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My study of the Bulgarian international truck drivers is limited mainly to the Cold war period. This context defines partly the methodological perspective of the research as far as the functions of the drivers and their place of society is rather different from their place and role after 1989. One of the most challenging aspects of studying this professional group is the necessary interdisciplinary approach, which includes traditional history, history of technology, anthropology, sociology. The key notions regarding the truck drivers in this period are transnationalism, liminality, trickster, and motility. The first two are part of the contemporary social studies, including history of technology and human geography, but also anthropology. The third is an anthropological term and the last one is coined in the framework of the sociology of technology.
Adopting the history of technology paradigm, my study of the Bulgarian international truck drivers during the Cold War draws on the analytical perspective of the Tensions of Europe network, which aims at exploring the hidden European integration through the lens of technology. In their article, presenting the intellectual agenda of Tensions of Europe, Thomas Misa and Johan Schot define the hidden European integration as "an emergent outcome of a process of linking and delinking of infrastructures, as well as the circulation and appropriation of artifacts, systems and knowledge. These processes carried, shaped, flagged, and helped to maintain a sense of Europeanness, bringing out tensions in Europe and tensions about Europe. We call this "hidden integration". [1] The authors distinguish "four contested arenas where these hidden integration and fragmentation processes can be clearly appreciated: transnational infrastructures, big technological projects, the colonial relationship, and European patterns of consumption." [2]
The official and nonofficial practice of the Bulgarian international truck drivers during the Cold War are related to at least three of these "contested arenas": they used the transnational infrastructures on the territory of the whole Europe, the Middle East and the North Africa; their work can be seen and analysed as one of the mechanisms of communication and interaction between Western and Eastern Europe during the Cold War as an outcome of the construction of the large international technological project TIR (Transports Internationaux Routieres) in which the Eastern European bloc participated; and the international truck drivers were means of spreading the West European consumption patterns across the Iron curtain. In the framework of the TIR system, which covered countries on both sides of the Iron Curtain, international truck drivers developed a special role in terms of the communication, multilateral interaction and integration of Europe, during the Cold War.
Drawing on these considerations, I use as a main framework of this study the modern transnational history. This conceptual framework is especially viable inasmuch as the project aims at synthesis of transnational, local and personal aspects of the process of dynamic interrelations between different actors, practices and politics in the context of European integration. The project pay attention both to integration tendencies and tensions between factors and actors in this process. This approach also emphasises the importance of non-state actors as builders of transnational networks.
There is no consensus about what is the transnational history definition. Drawing on the "transnational nature of contemporary issues" [3], Iriye conceptualises transnational history as "the study of movements and forces that cut across national boundaries". [4] According to the Samuel Huntignton's definition, the decisive element of the transnationalism is the transnational scope of the activities ("operations in the territory of two or more nation-states") of a certain organisation or a group of people regardless its character or scale. [5] I consider the Bulgarian state transportation firm SO MAT as a company with transnational scope of activities and the international or long-distance truck drivers as a whole as a large transnational community, part of which are the Bulgarian group of the international truck drivers.
Contemporary freight companies, though not so powerful as SO MAT also could be seen as transnational actors as far as their scope of activities remains transnational and the truck drivers today are even more involved in the transnational community of long-distance drivers.
International truck drivers both before and after 1989 can be analysed in the context of transnationalism at least on three distinctive levels:
- the first level is connected with the inherent characteristic of their work – to cross boundaries. These boundaries are several: national borders; the border between the Eastern and Western European bloc; they crossed also the borders between the so called first, second and third world (macro-regional borders);
- the second level is connected with the building of transnational networks. One of the most important issues related to the practices of the international truck drivers (particularly Bulgarian ones, and especially during the Cold War) is that both at legal and illegal level, they created networks that covered the space of Eurasia;
- the third level is related to the understanding that "transnationalism" should not be considered only on material level as material links between nation-states or only as flows of people, artefacts and goods. The specific role of the international truck drivers is that they represent also the processes of political and cultural transactions of perceptions, values, stereoptypes, and ideas. Thus, it could be argued that the international truck drivers crossed also ideological and even borders of mentality.
The contemporary global circulation of people, goods (materials, machines, food) and information (images, narratives, symbols) represents a sophisticated network of "flows". This transnational network of flows could be investigated not only at a homogeneous material level (geographically expanded, materially integrated structures that cross national boundaries [6]), but also at the heterogeneous level of "legal, corporate, and political-economic elements". [7] The developing of these transnational processes in the particular context of the Bulgarian truck drivers and SO MAT research and their transnational network building, is presented by means of different approaches, among which the historical approach I use here is in the frames of the use-centred history of technology instead of an innovation-centred history of technology. [8] This framework is used to show how some national (state and non-state) actors built transnational networks during the Cold war that overcame the Iron curtain and to stress the importance of the technology in this process. These transnational structures are seen as one of the instruments of the hidden European integration.
The Tension of Europe network explicitly highlights the relevance of these processes for the better understanding of contemporary Europe. My study of actors that have been up to date rather neglected in the literature provides insight into the dynamics and tensions between state policy and nonofficial (everyday) practices, national and transnational mediation process, and linking and delinking factors and processes.
I argue further that socialist international truck drivers during the Cold War should be considered as a liminal group: as occupying an ambivalent and in between position between the separated by the Wall worlds; as people which daily routines included crossing state borders, transgressing law and moral boundaries and trespassing political and ideological frontiers; and finally as a group with a liminal social status in the framework of the larger socio-political hierarchy. [9] The liminality of the group emanated predominantly from Cold War border regulations and policies within the context of limited opportunities for crossing the Iron Curtain [10] by ordinary people, objects and information.
The Hungarian anthropologist Ferenc Hammer also pointed out that the long distance drivers were a liminal group, in his very interesting and informative article "A Gasoline Scented Sindbad". [11] However, Hammer explores the artistic and journalistic representations of the truck drivers [12] rather than the practice and role of the truckers themselves during the Cold War. His reason behind this choice is that "cultural analysis of everyday life is a rather hopeless enterprise" [13], but the article shows one more, methodological reason: the author uses predominantly the term liminoid for the mass perception of the drivers, following Victor Turner's differentiation between liminoid and liminal, in which liminoid is related to artistic representations such as "books, plays, paintings, films", and to the context of the "large-scale industrial societies" [14] while "liminal" is reserved only for the context of rituals and the traditional societies. Consequently, when Hammer claims right from the beginning that the drivers transgress any kind of borders [15], this transgressing is applied to the drivers' "(ill-) fame", but not to the actual border crossing issues or the drivers' road experience, except for the "heroic" truckers' road narrative found in the published interviews with Hungarian truckers. [16]
This essay aims to discuss further the socialist international truck drivers as a liminal group, stemming from two basic considerations: The first one is that both roads and borders, which constitute the essence of the international truck drivers' identity, practices and status, should be considered as classical liminal spaces; and the second is that the notion of liminality should be used as an independent analytical concept, not directly related to the ritual context. [17]
Liminality Revisited
The socialist international truck drivers' liminality during the Cold War is analysed here in the context of first, the transnational European road network (understood here as a "human-made, materially integrated structure that cross national borders" [18] as well as number of institutions and regimes functioning beyond the national level [19]) which are also considered "liminal"; and second, in the context of the truck drivers' practices – mainly their mobile life (the inhabiting the space between two fixed points [20]) and border crossing.
Turner himself started the theoretical reassessment of the scope and applicability of the term "liminality". Although, following van Gennep he defines liminality as "a phase in a processual structure of a rite of passage" [21] in his desire to apply the term to modernity, he also claims that "…with the increasing specialization of society and culture, with progressive complexity in the social division of labor […] Transition has here become a permanent condition." [22] The Hungarian sociologist Arpad Szakolczai finds this "permanent liminality" "paradoxical, if not contradiction in terms" [23], but still he applies the concept for constructing three specific "permanent" liminal phenomena – the monastery, the court and the soviet regimes. [24]
In a similar manner, following Turner, most of the recent research about liminality attempts for revising the Turner's concept of liminality to the extent modernity itself to be defined as liminal. [25] Simultaneously, and rather paradoxically, the "reforming" research (even these, related to space) fail to overcome the framework of processual, temporal understanding of the term.
In other words, while van Gennep maintains a relative balance in his concept of rites of passage between time and space passage ("… a change of social categories involves a change of residence, and this fact is expresses by the rites of passage in their various forms" [26]) both Turnerian and the post-Turnerian interpretations of liminality privilege the temporal dimension of it. [27] Thus, the spatial transition and the in-between zones, from which van Gennep borrowed the term [28] (or the so called by him "territorial passage" [29]) is bracketed or just neglected.
The state border is one of such spaces presented by van Gennep as liminal. [30] Yet, there is one more important in-between space, related to frontiers, considered by him – he calls it "neutral zones": "The neutral zones are ordinarily deserts, marshes, and most frequently virgin forests where everyone has full right to travel and hunt." [31] Furthermore, he noted that the border signs were placed "only at points of passage, on paths and at crossroads" [32], i.e. he thought the function of the borders only together with the ways/places of their crossing, together with the paths and the roads.
Furthermore, van Gennep considers not only the space, but also travel as a territorial and simultaneously ritual passage. [33] Talking about travel, however, he focuses on separation and incorporation phases of the process and skips the middle (the liminal) one – the travel itself, or reduces it to 'waiting' [34], or to the point of departure and the point of arrival. The traveling between them thus turns into condition (negatively described) where the traveler is not already here, but is not yet there. This sedentary perspective is one of the reasons why the poststructuralist attempts to emphasise spatial dimensions of liminality fails to address the space of the road and the process of traveling and focus on destination, on specific places "we go to" [35] or even transform (or practically annihilate) the space of motorway into a "non-place". [36]
The transnational European road network bore during the Cold War similar characteristics as the above mentioned "neutral zones" as far as it turned into a space between the blocs, where all parties had "full right" to travel and trade, and therefore, like borders and neutral "strips", should also be considered "liminal". The liminality of this transnational road network however, is not given and even more – neutral. Since 1949, mainly under the auspices of ECE (Economic Commission of Europe), several large scale international agreements, conventions and regulations [37] were coined for creating an environment and a particular transnational regime, which made possible the intensive interaction and exchange between different actors, political regimes, and between the rival blocs. The rules defined by these agreements were compulsory for the states party of the treaties and were crucial for the development of the international transport. Thus, the European transnational road system turned into a space between (and trans-) the two blocs, where various actors from the First, Second or Third world could travel in all possible directions and with different, often conflicting goals and objectives. The transnational road network was transformed into a specific and differently structured space betwixt and between, [38] with specific rules and organization, where ongoing circulation of people, goods, and information took place related to all aspects of the complex nature of the Cold war.
