to the cataloging, by way of the actual treatment of course .
But here it is, it has a peculiarity that scares many people: the catalog. These fears are understandable, because without explanation the concept may seem obscure, especially if the computer makes you as comfortable as a teen is at his first appointment. But they are unjustified, believe me. It's a lot simpler than you think, and I'll prove it to you.
I just want you to promise me something before I start: DO NOT PANIC. These fears are in your head. Promised. It will not hurt. You just have to trust me for a few minutes .
This article was written in parallel with a video in which I show a lot of things in a visual way. Both are complementary, so do not hesitate to watch it
The catalog is simply a computer file (NOT PANIC), just like a .pdf file, or .doc, or .mp3.
While an mp3 file contains music, the Lightroom catalog file contains various information, including:
The location of the photos on your hard drive (in any case, those you have imported into the catalog, we come back to it)
The touch-ups you made on it (contrast, exposure, etc.)
The keywords you applied
The notes given to the photos


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Metal Prints
Bring your artwork to life with the stylish lines and added depth of a metal print.
Your image gets printed directly onto a sheet of 1/16" thick aluminum.
The aluminum sheet is offset from the wall by a 3/4" thick wooden frame which is attached to the back (see below).
The high gloss of the aluminum sheet complements the rich colors of any image to produce stunning results.
The durable material of this product makes it ideal for bathroom and kitchen situations.
- Page 1 of 7
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What is Endometriosis (Chocolate Cyst)? and the accumulation of the bleeding in the ovaries are called chocolate cysts. While not a common symptom of menopause and post-menopause tingling extremities is an unsettling and unexpected symptom some women experience. If there are abnormally high levels of a hormone in the blood feedback to the gland responsible for its production inhibits secretion. Breast Problems Breast appearance issues. Calgary Ideal Health Clinic in Calgary Alberta provides Women's Health Programs including Bioidentical Hormone Therapy and Nutrition in Calgary Alberta Canada women going through menopause. Buy I-Cool For Menopause Plus Omega-3 Dietary Supplement Gelcaps – 30 CT at Walmart.com A water-soluble luicating cream with or Although there is no replacement for a healthy plant based diet there are patch based estrogen plant. Testosterone Boosters have been firstly it is important to remember most of these additional testosterone boosters do not effect estrogen so it is Vitamin E Premature ovarian failure autoimmune diseases such as diabetes or thyroid disease.
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No public recommendations added yet.
Dilip Virkar
Address: 19, 1st Floor, Goyal Shopping Arcade, S V Road, Opposite Railway Station, Borivli (West), Mumbai, Maharashtra,Post A Recommendation Bookmark this Business Claim this Business
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Torino Dining Chair with Back Ring - Taupe
High Quality Upholstered Scoop Back Dining Chair with back ring - TORINO
Availability: In stock
- Based on our bestselling Torino chair - updated with feature chrome handle and handsome stud details.
- Luxurious, deep, quilted upholstery.
- Available in a range of timeless, classic finishes.
- Part assembly required, approximately 5 minutes for each chair.
Item specification
- Height Floor To Top Of Back: 91,5 cm
- Width Back: 53 cm
- Width Front: 57 cm
- Depth: 52 cm
- Seat Height Floor To Underneath Legs: 48 cm
- Legs in walnut finish.
- Minor assembly required
|48 Hours
|91.5 cm
|57 cm
|52 cm
Next Working Day Deliveries
Next Working Day Delivery items always ship on a working day and are delivered on a working day.
Cut off for receiving your order on next working day is 12 noon.
You will receive a tracking code by email. Once you have received your code you can track your item on the courier's website.
Once your order has shipped, you will receive an email from MY Furniture to notify you that your order has left us, as well as the courier's name and tracking reference number.
For all our next deliveries you will be notified of two hours delivery window by SMS and/or email by the courier themselves.
Returns are accepted within 14 days, as long as the item is in its original condition and packaging.
1-4 Weeks deliveries
These items can take up 4 weeks to arrive – However our latest statistics show that most of our heavy items are delivered within 4 days.
IMPORTANT NOTE: some bespoke upholstered items may take 6-8 weeks. Please clarify with a sales agent before placing your order.
Items are delivered via our 2 man - large items courier service.
The delivery courier will send you an SMS to specify the date of your delivery, and provide you with a 3 hour window update 24 hours prior to your delivery.
You will also be given the option to alter the delivery date if not suitable.
The courier will normally deliver to your room of choice, provided there is easy access.
Items must be checked within 24 hours and any issues reported within that period.
Returns are accepted within 14 days, as long as the item is in its original condition and packaging.
Scottish Highlands, Islands, Northern and Southern Ireland
The above destinations incur additional charges, please add the item in your basket and your postcode and press the quote button.
For multiple items in a single order please call us for the best prices. The above destinations will most likely have a slightly longer delivery time too.
In the unlikely event that your goods arrive damaged, faulty or incorrect, please note that these cases must be reported within 24hours of a signed delivery.
We will then offer you either the choice of: (A) An exchange of faulty part or product or (B) Collection with full refund.
This does not affect your statutory rights
click on this link to start the process.
You will receive a copy of the same form at your email address. Please print the form and insert it into each box you are returning.
You have the right to change your mind and cancel the contract between you and us within 14 days of delivery of your Products without giving a reason.
Items must be unused, free from defects and returned in their original packaging.
Once we have received and checked the returned items, we will refund your money, less any collection fee e.g. returns costs (unless you have returned the items at your own expense).
click on this link to start the process.
You will receive a copy of the same form at your email address. Please print the form and insert it into each box you are returning.
*Bespoke Items: Please note that we are unable to accept returns on bespoke made upholstered items, (unless there was a provable damage during transportation), so please ask for swatches for all bespoke upholstered items prior to purchase.
At My Furniture we're happy to talk money.
After all, we're here to furnish.
You can spread the cost of any purchase over £500.
Over several months, interest free.
For further details and T&Cs, why not drop us a line?


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Buying a sofa is kind of like buying sheets, only bigger and more expensive. You want the right size and feel, and a good look that co-ordinates with the rest of the room. But with a sofa, you've also got to think of dimensions, room flow and other important details that contribute to a decision. Here are some tips to keep in mind before test-driving any models.
Measure your entryway
If the sofa doesn't fit through the door, you've got a problem. "Many standard entryway openings are 36 inches wide," says interior designer Nicole S.
Don't pick a sofa that's dwarfed by the coffee table
Leave enough room to walk around
There should be 15-18 inches between the sofa and coffee table, which allows for comfortable legroom but is close enough to let you set down your drink.
Plot out the room with tape before buying the sofa
Make sure everything fits before making a purchase. Outline the potential dimensions with painter's tape or use grid paper to sketch the room in quarter-inch scale, then cut out furniture in the same scale to place and move around in your room sketch. Consider the other furniture you currently have and any architectural details in the room like windows, doors, a fireplace and staircase to determine where the sofa will go best.
Look at sofas in styles that accommodate the size of your room
Mid-century modern styles have thinner profiles, arms and cushions, which means they are more compact and better suited for smaller living rooms or apartments, O'Dwyer says. If you've got a larger space, traditional sofas with rounded, curved arms and more upholstery details will fill in the space nicely.


