text:
The Instigator
Pro (for)
0 Points
The Contender
Con (against)
0 Points
Is there legally a separation of Church and State in America?
Post Voting Period
The voting period for this debate has ended.
after 0 votes the winner is...
It's a Tie!
|Voting Style:
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|7 Point
|5 years ago
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|2,622 times
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Debate Rounds (5)
Comments (11)
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TOPIC: Is there legally a separation of Church and State in America?
PRO: I will be arguing that there is a legal separation of Church and State in America. When I say "legal", I mean in law and government, as opposed to society or politics.
CON: My opponent will be expected to prove that there is in fact no "legal" separation of Church and State in America.
These are the terms of conduct expected in this debate. If you do not wish to and/or do not intend to follow them please refrain from participating. Thank you.
EVIDENCE: Opinions based on faith ("It's true because I think/believe it is") will not be accepted. Both sides are expected to provide valid evidence supporting their hypotheses while legitimately responding to the other party's evidence, and furthermore, if they disagree, to produce evidence supporting their counter-argument as well. "Valid" evidence in this context is any evidence that has not or cannot be scientifically, legally, logically or empirically disproven.
SCOPE: Religion, government, and the relationship of Christianity to America are huge topics. By participating in this debate both parties agree to make an effort not to extend arguments outside of the debate topic. Arguments that do so need not be responded to in order to save time and space and keep the debate relevant. In the same vein, please let's not resort to semantics.
SOURCES: Unless you want your source ridiculed, and in an effort to keep the debate fair, please choose valid sources of information/evidence that both parties have access to. Sites such as Wikipedia that anyone can edit, and personal, subjective remarks made by bloggers / YouTube celebrities, etc., do not meet these criteria unless they draw evidence from sources that do.
COURTEOUS: Avoid swearing/name-calling please. Let's keep this mature.
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- This is the structure of the final round should a previous round be designated as such due to an unforeseen brevity in the debate.
As Pro/Yes to the topic: "Is there legally a separation of Church and State in America?" I will be arguing that there is a legal separation of Church and State in America. When I say "legal", I mean in law and government.
I believe that the Founding Fathers made clear that religion and government were to be kept apart and should not influence each other. In fact, I will be arguing that most of them were in fact anti-Catholic and anti-Christian Fundamentalism.
The previous century seems to have been surprisingly confused about this, and delusions persist to the present day. Even Supreme Court judges have claimed no such barrier exists, along with many politicians and even news commentators, who exploit the lie in order to convince viewers that because they "cannot separate their faith from their vote" they rely on the Conservative Right to make America a "Christian nation" on the legal/governmental level. I am certain that the Founding Fathers never intended America to be a Christian nation and that they created a legal separation of Church and State to ascertain this.
I look forward to an interesting debate. It'll be a relief to clear this up once and for all on my part.
I accept the terms and will argue that religion can and indeed does have an influence on the operations of the United States government.
Thank you FourTrouble for accepting the debate!
I […] will argue that religion can and indeed does have an influence on the operations of the United States government.
I agree entirely that religion and spiritual beliefs of all forms can and do have an influence on the operations of the United States government, especially the executive branch. I do not agree that any formal religion, especially a monotheistic one, should be involved in legislation, and I believe that when it is, it does so unconstitutionally. My opponent is expected to prove that there is in fact no "legal" separation of Church and State in America; contending only that religion "influences" government will only poorly contradict my views. There is a difference between the government being influenced by religion and the government acting on that influence, or even being able to do so legally. So let's begin!
The Constitution does not literally state: "There is a separation between Church and State." Nor does it literally state: "There is not a separation between Church and State." In fact, this is all it has to say on the matter:
Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof.
I fully expect Pro to exploit the sparse condition of this legal furnishment to the fullest, so let me prepare myself by saying that, in law, what was stated literally is often not enough to cover the full range of situations and implications it intended. That is why we have the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court interprets what the Constitution, its various Amendments, individual state laws and the Bill of Rights do not literally provide for.
The enormous importance of recognizing the implications of my point is best illustrated by a popular example: Brown v. Board of Education, the revolutionary 1954 case that ruled segragation in schools/education was unconstitutional. As Barry Goldwater intensely expressed in his controversial book first published four years later, "Conscience of a Conservative" (pgs. 21-22, 2009 edition):
The legislative history of the [Fourteenth Amendment] makes it clear […] that people of all races shall be equally entitled to [various rights]. After the passage of [the Civil Rights Act] and the Amendment, all persons, Negroes included, had a "civil" right to these protections. It is otherwise, let us note, with education. For the federal Constitution does not require the States to maintain racially mixed schools. Despite the recent holding of the Supreme Court [Brown v. Board], I am firmly convinced – not only that integrated schools are not required – but that the Constitution does not permit any interference whatsoever by the federal government in the field of education. It may be just or wise or expedient for negro children to attend the same schools as white children, but they do not have a civil right to do so which is protected by the federal constitution, or which is enforcable by the federal government. The intentions of the founding fathers in this matter are beyond any doubt. […] In effect, the Court said that what matters is not the ideas of the men who wrote the Constitution, but the Court's ideas. It was only by engrafting its own views onto the established law of the land that the Court was able to reach the decision it did.
He is undoubtedly correct in saying there is no reference to segregated education in the Constitution. But is he correct in assuming that this meant the Founding Fathers "intended" for segregated education "beyond any doubt"? Is he correct in assuming that the Supreme Court was not intended to interpret law? The Supreme Court and I say no, to Goldwater's consternation. I will argue that mingling of Church and State is illegal and unconstitutional in the same manner as segregated education is illegal and unconstitutional, which comprises three central points.
1. The Supreme Court is not only intended to reach judgments based on literally specified laws but it is also intended to interpret law;
2. The Supreme Court's interpretation of the Constitution legally trumps purely literal readings of the Constitution; and
3. The intentions of the Founding Fathers can only be clear legally by what they stated, not by what they did not state.
That said, my focus will be a lot LESS on producing government documents that explicitly state a separation between Church and State; rather, the majority of my arguments will state that the Supreme Court legally recognizes a separation between Church and State; and that this makes separation between Church and State legal and constitutional in America, and its opposite illegal and unconstitutional.
In this case, the township of Ewing, New Jersey, made a law requiring the community to pay for bus fares transporting children to school. Among these schools was a Catholic one located in a local church parish. Some parents believed that it was unconstitutional for Ewing to force them to pay for bus fares for children attending the Catholic school to be transported there and appealed to the First Amendment. The Supreme Court ruled in their favor.
In the words of Justice Black:
The "establishment of religion" clause of the First Amendment means at least this: Neither a state nor the Federal Government can set up a church. Neither can pass laws which aid one religion, aid all religions, or prefer one religion over another. Neither can force nor influence a person to go to or to remain away from church against his will or force him to profess a belief or disbelief in any religion. No person can be punished for entertaining or professing religious beliefs or disbeliefs, for church attendance or non-attendance. No tax in any amount, large or small, can be levied to support any religious activities or institutions, whatever they may be called, or whatever form they may adopt to teach or practice religion. Neither a state nor the Federal Government can, openly or secretly, participate in the affairs of any religious organizations or groups and vice versa. In the words of [Thomas] Jefferson, the clause against establishment of religion by law was intended to erect "a wall of separation between Church and State".
A complete summary of the case and Justice Black's comments can be found here: http://law2.umkc.edu...
There are more cases building on this, but due to character limit I will refrain from bringing them up. Rather, I will form my second argument around the intentions of the Founding Fathers, and the words of Thomas Jefferson Justice Black alluded to.
The Supreme Court does not make laws out of the blue. But when the Constitution is silent, their closest secondary source of justice is the men who wrote it. Surely by matching the intentions of the Founding Fathers, the Supreme Court's decisions will uphold the tenets of the Constitution.
If I am to support Justice Black's interpretation of the Constitution, I must show evidence to support his interpretation of Thomas Jefferson's words. For the record, NONE of the Founding Fathers ever said: "There is NO wall between Church and State", but one of them most certainly said, "There IS a wall between Church and State".
The full letter in which he makes this assertion can be read here: http://www.loc.gov...;
There are those, however, who argue that his sentiments in the letter were insincere. While I disagree, I find this questioning of what politicians purport privately to be a valid course of action. To prove that the Founding Fathers actually intended for such a wall in law, I produce the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom (http://www.encyclopediavirginia.org...) and the Bill for Religious Freedom (http://religiousfreedom.lib.virginia.edu...).
