text:
Framework for the Use of Certain Non-broadcasting Applications in the Television Broadcasting Bands Below 698 MHz
April 2013
Section 8.1 (Summary of Comments) has been amended to better reflect the WRAN Alliance's comments.
Posted on Industry Canada website: October 30, 2012
- Intent
- Policy Objectives
- Abbreviations
- Background
- Introduction of Television White Space Devices in Canada
- 5.1 Summary of Comments
- 5.2 Discussion
- Television White Space Interference Prevention
- Television White Space Implementation
- Remote Rural Broadband Systems
- 8.1 Summary of Comments
- 8.2 Discussion
- Low-Power Apparatus, Including Wireless Microphones
- 9.1 Summary of Comments
- 9.2 Discussion
- Changes to the Canadian Table of Frequency Allocations
- 10.1 Summary of Comments
- 10.2 Discussion
- Next Steps
1. Intent
Through the release of this paper, Industry Canada hereby announces the decisions resulting from the consultation process undertaken in Canada Gazette notice SMSE-012-11 — Consultation on a Policy and Technical Framework for the Use of Non-Broadcasting Applications in the Television Broadcasting Bands Below 698 MHz.
These decisions, announced in Canada Gazette notice SMSE-012-12, address the introduction of certain non-broadcasting applications in the television broadcasting bands below 698 MHz, specifically in the bands 54-72 MHz, 76-88 MHz, 174-216 MHz, 470-608 MHz and 614-698 MHz.
2. Policy Objectives
The Minister of Industry, through the Department of Industry Act, the Radiocommunication Act and the Radiocommunication Regulations, with due regard to the objectives of the Telecommunications Act, is responsible for spectrum management in Canada. This responsibility includes developing national policies and goals for spectrum utilization, and ensuring effective management of the radio frequency spectrum resource.
In developing a framework to make additional spectrum available for increased use, Industry Canada takes into consideration the need to provide spectrum access for new services and technologies, including broadband, the impact of such a framework on all stakeholders and the Spectrum Policy Framework for Canada (SPFC). The SPFC objective is to maximize the economic and social benefits that Canadians derive from the use of the radio frequency spectrum.
In the 2010 Consultation Paper on a Digital Economy Strategy for Canada entitled Improving Canada's Digital Advantage: Strategies for Sustainable Prosperity, under the pillar of "Building a World-Class Digital Infrastructure," access to spectrum was identified as one of the challenges facing Canada. By issuing this decision, Industry Canada is, in part, delivering on this commitment.
3. Abbreviations
The following abbreviations are used in this document.
gigahertz (1 GHz = 109 hertz or a frequency of one billion cycles per second)
4. Background
On August 27, 2011, Industry Canada released SMSE-012-11 — Consultation on a Policy and Technical Framework for the Use of Non-Broadcasting Applications in the Television Broadcasting Bands Below 698 MHz. In the consultation, Industry Canada sought comments on general considerations related to the use of non-broadcasting applications in the bands 54-72 MHz, 76-88 MHz, 174-216 MHz, 470-608 MHz and 614-698 MHz.
The issues consulted upon include the introduction of licence-exempt TV white space (TVWS) devices; the regulatory framework for licensed remote rural broadband systems (RRBS); and the regulatory framework for licensed low-power apparatus (LPA), such as wireless microphones.
TVWS devices are designed to operate using unassigned TV channels without interfering with licensed broadcasters or other authorized wireless telecommunications licensees. These devices would operate on a no-protection, no-interference basis.
It is anticipated that these devices would be initially targeted toward consumers, as they could benefit from the availability of home wireless networks similar to Wi-Fi and also to service providers to offer access to Internet service by making use of wireless broadband equipment with improved range. In the longer term, white space technology also shows promise for machine to machine communications and has the potential to facilitate innovative products and services.
Comments were receivedFootnote 1 from 27 parties representing various industries, including TV broadcasters, TVWS proponents, cellular service providers, wireless device manufacturers, the Radio Advisory Board of Canada (RABC), research and development groups, wireless microphone industry and rural broadband service providers.
5. Introduction of Television White Space Devices in Canada
In the consultation, Industry Canada proposed to allow TVWS devices in Canada. In response to the consultation paper, several general comments were received regarding their use. These comments primarily highlighted potential benefits of the introduction of this technology and some potential challenges.
5.1 Summary of Comments
- Support for the use of TVWS devices. All respondents, including broadcasters, support allowing the use of TVWS devices and a majority believes that the potential benefits are considerable. Broadcasters urge Industry Canada to adopt strong rules for prevention of interference.
- Facilitating an economic and competitive environment. Many respondents believe that TVWS devices would facilitate the introduction of improved, more economical wireless broadband and Internet services to consumers in areas that are currently unserved or underserved. This could foster a competitive market environment that would encourage further experimentation and innovation. This, in turn, could help to minimize deployment costs and enhance the provision of broadband services, which should lead to better Internet access and the availability of innovative consumer products and services.
- Use for rural/sensor networks. Respondents envisage the use of TVWS for applications such as rural broadband, wide-coverage hotspots, bridging between small networks, sensor networks and cellular off-loading, all of which would take advantage of these bands' superior propagation characteristics. The RABC believes that allowing TVWS use is an opportunity for Canada to expand wireless broadband services as a complement to RRBS.
- Benefits to many sectors. Many respondents note that the potential benefits of the various TVWS applications could apply to all levels of governmental organizations, education facilities, libraries, transportation services, local business enterprises and critical infrastructure entities.
- Additional spectrum/Wi-Fi gap. Some respondents believe that TVWS use will help to address the capacity and spectrum shortage challenges facing the wireless communications industry, and that using TVWS spectrum may help to off-load some traffic from the main mobile networks. According to these respondents, the world is facing an impending spectrum shortage of mobile broadband services, arising from the explosive growth in mobile communication. Some respondents believe that the use of TVWS will offer additional spectrum in the lower frequency bands and that its use may provide connectivity where off-loading using other bands, e.g. Wi-Fi at 2.4 GHz and 5.8 GHz, falls short.
- Rapid proliferation/ensure protection. Some respondents argue that the expected low cost of TVWS devices, which would be typical of mass-market licence exempt devices, could facilitate rapid proliferation; therefore, compliance with protection limits for incumbent radio services will be essential.
- Apprehension of moving too quickly/premature rules. Not all respondents are convinced that Canada needs to move quickly on allowing TVWS for licence-exempt use. One respondent notes that using TVWS spectrum is not the same as using spectrum set aside for dedicated use for licence exempt devices. Some respondents think that Industry Canada should closely monitor developments within the United States, especially when considering technical and standards harmonization, and that Industry Canada should only consider the introduction of TVWS devices after the technology has proven itself. In a similar vein, the RABC believes that Industry Canada should strive to preserve a variety of options for creating mobility in TVWS and that the Department should work closely with TVWS database administrators, devices manufacturers and incumbents to establish standards to ensure that harmful interference will not be caused to existing users. In particular Rogers believes that a conservative approach must be used when establishing such limits.
- Mobile broadband transition anxiety. Ericsson warns that if up to 120 MHz of spectrum is repurposed for mobile broadband spectrum in Canada, as is currently legislated in the United States, this spectrum would no longer be available for TVWS devices. As well, the remaining TV channels would be packed more closely together in the remaining broadcast spectrum and fewer geographical spots would be available for TVWS devices.
5.2 Discussion
The management of the radio frequency spectrum has traditionally been a centralized process, with the access to spectrum overseen by a regulatory body. However, as technology has progressed, methods allowing dynamic spectrum access have begun to be developed to improve spectrum efficiency. A shift away from conventional licensing approaches could lead to a more flexible, adaptive administrative environment by enabling opportunistic use of the radio frequency spectrum. Such techniques for the use of TVWS have the potential to improve spectrum efficiency while facilitating the introduction of new wireless communications applications in Canada.
Some respondents express some apprehension about the introduction of TVWS devices due to the potential for rapid proliferation, especially in the context of licence-exempt operation among licensed systems. On the other hand, appropriate technical requirements and the ability of these devices to adapt their operation in real time should ensure that incumbent users do not suffer harmful interference. Industry Canada believes that the regulatory approach described in this document will provide the necessary measures to address these concerns.
Industry Canada will also closely monitor international regulatory developments, and will make appropriate regulatory changes as further experience is gained. It is noted that TVWS rules in the United States have been finalized and remaining legal obstacles to related TVWS deployment have been resolved. The development of rules and regulations for TVWS use are also moving quickly in many other countries, including in the United Kingdom, where rules development is particularly advanced.
Despite the potential that repurposing of some TV spectrum below 698 MHz in the United States might lead to calls for similar action in Canada, Industry Canada does not see this as a reason to delay the introduction of TVWS devices. If Canada were to follow the United States, available spectrum would be reduced and fewer geographical areas would be available for the operation of TVWS devices. However, proponents have indicated their belief in the ongoing viability of TVWS use regardless of whether such changes take place.
It is expected that the introduction of the use of TVWS devices will enable the development of new techniques for managing the radio frequency spectrum while easing spectrum shortages and enabling more options for wireless broadband and Internet services for consumers.
Decision related to the introduction of TVWS devices:
Industry Canada will establish procedures and technical rules to permit the introduction of TVWS devices in Canada. These devices will be exempt from licensing and will operate on a no-interference, no-protection basis.
