text:
Effect of Early Life Exposure to Air Pollution on Development of Childhood Asthma
[do action="authors"]Nina Annika Clark,1 Paul A. Demers,1,2 Catherine J. Karr,3 Mieke Koehoorn,1,2 Cornel Lencar,2 Lillian Tamburic,4 Michael Brauer2[/do][do action="affiliations"]1School of Population and Public Health; 2School of Environmental Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; 3Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; 4Centre for Health Services and Policy Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada[/do][do action="citation-string"]Environ Health Perspect 118:284-290 (2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.0900916 [online 08 October 2009] [/do]
[do action="abstract"]
Background: There is increasing recognition of the importance of early environmental exposures in the development of childhood asthma. Outdoor air pollution is a recognized asthma trigger, but it is unclear whether exposure influences incident disease. We investigated the effect of exposure to ambient air pollution in utero and during the first year of life on risk of subsequent asthma diagnosis in a population-based nested casecontrol study.
Methods: We assessed all children born in southwestern British Columbia in 1999 and 2000 (n = 37,401) for incidence of asthma diagnosis up to 3—4 years of age using outpatient and hospitalization records. Asthma cases were age- and sex-matched to five randomly chosen controls from the eligible cohort. We estimated each individual's exposure to ambient air pollution for the gestational period and first year of life using high-resolution pollution surfaces derived from regulatory monitoring data as well as land use regression models adjusted for temporal variation. We used logistic regression analyses to estimate effects of carbon monoxide, nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, particulate matter ≤ 10 µm and ≤ 2.5 µm in aerodynamic diameter (PM10 and PM2.5), ozone, sulfur dioxide, black carbon, woodsmoke, and proximity to roads and point sources on asthma diagnosis.
Results: A total of 3,482 children (9%) were classified as asthma cases. We observed a statistically significantly increased risk of asthma diagnosis with increased early life exposure to CO, NO, NO2, PM10, SO2, and black carbon and proximity to point sources. Traffic-related pollutants were associated with the highest risks: adjusted odds ratio = 1.08 (95% confidence interval, 1.041.12) for a 10-µg/m3 increase of NO, 1.12 (1.071.17) for a 10-µg/m3 increase in NO2, and 1.10 (1.061.13) for a 100-µg/m3 increase in CO. These data support the hypothesis that early childhood exposure to air pollutants plays a role in development of asthma.
[/do][do action="abstract"]Key words: administrative data, air pollution, asthma, children's health, in utero, respiratory, traffic[/do]
[do action="notes-rule-above"]Address correspondence to M. Brauer, School of Environmental Health, University of British Columbia, 2206 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada. Telephone: (604) 822-9585. Fax: (604) 822-9588. E-mail: email@example.com[/do][do action="notes"]The research was supported in part by Health Canada via an agreement with the British Columbia Centre for Disease Control to the Border Air Quality Study. Additional support was provided by the Centre for Health and Environment Research at the University of British Columbia, funded by the Michael Smith Foundation for Health Research. N.A.C. was supported by the Michael Smith Foundation for Health Research Junior Graduate Trainee Award, the Canadian Institutes for Health Research Master's Award, and the Bridge Program fellowship (a Canadian Institutes for Health Research Strategic Training Program). M.K. was supported by a Michael Smith Foundation for Health Research Scholar Award.[/do][do action="notes"]The authors declare they have no competing financial interests.[/do][do action="notes"] Received 23 April 2009; accepted 08 October 2009; online 08 October 2009.[/do]
Asthma is the most common chronic disease in childhood [World Health Organization (WHO) 2006]. Its prevalence is high and has generally increased worldwide over the latter part of the 20th century (Asher et al. 2006; WHO 2006). Although explanations for relatively rapid changes in prevalence are unknown, environmental factors, independently and jointly with genetic factors, are thought to be responsible. Although air pollution has been consistently shown to exacerbate existing asthma (English et al. 1999; Lipsett et al. 1997; McConnell et al. 1999, 2006; Nicolai et al. 2003; Norris et al. 1999), there are few investigations of asthma onset and air pollution despite the hypothesized link with exposure to outdoor air pollution (Institute of Medicine 2000; von Mutius 2000).
Earlier studies have generally relied on simple measures of traffic proximity and density to estimate exposure and have not found an association between air pollution and asthma incidence (Ciccone et al. 1998; English et al. 1999; Wjst et al. 1993). More recent studies have used modeling approaches that provide high-resolution estimates of neighborhood-scale variations in air pollution. Several studies using this approach have observed increases in asthma incidence or asthma symptoms for children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution (Brauer et al. 2002, 2007; Gauderman et al. 2005; McConnell et al. 2006; Morgenstern et al. 2008; Zmirou et al. 2004). However, not all such studies of this type have reported consistent associations (Gehring et al. 2002; Zmirou et al. 2004).
Pre- and postbirth exposures to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) are independently associated with increased asthma incidence (Haberg et al. 2007). Although air pollution exposures before 23 years of age appear to be most important for asthma development (McConnell et al. 2006; Zmirou et al. 2004), the effect of prebirth (or in utero) exposure has not to our knowledge been examined. One exception is a study of polyclyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure, which has been examined in conjunction with ETS (Miller et al. 2004).
In the first population-based birth cohort study to explore the relationship between ambient air pollution exposure and the risk of asthma incidence, we examined the effect of in utero and first-year exposures to ambient air pollutants, estimated at the individual level, on the risk of asthma diagnosis in children up to 3 and 4 years of age. Pollutant exposures investigated were carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides [nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2)], particulate matter [≤ 10 µm and ≤ 2.5 µm in aerodynamic diameter (PM10 and PM2.5)], ozone (O3), sulfur dioxide (SO2), black carbon, woodsmoke, and proximity to roads and point sources.
Materials and Methods
Cohort identification. The cohort comprised all 1999 and 2000 births in southwestern British Columbia (BC) identified by linking administrative data sets from the BC Ministry of Health Services, the BC Vital Statistics Agency, and the BC Perinatal Database Registry (described by Brauer et al. 2008b). The study region includes the metropolitan centers of Vancouver (population 2,250,000) and Victoria (population 325,000) as well as the surrounding areas within the same airshed. To be eligible, children and their mothers had to be registered for the provincial medical plan (because registration is mandatory for provincial residents under a universal health care system, the entire resident population is effectively included) and reside in the study area for the duration of pregnancy and the first year of life. Children were excluded for low birth weight (< 2,500 g), preterm birth (< 37 weeks of gestation), or multiple births, given that these conditions are known strong risk factors for development of chronic respiratory conditions. In addition, these factors may confound the association between air pollution and asthma; low birth weight and gestational period have been found to be associated with both asthma and air pollution exposure in this cohort (Brauer et al. 2008b), as well as in other studies (Bobak 2000; Dik et al. 2004; Salam et al. 2005; Wang and Pinkerton 2007). Because low birth weight and gestational period may also act in the causal pathway between air pollution and lung effects, this exclusion may also bias the results to the null.
We used a nested casecontrol design to examine the association of air pollutants and incident asthma. Each asthma case was randomly matched to five controls from the birth cohort by sex and age (month and year of birth).
Outcome measure. Asthma diagnoses among the cohort population were identified from physician billing records for primary care clinical encounters and from hospital discharge records, available to the end of 2003. The mean (± SD) age at end of follow-up was 48 ± 7 months and ranged from 36 to 59 months. Each contact with the health care system was recorded with a diagnostic code to indicate the primary reason for the contact. Asthma cases were defined as children with a minimum of two primary care physician diagnoses in a rolling 12-month period or a minimum of one hospital admission for asthma using the International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision (WHO 1975) code 493 for asthma.
We also performed a sensitivity analysis to test the robustness of results to different administrative definitions of asthma. The analyses were repeated with a) a more inclusive definition of asthma that included children with only one asthma diagnosis (in hospital or primary care setting) and b) a more restrictive definition of asthma that included only children with at least three primary care asthma diagnoses or one hospital diagnosis.
Covariates. The British Columbia Vital Statistics Agency (2009) database provided the birth date and sex of each child. In addition, we collected individual-level information on birth weight and gestational length (based on date of last menstrual period) from the BC Vital Statistics Clinical Birth Data (British Columbia Vital Statistics Agency 2009) and maternal smoking during pregnancy, maternal age, number of siblings, and intention to breast-feed from the BC Perinatal Database Registry (British Columbia Perinatal Health Program 2009), which collects this information on nearly all pregnancies in the province. First Nations ("status Indians") status was obtained from hospital discharge records at birth. Individual-level data were not available on socioeconomic factors, so income quintiles and maternal education level quartiles were assigned at the level of Census dissemination areas (DAs) to approximate socioeconomic status. This is the smallest geographic area for which census data are distributed, with each DA containing approximately 400–700 people.
Exposure measures. Air pollution exposure for each subject based on their residential address history was estimated using regulatory monitoring data, land use regression (LUR) modeling, and proximity to stationary pollution sources, with full details described elsewhere (Brauer et al. 2008a, 2008b; Henderson et al. 2007; Larson et al. 2007; Marshall et al. 2008). Exposures were assigned at the level of six-digit postal codes because full addresses were not available due to privacy laws. This corresponds to one edge of a block (block-face) in urban areas but is larger where population density is lower. For this cohort, 92% of the residential histories were georeferenced at the resolution of a city block or block-face. The regulatory monitoring network consists of 24-hr average measurements at 24 monitors for O3, 22 for NO and NO2, 14 for SO2, 19 for CO and PM10, and 7 for PM2.5. To assign exposures, the daily values at the three closest monitors within 50 km were weighted by their inverse distance (1/d) to the postal code of interest.
We used LUR modeling to develop high-resolution (10 m) traffic-related air pollution maps of NO, NO2, PM2.5, and black carbon (described by Brauer et al. 2008b; Henderson et al. 2007). Briefly, targeted intensive sampling campaigns measured nitrogen oxides, PM2.5, and particle absorbance (black carbon) in the region. Fifty-five geographic information system variables were available for predictive modeling, including road density, population density, elevation, and type of land use and were used to develop high-resolution (10 m) maps [for more information, see Brauer et al. 2008b; Henderson et al. 2007; see also Supplemental Material (doi:10.1289/ehp.0900916.S1 via http://dx.doi.org)]. These models have improved spatial resolution compared with the monitoring network approaches but lower temporal resolution. Cross-validation analysis showed that the models for NO and NO2 performed better than the models for PM2.5 and black carbon (Henderson et al. 2007).
We also used a targeted sampling campaign to develop a regional model of residential woodsmoke exposure (Larson et al. 2007). The spatial distribution of woodsmoke in the region was estimated through fixed-site and mobile monitoring of PM2.5 and levoglucosan (a marker for woodsmoke). These data, along with spatial covariates, were used to develop an LUR model to predict woodsmoke PM2.5 concentrations. Postal codes in the top tertile of exposure to woodsmoke PM2.5 were classified as being in a wood-burning area. Because woodsmoke is emitted seasonally, days were classified as wood-burning days based on a relationship between temperature (heating degree days) and measured concentrations of levoglucosan [for further details, see Brauer et al. 2008b; see also Supplemental Material (doi:10.1289/ehp.0900916.S1)]. Woodsmoke exposure was then estimated as the total number of burning days spent in a wood-burning area (divided by 10 for modeling).
We also used proximity to roadways and industrial point sources as estimates of ambient air pollution exposure. Residential postal codes were defined as being within 50 m or 150 m of highways and major roads (DMTI Canmap streetfile version 2006.3; DMTI Spatial Inc., Markham, Ontario, Canada). Proximity to roadway was treated as a dichotomous variable.
To estimate exposure to pollutants from industrial point sources (e.g., power plants, waste treatment facilities, paper production plants, and shipyards), each permitted point source was assigned an index value based on its pollutant contribution (PM2.5, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and volatile organic compounds) relative to other point sources in the region. Exposure at each postal code was then determined by an inverse distanceweighted (IDW) summation of emissions from point sources within 10 km (for further details, see Brauer et al. 2008b).
For all exposure metrics, an average exposure was calculated for the duration of pregnancy and the first year of life. Children were linked to the pollution maps using postal code(s) at the home residence(s). Residential histories were compiled using BC Ministry of Health data (2009), which includes records for in-patient hospital discharges, outpatient physician billing records, and medical plan registration. An individual's residential postal code was recorded at each contact with the health care system. After excluding invalid and nonresidential postal codes (~ 10%), individual residential histories were constructed for mothers throughout pregnancy and children throughout the first year of life. An average exposure was calculated for gestation and the first year of life that was weighted by the time spent at each postal code.
The study methodology was reviewed and approved by the University of BC Behavioral Research Ethics Board (ethics certificate no. H07-01549).
Statistical analysis. To assess the relationship of air pollution exposures on asthma diagnosis, we performed unadjusted and covariate-adjusted conditional logistic regression analyses. Covariates previously hypothesized to have an effect on asthma status (native status, breast-feeding, maternal smoking, income quintile, education quartile, maternal age, birth weight, and gestational length) were included in multivariate regressions based on statistical significance in bivariate regressions. Pollutants were entered into models in two ways: as continuous variables and as categorical variables based on the quartile of exposure. We calculated odds ratios (ORs) for continuous pollutants over a standard increase (1, 10, or 100 µg/m3) of the same order of magnitude as the interquartile range to allow for easy comparison with other studies. The models were repeated for each sex separately. Finally, for pollutants where in utero and first-year exposures were not too highly correlated (Pearson correlation coefficient < 0.70), we ran mutually adjusted models to help shed light on the relative importance of each exposure period.
Study cohort description. BC Vital Statistics data identified 59,917 births in the region in 1999 and 2000. Of these, 41,565 (69.4%) children met the inclusion criteria of living in the study area during gestation and the first year of life and having complete medical plan registration through to 2003. We excluded 2,967 births because of low birth weight or preterm birth, 216 for multiple births, and 981 because of missing covariate information. Thus, we included 37,401 children (90%) in the final cohort from which we drew cases and controls. We excluded additional subjects for specific analyses where exposure information was not available.
A total of 3,482 children (9.3%) met the case definition for asthma and were included in the nested casecontrol analysis. Table 1 provides covariate information for the whole birth cohort, stratified by asthma status. Children meeting the case definition of asthma differed from the rest of the birth cohort for certain covariates: They tended to be born to mothers of younger age, lower education and income, and who were less likely to have initiated breast-feeding. Cases had slightly more siblings and tended to have lower birth weight and shorter gestational periods. We found no differences with respect to First Nations status or maternal reported smoking during pregnancy. Randomly picked controls were representative of the nonasthmatic children in the birth cohort as a whole.
Covariate information for the children in the study [no. (%)].
Exposure assessment. As expected for this study region (southwestern BC), the mean pollutant levels were low (Table 2) relative to international guidelines. The LUR model estimated higher exposures than the monitor-based assessments, in general, with the greatest discrepancy observed for NO. Because O3 was inversely correlated with the primary traffic-related pollutants (r = 0.7 to 0.9), the observed associations with O3 were largely protective. Also, the high O3 peaks that occur both daily and seasonally are lost through long-term averaging of exposure, further limiting our ability to examine the pollutant's effects.
Mean exposure levels during pregnancy and the first year of life for preschool-age children with and without a diagnosis of asthma.
The correlations between different pollutants were generally high, and multipollutant models were not feasible.
Although many pregnancy and first-year exposures were highly correlated, NO, NO2, PM10, and black carbon had moderate correlations (ranging from 0.4 to 0.6) and could be examined together in mutually adjusted models [for full correlations, see Supplemental Material, Table 1 (doi:10.1289/ehp.0900916.S1)]. The overall trend was that average exposures were slightly lower in first year than in pregnancy with the exception of PM, NO, and SO2.
Asthmatic children had higher mean exposures for NO, NO2, CO, PM10, black carbon, SO2, and point sources (two-sided t-test p < 0.05) than did nonasthmatic children.
Table 2 also shows the number of children living in woodsmoke areas or in proximity to major roads (within 150 m from a highway or 50 m from a major road). Only a small number of children lived near major roads, and these did not significantly differ in asthma status (chi-square test p > 0.05). Residence in a woodsmoke area also did not differ by asthma status (chi-square test p > 0.05).
