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Inorganic-organic compositions
Inorganic-organic compositions
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Date Issued:
June 27, 1978
May 13, 1974
Markusch; Peter
(Leverkusen, DT)
Bayer Aktiengesellschaft
(Leverkusen, DT)
Primary Examiner:
Ivy; C. Warren
Assistant Examiner:
Attorney Or Agent:
Harsh; GeneGil; Joseph C.
U.S. Class:
Field Of Search:
International Class:
U.S Patent Documents:
Foreign Patent Documents:
Other References:
Kirk-Othmer, "Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology", vol. 18, Second Ed.; John Wiley & Sons, NY, 1969, pp. 61 to 72..
Inorganic-organic compositions obtained from a mixture of components comprising:(a) from 5 - 98% by weight of an organic polyisocyanate(b) from 2 - 95% by weight of an aqueous silica sol containing about 20 - 60% by weight of said silica and,(c) from 0 - 93% by weight of a water-binding componentBased on the total weight of (a), (b) and (c). The products of the invention may be used in many forms including both porous and non-porous products as surface coatings having good adhesion and resistance to abrasion, as a mortar, and as a foam concrete for making molded products particularly in construction engineering and civil engineering as for building walls, igloos, road building and the like.
What is claimed is:
1. A porous inorganic-organic composition obtained by reacting a mixture comprising:
(A) from 5-98% by weight of an organic polyisocyanate selected from the group consisting of
(i) organic polyisocyanates which contain ionic groups or groups capable of forming ionic groups in the presence of alkali, and
(ii) non-ionic-hydrophilic polyisocyanates prepared by reacting an excess of an organic polyisocyanate with an organic hydrophilic compound containing at least one group which is reactive with isocyanate groups,
(B) from 2-95% by weight of an aqueous silica sol containing about 20-60% by weight of said silica, and
(C) from 0-93% by weight of an inorganic water-binding component, said water-binding component being capable of absorbing water to form a solid or gel, all of said percents by weight of components (A), (B) and (C) being based on the total weightof components (A), (B) and (C), said composition being a solid/solid xerosol.
2. The composition of claim 1 wherein there is at least enough water present in the reaction mixture to combine with substantially all of component (C).
3. The composition of claim 1 wherein the aqueous silica sol solution contains 25-40% by weight of silica.
4. The composition of claim 1, wherein the inert liquid boiling at temperatures of from -25.degree. to +50.degree. C is included in the reaction mixture as a blowing agent in a quantity of up to 50% by weight and the reaction mixture isallowed to react to completion while foaming.
5. The composition of claim 1, wherein the organic polyisocyanate contains from 2-200 milliequivalents of ionic groups or groups capable of forming ionic groups in the presence of alkali per 100 grams of polyisocyanate.
6. The composition of claim 1, wherein the non-ionic-hydrophilic polyisocyanate is prepared by at least partially reacting an organic polyisocyanate with a polyether which contains at least 10% by weight of ethylene oxide.
7. The inorganic-organic composition of claim 1, in which the average transverse diameter of the dispersed phase is between 20 nm and 2 microns.
8. The product of claim 7, wherein the said average diameter is between 50 nm and 700 nm.
9. The composition of claim 7, wherein both phases are coherent.
10. The composition of claim 7, which contains an inorganic or organic particulate or powdered filler material.
11. The composition of claim 7, which contains glass fibers.
12. The composition of claim 1, wherein said composition is based on:
(A) 10-80% by weight of said organic polyisocyanate,
(B) 20-80% by weight of said aqueous silica sol, and
(C) 10-70% by weight of said water-binding component.
13. The composition of claim 12, wherein the reaction mixture contains a foam stabilizer.
14. The composition of claim 12, wherein the reaction mixture contains an emulsifying agent.
15. The composition of claim 12, wherein the mixture contains an inert inorganic particulate or fibrous filler material.
16. The composition of claim 12, wherein the mixture contains an inert organic particulate or fibrous filler material.
17. The composition of claim 12, wherein the particle size of the silica particles in said silica is within the range of 7-200 m.mu..
18. The composition of claim 12, wherein the polyisocyanate is an organic prepolymer which contains ionic groups or groups capable of forming ionic groups in the presence of alkali.
19. The composition of claim 12, wherein the polyisocyanate contains sulphonic acid and/or sulphonate groups.
20. The composition of claim 12, wherein said water-binding component is a hydraulic cement, synthetic anhydrite, gypsum or burnt lime.
21. The composition of claim 12, wherein said composition is based on:
(A) 10-50% by weight of said organic polyisocyanate,
(B) 20-70% by weight of said silica sol, and
(C) 20-70% by weight of said water-binding component.
22. The composition of claim 12, wherein said composition is based on:
(A) 10-35% by weight of said organic polyisocyanate,
(B) 30-60% by weight of said silica sol, and
(C) 30-60% by weight of said water-binding component.
23. The foamed composition of claim 12, wherein the mixture contains a blowing agent.
24. The composition of claim 23, wherein said blowing agent is a halogenated hydrocarbon with a boiling point below 100.degree. C.
25. The composition of claim 12, wherein the mixture contains an activator which accelerates the reaction of isocyanate groups with water.
26. The composition of claim 25, wherein the activator is a tertiary amine.
27. A process for preparing a porous inorganic-organic composition comprising reacting a mixture comprising:
(A) from 5-98% by weight of an organic polyisocyanate selected from the group consisting of
(i) organic polyisocyanates which contain ionic groups or groups capable of forming ionic groups in the presence of alkali, and
(ii) non-ionic-hydrophilic polyisocyanates prepared by reacting an excess of an organic polyisocyanate with an organic hydrophilic compound containing at least one group which is reactive with isocyanate groups,
(B) from 2-95% by weight of an aqeuous silica sol containing about 20-60% by weight of said silica, and
(C) from 0-93% by weight of an inorganic water-binding component, said water-binding component being capable of absorbing water to form a solid or gel, all of said percents by weight of components (A), (B) and (C) being based on the total weightof components (A), (B) and (C), said composition being a solid/solid xerosol.
28. The process of claim 27 wherein the reaction mixture contains a blowing agent, and wherein the reaction mixture is allowed to react to completion while foaming.
This inventionrelates generally to synthetic materials and more particularly to an improved inorganic-organic material formed, generally speaking, by reacting an organic polyisocyanate with an aqueous solution of an alkali metal silicate optionally also with awater-binding component present.
It is known that polyurethane or polyurea plastics can be produed from organic polyisocyanates and compounds containing active hydrogen atoms which react with --NCO groups. The properties of this class of polymers vary widely. High strength,elasticity and abrasion resistance are particularly valuable properties of these products. On the other hand, their heat stability and in particular their permanent dimensional stability at temperatures above 120.degree. C are only moderate. The useof these products as building and structural elements is limited on account of their unfavorable flame resistance. Although their flame resistance can be improved through the incorporation of flame proofing agents, their mechanical properties aregenerally adversely affected in this way.
It is also known that inorganic silica-gel materials can be prepared from aqueous solutions of alkali silicates by the action of acids or precursors of acids such as anhydrides. Materials of this kind have acquired particular significance asadhesives, surface-coatings and the like. Lightweight foams have also been produced on the basis of waterglass. Products such as those show high dimensional stability under heat and are completely non-inflammable. However, they are brittle and offairly limited strength. As foams they have no real load-bearing capability and crumble under pressure. It would be extremely desirable to combine with one another the favorable properties of the inorganic materials and of organic plastics materialsand to eliminate the undesirable properties of both.
Accordingly, there has been no shortage of attempts to produce composite plastics although none of these attempts has ever reached the required objective.
For example, polyurethanes have been mixed with active silica as a filler and subsequently the resulting mixture has been vulcanized as in U.S. Pat. No. 3,395,129. There are some signs in this case of a strengthening effect, as in cases wherehighly active carbon black is used. The tensile strength and the modulus increase while the breaking elongation decreases. However, the basic property spectrum of the material is not affected by the use of silica, probably because there is a two-phasesystem in which only the polyurethane forms a coherent phase while the silica is incorporated therein as an incoherent phase. The incoherent zones have diameters of the order of 3 to 100 microns. Accordingly, the known two-phase systems are relativelycoarse, heterogeneous two-phase systems. The interaction between the two phases is very limited both on account of the relatively small interface and because of the very different chemical nature of the two phases.
It is also known to use silica in plastics in the form of microfibers. In this case, the strengthening effect increases by virtue of the specific structure although, on the other hand, the incoherent phase inevitably becomes larger so that thechemical interaction between the two phases decreases. But none of the foregoing alters the coarse heterogeneous two-phase character of the plastic.
In addition, it has been proposed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,607,794 to react an aqueous solution of an alkali silicate with a monomeric polyisocyanate, for example 4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate. In most cases, this reaction gives foams in whichthe isocyanate phase reacts with the water and the carbon dioxide formed foams the mass, some of the carbon dioxide reacting only with the immediately adjacent aqueous silicate phase to give some gel formation but inadequate penetration to give completeuniform gelling.
The reaction is preferably carried out with a predominant quantity of waterglass so that a mixture is formed which is an emulsion of the isocyanate in a coherent silicate solution. Accordingly, the resulting foam is in character a silicate foamwhich contains incoherent foamed polyurea zones. The properties of a foam of this kind are not really any different from those of a pure silicate foam. In fact, foams produced in this way have the disadvantage of being generally highly water retentive,brittle and of insufficient mechanical strength for their gross density to be suitable for use as construction materials, for example, foam concrete.
Although the organic polyisocyanate which is added to the silicate solution acts as hardener, it has little effect upon the properties of the foam formed. Any effect it may have is frequently a negative effect. Obviously, in the final productthe organic portion is present substantially as a filler in the completed silicate skeleton.
On the other hand, when an excess of polyisocyanate is used in the process of U.S. Pat. No. 3,607,794 polyurea foams containing a dispersed incoherent silicate phase are obtained. Accordingly, the properties are substantially those of asilica-filled polyurea foam with high flammability and extreme brittleness.
If the teaching of U.S. Pat. No. 3,607,794 is followed, it can be seen that mixtures of aqueous silicate solution and organic polyisocyanates form only relatively coarse-particle emulsions. Although this disadvantage can be reduced to a largeextent by the recommended use of surfactants which make the primary emulsions more finely divided and stable, the propery spectrum still remains unsatisfactory. While the surfactants effect a reduction in particle size, the use of surfactants leads topoor compression strength in the final products. In particular composite materials obtained show pronounced brittleness and limited compression strength. It must be concluded from the results hitherto obtained that composite foams of silicates andorganic materials do not have any decisive advantages over pure organic or pure inorganic materials.
It has also been proposed in French Pat. Nos. 1,362,003 and 1,419,552 to use polyisocyanates, alkali metal silicates and polyether or polyester resins to make foams but the resulting rigid products, like those produced in accordance with U.S. Pat. No. 3,607,794 are brittle and have low compression strength. Flexible products made in accordance with these French patents have poor tensile strength.
It is also known that aggregates can be produced from mineral granules and synthetic resins. Processes for producing synthetic resin concrete from porous mineral materials and mixtures which are capable of foaming are known in the art (GermanAuslegeschrift No. 1,239,229).
In these cases, the mineral material is always included within and bonded together by synthetic resin. Synthetic resin concretes produced in this way have, however, the disadvantage of not being homogeneous so that they are subjected todifferent degrees of mechanical stress in different zones. Moreover, it is often necessary to use considerable quantities of more than about 30% by weight of an organic synthetic resin which is not only expensive but which also, in most cases, reducesthe flame resistance.
