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The EU s online gambling regulatory approach and the crisis of legal modernity
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1 EUC Working Paper No. 14 Working Paper No. 19, January 2014 The EU s online gambling regulatory approach and the crisis of legal modernity Dr Salvatore Casabona Associate Professor of Comparative Law, University of Palermo Some rights reserved: CC BY Play Among Friends ABSTRACT Online gambling is a fast growing service activity in the world - its economic significance is clearly shown by the high level of innovation by gambling operators all over the world, as well as by the increasing amount of tax revenues generated in those States that allow this activity. Nevertheless, states face many difficulties in controlling and regulating online gambling, given the specific nature of the Internet, and the never-ending quest by gamblers for new gaming websites that offer superior odds, a wider gaming variety, and greater bets combination. In this working paper, Dr Salvatore Casabona examines the legality of online gambling in the context of the European Union (EU), and discusses the Union's regulatory approach to online gambling, the lack of harmonisation and the issue of member state sovereignty at the crossroad of European Law on online gambling, and the potential for a new regulatory paradigm to emerge. The EU Centre in Singapore is a partnership of 13
2 THE EU S ONLINE GAMBLING REGULATORY APPROACH AND THE CRISIS OF LEGAL MODERNITY SALVATORE CASABONA a 1. Introduction As pointed out by the European Parliament in several passages of the recent Report on Online Gambling in the Internal Market 1, and repeatedly acknowledged by European Court of Justice case law, online gambling differs from other service sectors on account of the societal risks involved, and involved issues ranging from consumer protection, protection of human health to the fight against organized crime and money laundering. The economic significance of the online gambling service sector is clearly shown by the high level of innovation of gambling operators, as well as by the increasing amount of tax revenues generated in those States that allow this activity 2. Nevertheless, states face many difficulties in controlling and regulating online gambling, given the specific nature of the Internet, and the neverending quest by gamblers for new gaming websites that offer superior odds, a wider gaming variety, and greater bets combination. Regulatory approaches employed by state administrations currently shared some common points: a Associate Professor of Comparative Law and Adjunct Professor of International Trade Law at University of Palermo, University of Palermo, Italy. 1 European Parliament Resolution, Report on online gambling in internal market, A7-0218/2013, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions towards a comprehensive European framework for online gambling, COM (2012) 596 final, p. 3: Online gambling is a fast growing service activity in the EU, with annual growth rates of almost 15%. Annual revenues in 2015 are expected to be in the region of 13 billion, compared to 9.3 billion in This would represent a total growth rate of almost 40%. a. At the national level, attention does appear mainly focused from a public law perspective and issues. This includes criminal law (e.g. dealing with issues of money laundering; financing of international terrorism, fraud and so on) as well as administrative law concerning monopolies of the operation of internet casino games; concessions and license granted to private operators, etc. The gambler s point of view is often neglected, mostly limited (notably in the European context) to the protection of consumer, and in any case almost never focused on the private contractual relationship which binds the gambler with the online gambling operators. b. The specialized literature gives the general impression of a sort of segregation among different scientific points of view employed in addressing online gambling. It is true that Internet gambling is studied by scholars with different conceptual grids from different disciplines - legal, sociological, psychological and economical as well. Yet, the richness of these related findings and perspectives are usually not pulled together and compared or contrasted to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the online gambling phenomenon. Hence, the multidisciplinary ontology of the field has not been translated into fruitful cross-fertilization and interrelation of different discourses and scientific outcomes. c. Generally speaking, online gambling is deemed a mere subset of traditional gambling: States use to adapt to the remote gambling, with often daring hermeneutic processes, the former rules and categories already employed for gaming on the physical and tangible space (this seems to this author the case of Singapore) 3. 3 In fact, considering that neither the Betting Act (1985) nor the Common Gaming House Act (1985) do contain any provisions dealing with online gambling, the question is whether some crucial categories for the application of the cited acts, like that of betting information centre or of common gaming house, could be indifferently applied to online gambling phenomenon, see Hannah Yee Fen, Online Gaming The State of Play in Singapore, 23 SAcLJ ; Lau Kok Keng, Sports Betting in Singapore, in P. M. Anderson et al. (eds.), Sports Betting Law and Policy, 688 ASSER International Sports Law Series, ; 2
3 d. Finally, there is a sort of statutorification of the regulatory mainstream that marks any approach to the field, in the sense that the statute is considered the main (or better still, the exclusive) source of law to tackle online gambling matters. Other regulatory approaches, like co-regulation and selfregulation, are mostly neglected. 2. The lack of harmonization in the sector of online gambling in the EU In application of the subsidiarity principle 4 and given social and cultural factors specific to each member state 5 of the EU, the EU decided that the supply of online gambling services is not subject to a specific regulation at EU level. In fact, despite two important regulatory initiatives that have fostered a more efficient and effective integration and legal harmonization inside the internal Market, such as the Directive on E- Commerce 6 and the Directive on Services in the internal market 7, online gambling was expressly excluded from the scope of their application 8. Chen Siyuan, The Unresolved Legality of Online Gambling in Singapore, 29 Sing. L. Rev EC Treaty, article 5, Principle of Subsidiarity: The Community shall act within the limits of the powers conferred upon it by this Treaty and of the objectives assigned to it therein. In areas which do not fall within its exclusive competence, the Community shall take action, in accordance with the principle of subsidiarity, only if and in so far as the objectives of the proposed action cannot be sufficiently achieved by the Member States and can therefore, by reason of the scale or effects of the proposed action, be better achieved by the Community Any action by the Community shall not go beyond what is necessary to achieve the objectives of this Treaty. 5 In particular the European Court of Justice has acknowledged that, in the analysis of gambling sector, it is not possible to disregard the associated moral, religious or cultural factors, see ECJ Case C-347/09, Dickinger and O mer (15 September 2011), par Directive 2000/31/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 June 2000 on certain legal aspects of information society services, in particular ('Directive on electronic commerce'). Although some dispositions of the Directive seem also applicable to gambling related content, see Articles 12 to Directive 2006/123/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 December 2006 on services in the internal market. 8 Directive 2000/31/EC on Electronic Commerce cit, Article 1(5)(d); Directive 2006/123/EC on services in the internal market, cit, Article 2(2)(h). What has resulted is therefore an articulated patchwork of national rules and regulations which differs from one country to another, from the very prohibitive to the more liberal systems. This is not only highly inefficient and costly for the internal market but also risky for the gamblers, who do not have a clear and predictable legal framework of reference 9. The regulatory dilemma is always the same, wavering from criminalisation to legalization of gambling, in a continuous bounce back between opposite reasons pertaining to cultural, moral and even religious positions. In the European context, either because of the realisation and acceptance of practical unenforceability of totally prohibitive systems or because of the much attractive revenues from gambling, it is possible to note a constant and progressive process of member states moving away from total ban to regulations of online gambling 10. It is interesting to note the different regulatory approaches that member states made on the basis of their relevance for cross-border issues 11, and considerations as to whether online casinos should be allowed to offer their services in the country without any specific license or if gamblers should be allowed to play irrespective to their residence or nationality. Some very broad categories of regulatory approaches adopted by EU member states have been identified: 9 See also the manifesto of European Gaming and Betting Association (EGBA) at 10 See A. del Ninno, Online Gambling in the European Union: A Compared Analysis of the Current Legal Framework in Some EU Member States, GAMING LAW REVIEW Volume 6, Number 5, 2002, p See Eva Schriever, Conflict and Coordination between Diverse Regulatory Environments in Alberto Arnovitz, Cross-Border Gambling on the Internet Challenging National and International Law, Schulthess, Zurich, 2004, p