Logistic regression. Table 3 provides the results of risk estimates for asthma diagnosis with our exposure measures in utero and during first year. The effect size estimates for first-year exposures are generally larger than for in utero exposures. Adjustment for covariates had relatively small effects on the resulting ORs, most often slightly increasing the effect estimates [unadjusted results available in Supplemental Material, Table 2 (doi:10.1289/ehp.0900916.S1)]. IDW exposure estimates for NO, NO2, CO, PM10, and SO2 all showed elevated risks of asthma diagnosis for both in utero and first-year average exposures. LUR modeling showed less consistent results. NO exposure was significantly associated with an elevated risk of asthma for in utero exposure and reached borderline statistical significance for first-year exposure. NO2 exposure was associated with an elevated risk of asthma for first-year exposures only. PM2.5 exposure was not associated with increased asthma risk for IDW or LUR exposure estimates. Black carbon exposure was associated with a 14% [95% confidence interval (CI), 129%] increase in asthma risk. An interquartile increase (30 points) on the industrial point source index was consistently associated with a 1011% (95% CI, 418%) increase in asthma risk. Woodsmoke and proximity to roads were not associated with increased asthma risk.
Adjusted ORs for asthma risk due to average exposures during pregnancy and the first year of life for LUR and IDW exposure metrics.
Table 3 also provides the results for models including both the average in utero and first-year exposures for NO, NO2, PM10, and black carbon (and adjusted for covariates). Results for NO and PM10 show statistically significant ORs only for exposures occurring in utero, whereas for NO2 only the OR for first-year exposure is statistically significant. Black carbon shows similar (nearly statistically significant) point estimates for both periods.
When we entered the pollutant exposures into models as categorical variables indicating the quartile of exposure, similar results emerged (Figure 1). Upper quartiles of exposure for NO, NO2, CO, PM10, SO2, black carbon, and point sources showed elevated ORs for asthma risk with respect to the lowest quartile of exposure. However, for many pollutants, including NO, NO2, CO, and SO2, the trend across quartiles was not consistently linear.
Results of conditional logistic regression by exposure quartile: average in utero (A) and first-year (B) exposure. Models are adjusted for parity, breast-feeding, income quintile (neighborhood level), maternal education status (neighborhood level), birth weight, and gestational length.
Regressions stratified by sex revealed that effect sizes were consistently larger for girls than for boys, with the exception of road proximity. As in the nonstratified analysis, PM2.5 and woodsmoke exposures were not associated with increased asthma risk for either sex. For the full results of sex-stratified analysis, see Supplemental Material, Table 3 (doi:10.1289/ehp.0900916.S1).
Sensitivity analysis. We performed sensitivity analyses to test the robustness of the results to differing administrative data definitions of asthma. When we broadened the case definition to include children who had only one physician diagnosis of asthma, the resulting ORs for air pollution exposure were attenuated. Overall, we found a consistent trend that as the definition of asthma became more restrictive (three physician visits), associations with air pollution exposure strengthened. Restricting the asthma cases based on number of medical visits increases specificity of the definition and also likely indicates severity.
We found that higher exposure to ambient air pollution in early life was associated with elevated risks of asthma diagnosis in preschool-age children based on clinical records. Traffic-related pollutants (NO, NO2, CO, and black carbon) were associated with the highest risk estimates. PM10, SO2, and residence near industrial point sources were also associated with elevated asthma risk, whereas PM2.5, woodsmoke, and road proximity did not show elevated risks. The results from this population-based study strengthen the emerging evidence that air pollution exposure plays a role in childhood asthma development, although these findings should be confirmed in additional cohorts of children, particularly as they reach school age and asthma diagnosis is more robust.
The risk estimates we found were similar to the results of other birth cohort studies investigating respiratory outcomes. Morgenstern et al. (2008) also estimated air pollution exposure using LUR modeling and examined effects on risk of asthma diagnosis in 6-year-old children in Germany. They found ORs of 1.12 per 1-µg/m3 increase in PM2.5, 1.56 per 0.2 × 105/m increase in filter absorbance measure of black carbon, and 1.04 per 6.4-µg/m3 increase in NO2. Nordling et al. (2008) prospectively followed children in Stockholm, Sweden, from birth until 4 years of age and found that exposure to traffic-related air pollution during the first year of life was associated with an excess risk of persistent wheezing of 1.60 (95% CI, 1.092.36) for a 44-µg/m3 increase in traffic NOx. Brauer et al. (2007) used LUR models to estimate the effect of traffic-derived pollutants on asthma incidence among 4-year-old children in the Netherlands. They found ORs of 1.20 per 10-µg/m3 increase in NO2 and 1.30 per 0.6 × 105/m increase in filter absorbance (black carbon). They also found an elevated risk of 1.20 per 3.3-µg/m3 increase in PM2.5, which we did not identify in this study, although the composition of PM2.5 and the relationship between PM2.5 and other pollutants are likely to differ across locations. Compared with other studies/locations, PM2.5 in this study area was quite low and less variable. PM2.5 exposure estimates were also subject to more error because they were based on fewer monitors than other pollutants.
To our knowledge, this was the largest study and one of the few to examine the effects of in utero air pollution exposure on pediatric asthma risk. Mortimer et al. (2008) found that in utero exposure to air pollution was associated with negative effects on lung function in asthmatic children. Other effects of air pollution on the developing fetus include lower birth weight (Bobak 2000; Slama et al. 2007), small size for gestational age (Brauer et al. 2008b), preterm births (Bobak 2000; Brauer et al. 2008b; Ritz et al. 2000), and intrauterine mortality (Pereira et al. 1998).
Because of relatively high correlation between in utero and first-year exposures for many pollutants, we are unable to discern the relative importance of these exposure periods. Mutually adjusted models for NO, NO2, PM10, and black carbon did not consistently identify either period as more significant but did suggest that in utero exposures have an effect independent from postbirth exposures for NO and PM10. We cannot eliminate the possibility that these results were influenced by misclassification bias associated with a lack of temporal precision in the residential histories; in utero exposures were more likely to have been misclassified than first-year exposures because of greater confidence in residential postal code (which can be confirmed against the mother's data after birth) and likely greater time spent at the residence after birth than during pregnancy. These exposure assessment errors would be expected to lead to a bias to the null for the intrauterine period. Further work is necessary to elucidate the relative importance of pre- and postbirth exposures.
Asthma risks due to air pollution were generally larger for girls for both in utero and first-year exposures. As expected, girls had a lower incidence of asthma (making up 36% of cases), but despite the smaller numbers, associations with pollutants were significantly elevated (except for woodsmoke, PM2.5, and road proximity). Several previous studies have also found that girls are more susceptible to air pollution, with higher risks of asthma (McConnell et al. 2006; van Vliet et al. 1997) and greater effects on lung function (Peters et al. 1999). However, this is not an entirely consistent finding (Gehring et al. 2002).
Proximity to roads is commonly used to approximate exposure because of its relative ease compared with monitoring methods. Although many studies have found asthma symptoms to be associated with proximity to major roads (Gauderman et al. 2005; McConnell et al. 2006; Morgenstern et al. 2007), this is also not a consistent finding (English et al. 1999). Simple proximity measures may not capture exposure accurately because they lack information on traffic density, vehicle mix, wind patterns, topography, land use characteristics, and other influences on pollution levels (Brauer et al. 2003; Henderson et al. 2007; Jerrett et al. 2005). This may explain why we did not find proximity to roads to be associated with increased asthma risk in this study. Our study was further challenged by the small number of children residing in proximity to major roads. Nonetheless, we did observe consistently elevated risks with measured and modeled values of traffic-derived pollutants, suggesting that traffic-related exposure is important.
The industrial point source index is subject to many of the same limitations as the road proximity measure. Despite these limitations, we observed elevated asthma risks associated with the point source index. This may partially indicate a socioeconomic effect; the point source index was among the only exposure indices that were reduced after adjustment for covariates, primarily as a result of adjustment for income and education status.
Residential woodsmoke contributes a considerable fraction of PM exposure in portions of the study area in the winter months (Ries et al. 2009). Despite this, woodsmoke exposure was not found to be associated with increased asthma risk. Previous studies have associated woodsmoke with adverse respiratory effects in children, including exacerbation of asthma (Allen et al. 2008; Zelikoff et al. 2002); however, its role in asthma development requires more research.
The use of linked administrative data sets presents some limitations, such as the lack of clinical details and information on asthma severity. However, our estimates of asthma incidence are consistent with previous findings in similar age ranges (Dik et al. 2004; Jaakkola et al. 2005). Furthermore, the validity of our findings is supported by a recent validation study of administrative data in a similar health care setting. It found that asthma codes were a highly sensitive and specific measurement of asthma in 0- to 5-year-olds compared with experts' review of medical charts (To et al. 2006). Because of universal and free access to physician visits, we also believe that any misclassification of asthma status was nondifferential and therefore would be expected to bias the results to the null.
Limitations of the BC Perinatal Database Registry likely underlie the reason that we did not observe an expected effect of maternal smoking on asthma risk. The variable relies on maternal self-report and therefore likely includes some misclassified exposures due to a healthy reporting bias (e.g., Derauf et al. 2003).
An additional limitation of this study was the young age of the children. Wheezing illnesses in early childhood represent multiple phenotypes. Transient wheezing is common in infants and often resolves as the children age (Martinez et al. 1995; To et al. 2007). To et al. (2007) found that among children diagnosed with asthma before 6 years of age, 48.6% were in remission by 12 years of age. Children with a hospitalization for asthma or many physician visits for asthma were at greater risk of persistent asthma by 12 years of age (To et al. 2007). We have addressed this issue by restricting our asthma cases to children with a hospital admission or at least two outpatient diagnoses of asthma, because these indicate severe or ongoing symptoms, respectively. Sensitivity analyses requiring three outpatient diagnoses only made the resulting ORs larger, indicating that air pollution is associated with ongoing respiratory symptoms consistent with asthma. This indicates that adverse respiratory effects do occur with air pollution exposure, but to ensure associations with persistent asthma, the results must be confirmed when the children are older.
We were able to correct for a number of individual-level variables, but socioeconomic variables could be adjusted only at the neighborhood level. This is imperfect and may have led to some misclassification of socioeconomic status for individuals (Hanley and Morgan 2008); however, the adjustment generally had small, and often strengthening, effects on ORs. We also had no information on the child or family history of atopy, an important risk factor for asthma development and a potential effect modifier.
In this population-based study, children with higher early life air pollution exposures, particularly to traffic-derived pollutants, were observed to have an increased risk of asthma diagnosis in the preschool years. This adds to evidence that outdoor air pollution not only exacerbates asthma but also may be associated with development of new disease. The risk increase is small at an individual level but presents a significant increase in burden of disease on a population level because in most urban and suburban settings, traffic-derived air pollution exposure is ubiquitous.
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Traffic Marker? Early Exposure to Air Pollution Associated with Childhood Asthma
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- Henderson SB, Beckerman B, Jerrett M, Brauer M. 2007. Application of land use regression to estimate long-term concentrations of traffic-related nitrogen oxides and fine particulate matter. Environ Sci Technol 41(7):2422–2428.
- Institute of Medicine. 2000. Clearing the Air: Asthma and Indoor Air Exposures. Washington, DC:National Academies Press.
- Jaakkola JJK, Hwang BF, Jaakkola N. 2005. Home dampness and molds, parental atopy, and asthma in childhood: a six-year population-based cohort study. Environ Health Perspect 113:357–361.
- Jerrett M, Arain A, Kanaroglou P, Beckerman B, Potoglou D, Sahsuvaroglu T, et al. 2005. A review and evaluation of intraurban air pollution exposure models. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol 15(2):185–204.
- Larson T, Su J, Baribeau AM, Buzzelli M, Setton E, Brauer M. 2007. A spatial model of urban winter woodsmoke concentrations. Environ Sci Technol 41(7):2429–2436.
- Lipsett M, Hurley S, Ostro B. 1997. Air pollution and emergency room visits for asthma in Santa Clara County, California. Environ Health Perspect 105:216–222.
- Marshall JD, Nethery E, Brauer M. 2008. Within-urban variability in ambient air pollution: comparison of estimation methods. Atmos Environ 42(6):1359–1369.
- Martinez FD, Wright AL, Taussig LM, Holberg CJ, Halonen M, Morgan WJ, et al. 1995. Asthma and wheezing in the first six years of life. N Engl J Med 332(3):133–138.
- McConnell R, Berhane K, Gilliland F, London SJ, Vora H, Avol E, et al. 1999. Air pollution and bronchitic symptoms in Southern California children with asthma. Environ Health Perspect 107:757–760.
- McConnell R, Berhane K, Yao L, Jerrett M, Lurmann F, Gilliland F, et al. 2006. Traffic, susceptibility, and childhood asthma. Environ Health Perspect 114:766–772.
- Miller RL, Garfinkel R, Horton M, Camann D, Perera FP, Whyatt RM, et al. 2004. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, environmental tobacco smoke, and respiratory symptoms in an inner-city birth cohort. Chest 126(4):1071–1078.
- Morgenstern V, Zutavern A, Cyrys J, Brockow I, Gehring U, Koletzko S, et al. 2007. Respiratory health and individual estimated exposure to traffic-related air pollutants in a cohort of young children. Occup Environ Med 64(1):8–16.
- Morgenstern V, Zutavern A, Cyrys J, Brockow I, Koletzko S, Kramer U, et al. 2008. Atopic diseases, allergic sensitization, and exposure to traffic-related air pollution in children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 177(12):1331–1337.
- Mortimer K, Neugebauer R, Lurmann F, Alcorn S, Balmes J, Tager I. 2008. Air pollution and pulmonary function in asthmatic children: effects of prenatal and lifetime exposures. Epidemiology 19(4):550–557.
- Nicolai T, Carr D, Weiland SK, Duhme H, von Ehrenstein O, Wagner C, et al. 2003. Urban traffic and pollutant exposure related to respiratory outcomes and atopy in a large sample of children. Eur Respir J 21(6):956–963.
- Nordling E, Berglind N, Melen E, Emenius G, Hallberg J, Nyberg F, et al. 2008. Traffic-related air pollution and childhood respiratory symptoms, function and allergies. Epidemiology 19(3):401–408.
- Norris G. , YoungPong SN, Koenig JQ, Larson TV, Sheppard L, Stout JW. 1999. An association between fine particles and asthma emergency department visits for children in Seattle. Environ Health Perspect 107:489–493.
- Pereira LAA, Loomis D, Conceicao GMS, Braga ALF, Arcas RM, Kishi HS, et al. 1998. Association between air pollution and intrauterine mortality in São Paulo, Brazil. Environ Health Perspect 106:325–329.
- Peters JM, Avol E, Gauderman WJ, Linn WS, Navidi W, London SJ, et al. 1999. A study of twelve southern California communities with differing levels and types of air pollution. II. Effects on pulmonary function. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 159(3):768–775.
- Ries F, Marshall JD, Brauer M. 2009. Intake fraction of urban wood smoke. Environ Sci Technol 43(13):4701–4706.
- Ritz B, Yu F, Chapa G, Fruin S. 2000. Effect of air pollution on preterm birth among children born in Southern California between 1989 and 1993. Epidemiology 11(5):502–511.
- Salam MT, Millstein J, Li YF, Lurmann FW, Margolis HG, Gilliland FD. 2005. Birth outcomes and prenatal exposure to ozone, carbon monoxide, and particulate matter: results from the Children's Health Study. Environ Health Perspect 113:1638–1644.
- Slama R, Morgenstern V, Cyrys J, Zutavern A, Herbarth O, Wichmann HE, et al. 2007. Traffic-related atmospheric pollutants levels during pregnancy and offspring's term birth weight: a study relying on a land-use regression exposure model. Environ Health Perspect 115:1283–1293.
- To T, Dell S, Dick PT, Cicutto L, Harris JK, MacLusky IB, et al. 2006. Case verification of children with asthma in Ontario. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 17(1):69–76.
- To T, Gershon A, Wang C, Dell S, Cicutto L.. 2007. Persistence and remission in childhood asthma: a population-based asthma birth cohort study. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 161(12):1197–1204.
- van Vliet P, Knape M, de Hartog J, Janssen N, Harssema H, Brunekreef B. 1997. Motor vehicle exhaust and chronic respiratory symptoms in children living near freeways. Environ Res 74(2):122–132.
- von Mutius E. 2000. The environmental predictors of allergic disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 105(1 pt 1):9–19.
- Wang L, Pinkerton KE. 2007. Air pollutant effects on fetal and early postnatal development. Birth Defects Res C Embryo Today 81(3):144–154.
- Wjst M, Reitmeir P, Dold S, Wulff A, Nicolai T, von Loeffelholz-Colberg EF, et al. 1993. Road traffic and adverse effects on respiratory health in children. BMJ 307(6904):596–600.
- WHO. 1975. International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision. Geneva:World Health Organization.
- WHO (World Health Organization). 2006. Asthma. Fact Sheet No. 307. Available: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs307/en/ [accessed 22 October 2006].
- Zelikoff JT, Chen LC, Cohen MD, Schlesinger RB. 2002. The toxicology of inhaled woodsmoke. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev 5(3):269–282.
- Zmirou D, Gauvin S, Pin I, Momas I, Sahraoui F, Just J, et al. 2004. Traffic related air pollution and incidence of childhood asthma: results of the Vesta case-control study. J Epidemiol Community Health 58(1):18–23.
Clarivate Analytics released the 2018 Journal Citation Reports, which tracks citations for articles published in 2015 and 2016. EHP's new Journal Impact Factor is 8.31, with a 5-Year Journal Impact Factor of 9.81. (more…)
We are pleased to present new and improved author guidelines! (more…)