It is already known that concrete conventionally used for building purposes can be diluted by the addition of organic porous synthetic resins such as foamed polystyrene and it is also known to add blowing agents such as air to concrete mixturesor to produce gases in situ by adding, for example, aluminum which evolves hydrogen by reactions with the water-cement mixture, in order to obtain porous materials with low gross densities.
The disadvantages of those substantially inorganic materials are their relatively long setting times, their relatively high brittleness and their low thermal insulation, compared with organic foam structures.
It is also known to produce structural elements from porous organic synthetic resins with solid, fire-resistant covering layers which are in most cases inorganic or metallic.
Owing to their organic nature, these materials have the disadvantage that they cannot be used as building materials without fire-retarding covering layers.
It is also known to produce cement masses from hydraulic cement, a non-aqueous silica filler such as sand and an organic compound which contains a plurality of isocyanate groups (German Offenlegugnsschrift No. 1,924,468). The main disadvantagesof these porous cement masses is that they still have comparatively long setting times of 5-6 hours and poor thermal insulation properties.
Heat-resistant foams can be obtained from thermoplastic synthetic resins which can be foamed or are already cellular by working them up in the presence of aqueous alkali metal silicate solutions (German Auslegeschrift No. 1,494,955). Thedisadvantages of this process are the large heat supply required to foam the thermoplastic resin, the problem of hardening the alkali metal silicate solutions and the water content of the resulting composite material.
It is an object of the invention to provide improved inorganic-organic compositions which are devoid of the foregoing disadvantages. Another object of the invention is to provide inorganic-organic compositions of high strength, reboundelasticity and dimensional stability even at high temperatures which are substantially non-inflammable.
A more specific object of the invention is to obviate the above described disadvantages of known foam materials and to produce an organic-inorganic foam material which combines the advantages of rapid setting times, high compressio strengthcompared to the gross density, high thermal and acoustic insulation, high-flame resistance and excellent resistance to fire.
The foregoing objects and others which will become apparent from the following description are accomplished in accordance with the invention, generally speaking, by providing an inorganic-organic composition obtained from a mixture of componentscomprising:
(a) from 5 - 98% by weight of an organic polyisocyanate,
(b) from 2 - 95% by weight of an aqueous silica sol containing about 20 - 60% by weight of said silica and,
(c) from 0 - 93% by weight of a water-binding component
based on the total weight of (a), (b) and (c).
It is preferable, but not essential because any excess water-binding component could serve as only filler material, to have at least enough water present in the reaction mixture to combine with substantially all of said water-binding component. If desired, an additional amount of water may be added.
Thus, a product and process, therefore, has now been found by which it is possible to produce macroscopically completely homogeneous inorganic-organic compositions which are xerosol materials of the solid/solid type, similar to the knownABS-plastics, in their colloidal nature, but have entirely different properties. Xerosols are dispersions of solid or liquid materials in a coherent solid. The completely new composite materials obtained in this way are extremely high-qualitycompositions which are advantageously distinguished in their properties from pure organic or pure inorganic materials. They are distinguished in particular by high strength, rebound elasticity, dimensional stability under heat and substantialnon-inflammability.
It has surprisingly been found that these inorganic-organic materials of high strength, rebound elasticity, dimensional stability when heated and substantially non-inflammability can be obtained by homogeneously mixing said polyisocyanate withsaid aqueous silica sol, if required with the appropriate amount of said water-binding component present, and allowing the sol formed to react to form a xerosol. The colloidal dispersion and mutual penetration of the two phases is believed to be anessential criteria, making possible high specific surface and interfacial interactions such as are characteristic of xerosols. Best properties are obtained with the organic phase being continuous.
The invention also contemplates an improvement in the flame resistance even beyond that which is possible with only components (a) and (b) as set forth above. Thus, when only (a) and (b) are combined a product is obtained which is not entirelystable in a fire. Under a direct flame the waterglass has a tendency to exude from the material and even to melt and fall out of the composition so that the supporting inorganic structure is completely lost.
It is also a feature of the invention that by adding a halogen or phosphorus containing compound one can improve the flame resistance of inorganic portions of the material. It is also an advantage of the invention that the added components haveno detrimental effect on the product but they do react at temperatures above about 400.degree. C to form a reaction product with the sodium carbonate with the evolution of carbon dioxide which helps to extinguish the flame. In many instances othercompounds including e.g. sodium chloride, sodium bromide, sodium phosphate and the like result, and these compounds cannot react further with the silica dioxide, so the product remains very resistant to flame. Thus, when this particular embodiment isused one obtains products suitable for the production, for example, the wall of building, that has greatly enhanced burn through resistance; that is when a flame is directed to the broad side of a wall, immediately further flame resistant reactionproducts result from a high temperature reaction of the halogen or phosphorus compound with the sodium carbonate to not only extinguish the flame, but also to prevent further flame spread.
We are not certain of the mechanism of the invention but it is apparent that products without the added halogen or phosphorus containing compound suffer from a reaction between the sodium carbonate formed during the process with the silicadioxide so that waterglass which has a very low melting point is reformed. The resulting composition has poor compression strength and dimensional stability in a fire. On the contrary, a product with vastly improved compression strength and dimensionalstability is obtained with the added halogen or phosphorus containing compound.
Further, with the added halogen or phosphorus in even very intense heat so that the organic phase is completely consumed, there remains a fire resistant self supporting inorganic foam. Also there is no evolution of toxic gases such as HCl or HBrbecause other non-toxic products such as NaCl or NaBr are formed.
Suitable flame resistant compounds which contain halogen or phosphorus are e.g. tributylphosphate, tris-(2,3-dichloropropyl) phosphate, polyoxypropylenechloromethylphosphonate, cresyldiphenylphosphate, tricresylphosphate,tris(-.beta.-chloroethyl) phosphate, tris-(2,3-dichloropropyl) phosphate, triphenyl-phosphate, ammonium-phosphate, perchlorinated diphenyl, perchlorinated terephenyl, hexabromocyclodecane, tribromophenol, dibromopropyldiene, hexabromobenzene,octabromodiphenylether, pentabromototuol, poly-tribromostyrol, tris(bromocresyl)phosphate, tetrabromobisphenol A, tetrabromophthalic acid anhydride, octabromodiphenyl, tris-(dibromopropyl)phosphate, polyvinylchloride telomers, chloroparaffins as well asfurther phosphorus and/or halogen containing flame resistant compounds as they are described e.g. in "Kunststoff-Handbuch", Vol. VII, Munich 1966, pages 110-111, which is incorporated herein by reference. The organic halogen containing components are,however, preferred.
By using the organic polyisocyanate containing a non-ionic hydrophilic group of an ionic group including, for example, isocyanato prepolymer ionomers, i.e. polyurea polymer precursors containing anionic and/or cationic groups, it is possible toobtain such a homogenous dispersion of the organic and aqueous inorganic phase that sols are formed in which the disperse phase is present in dimensions of from about 20 nanometers (nm) to 2 microns, preferably from 50 nm to 700 nm, so that the chemicalinteractions increase by orders of magnitude and novel composite materials are obtained. In particular, it is also possible by using the polyisocyanates containing ionic groups or non-ionic hydrophilic groups to obtain a colloidal fiber structure sothat both phases can be present as coherent systems. This means that a macroscopically and, in many cases, even a microscopically homogeneous composite material is obtained which combines the advantages of inorganic and organic compositions. Whetherthe water-binding component is present or not, it is strongly preferred to employ organic polyisocyanates containing ionic groups or non-ionic hydrophilic groups.
Accordingly, the present invention also relates to a process for the production of said inorganic-organic compositions of high strength, rebound elasticity, dimension stability even when hot and substantial non-inflammability which is a polyureapolysilicic acid gel composite material in the form of a colloidal xerosol, wherein an aqueous silica sol is combined with
(a) an organic polyisocyanate
(b) a water-binding component (i.e. another compound which hardens the silica sol), in the amounts and with proviso set forth above and,
(c) optionally further auxiliaries and additives,
and the system thus obtained is allowed to react to completion.
The inorganic-organic composition of one preferred embodiment of the invention is distinguished by the fact that in addition to high molecular weight silicate, the resulting high molecular weight organic polyurea of the composite materialcontains substantially from 2 to 200 milliequivalents per 100 g of chemically bound ionic groups.
Any suitable organic polyisocyanate may be used. The average molecular weight of the organic polyisocyanate should preferably be between 300 and 8000 (most preferably between 400 and 5000). Suitable polyisocyanates include aliphatic,cycloaliphatic, araliphatic, aromatic or heterocyclic polyisocyanates such as those decribed e.g. by W. Siefken in Justus Liebigs Annalen der Chemie, 562, pages 75 to 136, for example ethylene diisocyanate; tetramethylene-1,4-diisocyanate;hexamethylene-1,6-diisocyanate; dodecane-1,12-diisocyanate; cyclobutane-1,3-diisocyanate; cyclohexane-1,3- and 1,4-diisocyanate and any mixtures of these isomers; 1-isocyanato-3,3,5-trimethyl-5-isocyanato-methyl-cyclohexane (German Auslegeschrift No.1,202,785); hexahydrotolylene-2,4- and -2,6-diisocyanate and any mixtures of these isomers; hexahydrophenylene-1,3- and/or 1,4-diisocyanate, perhydrodiphenylmethane-2,4'- and/or -4,4'-diisocyanate; phenylene-1,3- and -1,4-diisocyanate; tolylene-2,4- and-2,6-diisocyanate and any mixtures of these isomers; diphenylmethane-2,4'- and/or -4,4'-diisocyanate; naphthylene-1,5-diisocyanate; triphenylmethane 4,4',4"-triisocyanate; polyphenyl-polymethylene-polyisocyanates which may be obtained byaniline-formaldehyde condensation followed by phosgenation and which have been described e.g. in British Patent Specification No. 874,430 and 848,671; perchlorinated aryl polyisocyanates such as those described e.g. in German Auslegeschrift No.1,157,601; polyisocyanates which contain carbodiimide groups as described in German Pat. No. 1,092,007; the diisocyanates described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,492,330; polyisocyanates which contain allophanate groups as described e.g. in British PatentSpecification No. 994,890; Belgian Pat. No. 761,626 and published Dutch patent application No. 7,102,524; polyisocyanates which contain isocyanurate groups as described e.g. in German Pat. Nos. 1,022,789; 1,222,067 and 1,027,394 and in GermanOffenlegungsschriften Nos. 1,929,034 and 2,004,048; polyisocyanates which contain urethane groups as described e.g. in Belgian Pat. No. 752,261 or in U.S. Pat. No. 3,394,164; polyisocyanates which contain acylated urea groups in accordance withGerman Pat. No. 1,230,778; polyisocyanates which contain biuret groups as described e.g. in German Pat. No. 1,101,394; in British Patent Specification No. 889,050 and in French Pat. No. 7,017,514; polyisocyanates prepared by telomerization reactionsas described e.g. in Belgian Pat. No. 723,640; polyisocyanates which contain ester groups as described e.g. in British Patent Specification No. 965,474 and 1,072,956; in U.S. Pat. No. 3,567,763 and in German Pat. No. 1,231,688 and reaction productsof the above mentioned isocyanates with acetals in accordance with German Pat. No. 1,072,385.
The distillation residues which still contain isocyanate groups obtained from the commercial production of isocyanates are preferred and may be dissolved in one or more of the above mentioned polyisocyanates. Any mixtures of the above mentionedpolyisocyanates may also be used.
It is generally preferred to use commercially readily available polyisocyanates such as polyphenyl-polymethylene-polyisocyanates obtained by aniline-formaldehyde condensation followed by phosgenation ("crude MDI") and polyisocyanates whichcontain carbodiimide groups, urethane groups, allophanate groups, isocyanurate groups, urea groups or biuret groups ("modified polyisocyanates").
