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Sometimes, late at night, when I'm weak-kneed and looking for a reason to abuse myself, I scroll through Facebook. And because of my industry, my feed is always either mom ads or fitness ads. And everytime I look at the fitness ads, I'm like WAIT, HOLD UP, how does this person have 1.3M views? Like, what? "She's not even doing a squat well," I think. "And, holy shit," I say to myself, "those push-up things are a terrible idea for 99% of women." Alas, though, she's got her beautifully tanned tummy out, her glossy lips shining in the wind, and her punchy outfit loudly saying, "Nipple or Cheek May Appear, Keep Watching."
And, so, even I click on these ads. Even I do. It's akin to slowing down at a car wreck to take a horrified look that will then haunt you for decades after. Why do we do that? Eh. Because we're human and we have sexual and morbid curiosities. Period. And, these ads are brilliantly schemed to get us at those weak moments of our human, messy lives. Our brains say, "Gimme a quick dopamine shot." We respond, "Eff it" and we click.
And, unknowingly, we add one more brick to the foundation of How Female Strength is a Sexual Object.
Here's the nitty gritty of why this "click" impulse is so important for us as women to understand: Nowadays, in 2017, the number one most important part of being a viable company is, get ready for it, "vanity metrics." In case you didn't know, vanity metrics are number of views/likes/followers you have on social media. And, nowadays, vanity metrics are more important for your business than even your bank account or projections or even product quality. It's devastatingly true. Why? Because vanity metrics equal the one thing that is still working for sales: Exposure.
So, when you click on one of these posts, you're actually helping to support the idea that we as women want to be objectified and want to be strong so that we can wear bikinis and that the most important thing in the female experience is how we look, not how we function. Like I said, though, it's not your fault. It takes a lot of discipline to halt the impulse to check out that wreckage, right?
Yes, it does. But, you can do it. You can stop clicking on those posts by reminding yourself that your click matters. And that by clicking it, you are helping the female experience stay stuck in a weird antiquated subjugation of value. Brands will develop products that respond to consumer demand. This is a fact. Marketing will continue to objectify the female experience as long as those ads continue to go viral. Is it the fault of the brands? Is society to blame? I mean, partly, yes, but also, we have a huge amount of power here.
If we start to collectively get smart and focused about where we put our attention, even in our teensy tired fingertips, we can start to shift the availability of our basic human rights available in every regard, from technology to healthcare to maternity leave to equal pay to physical strength. Why? Because these big brands will follow our fingertips and start to see that they need to develop products and programs and institutions and benefits that serve the function of women, rather than the object of women.
Let me drive this point home by ushering in a little necessary fierceness and anger in you: Most of what is available to women in terms of our function is completely stunted at a Victorian-era level, mainly because we have not adequately and effectively challenged companies to provide better products and because we have not abstained from companies that compromise our full personhood. [Hint, Dove campaigns do not count, as they also exploit the female body, even by showing a body positive message]
Consider these aspects:
- Postpartum belly braces. WHY THE HECK do we only have available to us either an immobilizing, uncomfortable corset-like brace or a pair of, um, Spanx after we've given birth? If men had babies and their bellies were all blown out and they needed a medical-grade, technological solution to that problem, I guarantee there'd be a product on the market that would both be comfortable and effective. Why? Because we assume that men have stuff to do. Well. Women have stuff to do. We deserve a better product and if the designs were focused on function and we demanded that, they would exist. Period.
- Postpartum physical therapy. Same argument as above. I'm just highlighting this for the fact that it's completely insane that women don't receive automatic, insurance-covered physical therapy after giving birth. It's only sane, however, if the assumption is that a woman no longer needs to be fully functional after having kids.
- Maternity Leave benefits. I mean, what if we all simply refused to buy from companies that did not provide maternity leave to women here in the US comparable to every other industrialized nation? Companies would change fast and provide necessary benefits without too much hassle, to be quite honest. Again, though, the focus has to be on innovation for the full function of the female, not just her object, and we have to be aware of the power available to us via our buying power. [FYI mothers are THE most powerful demographic in online consumerism]
- Strengthening programs. Why oh why are we still inundated with programs and challenges designed to get us bikini-ready? Why oh why is the six pack STILL a sign of value and beauty in a woman when the six pack muscle definition has ZERO to do with her function? Because the market still sells there and we still click there, even if we won't admit it.
You see, if we didn't just demand products that help with our function, but we simultaneously abstained from all that objectify us even in the slightest as well, then we'd have innovations we deserve and we'd have them fast. Brands aren't out to oppress us, they are out to survive and to make money. Trust me, after 5 years as a brand who refuses to compromise it's mission, I can tell you right now that I understand why these brands go for the "low hanging fruit." It's literally not feasible to grow a business easily and sell these days otherwise. Unless you're completely mad like myself.
And, yeah, I can tell you that as I approach the 5 year mark in MommaStrong's existence, I am worn the eff out. It's been one member growth at a time and while we are thousands and thousands of mommas strong around the world now, it has taken a toll on me and MommaStrong. And getting "vanity metrics" is a science that requires skilled humans and skilled humans cost more money than most brands like myself can afford. Why is that MommaStrong's message of function over appearance is considered an "outlier message" or a "complex mission"? Why is it not mainstream?
I'm telling you, it's exhausting and often paralyzing. I sometimes wish I could just quit, dip into obscurity, and sign up for something more secure. But, then, I wake up and I get messages like this, from Mary in Chicago:
I mean, function. FUNCTION. Click AND vote for function. Help me out. Help me prove that women need innovations, technology, services, and products designed to help them do the hard things. If we do this, then our kids will grow up with marketing and ads that reflect these values. They will see women being rested AND being powerful all at once. They will watch movies with women of all shapes and sizes and ages and it not be a "brave" moment, but a normal one.
And, I will end with a statement that I am endlessly proud of what goes down here at MommaStrong. That no matter how poorly I have handled stuff and how much I have messed up, the thing that has remained is that I have not and will not objectify myself or female strength ever. Not even when I was struggling to buy my kids groceries. Not even when I was sleep deprived beyond imagination. Not even when shit was real.
Imagine if I could walk into a meeting with big time executives at big time brands and say, "THIS is what women want. See how many clicks I have? See how many likes? See how much activity? Produce for them. Innovate for them. Oh, and by the way, I didn't have to market to them, they arrived here because of the referral of another mom." They would be all over it and they would start to create, support, serve, innovate, pitch, share, and publicize for our function over our object.
That's how easy it is. Truly. Show them. Take back your body with me. Do the hard things.
How can you help MommaStrong and similar outlier brands?
- Like/follow/view them on all social media - If you're like me, you might despise social media, but it's so important for traction. As annoying and odd as I find it, it's a fact that these days that your vanity metrics are number one for brand viability and all sponsorships, partnerships, funding, meetings, etc.
- Buy their products loyally over others - Did you know that the average monthly cost of an adequate social media firm and a PR firm (ones that will actually get outlier brands playing at pro levels) is $15,000 a month? Every single penny counts for us.
- Share the company and their products with your friends. Brands like MommaStrong don't usually have a staff of marketing experts and we literally rely on your hand-to-hand referrals.