4 a. totally prohibitive jurisdictions, in which online gambling as such has been traditionally prohibited. France until the recent legal reforms was a good example 12 ; b. protectionist prohibitive systems allow gambling but only if the Internet operator is licensed domestically, thus prohibiting foreign providers to operate in own country. Italy or Germany before the infringement proceedings launched by the EU Commission 13 belonged to this group; c. completely liberal systems, such as United Kingdom 14, that does not place any hindrances and limitations concerning nationality of players and origin of online operators; d. restrictive liberal jurisdictions that disallow licensed operators to deliver their services to gamblers from countries where gambling is prohibited. Good examples outside the EU are Nevada and Isle of Man 15 ; e. liberal prohibitive systems, such as Australia 16, that allow online gambling from its territories, although prohibiting it for their residents. 12 The Loi n relative à l ouverture à la concurrence et à la régulation du secteur des jeux d argent et de hasard en ligne has introduced a national licensing system that allows for the cross border provision of sports betting on a non-discriminatory basis while providing strict controls on gaming. 13 Felice Antignani, Michele Colucci and Felix Majani, Betting in Sports Events. Gambling in Italy, in P. M. Anderson et al. (eds.), Sports Betting Law and Policy, The Hague, The Netherlands, 2012, p. 495; Christian Marfels, The Monopoly Issue in the Gaming Industry Revisited: The Case of German Casino Gaming, Gaming Law Review and Economics, 2011, Vol. 15, n. 4, p Mark Griffiths, Great Britain, in G. Meyer et al. (eds.), Problem Gambling in Europe Challenges, Prevention, and Interventions Springer, 2009, p Claire Milne, E-Gaming in the Isle of Man: A Primer, Gaming Law Review and Economics, 2010, Vol. 14, n. 5, p Jamie Nettleton and Michael Camilleri, Calling a Bluff? Developments in Internet Gaming Law in Australia. Gaming Law Review and Economics, 2011, Vol. 15, n. 11, p European State s sovereignty at the crossroad of European law The full right of EU Member States to determine how the offer of online gambling services is organised and regulated does not mean that there is not a precise duty to observe related Union law by the national regulators. In fact, online gambling as a service industry is subject to a number of EU secondary legislative acts such as the data protection directive 17, the directive on privacy and electronic communication 18, the unfair commercial practices 19 and unfair contract term 20 directives, the distance selling directive 21 as well as the directive on consumers rights 22. It is also subject to the rules and provisions to guard against money laundering 23. As a service industry, online gambling is subject to the rules governing the freedom of movement of services within the Community 24 that 17 Directive 95/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 October 1995 on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data. 18 Directive 2002/58/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 July 2002 concerning the processing of personal data and the protection of privacy in the electronic communications sector. 19 Directive 2005/29/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 May 2005 concerning unfair business-to-consumer commercial practices in the internal market and amending Council Directive 84/450/EEC, Directives 97/7/EC, 98/27/EC and 2002/65/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council and Regulation (EC) No 2006/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council. 20 Directive 93/13/EEC of Council on unfair terms in consumer contracts. 21 Directive 97/7/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on the protection of consumers in respect of distance contracts. 22 Directive 2011/83/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council on consumer rights. 23 Directive 2005/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on the prevention of the use of the financial system for the purpose of money laundering and terrorist financing. 24 Whereas online gambling has deemed as service, according to article 50 of EC Treaty, by European Court of Justice. See the landmark ECJ Case C-243/2001 Piergiorgio Gambelli and Others (2003); ECJ Case C-338/04, Tribunale di Larino (Italy) v. Placanica (E.C.J. Grand Chamber Mar. 6, 2007); see also ECJ Case C- 275/92 Her Majesty s Customs and Excise v. Gerhart Schindler and Jorg Schindler (1994) ECR I-01039; ECJ Case C-124/97 Markku Juhani Laara v. Finnish State (1999) ECR I that however dealt with cross border gaming services but not online gambling. 4
5 prohibit any restrictions in respect of nationals of Member States who are established in a State of the Community 25. In fact, as stated in the Zeturf case, any restriction concerning the supply of games of chance over the internet is more of an obstacle to operators established outside the Member State concerned, in which the recipients benefit from the services; those operators, as compared with operators established in that Member State, would thus be denied a means of marketing that is particularly effective for directly accessing that market 26. Nevertheless, in the last fifteen years the European Commission has brought a series of infringement cases before the European Court of Justice (ECJ) under Article 258 TFEU (Treaty for the Functioning of the EU), challenging various EU member States to demonstrate why their protective and restrictive domestic regimes were justifiable in light of European law. Different and several restrictive measures were brought to the attention of ECJ: obligation on gambling provider to reside in the national territory 27 or to adopt the legal form of a public See in literature Sue Schneider, The Ongoing Evolution of European Thinking About Online Gambling, Gaming Law Review and Economics, 2010, vol. 14, n. 10, p. 735; Andrea Borroni, An International Paradigm for Online Gambling, Gaming Law Review and Economics, 2010, vol. 14, n. 3, p. 187; Anastasios Kaburakis, European Union Law, Gambling and Sport Betting, European Court of Justice Jurisprudence, Member States Case Law and Policy, in M. Anderson et al. (eds.), Sports Betting: Law and Policy, The Hague, The Netherlands, 2012, p EC Treaty, article 43: Within the framework of the provisions set out below, restrictions on the freedom of establishment of nationals of a Member State in the territory of another Member State shall be prohibited. Such prohibition shall also apply to restrictions on the setting-up of agencies, branches or subsidiaries by nationals of any Member State established in the territory of any Member State. Freedom of establishment shall include the right to take up and pursue activities as self-employed persons and to set up and manage undertakings, in particular companies or firms within the meaning of the second paragraph of Article 48, under the conditions laid down for its own nationals by the law of the country where such establishment is effected, subject to the provisions of the chapter relating to capital. 26 ECJ Case C-212/08, Zeturf (30 June 2011), par ECJ Case C-64/08, Engelmann (9 September 2010), par. 32. limited company 28 ; prohibition to promote gambling organized legally in a other member state 29 as well as to collect bets through the intermediary established in another member state 30 ; limitation on the number of licenses and operators 31 and monopolies to organise and promote games of chance 32. In return, EU member states, invoking those European norms that recognize the legitimacy of some restrictions for reasons of public policy, public security or public health 33, have justified their employed protective measures with objectives to protect the recipients of the service, to maintain order in society, to prevent crime, and to protect public morality 34. The ECJ, although recognising that EU member States have a certain margin of discretion to 28 ECJ Case C-64/08, Engelmann (9 September 2010), par ECJ Case C-447/08 and C-448/08, Sjo berg and Gerdin (08 July 2010), par. 33 and 34; ECJ Case C-176/11 HIT (12 July 2012), par ECJ Case C-243/2001, Piergiorgio Gambelli and Others (2003), par and 58; ECJ Case C-46/08, Carmen Media Group (8 September 2010), par ECJ Case C-338/04, Placanica (E.C.J. Grand Chamber Mar. 6, 2007), par. 42, ECJ Case C-347/09, Dickinger and O mer (15 September 2011), par. 41; ECJ Case C-203/08, Sporting Exchange (3 June 2010), par. 24; ECJ Case C-42/07 Liga Portuguesa (9 September 2009), par ; ECJ Case C-258/08Ladbrokes Betting & Gaming and Ladbrokes International (3 June 2010), par EC Treaty, Article 46: The provisions of this chapter and measures taken in pursuance thereof shall not prejudice the applicability of provisions laid down by law, regulation or administrative action providing for special treatment for foreign nationals on grounds of public policy, public security or public health ; see also EC Treaty, Article 54: As long as restrictions on freedom to provide services have not been abolished, each Member State shall apply such restrictions without distinction on grounds of nationality or residence to all persons providing services within the meaning of the first paragraph of Article According to the so called Transparency Directives the Member States have to notify their rules on information society services in draft form in order to allow other Member States and the Commission to raise concerns about potential barriers to trade. See Directive 98/34/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council laying down a procedure for the provision of information in the field of technical standards and regulations, as amended by Directive 98/48/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Directive 98/34/EC laying down a procedure for the provision of information in the field of technical standards and regulations. 5
6 regulate the online gambling sector, held that this degree of latitude has to be exercised behind a red line marked by some mandatory principles. First of all, national regulation must be not discriminatory, in the sense that Member States shall not adopt any regulatory measure that would disadvantage operators licensed in another EU member state. Of course, discrimination on the grounds of nationality can take different shapes: from those legislations that exclude those operators from gambling national market because their shares are quoted in the stock market 35 to the different tax treatment for foreign lotteries in respect to the national ones 36. Similarly, it was held that the requirement for a license holder provided by the Austrian legislation - to have its registered office in the national territory is a discriminatory restriction which can therefore be justified only on the grounds of public policy, public security or public health 37. Whether such legislation is considered discriminatory or not, the ECJ still requires a proportionality analysis. In the Opinion of the Advocate General on Gambelli case 38 it is affirmed that legislation must be justified by imperative requirements in the general interest; they must be suitable for securing attainment of the objective which they pursue; and they must not go beyond what is necessary in order to attain it. Following this reasoning, the Italian statutory provision which prohibited the collecting and forwarding of sporting bets without license and authorization on pain of criminal penalties was held to be not proportionate with the objective of consumer protection, which it pursued. This was because it held that ( ) criminal penalties ought to constitute a last resort for a Member State in cases where other measures and instruments are not able to provide adequate protection of the interests concerned. Under the Italian legislation, 35 ECJ Case C-338/04, Placanica (E.C.J. Grand Chamber Mar. 6, 2007), par ECJ Case C-42/02, Lindman (13 November 2003) par ECJ Case C-347/09, Dickinger and O mer (15 September 2011), par Opinion of Mr. Advocate General on Gambelli, 2003 E.C.R , T 91. bettors in Italy are not only deprived of the possibility of using bookmakers established in another Member State, even though the intermediary of operators established in Italy, but are also subject to criminal penalties 39. Furthermore, those national restrictions to provide online gambling - which do not contribute to limiting betting activities in a consistent and systematic manner - have been held incompatible with the freedom of establishment and with the freedom to provide service. For example, in the Winner Wetten GmbH case, the public monopoly on bets on sporting competitions in force in the Land Nordrhein-Westfalen was held contrary to the freedom to provide services guaranteed by Article 49 EC. In fact, a restrictive measure, such as the said monopoly, cannot be justified by reference to the alleged objective of preventing the encouragement of excessive spending on gambling and combating addiction to the latter, since it is undisputed that participation in bets in sporting competitions is encouraged by the national bodies authorised to organise such bets and that, therefore, the said measure does not contribute to limiting betting activities in a consistent and systematic manner 40. Finally, either the open licenses systems (in which every operator - fulfilling the requirements provided by the relevant national law - has the right to have access to the national gambling market) or the closed licenses system (in which only one of few licenses are provided) have to be ruled by the principle of transparency. This does mean that any potential tenderer has the right to know in advance (and in a clear, precise and unequivocal manner) relevant information regarding all conditions and procedural rules. Consequently, the ECJ held illegitimate the decision of Italian Government to renew the existing licenses without inviting competing bids on the basis that it is not granted for the benefit of any potential tenderer, a degree of advertising 39 ECJ Case C-243/01, Criminal proceedings against Piergiogio Gambelli and Others, 6 November 2003, par See ECJ, Case C-409/06, Winner Wetten GmbH v Burdermeisterin der Stadt Bergheim, 8 September 2010, par