The international conventions however, were one of the factors, shaping the road-border space into a corridor between worlds. [39] The other crucial factor was the social practices related to it [40] – the roads at that period turned into a highly contested space, being used for peaceful exchange and for the weapon's transfer, for high level and large scale contraband and petty trade and smuggling, for intelligence operations and technological and ideological competition. One of the actors, playing an important role in shaping the meaning, use, and functions of this structure [41] were the transnational transport companies and the international truck drivers. The truckers were not just the emblematic inhabitants of the roads, [42] they were involved in all listed above transnational, legal and illegal flows and practices. And one last consideration about the liminal character and status of the truck drivers is important to be outlined – the context of the Cold war. Arpad Szakolczai notes that the "[s]ituations that are liminal in more than one way" produce a particularly strong effect. [43] So, the liminality of the truck drivers is further enhanced by the liminality of the Cold war itself, if following Turner we accept that all wars are transitional periods and are, consequently – liminal. [44]
The group of the international truck drivers and their activities, and the transnational road system in the post-Cold War era should also be seen and studied in the context of liminality, though their liminal status is not enhanced with the additional ambivalence of the Cold War conflicts and ideological separation. Still, though trickster is a key defining notion for the socialist truck drivers, I do not think it could be applied the same way to the contemporary truckers. The concept of motility, on the other hand, accepted as the connection between the social mobility and spatial mobility, is relatively useful for the current international truck drivers, but it seems rather peripheral for the Stop and Go research project, so, I consider it as a conceptual tool mainly for studying the truck drivers in the context of the Cold War.
LiteratureAndrews, Hazel, and Les Roberts, eds. Liminal Landscapes: Travel, Experience and Spaces In-between. Oxon, New York: Routledge, 2012. Auge, Marc. Non-Places. Introduction to an Anthropology of Supermodernity. London, New York: Verso, 2005. Badenoch, Alexander, and Andreas Fickers. "Introduction. Europe Materializing? Toward a Transnational History of European Infrastructures." In Materializing Europe. Transnational Infrastructure and the Project of Europe, edited by Alexander Badenoch and Andreas Fickers, 1-23. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010. Bhabha, Homi K. The Location of Culture. London, New York: Routledge, 1994. Castells, Manuel. The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture vol. 1: The Rise of the Network Society. Oxford: Blackwell, 2010. Deleuze, Gilles, and Felix Guattari. A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia. Minneapolis, London: Minnesota University Press, 2005. Edgerton, David. The Shock of the Old. Technology and Global History since 1900. London: Profile books, 2006. Edwards, Paul. "Infrastructure and Modernity: Force, Time and Social Organisation in the History of Sociotechnical Systems." Modernity and Technology, ed. By Thomas Misa, Philip Brey, and Andrew Feenberg, Cambridgre, Mass.: MIT Press, 2003. Ferrier, J. P. Karavan Jurneys and Wanderings in Persia, Afganistan, Turkistan, and Beloochistan with Historical Notices of the Countries Lying between Russia and India. London: John Murray, 1856. Gennep, Arnold van. The Rites of Passage. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1960. Hammer, Ferenc. "A Gasoline Scented Sindbad: The Truck Driver as a Popular Hero in Socialist Hungary." Cultural Studies 16, no. 1 (2002): 80-126. Heidegger, Martin. Basic Writings. Ten Key Essays Plus Introduction to Being and Time, edited by David Krell. San Francisco: Harper Collins, 1993. Huntington, Samuel. "Transnational Organizations in World Politics." World politics 25, no. 3 (1973): 333-68. Iriye, Akira. Global Community. The Role of International Organizations in the Making of the Contemporary World. Berkley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press, 2002. ———. "Transnational History." Contemporary European History 13, no 2 (2004): 211-22. Klapcsik, Sandor Liminality in Fantastic Fiction: A Poststructuralist Approach. McFarland & Company, 2012. Leerssen, Joep. "Imagology: History and Method." In Imagology: The Cultural Construction and Literary Representation of National Characters. A Critical Survey, edited by Manfred Beller and Joep Leerssen (Studia Imagologica 13): 17-32. Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, 2007. Merriman, Peter. "Driving Places. Marc Auge, Non-places, and the Geographies of England's M1 Motorway." In Automobilities, edited by Mike Featherstone, Nigel Thrift, and John Urry, 145-167. London, Thousand Oaks, New Delhi: Sage Publications, 2005. Misa, Thomas, and Johan Schot. "Inventing Europe: Technology and the Hidden Integration of Europe." History and Technology 21, no. 1 (2005): 1-20. Peteri, Gyorgy. "Nylon Curtain – Transnational and Transsystemic Tendencies in the Cultural Life of State – Socialist Russia and East-Central Europe." Slavonica, 10, no 2 (2004): 113-123. Pritchard, Annette, and Nigel Morgan. "Hotel Babylon? Exploring hotels as liminal sites of transgression and transition." Tourism Management, 27, no 5 (2006): 762-772. Spufford, Margaret. "The Pedlar, the Historian and the Folklorist: Seventeenth Century Communications." Folklore 105 (1994): 13-24. Szakolczai, Arpad. "Liminality and Experience: Structuring Transitory Situations and Transformative Events." International Political Anthropology, 2, no 1 (2009): 141-172. ———. Reflexive Historical Sociology. London, New York: Routledge, 2000. Thomassen, Bjørn. "Notes Towards an Anthropology of Political Revolutions." Comparative Studies in Society and History 54, no. 3 (2012): 679-706. ———. "Revisiting Liminality: The Danger of Empty Spaces." In Liminal Landscapes: Travel, Experience and Spaces In-between, edited by Hazel Andrews and Les Roberts, 21-35. Oxon, New York: Routledge, 2012. Turner, Victor. "Liminal to Liminoid, in Play, Flow, and Ritual. An Essay in Comparative Symbology." The Rice University Studies, 60, no. 3 (3) (1974-07): 53-92. ———. The Ritual Process. Structure and Anti-Structure. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1991. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE), Summary List of International UNECE Transport Agreements and Conventions: http://www.unece.org/trans/conventn/legalinst.html. Urry, John. "The Sociology of Tourism." In Classic Reviews in Tourism, edited by Chris Cooper, 9-21. Clevedon: Channel View Publications, 2003. Vleuten, Erik van der, and Arne Kaijser. "Prologue and Introduction. Transnational Network and the Shaping of Contemporary Europe." In Networking Europe. Transnational Infrastructures and the Shaping of Europe, 1850-2000, edited by Erik van der Vleuten and Arne Kaijser, 1-22. Sagamore Beach: Science History Publication, 2006.
- Thomas Misa and Johan Schot, "Inventing Europe: Technology and the Hidden Integration of Europe," History and Technology 21, no. 1 (2005). 1. ↩
- Ibid. 11. ↩
- Akira Iriye, Global Community. The Role of International Organizations in the Making of the Contemporary World (Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press, 2002).198 ↩
- ———, "Transnational History," Contemporary European History 13, no. 2 (2004). 3 ↩
- Samuel Huntington, "Transnational Organizations in World Politics," World politics 25, no. 3 (1973). 336. ↩
- Erik van der Vleuten and Arne Kaijser, "Prologue and Introduction. Transnational Network and the Shaping of Contemporary Europe," in Networking Europe. Transnational Infrastructures and the Shaping of Europe, 1850-2000, ed. Erik van der Vleuten and Arne Kaijser (Sagamore Beach: Science History Publication, 2006), 25. ↩
- Paul Edwards, "Infrastructure and Modernity: Force, Time, and Social Organisation in the History of Sociotechnical Systems," in Modernity and Technology, ed. Thomas J. Misa, Philip Brey, and Andrew Feenberg (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2003). 199. ↩
- David Edgerton, The Shock of the Old. Technology and Global History since 1900 (London: Profile books, 2006). xi ↩
- Victor Turner, The Ritual Process. Structure and Anti-Structure (Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1991), 95; 107; Bjørn Thomassen, "Notes Towards an Anthropology of Political Revolutions," Comparative Studies in Society and History 54, no. 3 (2012): 687-688. ↩
- Although explicitly connected to the transnational crossing borders of people, information and goods across the Wall, the term "Nylon Curtain", coined by Gyorgy Peteri, is somehow problematic. It emphasizes the contacts between the separated worlds, but his perspectives is rather elitist and fails to address the questions – for whom the curtain was Iron and to whom was Nylon and to what extent the borders between the rival blocs were experienced differently from the different groups of people. Thus, considering the everyday experience of ordinary people from socialist countries, I prefer the term Iron Curtain as more capable of capturing the ambivalence of both the rigidness and the permeability of the borders during the Cold War. See Gyorgy Peteri, "Nylon Curtain – Transnational and Transsystemic Tendencies in the Cultural Life of State – Socialist Russia and East-Central Europe," Slavonica 10, no. 2 (2004). ↩
- Ferenc Hammer, "A Gasoline Scented Sindbad: The Truck Driver as a Popular Hero in Socialist Hungary," Cultural Studies 16, no. 1 (2002): 80-84, 92, 94, 104, 120. ↩
- Hammer, "A Gasoline Scented Sindbad: The Truck Driver as a Popular Hero in Socialist Hungary." 89-90. ↩
- Ibid.," 89 ↩
- Victor Turner, "Liminal to Liminoid, in Play, Flow, and Ritual. An Essay in Comparative Symbology," The Rice University Studies 60, no. 3 (3) (1974-07) 86. ↩
- Hammer, "A Gasoline Scented Sindbad: The Truck Driver as a Popular Hero in Socialist Hungary." 80. ↩
- Ibid.," 99-103. ↩
- According to Arpad Szakolczai, "…it is necessary to extend the concept of "liminality" from its narrow meaning as the middle phase in rites of passage into a general concept. […] It will be argued that this concept is potentially one of the most general and useful terms of social science, and is comparable to the familiar concepts of structure, order and institution": Arpad Szakolczai, Reflexive Historical Sociology (London and New York: Routledge, 2000), 210. ↩
- Vleuten and Arne Kaijser, "Prologue and Introduction. Transnational Network and the Shaping of Contemporary Europe," in Networking Europe. Transnational Infrastructures and the Shaping of Europe, 1850-2000, 6. ↩
- Alexander Badenoch and Andreas Fickers, "Introduction. Europe Materializing? Toward a Transnational History of European Infrastructures," in Materializing Europe. Transnational Infrastructure and the Project of Europe, ed. Alexander Badenoch and Andreas Fickers (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010), 2. ↩
- Sandor Klapcsik, Liminality in Fantastic Fiction: A Poststructuralist Approach (McFarland & Company, 2012), 18-19; Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari, A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia (Minneapolis, London: Minnesota University Press, 2005), 380. ↩
- Turner, "Liminal to Liminoid," 62. ↩
- Turner, The Ritual Process, 107. ↩
- Szakoczai, Reflexive Historical Sociology, 211 ↩
- Ibid., 214. ↩
- Homi K. Bhabha, The Location of Culture (London and New York: Routledge, 1994), 140. ↩
- Arnold van Gennep, The Rites of Passage (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1960), 192. ↩
- Bjorn Thomassen, "Revisiting Liminality: The Danger of Empty Spaces," in Liminal Landscapes: Travel, Experience and Spaces In-between, ed. Hazel Andrews and Les Roberts (Oxon and New York: Routledge, 2012), 24. ↩
- According to van Gennep: "It is this situation which I have designated a transition, and one of the purposes of this book is to demonstrate that this symbolic and spatial area of transition may be found in more or less pronounced form in all the ceremonies which accompany the passage from one social and magic-religious position to another." Gennep, The Rites of Passage. 18. ↩
- Ibid., 15. ↩
- Ibid. ↩
- Ibid., 18. ↩
- Ibid., 17. ↩
- Ibid., 35-37. ↩
- Ibid., 25: "In order to understand rites pertaining to the threshold, one should always remember that […] most of these rites should be understood as direct and physical rites of entrance, of waiting, and of departure – that is, as rites of passage." ↩
- Thomassen, "Revisiting Liminality," 21. See also: Hazel Andrews and Les Roberts, eds., Liminal Landscapes: Travel, Experience and Spaces In-between (Oxon, New York: Routledge, 2012); Annette Pritchard and Nigel Morgan, "Hotel Babylon? Exploring hotels as liminal sites of transgression and transition," Tourism Management 27, no. 5 (2005); John Urry, "The Sociology of Tourism," in Classic Reviews in Tourism, ed. Chris Cooper (Clevedon: Channel View Publications, 2003). ↩
- Marc Auge, Non-Places. Introduction to an Anthropology of Supermodernity (London and New York: Verso, 2005), 86. See more detailed critic of Auge in Peter Merriman, "Driving Places. Marc Auge, Non-places, and the Geographies of England's M1 Motorway," in Automobilities, ed. Mike Featherstone, Nigel Thrift, and John Urry (London, Thousand Oaks, New Delhi: Sage Publications, 2005), 145-167. While criticizing Auge, Merriman questions also the discourse of the "transit places" as liminal, but in this case, following the criticized authors, he again thinks the liminal place as something, which is "nowhere" (p. 152), while to be in-between does not mean to be nowhere, but exactly in-between. ↩
- For detailed list of the UNECE transport agreements and conventions and the dates they were created see: United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE), Summary List of International UNECE Transport Agreements and Conventions http://www.unece.org/trans/conventn/legalinst.html, assessed June 15, 2013. Among the most important UNECE conventions regulating the road transport were AGR – European agreement on international highways and the E-roads numbering system of UNECE; AETR – a collection of instructions for safety and regulation of the labour time of the international truck drivers; ADR convention – European Agreement concerning the international carriage of dangerous goods by road; ATP – convention on international carriage of perishable foodstuffs and about the special vehicles for this transportation. But one of the most important agreements for international road transport was the TIR convention (the UNECE Customs Convention on the International Transport of Goods under Cover of TIR Carnets). The convention simplified, unified and harmonised all customs formalities in such a way so that the trucks would be able to cross the borders sealed at the point of departure, without further inspection the freight. The main goal of this customs convention was to unify the customs procedures, to facilitate the transit road transportation and trade and to block the possibilities of contraband activities. ↩
- Badenoch and Fickers, "Introduction. Europe Materializing? Toward a Transnational History of European Infrastructures." 12. ↩
- Gennep, The Rites of Passage. 26. ↩
- Manuel Castells, The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture vol. 1: The Rise of the Network Society (Oxford: Blackwell, 2010), 441. ↩
- Badenoch and Fickers, "Introduction. Europe Materializing? Toward a Transnational History of European Infrastructures." 12. ↩
- Martin Heidegger, Basic Writings. Ten Key Essays Plus Introduction to Being and Time, ed. David Krell (San Francisco: Harper Collins, 1993), 347. ↩
- Arpad Szakolczai, "Liminality and Experience: Structuring Transitory Situations and Transformative Events," International Political Anthropology 2, no. 1 (2009): 159. ↩
- Arpad Szakolcazai, Reflexive Historical Sociology (London and New York: Routledge, 2000), 214. ↩