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Why choose Dwelling Moments Photography and what can you expect??
So, I've been thinking a lot about this and decided that it would be fun to share with you my "vision" for the sessions and give you some insight on photography sessions with me.
Just to clarify I am open to MANY different types of photography. When you have a need for a photographer please let me know and I will be very HONEST with you and let you know if that is in my "scope of photography" or not. I have said yes to many clients as well as no to a handful because I truly did not feel that I could deliver what they wanted and did NOT want to disappoint. Trust me it was not easy to say no, but in my heart I knew that was the right decision and I directed those clients to people that I felt would be better suited to photograph for them.
First and foremost you can always expect to LAUGH and have TONS of FUN....my ULTIMATE MUST HAVE goal is to create and capture the essence of you and your family! The funny, cute, and total candid moments. Yes, we can get the "posed" photos as well, but we must mix in some personality-trust me you'll love those as much if not more then the "formal pose!" :)
You can expect me to move A LOT and have many ideas on the fly. I don't plan out the sessions ahead of time because every family or person has a different personality so we'll try a TON of different things to see what fits you the best and roll from there.
***NOTE.....WIth that said there is ONE REAAAAAALLLLLY helpful thing you can provide for me ahead of time and that is your "list" of must have photos and preferably the sizes you want so I can make sure to shoot those photos to fit the size prints you want. No worries if you don't have anything in mind, but for those of you that have specific photos, please do me the favor and give me that info up front.
You can absolutely expect me to be very happy and fun to work with. Along with that you can guarantee I am going to shoot until I feel we have successfully accomplished the goal of the session. I typically shoot for 45 min-1 hour, some are longer and some are shorter. The bottom line on that is I will be checking the work along the way and will make sure that we have covered everything we need to put together a beautiful photo gallery of images.
***NOTE.....Don't worry about the timing and please make sure that when you book with me you are NOT in a rush to go or do something else...I don't work well when I am under the gun like that.
I am EFFICIENT and will not keep you standing around. For little one's that is CRITICAL and honestly most people don't LOVE to have their pictures taken so I will do my very best to keep the uninterested people on track so you're not spending your time annoyed that they're not "cooperating." Leave that to me, it seems to work better that way! I will build a rapport with you and who I am photographing quickly and that creates the bond for both parties to work well together and achieve stunning images.
Don't worry if you're all stressed out about the session..some people are and others are not...it doesn't matter to me because as soon as you're under my care the tune will change and you will see how RELAXED and CAREFREE the process will be.
***NOTE....Everyone says "what should we wear"...OH boy does that cause mayhem in households...so, here is the simple answer~
1. Solid's ALWAYS look best on top and the less "busy" you are the more the photography will focus on your faces as opposed to your clothing.
2. FUN colors are always awesome. Picking colors in the same "color scheme" works well and so does picking total opposite colors. Really it just depends on what looks best on you. ALWAYS pick a color that you shine in and feel good about.
3. I am always more than happy to discuss wardrobe with you so please let me know if you need some assistance.
I am a package deal. I have spent MANY hours learning the art of photography and each and every time I am behind the lens of a camera I learn and try new things. I have a heart to help and bless others and that shows in the care and love of each image I will capture for you.
You can expect that I will NOT "up sell" you and charge a fortune for prints, digital images, or anything else you might want. I am very creative and think "out of the box" allllllll the time. If there is something creative you want to do with your images please let me know. I LOVE graphic design as well and have created some very unique pieces of art from my clients photography sessions.
It's important to know that I will NEVER give you "average quality" in the editing and processing. I want you to be "over the moon" in LOVE with your imagery. If for any reason you are not, then we will make sure to do whatever it takes to make sure you are! I take great PRIDE in my processing, editing, and printing of the images and you can be assured that HOURS are always invested in your images to make them SHINE...every single one of them.....and for every single client....always!
With that said, I hope this will give you the trust that I am the right choice for you and I would be honored if you would choose ME to capture the memories that matter the most to you and your family.
For those of you that took the time to read this, thank you! As my way of saying THANK YOU please leave a comment I will graciously give you a $25.00 print credit to spend on your next photo session with me! (Expires Sept 30, 2012)
"There are no rules for good photographs, there are only good photographs" ~Ansel Adams
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A novel Dbl family RhoGEF promotes Rho-dependent axon attraction to the central nervous system midline in Drosophila and overcomes Robo repulsion.
Bottom Line: Opin.Neurobiol. 11:103-110).Surprisingly, evidence from genetic, biochemical, and cell culture experiments suggests that the promotion of axon attraction by GEF64C is dependent on the activation of Rho, but not Rac or Cdc42.
View Article: PubMed Central - PubMed
Affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. email@example.com
ABSTRACTShow MeSH
The key role of the Rho family GTPases Rac, Rho, and CDC42 in regulating the actin cytoskeleton is well established (Hall, A. 1998. Science. 279:509-514). Increasing evidence suggests that the Rho GTPases and their upstream positive regulators, guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), also play important roles in the control of growth cone guidance in the developing nervous system (Luo, L. 2000. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 1:173-180; Dickson, B.J. 2001. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 11:103-110). Here, we present the identification and molecular characterization of a novel Dbl family Rho GEF, GEF64C, that promotes axon attraction to the central nervous system midline in the embryonic Drosophila nervous system. In sensitized genetic backgrounds, loss of GEF64C function causes a phenotype where too few axons cross the midline. In contrast, ectopic expression of GEF64C throughout the nervous system results in a phenotype in which far too many axons cross the midline, a phenotype reminiscent of loss of function mutations in the Roundabout (Robo) repulsive guidance receptor. Genetic analysis indicates that GEF64C expression can in fact overcome Robo repulsion. Surprisingly, evidence from genetic, biochemical, and cell culture experiments suggests that the promotion of axon attraction by GEF64C is dependent on the activation of Rho, but not Rac or Cdc42.
Related in: MedlinePlus
Related In: Results - Collection
Mentions: Expression of EP3035 dramatically enhances the axon guidance defects of the Robo-DCC chimera, leading to a significant increase in ectopic midline crossing (unpublished data). Molecular characterization of the genomic region adjacent to EP3035 revealed a large transcription unit that encodes a novel member of the Dbl family of guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) (Cerione and Zheng, 1996) specific for the Rho family of small GTPases (Fig. 1), GEF64C. In addition to the canonical Dbl and pleckstrin homology (PH) domains, GEF64C also contains several proline-rich motifs, including a sequence similar to the Enabled EVH1 domain binding site (LPLPP) (Niebuhr et al., 1997) (Fig. 1). RNA in situ analysis on EP3035/ElavGal4 embryos confirms that EP3035 drives overexpression of the GEF64C transcript. In addition, the genetic enhancement of Robo-DCC by EP3035 can be phenocopied by expressing a UAS GEF64C transgene, confirming that the enhancement is due to GEF64C expression (unpublished data). Protein expression analysis in wild-type embryos, using an mAb to GEF64C, reveals broad, low level expression of this GEF, with some enrichment in the CNS (Fig. 1 D). The specificity of the GEF64C mAb is demonstrated by comparing embryos expressing full-length UASGEF64C under control of elavGAL4, with those expressing a COOH-terminal truncation, UASGEF64CΔC, which removes the mAb epitope (Fig. 1 B). Robust CNS expression can be seen in animals with the wild-type transgene, while only the low-levels characteristic of wild-type expression can be seen in animals with the truncated transgene (Fig. 1, E and F).
View Article: PubMed Central - PubMed
Affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. email@example.com