6. Television White Space Interference Prevention
The following sections discuss the approach that will apply to TVWS use to prevent interference to other spectrum users.
6.1 Use of Spectrum Sensing vs. Databases
Industry Canada consulted on approaches to provide interference protection for licensees in the TV bands where TVWS devices are used. These included the use of spectrum sensing and/or the use of geographic TV band databases.
Spectrum sensing is the capability to detect and prevent interference to received signals from other users sharing the spectrum above a determined threshold. An alternative approach uses a list of protected spectrum users, which is maintained in one or more central databases, combined with geo-location of the TVWS devices. The TVWS devices would automatically access these databases to determine what spectrum, if any, is available at its locations.
The consultation paper proposed that Industry Canada focus initially on the development of rules for the use of databases to ensure interference protection from TVWS devices.
6.1.1 Summary of Comments
Spectrum Sensing
- Most respondents believe that spectrum sensing technologies require further development. They are not convinced that spectrum sensing by itself is currently technically viable. For example, Shure is concerned that sensing techniques have not overcome problems associated with detecting receive only stations and, although sensing has promise, an effective approach for detecting LPA has yet to be developed.
- Some respondents argue that spectrum sensing should be included in the proposal to allow better TVWS utility, especially in urban areas. They believe that spectrum sensing can improve indoor usage of TVWS whereas the use of a database may be challenging in an indoor environment.
- Many respondents support the proposal for databases.
- Some respondents, including wireless device manufacturers and the members of the RABC, suggest introducing interference management functionalities, through the use of databases, to provide protection between TVWS devices.
6.1.2 Discussion
Consistent with comments received, Industry Canada recognizes that the potential for spectrum sensing technology, either alone or used in conjunction with a geo-location licence information database, is quite promising. However, as most respondents mention, this technology is still in the developmental phase and key obstacles have not yet been resolved, including the inability to detect receive-only stations and to adequately protect LPA.
All respondents agree that the use of databases can provide effective interference protection to licensed incumbents within the same frequency band. Unlike sensing, the use of databases may allow the capability (i.e. through software changes to the databases) to respond to problems with equipment in the field without the need for a consumer recall. In the future, databases may add functionality, including the capability to manage interference between TVWS devices, but this would be outside the scope of Industry Canada's regulations.
Industry Canada is of the view that the use of databases will allow an immediate means to implement TVWS while addressing sharing and interference issues. Spectrum sensing or hybrid approaches using elements of both sensing and geo-location databases show promise for the future.
Decision related to databases and spectrum sensing:
Industry Canada will develop initial rules and regulations for TVWS devices based on the use of geo-location and a registration database system to manage harmful interference.
As spectrum sensing matures, Industry Canada will consider additional regulatory provisions for sensing technology through the technical rule development process under this decision.
6.2 Policies for the Establishment of Databases of Protected Canadian Systems
During the consultation, Industry Canada invited comments on provisions related to database performance and operation, including the development and operation of Canadian TVWS databases by the private sector.
6.2.1 Selection Process and Criteria
126.96.36.199 Summary of Comments
- Most respondents agree that databases should be developed and managed by third party private sector database administrators.
- Most respondents believe that third party database administrators should be selected based upon a competitive process. The RABC urges Industry Canada to consider authorizing multiple database administrators and to allow competition among administrators to ensure that the cost to access white space spectrum is reasonable and affordable.
- Axia NetMedia believes that it is important to ensure that there is no conflict of interest between the database administrators and the broadband service providers.
22.214.171.124 Discussion
Most respondents agree that databases should be developed and that they should be managed by third party private sector administrators.
Although most respondents believe that third party database administrators should be selected based upon a competitive process, this appears to be based on the assumption that Industry Canada would place limits on the number of possible administrators. However, experience in other countries has shown that multiple database administrators can operate at the same time without conflict and that the resulting increase in technical complexity would be minor. In addition, open entry of database administrators will foster the development of a competitive market for database services, which will mitigate many of the concerns that were expressed by respondents, including concerns about the potential for conflicts of interest or monopoly pricing. Such an approach would eliminate the need for Industry Canada to select winners and would allow for innovation among competing database administrators with alternative business models and added services. Evaluation of applicants against a common set of technical requirements will ensure protection of existing spectrum users. Consequently, Industry Canada will authorize any database administrators provided that they meet the appropriate regulatory requirements set out in this decision and the related technical rules.
Decision related to the criteria and selection process for database administrators:
Industry Canada will authorize the establishment of all TVWS database administrators that meet technical requirements. There will be no limit on the number of database administrators that can be authorized to provide service in Canada.
6.2.2 Regulatory Oversight
184.108.40.206 Summary of Comments
- Most respondents want Industry Canada to have strong regulatory oversight of the TVWS databases and believe that Industry Canada should maintain its equipment compliance role. Although respondents generally agree that technical certification of TVWS devices is necessary for their introduction into Canada, respondents do not believe that certification alone will provide sufficient regulatory oversight to control the operation of TVWS devices.
- The RABC supposes that leaving the management and operation of database services entirely to the private sector would create potential problems and believes that oversight by Industry Canada is therefore required.
- Shure believes that Industry Canada must play an active role in the oversight of TVWS databases, especially regarding information security, system reliability and regulatory compliance issues.
- Broadcasters urge Industry Canada to put effective regulatory measures in place prior to authorizing TVWS services in order to protect users and licensed services against excessive cost levies by database administrators.
- The RABC comments that the database administrators should be required to make appropriate updates to the databases in the event that interference is caused by TVWS devices.
- The Whitespace Regional Area Network Alliance (WRAN Alliance) believes that the databases should reside within Canada in order to ensure that regulatory requirements can be enforced.
22.214.171.124 Discussion
The clear majority of comments support Industry Canada maintaining strong regulatory oversight rather than indirectly regulating TVWS databases via the device certification process alone. The respondents have made a strong case and Industry Canada sees the benefit of such an approach. For this reason, the Department will approve TVWS database administrators for operation in Canada and will not rely solely on the certification process to ensure compliance with Industry Canada's rules. That said, as part of the certification process for TVWS devices, they will be required to demonstrate that, when operating in Canada, they communicate with databases that are approved by Industry Canada.
In order to be approved, TVWS database administrators will be required to sign an agreement with Industry Canada, which will list the regulatory requirements with which they must comply. These requirements will include provisions related to database administrator eligibility, security, reliability, authentication, synchronization, interface between database administrators and privacy. Database administrators will be required to demonstrate their compliance with these conditions in order to receive departmental approval. Industry Canada will develop these requirements and criteria in consultation with stakeholders.
Furthermore, in order to provide effective mechanisms to deal with potential interference, database administrators will be required to update their information system algorithms to account for any changes to these criteria, and may be required to take action at Industry Canada's direction in cases of harmful radio interference. If a database administrator fails to comply with the terms of its agreement, Industry Canada may take measures up to and including revocation of the database administrator's approval until such time that the situation has been rectified to the satisfaction of the Department. Industry Canada believes that requiring databases to be hosted within Canada will help to ensure that these regulatory requirements can be enforced without limiting database administrators to Canadian companies. Database administrators indicate that this will not impose a burden on them.
Some respondents suggest that regulatory measures are needed to protect users and licensed services against excessive cost levies by database administrators. The protection of all licensed services, including collection of associated information, will be a fundamental requirement for a database administrator to receive approval. This would preclude charging a fee for a protected user to be listed in the database, but this would not rule out charging consumers for value-added services.
The existence of multiple database administrators will ensure that the cost to access the databases by TVWS devices is subject to competition. For this reason, Industry Canada has decided not to regulate fees set by database administrators to access their databases by TVWS devices.
Decision related to the regulatory oversight:
Industry Canada will develop requirements for TVWS databases through consultation with stakeholders.
Database administrators will be required to host the TVWS databases in Canada.
6.2.3 Security and Privacy
18.104.22.168 Summary of Comments
- Respondents see the need for reliable security measures, including authentication procedures between TVWS devices and databases, to minimize harmful or unauthorized intrusion or manipulation.
- Axia NetMedia urges strong measures to protect the security of information and the privacy of users. Axia NetMedia believes that, as a minimum, all transactions should be conducted through Secure Socket Layers or other means of authentication/encryption.
- Rogers supports stringent security regarding the contents and communications between the database and TVWS devices.
- All respondents agree that the databases will need to be developed in close cooperation with Industry Canada and that security, reliability and privacy issues will need to be addressed, especially as individual devices and their locations are registered.
- The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 802 Local Area Network / Metropolitan Area Network Standards Committee comments that security related issues be considered in the database implementation, including ensuring database availability, authorization to access, authentication, encryption, data integrity, non-repudiation, confidentiality and privacy. In addition, the committee believes that TVWS devices should be required to supply a certification of identity in order to be granted operational access by the certified database. This will ensure mutual authentication to avoid spoofing or denial of service attacks.
- The RABC believes that Industry Canada should require all information in the TVWS databases to be made publicly available by the database administrators.
188.8.131.52 Discussion
Industry Canada agrees with the comments received regarding the importance of adequate security measures to protect data and ensure reliable operation. Appropriate measures will be developed in consultation with stakeholders. Industry Canada also agrees with the RABC on the need to make publicly available the information of the stations to be protected.