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Loving Stitches Quilt Shop originally started out in a 1200 sq. ft. space in 1996. Over the next few years, the store expanded several times and today occupies a custom designed 10,000 sq. ft. location at 7076 Ramsey St., in Fayetteville, NC. We're one of the largest quilt shops in the United States, recognized by BERNINA for sales excellence. Most recently, we also received BERNINA's prestigious Presidential Award. We only carry products that are tried and trusted…because our customers deserve the very BEST!
Known for excellence in education and customer support, Loving Stitches offers a full schedule of classes, including:
- sewing machine class
- sewing machine repair class
- embroidery class
- sewing and embroidery software class
- Serger classes
- long-arm machine repair and operation
- computerized quilting mastery class
Dozens of other quilting, sewing and embroidery project classes and workshops are offered each quarter. Loving stitches also hosts lectures taught by nationally recognized teachers, and experts in the quilting industry, several times a year.
In addition to offering the finest sewing, embroidery, and quilting products in Cumberland County, Loving Stitches is well-known for its contributions to the Fayetteville community, as well as national service projects. We're proud to support such charitable organizations such as The Susan G. Komen Foundation, the local food bank and cancer center, and U.S. Troops stationed in Iraq and Afghanistan, as well as participating in the Quilts of Valor program. We're always striving to serve our customers, our community, and our nation!