text:
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
I graduated with a B.Sc. in Electrical Engineering and Math Minor from Texas A&M University in 2011. After graduation I joined P+Z Engineering in Munich, Germany as an Electrical Engineer and worked for 3 years on the development of mild-hybrid electric machines at BMW. In 2014, I pursued my M.Sc. in Electrical Engineering at KAUST and rolled over into the PhD program in 2016. My primary research interest is in object detection and tracking, especially from Unmanned Aerial Vehicles. In general, I'm interested in computer vision and machine learning including its applications in robotics.
Master of Science in Electrical Engineering, Track: Systems, Computer Vision, 2016
King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)
Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering with Math Minor, 2011
Texas A&M University


text:
Alta baseball misses the postseason in 2017
May 25, 2017 04:33PM ● Published by Billy Swartzfager
An Alta pitcher looks toward third in the 2017 season's final game. (Billy Swartzfager/City Journals)
Gallery: Alta baseball misses the postseason in 2017 [2 Images] Click any image to expand.
The Alta baseball team didn't have the greatest season; in fact, it was pretty rough. The Hawks finished the year with a 5-18 overall record, the good thing about that being that all five wins were over teams in their region. Their record was 5-9 in region play, good enough for sixth place, ensuring that Alta wouldn't suit up for the state tournament. Last season, Alta barely made it into postseason play with a 7-11 record, good enough for a four seed in the tournament. The Hawks lost their first two games in last year's finale.
Alta had a bit of trouble scoring runs through the early part of the season, turning less than three per game. The Hawks started the year against Juan Diego on March 10 with a loss, 4-1. Their following two games were on the road. Alta lost at Copper Hills on March 13, 3-1 and at Cottonwood on March 16, 11-1. Alta logged its first win against Orem on March 29, 4-2, and followed that with another win over Orem, this time as the visitor, on March 31, 10-6.
Alta lost the first two games it played in April to a tough Timpanogos squad. The Hawks fell 9-2 on April 3 and 11-1 on April 4. Alta then took a break from all of the region action and traveled to Las Vegas for the annual Bishop Gorman Desert Classic. The tournament was held this year April 15–18. Alta didn't win a game in Las Vegas, leaving Nevada with a 0-3 record. Back in Utah, Alta continued its tough trek toward the end of the season. The Hawks lost two games to Skyridge and followed that with a pair of losses to Corner Canyon. Alta did finish April with a pair of wins over Timpview. Alta won on April 25, 11-1, and again on April 27, 11-1.
The regular season came to an end on May 9. The Hawks started the final stretch with two games against Provo. Alta lost the first game on May 2, 7-5, and the second as well on May 4, 5-3. Alta did get their fifth win, though. Alta finished the year with a pair of games against Mountain View. Alta won the first game of the two on May 8, 9-5, but lost the final game of the year May 9, 11-3.
However, the team got a lot of quality performances throughout the season. Team captain and senior McKay Dowdell, who pitched, played first base and outfield, led the team in stolen bases and RBI, while tying for the lead in home runs. Another senior, and also a captain, Cade Butterfield, led the squad in earned run average (ERA) on the mound and also swatted a couple home runs for a share of the team lead. Butterfield pitched and played in the infield. Senior catcher Same Martinez led the group in batting average and also spent time chewing up innings on the mound. Freshman Brant Butterfield led the team in innings pitches as well as logging the second lowest ERA on the team for 2017.