7 sufficient to enable the service concession to be opened up to competition and the impartiality of procurement procedures to be reviewed What is going on in the EU regulatory approach to e-gambling? According to the most recent Communication of the European Commission towards a comprehensive European framework for online gambling 42, the type of challenges posed by the development of online gambling and their implications for each Member State, it is not possible for Member States to effectively address these challenges alone and to provide individually a properly regulated and sufficiently safe offer of online gambling services 43. Hence, the Communication underlines the importance of administrative cooperation between Member States (as well as between EU and third countries) for sharing general information, best practices, and exchanging personal data in compliance with national and EU rules on data protection 44. As noted, it remains to be seen whether this form of cooperation should be extended to the creation of EU-wide exclusion and/or blacklists (potentially of both punters and operators), establishment of international liquidity pools, or harmonization of minimum standards of consumer protection 45. Yet, the Commission does recommend the setting up of gambling regulatory authorities with clear and specialized competences, able to implement an effective system of enforcement: either with preventive measures (aimed at reducing the initial 41 ECJ, Case C-260/04, Commission of the European Communities v Italian Republic, 13 September 2007, par. 24; see also ECJ, Case C-203/08, Sporting Exchange Ltd, trading as Betfair v Minister van Justitie 42 Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions towards a comprehensive European framework for online gambling, COM(2012) 596 final. 43 Communication towards a comprehensive European framework for online gambling, cit. p Communication towards a comprehensive European framework for online gambling, cit. p Martin Lycka, European Union Commission s Communication on the Online Gambling Regulatory Framework: First Step on a Long Journey, Gaming Law Review and Economics, 2013, Vol. 17, n. 5, p contact of citizens with the offer of cross-border online gambling services), or with responsive measures (blocking payments and limiting access to unauthorised gambling websites). A sharper observation of this Communication revealed that the EU Commission decided to not opt for any of the main regulatory options regarding e-gambling in European context: mutual recognition or harmonization. With the first one, a gaming operator, once in compliance with its own country regulations, will be free to provide services to all Member States, as a system of mutual recognition of national authorizations and licenses would be settled at EU level; differently, harmonization strategy would imply a common set of European Union rules that would replace all the different national regulatory solutions. It is arguable that the Commission has preferred to adopt a bottom-up approach, reaching the better option through the fostering of a stronger administrative cooperation and the enhancing of mutual trust and confidence building between Member States. 5. Towards new regulatory paradigms In observing the whole phenomenon of remote gambling from a top down perspective, it is clear that the descending problematic aspects go very far beyond the traditional regulatory approaches of prohibit or authorise. The European panorama reveals lingering tensions between Member States and the EU Community, between national prerogatives descending from the principle of subsidiarity and the Union law stemming from the principle of freedom to provide service and ECJ case law regarding the limits to the discretion of States. However, the compression of State sovereignty because of rules of a macro-regional dimension (as the EU is) does not reflect the entire picture of complexity of this field. 7
8 At the very beginning, it goes to say that every set of rules regarding this field (irrespective of their content) has be scrutinized in the light of the technical reality and peculiarity of the Internet that could support or, by contrast, undermine any formal legal solution. In fact, it is even too easy to give evidences that any nimble-minded and technically competent teenager will be able to override national normative restrictions to e-gambling simply by using his Internet tricks that technically allow him to search on the global market for those online websites offering bigger gaming bonus, better odds and so forth. Having said that, the point here seems to be not only the normative choice towards online gambling of each country, but more significantly, if the traditional States supremacy in ruling the tangible world is still adequate and able to rule what is intangible and globally cross-border, as the Internet is. It would appear that the Internet challenges the national regulatory sovereignty with its own lex, a sort of lex electronica, in the sense of all technical rules and technological expedients that concretely govern itself, and this also irrespectively to whatsoever legislation. Furthermore, considerations stemming from the international trade law and dynamics seem to make more complex the regulatory arena of online gambling. Similar to other multinational enterprises, online gambling operators would continuously look at which territory or location would offer them the best set of national rules (primarily looking at the tax and licences regimes) to register and set up their operations. As with the well-known business model of setting up a holding company with various subsidiaries, the entity that provides and manages the online platform hosting the online gambling activities may not necessarily be the same legal entity which deals directly with the players in terms of payments for the bets placed and payoffs for the winnings. The online platform could also be easily established and authorised in a different jurisdiction in which the gambling operator has its legal residence and registered office. Yet, at the same time, the online gambling contracts reproduce the same logics and dynamics of global standardized contracts: when examining the various gambling contracts, usually the same template with similar contractual terms and conditions at global level with very few differences linked more to the specific strategy of a certain multinational economic operator than to the peculiarity of a certain legal system. The combination between the aforementioned lex electronica, the forum shopping phenomenon (the cross-border search for a better legal regime by gaming operators), company delocalization, and contractual standardization seem to reveal a not so concealed trend to keep distance from any jurisdictions and specific legal tradition, and thus from the legal sovereignty of States. Having considered this, an enhanced dialogue between public authorities and the stakeholders is therefore highly desirable: the entire gambling industry (not only operators but also IT providers and consumer associations) could play a crucial role in designing a more responsive and crossborder regulatory strategies and more effective instruments of enforcement. 8
9 Established in 2008, the EU Centre in Singapore is a joint project of the European Union, the National University of Singapore (NUS), Nanyang Technological University (NTU) and the Singapore Institute of International Affairs (SIIA), and is part of a worldwide network of EU centres and EU institutes. We aim to promote knowledge and understanding of the EU and its impact on Singapore and the region, through activities revolving around outreach, education and research. As part of our public outreach activities, the Centre organises an ongoing series of talks, lectures and seminars. The Centre contributes to education and research on the EU through organising academic conferences and by publishing background briefs, working papers, and policy and research briefs. Copyright 2014 EU Centre in Singapore 9
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text:
Moistureproof luminaire PFZOA-T16-R Design: Surface-mounted hostile environment luminaire IP66 for ceiling or pendant mounting. Luminaire housing in glass fibre-reinforced grey polyester. Sealing material to ensure protection rating compliance for the diffuser and captive diffuser clips made of ageing-resistant plastic (not oil-proof). For RIDI-TUBE. Colour rendering in index Ra >= 80, colour temperature 4000 Kelvin (840), other colour temperatures possible on request. Lampholder system: RIDI-TUBE lamp base system with electrical and mechanical interface, proof against polarity reversal. Twist-clip mechanism for toolless lamp change corresponding to conventional fluorescent lamps. Mechanical and electrical fixture on the longitudinal sides inside the base. Electronic converter for LED, 220-240 Volt, 0/50-60 Hz and internal connector block 3x2.5mm². Suitable for direct voltage operation and use in central battery systems. Mounting: Ceiling mounting without additional accessories using fixing catches which clip into the luminaire (included with luminaire). Wall mounting possible with accessory ZBS-W PFZ (must be ordered separately). Note on "Food Hygiene Act": These luminaires comply with the stipulations of the Food Hygiene Act as defined by Regulation (EC) No. 852/2004 (HACCP) Annex II Chapter I section 2 a, b, Chapter II section 1c relating to luminaires. These are suitable for use in the food industry. PFZOA-T16-R ... Opal, impact-resistant diffuser in UV-stabilised PMMA with internal longitudinal prisms. For RIDI-TUBE lamp (order separately), recommended cover: matt.
|Ampoules disponibles
|Puissance nominative du lampe
|Flux lumineux de la source
|Efficacité lumineuse
|1 x LED
|2000 lm
|116 lm/W
Type de montage
Forme et dimensions
Longueur: 660 mm
Largeur: 101 mm
Hauteur: 101 mm
Puissance du système: 15 W
Types de protection
Fichier Photométrique
ZIP file