I await my opponent's response.
The separation of church and state, typically associated with the words of Jefferson and Madison, does not appear in the Constitution or in the debates surrounding its adoption. Indeed, in Wallace v. Jaffree (1985), Justice William Rehnquist called the "wall of separation" a "metaphor based on bad history, a metaphor which has proved useless as a guide to judging" and "should be frankly and explicitly abandoned." [1] The historical record confirms Rehnquist's point.
The First Congress appointed chaplains. Presidents Washington, Adams, and Madison issued Thanksgiving proclamations. Congress subsidized missionary work among the Indians. Even Jefferson signed a treaty agreeing to build a church and supply a Catholic priest in exchange for tribal lands. In fact, Congress continued to support religious education on Indian reservations until 1898. Furthermore, following the adoption of the First Amendment, all but two states had religious qualifications for holding public office, and blasphemy was commonly a crime (in Vermont it was even a capital offense). [2]
In fact, Tocqueville described the United States of the early nineteenth century as more religious than any other nation: "America is still the place where the Christian religion has kept the greatest real power over men's souls, and nothing better demonstrates how useful and natural it is to man, since the country where it has now the widest sway is also the most enlightened and freest." [3] History makes it very clear that in effect disestablishment, prohibiting the establishment of religion, did not separate church and state, as religion was and has never been relegated solely to the private sphere.
Today, it is common to think of the establishment of religion as meaning some form of theocracy, a political system in which religious institutions and religious leaders control the state, as they do in the Islamic Republic of Iran. This view, however, is terribly misleading and mistaken. In the establishment of religion known to the Framers (the "Church by Law Established" in Britain), the state controlled the church and used the church to increase its political and governmental power over the people. The Act of Supremacy made the King the head of the Church of England, thereby making the church submissive to the state. [4]
The original purpose of disestablishment, as such, was to give churches independence from government, not the other way around. This is an important historical point, as it reveals the true intention behind the Religious Clauses: freedom, exemplified for example through the protection of the church from the state. It should not come as a surprise that the leading voices for disestablishment were the populist and evangelical offspring of the Great Awakening. It was paramount, for them, that the church neither be controlled nor used by the authorities of the state.
This does not mean, however, that the Framers wanted a strict separation between church and state. The First Amendment was not supposed to constitute a step toward a secular state. On the contrary, it was the liberation of the church from the control of the state. The Constitution, as such, does not make the role of religion in the public sphere any less important, nor does it relegate religion solely to the private sphere. Rather, the Constitution enhances the political power of the church by freeing it from government control. This is where the accommodation principle, as opposed to the separation principle, comes into play. The idea here is that the government must accommodate religion by giving religious institutions exemptions from the law (this is why churches, to this day, are not taxed).
The separation doctrine clearly conflicts with the principle of accommodation. The primary intention of the Framers was to affirm religious liberty, and the separation of church and state can diminish religious liberty. This happens, for example, when a government law or policy conflicts with the demands placed on a citizen by his/her religion. The correct interpretation of the First Amendment, one that affirms the principle of religious liberty, is the accommodation doctrine. The separation thesis must be rejected, as such, because the freedom of religion from the state conflicts with the strict separation of church and state.
The separation doctrine was not brought to bear on legal issues until around 75 years ago in Everson v. Board of Education. Prior to this, the wall of separation metaphor had been exclusive to the writings of Madison and Jefferson and never directly applied to the law. As Pro noted, Justice Black does in fact seem to affirm the separation thesis when he said that the state cannot "pass laws which aid one religion, aid all religions, or prefer one religion over another," but Black immediately breached the wall of separation when he held that it was constitutional for New Jersey to reimburse parents for money spent to transport their children to Catholic schools.
Everson, in effect and intention, provides justification for supplying money to a religious institution. Black's sleight-of-hand thereby replaces the establishment clause issue at stake in the case with the issue of equal treatment to both religious and non-religious constituencies. Everson, the first case to mention the separation of church and state, thus paves the way for further breaches of the wall of separation: it allowed for government aid to be given to religious institutions as long as it is also given to non-religious institutions.
And that is what happened, as the government took part in supplying books, paying teachers, erecting buildings, funding tuition, sponsoring proselytizing student magazines, floating of municipal bonds, and a host of other benefits that flowed to religious organizations. In the realm of public education alone, the separation of church and state has been rendered completely null in Widmar v. Vincent (1981), Rosenberger v. University of Virginia (1995), Mitchell v. Helms (2000), and Zelman v. Simmons-Harris (2002). As Justice Souter put it in Zelman: "The establishment clause," and with it the doctrine of separation as it was affirmed by Jefferson and Madison, "has largely been read away." [5]
This does not mean that anyone is arguing for establishing a state church. But the idea that the church and state are completely separate has been completely dismantled. With the pledge of allegiance (and the words "under God" in particular), citizens of the United States are even compelled to make religious affirmations. Whatever the case, it is clear that the prevalence of religious practices and religiously-influenced practices in our government and laws makes the separation of church and state historically and politically indefensible.
There is also another line of cases, from Sherbert v. Verner (1963) and Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972) to Hosanna-Tabor v. E.E.O.C. (2012), that extend free exercise protection to religious institutions and religiously-inspired actions, even if those same actions, things like pulling your children out of school, would not be allowed if performed for non-religious reasons. The Supreme Court has clearly demonstrated that law and public policy bend to religious obligations. This point alone proves that the separation of church and state is thus an inaccurate representation of law today, and an inaccurate interpretation of the Constitution according to the Supreme Court.
[1] http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com...
[2] http://scholarship.law.wm.edu...
[3] Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America
[4] http://www.britainexpress.com...
[5] http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com...
Thank you Con for an interesting debate!
Con's points in Round II revolve around a recent approach America's courts have taken towards the "Establishment clause" known as the "neutrality policy". As such my 1947 case was out of touch with modern developments. However, Con and I disagree on whether the neutrality policy "eliminates" or even disregards the barrier between Church and State.
The neutrality policy means that the State recognizes the separation between Church and State; but in rulings maintains a neutral and unbiased treatment of both to prevent the unfair persecution of religious organizations.
When I say treatment, I mean consideration of rights they possess. Con is correct in detailing how, after the 1947 decision, courts feared that religious organizations would be persecuted by the State by lacking the same rights as secular organizations.
Some decisions the courts made to the present date in favor of religious organizations to maintain their equal rights do impinge on the separation of Church and State – but many more support it, including a third of the cases Con named, as if they support there being no separation between Church and State, which the majority of them patently do not. I think we can agree that, legally:
1. A Judge's comments are vastly inferior to the ruling reached by the entire court, unless the Judge's comments surround the reason that ruling was reached, and;
2. The US Supreme Court's ruling/s trump the ruling/s of all other American courts.
That is, if a regional court decides today that segregated education is constitutional, the ruling is disregarded in favor of the Supreme Court's prior ruling that it is not. If the defendant quotes a dissenting argument from the minority in Brown v. Board, no one will care.
Applying this policy to the slew of quotes and listed cases in Con's arguments narrows down their legal priority. Taking a closer look at the rulings of Con's cases and not just the minority's dissent statements shifts the modern Supreme Court's interpretation of the establishment clause markedly in my favor.
Wallace v. Jaffree (1985)
Inevitably, this case would come up – I just didn't expect it to come up on Con's side. In this case, a parent in Mobile County, Alabama, complained that a state law, namely Section 16-1-20.1, allowed for an abuse of his children's First Amendment rights. The law allowed teachers to set aside one minute every morning for "meditation or voluntary prayer". The parent complained that teachers at a local secular public school led the children in Christian prayer, even though some students in the class, including the parent's, were not Christian; and that failure to partake in the "voluntary" activity resulted in his children's ostracism. More importantly, he felt that religious observances in school were a form of unconstitutional indoctrination. The Supreme Court ruled 6-3 in his favor.
The Court here adopted the neutrality policy – which DOES NOT mean that they disregarded the separation between Church and State! The Court stated:
One of the well-established criteria for determining the constitutionality of a statute under the Establishment Clause is that the statute must have a secular legislative purpose. The First Amendment requires that a statute must be invalidated if it is entirely motivated by a purpose to advance religion.
This obviously recognizes the barrier. What makes this case interesting and exceptional is that the Court's employment of the neutrality policy was actually detrimental to the state, which claimed there was no separation between Church and State, as nicely expressed here.