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Jonathan Ive at the Design MuseumFriday, October 29th, 2004
Q: How do you make a world beating iconic product and thereby revive the fortunes of your $2 billion loss making computer company ?
A: Hire a visionary designer who can align himself almost completely with your founding values and give him the freedom to pursue his belief that simplicity is not a style but is designed into a product from the ground up.
Jonathan Ive at the recent launch of the U2 ipod special editon was dubbed by Bono, "ipod Johnny". More formally, Vice President of Industrial Design at Apple Computer, Jonathan Ive is the man who has developed a swathe of highly engineered products that are clean, pure and simple to use. A Dieter Rams for the new century, Ive has already had an enormous influence on product design as everything from pens to the BBC news studio takes on glowing translucency and aluminium detailing.
He joined Apple in 1992 and said that he felt at the time that the company had "lost it's sense of identity". Work had begun on the original imac before the return of legendary Apple founder, Steve Jobs but Ive dispelled the urban myth that Jobs simply arrived and demothballed the radical design for the imac. No doubt though, the imac was a survive or die product for Apple.
It was very interesting to hear Ive talking about his work. Not least because he doesn't do it very often. His last similar public event was seven years ago and he'd requested that this one be kept informal – the Q&A style suiting his low key approach. Describing his design rationale at Apple, it emerged that strong attention to every last detail is key. He obviously feels passionately about the values of the company and revealed that projects have no formal design brief. The guiding principal is 'making products better'. Ive talked about Apple as not just an opportunistic company or a purveyor of technology for its own sake. The simplification of Apple products he described as, "teetering on naive – almost unfinished" – the same might be said of their business philosophy. The goal of the company, he claimed, is "not to make money". The belief is that striving for the best products will create the desire for them and the profit.
Unconventional it may be but it's hard to argue when you look at the sales figures.
During the meeting Ive was at his most animated when talking about his geeky obsession with product features that nobody will ever know about such as the clutch mechanism controlling the opening of the display on the 17″ Powerbook. Designer Dick Powell, who was in the audience, enthused about the disappearing latch hook on the Powerbook and Ive took the first of many opportunities to tell us how, "we had to work really really hard on that – spent hours and hours and hours on it". What marks out Apple products is this obsession with quality and detail. Mac afficionados will tell you how the total integration of products from their operating system through to the design of the power switch gives them a coherence and integrity. Ive's take on this was enlightening, "its the whole experience of the product not just the way it looks". Every last detail of the user experience is considered. He talked again and again about 'focus and caring'. Focussing on what was essential to achieving the vision for a product and caring fully about every aspect of it's design. Allusions to an iterative cycle of 'throwing away and starting again' gave a clue about the zeal with which Ive's quest to 'get design out of the way' is pursued.
Unexpectedly beefy in appearance, his jeans, sneakers n stubble consistent with his lack of formality. He confessed to finding computers intrinsically uninteresting. Feels comfortable with designing small products as opposed to larger items and lamented the lack of general quality in mass market industrial design, "there's not a lot of really nice stuff".
Design heroes were few but he commented that the current Marc Newson exhibition was irritatingly good – particularly admiring Newson's cellphone design. He dealt good humouredly with the inevitable inane questions – "Is the ipod masculine or feminine ?" [ A: "It's a music player"]. And for a resident of California did not seem too hung up on the ethical aspects of his job. Ive just appears to be wholly captivated by his role and the opportunity it provides him to 'make some really nice stuff'. It was good to see him in person and understand that he's rounded, grounded and the kind of bloke you would meet in the pub and not guess he was a superstar designer.
The prospect of a 2 button Apple mouse, though, was not up for discussion.


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Wolverine's Apocalypse, Agent Carter Casting, Iron Fist Movie & More! - Marvel Movie News - Ep. 67
PopcornTalkPublished: July 25, 2016Updated: September 28, 2016
Published: July 25, 2016Updated: September 28, 2016
The PopcornTalk Network proudly presents Marvel News from Marvel Fans! In this vodcast series hosts Matt Key, Meredith Placko, and Coy Jandreau break all the new Marvel news down!
This week, the team discusses the X-Men Age of Apocalypse reshoots, Agent Carter casting, Deadpool's existence in the X


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Reaper's Skull embroidered onto an adjustable dad cap
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Buyers are responsible for return shipping costs. If the item is not returned in its original condition, the buyer is responsible for any loss in value.


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I was looking for something different to try with the Garlic Cheddar Chicken, so I dug up a recipe for Oven Roasted Potatoes, and tweaked it, making it my own. Man, these came out good. I should have tried this A LONG TIME ago! My kids weren't much for eating them (maybe if I shaped them more like fries?), but my husband really liked them.
- 1 env. onion soup mix
- 3 lbs. small red potatoes (or new potatoes), cut in lg. chunks
- 1/3 c. extra virgin olive oil
- 1/4 tsp parsley
- 1/4 tsp Mrs Dash Onion and Herb Seasoning
- 1/4 tsp McCormick veggie seasoning
- 1/8 tsp salt
- 1/4 tsp ground black pepper
2. In a plastic bag, combine all ingredients. Close bag and shake until potatoes are evenly coated. Empty potatoes into shallow baking dish or roasting pan; discard bag.
3. Bake for 40 minutes or until potatoes are tender and golden brown.
**Note: I made this with the Garlic Cheddar Chicken, which bakes at 350, so I preheated the over to 450 and put the potatoes in. I let them bake for about 20 minutes while I prepped the chicken, and then decreased the oven temp to 350 and baked both the chicken and potatoes for 35 minutes.


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Things to do in the Cotswolds
From exploring picture perfect villages to visiting ancient castles, there are endless things to do in the Cotswolds. Whether you're planning a family break, romantic escape or a festive stay, we can point you in the right direction with our suggestions for the best places to visit in the Cotswolds.
Activities in the Cotswolds
Owing to the breathtaking scenery and idyllic country roads and trails, the area is perfect for exploring, either on foot or by bicycle. With such a wide selection of dog friendly hotels in the Cotswolds, there's no need to leave your four legged friend behind.
The Cotswold Way is a wonderful trail that reaches from Bath to Chipping Campden, taking in some of the best sites along the way. Depending on how far you would like to travel, you can discover pretty churches, villages and historic houses.
Cotswolds Attractions
Highgrove Gardens is the pride and joy of the Prince of Wales. These stunningly beautiful gardens simply can't be missed when you're visiting the area. Set among acres of unspoilt countryside in Tetbury, there are several wonderful components such as The Kitchen Garden, and The Highgrove Meadow, each filled with sweet smelling flowers and herbs.
Tewkesbury Heritage and Visitor Centre
Within the 17th century building you can learn about the history of the region, from the War of the Roses to the Civil War. There are also plenty of organised activities perfect for a family day out.
Secret Cottage Tour
Take a magical tour of the villages in the Cotswolds and enjoy cream tea in the Secret Cottage. This is a great way to see traditional thatched cottages, winding lanes and beautiful countryside.
Other popular tourist attractions include Cirencester's Corinium Museum, where you can learn about Roman history. If shopping's more your thing, head to one of the many farmers' markets.
Horse racing is a favourite pastime in the Cotswolds. World-famous, the Cheltenham Festival takes place right on the doorstep of the Cotswolds, and the atmosphere here is truly amazing.
Some of the best places to visit in the Cotswolds include Broadway, Bath, Castle Combe, Barnsley and Tetbury.
Spas in the Cotswolds
If you're after a little more 'me time', stay in a hotel with its very own spa. Indulge in treatments and make use of the excellent facilities, where you'll get to enjoy hydrotherapy pools, mood enhancing thermal suites, outdoor heated swimming pools, champagne nail bars, hot tubs and more.
on and updated on


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Carter County and Elizabethton is surrounded by the natural beauty of the Cherokee National Forest, Appalachian Trail and the Watauga Lake giving the area a description of "Naturally Nice."
The Watauga River and Doe River converge in the City of Elizabethton and run along side the historic Sycamore Shoal State Park. It doesn't matter what recreational activity you are looking for, chances are it is here in Carter County. Rafting, fishing, and hiking is available for outdoor activities in many locations around the county.
Friendly people welcome visitors into the area to witness the beauty that makes everyone here refer to Elizabethton and Carter County as home. If you stay long enough, you will be tempted to call the area home too.
Need more info?
Please visit the Elizabethton/Carter County Tourism website for more information about events and activities in our area. You can also connect with them via Carter County Tourism Council on Facebook or contact Ms. Kayla Carter – Tourism Coordinator directly at (423) 547-3852 or by email at firstname.lastname@example.com to request a Tennessee Mountain Playground visitor and relocation guide.


