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text:
The Instigator
Pro (for)
3 Points
The Contender
Con (against)
0 Points
Resolved: Criminals convicted of violent crime should be executed
Post Voting Period
The voting period for this debate has ended.
after 1 vote the winner is...
|Voting Style:
|Point System:
|7 Point
|2 years ago
|Post Voting Period
|3,248 times
|Debate No:
Debate Rounds (4)
Comments (13)
Votes (1)
So the first guy who accepted this debate left within a matter of hours after accepting. Don't do the same or I'll find you and kill you.
This is pretty simple. I think anyone who commits any kind of violent crime against innocent people, or as part of a gang, should be killed. Andwe're keeping thisto North America- let's only talk about Canada and the US of A.
For this debate, we will not use the million-dollar death penalty procedures we have grown to love, we will use... cheaper... methods. However humane. The criminal convicted of the crime will face lethal injection the day of, or after, their hearing. They will not suffer (physically, anyway) and it will cost next to nothing, so price will not matter.
We will define violent crime as child abuse, elder abuse, sexual assault, rape, murder, theft using a weapon, domestic violence, terrorism, stalking/threatening with intent to harm, any form of physical assault/aggression toward somebody and kidnapping -all except in self defense.
Pro (me) argues that it is a good idea for every criminal convicted of a violent crime to be killed via "humane" ways, such as lethal injection. Con (you) will argue that it is not a good idea to kill criminals convicted of violent crime.
We will not be arguing on how much it would cost to perform the execution.
First round can be acceptance or opening arguments, up to you.
1. No forfeiture. Seriously. If you decide to leave halfway through the debate, you give up a full 7 points. So don't run away.
2. No semantics. I gave the definitions, I'm sure we're clear on what physical assault/aggression is. If you decide to say "well I define assault as a high five," then get the hell outta here.
3. No trolling. This is a serious debate. We're talking about the killing of hundreds of thousands if not millions of people.
4. The comments section can not be used for anything other than discussion. Anything added in (extra arguments, sources, etc) will not be counted for anything.
5. No new arguments in the final round. Solidify your points and dispute mine, but don't bring up entirely new arguments.
I think I've covered everything. If you have any questions, please don't hesitate to ask in the comments or PM me.
Since you are making this extraordinary proposal and I get the last word in the last round, I consider it fair to let you begin.
Thanks for accepting, and thanks for the consideration!
Because I've made this debate before, and started it only to have my opponent close his account before he could even post an argument, this will be (mostly) copied from my other debate on the exact same topic.
I'll try to keep this short and sweet, as I just want to get my main few points out there so I can see what you have to say on this.
Money saved in death
First of all, the average price of keeping someone in jail is $30,000 a year [1] [2]. This means the execution of anyone convicted would save around $30,000 per year, per inmate. Considering there's approximately 1.325 million prisoners in America, and if you take a look at Table 11 of the source I'm about to provide, 53% of them are in prison for violent crimes [3], that would save a lot of money. So that means approximately 715,500 prisoners are currently in prison for violent crimes, and on top of that, those are all numbers taken from prisoners spending over a year in prison. So doing some simple math, that's about $30,000 a year per inmate, and about 715,500 inmates. So 30,000 multiplied by 715,000, which leaves us with about 21.5 billion. And as ridiculously crazy as that number sounds, America spends on average $40billion a year [4] on prisoners. So to cut that number in half, by $21.5billion, would save... well, a hell of a lot of money every year. Taxpayers' money would go to more important things, possibly education, health care, overseas aid, etc. $21.5billion is a lot of money, and a lot of good can come from saving such a large amount.
No more re-offenders
Secondly, killing people who are detrimental to society will increase the livability of that area. The chance of a criminal re-offending after being let out of prison within a mere 5 years is about 75% [5]. Keep in mind this is simply a return to prison, it doesn't account for criminals not caught by authorities or criminals who commit a crime but do not return to prison. The rate that criminals would re-offend after being executed would be... well, take a guess. Zero. That also means zero victims related to re-offenders. The rate of violent crime would go down drastically over the years, and considering the punishment would be death, the chance of anyone thinking of committing a violent crime would also decrease. The main point here is that anyone (victims) affected by violent crimes would drastically drop. For every one person in prison for violent crime, that's at least one victim either physically hurt or dead. So millions upon millions of people would no longer be physically hurt or killed in the future.