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Reading Guide to Nepalese History
[This is the text of my article in
, vol. XXV, nos.1-2, pp. 5-14, 2005 (actually date of publication 2007), as submitted to the publisher. It includes the list of errata for the international edition of my
History of Nepal
as discovered up till 2007 and corrected in the second South Asian printing but not in the international edition. I have now also added corrections for a few additional errors detected since then. The proofs of the
text (with photographs inclued) can be downloaded from the
page on this website (scroll down to the `background reading on Nepali history and society' section). Among works published since 2007 and not already mentioned on the NEPALI page
I would particularly recommend
Prashant Jha,
Battles of the New Republic,
Tom Bell,
David Gellner, Sondra Hausner and Chiara Letizia (eds.)
, Religion, Secularism and Ethnicity in Contemporary Nepal,
for which more details will be added later. ]
This brief survey is intended as a list of works which I have found especially useful myself or which I think would be particularly suitable for readers wanting to follow up topics necessarily treated very cursorily in my recent one-volume
History of Nepal
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005). It includes some of the pre-1990 works listed in my earlier
(World Bibliographical Series, Oxford & Santa Barbara: Clio Press, 1990) and, though it is intended principally for people who read English more comfortably than anything else, there is also some material in Nepali and in mainland European languages. I have given preference to items readily available in Western countries but some will only be found in specialist libraries. Particularly for the more recent periods there is a great problem of selection and omission of any particular work should certainly not be taken as a suggestion that it is any way inferior especially as often items are included simply because I had them to hand. Bibliographies of the more recent works listed can easily be consulted for further reading, and there is extended discussion of many earlier studies in Krishna Kant Adhikari's
A Brief Survey of Nepali Historiography
(Kathmandu: Buku, 1980). The most complete, readily accessible list of new titles is probably the Nepal entries in the catalogue of the Centre Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique in France. This can be consulted online at
Basic narratives:There is no single book or series that can be regarded as an authoritative history of Nepal in the way that, for example, the Cambridge Ancient History or the Oxford History of England is accepted in the United Kingdom. A conscious attempt to produce one was made with the Nepali-language Rastriya Itihas (National History) project begun by the Centre for Nepal and Asian Studies at Tribhuvan University in the 1980s. However, although this did result in the publication of a number of interesting studies, it was never completed on the ambitious lines originally intended. The first attempt at a full-scale history of Nepal based on thorough analysis of all the available sources had been Sylvain Levi's 3-volume
Le Nepal – étude historique d'un rouyaume hindou
(Paris: Ernest Leroux, 1905, 1908), Although outdated in some ways, it still contains much of value and the first two volumes have been reprinted with an introduction by Marc Gaborieau and Gérard Toffin surveying research since the original publication (Paris; Le Toit du Monde, Editions Errance, 1985). In English, Nepalese scholar and politician Dilli Rahman Regmi also set out to write a comprehensive account. His
Ancient Nepal
(3rd.ed., 1969),
Medieval Nepal
(1965-66) and
Modern Nepal
all published in Calcutta by Firma Mukhopadhyaya, are valuable as works of reference, but take the story down only to 1816 and are not very reader-friendly.
The reader in search of a good, general account has thus to rely on a number of disparate sources. For the prehistoric period, the most reliable guide is probably Gudrun Corvinus's essay, `The Prehistory of Nepal after Ten Years of Research' (in Ram Pratap Thapa & Joachim Baaden (eds.),
Nepal: Myths and Realities
, Delhi: Book Faith India, 2000). The best synthesis of information on the ancient and medieval periods is still Mary Slusser's magnificent
Nepal Mandala
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1982), which draws on the work of a number of Nepalese scholars who have published important research in Nepali. Whilst primarily a cultural history, the book contains a very good survey of political developments. Rishikesh Shaha's
Ancient and Medieval Nepal
(New Delhi: Manohar, 1992) also gives a good overview for the general reader. For the modern period his 2-volume, the same author's
Modern Nepal –a Political History: 1769-1955
(New Delhi: Manohar, 1990) is indispensable, though, as its title indicates, containing little on economic or social development. Shaha takes his story up to Tribhuvan's death and for the last decade draws upon his own personal involvement and also on British embassy correspondence.
After 1955, one has to rely for a general narrative of events on more specialist studies, all of them similarly concentrating on the political. For developments up to the start of the Panchayat system, Bhuvan Lal Joshi and Leo Rose's
Democratic Innovations in Nepal
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1966)
intended primarily as an analysis of the clash between the nascent party system and traditional political behaviour, is the best single guide. The book has recently been reprinted (Kathmandu: Mandala Bookpoint, 2004) and its continuing relevance to present-day Nepal is both testimony to the authors' scholarship and a reminder that the contradictions they pinpointed remain unresolved. There is nothing as authoritative or as detailed for the Panchayat and post-Panchayat periods but the main framework of events is covered up to the1990s by three books all with a central focus on the 1990 `People's Movement'. Louise Brown's
The Challenge to Democracy in Nepal
(London, New York: Routledge, 1996) is sympathetic to the UML but stresses rapid disillusion with the political process after 1991. Martin Hoftun, William Raeper and John Whelpton's
People, Politics and Ideology
(Kathmandu: Mandala, 1999) concentrates particularly on ideological issues and internal party disputes, whilst Karl-Heinz Krämer's
Nepal– der lange Weg zur Democratie
(Bad Honnef: Horlemann, 1991) includes detail of many small-scale disturbances during the supposedly quiet Panchayat years. My own general history, which concentrates mainly on the post-Rana era and tries to cover other things as well as politics, goes up to early 2004. It also includes a timeline and a biographical appendix but its reliability as a reference work is reduced by a number of inaccuracies. Those discovered to date are listed at the foot of this page and I would be very grateful to hear if anyone unearths any more.
There is still no really satisfactory one-volume history of Nepal giving a balanced treatment of every period, discussing broad social and economic trends as well as conventional political history and also drawing on modern research in anthropology as well as in history and political science. I have not yet seen the latest edition of Netra Bahadur Thapa's
Short History of Nepal
(Ratna Pustak Bhandar, 2001) but the earlier editions were a very sparse summary of political events and the book is difficult to get hold of in the West. Also difficult to find, but a much better piece of work, is Ludwig Stiller's
Nepal: Growth of a Nation
(Kathmandu: Human Resources Development Research Center, 1993. This summarises the author's more detailed studies of the late 18th and early 19th centuries and presents a readable and well-documented account of the Rana period but does not go beyond 1951. My own book covers broader aspects of Nepalese society but the publisher was reluctant to include any pre- 1950 (and particularly pre-18th century) detail and the eventual compromise was a rather truncated account.
For economic history. the work of Mahesh Chandra Regmi, focussing particularly on the land tenure system, is fundamental. His most detailed contribution is his first extended publication,
Land Tenure and Taxation in Nepal
(Bekeley: University of California, 1963-8; reprint ed. (single volume) Kathmandu: Ratna Pustak Bhandar, 1978) but the general reader is best served by the summary of his findings in his
Land Ownership in Nepal
(Berkeley: University of California, 1976). Much less well-known, but useful for its treatment of the Nepalese economy from the earliest times down to the present is Lakshman B. Hamal's
Economic history of Nepal (From Antiquity to 1990
) ( Kathmandu: Ganga Kaveri Publishing House, 1994).
Nepal's precarious existence between the two Asian giants is a major theme in any account of the country's past, but the best extended treatment is still Leo Rose's superb
Nepal: Strategy for Survival
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971). This shows how members of the political elite constantly manoeuvred both to maintain national independence and also to obtain external support against internal enemies. Studies of Nepal-India relations tend to focus on relatively short periods but Vijay Manandhar has recently published
A Comprehensive History of Nepal-China Relations Up to 1955 A.D
. (New Delhi: Adriot, 2004). This is really more for the specialist, but others may be interested in the details on the Nepalese missions to China and the discussion of Nepal's exact status in relation to the Chinese Empire.
Among the wealth of material on the service of Gurkhas/Gorkhas in the army of British India and then in the British and Indian armies, three are particularly worthy of mention. Mary K. DesChene's. `Relics of Empire: a Cultural History of the Gurkhas 1815-1987' is a 1991 Stanford University PhD thesis which unfortunately has not been published though it is available from University Microfilms. This draws on interviews and archival research to provide a good account of the development of the Brigade
and of the differing perceptions of British officers and enlisted Nepalese. Lionel Caplan's
Warrior gentlemen: "Gurkhas" in the Western imagination
(Oxford: Berghahn, 1995) covers similar ground to DesChene but focuses much more on British attitudes. Tony Gould's
Imperial Warriors: Britain and the Gurkhas
(London: Granta, 1999) is an excellent survey drawing both on the author's own experiences and contacts as a Gurkha officer and on the analyses of social scientists like DesChene and Caplan. Prem R. Uprety's
Nepal – a Small Nation in the Vortex of International Conflicts.
(Kathmandu: Pugo Mi, 1984) looks at the impact on Nepal of her involvement in the two world wars and in other conflicts through her alliance with British India and then with independent India.
Richard Burghart's `The Formation of the Concept of Nation-State in Nepal',
Journal of Asian Studies,
vol.4(1), 1984, p.101-125), a classic study of the evolving way in which Nepal's rulers saw their relationship to the land and its inhabitants, is republished in the author's
The Conditions of Listening: Essays on religion, history and politics in South Asia
(Delhi: OUP, 1996
The evolution of national identity is also dealt with in several chapters of David Gellner, Joanna Pfaf-Czarnecka and John Whlpton (ed.),
Nationalism and Ethnicity in a Hindu Kingdom
(Amsterdam: Harwood, 1997)
Background studies
There are a number of very valuable studies of the environment and the human population's changing relationship to it, which, whilst usually not histories in the conventional sense, give insight into key historical processes. In
The Himalayan Dilemma – Reconciling Development and Conservation
. (London: United Nations University/Routledge, 1989), which is also available on the web at
, J.D.Ives, and B. Messerli argue that much environmental degradation etc. is the result of long-term natural processes rather than of the activities of subsistence farmers. Environmental and development issues are included in Toni Hagen's
Nepal: the Kingdom in the Himalayas
(repr. ed. Kathmandu: Himal Books, 2000). First published in 1961, this is a lavish illustrated general introduction to the country including a detailed account of stages in the formation of the Himalayas. The reprint edition includes an account of changes since the first visit to the country by the author, a Swiss national who conducted a geological survey of Nepal in the early 1950s and later helped set up the carpet industry. Barry Bishop's
Karnali under stress: livelihood strategies and seasonal rhythms in a changing Nepal Himalaya.
(Chicago: University of Chicago, 1990) mainly focuses on conditions in the 1960s but includes an excellent summary of the development of Parbatiya society in the western hills from early times. Lionel Caplan's
Land and Social Change in Eastern Nepal
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1970; repr. ed. Kathmandu: Himal Books, 2000) describes how Brahman settlers gradually became the main landowners on land previously held by the Limbus under communal tenure. Based on fieldwork in Ilam, it illustrates a transformation that occurred, with local variations, over much of the country. Alan Macfarlane's
Resources and Population: a study of the Gurungs of Nepal
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976) focuses on a group who were not displaced by outsiders but beset by the pressure of rising numbers. This is a Malthusian account, still of value although the author now admits he failed to allow for the safety valve provided by migration to the towns and for remittance income. The `population explosion' and possible explanations for it, is also the topic of Mark Poffenberger's rather more general but succinct account,
Patterns of Change in the Nepal Himalaya
(Delhi: Macmillan, 1980). In
Resunga: the Mountain of the Horned Sage
, (Kathmandu: HIMAL Books, 2000), P.Ramirez and his French anthropologist colleagues survey the present condition and earlier history of Argha-Kanchi district and adjacent areas in the hills southwest of Pokhara. Another local history of wider relevance is Stanley F. Stevens'
Claiming the high ground: Sherpas, subsistence and environmental change in the highest Himalaya.
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993).
Other works focus on the origins of the country's linguistic and ethnic diversity. George van Driem's 2-volume
Languages of the Himalayas: an Ethnolinguistic Handbook of theHimalayan Region
(Handbook of Oriental studies: Section 2 (India), vol.10, Leiden: Brill, 2001) is an encylopaedic compendium on all languages spoken in the Himalaya. It includes speculative but fascinating discussion of the origins of the different language families and of possible migration routes. Some of his main suggestions are summarised in my review (
Studies in Nepali History and Society
9(1), 2004, p.193-205). An older, but still useful contribution is Marc Gaborieau's
Le Népal et ses Populations
(Brussels: Editions Complexes, 1978), which combines a good treatment of ethnic groups and their relationship under the state-sanctioned caste system with a sketch of Nepalese history. Also valuable is John Hitchcock's `An Additional Perspective on the Nepali Caste System' (in James F. Fisher (ed.),
Himalayan Anthropology
, The Hague and Paris: Mouton, 1978), suggesting why the structure in the Nepalese hills differed significantly from that in the Indian Himalayas west of the Mahakali.
The Ancient and Medieval Periods (to 1769)
Some of the most important primary sources, originally written in Sanskrit, Newari or Nepali, are available in English. Translations of the 5th to 8th century Licchavi inscriptions, the earliest extant records from Nepal, are given in the second part of Dilli Rahman Regmi's 3-volume
Inscriptions of Ancient Nepal
(Delhi: Abhinav, 1983). Text and translation of a 14th. century chronicle, the oldest found in the Kathmandu Valley, are provided in Dhanavajra Vajracharya & Kamal Prakash Malla's
The Gopalarajavamsavali
(Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner, 1985). One Buddhist-orientated chronicle from among the later, Nepali-language accounts of the pre-unification period, also covering the modern period down to 1838, was translated by two
attached to the British Residency and published in Daniel Wright's
History of Nepal
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1877). Translations of
ther chronicles included in the British Library's Hodgson's Papers are published in Vikram Hasrat's
The History of Nepal as Told by its Own and Contemporary Chroniclers.
(Hoshiarpur: V.V.Research Institute, 1970).
Theodore Riccardi Jr summarizes the little which archaeology has so far revealed about the history of the Valley before the Licchavis in Siegfried Lienhard's
and change: studies in the Nepalese culture of the Kathmandu Valley
(Alessandria, Italy: Edizioni dell'Orso, 1996). Evidence from river names is examined by Michael Witzel in `Nepalese hydronomy: towards a history of settlement in the Himalayas' (Gérard Toffin (ed),
: Past and Present: Proceedings of the France-German conference, Arc- et-Senans, June1990.
New Delhi: Sterling, 1993). Clues to migration patterns are found in the distribution of plough types in P. Dollfus, M.Lecomte-Tilouine and O.Aubriot's `Un araire dans la tête - réflexions sur la répartition géographique de l'outil en Himalaya",
Techniques & Cultures,
n.37 (2001), pp. 3-50
An interesting interpretation of the Licchavi period is Prayag Raj Sharma's `The land system of the Licchavis of Nepal' (
1983, vol. 10 (1-2), p 11-62), which is republished in his
The State and Society in Nepal : Historical Foundations and Contemporary Trend
s (Kathmandu: Himal Books, 2004). The discovery of a statue of the Lichhavi ruler. apparently pushing epigraphic evidence for the dynasty back from the 5th century to the 2nd. century A.D, is discussed in Kashinath Tamot & Ian Alsop's `A Kushan Period Sculpture from the Reign of Jaya Varma - 184/185 A.D., Kathmandu, Nepal.' (
Asian Art,
10 July 1996 , with updated text at
). Broad questions of interpretation for the Lichhavi and earlier periods are also dealt with in Kamal Prakash Malla's `Epigraphy and Society in Ancient Nepal: a Critique of Regmi, 1983. (
Contributions to Nepalese Studies