subset: commoncrawl


text:
"The 2016 election has been hard to stomach for many Americans," remarked owner Rich Arslan. "Popped! Republic is trying to make it a bit more palatable and positive with our presidential candidate popcorn mixes."
Washington, DC (PRWEB) September 21, 2016
The 2016 campaign for the presidency has turned into must watch TV and what goes best with a good show – popcorn. Today Popped! Republic, a gourmet popcorn company based in Alexandria, VA has launched their 2016 presidential candidate popcorn mixes.
For Secretary Hillary Clinton, we've taken that hot sauce she carries around in her purse and added a pinch to our White House White Cheddar and paired it with our Southwest Jalapeno. This mix is for those who can take the heat, just like Hillary.
Our mix for businessman and billionaire Donald J. Trump is bold, brash and as orange as he is. We've paired our Blitzer's Blazin' Buffalo with our cheesy Congressional Cheddar. This mix is sure to make America great again.
To those Americans feeling dejected and uninspired by their choices this Nov. 8th, this election year we've made a mix just for you. Feel the sweet "bern" of our Mount Vernon Maple Glaze, made with Vermont maple sugar, paired with our savory Smokey Bacon. Nothing like this Maple Bacon mix to help you stomach this election!
Customers can participate in Popped! Republic's version of a straw poll by voting for the candidate of their choice with their appetite. Every week the company will share the poll results on social media based on the mixes sold.
The real winner of the 2016 election will have their mix permanently on the Popped! Republic menu.
Popped! Republic's 2016 presidential candidate popcorn mixes are available on their food truck, in their Alexandria, VA store and also in their online store which ships nationwide. To learn more, visit http://www.PoppedRepublic.com.