subset: commoncrawl


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Renting Your Log Home
Quick tips for how to get the most out of your log home investment by renting it out to others when you're not there.
Quick tips for how to get the most out of your log home investment by renting it out to others when you're not there.
Play up your log look by basing it on regional styles.
An appeal of building your log home is the opportunity to design it as you like. Doubts set in, however, because A) most people have never designed a home before and B) the few who have, haven't designed a LOG home.
Learn how […]
Detailed "how to guide" to building a log home, covering everything from site locations to log raising to interior finishes.
Before you start designing and building your home, you'll need to pick your property. Here's what you need to know about buying land.
Cody, Wyoming, brings high-quality rustic style to the Old West.
Hot Springs, Arkansas, offers a relaxing respite with many outdoor activities where you can literally soak your cares away.
West Virginia's Pocahontas County offers year-round outdoor attractions for the whole family.
6 oft-overlooked places to build your log home
Discover one of the last undeveloped stretches of the Florida Panhandle, perfect for a relaxing retirement getaway.


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Dr. R. Quinn Thomas
Biological Sciences
Dr. Thomas is an assistant professor of forest dynamics and ecosystem modeling in the Department of Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation at Virginia Tech. Before arriving to Virginia Tech, he was a postdoctoral scientist at the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, CO.
Thomas' research at Virginia Tech focuses on the interactions among ecosystem dynamics, climate change, and air pollution, with a particular emphasis on carbon cycling in forests. Key areas of global change research include: 1) investigating how forests and forest management influence climate through numerous pathways that include altering greenhouse gas exchange and surface energy balance, 2) simulating coupled biogeochemical cycles in Earth System Models that are used in climate change predictions, and 3) studying how nitrogen pollution and climate impact carbon storage in forests.
To address these questions, Dr. Thomas works across a wide range of spatial scales, from individual trees to the globe using a broad set of tools, including ecosystem and Earth System models, remote sensing, large dataset analysis, and whole-ecosystem experiments.
Recent relevant publications:
Thomas, R. Q., S. Zaehle, P.H. Templer, and C.L. Goodale. In Press. Global patterns of nitrogen limitation: Confronting two global biogeochemical models with observations. Global Change Biology.
Thomas, R. Q., J. R. Kellner, D. B. Clark, and D. Peart. 2013. Low mortality in tall tropical trees. Ecology 94:920–929.
Thomas, R. Q., G. B. Bonan, and C. L. Goodale. 2013. Insights into mechanisms governing forest carbon response to nitrogen deposition: a model-data comparison using observed responses to nitrogen addition. Biogeosciences Discussions 10: 1635–1683.
Raciti, S. M, T. J. Fahey, R. Q. Thomas, P. B. Woodbury, C. T. Driscoll, F. J. Carranti, D. R. Foster, P. S. Gwyther, B. R. Hall, S. P. Hamburg, J. C. Jenkins, C. Neill, B. W. Peery, E. E. Quigley, R. Sherman, M. A. Vadeboncoeur, D. A. Weinstein, G. Wilson. 2012. Local scale carbon budgets and mitigation opportunities for the northeastern United States. Bioscience 62: 23-38.
Thomas, R.Q., C. D. Canham, K. C. Weathers, and C. L. Goodale. 2010. Increased tree carbon storage in response to nitrogen deposition in the U.S. Nature Geosciences 3: 13-17.
Canham, C. D. and R. Q. Thomas. 2010. Local frequency but not relative abundance of temperate tree species varies along climate gradients in eastern North America. Ecology 91: 3433 – 3440.