The isocyanate group can also be present in masked form for example, as a uretdione or caprolactam adduct. The polyisocyanates used in the process according to the invention preferably contain from about 2 to 10 more preferably from 2.2 to 4isocyanato groups.
It is preferred to use polyisocyanates which contain ionic groups and it is particularly preferred to use polyisocyanates which contain sulphonic acid and/or sulphonate groups.
These isocyanates are prepared by a process in which liquid multi-component mixtures of aromatic polyisocyanates which have an isocyanate content of 10-42% by weight of a viscosity of 50-10,000 cP at 25.degree. C are mixed with 0.1 to 10% byweight of sulphur trioxide or an equivalent quantity of oleum, sulphuric acid or chlorosulphonic acid at -20.degree. to +200.degree. C and left until the reaction is completed, and the sulphonation products obtained in this way may then be partly orcompletely neutralized with a basic compound if desired (U.S. Ser. No. 363,436 filed May 24, 1973).
The ionic group content should amount to between 2 and 200 milliequivalents per 100 g of polyisocyanate. The ionic group content is more preferably between 3 and 100 milliequivalents per 100 g of polyisocyanate.
Suitable organic polyisocyanates also include prepolymers obtained by the so-called isocyanate-polyaddition process of the kink which have been repeatedly described over recent years. It is no problem to control virtually any known isocyanatereaction so that it can be stopped at least temporarily at a prepolymer stage. The prepolymers include not only adducts of polyisocyanates with alcohols, mercaptans, carboxylic acids, amines ureas and amides, but also reaction products of the foregoingpolyisocyanates with themselves, such as uretdiones, isocyanurates, carbodiimides which can readily be obtained from monomeric polyisocyanates with an increase in molecular weight.
NCO-prepolymers particularly suitable for the process according to the invention are prepared by methods known per se, for example, by reacting polyhydroxyl compounds with a molecular weight of from about 400 to 5000, more especially polyhydroxylpolyesters and polyhydroxypolyethers, if desired in admixture withpolyhydric alcohols with a molecular weight of less than 400, with excess quantities of polyisocyanates, for example hexamethylene diisocyanate, 2,4-tolylene diisocyanate, 2,6-tolylenediisocyanate, 4,4'-diisocyanatodiphenylmethane, etc.
Non-ionic-hydrophilic modification of the isocyanate may be achieved, for example, by reacting a polyisocyanate with a hydrophilic polyether which contains groups which are reactive with isocyanate groups or with a siloxane compound whichcontains hydrogen atoms which are reactive with isocyanate groups. Polyethers which have been synthesized from alcohols with a functionality of 1 to 3 and ethylene oxide/or propylene oxide and which contain terminal OH groups are preferred althoughother compounds containing polyether or polyether groups which have been prepared by different methods, may, of course, be used in preparing the prepolymer provided such compounds contain hydrophilic groups. It is particularly preferred to usemonofunctional polyethers based on monoalcohols with a molecular weight of about 32 to about 300 and ethylene oxide because the non-ionic-hydrophilic prepolymers prepared from these starting materials generally have a viscosity of less than 50,000 cP,which is advantageous for working up, and preferably less than 10,000 cP.
The reaction products of the above mentioned polyisocyanates with aliphatic polycarbonates which contain hydrogen atoms which are reactive with isocyanate groups are also suitable prepolymers for the purpose of the invention. Examples of suchprepolymers are polycarbonates based on ethylene glycol, propylene glycol or tetraethylene glycol. Prepolymers which contain a hydrophilic polyether segment, e.g. of triethylene glycol or diethylene glycol and succinic acid or oxalic acid are alsosuitable. These segments may be destroyed in the course of the subsequent reaction with waterglass in which the inorganic component hardens and the organic component becomes hydrophobic.
The hydrophilic center may also be introduced by incorporating a glycol such as triethylene or tetraethylene glycol, preferably in combination with a very hydrophilic isocyanate such as a biuret diisocyanate or biuret triisocyanate.
The hydrophilic groups may be present in the main chain or the side chain of the prepolymer.
In addition to the hydrophilic-non-ionic segment, there may also be an ionic center either in the same or some other molecule. Such ionic-non-ionic combinations enable the morphology and interface chemistry of the two-phase plastics of theinvention to be adjusted as desired.
If desired, prepolymers known per se and particularly those based on aromatic isocyanates may also be subsequently reacted by the processes mentioned above to produce non-ionic-hydrophilic prepolymers.
Particularly suitable prepolymers which have a high stability in storage can also be obtained by reacting aromatic isocyanates such as tolylene diisocyanate, diphenylmethane diisocyanates and the known phosgenation products of the products ofcondensation of aromatic monoamines such as aniline and aldehydes such as formaldehyde with hydrophilic polyethers which contain groups which are reactive with isocyanates. These non-ionic-hydrophilic polyisocyanates which according to IR spectroscopicanalysis in part still contain detectable urea and biuret groups as well as urethane and/or allophanate groups in cases where polyol modification has been carried out are eminently suitable as prepolymers.
The phosgenation products used for non-ionic-hydrophilic modification are preferably products of the phosgenation of higher molecular weight aniline/formaldehyde condensation products which have a viscosity at 25.degree. C of about 50 to 10,000cP, preferably 100 - 5000 cP.
Reaction products of 50 - 99 mols of aromatic diisocyanates and 1 - 50 mols of the usual organic compounds which contain at least two hydrogen atoms capable of reacting with isocyanates and generally have a molecular weight of about 400 to about10,000 may also be used. Apart from compounds of this kind which contain amino groups, thiol groups or carboxyl groups, these compounds are preferably polyhydroxyl compounds, in particular compounds which contain 2 - 8 hydroxyl groups, and especiallythose with a molecular weight of about 800 to about 10,000, preferably about 1000 to about 6000, e.g. polyesters, polyethers, polythioethers, polyacetals, polycarbonates and polyesteramides which contain at least two and generally 2 to 8 but preferably 2to 4 hydroxyl groups of the kind which are known per se for producing both homogeneous and cellular polyurethanes.
Any suitable polyester which contains hydroxyl groups may be used such as, for example, the products obtained by reacting polyhydric alcohols, preferably glycols, with the optional addition of trihydric alcohols, with polybasic, preferablydicarboxylic acids. Instead of free polycarboxylic acids, the corresponding carboxylic acid anhydrides or corresponding polycarboxylic acid esters of lower alcohols or mixtures of these may be used for preparing the polyesters. The polycarboxylic acidsmay be aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, aromatic and/or heterocyclic and may be substituted, e.g. with halogen atoms, and/or unsaturated. The following are given as examples: succinic acid, adipic acid, azelaic acid, suberic acid, sebacic acid, phthalic acid,isophthalic acid, trimellitic acid, phthalic acid anhydride, tetrahydrophthalic acid anhydride, hexahydrophthalic acid anhydride, tetrachlorophthalic acid anhydride, endomethylene tetrahydrophthalic acid anhydride, glutaric acid anhydride, maleic acid,maleic acid anhydride, fumaric acid, dimeric and trimeric fatty acids such as oleic acid, optionally mixed with monomeric fatty acids, dimethylterephthalate and diethylene terephthalate. Any suitable polyhydric alcohol may be used such as, for example,ethylene glycol, propylene-1,2- and -1,3-glycol, butylene-1,4- and -2,3-glycol, hexane-1,6-diol, octane-1,8-diol, neopentyl glycol, cyclohexane dimethanol (1,4-bis-hydroxymethylcyclohexane), 2-methyl-propane-1,3-diol, glycerol, trimethylolpropane,hexane-1,2,6-triol, butane-1,2,4-triol, trimethylolethane, pentaerythritol, quinitol, mannitol, and sorbitol, methyl glycoside, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol, polyethylene glycols, dipropylene glycol, polypropylene glycols,dibutylene glycol and polybutylene glycols. The polyesters may contain some terminal carboxyl groups. Any suitable polyester of a lactone such as .epsilon.-caprolactone or hydroxycarboxylic acids, e.g., .omega.-hydroxycaproic acid may also be used.
Any suitable polyether which contains at least two and generally 2 to 8, preferably 2 or 3 hydroxyl groups known per se and prepared e.g. by polymerizing epoxides such as ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, butylene oxide, tetrahydrofuran, styreneoxide or epichlorohydrin, each with itself, e.g. in the presence of BF.sub.3, or by a reaction of addition of these epoxides, optionally as mixtures or successively, to starting components which contain reactive hydrogen atoms such as alcohols or amines,e.g. water, ethylene glycol, propylene-1,3- or -1,2-glycol, trimethylolpropane, 4,4'-dihydroxydiphenylpropane, aniline, ammonia, ethanolamine or ethylenediamine may be used. Sucrose polyethers, e.g those described in German Auslegeschrift Nos. 1,176,358 and 1,064,938, may also be used for the process of the invention. It is frequently preferred to use those polyethers which contain predominately primary OH groups (up to 90% by weight, based on all the OH groups present in the polyether). Polyethers which have been modified with vinyl polymer, e.g. by polymerization with styrene or acrylonitrile in the presence of polyethers (U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,383,351; 3,304,273; 3,523,093 and 3,110,695 and German Pat. No. 1,152,536) and polybutadieneswhich contain OH groups are also suitable.
Any suitable polythioether may be used including the condensation products of thiodiglycol with itself and/or with other glycols, dicarboxylic acids, formaldehyde, aminocarboxylic acids or amino alcohols. The products obtained are polythio mixedethers, polythio ether esters or polythioether ester amides, depending on the cocomponent.
Any suitable polyacetal may be used e.g., the compounds obtained from glycols, such as diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, 4,4'-dioxethoxy-diphenyldimethylmethane, hexanediol and formaldehyde. Polyacetals suitable for the process according tothe invention may also be prepared by polymerizing cyclic acetals.
Any suitable hydroxyl polycarbonates of the kind already known per se, may be used such as e.g. those obtained by reacting diols such as propane-1,3-diol, butane-1,4-diol and/or hexane-1,6-diol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol ortetraethylene glycol with diaryl carbonates such as diphenylcarbonate or phosgene.
Any suitable polyester amide or polyamides may be used including, for example, the predominately linear condensates which can be obtained from polyvalent saturated and unsaturated carboxylic acids or their anhydrides and polyvalent saturated andunsaturated aminoalcohols, diamines, polyamines and mixtures thereof.
Polyhydroxyl compounds which already contain urethane or urea groups as well as modified or unmodified natural polyols such as castor oil, carbohydrates or starch may also be used. Addition products of alkylene oxides and phenol formaldehyderesins or of alkylene oxides and urea formaldehyde resins may also be used according to the invention.
Representatives of these organic compounds having reactive hydrogen atoms which may be used for the process according to the invention are described e.g. in High Polymers, Vol. XVI, "Polyurethanes, Chemistry and Technology" by Saunders andFrisch, Interscience Publishers, New York, London, Volume I, 1962, pages 32 - 42 and pages 44 - 54 and Volume II, 1964, pages 5 - 6 and pages 198 - 199, and in Kunststoff-Handbuch, Volume VII, Vieweg-Hochtlen, Carl-Hanser-Verlag, Munich, 1966, e.g. onpages 45 - 71 the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.
The non-ionic-hydrophilic center may be introduced by including suitable non-ionic-hydrophilic substances or by a subsequent reaction.
The prepolymers obtained by the usual non-ionic-hydrophilic modification frequently have a viscosity at 25.degree. C of more than 2000 cP and in some cases up to 100,000 cP or more. In cases where such high viscosities are undesirable forsubsequent processes carried out on the product, the viscosity may be lowered to a desirable level by adding low viscosity isocyanates or inert solvents. Furthermore, the length of time of the hardening process may be increased by a combination of suchprepolymers with the usual low viscosity isocyanates.