Crime-free Future
And finally, the future would look amazing. Judging by the stats we've already went over, violent crime would be at an all-time low within one year. If re-offenders make up 3/4 of the prison population in about five years, that means about one million less violent crimes would be committed by 2020. It also means more and more parents would raise their children to live by the law, so they don't end up dead. Sure, it won't work for everybody, but if the chance of their child being killed if caught is raised to 100%, the chance the parent will raise their kid poorly decreases significantly. This would lead us to a society that doesn't revolve around violence; a society that is more peaceful. Less people would be worried about walking home late at night, and less people would be worried about being robbed and having to take preventative measures to ensure their own safety, so also saving money in the long run. Society as a whole would be happier and more peaceful.
So to summarize what I've got so far: America would save over $20billion a year, cutting the money spent on prisons in half, and being able to spend that saved money on things that would significantly benefit the country, economy, well-being of citizens, etc. Recidivism rates (rate at which a criminal returns to prison) would decrease by more than three quarters, leading to a much more peaceful, less violent country in a matter of a few years. And finally, in the long run, the country would not have to worry about violent crime very much, if at all, and there would be significantly less people affected in negative ways nationwide.
Thanks, on to you.
[1] http://www.gpo.gov...
[2] http://www.cbsnews.com...
[3] http://www.bjs.gov...
[4] http://www.vera.org...
[5] http://www.bjs.gov...
I want to thank the Pro side for bringing up this topic and allowing me to participate in the debate.
Here are my arguments:
Death penalty is killing innocent people
This is the most important point in my argument: Death penalty is an irreversible and final punishment that caused, currently causes and will continue to cause final irreversible mistakes that cost the lives of innocent people.
Just a small selection of citations to back this up with facts:
"Many Prisoners on Death Row are Wrongfully Convicted - Researchers estimate that more than 340 U.S. inmates that could have been exonerated were sentenced to death since 1973" [1]
"A number of people are claimed to have been innocent victims of the death penalty. Newly available DNA evidence has allowed the exoneration and release of more than 17 death row inmates since 1992 in the United States, but DNA evidence is available in only a fraction of capital cases. Others have been released on the basis of weak cases against them, sometimes involving prosecutorial misconduct; resulting in acquittal at retrial, charges dropped, or innocence-based pardons." [2]
There is also a huge racial bias in the application of death penalty. Blacks and Latinos, despite being a minority, make up the majority of death roll prisoners, and cases with white victims result much more often in death sentences [3].
More guilty people would be allowed to go free
When judging on a case of a violent crime, judges will be more likely to vote "not guilty" if the consequence of a verdict of "guilty" was the death penalty. There is no absolute certainty and in almost all cases, judges will have doubt to a certain degree. If a verdict of guilty means the death of a human being that could be innocent then much more people will vote on not guilty just to be sure not to kill an innocent person.
A long-term prison sentence on the other hand is not a final punishment and the option that the person can go free if future evidence proves him innocent is a relief to most judges who then are much more willing to vote guilty.
This problem is even more evident with appointed judges. A study [4] shows that appointed judges will overturn death sentences more than twice as often as elected judges.
Death penalty does not reduce crime rates
Despite the immediate notion of higher punishment leading to lower crime rates due to deterrence, reality shows that this is not true. The murder rates are even consistently higher in the states with death penalty than in the states without death penalty [5]. Even neighboring states with very similar demographics show this difference in murder rates.
The reason why deterrence does not work for violent crimes is that most of those crimes are not committed after careful evaluation of costs and benefits. Most of those crimes are committed by people in extreme situations.
If most of the major crimes are punished by death penalty, this could even have the effect of increasing the rate of combined crimes. After a rape, the rapist will then more often proceed to kill the victim to cover up the rape. Since both rape and murder are punished by death, the murder is effectively free after the rape. Killing the victim is then the most rational option since there is no additional punishment and it reduces the odds of punishment.
Death penalty is condemned by the international community
In 2007 and again in 2008, the United Nations passed non-binding resolutions against death penalty that were accepted by a huge majority. "A range of amendments proposed by a small minority of pro-death penalty countries were overwhelmingly defeated." [6]
This shows that only a small minority of countries are pro-death penalty. Looking at who those countries are, reveals that proponents of death penalty are siding with Islamic countries enforcing Sharia law and with oppressive regimes and their dictators.