The State's endorsement, by enactment of 16-1-20.1, of prayer activities at the beginning of each schoolday is not consistent with the established principle that the government must pursue a course of complete neutrality toward religion.
The Alabama government is not a religious organization. Thus, it must be secular.
When Con lists other cases, the key to understanding the Court's ruling is recognizing that in these cases, the secular rights of religious organizations were being respected, NOT the religious rights of secular or religious organizations. Why?
It is unconstitutional for the government to grant anyone religious rights or allow anyone to withhold secular rights from someone for religious reasons.
A secular right might be the freedom of speech or protection from unreasonable search and seizure; a religious right would be allowing teachers to set aside a period of prayer.
The oft-quoted Judge Rehnquist represented the Court's minority opinion in this case, the opinion that did not voice itself in the Court's official ruling, and thus has no legal bearing on similar cases in the future. I'm sure Barry Goldwater keeps the acerbic quotes of Supreme Court Judges dissenting the Brown v. Board decision close at hand – that doesn't make segregated education any less illegal and unconstitutional. The majority of Con's arguments fall short because:
1. They are based off a minority opinion which is irrelevant to the ruling; and/or
2. They support the neutrality policy, but NOT the disregard of the separation between Church and State.
The neutrality policy is NOT neutral towards the constitutionality of the barrier. Instead, the extent of the barrier is applied equally to both the religious and secular side, without limiting the rights of either side. The neutrality policy recognizes and uses the barrier and deems it constitutional, contrary to Con's claims. "Accomodation policy" is when the State rules in favor of secular rights for religious organizations. It is in no way the opposite of the "separation policy" that Con presents it to be.
When Rehnquist made his dissent complaint, he was not employing the neutrality policy. Rather, as he was representing the government yet wished to rule in favor of religious rights, he was disregarding the barrier between Church and State and thus violating the neutrality policy.
All of the Cases Con listed upheld the neutrality policy by my definition. All of Con's quotes were voiced by the dissenting minority.
Clearly Con's arguments, while certainly exhaustively researched and persuasively voiced, are misguided and do not accurately represent the modern position of the Supreme Court. I will have many more characters in the next round to devote to this counter-argument, but for now I need to use the ones I have left for my second point.
Con's references to America's early history are numerous but not very relevant to the debate. What courts ruled 200 years ago, and state laws that were clearly unconstitutional but remained unchallenged for decades, are simply not reflective of the modern acceptance and respect of the separation between Church and State.
For instance, ALL of the Founding Fathers owned slaves. In fact, some of them went so far as to father slaves. 200 years ago, there were all kinds of laws justifying and endorsing slavery. Then the Civil War came along, but even after the Civil Rights Act and the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments, it took nearly a CENTURY for the post-War Jim Crow and segregation laws to be officially declared unconstitutional and nullified.
That until the late 1800s, blasphemy was a capital offense in Vermont, the last state to dispel legislation originally established while still a colony of England, is an interesting fact. It is also totally irrelevant to this debate. The fact that Congress continued to support religious education on Indian reservations until 1898 is as irrelevant to discerning whether the separation of Church and State is constitutional as the fact that Congress continued to support segregated education until 1954 is irrelevant to discerning whether segregation is constitutional. That Tocqueville, a Frenchman, felt America (then a slave nation) was Christian 180 ya is irrelevant.
Laws change. And to date they have changed in favor of my position.
Pro states: "Some decisions the courts made to the present date in favor of religious organizations to maintain their equal rights do impinge on the separation of Church and State." If voters take Pro at his word, then I have already won this debate. For how can Pro claim there is a legal separation of church and state when multiple Supreme Court decisions, by Pro's own admission, impinge on the separation of church and state?
Neutrality Policy
Pro admits that supplying religion with public tax money is legal as long as similar aid is also given to non-religion. As a government policy, this breaches the wall of separation because it coerces non-believers to support religion through tax-raised funds.
A majority of the Supreme Court agreed, in Mitchell v. Helms (2000), that the principle of neutrality is not sufficient to satisfy the Establishment Clause. [1]
Dissenting Opinions
Dissents are not any less creditable and worthy of citation than majority opinions. They provide insightful commentary on the law by Supreme Court Justices.
Moreover, dissenting opinions are often prophetic signs of where the law is moving. For example, modern first amendment doctrine was forged in dissents written by Brandeis and Holmes. Later their position became the majority position.
Accommodation Principle
In Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972), the Supreme Court held that Amish children did not have to go to school past 8th grade. This is an example of accommodation. It gave Amish people an exemption from the law on the basis of their religion.
Hosanna-Tabor v. E.E.O.C. (2012) is the most recent example of the accommodation principle at work. The Court ruled unanimously that federal discrimination laws do not apply to the selection of religious leaders by religious organizations. This case affirms the principle that people have the right to perform actions that the state has deemed illegal as long as those actions are done for religious reasons.
The accommodation principle, which has been upheld by the Supreme Court as recently as this past year, demonstrates that the law must bend to religious obligations. And if the law must bend to religious obligations, then the separation of church and state cannot survive. The moment that the Court recognizes that religious laws trump state laws (as it has on numerous occasions), the separation of church and state collapses. The laws of the state bend to the laws of religion, and this clearly creates an entanglement between the state and religion.
The historical facts I brought up make an important point about the intention of the First Amendment. They are not irrelevant, as Pro claims. The purpose of the Religion Clauses was to protect religion from the state, not the other way around. This is very important point because it demonstrates that the intention of the Founding Fathers was not to create a separation between church and state, but rather, to make sure religious liberty was guaranteed. The problem with the separation doctrine is that it does not always protect religious liberties.
[1] http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com...
Thank you Con for an exciting debate! =)
If voters take Pro at his word, then I have already won this debate.
Um. You cut off half my sentence. It was an awkwardly worded sentence, yes, but Con mistook my usage of the word "impinge". I was using it according to first usage, which is "negatively affect", not the second, which is "encroach". I admit I was not aware it had other connotations. I do believe this explanation is well supported by the fact that I dedicated the rest of that round to trying to prove my case against the idea that the Supreme Court disregards the separation between Church and State.
Have they by modern standards breached the separation of Church and State in the past? Perhaps. That's not what I'm resisting here. The less recent Supreme Court decisions are irrelevant compared to recent decisions on the same matter. Again, segregation was not officially unconstitutional until the Court ruled it so in the '50s; that doesn't mean it was constitutional until then! I'm arguing separation of Church and State exists *now*, and that its opposite is unconstitutional *now*.
This leads nicely into my refutation of Con's claims that the Establishment clause exists PURELY to protect the Church from the State. In Round 2 he says the Founding Fathers took issue with the King of England's manipulation of the Church. Well of course, but not only because the Church was being manipulated. They took issue because the Church was being used as a political tool. They didn't JUST believe that State had no business in Church – they felt that Church had no business in State, either.
Con's insistence that historical references such as the opinions of 19th century Frenchmen about the Christian-ness of a slave nation are relevant to this debate puzzle me, especially as I've already provided abundant evidence that the Founding Fathers actually believed in a *literal wall* between Church and State. As far as the "Founding Fathers' intentions" go, Con ought to provide quotes from them, as opposed to the French 50 years later. I recommend he cast a look at the Treaty of Tripoli, 1796 – 1806 (http://www.stephenjaygould.org...).
Here's the Constitution declaring the Treaty of Tripoli a document of equal validity:
"This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of the Land; and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any State to the Contrary notwithstanding."
And here's Article 11 of the Treaty:
"As the Government of the United States of America is not, in any sense, founded on the Christian religion; as it has in itself no character of enmity against the laws, religion, or tranquillity, of Mussulmen; […] no pretext arising from religious opinions, shall ever produce an interruption of the harmony existing between the two countries."
Looks like Tocqueville may not have been as familiar with the Constitution as its authors. Not surprising if you think about it long enough.
And the "under God" in the Pledge of Allegiance was added later. The Founding Fathers had never put it in in the first place. It's still a controversial part of the Pledge and speaking it is not obligatory, in school or otherwise. (http://www.nytimes.com...)
{ Wallace vs. Jaffree }
Pro admits that supplying religion with public tax money is legal as long as similar aid is also given to non-religion. As a government policy, this breaches the wall of separation because it coerces non-believers to support religion through tax-raised funds.