, vol.13(1), 1985, p.57-94) and in my `From the beginning: themes in the prehistory and ancient history of Nepal' (
Voice of History,
Vol. XV(2), 2000, p.39-68).
The post- Licchavi centuries are treated in Luciano.Petech's
Mediaeval history of Nepal
c.750-1482 (Rome: ISMEO. 2nd. Ed. ,1984), which is a work for specialists, mainly concerned with establishing regnal dates but with a little information on social and economic history. For more information on the latter there is Bernard Kölver & Hemraj Sakya's
Documents from the Rudravarna-Mahavira, Patan. I. Sales And Mortgages
(Sankt Augustin: VGH Wissenschaftsverlag, 1985), Prayag Raj Sharma's
Kul, Bhumi ra Rajya: Nepal Upatyakako Purba- Madhyakalik Samajik Itihas
[Lineage, Land and State; a Social History of the Early Medieval Kathmandu Valley] (Kathmandu: CNAS, 1985/6), which illustrates the adaptation of the Hindu
tradition to local society down to the 14th. century, and Ramesh Dhungel and Aishwaryalal Pradhananga's
Kathmandu Upatyakako Madhyakalik Arthik Itihas
[Economic history of the Medieval Kathmandu Valley] Kathmandu: CNAS, 1999/2000, which goes down to the 18th. century. Another important contribution is Gérard Toffin's
Le Palais et le Temple
(Paris: Editions de CNRS, 1993), which focuses particularly on the religious role of the medieval monarchy.
The existence in the early medieval centuries of the `Western Malla' or`Khasa' empire in the Karnali basin and south-western Tibet was discovered independently in the 1950s by Nepali researcher Yogi Naraharinath and the Italian scholar Giuseppe Tucci. Tucci wrote both a more detailed account of his findings for specialists,
Preliminary report on two scientific expeditions to Nepal
(Rome: Instituto Italiano per il Studio del Medio ed Estreme Oriente, 1956) and an illustrated summary for the general reader,
The Discovery of the Malla
(London: Allen & Unwin, 1962). Another good account is included in Prayag Raj Sharma's
Preliminary Account of the Art and Architecture of the Karnali Region, west Nepal
(Paris: CNRS) and the most up-to-date treatment is Surya Mani Adhikary's
The Khasa Kingdom – a trans-Himalayan Empire of the Middle Ages
(Jaipur: Nirala 1988). Many details of the history of the later
kingdoms in the Gandaki and Karnali basins are included in Francis Buchanan Hamilton's
An Account of the Kingdom of Nepal
(1819), by a writer on the staff of Cpt. Knox, East India Company Resident in Kathmandu in 1802-1803. Much of Hamilton's material is included in a modern compendium on western Nepal, Ram Niwas Pandey's
The Making of Modern Nepal
(New Delhi: Nirala, 1997), together with a great deal of new information. The early history of the
kingdom which gave Nepal its ruling dynasty, is dealt with at length in Dinesh Raj Pant's
Gorkhako Itihas
[History of Gorkha] (Kathmandu: the Author, 1984/5-1993/4).
From Prithvi Narayan to the end of the Rana period (1769-1951)
Before systematic work on British Indian and Nepali archives, writers on his period of Nepal's history relied overwhelmingly on early publications by servants of the East Indian Company and then the Raj, some of which are still useful and are also regularly reprinted in India. The earliest full-length Western work on Nepal,
An Account of the Kingdom of Nepaul
, (London: W. Miller, 1811) was written by William Kirkpatrick, the leader of the 1793 mission to Kathmandu., and the similarly titled book by Francis Hamilton, who was in Kathmandu ten years later, has been mentioned above. Brian Hodgson, who was at the Residency for most of the years from 1820-1843, never wrote his projected history of Nepal but some his most important writings are included in his
Essays on the Languages, Literature and Religion of Nepal and Tibet
(London: Trubner, 1874) and
Miscellaneous essays on Indian Subjects
(London: Trubner, 1880). A eulogistic account of his role in Kathmandu is provided by his personal friend Sir William W. Hunter in his
Life of Brian Houghton Hodgson, British Resident at the Court of Nepal
(1896). This can be compared with the more critical assessment by contributors to David Waterhouse's
The Origins of Himalayan Studies: Brian Houghton Hodgson in Kathmandu and Darjeeling 1820-1858
(London: Royal Asiatic Society, 2004). Hector Ambrose Oldfield, surgeon at the Kathmandu Residency from 1850 to 1873 and a personal friend of Jang Bahadur Rana, provides memoirs and general notes on the country in his posthumously published
Sketches from Nepal
(London: W.H.Allen, 1880).
Among modern writers, Ludwig Stiller provides the best general account of the establishment and expansion of the modern Nepalese state down to the Anglo-Gorkha War in his
Rise of the House of Gorkha
(Ranchi: Patna Jesuit Society, 1968). In
The Silent Cry; the People of Nepal1816-1839.
(Kathmandu: Sahayogi, 1973), Stiller analyses economic and social conditions under Bhimsen Thapa and also Bhimsen's skilful handling of the East India Company after military defeat, whilst his
Letters from Kathmandu: The Kot Massacre
(Kathmandu: CNAS, 1981) is a collection of correspondence from East India Company archives illustrating events in Nepal from 1840 to 1847.
Whilst Stiller, American-born but a naturalised Nepali citizen, writes from a Nepali nationalist standpoint, Kumar Pradhan's approach in
The Gorkha Conquests. The Process and Consequences of the Unification of Nepal with Particular Reference to Eastern Nepal
(Calcutta: Oxford University Press, 1991) is more that of an ethnic activist. He portrays Gorkha expansion as the conquest and subjugation of the Tibeto-Burman population rather than `unification' in the true sense. A British view of the 1814-1816 conflict is provided by John Pemble
The Invasion of Nepal: John Company at War
(London: Oxford University Press), which is a detailed and very well-written account but reliant only on British sources.
There are a number of studies of relations between Nepal and British India after 1816, again largely based on British records. Particularly useful are Ramakant's
Indo-Nepalese Relations 1816-77
and three books by Kanchanmoy Mojumdar:
Anglo-Nepalese Relations in the 19th. century
(Calcutta: K.L.Mukhopadhyay, 1973),
Political Relations between Britain and Nepal, 1877-1923
(New Delhi: Munshiram, 1973) and
Nepal and the Indian Nationalist Movement
(Calcutta: K.L. Mukhopadhyaya, 1975). The last years of British rule in India are included in Asad Husain's British India's
Relations with the Kingdom of Nepal
(London: Allen and Unwin, 1970).
Among Mahesh Chandra's many contributions to the economic history of the late 18th and 19th centuries, the most valuable are
A Study in Nepali Economic History1768-1846
(New Delhi:Manjushri, 1972),
An Economic History of Nepal 1846-1901.
Varanasi: Nath Publishing House, 1988) and
Imperial Gorkha: an Account of Gorkhali Rule in Kumaun (1791-1815)
(Delhi: Adroit Publishers, 1999), which argues for the essentially colonial nature of Gorkha rule in this area.
For the beginnings of the Rana era there are my own
Kings,Soldiers and Priests: Nepalese Politics and the Rise of Jang Bahadur Rana,1830-1857
(New Delhi: Manohar, 1991) and
Jang Bahadur in Europe. The First Nepalese Mission to the West
(Kathmandu: Sahayogi Press, 1983), an annotated translation of an account by a travelling companion of Jang's 1850 visit to Britain and France. Pudma Jung Bahadur Rana's biography of his father,
Life of Maharaja Sir Jung Bahadur
of Nepal
(Allahabad: Pioneer Press, 1909; repr. ed. Kathmandu: Ratna Pustak Bhandar, 1980) is highly biassed but has some curiosity value. Andreas Höffer's
The Caste Hierarchy and the State in Nepal: a study of the Muluki Ain of 1854
Insbruck: Unversitätsverlag Wagner, 1979; reprinted with new introduction, Kathmandu: Himal Books, 2004) analyses how Jang's codification of Nepalese law both reflected and impacted on the country's social structure. Rana Triratna Manandhar's
Nepal: the Years of Trouble
(Kathmandu: Purna Devi Manandhar, 1986) provides the fullest and most reliable account of court intrigue under Jang's brother and successor, Maharaja Ranoddip Singh, whilst the reign of Bir Shamsher, who took over after the Shamsher brothers' 1885 coup, is treated in Kashi Kanta Nepali's
Political Dimensions of Nepal
(Kathmandu: Radhika Mainali, 2000). The life of Juddha, the last of the first-generation of Shamsher maharajas, is a panegyric by his friend Ishwari Prasad (Biography of Juddha Shamsher J.B. Rana, New Delhi: Ashish, 1975)
Perceval Landon's
(London: Constable, 1928; reprint ed.(single volume) Kathmandu: Ratna Pustak Bhandar, 1976) was actually commissioned by Maharaja Chandra and is unsurprisingly rather partisan, but still a valuable portrait of the country in the early 20th. century. Adrian Sever's
Nepal under the Ranas
(Delhi: Oxford & IBH Publishing Co., 1993) is a very readable, illustrated account of the whole Rana period, with particularly valuable chronological and biographical appendices. Most recently, three prominent Shamsher Ranas, viz. Prabhakar, Pashupati (currently leader of the Rastriya Prajatantra Party) and Gautam, have published
The Ranas of Nepal.
(New Delhi: Timeless Books, 2003). Particularly in its account of the Ranas today, this is sometimes more like a family scrapbook than detached analysis, but it is well written and valuable for its excellent selection of historic photographs and paintings, many of them in colour, and also for its description of the Rana lifestyle. For a view of social change outside the Kathmandu Vally, there is Sherry B. Ortner's
High religion: a cultural and political history of Sherpa religion
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989). This examines how income from wage labour in Darjeeling and mountaineering enabled the foundation of the first celibate monasteries in Solukhumbu in the early 20th. century.
Prem R. Uprety's,
Political Awakening in Nepal: the search for a New Identity
(New Delhi: Commonwealth Publishers, 1992)) is useful for understanding the origins of modern Nepali nationalism and political activism, as are two articles in
Studies in Nepali History and Society
: Pratyoush Onta's `Creating a brave Nepali nation in British India: the rhetoric of
improvement, rediscovery of Bhanubhakta and the writing of
history' (vol.1(1), 1996, p.37-76 ) on the role of Darjeeling intellectuals in the 1930s and 1940s; and Rhoderick Chalmers' `Pandits and Pulp fiction: Popular Publishing and the birth of Nepali Print-Capitalism in Benares' (vol.7(1), 2002, p. 35-97), which looks at the emergence of a Nepali reading public in the inter-war years. Political and religious radicalism were often linked and Sarah Levine & David Gellner's
Rebuilding Buddhism: The Theravada Movement in Twentieth-Century Nepal
(Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 2005) has material from the 1920s and 30s on the revival of Buddhism in the Kathmandu Valley, and on its impact up to the present day.
In addition to Joshi and Rose's authoritative volume already mentioned, there is Anirudh Gupta's
Politics in Nepal 1950-60
(reprint ed., Delhi: Kalinga Publications, 1993). For dissident activities in the early Panchayat years, Lok Raj Baral's
Oppositional Politics in Nepa.
( New Delhi: Abhinav, 1977) is a valuable survey, and there is also Parmanand's
The Nepali Congress since its Inception
(Delhi:B.R. Publishing, 1982). For the Nepali Left and its tortuous history of splits and mergers, full details are available only in Nepali: Bhim Rawal (later to become a UML minister) provides a succinct account in his
Nepalma Samyabadi Andolan - Udbhav ra Bikas
[The Communist
Movement in Nepal - Rise and Development] (Kathmandu: Pairavi Prakashan, 1990/91) and the fullest treatment is Surendra K.C.'s 2-volume
Nepalma Kamynist Andolanko Itihas.
(Kathmandu: Bidyarthi Pustak Bhandar, 1999/2000 & 2003/04). In English, the early part of Thapa and Sijapati's
Kingdom Under Siege
(see below) is probably the best guide.
Several participants in the events have also recorded them. Bhola Chatterji one of the Indian socialist politicians who helped B.P.Koirala procure weapons for the 1950 anti-Rana revolt, gives a strongly pro-Congress account of the armed movement against the Ranas and of political developments until the early 1960s in
A Study of Recent Nepalese Politics
(Calcutta: World Press, 1967). Later events are covered, mostly as transcripts of extensive interviews with B.P. Koirala, in Chatterji's
Nepal's Experiment with Democracy
(New Delhi: Ankur, 1977),
Palace, People and Politics: Nepal in Perspective
. New Delhi: Ankur., 1980) and
B.P. Koirala: Portrait of a Revolutionary
(2nd. ed., Calcutta: Minerva, 1990) B.P.'s recollections are also recorded in his own posthumous
Late Life Reminiscences,
as told to Ganesh Raj Sharma and translated by Kanak Dixit (Kathmandu: Himal Books, 2001). Recorded in 1981/2 during the last few months of B..P's life, these cover his childhood years in India and activity in the Indian independence struggle as well as his role in Nepalese politics from 1947 onwards. B.P. had himself some years earlier written
Aphnai Katha
[My Own Story] (Kathmandu: Chetna Sahitya Prakashan, 1983/84), an account of his family background and life in India up to the 1930s. Memoirs in Nepali were also published by his colleague, Ganesh Man Singh's, in
Mero Kathaka Panaharu
[Pages from My Story] (Kathmandu: Ayam Publications, 1998 & 2001), which deal with his early political involvement. The reminiscences of Tanka Prasad Acharya, a colleague of the `four Martyrs' in the Praja Parishad movement against the Ranas and also prime minister in 1956-7 are recorded, along with his wife's recollections, in James Fisher's
Living Martyrs: Individuals and Revolution in Nepal
(New Delhi: Oxford University Press. 1997). Rishikesh Shaha, a founder member of the Nepal Democratic Congress in 1948, was a senior diplomat as well as a member of King Mahendra's government in the early 60s before emerging as a dissident. Some of his many essays and articles are included in,
Nepali Politics: Retrospect and Prospect
(2nd.ed., Delhi: OUP, 1978),
Essays in the Practice of Government in Nepal
(New Delhi: Manohar, 1982), and
Politics in Nepal, 1980-1990
, New Delhi: Manohar, 1990. Durga Pokhrel, a Congress activist frequently imprisoned between 1974 and 1982, who is now (January 2006) a member of King Gyanendra's cabinet, has, together with her British husband, Anthony Willett, written
Shadow over Shangri-la: a Woman's Quest for Freedom
(Washington, London: Brassey's, 1996)
In addition to the works already mentioned in the `Basic narrative' section, there are studies of the restoration of democracy and the functioning of the parliamentary system. Kiyoko Ogura's
Kathmandu Spring: the People's Movement of 1990
(Kathmandu: Himal Books, 2001) is probably the best account of developments at street level. A Kathmandu-based Japanese journalist who is fluent in Nepali, she conducted over a thousand interviews with participants. Michael Hutt's edited volume
Nepal in the Nineties
(New Delhi: Sterling, 1990) includes accounts of the `People's Movement', the constitution drafting process and the 1991 elections, as well as development prospects and the future of Britain's Brigade of Gurkhas. Among the many publications of Lok Raj Baral, Nepal's leading political scientist,
Nepal: Problems of Governance
(Delhi: Konark Publishers, 1993) is an analysis based on developments up to the election of the Congress government in 1991 but correctly anticipating some later problems. A Nepali-Danish collaboration, Ole Bore, Sushil R.Panday & Chitra K. Tiwari's
Nepalese Political Behaviour
(New Delhi: Sterling
1994) is an interesting study of political attitudes based on a survey of 1,000 voters conducted just after the 1991election. Krishna Hachhethu provides a detailed study of the functioning of the political parties at local level in
Party-building in Nepal; the Nepali Congress Party and the Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist
) (Kathmandu: Mandala, 2002). He summarises his main arguments in his contribution to David Gellner's
Resistance and the State
. Also useful as a survey of political problems emerging in the early 1990s is Dhruba Kumar's
State, Leadership and Politics in Nepal
(Kathmandu: CNAS, 1995). Stephen Mikesell's
Class, State and Struggle in Nepal
(Kathmandu: Manohar, 1999) is a collection of writings by an American Marxist. He is not a supporter of the Maoists `People's War' but his views are close to some of the more radical Nepalese Leftists.
The vexed question of policy towards India is dealt with in Lok Raj Baral's of
Looking to the future: Indo-Nepalese relations in perspective
(New Delhi: Anmol Publications, 1996), whose contributors are representative of thinking on the issues amongst the political elites of both countries. The author was himself Nepali ambassador in Delhi under Sher Bahadur Deuba's first government. Dipak Gyawali (later a member of Gyanendra's November 2002 government) and Ajaya Dixit, analyse the process leading to ratification of the controversial Mahakali Treaty on water resources sharing in `How not to do a South Asian Treaty' (
April 2001, p.8-19). A more detached analysis of water issues is provided by Bhim Subba in his contribution to Kanak Dixit and Ramachandran Shastri's
State of Nepal
(see below). There is also now Surya P. Subedi's
Dynamics of Foreign Policy and Law: a Study of Indo-Nepal Relations
(New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2005), a study from a moderate Nepalese-nationalist point of view by an author who is also an expert in international law
For the Maoists, the starting point is R. Andrew Nickson's `Democratisation and the Growth of Communism in Nepal: a Peruvian Scenario in the Making?' (
Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics
30 (3), 1992, p.358-86) a prescient paper forecasting the outbreak of the `People's War'. Deepak Thapa and Bandita Sijapati's
A Kingdom Under Siege: Nepal's Maoist Insurgency,1996-2004.
(2nd. ed. London: Zed Books, 2005) provides a detailed account of both the origins and development of the insurgency. Robert Gersony's `Sowing the Wind… History and Dynamics of the Maoist Revolt in Nepal's Rapti Hills' (Report for Mercy Corps International, downloadable from
) has attracted suspicion because of its funding by U.S.A.I.D. and the author (like Mahesh Chandra Regmi before him) has even been accused of being a C.I.A. agent. However, it provides valuable background on the growth of Maoist influence in their core area on the Rolpa-Rukum border, a plausible explanation of their success outside their heartland and also excellent maps. At the other end of the political spectrum, Li Onesto's