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|7.30 am and Barney not sure he is ready to move!
|Wooden sculptures on the towpath
We left Long Itchington just before 8 and stopped for water just along the way. As we were just finishing narrowboat Neverland came past and asked if we would like company for the locks...great.
We had 10 locks to negotiate to reach Radford Semele so company was always welcome.
They were mostly set against us but the sun was shining so all was well with the world!
|Hard to believe we are quite close to the M40
|Just for a change, Geoff at the helm as Petroc approaches a lock.
After Radford bottom lock we said goodbye to Alan & Penny on Neverland. They had been amiable companions for a few hours but were planning to carry on to Saltisford Arm.
Soon afterwards we did our good deed for the day. A runner was held up on the towpath by a vicious looking swan who was guarding his/her offspring. He seemed disinclined to brave the swan so we offered him a lift until he was past......I would have been dubious about going past it as well.
We were settled into a good mooring well before lunch
|and the afternoon was spent relaxing!
Total distance:4.82 miles
Elapsed time:3h45m4s
Average speed:1.28 mph (3.95 lock/mph)


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Simulation of biological evolution and the NFL theorems
William Dembski (No free lunch: why specified complexity cannot be purchased without intelligence, 2002) claimed that the NFL theorems from optimization theory render darwinian biological evolution impossible. Häggström (Biology and Philosophy 22:217–230, 2007) argued that the NFL theorems are not relevant for biological evolution at all, since the assumptions of the NFL theorems are not met. Although I agree with Häggström (Biology and Philosophy 22:217–230, 2007), in this article I argue that the NFL theorems should be interpreted as dealing with an extreme case within a much broader context. This broader context is in fact relevant for scientific research of certain evolutionary processes; not in the sense that the theorems can be used to draw conclusions about any intelligent design inference, but in the sense that it helps us to interpret computer simulations of evolutionary processes. As a result of this discussion, I will argue that from simulations, we do not learn much about how complexity arises in the universe. This position is in contrast with certain claims in the literature that I will discuss.
KeywordsEvolution Mathematical model No free lunch theorems Simulation Arise of complexity
The No Free Lunch Theorems (NFL theorems) were introduced in the biological field by William Dembski in his book No Free Lunch (2002), with the goal to show that darwinian evolution is incapable of producing certain complex structures. In his book (and elsewhere), Dembski then argues that these complex structures must have been designed by some intelligence, thereby following Michael Behe's best-selling Darwin's Black Box (1996). Dembski and Behe are two major figures in the Intelligent Design (ID) movement; a movement which claims that nature bears the unmistakable signs of intelligent design.
In this article, I will argue that the NFL theorems do play a role in the discussion about evolution, albeit a somewhat different role than Dembski envisioned. This does not imply that I defend ID in any way; I would like to emphasise this from the outset. Indeed, I have criticized Dembski's intelligent design inference in many other publications before, see e.g. Meester (2003). 1 I certainly believe that we have been produced by some evolutionary process, and this is precisely the reason that I am very much interested in scientific research of biological evolutionary processes, especially when my own discipline—mathematics and probability theory in particular—comes into play. And mathematics comes into play very much as soon as we make models of evolutionary processes and even more so when we simulate such processes on a computer. Simulating evolution is a genuine branch of research, with research papers doing only simulations making it to Nature; see for instance Lenski et al. (2003) for a typical example to which I will return later in this article.
The (very reasonable) objections against any inference of intelligent design have been so strong and emotional (see for instance Orr (2002) for a typical reaction), that most people didn't really take the trouble to think deeper about certain claims. In this article then, I want to explain why I think that the NFL theorems give rise to interesting considerations concerning the interpretation of simulations of evolutionary processes, without—of course—defending or making any intelligent design claim.
The article is built up as follows. First, I want to explain what the NFL theorems say, and how this can be connected to evolutionary processes. I will illustrate the NFL theorems with some toy-examples, to make the reader somewhat familiar with their use, and also to anticipate the illustration of my point later on. I briefly sketch the reasoning of Dembski (2002) leading to his claim that these NFL theorems disprove darwinian evolution. After that, I will summarise some of the findings of Häggström (2007), who convincingly showed that the NFL theorems themselves are not relevant for biological evolution at all. However, I will put the NFL theorems into a somewhat broader framework which is relevant for evolution. I will then argue that this broader framework still has not much to say about the real evolution, but at the same time, that it does say something about simulations of evolutionary processes. Indeed, I will argue, based on the above mentioned broader framework, that simulations can not tell us very much about the question whether or not darwinian biological evolution is capable of creating complex features into the universe. This position is in contrast with certain claims in the literature that I will discuss.
The NFL theorems; theory and some examples
A certain modest amount of mathematical notation is unavoidable in this section, but I will make it as light as possible.
Consider a finite set V and a function \(f: V \rightarrow \Bbb{R}\) (the set of real numbers) which assigns a real number to each element in V. Suppose we want to find an element \(x \in V\) for which f(x) is maximal. This may seem like an easy problem, but typically, V is extremely large, so a one by one search to find an \(x \in V\) with maximal value of f(x) would take much too long.2
Therefore, in optimization theory, one tries to set up some search algorithm to find an \(x \in V\) that perhaps does not really maximize f(x), but for which f(x) is high in a certain sense; for instance, one often tries to find an x which satisfies f(x) ≥ t, for some given t. (See for instance Aarts and Lenstra (1997) for much more information on algorithmic search.)
In our context, such algorithms have the following general form. Let f be a function as above (very often, f is referred to as a fitness function and we will adopt this terminology), and define a target set \(T \subset V\) , say a set of the form \(T= \{x \in V: f(x) \ge t\}\) . First we choose an element \(x_1 \in V\) according to some rule (not involving the function f but possibly involving additional randomness) and we compute f(x 1). Given some rule that can only take into account x 1 and f(x 1) (and additional randomness), another point x 2 is chosen, different from x 1, and f(x 2) is computed. After k steps, we have k points \(x_1,\ldots,x_k\) and in addition the values \(f(x_1),\ldots, f(x_k)\) . The algorithm then goes on to choose a new point x k+1 which has not been selected before, according to some rule that only involves \(x_1,\ldots, x_k\) , \(f(x_1),\ldots, f(x_k)\) and possibly additional randomness. After that, f(x k+1) is computed, et cetera.
If we choose the next point x k uniformly at random among all points that have not been chosen before, that is, in such a way that each of the points not yet chosen have equal probability to be chosen, then we call the resulting algorithm blind search, for obvious reasons. Often though, the rule according to which one chooses the next x k uses some structure of the set V. For instance, if V consists of pairs (k, l) for integers k and l, then one could, for example, choose the next x k among neighbors of points already chosen. Some examples follow soon.
The stage is now set for the NFL theorem (see Wolpert and Macready 1997).3 They state that in a certain average sense, no search algorithm can be better than any other. In their (and our) setting, the functions f are only allowed to take values in a finite set S. Since also V is finite, there exist only finitely many functions \(f:V \rightarrow S\) , and the NFL theorem is concerned with a certain average over all these functions. To formally state the result, let E k be the event that at least one of the points \(x_1,\ldots, x_k\) falls into the target set T. When we take \(T=\{x \in V: f(x)\geq t\}\) , this boils down to the event that at least one of the recorded values \(f(x_1),\ldots, f(x_k)\) has a value at least t.