Information regarding protected stations, including TV stations, cable TV head-ends, RRBS stations and licensed LPA requiring interference protection, will therefore be required to be made publicly available by the database administrators. This does not apply to information regarding TVWS devices or their locations.
Decision related to security and privacy:
Industry Canada will develop measures relating to security and privacy through its established processes, including consulting with stakeholders.
- Footnote 1
Comments received can be found on Industry Canada's website.
7. Television White Space Implementation
Comments were sought on several proposals regarding the technical provisions for TVWS devices in Canada, which included defining TVWS categories, identifying operating channels, protecting other services and developing general technical provisions for the operation of TVWS devices near the Canada-United States border.
7.1 Television White Space Categories
The consultation proposed the following definitions for TVWS service categories:
Fixed white space device: A white space device that transmits and/or receives radiocommunication signals at a specified fixed location. The fixed device selects radio frequency channels for operation from a list of available channels provided by a TV band database.
Mobile white space device: A white space device that transmits and/or receives radiocommunication signals while in motion or at unspecified fixed points.
- Mode I mobile white space device: A mobile white space device that does not use an internal geo-location capability and does not directly access a TV band database to obtain a list of available radio frequency channels. Mode I mobile devices may also be referred to as "slave" devices. A Mode I device must obtain a list of available channels on which it may operate from either a fixed device or a Mode II mobile device. A Mode I device does not initiate a network of white space devices or provide a list of available radio frequency channels to another Mode I device for use by such a device.
- Mode II mobile white space device: A mobile white space device that uses an internal geo-location capability and accesses a TV band database for a list of available radio frequency channels. Mode II devices may also be referred to as "master" devices. Access to the database may be through a direct connection to the Internet or through an indirect connection via another fixed or Mode II white space device. A Mode II device may provide its list of available radio frequency channels to another mobile device for use by that device.
7.1.1 Summary of Comments
- Not all respondents comment on the TVWS categories. Of those who do, most respondents suggest harmonization with the U.S. definitions.
- Nokia does not believe that device implementation or innovation should be bound or restricted by predefined device categories.
- Neul does not see a need to distinguish between fixed and mobile devices, but prefers the convention used in the United Kingdom of having two classes: a "master" and a "slave."
- Some respondents are not clear on the use of the term "mobile" in the proposed definitions and sought clarification regarding its meaning. Shure and the WRAN Alliance recommend that Industry Canada use the term "personal/portable" rather than mobile, as it may allude to a TVWS device moving at vehicular speeds. Devices moving at high speeds would not be able to update through databases quickly enough to avoid interfering with other users. Also, high-speed mobile operations are particularly problematic for wireless microphones that may be operating in/near mobile TVWS devices.
7.1.2 Discussion
Industry Canada agrees with the majority of respondents that the definitions of the categories of TVWS devices should be generally harmonized with those in the United States. Although this terminology would be different from that used in the United Kingdom, the proposed definitions make an explicit link to the "master" and "slave" nomenclature.
In response to concerns about the use of the term "mobile" in the proposed definitions, it should be noted that this term does not imply that vehicular operation will be permitted. Vehicular operation would be precluded in practice by the need to reconfirm available channels when a device is moved regardless of whether the term "mobile" is used in these definitions. Nomadic and transportable operations are permitted under this definition of mobile TVWS devices.
The final wording of these category definitions will be determined following the release of this decision during the development of the technical standard. This will allow for an opportunity for improvements to the originally proposed wording. In addition, this will ease future updates if required, and will ensure that these category definitions do not restrict the potential for future innovation.
Decision related to TVWS categories:
Industry Canada will generally harmonize with the U.S. definitions of TVWS categories, with the exact wording to be determined by Industry Canada through its established processes, including consultation with stakeholders.
7.2 Operating Channels
With some restrictions, the consultation proposed that TVWS devices be permitted to operate on available channels throughout the TV broadcasting bands below 698 MHz. In order to prevent harmful interference, TVWS devices would not be permitted to operate on TV channel 37, which is used by medical telemetry devices and radio astronomy operations at the Dominion Radio Astrophysical Observatory (DRAO) in Penticton, British Columbia.
The consultation also noted that TVWS devices in the United States are subject to additional restrictions on operating channels, depending on whether a fixed or mobile TVWS device is being used.Footnote 2
7.2.1 Summary of Comments
- Respondents generally agree with the proposal to broadly harmonize available operating channels for fixed and mobile TVWS devices with the United States, as well as the proposed operating channel restrictions.
- Some RABC members suggest that Industry Canada consider allowing the operation of mobile TVWS devices on any available channels, including below TV channel 21. In their opinion, the geo-location and database query approach will provide adequate interference protection without the need for additional restrictions. Other RABC members believe that mobile devices should not be permitted below channel 21.
- Motorola also requests that Industry Canada not restrict the use of mobile TVWS devices below TV channel 21. This rule was developed to protect public safety and commercial land mobile radio systems on TV channels 14 to 20, which only exist in the United States.
- The RABC and broadcasters recommend that channels 3 and 4 in which consumer electronic devices operate, along with channel 37 in which medical telemetry and radio astronomy operate, be explicitly identified in any future documents as prohibited channels for any form of TVWS devices in Canada due to significant risk of interference.
- Rogers comments that TVWS devices should not be permitted to operate on TV channels 2 to 20, 37 or 51. TVWS devices should be prohibited in channels 2 to 13 in particular because VHF TV receivers are more susceptible to interference from electronic devices than UHF TV receivers.
- Neul does not see a need to restrict access to channels according to device type and prefers the approach taken in the United Kingdom to allow use on output power levels, both in-band and out of band, to be determined dynamically on a case-by-case basis, rather than in a static manner through predefined channel restrictions.
- Shure feels that mobile TVWS devices should not be permitted to operate below channel 21, that there should be no fixed operation on channels adjacent to broadcast stations and that no operation of TVWS devices should be permitted on channel 37. Allowing only fixed TVWS operation on certain channels would ease sharing with LPA such as wireless microphones, as it would be easier to plan around the relatively static environment associated with fixed TVWS operation.
- Ericsson recommends that Industry Canada consider possible ways to mitigate or minimize the potential interference on channel 51 to avoid adjacent channel interference. Rogers proposes that licensed commercial mobile above TV channel 51 be protected from TVWS devices by limiting the power in channel 51 and adopting rules for minimum distances from commercial mobile base stations.
7.2.2 Discussion
A majority of respondents support harmonization with U.S. rules, including a restriction that mobile TVWS devices only be allowed to operate on TV channel 21 and above. Although there are some comments that propose either greater or lesser restrictions, Industry Canada believes that the advantages of such harmonization by providing a common market for equipment with its resulting benefits for equipment cost and availability outweigh the stated concerns.
Industry Canada agrees with respondents that the heavy use of TV channels 3 and 4 by consumer electronic devices and the risk of harmful interference to those devices from TVWS devices warrant a restriction from operation on these channels, as the United States has also concluded. Radio astronomy observations on TV channel 37 are limited to a single location in Canada and could be protected through the TVWS databases. However, licence-exempt wireless medical telemetry operating on TV channel 37 is used throughout Canada and therefore also warrants a restriction on TVWS operation on this channel, similar to the restriction in the United States.
As the proposed transmitted power for TVWS will be much lower compared to that of the commercial mobile service, the likelihood of adjacent channel interference from TVWS devices will also be lower than the likelihood of interference from adjacent mobile systems. As such, Industry Canada will not restrict TVWS devices from using TV channel 51; however, technical measures for mitigation of adjacent band interference may be considered during the development of technical rules if sufficient technical justification is provided.
Decision to set operating channels:
Industry Canada will broadly harmonize with the U.S. rules regarding channels available to fixed and mobile TVWS devices. Detailed rules will be developed regarding available operating channels for different categories of TVWS devices using Industry Canada's established processes, including consultation with stakeholders.
7.3 Protection of TV Broadcasting
TV broadcasting in Canada has transitioned from an analog to a digital signal format in CRTC-defined mandatory markets; however, there may be continued analog TV broadcasting operations outside these areas. For this reason, protection criteria for both analog and digital TV broadcasting were proposed.
The consultation paper noted that the United Kingdom has proposed a different approach for interference protection from that used in the United States. Rather than specify minimum separation distances as the U.S. has done, the United Kingdom has proposed that TVWS devices in the United Kingdom continuously adjust their transmitter power levels under database control to ensure that TV broadcast interference protection requirements are met. This approach allows for TVWS devices to access additional spectrum at the cost of a significant increase in computational and regulatory complexity.
Comments were sought on the interference protection criteria proposed for TV broadcasting operations to ensure the protection of over-the-air TV broadcasting services. Comments were also sought on whether provisions should be made for TVWS devices using power control to have additional flexibility in selecting frequencies, as in the United Kingdom.
7.3.1 Summary of Comments
Protection Criteria for TV Broadcasting
- All respondents agree with the need to protect broadcasting reception and that the proposed criteria would be adequate. The RABC notes that protection is needed for the full range of broadcasting system types, including full power stations, low-power stations, very low-power stations and receive stations (i.e. cable TV head-ends and TV translator receive sites).