Non-ionic-hydrophilic prepolymers which are particularly preferred are obtained by reacting aromatic polyisocyanates with monofunctional hydrophilic polyethers based on alcohols and ethylene oxide with a molecular weight of about 500 to 2000. Prepolymers of this kind can be obtained simply by reacting the aromatic polyisocyanates with the hydrophilic polyethers which contain terminal OH groups at room temperature or at elevated temperatures and they are characterized by containing urethanegroups and/or allophanate groups.
The presence of only a low proportion of non-ionic-hydrophilic groups is sufficient to insure the desired high degree of compatibility of the non-ionic-hydrophilic prepolymers with the aqueous silicate solution. For example 1% to 2% by weight,based on the prepolymer is sufficient, although the proportion of non-ionic-hydrophilic groups is preferably 5% to 25% by weight. In exceptional cases, for example if the non-ionic-hydrophilic prepolymers contain comparatively non-reactive isocyanategroups or other end groups, the proportion of non-ionic-hydrophilic groups may be increased to more than 50% by weight.
The isocyanate which has been modified with non-ionic-hydrophilic groups may, of course, be prepared just before it is mixed with the silica sol, e.g. conventional hydrophobic prepolymers such as the phosgenation product of ananiline-formaldehyde condensate may be mixed with a hydrophilic polyether which contains OH or NH groups immediately before it is mixed with silica sol.
Also preferred are organic polyisocyanates which contain ionic groups and even a very low ionic group content is actually sufficient, for example, to have 2 milliequivalents of ionic groups/100 g of said organic polyisocyanate. The ionic groupcontent preferably amounts to 3 - 100 milliequivalents/100 g. Ionic groups are not only preformed salt groups, such as for example ##STR1## wherein Ar is C.sub.6 -C.sub.14 aryl such as phenyl, naphthyl and the like, but also groups of the kind which formsalt groups in the presence of alkali, for example
and also phenolic OH-groups. Two or more of the aforementioned groups can of course also be present. Organic polyisocyanates containing an anionic and a cationic group in the same molecule or complexes containing anionic and cationicpolyisocyanates at the same time, can also be present.
Particularly preferred ion-forming groups are ##STR2## --COOH, --SO.sub.3 H, --Ar--OH wherein Ar has the above meaning. Of these, the tertiary amino group has to be converted into a quaternary ammonium group before combination with the alkalisilicate solution, for which purpose alkylating agents and also inorganic or organic acids are suitable.
Ionic modification carried out in the usual way gives polyisocyanates which frequently have a viscosity of greater than 50 cP and, in some cases, up to 100,000 cP/25.degree. C and higher. In cases where viscosities as high as these are adisadvantage in further processing, the viscosity can be reduced by using low-viscosity isocyanates or even by adding inert solvents such as acetone, diethyl ether of diethylene glycol, ethyl acetate and the like. In addition, the duration of thehardening process can be extended by combining polyisocyanates containing ionic groups or non-ionic-hydrophilic groups with conventional low-viscosity isocyanates.
Particularly preferred polyisocyanates are prepared by sulphonating aromatic polyisocyanates. In the simplest case, it is sufficient to react the polyisocyanates with concentrated sulphuric acid or oleum or sulfur trioxide. These products caneither be directly mixed with aqueous silicate solutions, in which case the corresponding metal salt is formed in situ. However, the sulphonation product can also be completely or partly neutralized at the outset, for example by the addition of aminessuch as triethylamine, trimethylamine, methyl morpholine, pyridine, dimethyl aniline, metal alcoholates, for example Na-tert.-butanolate, K-isopropanolate and the like. Neutralization can also be carried out with metal oxides, hydroxides or carbonateseither in solid, form or suspended in diluents. Calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate and dolomite, for example, are particularly suitable.
Non-volatile, relatively high molecular weight tertiary amines are also particularly suitable for neutralization because they do not evaporate with the alkali silicate solution during the subsequent reaction. Products of this kind, are, inparticular, alkoxylation products of primary or secondary amines or even polyesters or polyacrylates with tert.-nitrogen atoms, also the known condensation products based on epichlorhydrin and polyamines of the kind used for example, for increasing thewet-strength of paper. It is preferred to use polycondensation products of weakly basic or sterically hindered amines because otherwise an excessive increase in viscosity can occur where polyamines are used.
The selection of suitable neutralizing agents is also determined by whether the neutralized or partially neutralized ionic polyisocyanate is to remain stable in storage over a prolonged period or whether it is to be reacted immediately with thealkali silicate solution to form the polyurea ionomer-silica gel. In the latter case, tertiary-amines of the kind which still contain reactive groups such as --OH, --NHR, --CO--, --NH.sub.2, can also be safely used for neutralization. On account of thelimited storage stability of the organic polyisocyanate which still contains reactive groups such as hydroxy groups, free non-neutralized carboxy-, urethane- and urea groups, it is generally advisable to prepare these modified isocyanates just beforereaction. To produce storage-stable, organic polyisocyanates, groups of this kind should be blocked beforehand by reaction, for example with monoisocyanates.
Ionic modification may be carried out, for example, by jointly using a tertiary aminoalcohol such as dimethylaminoethanol or N-methyl diethanolamine, followed by quarternization with an alkylating agent. A salt of an amino acid or of anaminosulphonic acid for example can be used for anionic modification. Carboxy diols such as tartaric acid, dimethylolpropionic acid or adducts of acid anhydrides and their salts can also be used for the preparation of ionic organic polyisocyanates.
However, modified organic polyisocyanates known per se, as well as the prepolymers taught above, especially those based on aromatic polyisocyanates, can also be subsequently modified to give ionic groups, for example by reaction with sultones,.beta.-lactones, by grafting on acrylic acid, methacrylic acid or crotonic acid, for example, or by sulphuric acid, chlorosulphonic acid, oleum or sulphur trioxide. In particular, organic polyisocyanates containing ionic groups eminently suitable forthe process according to the invention, generally with high stability in storage, can also be obtained by reacting aromatic polyisocyanates, such as tolylene diisocyanates, diphenylmethane diisocyanates and the known phosgenation products of thecondensation products of aromatic monoamines, especially aniline and aldehydes, especially formaldehyde, with sulphuric acid, oleum or sulphur trioxide. Sulphonated polyisocyanates of this kind which generally still contain uretdione-, urea-, biuret,and, in particular where polyol modification has been carried out before sulphonation, urethane- and/or allophanate groups which are formed through secondary reactions during sulphonation and which can still be detected by IR-spectroscopy, are thereforeparticularly preferred as polyisocyanates containing ionic groups.
However, it is even better to use mixtures of di-, tri- and higher polyisocyanates, for example, phosgenation products of aniline/formaldehyde condensation products which are characterized by a viscosity of from 50 to 10,000 preferably from 100to 5000 centipoises at 25.degree. C for sulphonation.
As previously mentioned, the --NCO prepolymers referred to above may also be modified to include ionic groups, for example, reaction products of 50 to 99 mols of aromatic diisocyanates with 1 to 50 mols of the usual glycols, monoamines, polyetherglycols, polythioether glycols, polyester glycols, and the like. In this case, the ionic center can be introduced by the joint use of suitable glycols or even for example, by subsequent sulphonation, grafting on ethylenically unsaturated acids such as,for example, acrylic acid, maleic acid or crotonic acid, by reaction with sultones, .beta.-lactones, or by other methods known per se.
Further it can be said that the --NCO terminated prepolymers used, for example, for the production of aqueous polyurethane dispersions (U.S. Pat. No. 3,756,992) can be used for the process according to the invention. These prepolymers usuallycontain ionic or non-ionic-hydrophilic groups.
Silica sol is a colloidal dispersion or suspension of silica particles in water. The silica particles are generally 7 - 200 m.mu., preferably 10 - 50 m.mu., spheres at a silica concentration between 20 and 60%, preferably between 25 and 40. Commercial silica sols may contain a trace of sodium or other alkali metal ions or an acid to stabilize the colloid. pH value generally is between 3 and 12. Colloidal silicas are prepared either by peptization of silica hydrogel or by gradualdestabilization of alkali silicates. For further information see: Kirk-Othmer; Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Volume 18 (1969), pages 61 - 72. R. K. Iler; The Colloidal Chemistry of Silica and Silicates, Cornell University Press, New York, 1955. J. G. Vail; Soluble Silicates, Vol. I and II, Reinhold, New York, 1952, incorporated herein by reference.
In addition to the aforementioned silica sols, aqueous solutions of an alkali metal silicate may also be used. Accordingly, the invention contemplates also the use of any suitable aqueous solution of an alkali metal silicate, containing 20 - 70%by weight of said alkali metal silicate, such as, for example, sodium silicate, potassium silicate or the like. Such aqueous silicates are normally referred to as "waterglass." It is also possible to use crude commercial-grade solutions which canadditionally contain, for example, calcium silicate, magnesium silicate, borates and aluminates. The Me.sub.2 O:SiO ratio is not critical and can vary within the usual limits, preferably amounting to 4-0.2. Me, of course, refers to the alkali metal. Preferably, sodium silicate with a molar ratio of Na.sub.2 O:SiO.sub.2 between 1:1.6 and 1:3.3 is used. If the water content of the inorganic-organic end product initially obtained by reaction with the organic polyisocyanate is unimportant because it ischemically bound by the water-binding component as it is harmless or because it can readily be removed by drying, it is possible to use neutral sodium silicate from which 20 to 35% by weight solutions can be prepared. However, it is preferred to use 32to 54% silicate solutions which, only if made sufficiently alkaline, have a viscosity of less than 500 poises at room temperature which is the limit required to insure problemfree processing. Although ammonium silicate solutions can also be used, theyare less preferred. The solutions can either by genuine solutions or even colloidal solutions.
The choice of the concentration of the aqueous silicate solution is governed above all by the required end product. Compact or closed-cell materials are preferably prepared with concentrated silicate solutions which, if necessary, are adjustedto low viscosity by the addition of alkali hydroxide. It is possible in this way to prepare 40 to 70% by weight solutions. On the other hand, 20 to 40% by weight silicate solutions are preferably used for the production of open-cell lightweight foamsin order to obtain low viscosities, sufficiently long reaction times and low densities. Even in cases where finely divided inorganic fillers are used in relatively large quantities, 20% to 45% by weight silicate solutions are preferred.
It is also possible to make the silicate solution in situ by using a combination of solid alkali metal silicate and water. Combinations of silica sol and aqueous alkali metal silicate are especially useful because such combinations are lowviscosity products with high content of silicious acid but low alkali content.
Water-binding components used according to the invention include organic or inorganic water-binding substances which have first the ability to chemically combine, preferably irreversibly, with water and second the ability to reinforce theorganic-inorganic end products of the invention. The most preferred water-binding agents of the invention, hold the water chemically bound until heated sufficiently, as in a fire. Thus, in a fire the water is released and extinguishes the fire. Theterm "water-binding component" is used herein to identify a material preferably granular or particulate which is sufficiently anhydrous to be capable of absorbing water to form a solid or gel such as mortar or hydraulic cement. This component may be amineral or chemical compound which is anhydrous, such as CaO and CaSO.sub.4 but may exist as a partial hydrate. The water-binding components preferably used are inorganic materials such as hydraulic cements, synthetic anhydrite, gypsum or burnt lime.