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Y11 Exam Intervention Timetable
11 May 2018
Letters 2017/18
Stranger Danger Advice
With the long summer holiday fast approaching the police have asked us to issue stranger danger advice to you to share with your children to help keep them safe when they are out and about.
Summer Fayre Y7 - Monday 9 July 2018
Year 7 are going to promote, plan and organise a 'Summer Fayre' for Bishop Challoner pupils on Monday 9th of July. Can you help?
Parent/Carer Letter_Y7-11_Open_Close_Dates
Details of school closures and early finishes.
Year 7 Ball Crew Trials
Year 7 Ball Crew Trials


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"One of my absolutely favourite PR's! Working with Lucy is always a pleasure – whether it's a spa round up, press trip or a news story she's my first port of call – I know I can trust to provide me with exactly what I need for a great article. Reliable, professional, amiable and completely clued up on exactly what clients and journalists need."
– Lisa Brown, Founder The Luxury Spa Edit
"Lucy Robinson is a consummate professional and has been a real pleasure to work with over the last four years. She is extremely amiable, reliable and prompt in dealing with my many requests and is always my first port of call for any travel features that I'm working on. Lucy understands exactly what journalists need (and more importantly what they don't!) and her press releases and ideas are always newsworthy and targeted to the publication. We deal with PRs on an hourly basis and Lucy certainly stands out as the one we can always rely on."
– Hollie Bond, Lifestyle Editor – You & Your Wedding
"Lucy has consistently delivered a tailored and considered approach to my communication requirements, meeting PR challenges and thereafter delivering measurable results as I have launched a new business offering. With a first-hand understanding of the interiors and luxury-lifestyle landscape, Lucy has proved invaluable in ensuring that I am represented effectively across a diverse range of media outlets, habitually coming up with exciting new ideas and approaches to better promote my name and services. Always bubbly but also focused, Lucy's dexterity and determination brings about an efficient marketing strategy. She is an absolute pleasure to work with"
– Thomson Carpenter – Interior Designer
"Lucy is a joy to work with; she's very friendly and remembers you and your past correspondence, but also sharp and aware, when pitching, of what's an average story and what's a great one. She hosts a fabulous event and her press guest list is always spot-on for the venue in question. She became my 'go-to' person at PCC as I knew she'd be quick to respond, instantly understand what I was after and get the right information for me. She's also great fun to deal with and makes you feel like you're not just another name on her contacts list. I look forward to working with her lots more in future."
– Lucy Thackray, Commissioning Editor – The Sunday Times Travel Magazine
"Latham Interiors has been working with Lucy Robinson Public Relations for over six months at the time of writing and in that time has had a really positive effect on our business. A clear strategy for PR and marketing was set and agreed and Lucy's diligence, organisation, contacts and talents have meant that we have received coverage in key national magazine titles, regional press and amongst key influencers in the blogging world. LRPR has been instrumental in upgrading our website and has educated us in the importance of utilising all the social media channels effectively. We are feeling very positive that the fantastic start that has been made will soon be translated into real business revenue."
– Sarah Latham, Founder Latham Interiors


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Crazy! We're giving away iPads
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It is almost Easter and while everyone is enjoying a couple of days off, our preparations for the upcoming The Next Web Conference continue. We're at the office, or in wifi-enabled coffee bars working away piles of unanswered emails during Easter.
This is also the weekend that the iPad will be introduced. We're very excited about this device (we'll keep on covering it here on TNW!).
Do you want to be a cryptocurrency millionaire?
Don't get your hopes up.
We ordered 5 iPads, but these iPads are not for us. No, they are for you!
The first 5 people that buy 2 tickets for The Next Web Conference at the discounted price of 750 euros will get a free iPad!
Got it?? I'll repeat it just to make sure:
The first 5 people that buy 2 tickets for The Next Web Conference at the discounted price of 750 euros will get a free iPad!
So you get a three day awesome TNW conference and a shiny iPad. Last year we gave away iPod nano's during Easter and we wanted to top that. Hey, if you are lucky your boss is paying for the tickets.
First come first serve. Get your tickets and iPad.
See you at The Next Web in Amsterdam and make sure you bring your iPads!
Read next: 7 Amazing Apps To Get You Blogging On The iPad Right Away


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Turn heads with the fashionable Dublin Estuary Tall Boots. These beautiful boots feature a classic appearance that suits a wide variety of outfits and styles. While these boots are perfect for walking around downtown, their functionality also makes them ideal for the active wearer. The Dublin Estuary Tall Boots feature the Rider Comfort System insole, which makes a huge difference in your comfort when you're on your feet. This specially designed...


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Reducing and reusing waste
About reducing and reusing waste
Residents of North Somerset have helped the council achieve a recycling rate of 60%, making it the highest performing unitary authority in the country.
However, about half the rubbish thrown into the black bins could still have been recycled.
Reducing the amount of waste you produce helps to save money and the environment.
The cost of waste disposal to landfill is £105 per tonne. Whereas waste reduction, reuse and recycling is free. By reducing or reusing your unwanted items it will save you and the council money.
Reuse at our recycling centres
We now have a reuse facility at our recycling centres. You can take good quality, reusable items to the centres where they will be reused locally.
If you're not sure if your items are reusable or where to take reusable items at your local recycling centre please ask a member of staff.


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This is the world where mobile phone has been an essential part of each and everyone's life. Today most of the people use android phones for communication purpose and as a source of their entertainment. These android phones users have different choice of ringtone based on their likes and dislikes.
How To Increase Extra Volume in Windows 7, Android and iOS, Even When You've Set It To Max
Many Windows 7 PCs or laptops, Android phones and Apple mobiles do not provide sufficient volume to enjoy audio or video. In these type of devices, you may feel difficulty to listen music of videos and audios more clearly even when you've set the volume to maximum.
Play Online Pool Live Tour Game With Your Facebook Friend
Pool is well known International game and now it has made live for it's greatest fans. People can play Pool game as Facebook application with their online friends.
Google Nexus 4 Smartphone Review
Google Nexus 4 is the fourth generation successor smartphone of Google Nexus series. Google's fourth Nexus-branded Android smartphone is designed and manufactured by LG Electronics.
Know about "Samsung Google Nexus S" in detail
Samsung Google Nexus S smartphone manufactured by Samsung and was sold by Google. It was launched with Android Gingerbread operating system in December 2010.
Full Description of HTC Google Nexus One
This article is about full description of HTC Google Nexus One Android phone. Google Nexus One was the first Android phone of Google manufactured by Taiwan's HTC Corporation. It became available on January 5, 2o1o for users.
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We are in the 21st century and social media is very common to everyone in this century. Here are the different ways how social media platforms is transforming the world.
Social Media Platforms may be the banks of future
The trend to pay our rent or make an investment through our favorite social network is not too far. Social media is transforming the banking relationships. It is ameliorating customer services and also allowing users to send money to others. Opening a bank account has become very easy using social media. Social media can even impact your ability to get a loan. But the biggest challenge is maintaining security standards and ensuring customers knowingly provide personal information.
Social Media is shaking up healthcare and public heath
The health industry is already using social media to change how it works. It has helped many patients to keep in touch with the doctors and other healthcare facilitators. It is responsible for relevant changes in both personal and community health by making it makes information sharing easier. Although social media in healthcare has proved to be significant, yet it is a two – way street and allows non-experts to share information just as rapidly as health agencies. Health agencies need to have plans in place ahead of time to respond to and counter misinformation shared via social media.
Social Media is helping us better respond to disasters
Social media and digital communications are helping the world respond to many disasters. Facebook's safety check allows the users in disaster zones to mark themselves as safe. Digital responders immediately log on when the news about a natural disaster or calamity breaks out. They use their time and technical skills as well as their personal networks in an attempt to help mitigate information overloaded for formal humanitarian aid in the field. These digital humanitarians will help close the gap in worldwide disaster response.
Social Media is an important catalyst to education
Spending too much time on social media can distract the students from their studies but it is found that but many schools around the world also recognize that being digital assists informal learning and is a primary means of education to some. It has proved advantageous to low income families with poor prospects in formal education. In many developing countries people have started to receive valuable education through YouTube videos.
Public social media is conservative
The public social media platforms such as Facebook has proved to be conservative and also people avoid religious and political posts on the research sites. The private social media such as WhatsApp is used to bring about social change. In India, in addition to surveillance by family and individuals, the type of content people share on social media is controlled by the gaze of other members of a person's caste. A problematic post might bring dishonor to the entire caste, an important social unit in India.
Social media is helping us to tackle some of the world's biggest challenges
Social media has not just brought the activists together but has also held the human rights violators into an account. The substance shared via social media has expanding potential that can be utilized as proof of wartime outrages and human rights infringement. The capacity for social media to bring together disparate but like – minded people is also helping an enormous challenge of climate change. Social media is acting as an important tool for providing means for the public to participate in disallowing environmental decisions. It has created a way for people to connect local environmental challenges and solutions to larger-scale narratives that will affect us as a global community.
Social media is changing the way we govern
Social media allows citizens of the country to be the source and part of ideas, plans and initiatives in an easier way than ever before. Whereas politicians and government officials once had to travel to interact with citizens, now online town halls strengthen the connections between them, while providing a platform for direct input on government initiatives. The cooperative relationship has been profoundly disrupted by the simultaneous rise of advanced innovation and the web-based ecosystem community that it enabled.
BY – Espressotive