Dispatches from the People's War in Nepal
(London: Pluto Press, 2004) is an uncritical account by a committed Maoist author. Edited by Arjun Karki, a UML politician and NGO leader, and by British academic David Seddon,
The People's War in Nepal: Left Perspectives
(New Delhi: Adroit Publishers, 2003) includes some of the Maoists' own documents and also contributions by Leftists critical of their methods. Finally, marked by detailed analysis and a wide range of viewpoints, there is Michael Hutt's edited volume
Himalayan "People's War": Nepal's Maoist Rebellion
(London: Hurst, 2003).
The royal massacre of 2001 sparked a flood of articles and several books. Among them Jonathan Gregson,
Blood against the Snows; the Tragic Story of Nepal's Royal Dynasty
(London: Fourth Estate, 2002) makes good use of interviews with palace `insiders' and also offers a rather less valuable general history of the dynasty. Prakash A.Raj's
`Kay Gardeko?' The Royal Massacre in Nepal
(New Delhi: Rupa) is a brief, clear account published soon after the event. Gregson clearly does not share the suspicion that Gyanendra or his son were behind the massacre and Raj merely presents the facts as officially revealed. Most Nepalese probably still
assume there was some kind of conspiracy. This fact, and the discounting of such suspicions by many western observers, are the subject of Bipin Adhikari, & S.B.Mathe's `The Global Media, the Probe Commission, and the Assassination of Nepal's Royal Family: Questions Unasked and Unanswered' and rejoinders to it (
Himalayan Research Bulletin,
XXI (1), 2001, p.45-66)
Although occurring outside Nepal itself, developments amongst `ethnic Nepalese' communities in other parts of South Asia have impacted on Nepal's own politics. Tanka B.Subba, himself a Darjeeling Nepali, offers a sympathetic account of the struggle to detach the region from West Bengal's control in his
Ethnicity, State and Development: a Case Study of Gorkhaland Movement in Darjeeling
(New Delhi: Dhar Anand, 1992). For the Bhutan crisis, D.N.S.Dhakal and Christopher Strawn's
; a Movement in Exile
(New Delhi& Jaipur: Nirala, 1994) is similarly supportive of the Nepalese refugees case. Michael J.Hutt's sympathies in
Unbecoming Citizens: Culture, Nationhood, and the Flight of Refugees from Bhutan
(Delhi: OUP, 2003) are also with the refugees but the approach is more academic. He also includes detailed investigation of the development of the Lhotsampa (ethnic Nepalese) community of southern Bhutan from the late 19th century onwards.
For Nepali citizens serving in Britain's Brigade of Gurkhas, the general works mentioned in `Basic narratives' can be supplemented with
In Gurkha Company. The British Army Gurkhas, 1948 to the Present.
(London: Arms and Armour, 1986), an enthusiastic account by a retired Gurkha officer now living in Nepal with an adopted Nepalese family. Another ex-Gurkha officer, Nigel Collet, provides an official British view of the future of the Brigade in his contribution to Michael Hutt's
Nepal in the Nineties
(see above)
The Econo
For a specialist in economic history a very obvious and relatively accessible source is the many reports produced by or for UN agencies and other arms of the international development industry. There are also, however, important published studies. Eugene Bramer Mihaly's
Foreign Aid and Politics in Nepal: a Case Study
)London: Oxford University Press, 1965) is one of the earliest and was recently re-issued with an update by Sudhindra Sharma (Kathmandu: Himal Books, 2002). Although not uncritical of foreign, and particularly American approaches, the book is unpopular with many in Nepal because it puts much of the blame for development failure on Nepalese attitudes. For the later role of foreign aid there is Narayan Khadka's
Foreign Aid and Foreign Policy: Major Powers and Nepal
(New Delhi:
Vikash Publishing House, 1997). Piers Blaikie, John Cameron and David Seddon's
in Crisis – Growth and Stagnation at thePeriphery.
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980), owes its origins to an aid project as the authors were commissioned by the British Government's Overseas Development Agency to investigate the economic effects of a road-building programme. The wider study they eventually produced sees the obstacles to progress in social relations within Nepal and in the country's dependent position within the international system. The book's unrelieved pessimism is slightly modified in later work by the East Anglian team, including
Peasants and Workers in Nepal
(Warminster: Aris & Philips, 1979) and David Seddon's
–a State of Poverty
(Delhi: Vikas, 1987). Useful on changing economic policis in the Panchayat years and also as a guide to the thinking of the man later to become Sher Bahadur Deuba's economic advisor is Narayan Khadka's
Politics and Development in Nepal
(Jaipur: Nirala, 1994).
Not strongly committed to any particular theoretical standpoint but useful as a general survey is Pradyumna Prasad Karan and Hiroshi Ishii's
Nepal: a Himalayan Kingdom in Transition
(Tokyo: United Nations University Press, 1996; Delhi: Bookwell, 1997), which deals mainly with natural resources, population movements and economic development. Another very useful reference source, dealing with broad social trends as well as the economy is NESAC's
Human Development Report
Kathmandu: Nepal South Asia Centre, 1998). This was commissioned by the UN and produced by a team including Devendraraj Panday, a former Finance Secretary and Finance Minister, and former Planning Commission member Chaitanya Mishra and recommends a more welfarist approach than the broadly neo-liberal policies implemented after 1990. Panday himself is also the author of
Nepal's Failed Development: Reflections on the Mission and the Maladies
(Kathmandu: Nepal South Asia Centre, 1999). This is very well-written and impressive for Panday's frank admission of failure by the educated class, himself included, but does not go into detail on decisions which he was himself involved in. Another contribution from a policy practioner is Harka Gurung's
Regional Patterns of Migration in Nepal
(Honolulu: East-West Centre, 1989), a scholarly but readable analysis by a geographer and former minister who also led the commission that produced a controversial report on the citizenship issue in 1984.
Finally, Laurie Zivetz's
Private Enterprise and the State in Modern Nepal
(Madras: Oxford University
Press, 1992) gives a private sector perspective on economic policy in the Panchayat era as, in addition to extensive interviews with entrepeneurs, she can draw on her own experience running a small enterprise in Nepal.
Social developments:
Any selection out of the enormous amount published on Nepalese society over the last fifty years has to be particularly arbitrary but a good collection of essays on the country at the end of the century is Kanak Dixit & Ramachandran Shastri's
State of Nepal
(Kathmandu: Himal Books, 2002), the many topics covered including education and the media. Dor Bahadur.Bista's
Fatalism and Development: Nepal's Struggle for Modernization
(Hyderabad, India: Orient Longman, 1991) is a controversial work which attempts to explain Nepal's development failure as the result of the value-system of high-caste Hindus. Gellner, et al's
Nationalism and Ethnicity in a Hindu Kingdom
(already referred to for analysis of long-term trends) focusses also on the recent phenomenon of ethnic activism, groups covered including the Tharus, Tamangs, Gurungs and Maithils. Village-level response to increasing state control as well as ethnic movements and the Maoist rebellion are all treated in another work edited by David Gellner, e
Resistance and the State: Nepalese Experiences
(New Delhi: Social Science, 2003). Mark Liechty focusses on a cross-ethnic section of urban society in his
Suitably Modern: Making Middle-Class Culture in a New Consumer Society
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003), a fascinating exploration of the values and anxieties of the Kathmandu Valley's middle-class. Laura Ahearn's
Invitations to Love: Literacy, Love Letters, and Social Change in Nepa.l
(Michigan University Press, 2002) looks at changing gender relations and courtship patterns amongst educated Magars in Palpa district but much of the analysis applies to Nepalese society more widely. Also of general relevance is Todd Ragsdale's
Once a Hermit Kingdom: Ethnicity, Education and National Integration in Nepal
(Kathmandu: Ratna Pustak Bhandar, 1989), which examines the impact of the New Education System Plan on a Gurung village and its school. Another controversial issue has been the rapid increase in the Christian community since 1990. Background to this is supplied by the latest edition of Johnathan Lindell's
Nepal and the Gospel of God
(Kathmandu: United Mission to Nepal/Pilgrim Book House 1997), which deals with the activities of Protestant missionaries in Nepal from the 1950s onwards. Controversy is deliberately courted in John Frederick's `Deconstructing Gita' (
(vol.11 (10) (October 1998), p.12-23). He argues that, rather than being the unknowing victims of traffickers, families often know their daughters are being taken into prostitution but feel poverty leaves them no alternative.
There have been several important studies of the Tharus, one of Nepal's largest ethnic groups.ethnic groups. Arjun Guneratne's
Many Tongues, One People: the Making of Tharu Identity in Nepal
(Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2002) examines how the indigenous inhabitants of the Tarai were subordinated by Parbatiya settlers and how originally very different groups came to see themselves as a single people. Tatsuro Fujikura's `Emancipation of Kamaiyas: Development, Social Movement, and Youth Activism in Post-Jana-Andolan Nepal' (
Himalayan Research Bulletin
2(1), 2001, p.29-35) is an interesting study of how Tharu activists organised effectively by alternately working the international `aid establishment' and taking direct political action. An alternative, less enthusiastic view of the NGO involved is provided by Gisèle Krauskopff's contribution to David Gellner's
Resistance and the State
Turning again to the hills, Mary C. Cameron's
On the Edge of the Auspicious: Gender and Caste in Nepal
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998) looks at low-caste women in Bajhang district in the far west In .
Sherpas: Reflections on Change in Himalayan Nepal
(1990) James F. Fisher argues that the Sherpas have actually been able to take advantage of tourism and other changes to strengthen rather than weaken their distinct identity. A rather more pessimistic view of social change in Solu Khumbu is Christoph von Fürer-Haimendorff's
The Sherpas transformed – social change in a Buddhist society of Nepal
(New Delhi: Sterling, 1984). Gellner and Declan Quigley's edited volume,
Contested Hierarchies: a Collaborative Ethnography of the Newars of the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal
(Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1999) contains separate chapters on different castes and caste goups, focussing on the contemporary position but including some historical background. David.Holmberg's
Order in Paradox: Myth, Ritual and Exchange among Nepal's Tamang
(Ithaca.: Cornell University Press, 1989) is concerned particularly with Tamang religion but includes more general information on the group and the evolution of their place in Nepalese society. The Thakalis, an ethnic group who have fared much better economically than the Tamangs, are the focus of William F. Fisher's
Fluid Boundaries: Forming and Transforming Identity in Nepal,
New York: Columbia University Press, 2001).
p.xx, l.3-4: `Ram Krishna Poudel' should be `Ram Chandra Poudel'
p. 1, para 2, line 2: `eighty' should be `fifty'
p.13, para 3, l.5: `Rong' should be `Rung' (
Rong is in fact an alternative name for the Lepcha language spoken in Sikkim)
p. 19, para 3, line 7: `Britkuti' should be `Bhrikuti'
p. 45, 3 lines from bottom: `Chautara' should be `Chautaria'
p. 49, last para, l.2:
should be
p. 64, para 2, line 2: `Before moving against Dhir ' should be `before moving against Dev'.
p. 70, para last: line 2 from below: `Sarat Chandra Bose' should be `Subhas Chandra Bose'
p. 71, para 3, l.1: `the king's youngest grandson' should be `Crown Prince Mahendra's second son' (
Gyanendra was born in 1947 and Dhirendra in 1950, so `youngest grandson' is certainly wrong and, as I'm not sure if Mahendra's brothers had had children before the flight to India, just referring to Gyanendra as Mahendra's second son is safest
p. 81, para 2, l.1: Delete the first `such'
p. 82, l.8: `Marichman' should be `Ratna Man'
p.83, l.8: delete `temporary' (
some of them returned, others stayed in the tarai)
p. 102, 3rd. line from bottom: `Lepcha' should be `Bhotiya'
p. 111, l.3: `king's sister' should be `king's aunt'
(this is Helen Shah, wife of Mahendra's brother,
Prince Basundhara. The error was in
People. Politics and Ideology
but nobody spotted it
p. 135, para 1, l.3: `Pakrabas' should be `Pakhribas'
p.139, para 1, l.3: `Airlines' should be `airlines' (
because those involved at the start were small private airlines, not the present state-owned `Indian Airlines' company.
p. 164, para 2, l.8: `how girls ending up in the sex trade' should be `how far girls ending up in the sex trade'
p.166, l.3: `Department' should be `Ministry'
p. 167, para 2, l.7: `Budhanilkante' should be `Budhanilkantha'
p. 168, para.2, l.5: `Tanka Prasad Acharya's 1956-57 government' should be `K.I.Singh's 1957 government'
p.177, 7 lines from bottom: `even if formally part' should be `even if not formally part'
p.185, 2 lines from bottom: `Gurkha' should be `Gorkha'
p.186, line 4: Gurkha' should be `Gorkha'
p.187, para 2, line 14: `1984' should be `1983'
(Harka Gurung's own correction!)
p.211, para 2, l.21: `Gorakh Bikram Shah' should be `Gorakh Shamsher Rana' (with consequent deletion of `Shah, Gorakh Bikram' from the index (p.294) and insertion of new entry `Rana, Gorakh
Shamsher, p.211' on page 293.
p. 235, para 2, l.1: `seventeenth century' should be `eighteenth century'
p. 235, para 2, 8 lines from bottom: `late sixteenth' should be `late eighteenth'
p. 236: In the last but one line of the Shah family tree, Gyanendra ought to come before Dhirendra.
(see explanation above for p.71).
p. 239, entry for `Bista, Kirtinidhi', l.3, `in 1971-3 and 1997-9; should be `in 1969-73 and 1977-9'.
p. 239, note on Buddha (Siddhartha Gautam): `c.400-320' should be `c. 484-404'
(the dates are as recently recalculated by Gombrich. Many scholars still prefer the old scholarly consensus of 567-487)
p. 240, entry for `Bamdev, Gautam', l.5: `G.P.Mainali' should be `C.P.Mainali'
p. 240, entry for `Giri, Tulsi': `chairman…. in 1961-4' should be `chairman… in 1963-5'
p. 244, entry for `Rana, Jang Bahadur..': `mutiny in 1857-59' should be `mutiny in 1857-8')
p. 245, entry for Subarna Shamsher, l.1: `son' should be `grandson' (
his father (and a major financier of the anti-Rana revolt) was Hiranya
p. 246, entry for `Shah, Rana Bahadur', last line: `1791' should be `1794'.
p. 254. Note 11:`Karbir Khatri' should be `Lal Singh Khatri' (
a particularly embarrassing mistake as I'm citing my own earlier book, which did have the name right!
p. 254, n.15.`Marichman' should be `Ratna Man'
p. 246, entry for `Shah, Dhirendra' , l.1: `Second' should be `Youngest'
p. 246, entry for `Shah, Gyanendra', 1.1: `Youngest' should be `Second'
p. 247, entry for `Shah, Prithvi Narayan', line 5: `father' should be `founder' (
as the title `father of the nation' was bestowed on Tribhuvan)
p. 248, entry for `Shaha, Rana Bahadur': `as
(head of administration)' should be `to take control of the administration' (
he only received the formal position of
in 1806
p. 248, entry for Shah, Ratna, line 2: `in 1951' should be `in 1952'
p. 249, entry for Gagan Singh: `prime minister' should be `a minister'
p. 249, entry for K.L.Singh: `elected to parliament in 1959 and' should be `failed to win a seat in the 1959 parliament but elected'
p. 250: entry for Thapa, Amar Singh, line 3: `Ranjki' should be `Ranjit'
p. 250: entry for Thapa, Surya Bahadur, lines 2-3: ` prime minister under the Panchayat system in 1964-8' should be `under the Panchayat system chairman of the council of ministers (1965-7) and prime minister (1967-9)'
p. 262: entry `
' should be `
p.265, entry for `Sen': `Makwanpur' should be `Palpa'
p. 266: entry for `Tharu Welfare Society': `Tharu Kalyankari Sabha' should be `Tharu Kalyankarini Sabha'
p.266: Entry for `Therevada': the correct spelling is `Theravada'
p.274: entry for `Jacobson, Calla': `
Bulletin of Himalayan Research
' should be `
Himalayan Research Bulletin
ADDITIONAL ERRORS NOT CORRECTED IN SOUTH ASIAN REPRINT (2007 March onwards)
p.42: sixth line from bottom, `Sagauli' should be `Sugauli'
p.54: para 2, 10: `post-Sagauli' should be `post-Sugauli'
p.56: para 2, 2nd. line from bottom: `Sagauli' should be `Sugauli'
p.64: para 4, 2: `Sagauli' should be `Sugauli'
p.173, para 2 from bottom, last sentence: `though the original Nepali…..development'.' should be:
`the original Nepali,
bikasko mul phutaunu
, being actually a metaphor taken from hydrology - `to break open the well springs of development.'
p.203, para 2, l.4: `Pushpa Kumar' should be `Pushpa Kamal'
p.217 In the third line below the picture, `Krishna Bahadur Mahara' should be `Dinanath Sharma'
p.242, entry for `Prachanda': `Pushapa Kumar Dahal' should be `Pushpa Kamal Dahal'
p.285; entry for `Dahal, Pushpa Kumar' should be `Pushpa Kamal Dahal'
p.293: entry for `Sagauli' should be `Sugauli' and `61' should be deleted
Strictly speaking `Brigade' is accurate as a collective term for British Gurkha units only after 1949.
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text:
Steve Cohen was building a game room in his Cape St. Claire home when he saw the perfect display piece -- a dusty, broken-down 1950s slot machine, sitting unused and unappreciated in an acquaintance's house.
"I brought it home and tried to fix it up," said Mr. Cohen, 45. "I didn't know what I was doing, and it took me six months to fix it and get it running."
Now, 18 years later, Mr. Cohen owns about 40 antique slot machines, jukeboxes and music boxes dating from the 1880s to the 1960s, among them a glorious 1948 Wurlitzer jukebox.