The NFL theorem
Let p A,f be the probability of the event E k when using the function f and search algorithm A. When we average these numbers p A,f over all f, the outcome is independent of the search algorithm A.
The conclusion of the theorem seems quite surprising. It says that no algorithm is better than any other at quickly finding a target set T. In particular, no search algorithm is better than the blind search algorithm, in which the next x k is simply chosen uniformly at random among all points that have not been chosen before. Put in yet other words: we cannot expect a search algorithm to be efficient unless we restrict ourselves to functions f that are distinguishable from the "average" f, and I believe that this last formulation is a concise description of the importance of the NFL theorem.
Surprising as the result may sound at first sight, the NFL theorem is in fact almost a mathematical triviality once you see things from the right angle. I do not intend to explain this here, and I refer to Häggström (2007) for an excellent explanation as to why this is the case.
Before we continue, let me very briefly sketch why Dembski thinks that the NFL theorem renders darwinian evolution impossible. It is fairly common to view evolution as an algorithmic search procedure (see e.g. Dennett (1995)), or as an optimization problem in which we want to maximize a fitness function f which assigns, for instance, a fitness to each DNA sequence. The search consists of changing the DNA sequence at certain locations, leading to a new element in the space of DNA sequences (our space V). Since the "target set" of DNA sequences which correspond to living organisms is extremely small compared to the total number of DNA sequences, blind search will essentially never find it. Therefore, since according to the NFL theorem, no algorithm works better than blind search, darwinian evolution is impossible, unless one "leads" the algorithm to the target set by using a very special fitness function or algorithm. This, however, would, according to Dembski, be cheating since the search of such a special algorithm or fitness function would be at least as difficult as the search for the target set itself in the first place. (Dembski coins this the displacement problem; see Dembski (2002), Sect. 4.7.)
I do not disagree with Häggström concerning his criticism on this argument. Indeed, it is simply not the case that a biological fitness function can be viewed as an average over all possible fitness functions. Indeed, had this been the case, then a simple mathematical argument shows that the fitnesses of two DNA sequences which differ in only one position, would have been completely independent of each other, and this is clearly not the case.4 Therefore the NFL theorem simply does not apply.
This sounds as the end of the story, and if this were the case there was no need to write the present paper. However, the story does not end here and in order to make my point later, I will now first discuss two simple examples of the NFL theorem in action.
Example 1
The 8 functions, together with p A,f and p B,f
p A,f
p B,f
Example 2
Let V consist of all sequences of letters of the alphabet of length 3. Consider one such sequence, for instance the word YES, and defined a fitness function \(f:V \rightarrow {\Bbb R}\) as follows: For any word \(\alpha \beta \gamma \in V,\) \(f(\alpha \beta \gamma)=1\) if only the first letter matches with the word YES; \(f(\alpha \beta \gamma)=2\) if only the second letter matches; \(f(\alpha \beta \gamma)=4\) if only the third letter matches. Furthermore, if two or more letters match, we add the values of the matching letters. So for instance, f(FEW) = 2, f(YEW) = 3, f(RES) = 6 and f(YES) = 7; the word YES maximizes this fitness function. This fitness function is chosen in such a way that we can read off from its value not only how many letters match with YES but also which ones. For instance, if we have a word with fitness 5, then we know that the first and last letter match, and the second letter does not.
Given this fitness function, we can design a search algorithm that actually leads us to the word YES (which has maximal fitness 7) rather quickly. Indeed, if at some moment in time, we have a word with fitness 5 say, then we choose our next word by fixing the first and third letter (since these are already correct), and choosing a new second letter at random among all remaining possibilities that we have not been seen before. In not too many steps we will end up with the word YES, having maximal fitness. Note that this algorithm uses the value of f at the current point, unlike the algorithms of Example 1.
It is clear that there is nothing special about the word YES, and we can, by choosing the appropriate fitness function, direct a similar algorithm to any desirable final outcome. If you use the "wrong" fitness function, that is, not corresponding to the target word, then you may never end up at the target. The NFL theorem asserts that if you consider the collection of all fitness functions with values in {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} and average over all these functions, then the (average) probability to reach a target with fitness 7, say, does not depend on the precise algorithm we use.
How to interpret an (in)efficient algorithm
Let us consider Example 1 again, and suppose that someone tries to locate a point in V with fitness 1 in at most two steps of a certain (unknown to us) search algorithm. We know from the example that for any such search algorithm, on average (averaged over all fitness functions) the probability to be successful is 3/4. Now suppose someone repeats the search many times, and as it turns out, he is successful every time. What conclusion would we draw? Well, first of all, we would conclude that this person does not choose his fitness function uniformly at random at each search, since had he 5 done that, the success probability would have been 3/4. So we know that he chooses his fitness functions differently, although we do not really know how. He can choose the same function each time, or choose a different one each time but not according to a uniform distribution in which each function has equal probability of being chosen. Let us for simplicity assume that he uses the same fitness function all the time, say the fifth function given by f(a) = 1 and f(b) = f(c) = 0.
However, given that he uses this fitness function, there is still freedom in the search algorithm that he uses. In this particular example, it would be unwise to use B, since then the success probability is only 2/3. No, if the fifth fitness function is used, then the choice of the algorithm must be tailored around this choice in order to get an efficient algorithm. In the present example, algorithm B must have been used in order to be successful every time. The point I want to make, then, is that it will typically be the case that for a given (class of) fitness function(s), different algorithms will behave very differently, and one has to make the "correct" choice in order to get an efficient algorithm.
A similar reasoning applies to Example 2. If we find that a certain researcher finds the word YES over and over again, then we conclude that his algorithm is too efficient to be the result of averaging over all fitness functions; it is not likely that he chooses his fitness function uniformly at random over all possibilities at the start of each new search. No, it is reasonable to conclude that he uses the fitness function corresponding to the word YES, and that he uses the search algorithm associated to that word. Again, note that the conclusion is two-fold: we know that he uses special fitness functions and we know that his search algorithm is tailored around this choice in order to get an efficient algorithm.
These remarks sound like very obvious ones, and in a way they are. Once a search algorithm is more (or less, for that matter) efficient than what you expect from the NFL theorem, it must be the case that you use a special choice, or a special class, of fitness functions. But at the same time, you must use a careful choice of the search algorithm which must have been tailored around your choice of (the class of) fitness functions. The point is that if you average over all fitness functions, then it doesn't matter which algorithm you take—this is precisely what the NFL theorem says. But if you choose your fitness function differently, then it does matter a lot which algorithm you choose, as is illustrated by the examples above.
There is another way to look at this, as follows. The NFL theorem deals with a situation in which we average over all fitness functions. If we average, then it does not matter at all which algorithm we use, that is what the theorem says. As such, the theorem deals with an extreme situation: averaging over all fitness functions. The other extreme is that we fix one specific fitness function. In that case, as we saw above, it matters a lot which algorithm one uses: only very special algorithms will be efficient in that case. Between these two extremes, numerous possibilities exist: we may for instance look at a certain class of fitness functions. It is not to be expected that one can write down interesting general mathematical theorems for these "intermediate" cases. Nevertheless, it is very reasonable to say that there is a certain tendency which makes the choice of the algorithm more significant when we reduce the possibilities for our fitness function.