Suitable hydraulic cements are in particular Portland cement, quick-setting cement, blast-furnace Portland cement, mild-burnt cement, sulphate-resistant cement, brick cement, natural cement, lime cement, gypsum cement, pozzolan cement and calciumsulphate cement. In general, any mixture of fine ground lime, alumina and silica that will be set to a hard product by admixture of water, which combines chemically with the other ingredients to form a hydrate may be used. The most preferred forms ofwater-binding agents to be used in accordance with the invention are those materials which are normally known as cement. In other words, they are a normally powdered material with which water normally forms a paste which hardens slowly and may be usedto bind intermixed crushed rock or gravel and sand into rockhard concrete. There are so many different kinds of cement which can be used in the production of the compositions of the invention and they are so well known that a detailed description ofcement will not be given here. However, one can find such a detailed description in Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Volume 4, Second Edition, Published by Kirk-Othmer, pages 684 - 710, as well as in other well known references in this field. Inparticular, pages 685 - 697 of the aforementioned Volume 4, Second Edition of Kirk-Othmer's Encyclopedia containing a detailed disclosure of the type of cement which may be used in the production of the compositions of this invention are incorporatedherein by reference.
Production of the inorganic-organic compositions according to the invention is simple. It is merely necessary for the components to come together, for example, one may mix the organic polyisocyanate with the aqueous silica sol and optionallysufficient of the water-binding component after which the mixture generally hardens immediately. The mixtures are typical finely divided emulsions or sols. They are not optically clear, but generally opaque or milky-white. The subsequent xerosol seemsto be preformed in them.
Important advantages obtained according to the invention are the short mixing time, which amounts to between 2 seconds and at the most about 5 minutes when the components are mixed by a discontinuous process, and the rapid hardening time, whichis generally less than 30 minutes.
In commercial production processes, these advantages can result in short molding times and hence rapid manufacturing cycles.
The mixture of the components, generally is not stable. The so-called "pot lives," during which the mixtures are processible, are governed above all by the amount and reactivity of the organic polyisocyanate and by the concentration of thesilicate solution. The "pot life" is between 2 seconds and several weeks, it can be adjusted between 2 seconds and several hours (i.e., about 4 hours) or it can be between 10 seconds to about 1 hour. In the case of masked isocyanates which do notcontain free --NCO groups, it is even possible to achieve pot lives of several hours up to about several months. Pot lives of from about 5 seconds to about 2 hours are preferred as these times are most often suitable.
It follows from this that combination of the reactive starting materials is generally carried out immediately before forming. The polyurea-silica gel composite materials can be produced by previously known techniques, for example, in the sameway as cast or foamed polyurethanes employing for example, a mixer such as is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. Re. 25,514. If the water-binding component is also included in the reaction mixture it is preferred to use a mixer such as is conventionally usedin the building-construction trade, for example, for making mortar. Thus, a mixer with a large ribbon type blender can be used whereby the three components are simultaneously introduced into the mixer and then shortly after mixing the reactingcomponents are poured onto a surface or into a mold where they are allowed to react to form the inorganic-organic compositions of the invention. Still further it is possible to simply mix the components in a container for example with a relatively lowspeed mixer as one would use to stir paint and then pour the components into another mold or to allow them to react in the container. It is also possible to use a kneader for the mixing of the components. Still further, one may mix the reactingcomponents in an extruder which has one or more entrance ports so that components may be either simultaneously injected and mixed or they may be separately added to the extruder. For example, a premixture of the alkali metal silicate solution and theorganic polyisocyanate may be mixed with the water-binding component or alternately it is possible to insert the three components one at a time into the extruder through separate ports and it is even possible to add an accelerator through a fourth portinto the extruder.
It is important, if the water-binding component is present in the reaction mixture, that it be kept separate from the silica sol until it is time to allow the reaction mixture to react to completion. Thus, it is possible to mix the threeessential components of this invention; namely, the organic polyisocyanate, the silica sol, and the water-binding component simultaneously or it is also possible to premix the water-binding component and the organic polyisocyanate component and then addthe alkali metal silicate component. It is generally undesirable to mix the water-binding component and the silica sol before the organic polyisocyanate is added because this can lead to preliminary solidification of the silica sol. Thus, it ispreferred to either simultaneously mix all three of the essential components or first mix the organic polyisocyanate with either the silica sol or the water-binding component and then add the remaining ingredient to the mixture. Preferably, thewater-binding component at least in a considerable amount should be dispersed in the organic phase.
The quantitative ratios of the components is not critical in the production of the polyurea silica gel composite material. This is of particular advantage because it means that dosage does not have to be exact even in continuous productionthrough metering devices and mixing chambers. Thus, it is even possible to use heavy-duty metering devices such as gear pumps.
The ratios of the essential reactants which lead to the inorganic-organic compositions of the invention may vary, broadly speaking, within ranges as follows:
(a) from 5 - 98% by weight of the organic polyisocyanate (preferably containing ionic groups)
(b) from 2 - 95% by weight of an aqueous silica sol containing about 20 - 60% by weight of said silica and
(c) 9 - 93% by weight of a water-binding component,
based on the total weight of (a), (b) and (c). It is preferred that the organic polyisocyanate also contain non-ionic-hydrophilic groups or ionic groups as the combination of organic polyisocyanates with ionic or non-ionic-hydrophilic groups andthe water-binding component particularly the hydraulic cements or synthetic anhydrite gypsum and burnt lime leads to the best results.
Thus, a preferred combination within the scope of the invention involves the reaction of components in the amounts within the following ranges:
(a) 10 - 80% by weight of said organic polyisocyanate
(b) 20 - 80% by weight of said aqueous silica sol, and
(c) 10 - 70% by weight of said water-binding component.
A still more preferred composition is obtained from components in the following ranges:
(a) 10 -50% by weight of said organic polyisocyanate,
(b) 20 - 70% by weight of said silica sol, and
(c) 20 -70% by weight of said water-binding component.
The most preferred ranges of components are as follows:
(a) 10 - 35% by weight of said organic polyisocyanate,
(b) 30 -60% by weight of said silica sol, and
(c) 30 -60% by weight of said water-binding component.
The reactants are preferably mixed at room temperature though any suitable temperature in the range of 20.degree. to 80.degree. C may be employed.
As stated above, it is strongly preferred to always have at least some ionic groups present in the organic polyisocyanate component. When this is so, the activity of the reaction mixture can be most easily adjusted by adjusting the ionic groupcontent. In the case of polyisocyanates containing sulphonic acid groups or carboxylic acid groups, activity is mainly adjusted by varying the chemical nature and amount of the neutralization agent. Thus, if a low activity is desired, one may eithernot use any neutralizing agent and let the alkali metal silicate solution act as a neutralizer or one may use an inorganic solid neutralizing agent such as for example, calcium carbonate. Alternately, if one wishes to increase the activity so as to makethe reaction extremely fast, one may choose a tertiary amine with the highest of basicity. If slightly less than an extremely fast reaction is desired, one may choose an amine of lower basicity or one may vary the amount of the neutralizer, i.e. themore the acid groups that are neutralized the faster is the reaction.
The pot life of the mixtures depends on temperature and the hydrophilicity of the isocyanate as well as from the pH-value of the silica sol. It is an important advantage of the silica sols over an alkali silicate solution that the reactivity canbe lowered by adjusting a low pH-value.
Products of low silicate content, for example, between 10 and 30% by weight are prepared when it is desired that the organic polymer properties should be predominant. In these products the silicate fraction reacts as a binding substance with thenormally inactive fillers such as chalk, heavy spar, gypsum, anhydrite, clay, kaolin and the like.
According to the invention, foam materials with excellent fire resistance is obtained if the sum of inorganic constituents is more than 30% by weight but preferably more than 50% by weight, based on the total mixture.
High silicate contents, for example from 50 to 95% by weight, are desirable in cases where the properties of an inorganic silicate material, especially high-temperature stability and relatively complete non-inflammability, are essentialrequirements. In this case, the reaction products of the organic polyisocyanates with water act mainly as elasticizing components.
Mixtures of organic polyisocyanates and aqueous silica sols containing more than 30% by weight of water are preferably used for the production of thin layers, for example, surface coatings or putties, adhesives, caulks and more particularly, forthe production of foams.
In the production of foams by the process according to the invention, it is also advisable to use expanding or blowing agents. Any suitable blowing agent may be used including, for example, inert liquids boiling at temperatures of from-25.degree. to +50.degree. C. The blowing agents preferably have boiling points of from -15.degree. to +40.degree. C. The blowing agents are preferably insoluble in the silica sol. Particularly suitable blowing agents are alkanes, alkenes,halogen-substituted alkanes and alkenes or dialkyl ethers, such as for example saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbons with 4 to 5 carbon atoms such as isobutylene, butadiene, isoprene, butane, pentane, petroleum ether, halogenated saturated or unsaturatedhydrocarbons such as chloromethyl, methylene chloride, fluorotrichloromethane, difluorodichloromethane, trifluorochloromethane, chloroethane, vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride. Trichlorofluoromethane, vinyl chloride and C.sub.4 -hydrocarbons such asbutane for example, have proved to be the most suitable.
Thus, any suitable highly volatile inorganic and/or organic substances may be used as a blowing agent, including those listed above. Additional suitable blowing agents are, for example, acetone, ethyl acetate, methanol, ethanol, hexane ordiethylether. Foaming can also be achieved by adding compounds which decompose at temperatures above room temperature to liberate gases such as nitrogen for example, azo compounds, such as azoisobutyric acid nitrile. Other examples of blowing agentsare included for example in Kunststoff-Handbuch, Volume VII, published by Vieweg and Hochtlen, Carl-Hanser-Verlag, Munich 1966, e.g. on pages 108 and 109, 453 to 455 and 507 to 510; but the water contained in the mixture may also function as blowingagent. Fine metal powders such as powdered calcium, magnesium, aluminum or zinc may also be used as blowing agents since they evolve hydrogen in the presence of waterglass which is sufficiently alkaline and, at the same time, have a hardening andreinforcing effect.
It has been found that blowing agents which contain fluorine such as those listed above exhibit a synergistic effect in that they not only function to foam the reaction mixture but also they have a special effect in that they decrease the surfacetension of the organic phase. This is important because it makes it possible to obtain high quality products even with relatively small amounts of polyisocyanates. Furthermore, the use of a fluorine, containing blowing agent, such as the chloro fluoroalkanes listed above assists in creating a greater differential between the surface tension of the inorganic phase which is higher and the surface tension of the organic phase.
Thus, the best products of the invention are believed to be the ones where the organic phase is the continuous phase and the inorganic phase is a discontinuous or continuous phase and this may be brought about by the use of an amount of anorganic polyisocyante which is more than 20% by weight of the portion of the composition based on the organic polyisocyanate, the silica sol and the water-binding component, but it can be even less than 20% by weight where one employs a fluorinecontaining blowing agent because of the lower surface tension of the organic phase which leads to the results pointed out above. In other words, it is possible to get a continuous organic phase with lower amounts of organic polyisocyanate when one usesa fluorine containing blowing agent.
The blowing agents may be used in quantities of from up to 50% by weight and preferably in quantities of from 2 to 10% by weight, based on the reaction mixture.
Foams can, of course, also be produced with the assistance of inert gases, especially air. For example, one of the two reaction components can be prefoamed with air and then mixed with the other. The components can also be mixed for example, bymeans of compressed air so that foam is directly formed, subsequently hardening in molds. Also, of course, the carbon dioxide evolved in the reaction of isocyanate with water can act as a blowing agent. This will usually be the case if there is nosubstantially amount of alkaline compound such as waterglass present in the reaction mixture.