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Everel in the World
Everel Group has its registered offices in Italy (Valeggio sul Mincio – Verona) and consists of two divisions focused on specific appliance markets.
Everel Group has production units and commercial branches in Germany and Romania. It provides work for 600 people. The Italian offices and the commercial branches permit Everel a global presence in the market, the result of its dense network of agents and distributors who ensure rapid and immediate responses to customers' requests. The production units operate in synergy to ensure qualitatively perfect products.
Support activities are managed globally in a unified manner throughout the Group at the principal offices of Valeggio sul Mincio: a single technical office and a single commercial network aimed at ongoing improvement of operative efficiency in all production units, as well as a significant increase in commercial effectiveness and market presence.


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Doctor insights on:
Can Hypnosis Help Spasmodic Dysphonia
Can hypnotherapy help relieve the symptoms of spasmodic dysphonia?
Doubtful: I am unaware of any study showing improvement. ...Read more
Hypnosis (Definition)
Hypnosis has been shown in some studies to help with nausea and vomiting. The term "hypnosis" comes from the Greek word hypnos, meaning "sleep." Hypnotherapists use exercises that bring about deep relaxation and an altered state of consciousness, also known as a trance. A person in a deeply focused state is unusually responsive to an idea or image, but this does not mean that a hypnotist can control the person's mind and free will. On the contrary, hypnosis can actually teach people how to master their own states of awareness. By doing so they can affect their own bodily ...Read more
Would you be able to cough normally if you have Spasmodic Dysphonia diagnosis? I have strangled voice with breathiness but normal cough?
Dysphonia: It is mostly about the breath and posture to produce a normal voice sound with dysphonia. There may not be coughing with this disorder. Drinking fluids daily is also important to keep vocal cords healthy/hydrated. With time, this can improve. Welcome to health tap, Dr. Ivy Fisher ...Read more
What effect would Botox have on normal vocal cords/voice in the case of misdiagnosed Spasmodic Dysphonia - No effect?
Botox: Complications of the procedure can be soft, hoarse voice, difficulty swallowing, weak cough, high pitched voice, recurrent symptoms or no response. ...Read more
Is botox effective for spasmodic dysphonia?
Yes: Botox is the leading treatment for spasmodic dysphonia. It is a temporary treatment that lasts 3-4 months but has been effectively used for 20+ years. ...Read more
How to cure naturally spasmodic dysphonia without botox or surgery?
Therapy: Speech therapy with biofeedback may help.Get a more detailed answer ›
Can botox treat my spasmodic dysphonia? I have been diagnosed with spasmodic dysphonia. This causes spasms in my vocal cords and I have been told that botox can improve this. Is this true? .
Yes, it can: Botox injections are very effective treatment for spasmodic dysphonia, which should be performed by an experienced ENT specialist. ...Read more
Is there a cure for spasmodic dysphonia?
Control yes: Botox has been show to cause months of improvement in patients with spasmodic dysphonia. It can be repeated as needed. Other treatments are available. You need to find an ENT who specializes in voice disorders. ...Read more
Is getting botox helpful for spasmodic dysphonia?
Yes: Yes- see a laryngologist (subspecialist in ent) experienced in Botox injections. ...Read more
Does botox work for people with spasmodic dysphonia?
Yes: Botox injections into the vocal cords to treat spasmodic dysphonia can be effective but this is an off label treatment that should only be performed by an ENT specialist who is very experienced in this kind of treatment. The vocal cords are close to your swallowing muscles and misplacement of the product could result in swallowing difficulties. Treatments need to be repeated every 10-12 weeks. ...Read more
When you have spasmodic dysphonia, can people understand you when you talk?
Spasmodic dysphonia: Voice sounds strained, strangulated, Depends on severity of SD. Can be understood however will lack fluency. Usually treated with Botox injections into vocal cord. Some patients opt for recurrent laryngeal nerve section. Voice therapy does not help much, must use constant high pitch. If it you, there are support group in nearly every community. Can also contact the National SD Society. ...Read more
What's spasmodic dysphonia?
NOT stuttering: Sd, spasmodic dysphonia, comes in two flavors: adductor and abductor sd. It is a vocal disorder when certain vowels or consonants will cause some speech difficulty. It may sound like stuttering but is not stuttering. The most popular and effective treatment is injecting Botox into specific vocal cord muscles. This will last several months and many find this treatment effective. ...Read more
How's spasmodic dysphonia treated?
Botulinum toxin: This is a benign but very annoying condition in which there is involuntary spasm of the vocalis muscles (muscles of the vocal folds). Injection of botulinum toxin carefully injected by a laryngologist can give you temporary relief. ...Read more
What is the cause of spasmodic dysphonia?
Spasmodic dysphonia: Spasmodic dysphonia is a voice disorder characterized by abnormal "spasms" of the vocal cords resulting and interruptions of speech and affecting voice. Causes of SD can arise from vocal muscle, neuromuscular junction, and inflamed laryngeal nerves. Treatment would include speech therapy to reduce muscle tension, Botox injection into affected muscles and rarely surgery. ...Read more
If I have spasmodic dysphonia and I still a candidate for a neck lift? I have spasmodic dysphonia affecting my vocal cords. Could a neck lift be a risky decision for me? .
Spasmodic dysphonia: You can still have a necklift. The tightness that happens in the neck after surgery takes a little getting used to but is unlikely to make your condition any worst. ...Read more
I have spasmodic dysphonia, just had a botox injection and& my voice is v.Good now. Would my vocal cords now look normal in a larynoscopy?
No: Botox paralyzes muscles so if you look at your vocal cords now, they will not appear normal. They will not be moving normally. Spasmodic dysphonia means that your cords were too contracted. Now they will be lax. What is important is that you sound better, not what your cords look like. ...Read more
Can someone with spasmodic dysphonia get a rhinoplasty? I have a neurological disease effecting my vocal cords. Am I still a candidate for rhinoplasty even though I have a pre-existing condition? .
Yes: Spasmodic dysphonia should not effect your ability to get a rhinoplasty, but ask your neurologist to make sure there are not other contraindications. ...Read more
Can I still get a breast augmentation if I have a neurological disease? I was diagnosed with spasmodic dysphonia. Although this deals with a nerve affecting the vocal cords, would I still be a candidate for a breast augmentation? .
Most likely.: The plastic surgeon will review your history. He/she may request that you see an ENT to make sure there is nothing else going on. The anesthesiologist may also want to weight in on the best approach to control your airway during the procedure. They will make their recommendations and you can go from there. Http://www. Jjrothmd. Com/procedures/breast-augmentation. ...Read more
How is botox administered into the vocal cords in spasmodic dysphonia patients? I heard that botox can help people who suffer from spasmodic dysphonia in their vocal cords. How can botox be injected into the throat safely? .
Botulinum is usually injected into the vocal cords through a small needle introduced directly through the skin of the neck. Usually both vocal cords are injected in this way. For patients who cannot be injected in this way, we can put a person under a short general
anesthesia and inject the vocal cords directly usually a long needle inserted down the throat.
See reference link. ...Read more
Could hypnosis help mentally ill people?
Hypnosis Heals Fears: Mental Illness associated with depression and anxiety can very much benefit from Hypnotherapy, especially when combined with Depth Psychology. ...Read more
What is the best way to get benefit under hypnosis?
Specific goals: The best way to benefit from hypnosis is to see a professional who has been properly trained. It works best for anxiety and stress related disorders. Have specific goals. ...Read more


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Vintage and Antique Linens by Em's Heart
Marghab "Water Leaf" Vintage
Yellow Linen Embroidered Towels
Item Number F31207
"Water Leaf" embroidered vintage linen towels by Marghab Linens are gracefully feminine on pale sunny yellow medium weight linen with white linen appliqués. Perfect cutwork swirls are hallmarks of this pattern. A smudge and a very small light old stain on the end opposite the pattern on one are the only flaws, both shown below. Sides are hand hemmed and ends are finished with the Marghab signature perfect straight edge of hand embroidered buttonhole stitches. Freshly laundered and pressed, in excellent condition as described. c.1950's 14.5" X 20.25"
Item Sold
Pair of pale yellow linen embroidered vintage towels by Marghab Linens in Madeira, "Water Leaf"
Lynn Adams
Em's Heart Antique Linens
(864) 430-0372
PO Box 2613 Greer, SC 29652
All website content, including but not limited to text, photos, custom colors,
custom forms, borders, buttons, tables and emblems are the sole intellectual property of Lynn Adams
and may not be used or copied without expressed written permission.
All requests will be considered. Plagiarism will not be tolerated.
©2002-2011 Property of Lynn Adams,
Em's Heart LLC All Rights Reserved