*sigh* No. Supplying religious organizations with the secular right of government funding is fair. Imagine if no faith-based organization could ever get funding. That could lead to faith-based organizations pretending to be secular in order to HELP people. There are many religious charity organizations supported by the government. There is nothing whatsoever about this that violates the neutrality policy and the recognition of the separation between Church and State. Allow me to repeat the definition as I gave last round.
It is unconstitutional for the government to grant anyone religious rights or allow anyone to withhold secular rights from someone for religious reasons.
However, it is the government's JOB to grant secular rights to all organizations, regardless of properties such as an organization being faith-based. Not granting secular rights to religious organizations would discriminate against religious organizations and thus be unconstitutional, and violate the neutrality policy.
I also object to Con's incorrect usage of the word "religion" as opposed to "religious organization". The government does not give support to ANY "religion", but faith-based organizations performing secular activities may receive government funding. In Wallace vs. Jaffree, the Christian "school" was classes on the Bible that actually took place in a Christian church. That is not a secular activity, as opposed to the education provided by the secular schools of the community.
Modern first amendment doctrine was forged in dissents written by Brandeis and Holmes. Later their position became the majority position.
Con has not backed up this highly controversial statement with any proof. I spent the entire last round offering arguments to disprove it. The modern majority position being in favor of the separation of Church and State is the whole resolution. Con cannot state otherwise without proof for such a claim to be valid.
{ Wisconsin vs. Yoder }
Again. The Supreme Court WAS NOT disregarding the separation of Church and State just because they acted in the interest of home-schooling. Lawyer Jay M. Feinman, in "Law 101", praised as an "indispensable portrait of our nation's legal system", illustrates my point abundantly:
In Employment Division vs. Smith (1990), […] Court held that "generally applicable, religion-neutral laws that have the effect of burdening a particular religious practice need not be justified by a compelling governmental interest" – even if the law has the incidental effect of burdening a particular religious practice. […] In Smith, drug rehabilitation counselors who were fired because they used peyote in a religious ceremony were not entitled to state uneployment benefits because they violated a rule that was neutral as to religion […].
Under Sherbert [vs. Verner], [Court] upheld the requirement that an Amish employer participate in the Social Security system despite religious objections, refused to grant an orthodox Jewish officer and exemption to the Air Force's ban on wearing non-uniiform clothing, including a yarmulke, and upheld the provision of the tax laws that denies tax-exempt status to schools that discriminate on the basis of race, even if the discrimination is religiously motivated. […]
[In] the singular case of Wisconsin vs. Yoder (1972) […] the Court held that Wisconsin could not require Amish parents to send their children to school beyond the 8th grade in violation of their religious beliefs. The Court later characterized this decision as resting not only on the free exercise clause but also on the expanded right of privacy […]. The state's compelling interest was in assuring the development of adolescents as citizens and members of society, but the combination of formal schooling through the 8th grade and the training Amish children received at home and in their community was deemed to satisfy the state's interests.
Note that Smith is a lot more recent.
The moment that the Court recognizes that religious laws trump state laws (as it has on numerous occasions)
I really have no idea where this came from. According to the First Amendment, Congress can't even make religious laws. Con has provided no proof at all for these "numerous occasions".
FourTrouble forfeited this round.
Imagination forfeited this round.
FourTrouble forfeited this round.
11 comments have been posted on this debate. Showing 1 through 10 records.
About other comments. I'll let the debate speak for itself and wait until I am challenged by a Con before presenting my case comprehensively. As such I won't be responding further to mini-challenges in the comments section.
Posted by malcolmxy 5 years ago
It helps to read these things in context.
Posted by Oxymoron 5 years ago
Would I win this debate if I could prove that Separation of Church and State and the First Amendment, originally, was intended to prohibit the Federal government, while allowing the States to establish their own state religion?
Posted by Chuz-Life 5 years ago
"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances."
Posted by Chuz-Life 5 years ago
"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances."
Posted by AlwaysMoreThanYou 5 years ago
I long for the day that the Pope regains the temporal power he rightfully should wield as successor to the chair of St. Peter. Long live the Papal State.
"[1] Separation of church and state is not a right or condition guaranteed in any fundamental law document. [2] The Unitarian Church, for instance, because of its all inclusive nature, could be the official state religion without violating the constitution in any way."
1. Try the First Amendment and the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom.
2. Phrases in fundamental law and government documents including the Constitution such as "Be it enacted by General Assembly that no man shall be compelled to frequent or support any religious worship" and "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion" are just two examples why that would NOT be possible: Unitarianism is by definition Christian theology; thus, making it a state religion would most certainly expect people to support religious worship. I'm out of character space so I won't look up the quotes but there have also been many court cases that confirmed the separation interpretation. At the Philadelphia Convention in 1787, Federalists refused to sign the Constitution unless it would allow for separation of Church and State because they despised the oppressive religious rule of the British king.
About the statistics"" I looked them up and came to a different conclusion. Personally I find a Gallup poll isn't as accurate as the 2012 US Census Bureau.
Gallup made 320,000 interviews in all its years of activity for its "90%+ of Americans are religious" annual statistics, which is 0.1% of America's population. Consider also that the Census Bureau only asked adults, while Gallup may have interviewed both adults and children, who would tend to shift statistics about how many Americans believe in Santa Claus in a similar
Posted by malcolmxy 5 years ago
2. And, turns out their influence was low, but what about Christian groups being promised federal judges sympathetic to their pro-life cause?
3. For some, but you wanna see a 1-term president? watch them take the affirmation instead of the oath and then see me in 5 years,
4. Said as part of EVERY State of the Union.
5. Who do you think makes the laws? Politicians. Mitt Romney is Mormon. JFK was Catholic. It mattered in the election.
6. Really? If that's the case, I'd like to separate from the state. I gotta be a church? Cool...worship me.
7. 70% of Americans believe in God (I think it's more, but I don't feel like looking it up right now). It's a massive majority.
Separation of church and state is not a right or condition guaranteed in any fundamental law document. The Unitarian Church, for instance, because of its all inclusive nature, could be the official state religion without violating the constitution in any way.
2. Part of Bush's executive office -- discontinued after his term was completed, and not confirmed by the Senate, if he felt like it he could've made a subsection of his executive office dedicated to food lovers or whites, the religious element here does not interfere with law/government and is thus irrelevant
3. Optional
4. Added post-Constitution to political context, a proverb not related to law/government
5. Politics, not law, and according to the Constitution his religion should not influence his government performance, so unless he acts unconstitutionally, his Mormonism is unrelated to government as well
6. Which is the very exemplification of the barrier between Church and State"
7. """European equivalents of the PotUS (PM, Reichskanzler, etc.), among others"
8. Give me the statistics and then we'll talk.
Sounds like you'd make a good Con.
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subset: commoncrawl


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How To Make A Good Investment?
It is hard to find a good investment these days. You want to be ensured profit with fewer risks just like an auto binary robot does. Whether you invest in stocks or a small business, you should check first if those are indeed worth your money. You don't want to have regrets in the future. Here's how to make a good investment:
Good returns
The return of investment does not need to be too high. Although an investment with good returns usually earns you a large profit. When you invest, you expect to have your money back and earn more money from it. An investment that will not even return your initial investment is a total loss. Research first and consult experts before making an investment.
Easy to manage
The investment you make should not give you too many problems. The reason you are investing is that the work is easier to manage than being a CEO of a company. You need to have a good set of people that will manage your investment. You don't need to be called out in the company because of many problems. If you invested in stocks, then you will just need a stockbroker to handle everything for you.
Needs small capital
Compared to starting your own business, investment needs a lesser capital. You can invest the amount of money that you have saved. If you have enough money that you are willing to gamble in investment, start investing right away. Some stock investors only started with a $500 investment then worked their way up to becoming a millionaire. Who says you can't be a millionaire someday?
Fun but challenging
How can you know it is a good investment? Checking your investment should give you a sense of accomplishment. It should also be challenging, so that you won't be bored. Some investors find it easy at first and once they see good profits, they just don't care. Some of those too good to be true investments turn out to be scams. They thought nothing would go wrong. They only go for the fun part, but do not want to combat the challenges of their investment. They only want to invest their money and wait for profits. That is not the case of a good investment.
Investing your money to gain profits is a valid reason. A more valid reason is investing in having more time for yourself and your family. Some millionaires have been too focused on their investments that they forgot their families. Their spouse divorces them and will even get half of their properties that they have been working for.