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The Ottawa International Animation Festival is pleased to announce the nominees for the 1999 Best Artistic Achievement in Animation Education Award. The award, which is presented to the best animation school showreel, will be presented at the 1999 Ottawa International Animation Festival which takes place October 21-24 at the National Archives of Canada in Ottawa, Canada.
The 1999 Nominees are:
Special Mentions:
The competition will be divided into three parts. Each 90 minute competition programme will be shared by two schools. The nominees will be allotted forty-five minutes of programming space. The International Jury will award the a grand prize during the 1999 Awards Ceremony held on Sunday, October 24.
School Competition #1,
School Competition #2,
School Competition #3,
The criteria for the competition emphasizes unique and creative approaches to animation. We are not interested in schools that use education solely as a means of nurturing commercial expressions within limit modes of expression (ie. cel or digital animation). Instead, were are interested in institutions that encourage their students to use diverse techniques and imaginative and personal conceptual approaches.


text: Win2DS *Unofficial* v0.8d Remote desktop on DS MonkeyNZ has put out another update to his unofficial build of Win2DS, the focus this time being on various input improvements with the mouse and keyboard. Download below. [title:Changelog]0.80d "the final version before christmas" server - mouse cursor no longer flickers while remote control is active server - zoomed screen now stops at the correct full screen borders when scrolling client - all keys now respond instantly when pressed (previously pressing a key would only sometimes get a reaction) client - zoomed window scroll rate increased client - mouse will now move smoother client - click-drag operations are now possible in zoomed view Download Source


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Minutes, 1918-20.
United Kingdom Society of Amalgamated Smiths and Strikers
- For more information, email the repository
- Advice on accessing these materials
- Cite this description https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/data/gb152-mss.259/sm
- This material is held at
- ReferenceGB 152 MSS.259/SM
- Dates of Creation1918-1920
- Language of MaterialEnglish.
- Physical Description[ not recorded ]
Scope and Content
Administrative / Biographical History
Formed in 1886, the society amalgamated with the Amalgamated Society of Engineers and eight other unions to form the Amalgamated Engineering Union in 1920.
Reference: J.B. Jeffreys, The story of the engineers.London, 1945 (repr. 1970).
Conditions Governing Access
Access : Open.
Archivist's Note
The records have been listed as part of the Amalgamated Engineering and Electrical Union archive. An authority file exists for the United Kingdom Society of Amalgamated Smiths and Strikers (GB 152 AAR259/SM).
Custodial History
The archive has been deposited in the Centre on indefinite loan by the Amalgamated Union of Engineering Workers. The first deposit consisted of fifteen boxes of early minutes collected by Richard Storey on 1st November 1984. Accruals are listed under the entry for the Amalgamated Engineering and Electrical Union (MSS.259) .


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Article Title
Nelsen argues that the loss of play has unwittingly provoked a loss of critical thinking and civic engagement.
Recommended Citation
Nelsen, P. J. (2009). In Defense of Playfulness. Occasional Paper Series, 2009 (22). Retrieved from https://educate.bankstreet.edu/occasional-paper-series/vol2009/iss22/5
Included in
Curriculum and Instruction Commons, Educational Assessment, Evaluation, and Research Commons, Educational Methods Commons


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Dubai is on the outlook for Danish companies to join the emirate's journey towards becoming the world's most sustainable city. For one, the city will soon be home to The Green Sports Hub, a sustainable sports academy initiated by Danish football hero Ebbe Sand
Dubai is known for having ambitious strategies and goals – and for fulfilling them! Therefore, the vision of the leadership in Abu Dhabi and Dubai towards becoming the most sustainable cities in the world means great business opportunities for Danish companies. It will be exciting to witness how Dubai, as one of the fastest growing cities, can transform into the most sustainable city as well – and even more exciting if the transformation is done with Danish solutions and knowhow. The Trade Council has already identified the first projects for Danish companies.
The Dubai vision clearly states the goal to be among the most sustainable cities in the world, and this means a strong focus on a sustainable society in a broad sense. This again means business opportunities within areas such as water, energy, environment, and waste management, as well as sustainable architecture, landscaping and design– just to name a few. Dubai is known to look worldwide for the best solutions to a given problem. They aim at being number one and they are looking to work with world class suppliers. Denmark's decades long expertise concerning political strategy and implementation of green solutions has been noticed, giving us a strong reputation as a front runner.
Dubai is preparing to host the world's most sustainable Expo in 2020. Main focus areas here are to incorporate the three main pillars of sustainability to the city: Environmental, Economic and Social Sustainability. Dubai seeks to provide its residents and workers with the maximum quality of life together with the lowest environmental footprint.
During the last six years the Trade Council in Dubai has worked extensively with promoting Danish businesses within the above mentioned green areas to the government, public authorities, developers and private companies. According to Ms. Astrid S. C. Nielsen, Head of Commercial Section and Sector Expert on Renewable Energy & Sustainability, "The strong relations we have built in the aftermath of the financial crises to key stakeholders within the industry and government - and the fact that Denmark is known as a world leader within sustainability - is a tremendous advantage for Danish companies aiming to enter the market in UAE. We are in dialog with several developers and project owners that are in the planning stage and keen on implementing sustainable solutions into their projects. We see great opportunities for Danish companies to be part of delivering the knowledge, solutions and technologies to these projects".
Some projects with Danish solutions are already off ground, e.g. the most sustainable school, designed by Danish architectures will be built in the Sustainable City, the developers behind the city is further interested in exploring Danish products as well as the Residential Eco villas; which focuses on Danish sustainable materials and solutions.
The Green Sports Hub
One major Danish project is The Green Sports Hub by Ebbe Sand, which is to be the world's first sustainable sports hub. Initiated by football hero Ebbe Sand, it has a focus on state-of-the-art Danish sustainable materials and solutions
The Trade Council has worked on introducing The Green Sports Hub to key actors in Dubai right from the start, to help get the project up and running, while ensuring that other Danish businesses get on board. The impressive structure will span an area of 50.000 sqm, and stands to be a massive showcase for Danish companies in their ability to fit together sports, health and sustainability.
Other Current Projects and Developments in Dubai
Projects such as Dubai South; a city expected to accommodate 1 million people, including the world's biggest airport, schools, hotels, retail, etc. "The Heart of Europe" which is part of the World Islands, The Heart of Europe is a cluster of six islands of Germany, Monaco, Sweden, Switzerland, St Petersburg and Main Europe. The project will set a new benchmark for sustainability and innovation incorporating green features, solar power and state-of-the-art technology. Desert Rose; a 14,000-hectare smart city expected to accommodate 20,000 plots for Emiratis with focus on sustainability.
Waste management is another area that has high political focus. Waste reduction is a major issue as almost 8000 tonnes of waste are going into landfills in Dubai every day. The majority of the waste is not recycled however, the Emirate has decided to completely eliminate waste by implementing the "zero waste strategy 2030", which the UAE waste industry is not yet fit to manage. Danish companies, on the other hand, are up to the task.
Many more projects are to be executed in the near future – including district cooling, energy efficiency, materials optimization on so on. Danish companies have already been introduced to some of the above projects by the Trade Council in Dubai and we would be delighted to assist more Danish companies into the fast growing market in UAE.
The Trade Council is furthermore in dialogue with the water authorities in Abu Dhabi, Dubai and Sharjah and the Agriculture Center in Abu Dhabi in order to promote Danish solutions with improving water management. The country is primarily relying on desalinated seawater and bottled drinking water. Sustainable solutions are needed within water recycling, highly efficient and smart irrigation systems, water metres and appliances.
Exhibition and Network Opportunity in October 2017 - WETEX
Each year UAE host a range of exhibitions and conferences focusing on technologies and solutions to make sure the country will keep its rapid development in a sustainable manner. The Trade Council in Dubai is in collaboration with Act NOW by Grundfos, Confederation of Danish Industry and State of Green planning multiple export promotions activities in Q4 2017, among other WETEX (Water, Energy, Technology and Environment) which are taking place in Dubai 23rd – 25th of October 2017. We invite you to join us at the Danish Pavilion. For more information, please click here.
More information about the market and opportunities in UAE
If you want to become part of the adventure building a more sustainable Dubai, please contact Ms. Astrid Svitzer Ching Nielsen, Head of Commercial Section & MENA Regional Advisor, Sector Expert in Renewable Energy & Sustainability at the Royal Danish Consulate General in Dubai.
Email: email@example.com / Mobil: +971 50 652 8620.
Udfyld formularen for at sende en mail med et link til følgende side:
Asiatisk Plads 2
1448 København K
Tlf: +45 33 92 05 00
Ofte stillede spørgsmål
til Eksportrådet


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American Primetime TV
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The ANC's January 8 statement is an indication that the message of unity seems to have infiltrated into the branches of the party, says EWN reporter Clement Manyathela.
President Jacob Zuma called for an end to destructive factionalism and corruption at the event over the weekend.
Manyathela attended all the party festivities, including the gala dinner held on Saturday evening.
He reflects on his observations from the 105th anniversary celebration, including its punctuality, groupings and the attentiveness of the audience and supporters.
Take a listen to the EWN update:
This article first appeared on CapeTalk : ANC appears to present united front at January 8 statement