text:
Friday, August 15, 2008
I am going to try something new this evening. Join me on Twitter as I head to Virginia Beach, Va. for the Biggest and Baddest Concert Tour featuring Toby Keith, Montgomery Gentry, Carter's Chord, Trailer Choir, and Mica Roberts.
I will start shortly posting to Twitter. Follow me. My username is cntryalive
If you aren't familiar with Twitter, head to twitter.com and join. Its totally free and I will send updates to the question "What are you doing..." by text message. You can also reply and send your own "tweets." You can read them on the website as well as receive them by text message.
It will be an experiment so I hope you will follow me and give me some feedback on it...


text:
Whether you love or hate criterium racing it's best done with a plan to attack or sit in and sprint. This episode is all about the options you have when riding for the win. Learn the where and when to get a jump on the pack to give yourself the best chance possible at the win.
[buzzsprout episode='107359′ player='true']
There is a perception that sprinters are all egotistical hardnuts that like to take risks, and put everything below the importance of winning. Well it may be true in the PRO ranks, but the
What does this have to do with criteriums. Well if it's going to come down to a sprint, you need to be fierce and fearless in the last few laps to jostle for position, and stay there. But, I don't believe it's a matter of putting safety on the line for the win. Nor do I think you need to be an alpha type of rider either. If you're smart and can put yourself in the right spot, it can be done without the bravado of being a dangerous wanker.
The key here though is confidence. I was talking about this on Monday with my buddies in our weekly cycling accountability group. Confidence is riding like you are a contender, it's the difference between taking that super tight gap that meant you got in the breakaway, it's holding a wheel, it's getting on a wheel. It also knowing that moves you're making on race day, are the right ones.
So today I'm going to cover some of the basics, and discuss the best tips, tactics and strategy when your riding for the win. Listen in to learn about:
- The rules of criteriums
- Your best two options for the win
- Having a flexible race plan
- Attacking
- Lactic acid head
- What to do in a break
- What to do when the cat and mouse begins
- Last lap attacking
- Committing
- Sprinting
- Conserve energy
- Picking a wheel or lead out train
- Why you should race to the last corner
Photo Credit: decalitre on Flickr
[wpcb id="1″]


text:
When We Speak of Nothing takes place primarily in London in 2011, focusing on best friends Karl and Abubakar ('Abu'), both nearing their 18th birthdays. It takes readers on a journey from Kings Cross, London to Port Harcourt, Nigeria, to the ecocide of the Niger Delta and back to the aftermath of the killing of Mark Duggan.
The reader is dropped into a brief but pivotal period in Karl and Abu's lives as they negotiate the challenges and possibilities of being young men of color in the capital. Shunning longer, detailed introductions in favor of dialogue-driven scenes, the characters, their flaws, and how you understand and judge them build over time as the story develops.
An important bedrock to the whole book is Karl and Abu's close friendship. It is a bond built on loyalty, love and support, providing them with a means of survival. Through their experiences and conversations, the book explores absentee fathers, mental health, falling in love, gentrification, bullying as well as social worker-youth relationships.
The book is ambitious in drawing in such a broad and important set of themes and issues, but they are made human, situated in relation to key characters. They are put in context and reflected on from the perspective of those at the receiving end. This is particularly the case in the aftermath of the killing of Mark Duggan, as Abu observes:
"You can't make a move without being wrong. I can't even walk along the street without someone following me around because I look like a terrorist in the making. No one gave a shit about that guy in Tottenham. The one the police shot. No one cared. Now they are all upset because someone is burning a bin somewhere."
The discovery of the existence of Karl's father, Adebanjo in Nigeria and Karl's drive to find him threatens to uproot the two friends' universes. It pulls not just at their relationship but all the other characters around them. It is from here that the story really begins to spiral out and develop in its complexity.
The reader is taken on a journey that is as twisting and turning for them as it is for Karl, as he seeks to make sense of the years he has lost, why his mother Rebecca had kept his father secret for years as well as now questioning his sense of identity and belonging.
With the two central characters separated, Popoola has ample room to play with the storyline, allowing Karl and Abu's characters to develop their own space, while giving the opportunity to explore the interplay between two different worlds – what it means to be young in Port Harcourt, Nigeria and Kings Cross, London.
Popoola explores Karl's character fantastically. At times, we are drawn in so close, feeling his emotions through the twists and turns of his story – the excitement of finally meeting his father, the disappointment when he's a no-show at the airport and the rush of everyone wanting to tell him and show him everything about Nigeria. At other times, we feel as distant from him as those around him – unaware of where he's really at and what his eventual plans are as he gets lost in his new world.
Through a cast of new characters who seek to befriend and show him around, we meet activists working to spread the truth about the inequality, severe health impacts and environmental damage of the country's oil extraction. Nakale who uses his university's lab to analyze soil samples tells Karl:
"They neva tell us how much de danger, what it go do for us. For our health… This money, the oil money, it has made our country. But de people here, who are suffering because of it, we have not enjoyed. We have not seen our share."
It is while in Nigeria that Popoola introduces Karl as trans. While other readers may have picked up on his identity (and inevitably others will read and experience the characters differently) I personally hadn't until then.
While Karl's story is intersectional – he is trans, but also young, black and poor – I feel more space could have been given over to explore his trans experience, for example his coming out to his close friend Abu or his mum Rebecca and some of the challenges he has faced.
Despite this, the choice of Nigeria as the site where this part of Karl's story is explored makes sense as it is now something hidden or unknown to those around him, rather than a given. Popoola is sensitive in exploring Karl's struggle over when, what and how to tell the new people he encounters, whether they know and what will happen when they do.
In a relatively short space of time, When We Speak of Nothing covers a great deal of ground. It offers a politically potent reflection on growing up as a young person of color in London, gentrification, borders and boundaries, global and local inequalities and more.
Much like Popoola's work in breach did with the refugee crisis and the realities of living in (or passing through) Calais, When We Speak of Nothing keeps big issues rooted, focusing always at the level of the human. They are made legible and knowable as the characters in the book work through and live in spite of them. At its core it is a story of friendship, love and belonging on the verge of 'adulthood' but as you delve deeper, it offers a great deal more.
When We Speak of Nothing is published by Cassava Republic on Monday 3rd July
Olumide Popoola's Biography can be found here
Image: Rob Schofield