text:
Mila Kunis Answers if Ashton Kutcher's Penis is a 'Carrot Stick or Beer Can?' - Watch Now!
Mila Kunis appeared on The Late Late Show on Monday (July 25), and played a game of "Spill Your Guts or Fill Your Guts" with her Bad Moms co-star Christina Applegate and host James Corden.
The 32-year-old actress was asked, "Ashton Kutcher: carrot stick or beer can?," referring to his penis size. "You can either tell us or you can drink the clam juice," James continued.
"Carrot stick?…But beer cans are short," Mila explained as James looked skeptical.
"No, not a big beer can," James explained.
"I'm thinking it's short and stubby or long and thin. But no, [it's] like a Guinness," Mila added, changing her answer to "beer can."
Lots more questions were asked during the eight-minute game. Watch below!


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Clip Art of a Rooster Crowing Loudly at Sunrise
Livestock Clip Art © Cory Thoman
Royalty free livestock clip art of a rooster crowing loudly at sunrise. This rooster stock livestock image #1309 was designed by Cory Thoman. Please note: this image is protected by copyright law and may not be used without buying a license. To acquire the license simply click on the 'Download Digital File' button.


text:
25. June 2018 / Publication / STEM
Compared with other countries, Swiss adolescents, particularly young women, have high STEM potential. This conclusion emerged from a study based on PISA data. Despite regional differences in the education system, STEM potential in all Swiss cantons is high.
9. May 2018 / School competition / STEM
MINT teachers from all levels can submit educational school projects to the national competition. The four best projects will be invited to participate at the Science on Stage Europe festival to be held in Portugal in autumn 2019. The closing date for entries is 30 September 2018.
2. February 2018 / STEM
Switzerland suffers a shortage of specialists in the fields of technology and information. This report (in German) by the Swiss Academies of Arts and Sciences published in December 2017 gives an overview and an analysis of extracurricular offers in this area as well as recommendations for action.
14. November 2017 / Media competence / STEM
GirlsCoding was created at the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne by a group of graduate students. Their goal is to motivate kids -- and especially girls – for computer science. Workshops initiate 9–12 years old kids in interconnected unplugged activities and coding exercises.
educanet² (de)
educa.Biblio (de)
educa.ID (de)
Disruptions and maintenance
Latest news (de)
Copyright © 2010-2018
Schweizer Medieninstitut für Bildung und Kultur
Institut suisse des médias pour la formation et la culture