When the auto binary robot like the ones at Top 10 Binary Apps is set up, it will automatically take care of your investment. If only you have it in every investment. A good investment is easy to manage and will give you more self-time. You should be having fun looking through your investment despite the challenges. You don't need millions of dollars to start investing. A good investment should show good returns.


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Author's Blog
The Mystical Side of Nikola Tesla
|Posted on June 9, 2013 at 4:25 PM
The most vivid memory I have of the New Yorker Hotel is from May 13, 1979. There in the hallway of the 30th floor, I was introduced to my wife, Connie, for the first time.
Recently, I was made aware of another story surrounding the New Yorker Hotel that has special meaning for me – three floors above the spot where I met my wife is the room where Nikola Tesla spent the last 10 years of his life.
Nikola Tesla was a Serbian-American inventor who possessed one of the most brilliant minds of all time. He is famous as the man who designed the generators that harnessed the power of Niagara Falls in 1895, the first large-scale hydroelectric project in the world.
The son of an Orthodox priest, Tesla was a mystic who had out-of-body experiences from the time he was seven years old. As a child, he saw a photograph of Niagara Falls and prophesied that one day he would harness the power there. He came up with his idea for alternating current (AC) in a vision he received while watching a sunset in a park in Budapest. Another example of one of his prophetic ideas was his realization that matter and energy were interchangeable, an inspiration he received years before Einstein demonstrated the same idea with his Theory of Relativity. He is a person some would describe as "spiritually open."
I feel an affinity for Tesla because I believe he was a mystic who was being inspired by the spirit world. In my view, many great scientific inventions have come as revelations from heaven. I believe that heaven was working through Tesla, and others like him, to advance God's Providence. Tesla was very idealistic and hoped that his inventions would be used for the benefit of all humanity.
One of the things I appreciate about Tesla is the fact that he was not limited by his Orthodox upbringing to reject ideas originating in other faith traditions. For example, Tesla had a warm relationship with Swami Vivekananda, the Indian sage who came to the United States to speak at the Parliament of World Religions in 1893. Vivekananda believed Tesla had the potential to help bring about harmony between the ideas of religion and science; Tesla adopted the Vedic words "prana" and "akasha" in his writings to denote "energy" and "matter."
Tesla immigrated to the United States in 1884 with a letter of recommendation addressed to Thomas Edison. For a time Edison employed him in West Orange, New Jersey for the paltry sum of $18 a week, but after a dispute over pay Tesla resigned. This is unfortunate, because Edison could have learned a lot from Tesla. For example, Tesla understood why alternating current (AC) was such a better system for delivering electricity than the direct current (DC) to which Edison was so committed. It appears that Edison's stubbornness and Tesla's pride resulted in the dissolution of a partnership that potentially could have been the greatest scientific team-up in history.
In particular, I wish the two of them had collaborated on the most interesting of Edison's projects – the "spirit phone." In an interview with American Magazine in 1920, Edison announced that he was working on a device that would allow the living to communicate with the dead. His statement caused a national sensation; and the magazine received more than 600 letters from people interested in the device. Edison died in 1931, before he could realize the dream of the "spirit phone," but I'm convinced he would have had a much better chance if he had Tesla by his side to help him.
Tesla died on January 7, 1943. At his funeral, New York Mayor Fiorello La Guardia delivered the eulogy. He remarked that "…a man who was 87 years of age died in his humble hotel room. His name was Nikola Tesla. He died in poverty, but he was one of the most useful and successful men who ever lived."
That "humble hotel room" is room 3327 of the New Yorker Hotel. There is a plaque on the door commemorating him, and there is another one on 34th Street attached to the outside wall of the New Yorker Hotel building.
In my view, we can best commemorate Tesla by continuing the work of harnessing science for the benefit of humanity, fostering unity between religion and science, harmonizing religions, and supporting the dream of the "spirit phone." Who knows, one day you might pick up your phone, answer a call, and recognize the voice of Nikola Tesla on the other side.
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|Use this URL to cite or link to this record in EThOS:
|Scanning thermal microscopy using nanofabricated probes
|Mills, Gordon B.
|Awarding Body:
|University of Glasgow
|Current Institution:
|University of Glasgow
|Date of Award:
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Novel atomic force microscope (AFM) probes with integrated thin film thermal sensors are presented. Silicon micromachining and high resolution electron beam lithography (EBL) have been used to make batch fabricated, functionalised AFM probes. The AFM tips, situated at the ends of Si3N4 cantilevers, are shaped either as truncated pyramids or sharp triangular asperites. The former gives good thermalisation of the sensor to the specimen for flat specimens whereas the latter gives improved access to highly topographic specimens. Tip radii for the different probes are 1 m and 50 nm respectively. A variety of metal structures have been deposited on the tips using EBL and lift-off to form Au/Pd thermocouples and Pd resistance thermometer/heaters. Sensor dimensions down to 35 nm have been demonstrated. In the case of the sharp triangular tips, holes were etched into parts of the cantilever in order to provide self alignment of the sensor to the tip. On the pyramidal tips it has been shown that multiple sensors can be made on a single tip with good definition and matching between sensors. A conventional AFM was constructed in order to test the micromachined thermal probes. During scans of a photothermal test specimen using improved access thermocouple probes, 80 nm period metal gratings were thermally resolved. This is equivalent to a thermal lateral resolution of 40 nm. Pyramidal tips with a resistance thermometer/heater, which were made for the microscopy and analysis of polymers, have been showed by others to produce high resolution thermal conductivity images. The probes have also been shown to be capable of locally heating a polymer specimen and thermomechanically measuring phase changes in small volumes of material. Also presented here is a study of scanning thermal microscopy of semiconductor structures using a commercial AFM. Included are scans of several specimens using both commercial andthe new micromachined probes. Subsurface images of voids buried under a SiO2 passivation layer were taken. It is shown that contrast caused by thermal conductivity differences in the specimen may be detected at a depth of over 200 nm.
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text: I decided to follow a guide to modding after a brick and $100 to Nintendo the first time I attempted, so I found a handy guide on AfterDawn http://forums.afterdawn.com/thread_view.cfm/773505 It has link there to another guide which you follow first. Okay, so, I follow the guide with two modifications - Instead of using the HBC / Backup Launcher from the guide this one links to, I instead install from the BootMii installer - I didn't install Backup Launcher as a channel, I have Backup Launcher on my SD card to boot into HBC So I follow the remainder of the guide up to IOS Downgrader (The portion on the site I linked to here) And for some reason, I can see the backed up game's Animated Logo in the Disc Channel. When I try to boot from it, it gives me an error saying to eject/power off my Wii. I go to Wii Gator's Backup Launcher, and the games can boot perfectly well from it, however, when I try to Reboot With Hooks, once a disc starts to be read, the Wii freezes. So, is there any way I can play games from Wii disc channel? And is there a way to get the Reboot With Hooks thing working without my Wii freezing? At the very least, I'd just like to get Rebooting With Hooks working, and get completely rid of the Disc Channel attempt at booting games, including how it's showing the games animated logo in there (Almost screaming like it will work to boot from it) Can anybody help me with this? I'm very confused and have had my head in it for days now @____@ Thanks all!


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RYE BROOK, N.Y. - Polls will be open Tuesday for voting in Rye Brook's village elections, which are uncontested this year.
Deputy Mayor and Trustee Paul Rosenberg is running unopposed for mayor. After the election, his three-year term will begin the first Monday in April. Current Mayor Joan Feinstein is not seeking re-election.
Two spots are open on the Board of Trustees. Incumbent Jeffrey Rednick and new candidate Jason Klein are both running unopposed. Current Trustee Toby S. Marrow is not seeking re-election.
Polls will be open from 6 a.m. to 9 p.m. Here are the polling places:
- Districts 20 and 21 will vote at Port Chester Middle School;
- Districts 22 and 30 will vote at Blind Brook High School;
- Districts 23, 27 and 29 will vote at Ridge Street School;
- District 26 will vote at Port Chester Senior High School; and
- District 31 will vote at BelleFair Meeting House.
Click here to find your voting district.
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Our location on the Hudson River speaks to our maritime custom and experience, and our proximity to New York City presents a gateway to profession and entrepreneurial alternatives in commerce, finance, media, art, vogue, research, technology, education and entertainment. Established in January 2018, DIT SMF (Student Managed Fund) is the brainchild of three DIT MSc Finance college students, led by Conor Flanagan, Sudhanshu Suryavanshi, and James Igoe and mentored by Seán 'Reilly, lecturer in the Faculty of Accounting and Finance.