So this is the conclusion that is connected to the NFL theorem (I emphasise that this conclusion is not part of the mathematical theorem itself): when a certain algorithm is efficient in combination with a (class of) fitness function(s), then the algorithm must have been chosen very carefully. Note the similarity with what Dembski called the "displacement problem", but also note the subtle but important difference between his and my conclusion. I draw my conclusion from a broader perspective in which the NFL theorems deals with one end of the spectrum only.
Application to evolution
What do we learn about evolution from this discussion? Let me first make a general remark about the role of mathematics in this context. Apart from the problems that were noted by Häggström (2007), the ideas in No Free Lunch suffer from a too optimistic belief in the usefulness of mathematical models in biology (see also Olofsson (2008) for a similar conclusion), and this remains true in the context of the present article. The mathematical concepts that are used can of course be given a biological interpretation; we already mentioned this before. Indeed, the space V can be the space of DNA sequences (up to a certain length, say) and the fitness function f can—perhaps—be interpreted as a real fitness function. But what about the search algorithms? I do not think it is reasonable to summarise the extremely complex biology (and chemistry, physics ...) that is associated to the process, into a single search algorithm. There are no realistic models of evolution at the molecular level that render this approach reasonable. Computing probabilities in a model is one thing, but for these computations to have any implication, the models had better be very good and accurate, and it is obvious that the various models do not live up to this requirement. In particular, it is quite meaningless to compute the probability that certain amino acids combine to produce a particular molecule, if there is no realistic mathematical model (on the molecular level) around.
In addition, in my discussion of the NFL theorem and beyond, in the conceptual framework, we distinguished between algorithms and fitness functions; these concepts exist more or less independently of each other. In real life, however, the process itself and the space on which this process acts, do not exist independently of each other. The evolutionary process itself generates DNA sequences which we took as our space V before. This means that the evolutionary picture is not nearly as simple and clear as suggested by Dembski, and I find it hard to imagine how the discussion in this article could apply directly to biology in any meaningful way.
This having said, I now want to argue that the algorithmic "NFL-way" of thinking about evolution is very meaningful when it concerns computer simulations of certain evolutionary processes. Unlike real evolution, computer simulations sometimes fit very well into the formal mathematical setting as discussed in this article, and the discussion applies to such simulations directly.
Before discussing an important example in the literature, let me first go back to Example 2 above. Suppose we are confronted with a scientist who claims to obtain the word YES over and over again. We can then be sure that the algorithm he uses is the one corresponding to the word YES; it is the algorithm that was described in detail in Example 2. It is hardly reasonable to say that when we simulate Example 2 on a computer, the process reached the final outcome with highest fitness by itself. No, given the fitness function (that is, given the word YES) the computer programmer chose an efficient algorithm that would lead to YES. In other words, the programmer chose his program with insight in the future goal he wanted to reach, and hence the simulation was intrinsically teleological.
Let us now look at a much more sophisticated example of the same type. In Lenski et al. (2003), computer simulations are used to explain the evolutionary origin of complex features. In their work, digital organisms—computer programs that self-replicate, mutate and compete—evolve, and Lenski et al. wondered whether the programs would eventually evolve into programs that can perform certain logical operations. The fitness of a program very much depends on the operations it can handle. If at some point in time, a program can execute a given logical operation, it is rewarded with an amount of "energy", which in this model boils down to a certain amount of processing time; this can be seen as the fitness of the organism. Lenski et al. noted that this complex system of interacting components produced (digital) organisms that could execute complicated logical operations that were built from simpler ones, and that the organisms with the highest fitness evolved via organisms with low or intermediate fitness. In the course of the process, they observed variation, selection and heritability in their digital organisms, very much analogous to the way evolution is supposed to work in real life. Some solutions found by the process were even unanticipated by the researchers. This made them draw the following conclusions:
These findings show how complex functions can originate by random mutation and natural selection. 6
In closing, digital organisms provide opportunities to address important issues in evolutionary biology. They are particularly well suited to problems that are difficult to study with organic forms owing to incomplete information, insufficient time and the impracticality of experiments. 7
How reasonable are their conclusions? First of all, let me emphasise that their article is a pleasure to read, and that I am very much impressed by the way they set up the simulation. It is, from this point of view, an impressive piece of work. But does their conclusion follow? To shed some light on this, let us discuss their approach in the language of the present article.
First of all, their simulation is a search algorithm in our sense, with V being a space of certain computer programs (their digital organisms). Furthermore, their fitness function is chosen in such a way that only a very small part of V has a high fitness; the target set is very special indeed. Finally, their simulation is set up with the goal to show that the search algorithm can reach this very special target set of digital organisms with high fitness.
All this taken together means that this simulation is in the domain where the discussion of the previous sections applies. It follows, therefore, that the target set can only be reached if the search algorithm is very carefully tailored around their fitness function. And, of course, this tailoring is precisely what happened: many program parameters must be fixed, and it should be clear that most "version" of any such algorithm would not produce anything interesting at all. In other words, it is certainly not the case that one can say that the algorithm found a digital organism with a high fitness "by itself". The programming must have been done with insight into the future goal that they wanted to reach.
Of course, not everything that was observed was actually designed by the researchers. For instance, the researchers did not specify in advance what route would be followed towards programs with a high fitness. Also, as already mentioned before, the researchers noted that unanticipated solutions were sometimes found by the process. However, both these effect (the route not being controllable and the emergence of unanticipated solutions) can already be observed in a toy example like Example 2. Indeed, the actual path leading to the word YES is pretty much random and uncontrollable; we know that we will eventually obtain the word YES but we do not know—for instance—which of these three letters will be fixed first. And if we would search for a word of fitness 6, BES, say, then it is not a very big surprise that in the process we might bump into the unique word YES of fitness 7 along the way—this will happen in a significant fraction of the experiments.
Hence the careful choice of the algorithm does not—and should not, for that matter—rule out unanticipated solutions and random routes towards these solutions. Yet despite this, according to our earlier discussion, the algorithm in Lenski et al. can only work if it is tailored carefully around their fitness function, so the target must have been set in advance (and—of course—this was the case). Indeed, if your goal is sufficiently "special", that is, if your fitness function assigns high fitnesses to a very small part of the full space of possibilities, then you cannot reach the target by chance, and your algorithm has to be intrinsically teleological. The discussion around the NFL theorem in the previous sections forces this conclusion: if you reach something "very special" in your simulations, then you must have programmed the computer with insight in the future.
Let us now return to the two quoted conclusion in Lenski et al. Is it true that "these findings show how complex functions can originate by random mutation and natural selection"? Let me first remark that this conclusion should be interpreted as dealing with the real biological evolution, otherwise there does not seem to be a point. Indeed, if your goal would be to explain why mutation and selection can create complex features that you specify in advance, then the conclusion is clearly correct and uncontroversial. But do these findings explain the "spontaneous" emergence of complex features in nature? I do not see how such an explanation could possibly follow. The algorithm takes darwinian evolution as a starting point, and it is (correctly) argued that variation, selection and heritability are enough to reach a certain well-defined and previously set target. However, the discussion around the NFL theorem demonstrates that in a computer simulation which constitutes a search algorithm, a "special" target can only be reached when you carefully choose your algorithm around the target, that is, if the algorithm is intrinsically teleological. And of course, darwinian evolution is not teleological, by definition it cannot be! This conclusion does not imply that I do not believe in darwinian evolution, but it does imply that computer simulations can not be used to show how complex features arise in the universe.