Besides being a foreign relations nightmare when you sentence foreigners to death, it also gives those countries a legal basis for sentencing your citizens to death based on their laws [7]. And Sharia law for example has a very different definition of crimes worthy of death.
Extended death row period is needed
Pro states: "The criminal convicted of the crime will face lethal injection the day of, or after, their hearing".
This time period is much to short for an appeal to a higher court and therefore violates the most basic legal standards we have. Even if the proposition is restated to mean execution immediately after any final appeal, it will still be too early and will cause many more executions of innocent people. The reason for the long and costly death row period currently mandated in most states with death penalty is to minimize the number of innocent people being executed.
Re: Money saved in death
First of all, I consider it unfair conduct to establish a debate rule that prevents me from discussing the costs of executions and then in turn to discuss the savings of executions.
Anyway, all of Pros statistics are based on the current situation in the US. However, the rejection of Pros proposal is not an affirmation of the current situation.
There are other options as well: Prison labor could be applied much more widely and also what prisoners are supplied with could be cut down to a bare minimum. This could lead to prisons being able to run in a self-sustained way or at least with only a fraction of the current costs.
Statistics of public spending often have numbers in the billions but those numbers are misleading because money circulates. Most of the public money that is spent on prisons will in fact create jobs and contracts for local companies which in turn will also create jobs and ultimately return the money in form of taxes.
In the end, saving money should never be a reason to kill people especially not when they could be innocent.
Re: No more re-offenders
Death penalty is not the only way to reduce the number of re-offenders, lifetime imprisonment is another option. Hence this is not an argument for death penalty at all.
Re: Crime-free Future
Yes, that is a nice dream. However due to the reasons, I have given above it will not happen, neither with nor without death penalty. And as studies show, death penalty is even connected with higher crime rates.
[1]: http://www.scientificamerican.com...
[2]: https://en.wikipedia.org...
[3]: http://www.theguardian.com...
[4]: http://www.reuters.com...
[5]: http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org...
[6]: https://en.wikipedia.org...
[7]: http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org...
Thanks, DSWD, those are some really good points.
RE: Death penalty is killing innocent people
This may have been the case in the 70's. Considering your source doesn't include data after 2004, it's hard to really tell the accuracy of the judicial system nowadays. We don't have data for over a decade on the accuracy of the judicial system, and in that 10+ year span, the technology we have has changed substantially. What I can provide is factually-based, up-to-date statistics on all forms of crime exonerations [1]. For a more detailed report on the approximately 900 exonerations from 1989-2012, read this [2]. And after subtracting the non-violent crime, we're left with about 800 exonerations. The judicial system isn't perfect, so I'll explain how the pros outweigh the cons. Keep in mind, my argument is not based around a "punishment" standpoint, but more around a "bettering society" standpoint. In the end, we would lose several innocent people, who, mind you, were "proved" guilty during the hearing, but we would also save several million people from re-offenders.
Using my sources, approximately 70 people are exonerated (who were charged with committing a violent crime) a year, giving the impression that that would be the sacrifice we would have to deal with to better our society. And looking at these statistics and reading the stories, a lot of the wrongfully accused were associated somehow with the crime, usually being friends with the actual criminal. Although association isn't a crime, it reflects the character of the person in question. And as heartless/morally wrong as this sounds, 70 "innocent" people executed a year (this number would drastically decrease per year as the number of actual criminals would also decrease) is, in my eyes, a reasonable sacrifice to take, to end the lives and to prevent future victims of millions of actual criminals. Calculating the number of future victims using my recidivism rates [3], losing 70 innocent lives in order to prevent the killing, rape, torture and beatings of millions of other innocent lives is reasonable.
The racial bias is irrelevant in this debate, as anyone convicted of any violent crime would face death. The judge would not choose whether or not the convict would face death or jail time, as that wouldn't be an option. Either death or innocent.