text:
I've been exploring comics again, and the more I read, the more surprised I am at how many comics I have enjoyed. This eclectic roundup offers short reviews of the volumes of comics I've been reading lately, along with a couple of books that are more focused on art than on words.
Black Panther and Hawkeye
Let's start with the bad news: I still don't like superhero comics. I loved the movie Black Panther, and Hawkeye is always a favorite character in the Avengers, but I just couldn't get into either of these volumes of comics. I wanted to like them, but I just got bored. I'm not a big fan of fight scenes; maybe that's my issue with superhero comics.
Rating: Meh
Misfit City
This series is just fun–it involves a group of girl friends who find a treasure map in the midst of their boring lives in what they see as a dead end town. This series is strongly influenced by The Goonies, complete with adventures in underground caves. I hope in future issues the girls will be further fleshed out (currently they each only have a couple of stereotypical characteristics to make each character distinct), but even here at the beginning of the series, I am enjoying the adventure.
Rating: Pretty Darn Good
The Not-So-Secret Society
This comic was okay. It's a little young for me–the story revolves around a group of 12-year-old friends who create science projects that sometimes get out of hand–but it's really cute. If your child is into STEM, they will probably enjoy this comic.
Rating: Good but Forgettable
The Backstagers
This series tells the story of an all-boys school in which the stage crew has a magical, fantastical, and dangerous series of tunnels backstage. I have been captivated by the magical world of the backstage tunnels, and I can't wait for future issues to explore them further. If you liked Bee and Puppycat, you will probably enjoy this series as well.
Rating: Pretty Darn Good
Herding Cats
This may be my favorite of Sarah's three books. As always, she produces great comics about being female, being a Millennial, fighting anxiety, and making art. They are super relatable and hilarious if you fit any of those groups.
Rating: Pretty Darn Good
The Arrival
This book is not a traditional comic, but rather a picture book with no words. It's filled with gorgeous, strange sepia toned art. The wordless story is evocative of an immigrant's experience, even though the land to which the character immigrates is not any place in our world. Give yourself plenty of time with this short book to pour over the art.
Rating: Pretty Darn Good
This comic has been completed (no spoilers please!), and I have been ripping through the many volumes. Fables is the story of fairy tale characters who are forced to live in the "mundane" world because they've been exiled from their own world by the Adversary. The series contains a certain amount of sexual and violent content, so be forewarned, but so far it hasn't been enough to make me squeamish. I'm finding the characters to be interesting and complex, and the story keeps me coming back for more. I'm sure I'll read several more volumes of this comic before the summer is over.
Rating: Pretty Darn Good


text: It is already January and the occasion for me to whish you a happy New Year 2016. Be this year full of good food and desire to bake. But no excess! You can't blame me for breaking your good resolutions. During this new year you'll have to enjoy but in a balanced way. A bit of sport, a bit of pastry and this new year will be marvellous.


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$ 1,799.00
2 Channel - 50 Watts;
The Runt-50 is a 50-watt all tube head that delivers Friedman's legendary tone in a versatile 2-channel amp. The Runt-50 power section is driven by two EL-34s, with four 12AX7s in the preamp. The American-inspired clean channel features volume, bass, treble, and a three-position bright switch that delivers anything from pristine cleans to a slightly broken-up blues/country tone.
The heart and soul of the Runt-50 is the overdrive channel, which will take you from classic rock to all-out assault. Use the Boost switch and Gain knob to dial in the perfect amount of overdrive. A global presence control shapes the high-frequency response of the Runts power section.
The Runt delivers the tight bottom end and midrange that is typically only found in much higher-wattage amps by utilizing custom transformers and the cleanest signal path possible. The Runt is ideal for many styles of music from blues to classic rock and heavy metal by merely adjusting the gain and master controls.
Plugging into the Runt, you will instantly notice the harmonically rich detailed chords and resonating single note lines. This amp cleans up exceptionally well with the guitar's volume knob, even with the amp on higher gain settings.
This is the first amp Dave Friedman has ever made with a cab-simulated XLR output. Comparing this analog circuit to some of the most intricate computer-based IRs, Dave achieved a direct output you can proudly send to front of house or use in the studio. The XLR output includes a ground-lift, level, and center/edge of speaker cone simulation switches.
This Runt was designed to take pedals well and loves boosts, ODs, phasers, flangers, tremolos, and wahs. The ultra-transparent no tone loss, buffered, series effects loop takes time-based effects pedals and rack units equally well. The head cabinet features beautiful black Tolex, with Baltic birch construction, and is built to withstand the rigors of the road.
The Runt-50 combo houses a 16-ohm, 12" Celestion G12M 65 Creamback speaker that delivers the bass, mid response, and signature sound you would expect from a Friedman amp.
Rich, sparkling American-style clean channel
Overdrive channel delivers legendary Friedman lead tone
XLR Cabinet Simulated Output
Ultra-transparent, buffered, series effects loop
50-Watt all tube amplifier
Two channels
2 x EL-34 power tubes
4 x 12AX7 preamp tubes
Clean channel with Volume, Bass, Treble and Bright switch
Lead channel with Volume, Gain, three-band EQ and a boost switch.
XLR Cab Simulated output with Ground Lift, Axis and Leve switches.
Ultra transparent series FX loop
4, 8 and 16 ohm impedance selector
Single button footswitch
Dimensions 22.5" (W) x 8.75" (D) x 9.25" (H)
Weight: 31 Lbs.
$ 3,500.00
BE 50 DELUXE Three Channel - 50 Watts - Handwired; By combining the tonal pallet of his BE and HBE circuits, as well as the sparkling cleans of the Buxom Betty...
$ 3,699.00
Overview The Friedman BE100 is a hand-wired, 100-watt, EL34 powered, multi-channel British-style amp. By merely adjusting the gain and master volume controls, the BE100 can produce a variety of tones,...
$ 2,799.00
Overview Dave Friedman's Smallbox, 50 Watt Head was designed for guitarists that want the classic tones reminiscent of great vintage plexis as well as Friedman's more modern high gain offerings....


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|In stock (4)
A salty, tart dry white from the sandy shores of the Atlantic. Colares is a small wine region outside of Lisbon, slow disappearing under pressure of the city's sprawl. There's a unique microclimate and soil conditions that have produced some of Portugal's most respected wines for centuries. The sandy soils prevented the spread of the phylloxera louse here, so this wine is from rare native rooted Malvasia vines. An ideal seafood wine, though well-suited to chicken, pork and green vegetable dishes as well.
From the mouth of the importer (Jose Pastor):
"Colares is in a beautiful area right on the ocean close to Lisbon, a choice place for city dwellers to create weekend homes. For the past fifty or so years, vineyards have been replaced by beach houses, chipping away at the Colares DO (a mere 12 acres remain). Because of the sandy soils, Colares was able to escape phylloxera and is the only region in Portugal where American rootstock didn't need to be extensively used. Planting the vines is painstaking; you dig into the sand until you hit clay, which can be a far as nine feet down. The combination of the work involved with maintaining the vineyards and the value of the real estate have threatened the vineyards with extinction. Thankfully, Adega Regional de Colares is putting in enormous energy in keeping Colares alive. While adhering to the traditional winemaking of the area, the co-op has been making improvements, getting rid of dirty, old barrels that at one time gave the co-op a bad name, and incorporating temperature control to maintain freshness. The wines are impeccably balanced with a sandy texture and vivid flavors that could only come from the influence of the Atlantic."