In 1937, the American sociologist Learn Bain wrote that "technology contains all tools, machines, utensils, weapons, instruments, housing, clothes, communicating and transporting devices and the skills by which we produce and use them." 6 Bain's definition remains frequent among students today, particularly social scientists. Scientists and engineers usually prefer to outline technology as applied science , somewhat than because the things that individuals make and use. 7 Extra just lately, scholars have borrowed from European philosophers of "technique" to increase the meaning of technology to various forms of instrumental motive, as in Foucault 's work on technologies of the self (strategies de soi).
Full Sail's tech packages are vastly different than these at traditional schools. Our packages are designed specifically to flex as new strategies and purposes unfold — permitting college students to remain relevant and informed all through all the studying process. On April eleventh, the DIT Investors & Entrepreneurs Society launched its FIRE Collection, seminars for entrepreneurial fans, with Colm Lauder, a former Property Economics student showing particular guest speaker.
Aduyeva received her schooling on the State College of technology and Design in St. Petersburg. Wednesday March 21, 2018: The Technological College Alliance for Dublin has strongly welcomed the signing into legislation by President Michael D. Higgins of the Technological Universities Act 2018 following its passing by means … Read More


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Space mining gets a boost from tiny Luxembourg
Asteroids and other space bodies could harbor metals, like platinum, that are rare on Earth. This has some companies scrambling to take mining to space—and now the tiny European country of Luxembourg wants to get in on the action, BBC reports. Luxembourg's economic minister says the grand duchy will soon give corporations the legal right to exploit resources in space, similar to moves made last year by the U.S. Congress. And—despite the astronomical costs of space mining—the country's national investment bank may even fund "relevant" private R&D projects, the minister says. He adds that the situation is "equivalent to the rights of a trawler in international waters. Fishermen own the fish they catch but they do not own the ocean."


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Daily Protection Diaper Balm
Daily Diaper Protection Helps Prevent Diaper Rash
Ahhh... instant relief for fragile little bottoms. This miracle nourishing balm instantly forms a protective moisture barrier that helps combat diaper irritation that can lead to a rash. With Moringa, Shea Butter, and natural Beeswax, it's gentle enough to use with every diaper change to keep tender skin healthy, protected, and calm.


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Doctors have categorized two kinds of hemorrhoidsInternal Hemorrhoids - most typical sign is bleeding of the rectum and intense pain. Internal hemorrhoids sometimes clot and protrude. The sight of mucus and blood is also a sign of internal hemorrhoids.
External Hemorrhoids - the most typical indications are burning sensation and itching. Streaks of blood can be present on a toilet paper after bowel movements.
Why do Hemorrhoids Happen?Piles are caused by a pressure on the veins in the anus. Possible causes:
- Standing and sitting for an extended time
- Child delivery and pregnancy
- Recurrence of diarrhea
- Lifting of heavy objects
- Age
- Genetics
- Excessive body weight
- Straining at bowel movements and constipation.
What Can You do About Hemorrhoids?Commonly, a person's reaction is to immediately go to the pharmacy and purchase a well-known cream for hemorrhoids. Sadly, it only temporarily masks the symptoms by shrinking the hemorrhoid tissue with a chemical called phenylephrine. But it doesn't treat the real cause. The hemorrhoids will subside, but return after a few weeks or months with more severe pain and bleeding. By not really dealing with the real source, the person could end up going to the doctor for a treatment or a surgery.
How to deal with a Hemorrhoid?
- Rubber band ligation - Elastic bands are wrapped around the base of the hemorrhoid to cease the supply of blood. Within a couple of days, the hemorrhoid dies and falls off. A few patients encounter severe pain and bleeding after the procedure. It doesn't cure the cause of hemorrhoids so they sometimes reappear.
- Infrared coagulation - Infrared laser is used to burn a tissue for the blood supply to cut off from the hemorrhoid. 5 to 6 treatments (one weekly) are usually necessary. Though it's advertised as pain-free, several patients complain of intense pain during procedure. It doesn't treat the cause, so the hemorrhoids may reappear again within a year.
- Hemorrhoidectomy - a procedure that eliminates the hemorrhoids. Statistics have shown that this treatment method may cause incontinence later in life so it's recommended only for severe cases. Numerous patients complain of severe pain after, so it should be the last resort.


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We have so much to be thankful for this Thanksgiving. We feel truly blessed. Hope you and yours have a wonderful, fattening holiday!
Laurel, Tim & Miles
25 November 2010
We have so much to be thankful for this Thanksgiving. We feel truly blessed. Hope you and yours have a wonderful, fattening holiday!
Laurel, Tim & Miles
24 November 2010
G'day mates! We're off to Western Australia for a few weeks, so we will be decidedly absent from this blog for a little while. We're trading our 7th floor apartment in the tropics for a Hiace campervan and holiday park kitchens in the (frigid, to us) springtime downunder. Here's what we packed; I am considering leaving the thing on the right side at home – looks like trouble!:
We could have gotten away with a lot less stuff had Miles been cosleeping, exclusively breastfed, wearing tiny onesies, happy to cruise around town and nap in a simple sling. In other words, had we made this trip 7 months ago when he was still a newborn. (Take note all those of you with tiny ones/expecting) But that would have brought on a whole new set of worries 🙂
Check FB and Twitter for reports from the outback!
24 November 2010
And anyone else that might be interested in 3 minutes of Miles' eating videos. They are pretty darn cute.
23 November 2010
Ten months old, and Miles is one happy dude. Lots of smiles, love, clicks and kisses. We are so happy to have this little man in our lives.
Updates from this month:
23 November 2010
It's the Monday after Thanksgiving (Malaysia-time, observed) and I have already been into the leftovers and had a piece of pumpkin pie with whipped cream for breakfast. We had a great time yesterday celebrating turkey day with our friends and Tim's coworkers.
Tim started the day super early, getting up at 12:30am for the marathon. Miles and I were up at 4am with the monsoon that howled through our open windows. I got turkey #2 into the oven at 6am, attended a one yr old birthday party at 10, cleaned & cooked until 3 when people started to show up. The power went out for half of our house (an annoying development in our apartment, thank goodness not the part cooking the food) for most of the party, but the evening commenced with a daddy-friend reading stories to the seven children under 5 who were getting ready for bed. Our family was in bed by 8:30, and we slept like the dead for 9 hours. What a day!
The turkey was the big hit. I used the method described here, and had a bit of a scare when the first bird finished in 1.5 hours TOTAL. Guess I didn't know my oven as well as I thought I did. I cranked it down for the second bird, but it was done in 2 hours. Both were moist and flavorful, and I know we gave some Penangers a different idea of what Turkey is all about. The stuffing and sweet potatoes also went over splendidly, especially with those of the younger set, and our neighbor brought over a brussels sprouts salad which rounded out the meal perfectly, adding just the right amount of crunch and acidity to punctuate the heaviness of the turkey/stuffing/gravy bites. Finish it off with pumpkin pie and whipped cream, and you've got yourself a meal.
Brussels Sprouts Salad (from Burcu)
23 November 2010
Here's a post from Tim:
Laurel has asked me to be the very first guest contributor to her blog with my marathon race report. I'm sorry I can't be the author of better news, but here goes.
2am start gun under the typical Penang oppressive humidity. As I suspected, there were no mileage markers along the route, but fortunately I'd memorized my target splits for the 3 turn-around points along the course so I knew I was relatively on-target through the first 18K. I also knew (but refused to admit) early on that I was in trouble due to the concerning return of left achilles tendon pain only 20 minutes in.
On the miles in between the very lonely trip across the bridge and back to the island, a breeze whipped up and a "cool" headwind quickly became a full-on Malaysian monsoon. Torrential downpour ensues, resulting in running ankle-deep through the flooded streets for much of the rest of race. Mental focus completely shot to hell. The wheels really came off around the 30K point when every other muscle in my legs threatened to cramp from compensating all morning for the previously mentioned achilles soreness. Every runner knows this lesson; compensating for an injury is a sure fire way to develop another, usually more serious one.
The mental transformation from race mode to survival mode complete, I was able to keep it together enough to finish up without stopping or walking and actually got a bit of a second wind at the end when the roads dried back up and straight-leg shuffle "sprinted" across finish line. 3:45:57. 66th place out of 1253.