Discussion, scope and conclusion
The above discussion only applies to simulations that constitute a search algorithm, and which involve trying to reach a sufficiently special target set. Indeed, only in these circumstances does the application of the NFL theorem lead to the conclusion that the programming (that is, the choice of the algorithm) must have been done with insight into the future. Needless to say, there are many simulations—also in an evolutionary context—which do not fall into this category. For instance, it is uncontroversial to use simulations to shed light on the development of antibiotic resistance, or on how population genetics are affected by different geographical structures and mating systems. Why is simulation not controversial in these cases? Well, in the two examples just mentioned, the point is not to reach a special target, but instead to compare the "typical" behavior of related systems. This means that the problems related to the NFL theorem simply do not enter the scene. Simulations in these circumstances are very useful, even though the results of such a simulation are often quite predictable. Nevertheless, it sometimes happens that simulations show unanticipated behavior, which forces one to think about what is going on. Many evolutionary questions can be investigated with simulations when—for instance—the mathematical models are too complicated for a rigorous mathematical analysis, and they confirm that the concept of darwinian evolution, with all its vital ingredients, is a sensible one, and that it is a good thing to think about reality in those terms. All in all, whether or not a simulation is meaningful very much depends on the question one wants to answer.
Let me phrase my point differently, just to make sure that I am not misunderstood. I do not claim—of course—that a simulation can only be meaningful if there is no design in the simulation. Indeed, it is impossible to simulate without designing a program. Often this is no problem, but if the whole point of your simulation is to show that complexity can arise in the universe in a darwinian (and therefore non-teleological) way, then it does become a problem, since then the above discussion applies and shows that any successful computer program must be intrinsically teleological.
Let us now go back to the final conclusion in Lenski et al. that (I repeat) "digital organisms provide opportunities to address important issues in evolutionary biology. They are particularly well suited to problems that are difficult to study with organic forms owing to incomplete information, insufficient time and the impracticality of experiments". It is hard to disagree with the statement itself, but again it is the question as to what extent one is allowed to draw any conclusions about the real emergence of complex features from these simulations. To put the conclusion in a somewhat different style: if one wants to argue that there need not be any intelligent design in nature, then it is hardly convincing that one argues by showing how a well-designed and teleological algorithm behaves as real life is supposed to do. And I have argued that any successful algorithm is necessarily teleological.
Hence, the final conclusion can be formulated as follows: when we recognize the NFL theorem as dealing with an extreme case within a much larger class of situations, we see that in a search algorithm as defined in the present article, a sufficiently special target set can only be reached when the search algorithm is very carefully tailored around the fitness function. This conclusion is a direct consequence of our discussion of the NFL theorems and beyond. This implies that this special target can only be reached by programming with insight into the future. Since darwinian evolution cannot look into the future, this forces us to conclude that simulations can not be used for the purpose of explaining how complex features arise into the universe. Certainly there are other evolutionary problems which can be addressed with simulations in a non-controversial way, as long as they are not concerned with reaching special targets by a search algorithm. I think it is very important to be aware of this problem, so that we are able to better interpret computer simulations for evolutionary problems in the future.
- 1.
This publication is in Dutch.
- 2.
For instance, if V is the set of possible ways in which we can line up, say, 150 objects, then there is no way in the world that we can ever calculate f(x) for every x ∈ V.
- 3.
There are many similar results, but in what follows, we will be concerned with only one of them.
- 4.
See Häggström (2007) for a full and detailed explanation of this claim.
- 5.
I use "he" where I strictly speaking should use "he or she".
- 6.
Lenski et al. (2003, p. 139).
- 7.
Lenski et al. (2003, p. 143).
Open Access
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.
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- Olofsson P (2008) Intelligent design and mathematical statistics: a troubled alliance. Biol Phil (to appear)Google Scholar
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BMW 3-Series Sedan Named Car and Driver's '10Best Cars' for 22nd Year
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The auto experts at Car and Driver are rather fond of the 2013 BMW 3-Series it seems. In fact, the magazine seems to have been quite fond of the BMW 3 Series for the past 22 years. For the 22nd time, the publication has named it to its "10Best Cars" list.


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.... And just like that, a little blog love spread over the internet. The Liebster Award showed up.... in my inbox?!!!! Oh heeeey!!!
I have Mountain Missy to thank for the nomination!!! Mountain Missy's blog will make you want to ditch your regular life, and high tail for the nearest string of mountains. And if you can't do that, Mountain Missy's blog with satiate your need for beautiful landscape through pictures that make her world come alive. Thanks for finding my blog missy and for Liebster 'props!
And now it's my turn to love love love: 1. Red Pants and Mustache: What does Sweden, coffee, mustaches and lessons about life have in common? Oh I dunno.. maybe just this Awesome blog!! Check it out: he's a great friend and a superb writer and I highly suggest you take up facial hair, fine coffee or a love for the nordic life at some point in the near future. 2.Stride and Joy: 52 races in 52 weeks is a lot, yes? Well this Aussie in Boston learns to run.. and tries not to fall down all the while setting the crazy goal of completing (yes you heard it correctly) 52 races in 52 weeks. 3. Insane Thoughts of Sane Mind: We were first blog united over a common dislike of decision making (and for the record neither of us can decide who is worse at making decisions). This is a blog about humour and life and I bet you will find a little bit of something for everyone throughout. 4. Healthy Urban Hearth: This one first caught my attention with a great post of yoga… which I found highly resourceful and persuasive. I'm seeing that there hasn't been a bit of activity since, and I hope this award helps bring back the healthy urban love! 5. Adventures of an Ottawa Foodie: Ottawa food is entirely underrated… and if you are asking yourself where Ottawa is and why food here is awesome, then I recommend you educate yourself child and take a look at what foodie has to offer!! It's not just food – there's a myriad of things that make the city of Ottawa, and this blog great, and you will find it all in these pages.
What a good way to end a week!!! Winners please keep the karma flowin' and refer to the instructions below: 1. Link back to the person who gave it to you and thank them. 2. Post the award to your blog. 3. Give the award to 5 bloggers with less than 200 followers that you appreciate and value (It's a great way to get to word out there about other blogs!!) 4. Leave a comment on the 5 blogs to let them know that they have received this award.


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Wylan Cyprien is set to make his comeback after nine months out injured when OGC Nice take on Vitesse Arnhem in the UEFA Europa League on Thursday.
The 22-year-old midfielder was named in Nice's squad for the trip to the Netherlands in their final outing in Europa League Group K. And with Nice already certain to qualify for the round of 32 in second place behind Lazio, the occasion is perfect for coach Lucien Favre to bring Cyprien back.
He was one of the outstanding young players in Ligue 1 last season but has not played since rupturing the cruciate ligament in his right knee in the second half of a 2-2 draw at home to SM Caen on March 10.
Cyprien has so far played an hour of a reserve game in the fourth division and also half of a friendly match. The former RC Lens player should now start at the GelreDome, with Favre also expected to give run-outs to the likes of Racine Coly and Jean-Victor Makengo. Sevral regulars, including Mario Balotelli, were left behind in Nice ahead of this weekend's Ligue 1 Conforama clash with FC Nantes.