RE: More guilty people would be allowed to go free
This is an unexpectedly good point. However a few things are kind of "off" with it. Overturning death sentences may not have a correlation with prejudice or biases, and can simply relate to the crime committed and history of the offender. Currently, the death penalty decision is chosen by a panel of judges, as well as a jury, where the majority rules. If the sentence is not death, like you said, it is life imprisonment. But that is the choice the judges have: death, or life imprisonment. When the option is death or set free, the panel of judges (who will adapt to this law, or be held in contempt of court) most likely will not set anyone free who they feel is a danger to society. And although again, can be considered inhumane to some, putting down the people who have done harm to innocent people, and who are dangerous to society, is not a bad thing. Again, preventing millions of crimes by "taking out the trash" and saving money (minimal prison populations) is beneficial to the whole of the country, and will have nothing but positive impacts on the years to come.
RE: Death penalty does not reduce crime rates
I feel my exoneration statistics [3] fully dispute this. If 75% of people return to prison within 5 years, that's 75% less crime committed in those 5 years, if the offender is killed after their first offense. I see you're mostly referring to first offenders though. Most people don't want to die. I'm not too sure what you're saying regarding the rapist killing the victim afterwards. If you mean the rapist can have fun killing the person, then that's usually just not the case. I can't find a single thing that currently shows rapists also killing their victims to be "normal." Usually rapists are strictly performing the act for power/sexual reasons. Also, the chance that they're caught and proved guilty for murder is greater than that of rape, so if they don't want to die, they probably won't kill the person. And on top of that, rapists/sex offenders are likely to re-offend [4]. So if prison isn't a strong enough deterrent, maybe death would be, and if the death penalty was implemented to anyone who commits a violent crime, that would save hundreds upon hundreds of women from being raped.
RE: Death penalty is condemned by the international community
Unfortunately we're strictly discussing Canada and America here. It's irrelevant that some Islamic countries may have different ideas of what to implement - we're strictly talking about convicted violent criminals being put to death in America and Canada.
RE: Extended death row period is needed
As long as it takes to come to the final verdict (guilty or not guilty) in violent crime cases is long enough. When the judge makes the final ruling, the chance of the person being innocent is so low that, like I said before, it's worth the sacrifice, to make the country a better place. The amount of innocent people executed in comparison to the amount of victims of violent crime would be about 70:500,000+, taking in to my 70 exonerations per year combined with the 75% of criminals to re-offend. So by taking a few possible innocent lives, we would prevent the death and torment of a few million innocent lives in the long run.
RE: RE: Money saved in death
I see what you mean, but like I said for the sake of this argument, we'd be cutting the cost of executions down to a minimum. I agree that cutting spending on certain areas would definitely save a little bit, but we need to pay all the prison staff, keep the prisons' power on, showers running, etc. If we killed at least half of the prisoners, the sizes of the prisons would be cut in half, the amount of staff needed would be cut in half, the amount of resources required would be cut in half - the overall cost would be cut in half.
Simply "saving money" isn't my point. It's the ability to put that saved money in to other areas, such as education, police forces, hospitals, better community housing, even helping the poor and getting everyone in the country up on their feet. It's a fact that areas with higher average household incomes are less violent [5]. What can be done about this? Well, by saving tens of billions of dollars annually, we can put that money toward...
Education - children raised with a good education are more likely to seek legitimate jobs and career paths that they can use their intelligence for. This will also create jobs in the area, more reason not to follow a life of crime.
Housing - communities with little housing have a higher homeless rate, leading to higher rates of crime, to earn money or power or property/areas of land to live in. Implementing more housing will keep people off the streets, lowering the crime rate in the areas.
Hospitals - diseases run rampant in areas with high density to low income rates. Implementing hospitals will again create jobs, generate an income, and keep the general public healthy.
Police force - implementing small police departments or security forces is obviously a good way to keep crime down, and more importantly, keep people safe. With the implementation of a police force, more violent criminals will be "taken out of society," innocent people will not be afraid of going outside, more can be accomplished in the area, and more jobs will be created.
...There's lots more, but these are four main things that can be implemented to keep the city/area/country as a whole incredibly more safe, clean, and overall happy. And this can be accomplished by saving tens of billions of dollars by cutting down on prison costs by taking out the trash and eliminating people who are a serious threat to the well-being of society.
RE: RE: No more re-offenders
Because other options are available doesn't mean my option is all of a sudden not an option. We pick the best option out of all the options. You have not argued against this point at all. Plus, giving life in prison to anyone who commits a violent crime would cost the country tens of billions of dollars more - #30,000 per inmate, and instead of maybe a year or less, you're looking at 50+ years on average. 30,000 multiplied by 50 is $1,500,000 total per inmate, and that multiplied by the amount of people found guilty of committing any kind of violent crime... well, you're looking at overflowing prison populations and much, much higher amounts of money gone to prison expansions, staff additions, etc.