- Rogers is also of the view that certain TV receivers, such as cable television head-ends, could be protected beyond the edge of a TV service contour by registering those receivers in the databases.
Power Control vs. Separation Distance
- Some respondents believe that the U.K. approach should be considered, as it could enable the development of a wider range of devices and applications. They also believe that the U.K. approach will enable access to more white space than the U.S. approach without increasing the risk of interference to broadcasting reception, and that the U.S. approach is too restrictive.
- Nokia notes that flexible power control will benefit TVWS devices in that it will allow operation in additional areas where reduced transmit power is required in order to prevent interference.
- Other respondents prefer the U.S. approach. For example, the RABC prefers commonality with the United States, even though power control may prove useful in the United Kingdom, where TV transmitters are much more tightly packed in order to serve a denser population. In their view, the currently wider geographic TV spacings employed in Canada may not require such measures. Some wireless manufacturers and research and development entities also recommend the harmonization of TVWS technical rules with the United States.
7.3.2 Discussion
Although there is agreement on the need to protect TV broadcasting reception, opinions are divided on whether the U.S. or U.K. approach would be best. More respondents prefer the U.S. approach for reasons of harmonization and all agree that it would provide sufficient protection for TV broadcasting reception. However, there is agreement that flexible power control as in the U.K. approach has significant potential to improve spectral efficiency.
Industry Canada notes that, because of differences in TV broadcasting regulation, the United Kingdom's flexible power control approach would require extensive technical work to be adapted for use in North America. For instance, North American TV coverage areas are specified based on a particular broadcast signal strength whereas in the United Kingdom, TV broadcast coverage areas are specified on a statistical basis taking into account the fact that the locations of all TV sets in the United Kingdom are known due to a legal requirement in these for TV sets to have a licence. For these reasons, the adoption of this approach in Canada would require extensive technical reworking that would likely result in significant delays in the availability of TVWS devices in this country.
Industry Canada will adopt protection criteria to protect the full range of broadcasting systems from harmful interference from TVWS devices as part of its technical rule development. This will include consideration of the possibility to register certain TV receiver stations, such as cable television head-ends, outside of the TV service contour.
In general, for reasons of harmonization and timing, the initial protection criteria will be based on broadcasting service coverage contours and defined separation distances that are harmonized with the United States. That said, Industry Canada will monitor developments in the United Kingdom and will consider updates to its technical rules once experience is gained with the United Kingdom's flexible power control approach. In any case, North American harmonization will remain an important goal.
Decision related to the interference protection criteria for TV broadcasting operations:
Detailed interference protection criteria, based on the full range of analog and digital TV transmitters, will be developed in accordance with Industry Canada's established processes, including consultation with stakeholders.
7.4 Protection of Radio Astronomy
In the consultation paper, Industry Canada proposes to adopt provisions to protect radio astronomy operations from the potential for interference from TVWS devices. In Canada, the only location at which radio astronomy observations are made is the DRAO in Penticton, British Columbia.
7.4.1 Summary of Comments
The comments received unanimously agree that the radio astronomy service should be protected from harmful interference caused by TVWS devices.
7.4.2 Discussion
Industry Canada agrees with the need to protect radio astronomy observations at DRAO, which provide an important contribution to scientific research in Canada. Although TVWS devices will be restricted from operating on TV channel 37, on which most of these observations are made, the high level of sensitivity of the receivers used at DRAO makes them extremely sensitive to radio emissions throughout the TV bands, and not just on TV channel 37. Therefore, in line with past decisions, Industry Canada will adopt provisions through its technical rules for the protection of observations at the DRAO site from TVWS devices operating in nearby channels.
Decision related to the protection of radio astronomy:
Detailed provisions to protect radio astronomy observations made by the DRAO in Penticton, British Columbia, will be developed in accordance with Industry Canada's established process, including consultation with stakeholders.
7.5 Technical Parameters
Industry Canada sought comments on the technical parameters for TVWS devices, noting that these parameters would be developed in more detail following future decisions.
7.5.1 Summary of Comments
- Most respondents believe that technical parameters should generally be harmonized with those in the United States; however, some respondents suggest that harmonization with the United Kingdom would be preferable. Some additional TVWS proponents suggest that Industry Canada should be technology neutral.
- Broadcasters propose that TVWS fixed device transmitter power output should be limited to 1 watt maximum.
- The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 802 Local Area Network / Metropolitan Area Network Standards Committee believes that the location accuracy should be verified during certification of a TVWS device.
7.5.2 Discussion
Harmonizing technical parameters with those of the United States will promote a common market for TVWS equipment, with resulting benefits for equipment cost and availability. For this reason, Industry Canada will broadly harmonize its technical rules for TVWS devices with those of the United States, including areas such as transmitter power limits, location accuracy, minimum frequency of database checks and cessation of operation rules if a TVWS device cannot make contact with an approved database. As part of the technical rule development process, Industry Canada will consider proposals for technical variations should sufficient justification be provided and on the condition that broad harmonization is maintained. As is normal practice, any technical provisions that are specified in Industry Canada's rules will be subject to testing and certification.
It is expected that TVWS device technology will continue to improve. As such, Industry Canada expects to revisit and update the technical rules for TVWS devices as needed to reflect these improvements.
Decision related to technical parameters:
Detailed technical rules will be established using Industry Canada's established processes, including consultation with stakeholders.
7.6 Out-of-Band Emissions
Comments were sought on appropriate limits for out-of-band radio emissions of TVWS devices. This included comments on whether Industry Canada should include the use of flexible out-of-band emission masks similar to those expected to be implemented in the United Kingdom, or if it would be better for Canada to harmonize with the U.S. approach by specifying a fixed emission mask.
7.6.1 Summary of Comments
- Opinions are divided with regard to the approach on the out-of-band emissions. Some respondents prefer the United Kingdom's adaptable approach and others prefer the U.S. approach. Most TVWS proponents and Axia NetMedia note that the United Kingdom's approach provides additional flexibility; however, they acknowledge that the registration databases could support either type of approach.
- Shure comments that wireless microphones have proved to be more susceptible than TV receivers to the out-of-band emissions generated by first adjacent channel TVWS devices, and relaxing the mask would therefore be unacceptable. Along with Shure, Rogers and Motorola believe that deviating from the U.S. approach would stymie the development of TVWS devices and recommended harmonization of the TVWS technical rules with the United States.
7.6.2 Discussion
Comments are evenly split between the U.S. and U.K. approaches as to which would be best in terms of harmonization, interference protection and cost implications. All respondents agree that the U.S. approach could be implemented and would provide adequate interference protection for other radio services. However, many respondents also believe that this mask might be unduly restrictive and that more flexibility could be permitted without an undue increase in interference risk through the inclusion of compensatory measures in the database protection algorithms.
Industry Canada notes that concerns have been expressed on whether the United Kingdom's approach could be implemented without increasing the risk of interference to adjacent channel systems.
Industry Canada will specify criteria for out-of-band emissions as part of its development of technical rules. For reasons of harmonization and interference risk, the initial emission masks will be harmonized with U.S. rules. Once again, Industry Canada will continue to monitor developments in the United Kingdom and elsewhere, and may consider updates to its technical rules once experience is gained showing that there is no increased interference risk due to the United Kingdom's use of multiple emission masks. In any case, North American harmonization will remain an important goal.
Decision related to the out-of-band emissions:
Industry Canada will initially harmonize its out-of-band emission masks and adjacent frequency protection criteria with the United States. The detailed technical standards will be developed in accordance with Industry Canada's established processes, including consulting with stakeholders.
7.7 Cross-border Protection
The use of the broadcasting spectrum is covered by the Agreement Between the Government of Canada and the Government of the United States of America Relating to the TV Broadcasting Service and the Associated Working Arrangement, the Letter of Understanding, which covers the areas within 400 km of the border, and the Interim Agreement Between Canada and the United States Concerning Digital Television (DTV). The Letter of Understanding does not deal with non-broadcasting system use of the broadcast spectrum. Regardless, non-broadcasting use within 400 km of the Canada-United States border must be on a no-protection, no-interference basis with respect to broadcast services in both Canada and the United States. As well, Industry Canada currently enforces a mandatory 121 km border distance within which RRBS stations are not permitted to operate until such time as a new bilateral agreement is reached.
Comments were sought on Industry Canada's proposal to protect U.S. stations operating near the Canada-United States border by including these stations in the Canadian TVWS databases, thereby ensuring the protection of these stations to the same level as stations in Canada.
7.7.1 Summary of Comments
- Comments received support Industry Canada's proposal to use the same protection criteria that will be applied in Canada, which will require Canadian TVWS devices to protect active U.S. broadcasting stations within the United States.
- Shure and RIM both recommend that Industry Canada work with the United States to ensure that TVWS devices near the Canada-United States border are coordinated with LPA and other incumbent services requiring appropriate protection from interference from TVWS devices radiating across the border.
- Some broadcasters agree that the bilateral protection measures mentioned in the consultation should suffice until such time as there is a need to reopen existing agreements or create new ones covering specific unlicensed uses in both countries, as TVWS users will receive equal treatment on both sides of the border.
- Rogers notes that if Canadian TVWS device rules are more stringent than the U.S. rules and the databases are interconnected, then U.S. licensees will be protected adequately.