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Dallas, Texas 75206
Well appointed 3 bedroom, two full bath unit, located in the M Streets steps away from great restaurants on lower Greenville. Hardwood floors throughout, updated kitchen with granite counter top, microwave, dishwasher, gas range, refrigerator, in unit washer-dryer, upstairs office area. Large backyard deck with private fenced yard. Parking for 3 cars. Available July 1. Pets allowed.
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Arisant is an Oracle platinum partner with several key specializations in both software and hardware. With a full suite of service offerings we are positioned to help customers of any size, in any industry be successful with their Oracle implementations.
Arisant covers the entire life cycle of your project needs – from software and hardware licensing, to design, implementation, production support and training. This wide range of services coupled with our competitive pricing model makes Arisant the ideal partner for all your IT needs.
- Software and Hardware assessments for current and future needs
- Capacity Planning
- Systems Health check assessments
- Architecture and Design services
- Implementation services (Oracle software and custom J2EE development)
- IT staff augmentation
- Mentoring and training services
- Production Support (24×7 monitoring and alarming)


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|20 Feb 2015
Windows 7
DVD drivers
I have an old Dell laptop running Windows Vista. The DVD drive is a HL-DT-DVD+-RW GSA-T21N ATA device. I am getting the following error code:
Windows cannot load the device driver for this hardware. The driver may be corrupted or missing. (Code 39)
Click 'Check for solutions' to send data about this device to Microsoft and to see if there is a solution available.
What do I need to do to get the driver working again?
|My System Specs
|20 Feb 2015
Windows 7 Professional SP1 x64 (OEM)
Mount the Driver CD that came with your Dell laptop and install the drivers from there.
|My System Specs
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General Question - Windows Installed Drivers Vs OEM Website Drivers
Greetings, This is a general question for a fresh install of Windows on a computer. Let's say we just completed the installation and we open up Device Manager (we haven't used Windows Update yet). Device Manager shows us that there are - let's say "3" - devices that do not have drivers installed...
Base System Device drivers error - unable to find drivers
Hi there, I have an HP Pavilion DV7 2185dx laptop running a freshly installed windows 7 upgrade from windows Vista. Ever since the upgrade my CPU is constantly running at 98-100% all the time meaning I cannot do anything on my PC. After researching a bit online it could possibly be the driver...
display drivers stop responding on ati 5870 10.11 drivers
Hello all! I'll try to explain my problem. Last week I tried to update my ati 5870 drivers with the latest 10.11. I had 10.9 so far so good. My problem is that with these drivers I got this message from windows : display drivers have stop responding and they've been recoveres (or something...
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ERIC Number: ED175579
Record Type: RIE
Publication Date: 1979
Pages: 27
Abstractor: N/A
Reference Count: 0
Effects of Maternal Employment on Sex-Role Differentiation in Preschoolers.
Seegmiller, Bonni R.
The purpose of this study was to determine whether maternal employment affects sex role differentiation in preschoolers, and whether this relationship varies as a function of the sex of the child, father's presence or absence, and/or the sex of the child's siblings. Three hundred ninety-eight children (198 females, 200 males), whose mean age was 51.2 months, were tested. The dependent measure consisted of a maximally reliable composite Z score derived from five tests (Draw-A-Person, Occupational Preference, Nadleman Recall, Toy Preference, It-Scale for Children). The fact of the mother's working and the social status of her occupation were unrelated to sex-role differentiation, regardless of whether (1) the child was a girl or a boy; (2) had brothers, sisters, both, or was an only child; or (3) came from an intact or nonintact family. However, the main effect for sex and the sex of child x sex of sibling interaction were significant. (Author/RH)
Descriptors: Employed Women, Mothers, One Parent Family, Preschool Children, Sex Differences, Sex Role, Siblings, Social Status
Publication Type: Reports - Research
Education Level: N/A
Audience: N/A
Language: English
Sponsor: National Inst. of Mental Health (DHEW), Rockville, MD.
Authoring Institution: N/A


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This Guy Is Leaving Really Good Mixtapes With Hand-Drawn Artwork Around New York
For those lamenting the halcyon days of romantic mixtapes, this is for you.
Have you ever been meandering through Brooklyn and come across a CD jewel case with a hand-drawn cover and thought to yourself, What the heck is that? If so, you may have stumbled upon Dylan Samson's Mixtape Series. Samson burns mixed CDs, adorns them with artwork and poetic titles, and leaves them somewhere in New York for strangers to find. You can find the locations on his website. He's been doing this for years and is up to volume 59. The most recent CD, called "Waiting Can Be Painful," was dropped off on Degraw Street in Gowanus this morning and includes songs by Public Service Broadcasting, LCD Soundsystem, Run the Jewels, Thundercat, etc. There was a hidden book project not unlike this in summer of 2013, when book began popping up in public locations, such as the nooks of park benches. That became a sort of enigmatic treasure hunt for bibliophiles. Maybe this will be the same thing for audiophiles.


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Moulin Roty Parisiennes doll blue dress
by: Moulin Roty Product Code 642517
Our Price: £20.00
Meet the Parisiennes, a selection beautiful, delicate cloth dolls created by classic French toy maker Moulin Roty.
This is a delicate little doll, measuring 25cm in height, with a slim body and elegant long limbs.
She wears a pretty dress with pink collar, and she has lovely velvet hair.
She is only little, but really very sweet.
Suitable for ages 1 and above, she can be machine washed.
All our delivery prices are per order, not per item - so please order as much as you like!
- Standard UK delivery £3.50
- UK Next Day Delivery - £8.50
- Europe airmail (including Republic of Ireland) - £5.50
- Worldwide airmail £7.95
For Ł3 we can gift wrap this item for you and, if you like, send it directly to the recipient.
We use beautiful UK made fairy tale wrapping paper, cotton ribbon and our very own Cottontails letter pressed gift tags where we hand write your personal message.
Simply select the add gift wrap option at the checkout.


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Handy Hints
Quick Searchbath Bathroom cement conti board Curtains decorating door drapes fence fireplace for sale garden Grout hooks Kitchen laminated lights maintenance mdf mould paint plywood pole post post mix rawl plug repair rod rotten sale sanding Shelves shower silicone Slate Socket Set tieback Tiles timber tool track wall wallpaper wallpaper paste wood
Tag Archives: laminated
Ikea kitchen Units
Handy David – Edinburgh Handyman Services – Kitchen assembly Tasked with assembling a set of kitchen units and small fridge, this is to be used as a Coffee Station in an Office, it required some extra work in the case … Continue reading
Posted in Flat Pack Furniture, Installation, Kitchen Tagged flatpack, ikea, joinery, Kitchen, kitchen units, laminated, silicone, timber, wood, worksurface Comments Off on Ikea kitchen Units
Sheet Materials
– What is the difference between MDF, chipboard, ply, Conti Board and hardboard? – What can I use them for? Okay so what's the difference, well cost is a major factor with external plywood being very expensive – but why? … Continue reading
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All-on-4 dental implants are an ideal choice for patients who have failing teeth or have already experienced total tooth loss. Using only 4 to 6 implants, All-on-4 permanently supports a full arch of replacement teeth so you can get the stable restoration you need for a healthy smile and a fully-functional bite. With All-on-4, you can avoid the hassle of removable dentures following tooth extractions or tooth loss. At Morris County Dental Associates, we offer implant-supported dentures for patients in Succasunna and the surrounding areas such as Chester, Roxbury, Flanders, Randolph, Denville, and Morristown.
What Are All-on-4 Dental Implants?
All-on-4 dental implants are one of the latest technologies being used by implant dentists. With All-on-4 treatment, an entire top or bottom set of teeth is mounted onto four or six sturdy anchors that are implanted into the jaw. Implant-supported dentures are ideal for patients who require replacement of large groups, or even all, of their teeth.
All-on-4 Implants Can:
- Provide stability
- Can work for patients with diminished jaw bone density
- Enhance bite function
- Promote oral health by stimulating the jawbone to prevent further deterioration
Dr. Goldberg has received advanced training in the use of All-on-4 dental implant technology and has utilized the treatment method for many patients at our practice.
What are "Hybridge®," "Prettau® Zirconia Bridges," "Same-Day-Teeth®," and "Teeth-In-A-Day®"?
All of these, including All-On-Four®, are part of a group of dental restorations known as "Hybrid Teeth" or "Hybrid Dentures." They all combine dental implants with teeth, designed to help people with no teeth, minimal teeth, or failing teeth. They each have their own advantages & disadvantages. Dr. Goldberg is trained to provide all of them (and more than what is listed here). To help decide which might be right for you, contact his office for a free consultation.
Typically, traditional dental care to improve major problems can be complicated, expensive and time-consuming. Furthermore, we see that the "long-term prognosis" is affected. Root canals may eventually fail, decay can develop around crowns and more teeth may require extraction. All of these issues then compromise the treatment that was just performed.
Our practice offers Hybridge®, an excellent solution to complex dental problems. It is a very affordable alternative to dentures, bridges, root canals, and crowns. It is a "U"-shaped bridge that is attached to dental implants and placed in the jaw and is a permanent solution for replacing all of your upper and/or lower teeth at a fraction of the cost and time.
Once the involved teeth are removed, 5 to 6 implants are placed, and teeth are placed on top of them. Following the procedure, you no longer have to worry about decay, pain, root canals or fractured fillings. You then regain your full dental function and confidence.
All-on-4 Dental Implants Cost
The cost of All-on-4 dental implants ranges from $20,000 to $28,000 per jaw. There are a number of factors to consider. Dr. Goldberg understands that managing the cost of dental care is important for patients, so he takes the time to outline all available treatments and their costs during consultations. We offer payment plans and a variety of payment options to help you budget for implants.
Benefits of All-on-4 Dental Implants
In order to determine if an All-on-4 dental implant solution is the best fit for you, you'll need to undergo a complete consultation with Dr. Goldberg at his Succasunna dental office. The initial visit is free of charge. Our All-on-4 implant consultations are provided at our office, which is conveniently located near Chester, Roxbury, Flanders, Randolph, Denville and Morristown.
Schedule a Consultation
Contact our office or reference our Patient Information Sheet for more information about All-on-4 dental implants. Call 973-328-1225 to schedule a consultation today!