Despite the disappointing time, I feel very fortunate to have gotten the chance to run this unique race in our adopted home town. An experience I will remember, but probably never repeat. Finally, I would like to thank my lovely wife for enduring my training schedule, including the occasional 5am alarm from me, not Miles crying.
20 November 2010
You already have the end of the meal planned out. You can do this one blind folded. It is pumpkin and it sits inside a little flour & butter bowl and you put fluffy white whipped on top. But, if you want to try something a little different, completely show stopping, and totally delicious, consider this: a gingersnap crumb crust topped with a subtly spiced creamy tower of orange goodness. Compared to other cheesecakes, it can even be considered healthy, as two blocks of cream cheese are replaced with a vegetable (pumpkin)!
If, like me, you have already stockpiled 6 of the golden oldie with this delicious crust for the big day, consider this treat for, say, a Thursday morning meeting with your esteemed colleagues. Or some other special occasion. Like with leftover turkey after shopping on Friday. I won't even tell if you top it with a bit of leftover fluffy white.
Pumpkin Ginger Cheesecake (I successfully broke the cardinal rule of baking and roughly doubled this recipe)
Note: I also made a couple little muffin cup sized cheesecakes for my husband who I knew would not be able to stand the thought of a cheesecake just sitting there, chilling, for two whole days! Follow the same as above, but only bake for 15-20 minutes. This seriously helps with portion control, and I can imagine these little babies freezing particularly well for a cheesecake-anytime snack.


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Car surfing accident cases are increasing in Southern California. An Ojai teen is the latest victim. An Orange County accident lawyer discusses how prevalent this dangerous behavior is becoming.
Last Sunday evening, 18-year-old Cody Doolittle decided to "surf" an Ojai highway with some friends. Instead of surfboards, they used skateboards. To replace the thrill of riding waves, they held onto the back of their friend's Jeep as he drove down Cuyama Road. Doolittle flew off of his skateboard after it collided with the Jeep's back tire. He died at the scene of the accident from the head injuries he sustained. Another teen was seriously injured after car surfing in the Ventura area just two months prior. Car surfing, explains an Orange County accident lawyer, is not only extremely dangerous, it is more common than many parents may think.
Car surfing has many variations: individuals may literally use the hood of a moving car as a surfboard, which recently occurred in Malibu, where 18-year-old Johnny Strange climbed from the passenger window of a BMW driving 50 miles an hour on Pacific Coast Highway. An individual may ride in the truck of the car, a form of car surfing known as "trunk riding," an activity that took the life of a 14-year-old Lake Forest boy last June. Being pulled by a car while riding on a skateboard, a sled, or even a Christmas tree is among the most common forms of car surfing—and also the one that led to Cody Doolittle's fatal head injuries.
Serious or fatal head injuries often result from car surfing accidents, explains an Orange County accident lawyer. Of the 99 car surfing accidents resulting in injuries recorded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or CDC, between 1990 and 2008, 58 percent resulted in fatalities, 78 percent of which were attributed to head trauma. The CDC also noted that incidents of car surfing resulting in injury increased during this time period, with males accounting for 70 of the 99 injuries. 69 percent of the injuries were sustained by individuals between the ages of 15 and 19 years old.
Car surfing can have grave consequences for everyone involved: serious or fatal injuries to the person "surfing" on the car and felony charges for the driver. The 17-year-old driver in the Lake Forest "trunk riding" case was charged with felony hit-and-run and vehicular manslaughter. In Ventura, authorities are still deciding whether or not to file charges against the 18-year-old driver of the Jeep that was pulling Doolittle before his death. In both of these cases, the parents of the deceased teens may also choose to file charges against the drivers, in which case, they will want to discuss their rights with a California injury lawyer.
James Ballidis is an Orange County accident lawyer and the author of several books written to help accident victims select the right personal injury lawyer for their case. If you need legal advice or would like to request a copy of one of his books, feel free to call 866-981-5596.


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Posted from Cossack, Northern Territory, Australia.
[audio mp3="http://blog.sickdovel.net/wp-content/uploads/music/alice%20cooper%20-%20school_s%20out.mp3″]
Our day started in hot Katherine, bright and early. We had a big brekky and got stuck into the day.
First stop was the Katherine School of the Air. NT schools get started at 9:00 and that's when the first tour got underway.
We weren't allowed to take any photos due to student privacy rules.
The school is run just like any other, really! They get the same funding from the government as any other school, its what they do with it that makes the difference.
These days the 250 students, across the NT (and beyond), are hooked up by satellite. This allows the teachers and students to utilize a 2 way video phone style hookup. All the students can hear and see the teachers, via a few cameras, and also see and hear the focus student as well. They do all the sorts of subjects that you'd expect and a few that are a bit tricky, like choir.


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There are many benefits of establishing a start-up, fostering the growth of early stage companies or relocating mature enterprises to HudsonAlpha. The advantages available at HudsonAlpha—from superior physical space to leading-edge intellectual talent—provide opportunities for life science companies to grow and expand in step with the economic wave of opportunities spurred by new technologies. In addition, the biosciences are a priority for the state of Alabama and many of our regional economic development organizations.
HudsonAlpha is working with the economic development partners to strengthen policies and incentives for life science industry recruitment.
HudsonAlpha has established credibility with many of these partners since the Institute's founding in 2008, including:
- Government organizations and officials
- Economic development groups
- Site Selection consultants.
For more information on establishing a presence on the HudsonAlpha campus, please contact email@example.com.


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I was commissioned to do the shoot back in the summer & have to say that it was a brilliant two days in which I got to meet & shoot some of my childhood heroes & cricket legends such as Michael Vaughan, Andrew Strauss, Graham Thorpe, Bob Willis, Mark Butcher, Mathew Hoggard...the list goes go on and on.
The location in which the shoot took place was pretty bloody spectacularly special too, The Getty Family's Estate, Wormsley Park. We were given access to the family library which was exactly like how you would imagine it to be, but even bigger and full of some amazing pieces such as as a first edition of Chaucer, Ben Jonson's annotated copy of Spenser, and Shakespeare Folios…lets just say it was pretty grand.
I was shooting alongside the film crew doing the TV campaign on the day so was a full on hectic but great day for all involved.
Big shout out to all the crew that helped out on the day.
You can watch a few of the videos from the day here
A few behind the scenes bits I picked up on the day for y'all:


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Earn by promoting DasCoin with NetLeaders! Create your network and build great business!
NetLeaders have recognized that most of DasCoin buyers will recommend this incredible opportunity and have decided to award them accordingly. That creates possibility to approach DasCoin as a business opportunity, apart from its attractiveness as fast and reliable cryptocurrency.
When you purchase any package you automatically enter the NetLeaders Affiliate Program where you get the link which you simply use to let people know about the fantastic value of the license packages. Anyone who responds will be automatically linked to your account and you will receive credit for the sale in your NetLeaders account. The cash component of the commission accounts for 60% of the total commission amount and the Cycles portion accounts for the remaining 40%. Cycles price used in the calculation is based on the per Cycle cost when purchasing a Manager license package.
NetLeaders compensation plan
How can we earn by promoting DasCoin as best cryptocurrency purchase and multi level marketing affiliate business opportunity ?
By recommending DasCoin purchase you make direct sales and build your binary network structure. From your structure you earn commissions from bonuses.
NetLeaders developed several starting bonuses, as shown in the table below –
First bonus is Direct sales bonus – as the name itself states, direct sales bonus gives us 10% of all direct sales of licences.
Second bonus is Network bonus – this bonus has its qualification, you should have at least 500 Eur of direct sales in both your left and right leg in your binary system network. However, I find this bonus to be the best since once qualified, you earn 10% commission from entire weak leg volume (everything that happens during a week in your weaker leg). This bonus is great for people interested in building big and stable network of DasCoin users and other network builders. Since most of the distributors will have one leg built by their uplines (strong leg), your job is to qualify for this bonus and by building your weaker leg take the most of it.
Third bonus is Matching bonus – besides qualification of 500 Eur of direct sales in both legs, there is additional qualifying title which will be connected with passing educational tests. This bonus enables the distributor to have additional % of commission in the depth of his network structure – it is a % of network bonus made by their downlines in structure. This bonus has incredible potential and is for people that while building their networks, also dedicate themselves to learning about cryptocurrencies and marketing and promoting NetLeaders and DasCoin on seminars and meetings.