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Visual cues for nonverbal and limited verbal students help improve communication skills. These are great for autism, early childhood and prek students, especially for Back to School, All About Me, social skills, and speech therapy.
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When I first met Jana, she was set up in front of a window applying Reva's makeup for her wedding day. Immediately, I could tell I was going to like her. She was full of personality and energy. In the four weddings I've seen her take part in since, I've seen her do bridal makeup, style wedding day hair, shorten dresses, make bouquets, and generally act as your no. 1, wedding go-to girl! I've learned she is the kind of person that walks by you and yells, "You are the Best Person in the World!" She is the perfect person to have in your wedding. Which, I know, isn't the only reason I've seen her stand up for Reva, Lacie, and Hilja in the past year. And why, now on New Year's day, its her turn and all her friends are there to cheer her and Brandon on.
Together, Jana and Brandon, planned a January wedding. Jana picked out pretty navy, silver, and gold details and handmade their flowers and boutonnieres to accent their wintery themed day. She even had fuzzy thigh-high socks to keep her warm under her dress! After all their perfectly curated winter details, their best accessory was their sweet Golden Retriever pup, Eloise. Or their daughter, as they call her. We set up their first look at their house so that "Ellie" could be there. My assistant, Jenn, was quite busy giving her love all morning. She is pretty adorable.
Their ceremony and reception all went down at the always classy The Emerson Arts and Culture Center ballroom. The amazing Abby from Icing on the Cake Events helped pull together this perfect New Year's Day wedding. One of my favorite things about their wedding was the music. Jana and Brandon share a love of great music. Brandon proposed at a Trampled by Turtles concert! They walked down the isle to The Avett Brothers, January Wedding, and just when I thought my wedding dreams were complete, they exited to Wait so Long by Trampled by Turtles. Apparently winking at their parents, as family and friends have been waiting for this sweet couple to make it official for a while. Their vows had us all choked up with sweet sentiments like, "I see you. I see all that you are, and all that you are yet to be." (At least thats all I heard before I checked-out so I wouldn't start crying!) With a friend of Jana's officiating, they stepped forward from their already working long term relationship into Forever.
Congratulations, to the "Greatest Couple in the World" and Happy New Year!
If you look closely at her dress, from After 5 and Weddings, you can see the lace is almost silvery. It was perfect for a holiday wedding.❄
Can we talk about the BEST CAKE I'VE EVER HAD? It was made my Jana's talented Mother so I may never get to have it again! Maybe I'll just show up on their first anniversary and hope that they will give me a slice. Too much? Never mind. Forget I said anything... But seriously, kudos Mom!
January February March April May June (4) July (4) (1) August (1) (2) September (2) (3) October (3) November (2) December (2)
(2) January (2) February March April (1) May (1) (3) June (3) (3) July (3) (1) August (1) (2) September (2) (1) October (1) November December
January February March (2) April (2) May (2) June (2) (3) July (3) (3) August (3) (4) September (4) (3) October (3) November (1) December (1)
(1) January (1) (1) February (1) March April May (2) June (2) (2) July (2) (1) August (1) September October November December


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We are launching a Youth Leadership program for immigrant and ethnocultural youth in October 2017 between the ages of 18-27 years. The overall goal of the Leadership Development program is to support and empower immigrant and ethnocultural youth to enhance their leadership capacities, and make positive contributions in the community. Essentially we hope to develop leaders that can be tomorrow's decision makers in Calgary, Canada and across the world and create hub for tomorrow's leaders to generate ideas and learn from each other.
We would like to invite you to learn more about our program and encourage your youth to apply for this program.
Join us at our info reception at the Calgary Public Library (downtown) on September 7th from 5:30-7:30pm. Register here!
It is a competitive program so we advise young people to apply as soon as possible. We invite young people to apply who already possess leadership capabilities and or aspire to become leaders.
CEAE – Youth Leadership Program Application Form


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Uttar Pradesh Police Recruitment and Promotional Board (UPPRPB) has recently released UP Police SI ASI Admit Card 2017. Sub Inspector (SI) Confidential, Assistant Sub Inspector ASI Clerk, Assistant Sub Inspector ASI Accounts posts exam held on 13th September 2017. Read full details of UP Police SI ASI Clerk ASI Accounts Admit Card 2017 before going to print it. We will share the process of downloading of UP Police SI ASI Clerk & Accounts post admit card, So now check below tables.
UP Police SI ASI Admit Card 2017
(Uttar Pradesh Police Recruitment & Promotional Board)
Advertisement No. PRPB-2-1&2(9)/2016
|Post Name: UP Police SI, ASI Clerk & ASI Accounts
|Important Dates
|Application Fee
Note: The Exam Fees can be paid through only online mode by using Credit Card/ Debit Card/ Net Banking/ E Challan.
|Age Limit
|Physical Eligibility Test
|as on 01 July 2016
|Vacancy Details
|Total No. of Posts: 760
|Post Name
|Educational Qualification
|Sub Inspector (SI)
|Assistant Sub Inspector (ASI) Clerk
|Assistant Sub Inspector (ASI) Accounts
|How to Apply
|Step I
|Visit prpb.gov.in
|Step II
|Click on UP Police SI, ASI Clerk & Accounts Admit Card Link
|Step III
|Filled all required details in admit card page
|Step IV
|Check all filled details once
|Step V
|Now click on download admit card
|Step VI
|Your UP Police SI ASI admit card now download take print of it
|Important Links
|Download Admit Card
|Click Here
|Official Notification
|Male | Female
|Official Website
|Click Here
This post will update soon, If you really want to download UP Police SI ASI Admit Card 2017 then must save this page for checking latest updates of UP Police SI ASI Admit Card 2017. If you have the problem to visit this admit card page regularly then you can print this page by clicking the below given "Print this page" option. Read official advt. of this job then go for download your UP Police Admit Card.


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Gamescom, this morning, EA launched trailers for a multitude of titles to show them off. Titles include Crysis 3, Need for Speed: Most Wanted, SimCity, Army of TWO: The Devil's Cartel, Battlefield 3: Premium Edition, Command And Conquer and Medal of Honor Warfighter.
Crysis 3 Gamescom Multiplayer Trailer
The new Crysis 3 Multiplayer trailer reveals a whole new game mode to the Crysis franchise, showing two nanosuit hunters hunting cell troopers and preventing them from escaping.
Medal of Honor Warfighter Gamescom Trailer
Battlefield 3: Premium Edition Trailer
EA's Battlefield 3: Premium Edition gives the user plenty new content with four new maps, armored kill and a brand new game mode called tank superior.
Army of Two: Devil's Cartel Gamescom Trailer
DeadSpace 3 shows us a new location to the DeadSpace franchise and typical enemies we have fought before in DeadSpace, as well as a brand new cooperative multiplayer experience.
Command And Conquer Trailer
Command and Conquer trailer shows us a typical real-time strategy game with fast building and many opprtunities to use different vehicles.
Crysis 3 CryEngine Demo Trailer
Need For Speed Most Wanted Multiplayer Trailer shows a 12 person multiplayer action with several challenges.