Other substances, such as the emulsifiers, activators and foam stabilizers normally used in the production of polyurethane foams, can also be added. However, they are generally not necessary. An addition of silanes, polysiloxanes, polyetherpolysiloxanes or silyl-modified isocyanates, can intensify the interaction between the two phases. Examples of foam stabilizers are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,201,372 at Column 3, line 46 to Column 4, line 5.
Catalysts are often used in the process according to the invention. The catalysts used may be known per se, e.g. tertiary amines such as triethylamine, tributylamine, N-methylmorpholine, N-ethyl-morpholine, N-cocomorpholine,N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-ethylenediamine, 1,4-diaza-bicyclo-(2,2,2)-octane, N-methyl-N'-dimethylaminoethyl piperazine, N,N-dimethyl benzylamine, bis-(N,N-diethylaminoethyl)-adipate, N,N-diethyl benzylamine, pentamethyl diethylenetriamine, N,N-dimethylcyclohexalamine, N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-1,3-butanediamine, N,N-dimethyl-.beta.-phenyl ethylamine, 1,2-dimethyl imidazole, 2-methyl imidazole and particularly also hexahydrotriazine derivatives.
The following are examples of tertiary amines containing hydrogen atoms which are reactive with isocyanate groups: triethanolamine, triisopropanolamine, N-methyl-diethanolamine, N-ethyl-diethanolamine, N,N-dimethyl-ethanolamine and their reactionproducts with alkylene oxides such as propylene oxide and/or ethylene oxide.
Silaamines with carbon-silicon bonds may also be used as catalysts, e.g. those described in German Pat. No. 1,229,290, for example 2,2,4-trimethyl-2-silamorpholine or 1,3-diethylaminomethyl-tetramethyldisiloxane.
Bases which contain nitrogen such as tetraalkyl ammonium hydroxides, alkali metal hydroxides such as sodium hydroxide, alkali metal phenolates such as sodium phenolate or alkali metal alcoholates such as sodium methylate may also be used ascatalysts. Hexahydrotriazines are also suitable catalysts.
Organic metal compounds may also be used as catalysts according to the invention, especially organic tin compounds.
The organic tin compounds used are preferably tin (II) salts of carboxylic acids such as tin (II)-acetate, tin (II)-octoate, tin (II)-ethyl hexoate and tin (II)-laurate and the dialkyl tin salts of carboxylic acids such as dibutyl tin diacetate,dibutyl tin dilaurate, dibutyl tin maleate or dioctyl tin diacetate.
Other examples of catalysts which may be used according to the invention and details of the action of the catalysts may be found in Kunststoff-Handbuch, Volume VII, published by Vieweg and Hochtlen, Carl-Hanser-Verlag, Munich 1966, e.g. on pages96 to 102.
The catalysts are generally used in a quantity of between about 0.001 and 10% by weight, based on the quantity of isocyanate.
Particularly high quality products are obtained by the process according to the invention where hardening is carried out at temperatures above 80.degree. C, more particularly at temperatures of from 100.degree. to 200.degree. C. Particularlyin the case of combinations of organic polyisocyanates with 10% to 40% of NCO-groups and silica sols, so much heat is liberated, even in the absence of applied heat, that the water present begins to evaporate. Temperatures up to 130.degree. C arereached inside the foam blocks. The foregoing temperatures are only the preferred ones in the absence of water-binding components. If water-binding components are present then the temperatures are usually lower, in most cases, for instance, betweenabout 40.degree. and about 100.degree. C.
It would seem that particularly pronounced interactions and a particularly intimate bond between inorganic and organic polymer are developed under conditions such as these, resulting in the formation of materials which, on the one hand, are ashard as stone but which on the other hand are highly elastic and, hence, highly resistant to impact and breakage.
If the quantity of heat which is liberated during the reaction between the components is not sufficient to obtain optimum properties, mixing can readily be carried out at elevated temperature, for example at temperatures of from 40.degree. to100.degree. C. In special cases, mixing can also be carried out under pressure at temperatures above 100.degree. up to about 150.degree. C in a closed container so that expansion occurs, accompanied by foam formation, as the material issues from thecontainer.
Generally, production of the foams in accordance with the invention is carried out by mixing the described reaction components together either in one stage or in several stages in a batch-type or continuous mixer, and allowing the resultingmixture to foam and harden in molds or on suitable substrates, generally outside the mixer. The necessary reaction temperature amounting to between preferably about 0.degree. and 200.degree. C and most preferably to between 40.degree. and 130.degree. C, can either be achieved by preheating one or more reaction components before the mixing process or by heating the mixer itself or by heating the reaction mixture prepared after mixing. Combinations of these or other procedures for adjusting thereaction temperature are of course, also suitable. In most cases, sufficient heat is generated during the reaction itself so that, after the beginning of the reaction or foaming, the reaction temperature can rise to levels above 100.degree. C.
For ny given recipe, the properties of the resulting foams, for example, their moist density, is governed to some extent by the parameters of the mixing process, for example, the shape and rotational speed of the stirrer, the shape of the mixingchamber etc., and also by the reaction temperature selected for initiating foaming. The moist, fresh foam can have a density of approximately from 0.01 to 1.3 g/cc, although in general the moist fresh foam is obtained with densities of from 0.04 to 0.8g/cc. The dried foams can have closed or open cells, although in most cases they are largely made up of open cells and have densities of from 0.008 to 1.1 g/cc. Where the water-binding component is present, densities of 0.1 to 0.8 g/cc are preferred.
The foam material may have closed or open cells but is in most cases substantially open-celled and has a compression strength of between 5 and 150 kg/cm.sup.2 when its density is between 0.1 and 0.8 g/cc.
The compression strength obtained according to the invention depend to a large extent on the proportions in which the starting components are mixed and on the resulting density, e.g. densities of between 200 and 600 kg/cm.sup.2 and compressionstrengths of 10 to 100 kg.wt/cm.sup.2 are obtained when using a mixture of about equal parts of polyisocyanate, silica and water-binding filler if at the same time about 5% by weight (based on the total quantity) of a low-boiling blowing agent is used.
By virtue of the behavior of the reaction mixtures, the process according to the invention is provided with a number of potential utilities either as porous or homogeneous materials, and, accordingly, a few fields of application are outlined byway of example in the following. The possibility of leaving the water present in the hardened mixtures either as a required constituent of the foam, or of protecting the foam against the elimination of water by suitably coating or covering the foam witha water impermeable layer, or by removing all or some of the water by suitable drying techniques, for example, in a heating cabinet, or oven hot air, infrared heating, ultra-sonic heating or high-frequency heating, can be selected from case to case tosuit the particular requirements of application.
The reaction mixture containing the blowing agent can be coated for example, onto any given warm, cold or even IR- or HF-irradiated substrates, or after passing through the mixer, can be sprayed with compressed air or even by the airless processonto these substrates on which it can foam and harden to give a filling or insulating coating. The foaming reaction mixture can also be molded, cast or injection-molded in cold or heated molds and allowed to harden in these molds, whether relief orsolid or hollow molds, if desired by centrifugal casting at room temperature or temperatures of up to 200.degree. C and if desired under pressure. In this respect, it is quite possible to use strengthening elements, whether in the form of inorganicand/or organic or metallic wires, fibers, webs, foams, woven fabrics, skeletons, etc. This can be done for example by the fiber-mat impregnating process or by processes in which reaction mixtures and strengthening fibers are applied together to the mold,for example, by means of a spray unit. The moldings obtainable in this way can be used as structural elements, for example, in the form of optionally foamed sandwich elements produced either directly or subsequently by lamination with metal, glass,plastics, etc., in which case the favorable flame behavior of the foams in their moist or dry form is of particular advantage. However, they can also be used as hollow bodies, for example, as containers for products that may have to be kept moist orcool, as filter materials or exchangers, as supports for catalysts or active substances, as decorative elements, as parts of furniture and as cavity fillings. They can also be used as high-stress lubricants and coolants or as carriers therefor, forexample, in the extrusion of metals. They can also be used in the field of pattern and mold design, and also in the production of molds for casting metals.
In one preferred procedure, foaming is directly accompanying by hardening, for example by preparing the reaction mixture in a mixing chamber and simultaneously adding the readily volatile blowing agent, for example dichlorodifluoromethane,trichlorofluoromethane, butane, isobutylene or vinyl chloride, so that, providing it has a suitable temperature, the reaction mixture issuing from the mixing chamber simultaneously foams through evaporation of the blowing agent and hardens to its finalfoam form under the effect of the organic polyisocyanate, said foam optionally containing emulsifiers, foam stabilizers and other additives. In addition, the initially still thinly liquid reaction mixture can be expanded into a foam by the introductionof gases optionally under pressure such as air, methane, CF.sub.4, noble gases, the resulting foam being introduced into the required mold and hardened therein. Similarly, the silica sol or organic polyisocyanate solution optionally containing foamstabilizers such as surfactants, foam formers, emulsifiers and, optionally, other organic or inorganic fillers or diluents, may initially be converted by blowing gas into a foam and the resulting foam subsequently mixed in the mixer with the othercomponents and optionally with the hardener and the resulting mixture allowed to harden.
In one preferred procedure, a solution of the organic polyisocyanate in liquid expanding or blowing agent is mixed with the optionally preheated aqueous silica sol and thus hardened while foaming.
Instead of blowing agents, it is also possible to use inorganic or organic finely divided hollow bodies such as expanded hollow beads of glass or plastics, straw and the like, for producing foams.
The foams obtainable in this way can be used either in their dry or moist form, if desired after a compacting or tempering process, optionally carried out under pressure, as insulating materials, cavity fillings, packaging materials, buildingmaterials with outstanding resistance to solvents and favorable flame behavior. They can also be used as lightweight bricks or in the form of sandwich elements, for example, with metal covering layers, in house, vehicle and aircraft construction.
The reaction mixtures can also be dispersed in the form of droplets, for example, in petrol, or foamed and hardened during a free fall or the like, resulting in the formation of foam beads.
It is also possible to introduce into the foaming reaction mixtures, providing they are still free-flowing, organic and/or inorganic foamable or already foamed particles, for example expanded clay, expanded glass, wood, popcorn, cork, hollowbeads of plastics, for example, vinyl chloride polymers, polyethylene, styrene polymers or foam particles thereof or even, for example, polysulphone, polyepoxide, polyurethane, urea-formaldehyde, phenol formaldehyde, polyamide polymers, or to allow thereaction mixtures to foam through interstitial spaced in packed volumes of these particles, and in this way to produce insulating materials which are distinguished by favorable flame behavior.
When a mixture of aqueous silica sol optionally containing inorganic and/or organic additives and the organic polyisocyanates has simultaneously added to it at a predetermined temperature the blowing agent which is capable of evaporation or ofgas formation at these temperatures, for example a (halogenated) hydrocarbon, the initially liquid mixture formed can be used not only for producing uniform foams or nonuniform foams containing foamed or unfoamed fillers, it can also be used to foamthrough any given webs, woven fabrics, lattices, structural elements or other permeable structures of foamed materials, resulting in the formation of composite foams with special properties, for example, favorable flame behavior, which may optionally bedirectly used as structural elements in the building, furniture or vehicle and aircraft industries.
The foams according to the invention can be added to soil in the form of crumbs, optionally in admixture with fertilizers and plant-protection agents, in order to improve its agrarian consistency. Foams of high water content can be used assubstrates for propagating seedlings, cuttings and plants or cut flowers. By spraying the mixtures onto impassable or loose terrain, for example, sand dunes or marshes, it is possible to obtain effective consolidation which soon becomes passable andoffers protection against errosion.
It is also advantageous to spray the proposed reaction mixtures onto an article to be protected in the event of fire or accident, the water present being unable to run down or prematurely evaporate on the surface of the structure to be protected,so that particularly effective protection against fire, heat or radiation is obtained because the hardened mixture, providing it still contains water, cannot be heated to temperatures appreciably above 100.degree. C. and it also absorbs IR or nuclearradiation.