7.7.2 Discussion
There were no objections to Industry Canada's proposal for the protection of U.S. TV broadcasting reception in the vicinity of the Canada-United States border. The proposed measures mirror current provisions in the United States for the protection of Canadian TV reception near the border. There is no need to provide protection to TV allotments that are not currently in use in the other country, as the database update process will automatically provide this protection as new stations are brought on the air in the other country.
As per its normal practice, Industry Canada will continue to work with the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to implement cross-border protection measures for TV broadcasting reception, LPA and RRBS stations. To the extent possible, Industry Canada will work with the FCC and stakeholders to encourage the development of measures to simplify operation of all services using TV broadcasting spectrum in the border area, for example, through the development of common registration processes.
Decision related to cross-border protection:
Industry Canada will require Canadian TVWS devices to protect active U.S. broadcasting operations based on the same protection criteria as will be applied to broadcasting operations within Canada.
8. Remote Rural Broadband Systems
Remote rural broadband systems (RRBS) provide wireless service in remote rural communities in Canada, using TV channels that are unallotted and unassigned. Unlike TVWS devices, these systems are technically evaluated by Industry Canada before they can receive a licence, in order to prevent harmful interference to other spectrum users, in particular, TV broadcasters. RRBS are licensed on a no-protection, no-interference basis in relation to the TV broadcasting service, and must not constrain the provision of existing or future broadcasting services.
The technical rules for RRBS equipment provide for higher transmitter power levels than for TVWS devices. In addition, no spectrum sensing or database access is required. Protection to other radio services from harmful interference is provided through departmental evaluation during the licensing process. Because of the constraints of the evaluation process, RRBS are limited to fixed station operation only.
Comments were sought on the potential for improvements to the framework for RRBS, including the possibility of phasing out licensed RRBS in favour of licence-exempt TVWS devices, with existing deployed RRBS being grandfathered. The consultation proposed that if this phasing out were to occur, TVWS devices could be permitted under database control to use higher power levels when in remote rural areas in order to prevent a gap in capability between the new licence-exempt TVWS devices and the currently licensed RRBS in those locations.
8.1 Summary of Comments
- TVWS proponents have no concerns about including RRBS in their databases so that they can be protected from harmful interference.
- The WRAN Alliance supports the idea of providing grandfather protection to deployed RRBS in Canada, and maintaining their licensed status with their operation registered in the database service to assure protection from interference from licence-exempt devices. The WRAN Alliance does not believe that RRBS should be phased out, but that new RRBS applications should be granted to facilitate deployment of broadband access in underserved areas.
- TELUS believes that RRBS seem to already address the needs that TVWS devices are proposing, and therefore encourages Industry Canada to take a "wait-and-see" approach with respect to the introduction of TVWS devices until a proof of concept is demonstrated and there is a viable commercial rollout, while continuing to license RRBS in the meantime.
- Shure is concerned that if higher powered TVWS devices are permitted as an alternative to RRBS, they may interfere with wireless microphones at a range of many kilometres. Shure comments that if higher power levels are needed in rural areas, it would be preferable that this be done in a licensed manner as currently done with RRBS.
- No comments were received from RRBS operators; however, Axia NetMedia believes that the status of RRBS should not change and that Industry Canada should continue to issue and renew RRBS licences under the current rules.
8.2 Discussion
The consultation paper proposed to gradually phase out RRBS in the belief that TVWS devices, which are expected to be built for a mass market, would become a less expensive alternative for providing broadband connectivity in remote rural areas and that this would make up for the loss of certainty associated with the current licensing process for RRBS.
Many respondents to the consultation do not agree with this conclusion and argue persuasively regarding the continued importance of RRBS and that RRBS could successfully operate in parallel with TVWS devices. Industry Canada will therefore continue to issue and renew licences for RRBS for the time being. Industry Canada may revisit this decision if there are changes in the future to available TV broadcast spectrum below 698 MHz.
Incumbent licensees of RRBS will be protected from harmful interference caused by TVWS devices, and Industry Canada will adopt protection criteria for RRBS from TVWS devices by using existing RRBS-to-RRBS protection criteria as a starting point for discussion.
Decision related to the potential improvements to the framework for RRBS:
Industry Canada will continue to license RRBS.
Protection criteria will be determined through Industry Canada's established processes, including consultation with stakeholders.
- Footnote 2
For instance, in the United States, mobile white space devices are limited to operating only on available channels above 512 MHz (i.e. TV channels 21-36 and 38-51) and operation of fixed white space devices may not be permitted on TV channels 3 and 4 (band 60-72 MHz) given that those channels are heavily used by consumer electronic devices.
9. Low-Power Apparatus, Including Wireless Microphones
Industry Canada consulted on the use of LPA, including wireless microphones. More specifically, it consulted on:
- the appropriate authorization mechanism, including options related to licensed or licence-exempt use;
- whether Industry Canada should identify specific spectrum for use by LPA; if so, how much should be identified; and if the operation of licence-exempt LPA should be restricted to this spectrum;
- the proposal to collect specific "time and location of use" data based on voluntary registration in order to obtain the necessary level of detail of information to provide protection from TVWS devices and on the proposal that eligibility to register for such protection be open to all users of LPA rather than to certain user communities only; and
- the appropriate protection criteria to protect LPA from interference from TVWS devices.
9.1 Summary of Comments
- Almost all respondents support allowing licence-exempt operation of LPA on a no-protection, no-interference basis, but with the option for users to apply for a licence in exchange for interference protection from TVWS devices.
- Neul would prefer that separate rules for LPA be phased out, noting that TVWS devices can provide the same functionality currently provided by LPA. The RABC comments that the status quo, where all LPA users require licences, is untenable because most users do not apply for licences and Industry Canada has had no effective way of policing compliance. Shure urges Industry Canada to implement LPA reforms with a view to developing a licence framework for LPA that would streamline the licensing process.
- Most respondents support exclusively allocating two TV broadcast channels in each market as "safe haven" channels for LPA in which no TVWS device operation is permitted.
- Most TVWS proponents believe that the registration database could accommodate all options for LPA under discussion.
- Axia NetMedia believes that the cost of collecting time and location of use data will be far more than the value of the data collected, and thus does not believe that it is required. RIM suggests that the time and location of use would need to be defined as part of the LPA operation registration and that devices operating outside the "safe haven" channels should be registered for the times and locations that will actually be used. RIM suggests that the registration be subject to a daily renewal.
9.2 Discussion
Respondents generally agree on the need for a change to the current situation in which a licence is required for use of any LPA. Almost all respondents prefer the option to allow LPA on a licence-exempt basis, but with the option to apply for a licence in cases where the operator determines that enhanced communication reliability is required (e.g. when recording TV programs). This would provide protection from harmful interference from TVWS devices by including such licensed LPA in the TVWS databases.
Although some comments suggest that LPA become TVWS devices themselves, the TVWS technology would not allow for cases where reliable LPA operation is needed.
Therefore, based on the comments received, Industry Canada will implement provisions for licence exemption of LPA while continuing to allow LPA operators to apply for a licence under the existing process where the operator determines that enhanced reliability is required.
Licence-exempt use of LPA will not be included in the TVWS database and will not receive protection from TVWS devices. This approach will introduce a small risk of interference; however, this risk will be compensated by the lack of fees and administrative process. Industry Canada anticipates that this option will be the favoured one for most of the LPA operators who are currently operating without a licence.
Industry Canada anticipates that most current LPA licensees will desire enhanced reliability and will therefore retain their licences. However, given that some LPA licensees receive broad geographic authority, or may only operate intermittently, more data than is currently collected during radio licensing may be needed in order to be able to protect these systems from TVWS device interference at the correct time and location. Therefore, licensed LPA operators will be asked to provide information on the exact timing and location of their operations with the TVWS databases. The details of how this will be done will be the subject of detailed rule development through Industry Canada's established processes following the publication of this decision.
Database administrators will not be permitted to charge fees for registration of licensed LPA, and they will be required to share data on protected LPA to ensure interference protection from any TVWS devices, regardless of the TVWS database with which they are registering.
TVWS devices are not protected from LPA interference regardless of whether or not the LPA is licensed.
The consultation also suggested setting aside up to two TV channels in each market in order to provide a "safe haven" from TVWS devices for LPA operation. The set-aside approach, which was supported by almost all respondents, would have been harmonized with the United States. However, Industry Canada notes that legislation has since been passed in the United States mandating an incentive auction process for the possible repurposing of some of the UHF TV broadcast spectrum for mobile broadband systems.
Until such time that the spectrum environment within the United States in the frequency ranges below 698 MHz has stabilized, it would be premature to set aside channels for LPA in Canada, knowing that it may be necessary to make changes. In addition, Industry Canada notes that there is no eligibility restriction on the licensing of LPA in Canada, unlike in the United States. As a result of the easier availability of licensing as a protective measure from TVWS, there is not the same need in Canada to designate "safe haven" channels for LPA. Therefore, Industry Canada will not designate any "safe haven" channels for LPA at this time.
Decision related to the licensing option for LPA:
Industry Canada will allow LPA on both a voluntary licensed and licence-exempt basis. Operators of licensed LPA will be asked to register their operation with the TVWS databases in order to receive protection from harmful interference from TVWS devices.