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Gig Harbor, washington Resources
Gig Harbor is nestled beside the Puget Sound, just across the Tacoma Narrows bridge in Western Washington.
- Gig Harbor - plan a trip and get local area information.
- Calendar of Events in Gig Harbor - list of events and local attractions.
- City of Gig Harbor - official city web site.
- New Resident Services - electric, sewer and water, etc.
- Gig Harbor Chamber of Commerce
- Chamber of Commerce Relocation Guide
- New Neighbors - fantastic community to meet new friends during many group activities.
- Harbor History Museum
- Gig Harbor Downtown Waterfront Alliance
- Harbor Wildwatch
Pierce County/Washington State Area Information
- Official Pierce County web site.
- Washington State DMV Motor Vehicle Licensing- plate registration, title, vehicle registration and sales information.
- Washington State drivers license - new resident driver license information.
- Pierce County Library System
- Key Pen Met Parks
Real Estate Informational PDF's
Please feel free to download or print these Real Estate brochures.


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The Blitz Conditioning space was transformed on Saturday night as 60+ people came down to attend our first ever evening of goal setting in support of Earth Group. With all of the gym equipment out of sight, and yoga mats laid down side by side we kicked off the evening with inspiring words and an inspiring yoga practice courtesy of Joe Lomnicki. He pushed participants to open their hearts, minds and bodies to possibility.
After getting their sweat on, participants were treated to some amazing refreshments courtesy of Glow Juicery, Cafe Leva and water courtesy of Earth Water.
All fuelled up participants were lead back on to their mats to begin thinking about where they want to be in 10 years- why 10 years, because it is so far in to the future you have the freedom to allow yourself to see whatever you want, constraints that you feel now have no effect on the you in 10 years, so you are able to place yourself in a time when anything really could be possible. This is a great place to be. Michelle Calnan Store Manager of lululemon Kingsway coached participants on how to start thinking about what they really want and don't want in their lives. Participants began envisioning an ideal life that was full of all of the things they want, free from constraints. After writing down and meditating on what this looked like, participants were split up into break out groups lead by lululemon volunteers they were coached on 'trickling-back' from this vision to create 10-5 and 1 year goals to help them achieve this ideal life. What came out of all of this was nothing short of inspiring as participants listened and learned about each others goals, with random bursts of cheers ringing out as everyone worked together to encourage each other to go for what they wanted in life!
Before leaving everyone was asked to post one of their goals on our 'Goal-Wall' at Blitz Conditioning, and encouraged to not let the evening end there, to continue pushing their selves daily to set goals and re-assess them every day on their journey towards their ideal life. We are grateful for everyone from the community that came together for this evening, and are looking forward to hearing this conversation about goals become a part of every day chat at Blitz Conditioning. Its by putting ourselves and our true desires out there that we will get back what we want and what we deserve. All the best to everyone in 2014!
Check out the Global TV Spot:


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Retrospectography – The further appreciation of a photograph or picture which reveals insights into that image which were not recognized or appreciated at the time of original capture.
Originally coined by Jeffrey Ross on JBRish.com – as far as research reveals
One of the wonderful things about photography is that there are retrospective insights to be garnered after the initial experience. One of my favorite parts of being a photography enthusiast is arriving home after an excursion and reviewing the pictures. Every once in a while there is an interesting surprise!
My wife and I were hiking in the Organ Mountains Desert Peaks National Monument in New Mexico for several days and on one of the last days we were exploring an area near Fillmore Canyon when we passed a noteable yucca.
I was drawn to the plant by the interesting arrangement of leaves and tendrils dancing in the air. I stopped to admire and photograph the yucca.
I did notice the bug above the flowers at the time, but there was something that went unnoticed until I arrived home and reviewed the photographs.
During the moment of photographic capture, I did not appreciate the beautiful color of the antennae of the Leaf-footed Bug (Acanthocephala terminalis). Isn't that an amazing orange color?
Not Only did I enjoy the contemporaneous photographic experience, I also appreciated learning more about, and further admiring this creature of the wild.
You can find more information about Leaf-footed bugs at this Austin Bug Collection page. This is a large family of insects.
All original content on this blog is copyrighted by Jeffrey B. Ross with ALL Rights Reserved. While reference links back to JBRish.com are appreciated and encouraged, please acquire approval for any reproduction of original content from this website.
©Jeffrey B. Ross – 2017


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A fast-filling schedule
From: Riggs Eckelberry
Los Angeles, May 30, 2017
Good morning!
OriginClear's water revolution is getting attention… Our schedule for speaking engagements is filling up fast.
One financial conference (for starters)
In June, I'm speaking to analysts and funds at the Marcum Microcap Conference.
What's happening? We recently received our first commercial order for our technology.
Now it's time to brief the financial markets on our next steps as an emerging player in the water industry.
Three industry conferences in the fall
And this fall, we are booked to speak at three prominent water industry conferences:
13-16 September, Grand Rapids, USA:
Association of Water Technologies (AWT) Annual Convention:
2-4 October, Chicago, USA:
WEFTEC 2017, the world's largest water-quality event:
22-26 October 2017, Nantes, France:
International Water Association (IWA) conference on sustainable solutions for small water and wastewater treatment systems:
We're honored to be invited to speak at these conferences… Join us!
"JL" Kindler is in Europe and reports: "I just met with that multinational water treatment company, who purchased one of our lab scale units to test how our AOx (Advanced Oxidation) works ahead of their desalination processes.
"If successful, the test could drive some serious numbers, especially since they don't want to manufacture, so our own Progressive Water division might manufacture the units."
Keep the deals going JL!
Have a great week…
Riggs and Team
Riggs Eckelberry
President & CEO
OriginClear, Inc. (OCLN)
Safe Harbor Statement:
Matters discussed in this release contain forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. When used in this release, the words "anticipate," "believe," "estimate," "may," "intend," "expect" and similar expressions identify such forward-looking statements. Actual results, performance or achievements could differ materially from those contemplated, expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements contained herein, and while expected, there is no guarantee that we will attain the aforementioned anticipated developmental milestones. These forward-looking statements are based largely on the expectations of the Company and are subject to a number of risks and uncertainties. These include, but are not limited to, risks and uncertainties associated with: the impact of economic, competitive and other factors affecting the Company and its operations, markets, product, and distributor performance, the impact on the national and local economies resulting from terrorist actions, and U.S. actions subsequently; and other factors detailed in reports filed by the Company.