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DH Landscaping is the latest venture for John Nichols who started his original business, known as Domestic Horticultural Services over 21 years ago. John is married with two children, has four grandchildren and resides in Southern Tasmania in the beautiful Channel area.
His love for horticulture began when he was a child as he grew up on his parent's apple farm. During these years he learnt just about everything there is to know about apple farming and more.
Upon leaving school, he had to decide between training in computers or horticulture. The latter won out, as the thought of having to work behind a desk wasn't appealing and the big outdoor life of horticulture won through.
John started his career by acting as foreman for a flower farm. He grew a wide range of garden flowers, including bulbs, on a five acre property. From there, John moved on to a leading Landscaping Company, where he stayed for nine years. It was during this time that he studied horticulture at Hobart TAFE being awarded firstly a Certificate in Horticulture and then Advanced Certification in the same field.
In later years he returned to study, graduating with a Diploma in Horticulture, in 2009. John has worked on projects such as McDonalds Sandy Bay and Newtown, Government unit developments and many new garden set-ups for private customers. His reputation and professional work-ethic has meant that he has retained many of his clients, some of whom have been with him for over 15 years.
He works with a team of three highly experienced people, who are all qualified in some facet of horticulture. A Service Designer, John can complete tasks from planning your new garden to full implementation and maintenance of your property.
Some services can be expensive, but working with John will show you how caring he is. He can split the project into sections to suit your budget, then implement these sections when you are ready so that the garden never looks unfinished.
Landscaping has always been a favourite. From building retaining walls and display gardens to total garden establishment John is the man for the task. Just look at the list of just some of the tasks he can undertake for you.
- Excavation work
- Wall building – including decorative stone walls
- Paving
- Planting and maintenance of trees – including the services of a qualified arborist
- Garden design and planting of appropriate plants and flowers to make your garden look fantastic
- Setting up vegetable gardens
- Implementing simple or more diversified irrigation systems
- Lawn establishment and maintenance
- Turf laying
- …and the list goes on .
Due to his intimate knowledge of soils, plants etc. John is able to offer a comprehensive consultancy to assess a clients needs before the client commences his own work on a garden. John has also consulted with various small holdings to advise if the land is suitable for certain crop types. He is much sought after in relation to his knowledge of fruit farming.
In the past, at various times, John has applied his skills to some pretty varied occupations, ranging from Real Estate Salesman to Chook Rearer. However his heart yearned for the open spaces and the joy of creating that perfect garden. If you are new to the state of Tasmania and have acquired a new property, John can advise you as to the best avenues to take to get the best out of your garden while still working within your specifications.
The heavier tasks are also addressed by John acting as a Garden Inspector; For example finding out why your plants won't grow, solving drainage problems, and offering tree root advice re the suitability of certain trees in particular locations.
Finally if that is not enough, all his work is 100% guaranteed by DH Horticultural Services and DH Landscaping.
If you have any questions to ask, or problems to solve regarding your garden or property, then contact Kelly. The company motto is
"Big or Small, We Do It All"
which epitomizes the services that Kelly and her team can offer. Contact Us.


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At David & Philpot, P.L., you can be confident when working with a car accident lawyer Lakeland, FL offers from our firm. Our attorneys have extensive knowledge about Florida's motor vehicle laws and how they can affect your personal injury claim. Call us today at 800-360-7015 to find out more after speaking with a car accident lawyer in Lakeland, FL from our firm.
Contact a Car Accident Lawyer Lakeland, FL Drivers Trust
After a car accident, victims may be dealing with serious injuries and enormous stress. With so much to focus on, developing a legal strategy to pursue compensation from the at-fault party for their damages may not be their priority. Unfortunately, if victims don't protect their rights from the onset, it may make it difficult if not impossible to recover their damages. Not only will delays allow accident scene evidence to disappear, key eyewitnesses' memories can fade.
Overall, as time passes it becomes more and more challenging to build a strong case to defend your rights. When you contact a car accident lawyer Lakeland, FL community members turn to from David & Philpot, P.L. after sustaining a serious injury, we can represent your best interests.
Statute of Limitations for Car Accident Claims
Another important reason to immediately contact a car accident lawyer Lakeland, FL commuters recommend is because of the statute of limitations. In the state of Florida, personal injury victims have a limited amount of time to file an injury claim. After that time period, their claim will be denied regardless of how serious an injury the victim sustained.
Do not let this happen to you. Contact our office to speak with one of our attorneys. If we represent you in your personal injury case, your David & Philpot, P.L. attorney will make sure your claim is filed before the deadline expires. In addition, your attorney can submit all required paperwork to the proper authorities.
If Your Personal Injury Claim Was Denied
If you have filed your accident claim on your own and it was denied, talk to one of our car accident attorneys who may be able to resubmit it. Claims are often denied because incorrect information was provided or the victim did not submit sufficient proof. David & Philpot, P.L. attorneys have a thorough understanding of what is needed for a successful claim. In addition, we have an extensive network of respected medical professionals and other experts who can provide testimony as necessary on behalf of our clients.
Contact a Qualified Lakeland Car Accident Lawyer
If you or a family member was seriously hurt in a car accident that was not your fault, you may be entitled to compensation for your costs. Our legal team may be able to advise you after a review of your case. Request a free and confidential consultation from one of our attorneys. If you would like to find a car accident lawyer Lakeland, FL trusts, contact us at David & Philpot, P.L. by calling 800-360-7015.


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Heat oil and butter in a casserole. When foaming subsides, add rice and saute for about 5 minutes stirring constantly until rice is toasty. In last 30 seconds add whole cinnamon stick and cloves and saute until they release their aroma. Add sugar and saute for a few seconds, add water, saffron and salt reduce heat to low. Cook covered for 15 minutes or until rice is just tender. Serve with pork and garnish with sliced almonds.
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With the advent of gaming technology, many people are these days into playing online games. Now and then, you will not miss two or more people in a group playing a certain type of online game. Among the widespread online games to choose from online, FNAF world is one of the widely recognized and played video game. It is an indie role-playing video game that was created by Scott Cawthon. FNaF world is derived from the Five Nights at Freddy's series. It is easy to access this role-playing game, especially if you own a smartphone. You simply need to find a link for FNaF world download and follow up the downloading procedure.
There are many advantages that comes with playing video games such as FNaF world online. Gamers will be able to share and communicate with other players online as they are presented with a chance to chat and share gaming ideas. Also, gamers get a chance to enjoy wide variety of games. In the case of FNaF world, you will enjoy different fnaf world updates from 1 to 4 and they are quite competitive. Interestingly, as you look for fnaf world download full game, you can look at update 1-4 and download them for free.This is the latest android game also you can check Latest Android Mod Apk for more.
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When out there looking for an exciting game to play on your smartphone or any other android device, it is wise to conduct thorough research as well as consult widely. When it comes to FNaF world, you have to take a look at its respective features to rest assured you are choosing the right fnaf world demo. There are amazing features to look for before you download fnaf world update 1, 2 or 4. They include:
- The game is free and you can download the fnaf world apk free of charge from your favorite web page. You can download it in the fnaf world gamejolt version.
- It also features the entire cast from the Five Nights at Freddy's series.
- The role-playing video game will let players control their favorite animatronics in one of the amazing and epic animated adventure.
- It comes with 48 characters, multiple endings, and great soundtrack from artist Leon Riskin and with multiple difficulties.
- The game also allows players to reflect on the actions and deeds of the 'flipside' where things become broken and distorted.
- It also makes it easy for the team of players to go deeper into the digital world and find the source of these monsters and anomalies.
Master Of The Game :
Those who are new to the fnaf world video game can still master the fnaf world gameplay. New players can use a few tricks and tactics here are there and turn to pros. For instance, whenever it is time for Freddy to attack, the player should choose "birthday", which means that attack, defense and speed temporarily increase, hence making the battle easier and faster.
Player can also catch the pearl "three" more times to increase to up to 5, as once the pearl is unlocked, it will offer additional help making sure the party members don't die when fighting against the respective challengers. In essence, FNaF world is entertaining without doubt, and if you are a fan of Five Nights at Freddy's, you will undoubtedly fall in love with this video game. Find the link to FNaF world download and install the best role-playing video game in the market.


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Obituary of Victor Uhlman
~~Sgt (Ret) UHLMAN, Victor O.E.
Of Annapolis County passed away suddenly on 04 October 2017 at the age of 74.
He was born in Annapolis General Hospital to the late Ruth Marguerite (Orde) and Oliver Douglas Uhlman. He attended school in Annapolis until he joined the Canadian Army in 1961 when he was 18.
During his 32 years of service as an MSE Op he was posted to Borden (RCASC School), Valcartier (2 FD AMB), Gagetown (3 EBS BN), 4 CMBG Soest (4 CIBG), Gagetown (7 COY RCASC), 4 CMBG Soest (1 FD AMB), Cornwallis, Baden-Soellingen, Sydney, and Cornwallis. It was on his first tour in Germany that he met his wife who was there with the British Army of the Rhine. During his Career he was a driver, a driving instructor, Chief Dispatcher, and as MSE Safety Supervisor an accident investigator and DDC instructor. He was always proud of being part of the Royal Canadian Army Service Corps (RCASC). After retiring from the Armed Forces he was an instructor with the NS Safety Council, and then he went back to working as a driver at HMCS Acadia CSTC 2000-2007.
He loved his family, his cars, his lilies, his crosswords, and his little chocolate cakes. He is survived by his wife of 52 years, Elizabeth (Deane); his children, Janine and Jonathan; sisters, Treasure and Corinne; brothers, Garnet (Burdette) and Clyde (Laura); many nieces and nephews and grand-nieces and nephews. He was predeceased by half-brother, Thomas Edward of Blacks Harbour, NB. Cremation has taken place and there will be no visitation at his request. A celebration of his life will be held 11am Friday October 13, 2017 at the Kaulbach Family Funeral Home, Bridgetown. In lieu of flowers, memorial donations may be made to the Royal Canadian Legion.