text:
This lady above was involved in an accident along the Kaduna-Jos expressway yesterday and sadly lost her life.
Her remains is currently at a hospital in Pambeguwa, Kaduna state and has no clue about her identify.
See the photo below. Anyone that knows her should please call this number 08031590142.


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Two things inspired me to create these extra moist, richly decadent cupcakes — old-fashioned, glass-bottle black cherry soda and chic & stylish cupcake papers.
I found the Olde Brooklyn Brighton Beach Black Cherry Soda at a HomeGoods® in Minneapolis. I love drinking ice-cold soda from a glass bottle. Who knows if it really tastes better or if it's just the sentimental feeling it sparks when you pop the cap off.
The stylish cupcake liners were given to me by Sutton Gourmet Paper. I was excited to try them because the company claims that the papers keep their color and design even after baking chocolate cupcakes in them. They are right! As you can see in my photos, the liners look just as pretty after I baked the cupcakes. Thank you, Natalie!
Cupcakes are *rock stars* of the bakery world right now (although getting a run for their sugar from the current pie craze), but I've never really been a big fan of them. They are often dry with a big glob of frosting on top. But these are moist with the perfect balance of chocolate and black cherry flavor infused in the cupcake and frosting.
Black Cherry Soda Cupcakes
Makes 24-28 cupcakes
1 package chocolate cake mix (for 9×13 pan)
1/2 cup cocoa
3 eggs
1-1/3 cup black cherry soda
1 teaspoon cherry extract
1 cup Miracle Whip salad dressing
1/2 cup cherry flavored baking morsels, finely chopped or ground—I used my cheese grater to finely grind the chips into tiny shavings
Let's bake!
Preheat oven to 350°. Combine all ingredients in a large mixing bowl. Beat on medium speed until blended. Fill cupcake liners* 2/3 full. Bake at 350° for 20-25 minutes or until toothpick inserted in middle comes out clean. Cool completely before frosting. Store frosted cupcakes in the refrigerator.
*Note: I used square cupcake pans.
Black Cherry Soda Frosting
8 ounces cold cream cheese
5 Tablespoons unsalted butter, softened at room temperature
2 teaspoons cherry extract
1 teaspoon black cherry soda
2 to 2-1/2 cups powdered sugar
In a medium bowl, beat cream cheese and butter with a mixer just until blended. Be sure the cream cheese is cold and the butter is at room temperature. Add the cherry extract and the black cherry soda. Add 1/2 cup of the powdered sugar at a time and beat just until smooth. Add more/less powdered sugar and black cherry soda until you get your desired frosting consistency.
What's your favorite glass-bottle soda?
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^


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Monday, July 3, 2017
5 Back Squats (60%+20# or ~70% of 1RM)
-Lift every minute on the minute for 6 sets. Should be +5lbs heavier than the last time you squatted 6x5.
3 Rounds for time:
30 Calorie Row (or Bike/Ski)
30 Burpees
Tuesday, July 4th
**Class is at 9am ONLY**
Hero WOD
"Hotshots 19"
6 rounds for time of:
30 Air Squats
7 Strict Pull-ups
Run 400 meters
WOD in honor of nineteen members of the Granite Mountain "Hotshots" firefighting team who tragically lost their lives on June 30, 2013, while fighting a fire in Yarnell, Arizona. For all the heroes who risk their lives to keep us safe, think of them while you're pushing through today's WOD.
Wednesday, July 5, 2017
Skill (10-15 min)
Double Under technique
150 Double Unders*
75 Wall Balls (20/14)
50 Toes-to-bar
75 Wall Balls (20/14)
150 Double Unders*
*Scale: 350 singles
Thursday, July 6, 2017
SWOD (10-15 min)
Establish a heavy, single: Push Press
Deadlift (275/185)
+20/15 Cal Assault Bike after each set or 24/18 Calories on Airdyne
1/2 class can start on bikes if not enough bikes.
Friday, July 7, 2017
Partner WOD
For time, complete
10-9-8-7-6-5-4-3-2-1 reps of:
Squat Cleans (155/105)
Then, 20-18-16-14-12-10-8-6-4-2 reps of:
Pull Ups (ring rows x1.5 reps)
GHDSU (scale: WB sit up)
With your partner, complete 12-15 rope climbs. Newer athletes: work on rope climb technique.
Saturday, July 8, 2017
For time:
1 mile run*
50 Burpee Box Jump Overs (24/20)
30 Power Snatches (135/95)
1 mile run*
*May sub 2000m row for run
Posted on 07/02/2017 at 03:40 PM


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There are a number of methods available around the world for people to lose weight. However, only a few methods are able to deliver results to their users. If an individualis mainlylooking for a product to lose weight, which guarantees positive results, Cétone de framboise is one of the best options available in the market. It is a product for revolutionary weight loss, which has been followed with great attention among people who live in all parts of the world.
What exactly is Cétone de framboise?
Cétone de framboise is a supplement that is based on raspberries. Cétone de framboise can simply be defined as enzymes, which occur naturally on raspberries. However, the consumption of raspberries cannot bring the significant results. In fact, about 1000 raspberries must be consumed in order to see an improvement on metabolism. Therefore, it is important for a consumer to use a supplement that is powered by raspberries. This is where the Cétone de framboise comes in. This complement is made of pure Cétone de framboiseanda consumer does not need to worry about anything. Few other natural ingredients are added to improve performance.
At the same time, a variety of useful foods for the body will be provided to the individual's body through the supplement. So, it can contribute to the overall well-being as well.
How does Cétone de framboise work?
Before someone spendsthe money to buy this supplement powered by lemon and raspberry, they need to have a clear explanation on how it works. People who begin to consume this supplement initially feel a slight increase in their energy level. This is because the antioxidants found in Cétone de framboise begin from the outset to attack the fat cells in their body. After the attack, antioxidants oxidize the fat cells, which can release energy. However, this supplement will not make them feel nervous, as with caffeine. Therefore, they do not need to have doubts when they use this add-in.
Cétone de framboise can also function as a very effective fat oxidizer. Due to oxidation, the fat cells will be smaller and smaller. It can also lead to loss of body fat while improving the energy levels. However, it is important to keep in mind that caffeine or any other stimulant should not be ingested when producing Cétone de framboise. As a result, consumers will be able to see fast results and without the harmful side effects that often accompany supplements. If someone is looking forward to having a weight loss pill in hand, they can use their money by buying this product without fear.
Cost of Cétone de framboise?
Now,this was for the better understanding what Cétone de framboise is and how it can be beneficial for a consumer's body. A consumer will be able to test this compound made from pure Cétone de framboise for $ 5.95. If they are impressed by the results provided by this supplement, they can also buy the bottle. The recommended dose is to consume between 100 mg and 400 mg once or twice daily.