Industry Canada will update its detailed rules for LPA through its established processes, including consulting with stakeholders.
10. Changes to the Canadian Table of Frequency Allocations
Allocating frequencies is an important step in developing spectrum utilization policies that foster the implementation of new radiocommunication services. Modifications to the Canadian Table of Frequency Allocations (CTFA) are intended to reflect the public interest by introducing new wireless services that benefit Canadians and that respond to marketplace demands.
In previous secons of this document, several decisions are presented in regard to the licensing of LPA, the introduction of licence-exempt TVWS devices and the continued use of RRBS.
Comments were sought on proposed changes to the CTFA to reflect the licensed use of RRBS and LPA.
10.1 Summary of Comments
- Few respondents commented on the proposed allocation changes, but of those respondents who did so, most are comfortable with the proposed changes to the CTFA.
- Some respondents suggest creating a mobile co-primary allocation in the band 470-698 MHz in order to lay the groundwork for possible future uses of this spectrum.
- RIM suggests that the RRBS footnote be revised to indicate that only existing RRBS in operation will be protected and to specify that as of a certain date, no new RRBS will be authorized based upon the possibility of grandfathering RRBS.
10.2 Discussion
There is no need for an allocation in the CTFA to reflect the introduction of TVWS devices or to reflect any licence-exempt use, including licence-exempt LPA. Industry Canada also notes that footnotes 5.293 and 5.297 introduce primary allocations to both the mobile and fixed services in the bands 470-608 MHz and 614-698 MHz in Canada.
Because footnotes 5.293 and 5.297 already provide a fixed allocation for the spectrum used by RRBS, Industry Canada concludes that no changes are needed to the CFTA to reflect the existing use of RRBS.
In the case of LPA, Industry Canada notes that licensed LPA has been in operation under the existing allocations to the broadcasting service. Industry Canada therefore also concludes that no changes are needed to reflect the use of this spectrum by licensed LPA.
Decision related to the changes to the CTFA:
Industry Canada will not make any changes to the CTFA.
11. Next Steps
As a minimum, the following regulatory and technical documents will need to be developed or revised in light of the decisions:
TVWS devices and databases:
- a new Radio Standard Specification (RSS) for certification of TVWS devices;
- TVWS database requirements document; and
- a procedure document for becoming a TVWS database administrator, including the associated agreement.
- Revisions to RSS-123, Licensed Low-Power Radio Apparatus, and a new RSS for licence-exempt LPA; and
- CPC-2-1-11, Low-power Licensed Apparatus
Ongoing review and revisions are also planned for any related documents as experience is gained in Canada and in other countries. Industry Canada may relax or tighten the technical requirements based on this experience.
These documents will be developed or revised using Industry Canada's established processes, including consultation with stakeholders, which typically takes place via the RABC.
The decisions in this paper authorizing the use of TVWS will not go into effect until the above steps are completed.Footnote 3
Marc Dupuis
Director General
Engineering, Planning and Standards Branch
- Footnote 3
Developmental licences are available in the interim; if interested, please contact Industry Canada. For contact information, see RIC-66, Addresses and Telephone Numbers of Regional and District Offices (http://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/smt-gst.nsf/eng/sf01742.html).
- Date modified:


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Introducing J You Connection (JYC)
What is a JYC Teen Club?
JYC is a special time for those 11-14 years of age to meet together with trained, qualified adults to grow in their faith with solid teaching from God's Word. It provides fellowship with other teens, helps develop a missionary vision, and trains young teens in service for the Lord Jesus Christ. JYC wants to help bring stability to young teens during these changing years of their lives.
How can you be involved in reaching this age group for the Lord?
By taking a JYC 30 Hour Training Course This course will prepare adults to reach teens for Christ.
During this course you will learn:
For more information and registration forms, call Dale Baer (419-756-7799). Dale is a trained teacher with CEF with many years of experience evangelizing children and teens. Dale will be teaching this course if enough students are interested in taking it.

subset: commoncrawl


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Battersea Wanderers HC is affiliated to England Hockey, the governing body for hockey in England.
Find out more
Follow us on Twitter and visit our Facebook page for the latest club news, banter, gossip and photos! We'd also love to answer any questions you have – just email [email protected] If you are interested in joining us find out more here.
Club history
Wanderers Hockey Club was founded in 1979 by a collection of sporting demi-gods somewhere in South West London. Since then, the club has experienced good times and bad, the happy and the sad, seen members come and go, and in some cases, come back again. And along the way, it was decided that the finest hockey is played in raiment of Jacaranda and Buttercup.
Annual subs will be £200 for the coming Season 2017/18 and match fees are £5. Goalkeeper subs are £120 for the coming season. A reduced rate of £120 is also available to students and the unemployed.
Competitive hockey
Competitive hockey matches take place on Saturdays. Home games are played at Battersea Park, Kennington Park and Streatham and Clapham High School (see Find us for full addresses). For most teams, pre-season training starts in August and competitive matches run from September to early April. Teams do skills and fitness training on Tuesday and Wednesday evenings, times and locations vary depending on which team you play for.
For 2016/17 season
Men's 1s play in Hampshire/Surrey – Regional 1, South League
Men's 2s play in Surrey Area – Division 1, South League
Men's 3s play in Surrey Area – Division 1, South League
Men's 4s play in Surrey Area – Division 2, South League
Men's 5s play in Surrey Area – Division 3, South League
Men's 6s play in Surrey Open Hockey League Division 1
Ladies 1s play in South Clubs' Women's Hockey League Division 3B
Ladies 2s play in Surrey Ladies' Hockey League Division 1
Ladies 3s play in Surrey Ladies' Hockey League Division 1
Ladies 4s play in Surrey Ladies' Hockey League Division 3
Ladies 5s play in Surrey Ladies' Hockey League Division 4
Ladies 6s play in Surrey Ladies' Hockey League Division 6
Ladies 7s play in Surrey Ladies' Hockey League Division 8
Mixed hockey
We have three teams (Sinners, Optimists and Real Daqs) that play in the Battersea Park Mixed League every other Sunday during the season.
Why join Wanderers?
Reasons our members give for joining include the amazing club house, crazy fancy dress themed socials, the fiercely competitive fees and the fact that as a Wanderer you feel part of a club, not just a team.
Fundraising and Discounts
Wanderers also appreciate the 10% discount at Ceelect sports on Lavender Hill, Clapham and at SixPhysio in Parsons Green. We're a giving lot too though and our charity work brings us closer together – we've raised thousands of pounds for our sponsors, Team Bryant, who support young people to 'never, never, never give up' their fight against cancer. A beer pong tournament organised by three of our members recently raised over £3,000 for the Anthony Nolan Trust. If you'd like to know more about what people love about being a Wanderer, head over to the Meet us page where you can read interviews with our players, captains and coaches.
We usually have six socials – most of which involve fancy dress – during the season and a sumptuous black tie dinner / dance at the end of the season. See the events calendar on the home page for the upcoming social events.
Get involved!
All members can attend and vote at the club's annual general meeting (usually in June) where they can also volunteer for a multitude of committee positions. As a not-for-profit organisation, everyone involved in the running of the club is a volunteer – we pay our coaches for their time but we think that's a worthwhile investment!
Club colours
We play in jacaranda and buttercup (yellow and purple to non-believers). We have a new kit for the 2016/17 season, shirts are yellow with purple trim and our socks are purple and yellow hoops. We wear dark (black or navy) shorts and skirts / shorts.
Summer hockey
During the off-season members can enjoy relaxed, mixed hockey matches for free. Games tend to be between 9 and 10pm on Tuesdays at Battersea Park. Depending on how many people turn up, the format may be 6-a-side on half a pitch or 11 (or more!)-a-side on a whole pitch. You'll need to bring a dark and white T-shirt.
Fantasy hockey
The Club runs a grass roots fantasy hockey league through Fantastar so you can pick and manage your own Wanderers dream team!


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Brisbane is the capital of Queensland and the third most populated city in Australia. This large city is located along the Brisbane River and is home to vibrant urban villages that each offer their own unique personality and style with many different activities for visitors to enjoy. Whether you're looking to check out the dining, music, shopping or something else, Brisbane has everything you need.
Brisbane is home to two major sports stadiums where rugby, soccer and concerts are hosted, as well as the Lone Pine Koala Sanctuary and the Story Bridge. Because it is a green city, there are many parks and pristine natural places around town, include the Roma Street Parkland (a well-known park), City Botanic Gardens, as well as the South Bank Parklands where visitors come to the beach and barbecue. The Queensland Art Gallery is an acclaimed museum with a large collection of art. Go for a ride on the Wheel of Brisbane, an observation wheel that offers city views. Spend a day at Sea World Gold Coast for aquatic-themed fun, take in a show at Sir Thomas Brisbane Planetarium, and go hiking while enjoying the waterfalls and rainforests around Mount Glorious. The Old Government House in Queensland is a historic property with a café and art museum, while many visitors come to go hiking at White Rock Conservation Park, Freshwater National Park, Queens Park, and Bowen Park.