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C.B. & Potts Restaurant and Brewery is tapping their Big Dread IPA on Thursday, April 20th at all locations. This American-style IPA is the kinder brother of Potts' Big Red IPA and is only available for a limited time.
Big Dread is hopped with Hop Hash to create a dank hop and laid-back character. "Hop Hash, more literally hop kief, is a powder of aromatic hop crystals and oils without excessive plant matter and imparts a clean concentrated hop flavor," said Dave Leonard, Director of Brewery Operations. The hazy, copper-hued IPA is packed with hops that create billowing aromas and resinous flavors.


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Harkness Enterprises
846 Beach Access Rd., Seldovia, AK 99663
(907) 234-8080
Compliment this business
Street address:
846 Beach Access Rd.
City / suburb:
Kenai Peninsula
ZIP code:
(907) 234-8080
Contact name:
Richard Harkness
Contact title:
GPS Longitude:
GPS Latitude:
Places nearby
1.24 miles away
Hotels and Motels
1.24 miles away
Drive-In Restaurants
General information
- Consumer Products & Services Consumer Services Welding Repair Welding, Welding Household Misc Items Repairs, Wire Mesh Work
- Services Miscellaneous Repair Services Welding Repair
Business data
|Standard industrial classification code:
|Estimated number of employees:
|Annual sales estimate:
|City / suburb:
|Seldovia, AK
|Kenai Peninsula
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According to our records, this business is located at 846 Beach Access Rd. in Seldovia (in Kenai Peninsula County), Alaska 99663, the location GPS coordinates are: 59.4535437 (latitude), -151.7071943 (longitude). Harkness Enterprises is categorized under Welding (SIC code 7692). Known organization owner is Richard Harkness. Current estimates show that the unit has a sales volume of $96,000 and staff of approximately 1 worker. You can contact the company by phone at (907) 234-8080.
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The project aim wass to develop a Regulation Treating the Management, Control and Informational Provision of the National Operative Program for Regional Development as an instrument for the Bulgarian regional policy implementation.
The Regulation was prepared in accordance with the prescripts of the Regional Development Law and the National Plan for Economical Development and the Requirements of the corresponding EU Regulations and the European Commission's
Methodological Papers.
The Regulation followed the effective management's principles and control over the financial means, stipulated for the implementation of the National Operative Program for Regional Development, through:
а) correct and the transparent management;
b) providing regular accountancy of the expenditures of the National operative program for regional development at all levels of implementation.
The project initiative aims to develop and put in practice a "bottom-up" approach to regional development by identifying and engaging the natural leadership potential of Bulgarian regions within a coherent framework of debate and collective action.
In November 2006 IRIS initiated a 9-month project for comparative study of the Turkish and Roma minorities in Bulgaria in the years of democratic transition (1989 – 2006).
In December 2004 IRIS Civil Society Development: Research and Training Program started the implementation of the nine-month project entitled Youth Tourist Exchange. Business Initiatives for Community Development in South Eastern Bulgaria (towns Loznitza, Zavet and Isperih)
The project was aimed at establishing an effective system for trilateral co-operation and dialogue between social partners in the field of industrial relations in Bulgaria on the basis of European historical experience and the principles laid down in the European Social Charter ratified in 2000.
The project aim was to establish Youth Community Council in the Municipality of Zavet as a consultative body to the local authorities.
The project aimed at developing and implementing working models of lobbying which represent organized local/municipal, civic and entrepreneurial interests.


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Brian Pallister's PCs win historic majority – What this means for retailers with stores in ManitobaPrint
On April 19, 2016 the people of Manitoba gave Brian Pallister and the Manitoba Progressive Conservative party a historic majority government, with 40 of the 57 seats in the Legislature. The NDP will form the official opposition with 14 seats, and the Liberals won 3 seats.
Premier Greg Selinger has resigned as NDP leader, but will continue to serve as an MLA in the Legislature. Selinger's decision to raise the PST in 2013, without warning or consultation and despite promising not to do so in the 2011 election, was a key issue in this election. RCC strongly opposed the PST increase. The PC Party has committed to reducing the PST back to 7% by the end of its first term in office.
Premier-elect Pallister has outlined what to expect during the new government's first 100 days in office. Key economic commitments include:
- Abolish the "vote tax" subsidy for political parties.
- Restore the public's right to vote on tax increases.
- Establish a Red Tape Reduction Task Force.
- Meet with municipalities to discuss strategic infrastructure funding.
- Join the New West Partnership Trade Agreement between BC, Alberta & Saskatchewan. This will boost trade and make it easier for Manitoba businesses to expand.
- Establish the Premier's Enterprise Team to provide advice to government on economic development.
Retailers can also expect the new government to raise the personal basic exemption, index Manitoba's tax brackets to inflation, and potentially implement other tax changes in the upcoming provincial budget. These changes will increase the spending power of Manitoba consumers and will be welcome news for Manitoba retailers.
RCC provided information and updates for Manitoba retailers during the provincial campaign on www.voteretail.ca. RCC also encouraged merchants to connect with their local candidates to raise issues important to our sector.
Additionally, RCC asked each political party how they would address the priority issues Manitoba retailers are facing. We posted those responses on our VoteRetail.ca website as well as each party's full platform.
To see the PC Party's response to RCC's questionnaire, click here.
To view the PC Party's full platform, click here.
Retail Council of Canada will be meeting with numerous government officials in the coming weeks to discuss the new government's legislative agenda and the next provincial budget.
If you have any questions or concerns, please don't hesitate to contact: Lanny McInnes, Director - Government Relations (Prairies) at: [email protected] or 204-253-1654