Marketing Tools
To assist you in your marketing efforts, NetLeaders provide you with a variety of marketing tools, including banner ads, text links, text ads, HTML ads and email templates. NetLeaders also provide excellent reporting, including tons of charts and graphs and daily activity assessments.
Payout Options
Your commissions will automatically accrue in your account. When you are ready to receive your commissions, you can choose from a number of convenient payment options. Simply choose the amount that you want to receive and the payment method that best suits your needs. Payouts are made on a weekly basis.
World-Class Communications
One of the hallmarks of NetLeaders will be the level of excellence in all aspects of the company's communications. We believe the key to simplifying cryptocurrency is in better communications. We endeavor to provide outstanding communication in a multitude of languages.
Educated Affiliates
As an affiliate of NetLeaders, you will be provided with access to a range of educational resources to help you better understand this emerging industry. As a well-educated affiliate you will be of greater service to people throughout the world who can benefit from cryptocurrency but don't yet understand how or why.
Merchant Involvement
NetLeaders intends to make the merchant community a very high priority. Merchants are an essential element to the success of a cryptocurrency, and the company plans extensive outreach efforts to attract involvement by merchants of all sizes and a wide range of industries all throughout the world.
Strategic Partnerships
The management team at NetLeaders has already begun to work on a number of strategic partnerships that are intended to yield millions of new accounts for the company. These partners are a foundational element to the company's ambitious growth plans.
Affinity Group
Ultimately, Netleaders intends to create the world's largest affinity group for cryptocurrency: a group consisting of tens of millions of consumers and merchants all of whom recognize DasCoin and want to use it to store and exchange value in an easier, more secure, more frictionless and more beneficial manner for everyone involved.
Transparent company structure and our team of professionals are guarantee for success!
Behind whole project stands a number of professional and several companies. You can find more about management structure and companies included here.
Our leaders are professionals with decades of experience in fields of finances, information and digital technology, operations and marketing. You can read more about each of them here.


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Detailed Draft Order
The Detailed Draft Order page enables you to review the entire draft sequence and adjust it. If you are managing your league setup manually, you will need to drag-and-drop draft picks around to reflect any changes from the initial draft order of your league.
League Setup Check
When you navigate away from the League Setup pages The Machine will perform a check to ensure the league setup options you set are valid. If there is an invalid or incomplete setting, a warning message pops up with details about the issue and a recommendation of how to fix it. You will not be able to navigate away from the League Setup pages until your setup passes the check.
The Machine detects when you make changes that require recalculation. When you navigate away the League Setup pages, assuming you your setup passes all checks, you will be directed to the Home page. The Machine will rerun the full season calculations based on your new settings.


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Crkt M16-13 Zytel (Black)
Regular Price: $87.49
Sale Price: $56.03
Save: $31.46 (36%)
In stock
The slim-profile M16-13Z from Columbia River Knife & Tool (CRKT) has a spear point blade, a very popular slender shape that is ideal for a variety of carry positions. The one-hand opening and closing is quick and smooth, the result of lubrous washers at the blade pivot. The ambidextrous thumb stud with checkered surface provides instant access in any circumstance. It features a removable stainless steel clothing/gear clip.
Kit Carson, designer of the M16 Series, became famous for his titanium frame M16 customs. True to Kit's custom design in all details, the production M16 models have been taken a step further with the addition of CRKT's exclusive patented AutoLAWKS safety, which automatically turns the folders into virtual fixed blades when the blade is opened and locked.
The zytel handles, which form the open-build frame, feature textured glass-filled nylon scales laid over the 420J2 stainless steel liner InterFrame. CRKT overbuilds it for rigidity, using solid glass filled nylon back spacers. And the handle is assembled with superior offset Torx fasteners. The single 420J2 stainless steel locking liner with friction grooves provides positive locking.
An automatic safety mechanism for folding knives, AutoLAWKS was invented by Columbia River Knife & Tool as an enhancement to Ron Lake and Michael Walker's design to prevent the locking liner from accidentally releasing when the knife is open and locked. As the folder blade is locked in place by the locking liner, the spring-loaded AutoLAWKS lever rotates forward, and the metal tang comes between the locking liner and frame to ensure that the folder is a virtual fixed blade. It is very difficult, if not impossible, to accidentally release the liner lock when the AutoLAWKS lever is activated and if the blade pivot is properly adjusted.
Designer Info
Kit Carson of Vine Grove, Kentucky, is a retired professional soldier, rising to the level of Sergeant Major. He has made knives for 30 years and has been a full-time knifemaker since 1993.
|Blade Type
|Blade Edge
|Combo Edge
|Blade Length
|3.5 in
|Closed Length
|4.75 in
|Overall Length
|8.25 in
|Knife Series
|Net Weight
|3.5 oz
Write Your Own Review
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Sep 30, 2012 Hawaii Dorms
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Hotel deals in Evans Head, Australia
Special Hotel Deals for popular cities
Price Trends for top destinations worldwide
Special Deal Alerts for up to 75% OFF
Hotel reviews from your friends on Facebook
Travel compatibility with friends on Facebook
Ramada has everything you need for business or leisure, whether it be dining at The Point Restaurant and Bar, the variety of Eat Street, our heated swimming pool or waterfront function and meeting rooms, it's all right here for you in Ballina. NH0908
One bedroom poolside rooms are large and generally in a good condition. Apartments feature a private balcony or terrace, laundry, cable TV, in room safe and hair dryer / ironing facilities.
The Point Restaurant, with riverfront views.
Medium rise purpose built resort.
Medium sized resort.
read more
2 Martin StreetSee Street View See map
The BEST WESTERN Ballina Island Motor Inn offers its guests a variety of quality motel-style accommodation in Ballina, from standard rooms to deluxe two-room family suites. All rooms feature queen-sized beds, reverse-cycle air conditioning and cable TV. Deluxe spa rooms, family suites and inter-connecting rooms are also available.
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Best Western Ballina Island Motor Inn
Lot 1 Pacific HighwaySee Street View See map
A variety of restaurants and cocktail lounges are located in the surrounding area. AU Star Rating 4. Desk Hours: 7:00am-9:30pm (Mon-Sat) 7:00am-8:30pm SUN. If arriving outside of these hours please use night bell phone. Fleurs restaurant and bar will be closed from Monday, 18th January and reopening on Monday, 1st February.
read more
Comfort Inn All Seasons
301 River Street Pacific HwySee Street View See map
This 4 star hotel is located in the city centre of Ballina. It is a short drive away from the Kings Beach. The Hotel has a coffee shop.
read more
Ballina Manor Boutique
25 Norton StreetSee Street View See map
Offering excellent facilities and comfortable accommodation, the hotel will make the guests time in Lismore more relaxing and memorable, whether they are on a business trip or on leisure tour.
read more
Dawson Motor Inn
25 Dawson St Lismore, Lismore, AuSee Street View See map
Services of the property include: copy and fax service, laundry and drying facilities. Touring information is available at the front desk.
We offer a variety of comfortable spacious well maintained room types to suite any travellers needs. All rooms have: lake view, direct dial phones STD/IDD, dataports, cable television, irons & ironing boards, coffee/tea maker, and mini-bar. Each room also has a breakfast patio overlooking the lake; meals can be served to your room seven day a week.
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Best Western Lakeside Lodge
Bruxner Highway 100See Street View See map
This hotel offers excellent facilities and comfortable accommodation to make guests' time in Lismore more relaxing and memorable, whether they are on a business trip or a leisure tour. This city eco hotel comprises a total of 21 rooms, including 5 junior suites, and facilities on offer to guests at this air-conditioned establishment include a lobby and a hotel safe. Guests can take advantage of the room and laundry services, and there is parking for those arriving by car.
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Dawson Motor Inn
25 Dawson St LismoreSee Street View See map
This 4 star hotel is located in the city centre of Yamba. The Hotel has an outdoor swimming pool and a fitness centre/gym.
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Angourie Rainforest Resort
166 Angourie RoadSee Street View See map
Welcome to Best Western Yamba Beach Motel, a 4 star property in YAMBA offering quality accommodation, value for money, comfort and friendly service. It is the perfect destination for a relaxing holiday, fun filled adventure or travelling on Business.
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Best Western Yamba Beach Motel
30 Clarence StreetSee Street View See map
Iluka Motel
47 Charles St, Iluka, AuSee Street View See map