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Strongest Quotes (6 quotes)
Against Diseases here, the strongest Fence,
Is the defensive Virtue, Abstinence.
Is the defensive Virtue, Abstinence.
Chess grips its exponent, shackling the mind and brain so that the inner freedom and independence of even the strongest character cannot remain unaffected.
I believe with Schopenhauer that one of the strongest motives that lead men to art and science is escape from everyday life with its painful crudity and hopeless dreariness, from the fetters of ones own ever shifting desires. A finely tempered nature longs to escape from personal life into the world of objective perception and thought; this desire may be compared with the townsmans irresistible longing to escape from his noisy, cramped surroundings into the silence of high mountains, where the eye ranges freely through the still, pure air and fondly traces out the restful contours apparently built for eternity.
The pulse of a newborn during the neonatal period is very rapid the pulse of old people is rather slow the pulse is fullest and strongest in the prime years of youth.
The strongest cause in the generation of diseases is the predisposition of the body which is likely to fall ill.
True is it, my incorporate friends, quoth he, That I receive the general food at first, Which you do live upon; and fit it is, Because I am the storehouse and the shop Of the whole body. But, if you do remember, I send it through the rivers of your blood, Even to the court, the heart, to th seat o th brain; And, through the cranks and offices of man, The strongest nerves and small inferior veins From me receive that natural competency Whereby they live. And though that all at once You, good friends, this says the belly, mark me.


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"I'll make this without the bacon for this year's Thanksgiving dinner. From Fine Cooking: "If you're assembling this ahead, wait until just before baking to add the eggs and chicken broth. A metal baking pan tends to make this dressing cook more quickly.""
Dressing With Apples, Bacon & Caramelized Onions
0 recipe photos
READY IN:1hr 30mins
Ingredients Nutrition
- butter, for the pan
- 1 (15 -16 ounce) day-old rustic-style white bread
- 8 ounces sliced bacon, cut into 1-inch squares
- 1 large onion, cut into a 1/2-inch dice (about 1-1/2 cups)
- 1 tablespoon granulated sugar
- 2 granny smith apples, peeled, cored, and cut into 1/2-inch dice (about 2-1/2 cups)
- 3 large celery ribs, chopped (about 1-1/2 cups)
- 2⁄3 cup chopped fresh flat-leaf parsley
- 1 tablespoon fresh thyme, lightly chopped
- 1 tablespoon chopped fresh sage
- kosher salt & freshly ground black pepper
- 3 large eggs, lightly beaten
- 3 1⁄2 cups low sodium chicken broth (homemade also good)
- Butter a 9x13-inch baking pan. Cut the bread into 1-inch cubes and spread them on a baking sheet to dry at room temperature while you prepare the other ingredients.
- In a large skillet over medium heat, cook the bacon until crisp, about 15 minutes. With a slotted spoon, transfer the bacon to a plate lined with paper towels. Pour off all but 2 Tbs. of the fat from the skillet; reserve the extra. Put the onion in the pan and sauté over medium-high heat until soft and lightly browned, about 5 minutes. Sprinkle the sugar over the onion and sauté, stirring constantly to prevent sticking or burning, until the onion turns deep golden and the edges caramelize, 3 to 5 minutes. Scrape the onion into a large mixing bowl.
- Return the pan to medium heat and add 2 Tbs. of the reserved bacon fat. Add the apples and celery. Sauté until softened, 5 to 7 minutes. Add the parsley, thyme, sage, 1/2 teaspoons kosher salt, and a few grinds of pepper; sauté another 1 minute. Scrape the contents of the pan into the bowl with the onion.
- When you're ready to bake the stuffing, add the bread cubes and bacon to the bowl of sautéed vegetables and toss. Add the beaten eggs, broth, 1/2 teaspoons kosher salt, and a few more grinds of pepper; mix well. Transfer to the prepared baking pan.
- Bake uncovered at 350°F until the top is light and crusty, about 1 hour.
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This soft comfortable dress is like wearling your favroite tee except in a dress! So easy to wear! Style it up with vests, scarves, belts, hells, boots, sandals! It is ridiculously versitile!
We recomend washing on cold and hanging to dry to keep your dress looking new!
95% Raylon 5% Spandex
Misses Length 42-44" Plus Length 46-48" Waist & Hips hang free
Small Bust 34-36"
Medium Bust 36-38"
Large Bust 38-40"
XL Bust 40-44"
2XL Bust 44-48"
3XL Bust 46-50"


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Submitted by Anonymous on
Father Larry Dowling is the Pastor for St. Agatha Catholic Parish in Chicago's west side. He is also a leader with the Reclaim Campaign and has been a longtime advocate for increased restorative justice in schools, communities and the criminal justice system. We spoke with Father Larry about his passion and vision for a Restorative Justice Peace Hub in his community.
What is your vision for a restorative justice in your community?
St. Agatha wants to create a space, literally a hub, where people can come together, resolve conflicts and begin to heal. We're looking at justice and forgiveness in a new way. We envision a place that goes beyond our punitive justice system and actually restores individuals to their community.
St. Agatha's Church is taking part in several initiatives. We are working in the public schools with children at risk of expulsion and suspension, and with school staff by teaching them methods of conflict resolution and restorative justice. For the first time, we are bringing together about twenty-five ex-offenders in a peace circle to talk about their experience, their hopes and dreams, obstacles to reintegrating back into the community and identifying needs and resources to help with those needs. We're also looking to engage the police and court system to make the peace hub a place where they can send people with low level infractions instead of prison.
How has your faith influenced your work advocating for restorative justice with the Reclaim Campaign?
Celebrating our faith in a way that causes us to go out and live that faith individually and collectively has a powerful impact. In my community, it is impossible to ignore the devastating effects of a broken justice system, but acting together as a Church and community, we can begin to work with individuals in need of healing to accompany and empower them to take responsibility as they take on positive roles in families and in the community.
Jesus's miracles of healing were always done among the community. He didn't just heal someone in private. When Jesus healed someone, the person was also restored to the community. That's what we want to create; an atmosphere where someone can be restored to their community through an experience of forgiveness and healing.
We can only do that if we work together to create the spaces for restorative justice and convince our elected officials to allocate the resources for our communities to do this work.


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Anyone got a pencil?
Pencil Carvings
(especially this one, very mechanical. I likey)
A fine example of what you can do with a bit of talent, an idea and a lot of patience!
18 years building software and counting. 13 years XP and laughing! A view on eXtreme Programming and software rollout that actually works


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The Vintage Bear collection is our twist on an old favourite. Featuring beautiful illustrations of teddy bears for all occasions, there's something for all the little ones.
Welcome to Wrendale Designs. Driven by a love of beautiful things and an eye for quality. We pride ourselves in producing stylish, design-led greeting cards based on our own original artwork by Award Winning Artist Hannah Dale. We offer a wonderful range of Greeting Cards, Prints, Stationery, Tinware and most recently our fabulous new Wrendale Home range to complement the existing collection.
© 2015-2017 Wrendale Designs Ltd.


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Design is a visual language. We make sure your customers, clients, donors… everybody… sees what you are saying.
A brand identity includes a strategic analysis of your organization, a logo designed to work in multiple formats and a style guide to keep it straight.
Over the past decade packaging – and especially wine packaging – has become a speciality.
We've worked with spices, teas, vinegars, olive oil and more.
THRIVE is an active coding organization. We specialize in building information-rich websites using WordPress as a CMS.
We design brochures, newsletters, banners, truck wraps, billboards, t-shirts and all manner of marketing materials and visual communication.


text: September82016 Now Open! ✻ We can't wait to share Beacon Hills with everyone at Aksarben Village! We opened on Saturday, Oct. 15. Stop by and enjoy a great meal made from scratch by Craig and his staff or one of Blaine's signature cocktails. We are all excited to share with you our new Beacon Hills. Read more


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The Honda Freed 2016 will be the newest version of Honda Freed. It would arrive with improved radiator grille, exhaust pipe & bumper. It is set to come with components shared with Honda Jazz & Honda Fit. Although it has been present in Asian markets for long, it is only now that the car will be launched in other parts of the world.
Honda Freed 2016 Engine / Fuel Economy
Standard Honda Freed 2016 models will come with a 1.5 L engine with 4 cylinders and an inline configuration, which would drive power to all the wheels. It would be able to produce maximum torque equaling to 114 Nm & peak power amounting to 130 hp. It is set to come in G and G Aero, two petrol versions. The car will have a hybrid edition which would drive power to only its front wheels. Basic model will be paired with 5-speed automatic transmission CVT gearbox, which would allow smooth gear shifts. Hybrid version is set to come with a little better gearbox, which would allow better performance.
Honda has not shared any information about fuel efficiency of this vehicle. However, it is expected that Honda Freed 2016 mileage figures will not be lower than 33 mpg. Fuel efficiency of this vehicle is unlikely to be on the lower end considering the stress of the manufacturer on lower fuel consumption.
Honda Freed 2016 Interior and Exterior
Its internal cabin will come with superior materials. Honda would design it to be spacious and more comfy, packed with some modern technological enhancements. You can find AC unit for comfortable trips and anti-ultra violet glass to safeguard your skin from harmful rays of the sun. Automatic climate control would be one of its best features, as will be Active Lock- up System to ensure better driving.
Honda Freed 2016 will have a compact SUV-style body. Its platform will be same as Honda Jazz or Honda Fit. It is set to arrive with new exhaust pipe, head and tail lamps at front and back, radiator grille & bumper. It is set to be designed taller, wider & longer to carry as many as 7 or 8 occupants easily. It would have aerodynamic exterior.
This new version is set to arrive with a plethora of interesting features, like DVD player, iPod compatibility, Bluetooth connectivity apart from other things. It would guarantee enough safety in the form of features like ACE Advanced Engineering Compatibility, Anti-lock Braking System (ABS), Electronic Brake force Distribution EBD, Brake Assist etc. It will not have any dearth of safety & infotainment features.
Honda Freed 2016 Price and Release Date
Price of 2016 Honda Freed will be in the range of $ 16,270 to $ 22,295. However, costs may vary according to the market rates of that time when this vehicle is likely to release in auto market. If official information is to be believed, Honda Freed 2016 would make an entry sometime during the first quarter of 2016. It would be released almost immediately afterwards in the Asian market first as a hybrid version and then as standard model.