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Gameloft, Discovery Channel and WildAid Team up to Fight for Shark Conservation With 'Shark Dash'
Gamers Can Help Sharkee Take a Bite out of the Illegal Wildlife Trade in Celebration of Shark Week's 25th Anniversary
Jul 19, 2012, 01:14 ET
SAN FRANCISCO, July 19, 2012 /PRNewswire/ --
To mark Shark Week's 25th Anniversary, Gameloft, Discovery Channel and non-profit organization WildAid have partnered on a new global initiative to raise awareness and funds in support of marine protection. From July 19th until August 18th, advocates for the fight against the sale, trade and distribution of shark fins can show their support by signing a pledge and/or donating money to WildAid as a part of the popular physics-based puzzle game, Shark Dash.
Shark Dash is a highly addictive game with a fun and unique cartoon-style design starring lovable toy sharks and a series of wacky and mischievous rubber ducks. Users will be able to contribute to shark conservation through new exclusive content made available in the game, notably a new "Fintastic" skin for Sharkee. Google Play users, specifically, will also be given the option to purchase this skin for $0.99, $4.99, or $24.99 (depending on how much they would like to donate).
"As Sharkee has quickly become a favorite character among both Gameloft fans and employees alike, it seems only right that he also becomes a spokesman for a global issue currently affecting his species," said Gonzague de Vallois, SVP of Publishing for Gameloft. "For that reason, Gameloft is thrilled to be able to partner with strong brands such as Discovery Channel and WildAid, who are both advocates for the cause and saving such a beautiful species from further endangerment."
As shark finning has dramatically increased over the course of the last decade, an even more urgent need for a solution has emerged. Today, the unregulated shark fin trade poses one of the most severe threats to the world's shark populations - with up to 73 million sharks harvested annually to meet the rapidly growing demand for shark fin soup. Through this partnership, WildAid will be able to use the funds raised towards reducing the demand for shark fin soup through their global public awareness campaign and educational initiatives.
"With the drastic decline in shark populations, it has become imperative that we reverse this trend by reducing demand for products derived from these magnificent creatures," added Peter Knights, co-Founder of WildAid. "We are thrilled to partner with Gameloft and Discovery Channel, two brands that have successfully brought sharks into mainstream popular culture and are using their respective platforms to encourage shark conservation and marine stewardship."
Shark Dash is currently available on Google Play & the App Store. For more information, you can also check out the new Shark Dash trailer here: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PHp8QVxWFdQ
For more information about shark finning and how you can join in on the fight against it, please visit http://www.wildaid.com. Discovery Channel's Shark Week is cable's longest-running programming event and will celebrate its 25th anniversary with eight all-new specials beginning Sunday, August 12 at 9pm ET/PT.
About Gameloft
A leading global publisher of digital and social games, Gameloft® has established itself as one of the top innovators in its field since 2000. Gameloft creates games for all digital platforms, including mobile phones, smartphones and tablets (including Apple® iOS and Android® devices), set-top boxes, connected TVs and consoles. Gameloft operates its own established franchises such as Asphalt®, Real Football®, Modern Combat, and N.O.V.A.: Near Orbit Vanguard Alliance®, and also partners with major rights holders including Marvel®, Hasbro®, FOX®, Mattel® and Ferrari®.
Gameloft is present on all continents, distributes its games in over 100 countries and employs over 5,000 developers.
Gameloft is listed on the Paris Stock Exchange (ISIN: FR0000079600, Bloomberg: GFT FP, Reuters: GLFT.PA). Gameloft's sponsored Level 1 ADR (ticker: GLOFY) is traded OTC in the US.
About Discovery Channel
Discovery Channel is dedicated to creating the highest quality non-fiction content that informs and entertains its consumers about the world in all its wonder, diversity and amazement. The network, which is distributed to 100.8 million U.S. homes, can be seen in 210 countries and territories, offering a signature mix of compelling, high-end production values and vivid cinematography across genres including, science and technology, exploration, adventure, history and in-depth, behind-the-scenes glimpses at the people, places and organizations that shape and share our world. For more information, please visit http://www.discovery.com.
About WildAid
WildAid is the only organization to focus on reducing the demand for wildlife products with the strong and simple message: when the buying stops, the killing can too. WildAid works with Asian and Western celebrities and business leaders to dissuade people from purchasing wildlife products via public service announcements and educational initiatives, reaching up to one billion people per week in China alone. For more information, please visit http://www.wildaid.org.
Press Contacts
Jessica W. Lewinstein
PR Manager for Gameloft North America
E: email@example.com
Amy Hagovsky
Director, Communications for Discovery Channel
E: email@example.com
Eric Desatnik
Communications Manager for WildAid
E: firstname.lastname@example.com
SOURCE Gameloft


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Avalon: The Legendary Danube for Wine Lovers
My Tour
Avalon Tours
About Avalon
Avalon Discounts and Promotions
Avalon FAQ
Avalon Travel Insurance
Avalon Ships
Avalon Themed Cruises
Avalon Cruise Map
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Avalon Waterways The Legendary Danube for Wine Lovers (WNB-T1)
11 days from Prague to Budapest
From the splendor of
to the Gypsy violins of Budapest, you'll treasure every moment of this memorable
River cruise. Enjoy three nights in Prague with guided sightseeing as well as time to explore this marvelous city on your own. Discover the Hradcany Castle grounds, wander through Prague's Jewish Quarter, shop for hand-cut crystal, savor authentic Czech dumplings, stand in Wenceslaus square where protestors demonstrated against Communism, or visit one of the many churches. Then drive to
and set sail for medieval
, where a Master of Wine joins you, continue to sail to Passau,
, and Budapest, with guided sightseeing in each city. As an added feature, we'll take you to wine cellars in the center of
for a special wine tasting in a unique atmosphere and you will be delighted by wine tastings and a food and wine pairing dinner hosted by the Master of Wine. Sail through the fascinating
Danube Canal and witness the scenic beauty as you cruise past quaint towns. Attend a beer tasting, tour Melk's splendid Benedictine Abbey, and experience the music, art, culture, and historical sights in romantic Vienna—a memorable vacation!
Avalon Highlights & Sightseeing
deluxe 7-night cruise in an outside stateroom with Avalon's exclusive Comfort Collection Beds
Day 1 Prague:
welcome to Prague
Day 2 Prague:
guided sightseeing, see the
Astronomical Clock
and visit Hradcany Castle grounds
Day 3 Prague:
full day at leisure or join the excursion to Melnik
Day 4 Prague–Nuremberg (Embarkation):
travel by motorcoach to Nuremberg; onboard welcome reception
Day 5 Nuremberg–Roth:
choice of
Rally Grounds tour or guided sightseeing in Roth; on board wine tasting and lecture by Master of Wine
Day 6 Regensburg:
guided walk; enjoy a snack at the Historische Wurstküche; beer tasting
Day 7 Passau:
guided walk; special on board food and wine pairing dinner
Day 8 Melk–Vienna:
guided visit of the Benedictine Abbey in Melk; on board wine and chocolate tasting
Day 9 Vienna:
guided sightseeing
Day 10 Budapest:
guided sightseeing, see Fishermen's Bastion and Heroes Square; visit a wine cellar and enjoy wine tasting
Day 11
your vacation ends this morning
Itinerary (2017)
Day 1
Arrive in Prague, Czech Republic.
Welcome to Prague, capital of the Czech Republic. This fascinating city straddles the Vltava River with domes, cupolas, spires, and pinnacles highlighting its skyline. The remainder of the day is free to start exploring.