By virtue of their favorable spray properties, the mixtures can form effective protective walls and protective layers in the event of mining accidents and also in routine work, for example, by spraying them onto woven fabrics, other surfaces,lattices or even only onto walls. One particular advantage in this respect is that hardening is quickly obtained.
Similarly, the foaming mixtures can be used in construction engineering, in civil engineering and road building for erecting walls, igloos, seals, for filling joints, plastering, flooring, insulation, decoration and as a coating, screed andcovering material. They can also be considered for use as adhesives or mortars or as casting compositions, optionally filled with inorganic or organic fillers.
Since the hardened foams obtained by the process according to the invention can show considerable porosity after drying, they are suitable for use as drying agents because they can absorb water. However, they can also be charged with activesubstances or used as catalyst supports or filters and absorbents.
Auxiliaries which may if desired be used in or subsequently introduced into the reaction mixture, such as emulsifiers, surfactants, dispersants, odorants, hydrophobizing substances, enable the property spectrum of the foams in their moist or dryform to be modified as required.
On the other hand, the foams can be subsequently lacquered, metallized, coated, laminated, galvanized, subjected to vapor deposition, bonded or flocked in their moist or dry form or in impregnated form. The moldings can be further processed intheir moist or dried form, for example by sawing, milling, drilling, planing, polishing and other machining techniques.
The optionally filled moldings can be further modified in their properties by thermal aftertreatment, oxidation processes, hot-pressing, sintering processes or surface melting or other consolidation processes.
Suitable mold materials include inorganic and/or organic foamed or unfoamed materials such as metals, for example, iron, nickel, fire steel, lacquered or, for example, teflon-coated aluminum, porcelain, glass, wood, plastics such as PVC,polyethylene, epoxide resins, ABS, polycarbonate, etc.
The foams obtainable in accordance with the invention can be surface-treated or, where they are in the form of substantially permeable structures, for example substantially open-cell foams or porous materials, can even be treated by centrifuging,vacuum treatment, blowing air through or by rinsing with (optionally heated) liquids or gases which remove the water present, such as methanol, ethanol, acetone, dioxan, benzene, chloroform and the like, or dried with air, CO.sub.2, or super heatedsteam. Similarly, the moist or dry moldings can also be aftertreated by rinsing or impregnating with aqueous or non-aqueous acid, neutral or basic liquids or gases, for example, hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, formic acid, acetic acid, ammonia,amines, organic or inorganic salt solutions, lacquer solutions, solutions of polymerizable or already polymerized monomers, dye solutions, galvanizing baths, solutions of catalysts or catalyst preliminary stages, odorants and the like.
The new composite materials are particularly suitable for use as structural materials because they show tensile and compressive strength, are tough, rigid and at the same time elastic, show high permanent dimensional stability when hot and aresubstantially non-inflammable.
Thus, it is possible, for example, to produce high quality lightweight structural panels either by continuously cutting or sawing foamed blocks into corresponding panels or by foaming panels of this kind and, in particular, complicated moldingsin molds, optionally under pressure. It is also possible by adopting a suitable procedure to produce molding with an impervious outer skin.
When a technique of foaming in a mold under pressure is employed, molded parts with dense marginal zones and completely non-porous smooth surfaces can be obtained.
However, the process according to the invention is particularly suitable for in situ foaming on the building site. Thus, any types of hollow mold, of the kind made by formwork in the usual way, can be cast or filled with foam.
The reaction mixture can also be used to fill cavities, gaps, cracks, giving a very firm bond between the joined materials. Insulating internal plasters can also be readily produced by spraying on the reaction mixture.
In many cases, the materials obtained can be used instead of wood or hard-fiber boards. They can be sawed, rubbed down, planed, nailed, drilled, milled and in this way, can be worked and used in a number of different ways.
Very brittle lightweight foams of the kind which can be obtained for example by having a very high silica content or by combination with equally brittle organic polymers, can readily be converted by crushing in suitable machines into dust-finepowders which can be used for a number of different purposes as organically-modified silica fillers. Organic-modification provides effective surface interaction with polymers and, in some cases, also a certain degree of surface thermoplasticity whichmakes it possible to produce high quality molding compositions on which topochemical surface reactions can be carried out by the addition of crosslinking agents.
Fillers in the form of particulate or powdered materials can be additionally incorporated into the mixtures of organic polyisocyanates and alkali silicates for a number of applications.
Suitable fillers include solid inorganic or organic substances, for example, in the form of powders, granulate, wire, fibers, dumb bells, crystallites, spirals, rods, beads, hollow beads, foam particles, webs, pieces of woven fabric, knitfabrics, ribbons, pieces of film etc., for example, of dolomite, chalk, alumina, asbestos, basic silicas, sand, talcum, iron oxide, aluminum oxide and oxide hydrate, zeolites, calcium silicates, basalt wool or powder, glass fibers, C-fibers, graphite,carbon black, Al-, Fe-, Cu-, Ag-powder, molybdenum sulphite, steel wool, bronze or copper cloth, silicon powder, expanded clay particles, hollow glass beads, glass powder, lava and pumice particles, wood chips, sawdust, cork, cotton, straw, jute, sisal,hemp, flax, rayon, popcorn, coke, particles of filled or unfilled, foamed or unfoamed, stretched or unstretched organic polymers including plastics and rubber waste. Of the number of suitable organic polymers, the following, which can be present forexample, in the form of powders, granulate, foam particles, beads, hollow beads, foamable or unfoamed particles, fibers, ribbons, woven fabrics, webs, etc., are mentioned purely by way of example: polystyrene, polyethylene, polypropylene,polyacrylonitrile, polybutadiene, polyisoprene, polytetrafluoroethylene, aliphatic and aromatic polyesters, melamine-urea or phenol resins, polyacetal resins, polyepoxides, polyhydantoins, polyureas, polyethers, polyurethanes, polyimides, polyamides,polysulphones, polycarbonates, and of course any copolymers as well. Inorganic fillers are preferred.
Generally, the composite materials according to the invention can be filled with considerable quantities of fillers without losing their valuable property spectrum. The amount of fillers can exceed the amount of the components (a), (b) and (c). In special cases the inorganic-organic composition of the present invention acts as a binder for such fillers.
In cases where higher amounts of fillers are used it may be advisable to add water in order to obtain sufficient working properties, coarse fillers can be used in wet form, powdered fillers such as e.g. chalk, alumina, dolomite, calciumhydroxide, magnesium carbonate, calcium carbonate can be used also as an aqueous suspension.
Products of low silicate content are particularly suitable for the production of quick-hardening high quality surface coatings which show outstanding adhesion and resistance to abrasion, and for the production of elastomers of high strength andhigh modulus.
For applications such as these, it is preferred to use isocyanato-prepolymer ionomers of low isocyanate content, for example, les than 5% or even prepolymers which have masked isocyanate groups. It is possible in this way to obtain mixtures witha long pot life which can also be applied in the form of thin layers gradually hardening with time.
With isocyanates of low reactivity or (partially) masked isocyanates or isocyanates with a functionality of less than 2.1, a pasty or doughy plastic material which can be formed in any way is obtained with partial hardening, which is accompaniedby an increase in viscosity. This material can be formed and hardened at a later stage, for example, by drying in air or by heating.
Such a two-stage or multi-stage hardening process is of particular interest so far as processing as a putty, trowelling composition, gap-filling compound, mortar and the like, is concerned. In the first stage of this hardening process, forexample, there is a rapid evolution of CO.sub.2 (for example by the reaction of NCO-groups with water) which converts the inorganic-organic composite material into a plastic or thermoplastic processible form, hardening taking place in a second, slowerhardening stage, for example through the hydrolysis of a high molecular weight or low molecular weight ester.
The thermoplastic intermediate stage can also be processed by injection molding extrusion or kneading.
In many cases, these intermediate stages can also be mixed with water, organic solvents, plasticizers, extending agents, fillers, and thus modified and applied in a number of different ways.
The materials according to the invention are also suitable for use as impregnating agents for finishing fibers, for which purpose it is possible both to use completed mixtures of the organic and of the silicate component, and to apply a two-bathtreatment.
In addition, it is possible, for example by extruding the mixtures through dies or slots, to produce fibers and films which can be used for example, for the production of synthetic non-inflammable paper or for the production of webs.
The foam material according to the invention is capable either of absorbing water and/or water vapor or of affording considerable resistance to the diffusion of water and/or water vapor, depending on the composition and structure of the material.
The foam material according to the invention opens up new possibilities in the fields of underground and surface engineering and in the production of finished parts and elements.
The following are mentioned as examples of the possibilities of application: the manufacture of wall elements for prefabricated buildings, sand molds, roller shutter casings, window-sills, railroad and underground sleppers, curbstones, stairs,the filling of joints by foaming and the backfilling of ceramic tiles by foaming.
The foam material may also advantageously be used for binding gravel and marble chips, etc.; decorative panels can be obtained in this way which can be used, for example, as facades.
The invention will now be described in more detail withthe aid of examples.
Starting Materials
(A) Polyisocyanate Component
P 1: Diisocyanatodiphenylmethane is distilled from a crude phosgenation product of an aniline/formaldehyde condensate until the distillation residue has a viscosity at 25.degree. C of 400 cP. (Dinuclear content: 450.1 % by weight, trinuclearcontent: 22.3 % by weight, content in higher nuclear polyisocyanates: 32.6 % by weight) NCO content: 30 % to 31 % by weight.
P 2: The polyphenyl polymethylene polyisocyanate P 1 is sulfonated with gaseous. SO.sub.3. The polyisocyanate obtained has a sulfur content of 0.98 % by weight, NCO content of 30.2.% by weight and a viscosity at 25.degree. C of 1200 cP.
P 3: 5 parts by weight of polyisocyanate P 1 and 1 part by weight of a polyether of a molecular weight of 1145, obtained from n-butanol and ethylene oxide, are reacted to form a prepolymer which has a viscosity at 25.degree. C of 1300 cP and aNCO content of 24.6 % by weight.
(B) Silicate Component
S 1: Sodium waterglass (4 % solids, molecular weight ratio Na.sub.2 O:SiO.sub.2 = 1:2)
S 2: Silicia sol,
______________________________________ Bayer Silica Sol 100 ______________________________________ SiO.sub.2 content.sup.a) approx. 30 % Na.sub.2 O content.sup.b) approx. 0.15 % pH approx. 9.0 Density 1.20 g/cm.sup.2 Viscosity.sup.c) 2 - 3cps Specific surface area.sup.d) approx. 100m.sup.2 /g Particle size 25 - 20 millimicrons Ionicity anionic Colour milky Odour no odour ______________________________________ .sup.a) determined by drying the sol at 110.degree. C. .sup.b)determined by titration. .sup.c) determined by Haake falling ball viscometer. .sup.d) BET value, determined acc. to Brunauer, Emmett, Teller. .sup.e) content of solids, composed of silica and basic aluminium chlorid
______________________________________ S3: Silica sol, Bayer Silica Sol 200 ______________________________________ SiO.sub.2 content.sup.a) approx. 30 % Na.sub.2 O content.sup.b) approx. 0.15% pH approx. 9.0 Density 1.20 g/cm.sup.3 Viscosity.sup.c) 3 - 4 cps Specific surface area.sup.d) 140 - 180 m.sup.2 /g Particle size 15 - 20 millimicrons Ionicity anionic Colour transparent Odour no odour ______________________________________ .sup.a) determined by drying the sol at110.degree. C. .sup.b) determined by titration. .sup.c) determined by Haake falling ball viscometer. .sup.d) BET value, determined acc. to Brunauer, Emmett, Teller. .sup.e) content of solids, composed of silica and basic aluminium chloride.