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Con Dao Islands, also known as Con Dao National park, are an archipelago of 16 mostly uninhabited islets just off the southern coast of Vietnam, each of which offering expansive beaches shaded with evergreen trees. Great for savvy travellers looking to escape bustling city life, the main island also boasts miles of coastal roads, hiking trails and a wide range of outdoor activities.
About Phu Quoc, Fringed with white-sand beaches and with large tracts still cloaked in dense tropical jungle, Phu Quoc rapidly morphed from a sleepy island backwater to a must-visit beach escape for Western expats and sun-seeking tourists. Beyond the resorts lining Long Beach and development beginning on the east coast, there's still ample room for exploration and escaping. Dive the reefs, kayak in the bays, eat up the back-road kilometres on a motorbike, or just lounge on the beach, indulge in a massage and dine on fresh seafood.
In this article I will make a comparision between Con Dao and Phu Quoc in term of Transportation, accommodation, food and so forth. So that you wont miss any imporatantinformation of both two islands.
1. Transport to/from islands:
Both Phu Quoc and Con Dao can be reached by air or sea. Flying to either island from Saigon takes less than 45 minutes. Flights from Saigon to Phu Quoc run almost hourly, and there are also flights from Hanoi. With three airlines operating on this route (Vietnam Airlines, Jetstar, Vietjet) competition keeps prices fairly low. Phu Quoc's new international airport was built to accommodate large aircraft with the expectation that visitor numbers are going to rise significantly in the coming years. Indeed, there are already charter flights from Russia, and it won't be long before Phu Quoc is linked directly to regional hubs, such as Bangkok, Kuala Lumpur and beyond.
Con Dao, on the other hand, has a small airport whose runway is limited by the island's rugged topography, and can only accommo-date small propeller aircraft. Only Vietnam Airlines flies to Con Dao; from Saigon and Can Tho in the Mekong Delta.
Phu Quoc is linked to the mainland by ferries from two Mekong Delta ports: Rach Gia and Ha Tien. The latter is particularly convenient for travellers coming from or going to the Cambodian beaches to the west. There are usually two sailings a day from Rach Gia and Ha Tien: the voyage takes 2.5 hours and 1.5 hours respectively.
To Con Dao there are about four sailings each week from the port at Vung Tau (2 hours east of Saigon). It's a 10 hour voyage in fairly cramped conditions on a small vessel.
Taxis are inexpensive and easily arranged on both Con Dao and Phu Quoc.
2. Expensive and value for money:
Like all islands, prices on Con Dao and Phu Quoc are a little higher than on the mainland. In particular, you'll find that prices on Con Dao are significantly higher than elsewhere in Vietnam. This is partly because the island is so small and mountainous that very little can be produced there: almost everything is shipped in from the mainland. But it is also partly because Con Dao is yet to see big development, so the lack of competition keeps prices high. Hotels, resorts, food and drink, transport and excursions to outlying islands are all pricier than Phu Quoc. And what you get for your money often pales in comparison to what the same money would buy you on Phu Quoc. However, this is all relative: Vietnam is still a very cheap place to travel, so even if you're paying $5-$10 more for food and accommodation, you're still not going to burn a hole in your pocket.
Because of the spike in development on Phu Quoc over the last few years, competition – especially along Long Beach – keeps prices at an acceptable level. In particular, accommodation, food, and boat trips are good value for money. Having said that, during the peak season – from December to April – all businesses that cater to tourists raise their prices by as much as 50%. Likewise, in the off season – when rain storms often hit the island – you'll find prices are very low. In general, if you're trying to stay within a tight budget, then it's easier to do this on Phu Quoc.
3. Development and tourism:
The pace of change and number of visitors to these two islands could hardly be more different. Phu Quoc has been undergoing major transformations to its tourist infrastructure in recent years: a new international airport opened in 2012; old single-track roads have been widened and repaved; new roads have been laid along the coast and through the interior; new ports have opened; massive, high-end resorts now sprawl along some of the previously isolated beaches. And there's more – much more – planned for the future. Phu Quoc's star is rising: the government would like it to become the next Phuket. Personally, this sends shivers down my spine. But, things are still in the early stages, and Phu Quoc remains incredibly undeveloped when compared to Thai or Malaysian islands. It's still easy to find your own stretch of deserted beach, and even the sands of Long Beach – the most developed on the island – could hardly be called crowded. However, all this changes on weekends and especially during the Tet Lunar New Year holidays (January or February), when accommodation can be fully booked, and Sao Beach in particular can get horribly crowded and suffers from trash. Phu Quoc is much bigger than Con Dao, so it can absorb more development, but if you like your tropical islands to be serene, laid-back, and beautiful, now is the time to visit Phu Quoc; before it becomes Phuket.
Then you have Con Dao, where development is so slow you hardly notice it. And this is a good thing, because Con Dao is a small, fragile little place with a very rugged coastline, which limits potential development to just a few areas. The number of foreign visitors is still extremely low: most of the time you will have the beaches, roads, museums, restaurants all to yourself. The government wants Con Dao to be a high-end destination: a kind of 5 star island in the East Sea. But it is also wary of turning Con Dao into a place of luxury and leisure because of its past as a prison island, where thousands of Vietnamese revolutionaries were incarcerated or executed. In 2010, the discreet but luxurious and pricey Six Senses Hideaway opened. There are more such resorts planned, but progress is (reassuringly) slow. For now, the majority of visitors to Con Dao are Vietnamese pilgrims, come to pay their respects to former prisoners: sun, sea and sand couldn't be further from their minds.
4. Accommodation:
Phu Quoc offers a great range of accommodation for all budgets, whereas Con Dao's accommodation is limited to a dozen hotels and one international standard luxury resort. The greatest concentration of places to stay on Phu Quoc is in and around the town of Duong Dong, and along Long Beach. From high-end resorts to backpacker dorms, there's plenty of choice here and value for money is good. In particular, the mid-range resorts on Long Beach are excellent: my favourite is Thanh Kieu Resort. The rest of the island is peppered with accommodation; there's an especially appealing cluster of atmospheric resorts on Ong Lang Beach, including the rustic-romantic plantation bungalows of Mango Bay. On a remote, gorgeous beach in the north of the island, the comfortable and classy Peppercorn Beach Resort is superb. Budget travellers will find nhà nghỉ (local guest houses) in Duong Dong.
If you concern about Phu Quoc island, please contact us for more information. Share this aryicle if it helpful for you!


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GRANT SWEATSHIRTCrew neck sweatshirt
Details https://www.animal.co.uk/mens-hoodies-sweats/grant_sweatshirt-CL8SN101.htmlPromotions
Item# CL8SN101
£42.99 £21.40
Special Offer
Free Standard Delivery
The Grant men's sweatshirt comes ready for easy-going wear in comfortable dark navy cotton. Layer over tops and tees when the evenings start to take a chilly turn this season, and pair with casual shorts and jeans.
Additional Information
Animal Men's Grant Sweatshirt - Product Code CL8SN101
- Carbon suede brush
- Loop back
- 280gsm
- Fabric Composition
- 60% Cotton
- 40% Polyester
- Care Advice
- Wash at 40 degrees
- Do not bleach
- Do not tumble dry
- Warm iron
- Do not dry clean
- FREE delivery to selected Animal stores
- FREE standard delivery on orders over £50. Otherwise £2.50
- FREE Collectplus delivery on orders over £50. Otherwise £2.50
- Next working day delivery £5.00 - order before 2pm
- Saturday delivery £8.00 – order before 2pm
- Take a look at the Delivery Information for estimated timings and costs
- Returns are simple and hassle-free. View our Returns Information


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This week was so good!!! A good last week on the mission. I had my departure temple trip on Tuesday. It was wonderful. I went will all the sisters I came out with and we rode down to LA with Sister Tew (the mission president's wife). Then we did a session and afterwards we were all in the celestial room and it was so nice. I just felt really good about everything that was happening and with going home and such. Then we did a sealing session. Each of us took turns being the children and President and Sister Tew were the parents. So that was really cool. The sealer was a former mission president and he talked about how everyone at the end of their mission looks back and wonders if they have done enough. I felt like that was a reminder from heavenly father to me that I have done my best. Then afterwards president always takes the missionaries to get pupusas. President Tew served in El Salvador and so that is one of the foods they eat there. It was really good and it was fun to get to go out and eat together.
Then on Thanksgiving we had a training for the He is the Gift initiative which is exciting. The church is putting a lot of effort into helping people be more focused on Christ at Christmas and to get more people to look into the church. Then we had district meeting and weekly planning. We did our weekly planning at a park in our area. It was really nice weather and there were lots of trees so it was awesome. Then we had thanksgiving dinner with a filipino family in the ward. They made a ton of food (all american) and it was really good.
Then the next day we moved into an apartment. The apartment is SO nice. Like the nicest one in the mission apparently. We taught Anthony on Friday and we played the game where you fill a cup with flour and put it upside down and put a piece of candy on top. Then you cut away the flour and whoever knocks off the candy loses. We applied it to having a firm foundation with prayer, scripture study, and going to church. Throughout the week things cut away at our foundation but doing the"little things' will keep our foundation strong. Also we got to teach Rex!!! It was great to see him one last time. He is doing really well just basically waiting out the semester until he can move back to Buena Park. We taught the word of wisdom and had a great discussion about it and of course he has no problem with it. Then we got to teach Robert, Sister Eves, and Brother Collings on Saturday so it was fun to teach them one last time.
Sunday I bore my testimony in church. That night was the departure fireside. They had some great musical numbers and I bore my testimony mostly on how I know that God knows us and the the atonement changes us. It was really fun to see people from my different wards and to get to say good bye to them.
And then here we are at my last full day as a missionary. Ina few hours I have my exit interview with my mission president and then we have a departure dinner at the mission home. It is so crazy I can't believe that I am going home!!! I truly am so grateful to have been able to be a missionary in the CA Long Beach mission. And I am excited for what is ahead. See you all tomorrow!!
Sister Washburn
With President and Sister Tew at the departure fireside. A member in the Cypress 5th ward made me the candy lei.
Missionaries heading home, last temple trip.
A pupusa. It's kinda like a thick tortilla with meat and cheese and vegetables inside.


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Home » Worship & Sacraments » Vocations » Priesthood
Learn More About the Priesthood
What is a vocation to the priesthood? And how do I know if God is calling me? Find out what a vocation is, learn some steps to discernment, and check out our quick discernment tool in the sections below.
Am I Called to Become a Priest?
Support Vocations
Meet Our Seminarians
Priestly Life and Ministry
Priestly Jubilee
Quo Vadis Days Camp
Do you know where your life is going? The Lord Jesus has a great plan for you! You are invited to attend the annual Quo Vadis Days camp to spend time with other young men your age looking at the Lord's call in your life while having lots of fun. Quo Vadis Days is led by priests and seminarians of the diocese and includes a full schedule of hiking, swimming, canoeing, sports and games, daily Mass and prayer, and opportunities to grow in friendship with the Lord and with each other.


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One of the things on my Summer Bucket List has been to learn how to sew.
Although my mom and grandma seem to be magic sewing wizards, I never really had the
patience to learn, but as I head off to college I figured it was important learn how to at least sew on a button or mend a hole. After seeing this blog post from Kate Spade, I knew I wanted to make one of these bow pillows from their new 789 Madison Avenue store in NYC.
I found this very Kate Spade looking polka dot fabric from JoAnn Fabrics and instead of using a rectangular pillow, I used stuffing to make it easier to work with.
The final result?
I'm in love, it's so cute and will match my dorm bedding perfectly!!!
I pretty much used the same steps as Kate Spade but changed it by using stuffing instead of a small pillow.
(Cat is optional though too!;))