text:
|Main Office:
45 S. Riverview Street
LaBelle, FL 33935
Email: email@example.com
|Phone: 863-675-2718
Toll Free: 1-877-675-2718
Fax: 863-675-5022
Great lot with nice shade trees, on paved street with central water available! Located just minutes from St Route 80 and US Hwy 27 this location gives easy access to LaBelle and Clewiston. Ask about the adjacent lot also for sale.
Broker firstname.lastname@example.com
New Construction & Custom Homes


text:
Sorry but this form will not work without cookies enabled. Please adjust your browser settings to enable cookies to continue. For more information on how to do this please see our.
Did You Know?
We provide international education to over 1,100 students ages 1-18. We are at the heart of our community, a hub for many expat families in living Beijing.
Through the Nord Anglia University we focus our teachers professional development to ensure that your child receives high quality teaching experience.
You will immediately recognise one of our students when you meet them by their evident respect for others, their intellectual and social confidence.
We are a high achieving school with excellent academic success. We believe in bringing out the best in every student of all abilities.
We have a dedicated team waiting to hear from you and ready to put you in touch with others whom you may wish or need to speak to.
Through our News & Insights section you can find out the latest from our school and from other schools in the Nord Anglia Education global family.
Did you know?
We teach the English National Curriculum, offer a German curriculum at primary level and IB Diploma for Years 12 & 13 students.
English as an Additional Language
EAL Teacher, Head of EAL
I have a BA from the University of Sydney in history, French and Japanese and an MA in Applied Linguistics from the University of New England, Australia. I've taught English as a foreign or additional language from tertiary to kindergarten level in Australia, France, Japan, Argentina and China.
Working at BSB gives me a great opportunity to pull together all my previous experience with different levels, different ages and different nationalities – all in the one position. The level of challenge and reward that comes from working at BSB would be hard to find in any other single job.
Read full profile
EAL Teacher
Primary EAL Teacher
I have a Master's degree in Elementary Education from Jones International University in Colorado and a CELTA certification. I worked at CIBA (Children's International Bilingual Academy) in Beijing for 3 years as a lead teacher.
In 2009, I graduated from Swansea University with a Masters in Ancient Egyptian Civilisation. From 2006-2011, I also worked in museum education delivering activities to visiting school groups and young volunteers. In 2012, I wanted an adventure so I moved to China to work as a teaching assistant at the British School of Shunyi, and Sanlitun. I really enjoyed my experience of working in schools, specifically working with EAL children. In 2015, I completed my CELTA at Sheffield University and became a Grade 1 English teacher at an International Bilingual School in Beijing.
Teaching Assistant
I have a Bachelor degree in English literature from Beijing Language and Culture University and a CELTA certification. Before I joined in BSB, I worked for Beijing Youth Politics College Telfort Business Institute as an English teacher for four years and a half.


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GREENSBORO, N.C. -- Relief for the wounded weekend warrior may be coming very soon.
Millions of Americans (more than 50 million, according to the CDC) suffer from arthritis, often in the knees. For many of them, it's the result of years of being active – playing softball, soccer, basketball – but once the arthritis develops, those playing days may be over.
The answers to such lingering issues are often dealt with at the largest of America's hospital systems and universities who do the research.
But, in this edition of the Buckley Report, you'll see that sometimes the answers are much closer to home, including this idea that a Greensboro-area orthopedic surgeon had, which it appears may be able to cure arthritis in a way that your body likes and will last for decades.


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Elbow-sleeve fit-and-flare dress featuring circle skirt with contrasting stripe patternsV-neckline No zipper Price: Shopping for more Dresses|Browse other Dresses] … [Read more...]
Volcom SHH It s A Hat (White Combo) Caps
It'll be hard to keep the secret about how cool the Volcom Shhh It's A Hat really is!Classic trucker hat.Custom logo adorns front panel.Mesh backing for breathability.Adjustable snap for a custom fit.60% cotton, 40% polyester.Spot clean … [Read more...]
Whiting and Davis Grommet Stripes Clutch Black White – Whiting and Davis Evening Bags
Grommet Stripes Clutch Black White. Edgy and stylish, this fashion-forward striped mesh wristlet clutch is accented with grommets and trimmed with Italian lambskin. A few more selections Ikea Svajs clothes cover, pack of 6, … [Read more...]
White Gold Eau De Parfum Spray Jivago White Gold Eau De Parfum Spray 75ml/2.5oz
A lavish floral fragrance for contemporary women Crisp delicate sensual & feminine Contains genuine white gold to deliver positive giving energy Features notes of white peony lily of the valley orris rosewood musk & vanilla Launched in … [Read more...]
White Jasmine & Mint Cologne Spray (Originally Without Box) Jo Malone White Jasmine & Mint Cologne Spray (Originally Without Box) 30ml/1oz
A floral green fragrance for contemporary women Soft crisp elegant & bewitching Top notes of wild mint peppermint bergamot chamomile cardamom coriander & black currant Heart notes of rose absolute jasmine ylang-ylang lily of the valley & … [Read more...]
Lilly Pulitzer Skipper Popover Solid (Resort White) Women's Sweatshirt
Stylish sweatshirts do exist.Solid pullover in soft and comfy slub French terry.Mock neck.Half zip front.Kangaroo pocket.Banded cuff on the long raglan sleeves.Gently curved back hem falls lower than the front.Contrast palm logo embroidered on … [Read more...]
White Diamonds Eau De Toilette Spray Elizabeth Taylor White Diamonds Eau De Toilette Spray 30ml/1oz
A purely feminine & bright fragrance for woman Interplays of lily rose amber oakmoss & sandalwood Highly recommended for daytime wear Not quite the correct Fragrance? Check these. NEST Fragrances NEST08-GF Grapefruit Scented … [Read more...]
White Gold Eau De Toilette Spray Jivago White Gold Eau De Toilette Spray 75ml/2.5oz
A sparkling floral fragrance for contemporary women Crisp lavish sensual & feminine Contains genuine white gold to deliver positive giving energy With notes of white peony lily of the valley orris Vanilla & musk Encased in a beautiful … [Read more...]
White Hall Eau De Parfum Spray Hugh Parsons White Hall Eau De Parfum Spray 100ml/3.4oz
A woody spicy fragrance for men Crisp spicy sparkling warm & invigorating Top notes are bergamot grapefruit & orange blossom Middle notes are white pepper black pepper & geranium Base notes are white amber leather patchouli & vetiver … [Read more...]
Ultima Clear White Gentle Cleansing Gel 120ml/4oz
A gentle whitening facial gel Immediately dissolves makeup & impurities Helps lightens up the complexion effectively Keeps skin perfectly clean & fresh Apply every morning & evening Not quite the correct Makeup? Check these. Bis … [Read more...]


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Coast Guard Deepwater Program: Background and Issues for Congress
Description: The Coast Guard's FY2007 budget requests $934.431 million for the Deepwater acquisition program. The House-reported version of H.R. 5441, the FY2007 Department of Homeland Security (DHS) appropriations bill, recommends $892.64 million for the Deepwater program; the Senate-reported version recommends $993.631 million.
Date: September 6, 2006
Creator: O'Rourke, Ronald
Item Type: Refine your search to only Report
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department


text:
Latest News
Top International and National Journalists and Experts to Address Women On Air Conference
"Without you, it's only half the story"
In association with the Broadcasting Authority of Ireland
On May 12, 2014
Women on Air, a voluntary networking group, is hosting an inspiring and informative networking conference in St. Georges Hall, Dublin Castle on Monday, 12th May 2014 to highlight the need for greater representation of expert women's voices in the media.
Opened by the Minister for Communications, Energy and Natural Resources, Pat Rabbitte TD, the conference will hear from leading experts in the media, technology, politics and the law.
They will discuss who is shaping the public's view of the world and whether greater gender diversity is needed on radio, TV, online and in print media. The conference will increase public awareness of women as leading sectoral experts and aims to achieve a greater diversity of voices on current affairs and news programming and on editorial pages where public policy is debated and influenced.
The conference will inspire women to step up and share their stories and expertise while also giving excellent networking opportunities for experts, journalists, producers and researchers.
Participants on the day include founder and CEO of the highly influential OpEd Project (New York), Katie Orenstein; multimedia and investigations editor at the Guardian, Maggie O'Kane; Úna ní Raifeartaigh SC, who recently acted for the DPP in the prosecution of three former executives of Anglo Irish Bank plc; Women For Election founders Niamh Gallagher and Michelle O'Donnell Keating; along with a host of leading Irish journalists and broadcasters including Aine Lawlor, Ursula Halligan, Audrey Carville, Sam Smyth, Una Mullally and Ann O'Dea.
This inaugural Women on Air conference will provide female experts with practical advice on raising their profile with programme makers and editors as well as important industry contacts. It also allows journalists and programme makers to find female experts who are suitable for their radio and TV shows.
Speaking ahead of the conference, Caroline Erskine, Chair of Women on Air said "Many women, no matter how skilful they may be in their field, seem hesitant to state their views in public forums such as radio, television, conference and on the editorial pages. The Women on Air conference will inspire women and help them put themselves forward as experts in their field."
Women On Air's Founder, Margaret E. Ward, added: "We are honoured to have leading international and national broadcasters, journalists and others in leadership roles join us at the conference and it is a great opportunity for expert women to get involved and share their knowledge".
Tickets are €56 (£45.50 GBP plus 79p handling fee) and the conference will run from 8:30am till 1:30pm, followed by a networking lunch.
For further information or to book, visit womenonair.ie, follow on Twitter @WomanOnAirIE or ♯woa and on Facebook Follow ♯woaexpert on Twitter to find female experts for your programmes, editorials and articles.
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