______________________________________ S4: Silica Sol, Bayer Silica Sol 200 E ______________________________________ SiO.sub.2 content.sup.a) approx. 30 % Na.sub.2 O content.sup.b) approx. 0.15 % pH approx. 9.0 Density 1.20 g/cm.sup.3 Viscosity.sup.c) approx. 4 cps Specific surface area.sup.d) approx. 200 m.sup.2 /g Particle size 12-15 millimicrons Ionicity anionic Colour slightly opalescent Odour no odour ______________________________________ .sup.a) determined by drying thesol at 110.degree. C. .sup.b) determined by titration. .sup.c) determined by Haake falling ball viscometer. .sup.d) BET value, determined acc. to Brunauer, Emmett, Teller. .sup.e) content of solids, composed of silica and basic aluminium chloride.
______________________________________ S5: Silica Sol, Bayer Silica Sol 200 S ______________________________________ SiO.sub.2 content.sup.a) approx. 30 %.sup.e) Na.sub.2 O content.sup.b) -- pH approx. 3.4 Density approx. 1.20 g/cm.sup.3 Viscosity.sup.c) 2 - 3 cps Specific surface area.sup.d) 150 - 160 m.sup.2 /g Particle size 20 - 25 millimicrons Ionicity cationic Colour Slightly cloudy Odour no odour ______________________________________ .sup.a) determined by drying the sol at110.degree. C. .sup.b) determined by titration. .sup.c) determined by Haake falling ball viscometer. .sup.d) BET value, determined acc. to Brunauer, Emmett, Teller. .sup.e) content of solids, composed of silica and basic aluminium chloride.
(C) Additives
Z 1: Emulsifier, 50 % by weight aqueous solution of the sodium salt of a sulphochlorinated paraffin mixture C.sub.10 -C.sub.14
Z 2: 331/3 % by weight aqueous solution of di-ammonium-hydrogen-phosphate (NH.sub.4).sub.2 HPO.sub.4
Z 3: Amine catalyst (consisting of 75 % by weight of N,N-dimethylaminoethanol and 25 % by weight of diazabicyclooctane.
Z 4: Stabilizer (polyether polysiloxane of Example 1 of U.S. Pat. No. 3,629,390, column 12, lines 6-13).
Z 5: chlorinated paraffin
chlorine content: 62 - 64 % by weight.
viscosity: at 20.degree. C : about 40, 000 cP
The examples are shown in the following table. Each of components I and II is vigorously mixed on its own and the two components are then vigorously stirred together with a high speed stirrer and the resulting mixture is poured into a paperpacket. If additive Z 2 is used, this is added as component III directly after combination of components I and II.
t.sub.R means stirring time (mixing time of components I and II and optionally III)
t.sub.L means time period from the beginning of the mixing of the reaction components until the beginning of foaming (cream time)
t.sub.A means gel time, time period from the beginning of the mixing of the reaction components until the end of the foaming process.
All amounts are parts by weight.
The materials obtained are inorganic-organic foams which in general have a regular pore structure and which show high compression strength and excellent resistance against burning. Density and compression strength were determined one day afterpreparation of the foams.
Table 1 __________________________________________________________________________ Examples 1-8 Com- ponent Component I Component II III .THorizBrace. .THorizBrace. .THorizBrace. Trichloro Tri- Cat- Sili- Emulsi- Compression fluoro ethyl- alyst cate fier t.sub.R t.sub.L t.sub.A Density strength Ex. P 2 lime.sup.1) methane amine Z 3 S 3 Z 1 Z 2 (sec) (sec) (sec) kg/m.sup.3 (kg/cm.sup.2) __________________________________________________________________________ 1200 100 -- 3 -- 100 -- 5 20 65 140 284 44,8 2 200 100 -- 5 -- 100 -- 5 20 50 120 297 46,8 3 200 100 -- -- 2 100 -- 5 25 50 140 324 19,5 4 200 100 -- 3 -- 100 0,2 5 20 53 130 338 43,1 5 200 100 5 2 -- 100 -- 8 20 60 120 386 69,1 6 175 100 -- 3 -- 100 -- 5 20 47 80 390 63,0 7 175 100 -- 2 -- 100 0,2 -- 20 85 125 438 57,0 8 175 100 -- 2 -- 100 0,2 5 20 60 135 356 50,6 __________________________________________________________________________ .sup.1) burnt lime, CaO
These Examples are shown in the following table. The foams were prepared according to Examples 1-8 by adding the lower viscous component to the higher viscous component. Density and compression strength were determined one day after preparationof the foams which show excellent resistance against burning and are especially suitable as construction material.
Table 2 __________________________________________________________________________ Examples 9-18 Component I Component II .THorizBrace. .THorizBrace. Trichloro Den- Compression Exam- fluoro Triethyl- t.sub.R t.sub.L t.sub.A sity strength ple P 2 Z 5 methane Cement.sup.1) lime.sup.2) S 1 S 3 Z 1 amine Cement.sup.1) (sec) (sec) (sec) kg/m.sup.3 (kg/cm.sup.2) __________________________________________________________________________ 9 170 20 10 -- -- 50 100 0,2 5 -- 20 22 40 292 29,9 10 170 20 15 -- -- 50 100 0,2 4 -- 20 33 58 291 18,4 11 150 20 15 -- -- 50 100 0,2 5 -- 20 22 35 265 24,2 12 150 20 20 -- -- 75 75 0,2 3 -- 15 24 37 236 18,7 13 200 20 10 -- -- 75 75 0,2 3 -- 15 30 45 293 26,2 14150 20 20 -- -- 100 50 0,2 4 -- 15 18 20 262 31,1 15 200 20 30 -- -- 100 50 0,2 2 -- 15 35 52 128 6,6 16 200 20 30 100 -- 100 50 0,2 2 -- 20 35 60 277 25,7 17 200 20 25 -- -- 100 50 0,2 2 -- 15 33 53 157 11,7 18 200 20 25 -- 100 100 500,2 2 100 15 18 28 189 15,3 __________________________________________________________________________ .sup.1) quick-setting cement "Foundu .sup.2) burnt lime, CaO
These Examples are shown in table 3. The foams were prepared by mixing the single components for themselves in a first step. Then components II and III were added one after the other within 5 seconds to component I which ws contained in a paperpacket and stirred with a high speed stirrer. The mixing time was in general 10 - 20 seconds. The mixture was then introduced into another paper packet and allowed to foam. Density and pore structure and pore size were determined one day afterpreparation of the foam. All foams show excellent resistance against burning.
Table 3 __________________________________________________________________________ Examples 19-29 Component I .THorizBrace. Compo- Compo- Trichloro- nent II nent III Exam- fluoro- .THorizBrace. .THorizBrace. t.sub.R t.sub.L t.sub.A Density ple P 3 P 1 methane Z 4 S 1 S 3 Z 3 (sec) (sec) (sec) kg/m.sup.3 Cell structure pore size __________________________________________________________________________ 19 200 -- -- 2 -- 50 3 15 20 80 10 irregular coarse 20 200 -- --1 -- 150 5 12 30 130 43 regular coarse 21 200 -- 10 1 -- 150 5 15 40 150 39 regular coarse 22 100 100 -- 1 -- 50 3 15 35 150 11 regular coarse 23 100 100 -- 0,5 -- 30 3 10 15 120 20 regular semi fine 24 100 100 -- 1 -- 100 3 15 38200 56 regular coarse 25 200 -- 20 2 50 150 3 25 50 60 131 irregular coarse 26 200 -- -- 1 25 75 2 20 30 60 14 regular fine 27 200 -- -- 3 25 50 1 20 30 60 11 regular very fine 28 100 100 -- 5 20 40 1 20 30 60 11 irregular fine 29 100 100 -- 10 25 25 1 20 35 90 18 regular very fine __________________________________________________________________________
A mixture of 100 parts by weight of silicate component S 3 and 100 parts by weight of isocyanate component P 2 were added to a mixture consisting of 150 parts by weight of cement, 150 parts by weight of building sand (washed Rhine sand 0-3mm) and175 parts by weight of water and the entire mixture thoroughly mixed for 2 minutes by means of a high-speed stirrer. The pourable mixture was poured out to form a 20 mm thick layer, began to solidify 10 minutes later and the test specimen could beremoved from the mould after 35 minutes with the contours intact. The resultant inorganic-organic composite material could be walked on 3 hours after its production.
200 Parts by weight of silicate component S 3 were stirred within 2 minutes into a mixture of 100 parts by weight of polyisocyante P1 and 100 parts by weight of cement according to Example 30. A composition which could be spread-coated with atrowel was obtained which was spread out to form a 20 mm thick layer. After 20 minutes the composition began to solidify and 1 hour after the start of mixing it could be removed from the mould with the contours intact. After another hour theinorganic-organic composite material could be walked on.
30 Parts by weight of polyisocyanate P2 were added to a mixture consisting of 250 parts by weight of silicate component S3, 50 parts by weight of water and 40 parts by weight of cement in accordance with Example 30 and the entire mixture mixedfor 1 minute with the aid of a high-speed stirrer. A pourable composition was obtained which was poured out to form a 20 mm thick layer. It began to solidify 1 hour later and could be walked on after 3 hours.
100 Parts by weight of polyisocyanate P2 and thereafter 3.5 parts by weight of triethylamine were added to a mixture consisting of 200 parts by weight of silicate component S3 and 400 parts by weight of building sand in accordance with Example 30and the entire mixture thorougly mixed by means of a high-speed stirrer for 5 minutes and spread out to form a 20 mm thick layer. The composition began to set within the next 30 minutes, whilst its volume increased by about 5%, and had solidified threehours later to form a stone-hard, but nevertheless elastic, porous, inorganic-organic composite material.
100 parts by weight of silicate component S 2 were added to a mixture of 100 parts by weight of polyisocyanate P 2 and 100 parts by weight of cement in accordance with Example 30 and the entire mixture well mixed for 1 minute. A compositionwhich could be spread-coated with a trowel was obtained which was spread out to form a 20 mm thick layer. It began to set 50 minutes after production and had hardened after a further 2 hours to an inorganic-organic composite material which could bewalked on.
A mixture consisting of 100 parts by weight of polyisocyanate P 3 and 100 parts by weight of cement according to Example 30 were added to a mixture of 200 parts by weight of silicate component S 3 and 400 parts by weight of building sandaccording to Example 30 and the entire mixture thoroughly mixed for 1 minute by means of a high-speed stirrer. The liquid composition was poured out to form a 20 mm thick layer. After 2 minutes it began to set and 10 minutes later, whilst heating to45.degree. C, had solidified to form a stone-hard, inorganic-organic composite material.
A mixture of 100 parts by weight of polyisocyanate P 3 and 100 parts by weight of cement in accordance with Example 30 were added to a mixture of 200 parts by weight of silicate components S 4 and 400 parts by weight of building sand inaccordance with Example 30. The entire mixture was mixed for 1 minute by means of a high-speed stirrer and poured out to form a 20 mm thick layer. 1 minute later the composition began to solidify and after 3 minutes, whilst heating to 70.degree. C,had hardened to form a stone-hard, inorganic-organic composite material.
A mixture was produced corresponding to that in Example 36 with the difference that S 5 was employed as the silicate component. In contrast to Example 36, this composition was no longer pourable and had to be spread-coated with a trowel to forma 20 mm thick layer. It began to solidify after 2 minutes and 10 minutes after spread-coating, whilst heating to 55.degree. C, a stone-hard, inorganic-organic composite material had formed.
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