There are many great places nearby that make for great day trips from Brisbane. Ipswich is a 30-minute drive from Brisbane and is Queensland's oldest city with a rich history and beautiful old buildings. Lockyer Valley is less than an hour west from Brisbane and offers visitors a laidback country atmosphere with valley views. The City of Logan to the south has lots of diverse native wildlife and historic landmarks, while Moreton Bay Region to the north is home to many seaside villages and beautiful beaches. Other destinations nearby include Moreton Island, which is the third-largest sand island in the world, and North Stradbroke Island, which is famous for its surf, sand, and sun.
Brisbane is organized into different areas that offer their own unique vibe and entertainment, depending on what you're looking for. For village charm and contemporary elegance, Bulimba and Hawthorne are the suburbs and home to cinemas, quaint eateries, art galleries, bookshops, and beautifully renovated Queenslander houses. The West End features a fusion of different cultures and eclectic shops, while New Farm and Teneriffe are home to trendy restaurants, cafes, and boutiques. Paddington and Rosalie are speckled with lots of cute cottages you can stay in, and there are lots of shops, restaurants, and cafes here. If you're the outdoorsy type who happens to be water-oriented, Brisbane's Bayside is the ideal locale to rent a condo or home during your trip, because this part of town is conveniently located next to water activities like jet skiing and windsurfing, and fishing.
Brisbane is a green city known for its sustainability, so you will find abundant bicycle paths around town. Many locals and visitors travel with a TransLink go card, which enables them to ride on all TransLink buses, ferries, and rail services across south east Queensland. Brisbane's ferries (known as CityCats), are a great way to go sight-seeing and access key spots in the city. Explore the neighborhoods of Brisbane via the comprehensive bus service that connects all of the inner and outer suburbs throughout the city. Taxis are another common form of transportation, along with the speedy network of electric trains that connect the different neighborhoods.
Save hundreds with a vacation home rental from Tripping.com and forget the hotel room. For the ultimate getaway, Brisbane offers 586 affordable vacation rentals with a price to match your budget and accommodation needs. Prices in Brisbane start at an average price of $113 a night with long-term rentals averaging $25 a month.These vacation rentals offer a range of amenities, so you'll feel right at home. For those looking to stay in a corporate rental, 526 of Brisbane's rentals offer high speed WiFi Internet so you can easily keep in touch with your company or team. Go for a swim at one of the 365 properties complete with pool or jacuzzi, or relax with a night of cable TV in any of our 447 vacation home rentals.Traveling with your dog or cat? Choose from 6 pet-friendly rentals in Brisbane that allow you to bring your extended family along.Tripping.com's home rentals offer far more room and comfort than a hotel, providing a safe and spacious place for you and your pets. Many properties allow you to book directly online, so once you find that perfect vacation rental, you'll be all set to go!
Search properties from 7 vacation rental sites in Brisbane where the top providers in that area are Booking.com, Expedia, and Agoda. There are 197 Booking.com rentals, 158 Expedia short term rentals and 116 Agoda vacation rentals.


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Main Laboratory
5838 State Hwy 80
Cooperstown, NY 13326
Phone: 607-547-8778
Fax: 607-547-5114
Lakeside Farm &
Upland Interpretive Center
7027 State Hwy 80
Springfield, NY
(physical address)
Thayer Boathouse
7016 State Hwy 80
Springfield, NY
Rum Hill
Thurston Hill Rd.
Springfield, NY
Goodyear Swamp Sanctuary
7290 State Hwy 80
Springfield, NY
Greenwoods Conservancy
824 Zachow Rd.
Hartwick, NY 13348
Upper Research Site
Averill Rd.
Cooperstown, NY
High school internships are open to New York State residents age 16 or older as of June 20th. The number of positions available to High School students varies from 1-3 depending on funding for a given year. At least one position will be filled by a resident of Otsego County, NY and so in the case that only one position is available, we are required to choose an Otsego County resident if a suitable candidate exists. Students from locales outside of Otsego County are absolutely encouraged to apply, but should be aware of this potential restriction AND must be prepared to arrange housing for themselves.
Applications are no longer being accepted for summer 2018.
Housing is not currently available at the BFS for high school students; please consider this before applying for an internship if you are not within commuting distance of the SUNY Oneonta Campus or the Biological Field Station (north of Cooperstown, NY). See the FAQs for more housing and transportation information.
© 2018 108 Ravine Parkway Oneonta, NY 13820 607-436-3500


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1ST YEAR AVAILABLE SPRING, SUMMER, FALL OR WINTER !!
On the Shores of Lake Superior up Haviland Shores Drive just a 35-minute drive from Sault Ste Marie. Our Private Chalet Style 'Luxury Cottage' includes all the comforts of home, sleeps 6 (2 in guest cottage), outdoor hot tub, sat TV, washer, dryer, fridge, stove, microwave, linens, fireplace, infloor heating. Just RELAX !!
Book before May 1st for anytime in 2008 and receive 15% off.
Call to ensure booking (705) 575-2412 or cell (705) 256-9729
E-mail us at email@example.com


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Being Human Review: "Wouldn't It Be Nice (If We Were Human)"Carissa Pavlica at . Comments
Just as I was wondering why in the hell Sally was hanging around Danny's house, watching him and her best friend Bridget reminisce about her and then fall into a kiss, she pops back to the house and says that the more she thinks about it, the more she keeps popping back over there even though she doesn't want to watch any more.
Whew. I was going to have a real problem with her if she was being that masochistic.
Turns out the mind is a terrible thing. When she's watching Danny and Bridget discuss their kiss, Sally physically moves a glass and stops them in their tracks. Her self-satisfaction at that doesn't last long, and she realizes that seeing her best friend and her fiancée together might be the best she can ask for after death. She goes to Bridget's mind (she'd getting pretty good at ghostly behavior) and gives her blessing to be with Danny.
This week's episode title, "Wouldn't It Be Nice (If We Were Human)," seems in opposition to the theme of the show, as Sally is the only one of our monsters who comes out of this week better than she went in.
Newbie vampire Rebecca goes to Aidan seeking help to curb her vampire enthusiasm. Or so it seems. I believe her plea for help is nothing more than a way to get Aidan to suck her blood. Granted, it's not the blood of a human, but he's at her neck and they're both loving it.The look on her face screams "Bishop!" to me. He has to be using her to try to get Aidan back into the fold. Maybe it's because I've watched the British version, but I don't have a lot of patience in awaiting Bishop's reasons for needing Aidan so badly. It doesn't seem like a power play; he has plenty of vampires at his beck and call. There is obviously something between them that has him aggravated that Aidan is trying to walk away, but what? Maybe he's the hottest vampire and best used for bait. The other vamps I've seen so far on Being Human are nothing to write home about.
At the end of their little romp, Aidan and Rebecca and are practically naked and covered in a blood inside a blood-covered bathroom. This is, by far, the goriest scene in the series so far. But even in being so bloody, it wasn't a frightening scene. Maybe it's because there is nothing remotely innocent about Rebecca. I just don't believe for a second she wants Aidan's help. The day after, his blood lust is so overbearing he's hearing the heart pumping in the veins of his coworkers.
She finally takes off after a night of trying to be human with Aidan, saying she is not strong enough. She plays a good game, but I''ll be really surprised if she was truly interested in being something other than a pawn in Bishop's game. Maybe I'm too cynical, but this is a show about the dark side trying to be light. The surprise would really come if she was sincere. Throughout all of these scenes, I am thrilled with the choice of Sam Witwer as Aidan. He is complicated, sexy, brooding, mysterious and amusing all in one body. He fits the role perfectly.
Josh finds he's been followed by a fellow werewolf named Ray, and Aidan thinks it can't hurt to let him in and learn from him. What a mistake that turns out to be. Josh takes to heart what he learns from Ray and channels his inner wolf by trying to pick up a doctor in the hospital. It was one of the most painful scenes I've seen in ages. Poor guy has no luck with the ladies. He tried so hard and I was cringing as he tried to tempt her into a sexual romp. Ray brings into the picture that werewolves and vampires are rarely (and probably shouldn't be) friends. Much like The Vampire Diaries, Ray's trying to mark his territory and engage Aidan in a battle between the beasts. That shows how unintuitive Ray really is, in spite of his machismo trying to prove otherwise to Josh. Josh may go along with the games for a while, but he has too much heart to be what Ray is; a bitter, pissed off werewolf who thinks the vampires have been treating them like dogs for ages.
I don't know what I expected, but when Ray took Josh to a vamp hangout to kick some ass the night before the full moon (when, as men, they are at their strongest), I didn't expect to Josh to succumb so easily or as quickly as he did. He jumped right into the fray. From just one moment of doubt, wanting to walk away, to straddling a vampire and swinging his arms wildly back and forth - I can only assume doing some serious damage with his wolf claws. I'm not sure Sam Huntington can pull off menacing strictly for the sake of it. He's great when playing the tortured, goofy friend with dry wit; but threatening? Maybe that baby face goodness gives him an advantage in a fight, but, I don't like it.
It feels like everything is falling apart. They've barely given being human a try, and Aidan and Josh are caving to their animal instincts. Yes, I know it would be nearly impossible to resist those urges, but isn't that why they chose each other as roommates? Before they've even gotten the hang of a normal life, they're palling around with their own kind and being lead astray.