Day 2
Prague is a 1,200-year-old city preserved in time, and, unlike other Central European capitals, it was not bombed during the 20th-century wars. A LOCAL GUIDE shows you its best-known treasures, such as the Old Town's Astronomical Clock, built in 1410 and once the envy of all of Europe; HRADČANY CASTLE GROUNDS; St. Vitus Cathedral; and the Charles Bridge, the oldest bridge in Prague. Browse the shops for hand-cut crystal or art books. Mix with the locals in Wenceslaus Square, an important meeting point and where people demonstrated against the communist regime; or watch performers on Charles Bridge. (B)
Day 3
Enjoy a free day to explore at your own pace. Perhaps visit the Communist Museum or join our included excursion to Melnik; sample local plum dumplings and Pilsner, or stroll along the Vltava River. Your Cruise Director will have suggestions for things to do. (B)
Day 4
Prague–Nuremberg, Germany (Embarkation).
After lunch, drive to Nuremberg, where your river cruise vessel is docked. Before dinner, meet your crew for a welcome reception. (B,D)
Day 5
This morning the choice is yours—join a Certified Local Guide for a NUREMBERG RALLY GROUNDS tour, or GUIDED SIGHTSEEING of the nearby town of Roth. This delightful town, with its half-timbered houses and market square, is also an industrial center for textile manufacturing. In contrast, take pictures of Schloss Ratibor, an ancient hunting lodge, built in 1535, with a most picturesque inner courtyard. Roth is also the scene for one of Europe's most important annual triathlons. Our Master of Wine joins you today and will share his knowledge of some of the regional wines at an on board lecture and a tasting of wines he has chosen for this occasion. (B,L,D)
Day 6
Arrive in Regensburg today. Dating back to the time of the Celts around 500 BC, Regensburg is one of Germany's best preserved medieval cities. Established during the Holy Roman Empire and the only German city not bombed during WWII, Regensburg has at least 1,300 listed buildings of "historic interest." Architectural highlights of your GUIDED WALK include the Altes Rathaus (Old Town Hall), built in the 13th century, and Porta Pretoria, gates to an ancient Roman fort built in 179 AD. Wander through the city's lanes and alleys to discover the many mansions with high towers. Wealthy families built these towers to emphasize their status and wealth during the Middle Ages, and many still remain today. Walk across the 12th-century Steinerne Brücke (Stone Bridge), the oldest of its kind in Germany. Grab a beer and enjoy an included SNACK at the Historische Wurstküche (Old Sausage Kitchen), one of Germany's oldest restaurants. Bask in the vibrant atmosphere and take in the remarkable views along the river. Before dinner we'll introduce you to some of Germany's FAMOUS BEERS! (B,L,D)
Day 7
This morning, dock in Passau. Uniquely located where the Inn, Ilz, and Danube Rivers converge, Passau is a maze of narrow cobblestone streets lined with beautiful patrician houses. St. Stephen's Cathedral, a masterpiece of Italian baroque architecture, houses one of the world's largest church organs with 17,774 pipes. Take in the highlights on the included GUIDED WALK. Alternatively, choose from several full-day optional excursions while your ship continues to sail into Austria. Rejoin your vessel in the late afternoon. This evening enjoy a special Food and Wine Pairing Dinner, hosted by our Master of Wine. (B,L,D)
Day 8
Melk, Austria–Vienna.
This morning, enjoy an included GUIDED VISIT of Melk's magnificent 11th-century BENEDICTINE ABBEY, one of Europe's largest monasteries. The abbey houses an ornate library with over 80,000 printed books and 2,000 manuscripts. You'll be captivated by the splendor of the church with its frescoed ceilings, stunning high altar, marble statues, and 210-foot-high cupola. The view from the terrace over the Danube and surrounding countryside is breathtaking! Then, cruise through the picturesque Wachau Valley, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. While sailing our Master of Wine presents a wine and chocolate tasting. Pass the magnificent baroque Stiftskirche with its blue façade, the landmark of Dürnstein, before arriving in Vienna this evening. Known as the "City of Music," it inspired the creative genius of Mozart, Beethoven, and Strauss. An optional concert is available tonight. (B,L,D)
Day 9
Once the center of the mighty Habsburg Empire, Austria's magical capital on the blue Danube is a showcase of gilded architecture. This is home to the lavish Hofburg Imperial Palace complex with its Vienna Boys' Choir and dazzling Lipizzaner stallions; the neo-renaissance Vienna Opera House; and awe-inspiring St. Stephen's Cathedral—plus, countless other sights shown to you by your LOCAL GUIDE during your included CITY TOUR. Shop in the delightful pedestrian Kärntnerstrasse, and be sure to take a break and enjoy a piece of decadent Sachertorte or Apfelstrudel in one of the classic Viennese coffee houses, historic institutions that helped shape Viennese culture! In the late afternoon, leave Vienna for Budapest. (B,L,D)
Day 10
Budapest, Hungary.
Spanning the banks of the Danube, Budapest is one of Eastern Europe's liveliest cities. Whether you're seeing the sights, shopping for handcrafted embroidery or Herend porcelain, or basking in the coffee house culture over a rich cream cake in the renowned Gerbeaud Café, Budapest's unique energy is positively palatable. On your GUIDED SIGHTSEEING TOUR, see Heroes' Square as well as the massive hilltop castle complex with its remarkable Fishermen's Bastion and 11th-century Matthias Church, the coronation spot of several Hungarian monarchs. Be sure to take note of the city's eight bridges—many famous sights in and of themselves—which connect ancient Buda on the right bank with Pest on the left. You may even want to walk across Chain Bridge, built in 1849 and a symbol of Budapest. Perhaps visit St. Stephen's Basilica; shop at the Great Market Hall and purchase paprika at one of its 180 vendor stalls; wander around the Royal Palace grounds; or stroll along Váci utca, the main shopping street. An included visit to WINE CELLARS, underground in the middle of Budapest, allows you a first TASTING of Hungarian wines in a very special atmosphere. (B,L,D)
Day 11
Budapest (Disembarkation).
Your vacation ends with breakfast this morning. (B)
Included Avalon Meals
Captain's welcome & farewell receptions with sparkling wine and canapés
Welcome dinner
Daily Afternoon Tea
Daily Night Fare
Farewell dinner
Complimentary sparkling wine with breakfast; wine, beer, or soft drinks with lunch and dinner are included daily on board your vessel
Avalon Pricing Details
Prices and itineraries are subject to change. Final details will be available in April 2016.
Port charges:
$168Gratuities to Local Guides & Excursion Drivers are included.
Please call for single accommodation price. Triples not available.
Prices shown include cruise in Category E in a deluxe outside stateroom on Indigo Deck.To upgrade to a higher category, add per person:
Category / Decks / Price
D / Indigo Deck / $199B / Sapphire Deck / $1,149A / Sapphire Deck / $1,199P / Royal Deck / $1,299Royal Suite / Royal Deck / $1,899
Avalon Notes
In the event of water level problems or any problems of a technical nature, it may be necessary to operate the itinerary by motorcoach or to alter the program.
Included visits and special features are subject to change. If a change is necessary, a substitute will be offered.
Please check visa requirements with your local consulate(s); responsibility for obtaining visas rests with the traveler.
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