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Nanci did a great job summarizing the most important aspects of using our district's Heart City sets! If there happens to be anything that is not included and you think other people will find it useful, PLEASE post a comment under this page.
Archive for September 2010
Dance, Dance, Dance!
Below is a great opportunity to bring dance to your school! Check out the school flyer link and/or contact firstname.lastname@example.com for more information 🙂
Fitness Gram–Questions, Answers and Ideas
Mike O's email prompted this new post concerning testing for Fitnessgram!
His question is as follows:
I may have asked some of you before – for those of you who use Fitnessgram, and test your kids on pushups, curlups, flexed arm hang, modified pullups, etc. do you test them individually yourself, or have the kids test each other, or some other method? I've tried both – with pros and cons to each. Let me know your thoughts.


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For assistance, support or help with our website, or simply to get in touch with customer service. Click here
Our selection of Easter gift baskets and fresh flowers for Easter are the perfect way to show friends and family you care. We have a large range of gifts and flowers with a choice of optional extras, like chocolates, teddy's, balloons and more. So you can design the best gifts for Easter.
We also stock a large range of bouquets, arrangements, live plants, gift hampers and fruit baskets.
All of our Easter gift baskets and flowers for sale can be ordered online 24 hours a day with same day, free shipping, Australia wide*.
So if your looking for Easter flowers, delivered free, then surprise that special somebody with flowers and gifts from Flowersales.
Deliveries over the Easter long weekend can not be guaranteed and may be delivered on the next business day.
Send Easter flowers same day with free delivery when you buy online using flowersales florists in Melbourne, Sydney, Brisbane, Perth, Adelaide, Darwin, Hobart or Canberra when ordered by 2pm weekdays. Deliveries not available over the Easter long weekend.


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Home » Gourmet recipes » Limnanthes Alba Seed Oil
Limnanthes Alba Seed Oil
The meadowfoam is an annual plant with white flowers generally found in the western United States. Its seeds incorporate an oil proffering unique properties containing more than 90% in fatty acids. Its exceptional emollient properties make it an ingredient of choice in the formulation of baby products. It softens, protects and helps the skin retain moisture. It is suitable for all skin types, especially dry skin. Meadowfoam oil creates a smooth barrier leaving skin feeling satiny, not greasy.


text: The link below is where you need to go if Live Update is refusing to update by the wizard. Simply find your version and download the exe file every 30 days. Make sure to bookmark the page so you can easily get back. Symantec Endpoint Protection | Symantec AntiVirus Corporate Edition – Symantec Corp.. [ad#ad-1-468]Read the rest of this entry »


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An unidentified daughter of slain Chicago police officer Michael Bailey (center) is consoled by friends Khepera Walker (left) and Constance Walker (right) this morning. (Chuck Berman / Chicago Tribune)
After more than 20 years as a Chicago Police officer, Michael R. Bailey was ready to enjoy his retirement next month and had purchased a new Buick sedan to celebrate, according to sources.
This morning the decorated officer was still in uniform after working overnight and was in front of his Park Manor home with the prized auto.


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Create an Account - Increase your productivity, customize your experience, and engage in information you care about.
The Office of Tourism Development maintains a separate website, VisitPasco.net, which is the County's official tourism website and includes information for our visitors on hotels, attractions, tours, parks and more. Take a visit!


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text: Cabling Infrastructure is an integral component of your network performing at its fullest potential. Cabling connects all of your business's servers and devices, enabling all types of information and data to be transmitted across the globe by way of the Internet. Incorrect data cabling can cause a range of network problems including congestion, crosstalk and data corruption – even with the best quality cabling in place. We guarantee that through our professional and personalized communication and project management, we will have your business network efficiently connected and running smoothly with as little disruption to your workplace as possible.


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HACKENSACK, N.J. -- Aurelio L. Reggio, of Hackensack, died Friday, Nov. 11. He was 89.
He was an avid soccer player throughout the years, a member of the Italian Soccer Club of Hackensack and a parishioner of St. Francis R.C. Church, Hackensack.
He is survived by his wife, Rosalia (nee Duardo); children, Josephine Reggio and Faye Murno and her husband Steven of Hillsdale; three grandchildren; and one brother in Italy.
The funeral will begin at 10:45 a.m. Monday at the G. Thomas Gentile Funeral Home, 397 Union St., Hackensack. A Mass of Christian Burial will be celebrated at noon at St. Francis R.C. Church, 50 Lodi St., Hackensack. Entombment will follow at Madonna Cemetery in Fort Lee.
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The C-1, built by Lit Motors, is meant to have the efficiency of a motorcycle with the protection of a car. It's a fully-enclosed, self-balancing motorcycle that has 220 miles-per-charge and goes from 0 MPH to 60 MPH in about six seconds.
For more information visit www.nytimes.com.


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If would like to browse our hotels or other accommodation in Plumtree please see below!
Plumtree is located in the Matabeleland South Province, in southwestern Zimbabwe, at the International border with Botswana. It is located about 100 kilometres (62 mi), by road, southwest of Bulawayo, the nearest large city. Francistown, in Botswana, is about 85 kilometres (53 mi), further southwest from Plumtree. The border is defined by the Ramokgwebana River.


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Philadelphia Flyers
Sponsored By
Funeral Home Offers Flyers Fans Condolences After Playoff EliminationOn Sunday, the Philadelphia Flyers fell to the Pittsburgh Penguins in Game 6 of the Stanley Cup Playoff series.
Simmonds Scores 2 Goals, Helps Lift Flyers Past Capitals 6-3The Flyers took the lead for good on Lindblom's first career goal with 1:41 left in the second period.
Filppula Scores Go-Ahead Goal, Flyers Beat Hurricanes 4-2Travis Konecny and Jakub Voracek also scored as the Flyers scored three times in a 5:52 span to rally for the win. Michael Raffl added an empty-netter and Alex Lyon stopped 23 shots.
Laine's 40th Goal Not Enough, Flyers Top Jets 2-1The Flyers announced that defensemen Robert Hagg will miss two weeks and Johnny Oduya was out and day-to-day with upper body injuries.
Dadonov Leads Panthers To 6th Straight Win, 4-1 Over FlyersPhiladelphia has lost three straight after winning six in a row.
Tampa Bay Lightning Outlast Flyers 7-6 In ShootoutClaude Giroux, Nolan Patrick and Jakub Voracek each had a goal and assist for the Flyers.
Can The Flyers Get Good Enough Goaltending To Contend?Philly has been red-hot since December, but the biggest question is the same one that always seems to plague the team.
Flyers Top Sens 5-3 For 5th Straight VictoryThe Flyers opened the scoring just 28 seconds into the game as Provorov took a pass from Giroux in the slot and beat Anderson with a quick wrist shot.
Flyers Surge Past Rangers 7-4Philadelphia extended their winning streak on the road to five games.
Flyers Show Valentine's Day Love To Family Of Child Battling CancerTara, Maddy's mother, could barely answer when asked what the support means to their family.
Patrick, Neuwirth Lead Flyers To 4-3 Shootout WinMichal Neuvirth came off the bench to stop five shootout attempts for the Flyers after Brian Elliott left the game.
Konecny's OT Goal Lifts Flyers Past Capitals 2-1Konecny found space in the middle of the offensive zone and his shot deflected off Washington's T.J. Oshie and past Braden Holtby for his eighth of the season.