At the very least, Aidan only ate another vampire. Josh turned gruesome just because a person was a vampire. Being with Ray is not advantageous for Josh. Part of him must be in awe of meeting a competent werewolf who can show him the ropes, but he has a very good friendship with a being Ray considers a brutal enemy. This won't lead to a peaceful ending and speculation on my part says Ray is going to regret tracking our little Josh and discounting his humanity.
How do you feel about this week's episode? If all goes well, this will be but a bump in a road toward cementing the friendship of our beloved creatures of the night. If not, then I can't imagine what comes next, but I can't wait to get there.
Carissa Pavlica is the managing editor and a staff writer for TV Fanatic. She's a member of the Broadcast Television Journalists Association (BTJA), enjoys mentoring writers, wine, and passionately discussing the nuances of television. Follow her on Twitter and email her here at TV Fanatic.


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36 Reviews
Wide brim, round top.
Nothing knows how to party like the Brixton Tiller Hat. A little safari and a little suave, this felt hat shields your eyes from the sun and feels nice and smooth whether you're kicking it in first class or bumping along on a bus in Chile. A long tie lets you flick the Tiller off your head and hang it around your neck should the need arise to remove your lid without losing it.
- Wide brim round top hat made of wool felt
- Leather chin strap adds decoration
- Item #BRX0271
Tech Specs
Gearhead Help
Tech Specs
- Reviews
What do you think about this product?
Have questions about this product?
Great Gift
- Familiarity: I gave it as a gift but have feedback to share
perfect adventure hat for long camp trips!
I love a good hat!
- Familiarity: I've used it several times
Hats requirements for me = keeping the sun out of my face, hide my hair, and look cute. This hat fits the bill. I usually end up buying at least one big sun hat per season - I'd buy this one again!
LOVE This hat!
- Familiarity: I've put it through the wringer
I absolutely love this hat it is so cute! I have a head circumference of 21.5 cm and got a size xs hat and it fits great!
Awesome Hat!
- Familiarity: I've used it once or twice and have initial impressions
Love this style! The bill is just a little less stiff than I was hoping for, but the fabric and fit are fantastic! I love the fact that you can take the brown leather strap off and it still looks great. Even just tucking it in the cap works fine without having it press on your head and feel awkward as hell. The black hat is much darker in person than what it shows on the site, which I'm glad about because I was worried that it would be a lighter black and more of a grey, which it isn't.
If you're not a hat person, you will be
- Familiarity: I've put it through the wringer
I love Brixton hats, and this one is no exception. Transitions flawlessly from the mountains, to the ocean, to the city. The moss color is beautiful in person. Trust me, if you're not a hat person...you will be with this hat!
Looks great with everything
- Familiarity: I've put it through the wringer
I bought this for my wife and she wears it all the time. It goes well with everything and has turned her into a hat person for the first time in her life.
Take it everywhere
- Familiarity: I've put it through the wringer
Just a nice hat - I went with camel. Even though I think it's wool, it was comfortable on safari in the African sun. I put a tension bead on the tie to help keep it snug in the wind. It even looked stylish in my floral dress while walking around Victoria Falls.
Goes with everything!
- Familiarity: I've used it once or twice and have initial impressions
I bought this hat for my daughter and she loves it! the color, feel, and style are great, the fit is fantastic, and the hat is so simple, it goes with just about anything! I was a little worried about shipping and what condition the hat might be in when it arrived, but it was packaged very well and arrived looking great!
Bought this hat as a gift for my sister and she loved it! Thanks for making me look like an expert gift giver this Christmas.
Cheers Backcountry!
The other reviews are right
- Familiarity: I've used it once or twice and have initial impressions
I just bought this hat and already love it. After losing my favorite floppy years ago I figured it was time to try again, I wore it all day yesterday, indoors, like some kind of idiot. I love it, and I bet you would too.
Is it possible to wear this too much?
- Size Bought: Medium
- Height: 5'11"
- Weight: 145lbs
I am obsessed with this hat. The perfect "dress it up/ adventure / indiana jones hat. " Its dreamy! Comfy on the noggin and provides lots of shade. I've worn this to farmers markets, wine tasting, hiking in the Wasatch, to campfires, on planes and to dinner. Truly a perfect had for those of us who have a crazy mane and cant be bothered to tame it.
Added plus: because this had is felt material you can squish it, pack it, bend it and twist it to fit in your pack or suitcase without ruining the integrity of the hat.
Sizing: I consistently wear a medium in all my bike helmets and the medium in this had is excellent. My head circumference is probably 21-22in.
review Flagged as inappropriate or irrelevant to the product. Click here to view.
Stylish hat
- Familiarity: I've used it several times
- Fit: True to size
- Size Bought: Large
- Height: 5'9"
- Weight: 125lbs
I bought this hat in black for my wife and she absolutely loves it. The material is soft and durable and the brim is firm. It has a nice leather strap that is perfect for hanging it over your back or just for looks in front. The brim is wide enough that it keeps out the sun as well. The only downside is that because of the color and thickness of the fabric, it gets warm in the summer. I would highly recommend this hat.
- Familiarity: I've used it several times
- Fit: True to size
- Size Bought: Medium
I love this hat so much! It's lightweight and sits comfortably on your head. No itchiness! I've never been a hat person but this hat changed my mind. LOVE
A must Have
I absolutely love this hat. Definitely need to add more Brixton hats like this to my collection. It is comfortable, stylish, and super durable.
Love this hat!
- Familiarity: I've used it once or twice and have initial impressions
- Fit: Runs large
- Size Bought: Medium
- Height: 5'7"
- Weight: 135lbs
Very stylish and comfortable, fits a little bigger but I love the strap for that reason and won't be too tight making you itchy! The brim doesn't feel like it will collapse, which I love too.
Perfect cooler weather sun hat
- Familiarity: I've used it once or twice and have initial impressions
- Fit: True to size
- Size Bought: Small
- Height: 5'5"
Living in Texas, sun hats are needed all year round, regardless of if it's blazing hot or not. I was looking for a hat to wear while on a canoe trip over the Thanksgiving holiday that would keep the sun off my face AND keep my head warm (and looked good too of course).
I ordered this hat in two different colors (olive and tan/brown) and stuck with the tan/brown - it's a little darker than it looks in the photos and goes with anything! I put the hat to the test over three days of being on the river, in the windiest of days too. It stayed on well, kept the sun off my face and neck, and kept my head warm when the wind was blowing hard.
Love this hat!
- Familiarity: I've used it several times
- Fit: True to size
This hat rocks! I love felted hats. This is my first Brixton and I already want another. Hopefully, it compares to my other hats in durability when exposed to the elements. For now, it's my fancy hat.
Just in case you wanted one more picture
- Familiarity: I've put it through the wringer
- Fit: True to size
- Size Bought: Med
- Height: 5'2"
- Weight: 100lbs
Here is my favorite hat in the world in its natural element on my head one more time!
This is my favorite thing I own
- Familiarity: I've put it through the wringer
- Fit: True to size
- Size Bought: Med
- Height: 5'2"
- Weight: 100lbs
I bought this hat when I was working as a Freeride ski coach at the Utah Olympic Park, the sun was always so gnarly and I prefer wide brims over too much sunscreen at times! This hat has been just trashed and abused by me and you would have no idea what I've done to it just by looking at it!
I'm not gentle on things so it means a lot to me when a product is as tough as me
try it out and get a free easy return with me if you are not happy and adopt me as your Expert Gearhead! firstname.lastname@example.com or give me a call at 801.204.4660
which color is this?
This would be the Light Olive color from about 2 years ago! it is a bit darker than the green available now and then the one I own just has a darker leather strap.
So the color I have on in this picture is not available, but the green would be the closest! This picture is a bit edited so I don't think my hat actually looks as green as it is in this picture!
Is this hat cool for men to wear?? :)
So how packable is this hat? If i stuff it in a bag or suitcase is it going to regain its shape? I want to hike in it, and concerned about how well it'll hold up to elements and packing. Thanks!
Most wool hats tend to pop back out, but it might take a while for it to regain shape.... I would say wool is better than leather for regaining shape.
I am right at about 23 inches, maybe 23.1...
I am right at about 23 inches, maybe 23.1 or so. should I go with the medium or large? Will the felt stretch a little bit as it gets broken in?
One thing I learned as a child back when I showed ponies in 4H. Its better to get a hat that's a little too big than one that is too tight. I suggest you go with the Large as it fits up to a 23.6 head circumference.
Write your question here...Is there a size...
Write your question here...Is there a size to order or is it one size fits all? If one size fits all, what is that size?
The "S" in the select options stands for Small, looks like that is all we have left.
Here's a little more specific of a sizing chart:
To pick your appropriate hat size, measure around your head where you would like the base or brim of the hat to sit in inches or centimeters.
S: hat size 7, circumference - 56 cm/22 in
M: hat size 7.25, circumference - 58cm/22.8in
L: hat size 7.5, circumference - 60 cm/23.6in
XL: hat size 7.75, circumference - 62cm/24.4in


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Raptors of North America Field Guide Art Print
Made By: Kate Dolamore Art
Meticulously painted in watercolor, this field guide art print features 28 raptor bird species native to North America—hawks to falcons. Each bird is identified with a neatly handwritten label on the chart for a well-researched reference. The archival-quality print is reproduced large and signed by the artist, a keepsake for avian enthusiasts. Flock to it.
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