RE: RE: Crime-free future
The death penalty, as we have now, could be connected with higher murder rates, as that is the only thing that currently warrants the death penalty. However with the implementations of a death penalty awarded to anyone who commits a violent crime, instead of strictly murder, people wanting to rob stores or play the knock-out game would be less inclined to do so, as people like that tend to not want to die for the crimes they commit, and a lot are "okay" with going to jail, such as this guy [6].
So all in all, killing anyone who is detrimental to the well-being of other citizens is beneficial in the long run.
[1] http://www.law.umich.edu...
[2] http://www.law.umich.edu...
[3] http://www.bjs.gov...
[4] http://www.telegraph.co.uk...
[5] http://economics.fundamentalfinance.com...
[6] http://www.dailymail.co.uk...
Death penalty is killing innocent people
After reading Pro's source #2 as proposed, I extend my point that innocent people are killed by death penalty today and many more would be killed by accepting the proposal. This very source details that on most of the exonerations, DNA did not play any role at all, so there is no reason to believe that the numbers of false convictions has changed in the last 10 years. [1] shows that the number is even vastly understated by cases that are never corrected. It concludes that the real number of false convictions is 4.1%.
More guilty people would be allowed to go free
Given those high numbers of false convictions, it is even more understandable that judges are much less likely to hand out death sentences as compared to lifetime sentences.
[2] concludes that "One set of studies proposes that the decisions people make may
be affected by the severity of the potential consequences, in general, (Beck, 1984) and
specifically in criminal cases (Kerr, 1993). It follows that the extraordinarily high stakes of the
death penalty would reduce the frequency of guilty verdicts in capital cases. Survey research has
found, in fact, that even among proponents of the death penalty, a large majority responded that
they would need more evidence to vote guilty if the penalty were going to be death than if it
were going to be life imprisonment (Ellsworth & Ross, 1983)."
Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg says "People who are well represented at trial do not get the death penalty. I have yet to see a death case among the dozens coming to the Supreme Court on eve-of-execution stay applications in which the defendant was well represented at trial." [3]
It is obvious that the proposed system is different from the current system. However that does not automatically invalidate all statistics and conclusions we can draw from the current system. The observation that the likelihood of convictions decreases as the punishment increases is universally valid. Even in current law systems (e.g. in Florida) judges are practically forced to decide on death penalty vs. freedom as only the verdict phase requires an unanimous vote while the punishment phase is majority based. Therefore the only way to effectively avoid death penalty for a judge is to vote "not guilty" which, as the sources show, some of them are doing.
Death penalty does not reduce crime rates
I extend my point that a huge part of violent crimes are passionate crimes for which deterrents do not work. Therefore, the potential effect of death penalty as a deterrent is very limited.
Pro's statement "I'm not too sure what you're saying regarding the rapist killing the victim afterwards. If you mean the rapist can have fun killing the person, then that's usually just not the case. I can't find a single thing that currently shows rapists also killing their victims to be "normal." Usually rapists are strictly performing the act for power/sexual reasons." shows that he completely missed my point. I will explain that some more:
Imagine a man raping a woman in a passionate affection. When he finally comes to senses again and realizes what he has dome and what the potential consequences are he decides between two options: running away or killing her. If he runs away, she would report the crime and a phantom picture of him would be all over the media the next days. Also she would be able to identify him and the police will secure any DNA evidence he might have left. The chances of being caught are pretty high and the penalty is clearly death penalty. If he kills her, burns the body, and buries the remains somewhere the situation is different: She will not report the crime, she will not be able to identify him and any DNA material will most likely be destroyed. It is unlikely that the crime will ever be detected and even more unlikely that it will be connected to him. Thereby, he clearly reduces the odds of being caught and the cost of that is nothing. Right, if the gets caught he will still get the same penalty as before and not face any additional penalty for that murder.
This example can be extended to a lot of cases: Been seen while robbing a gas station? Kill the witness! Beat your wife and she want to go to the police? Better kill her and blame it on an anonymous murderer!
Death penalty is condemned by the international community
My main point here is that the realization of the proposal would significantly affect foreign relations which in turn will also negatively affect the economy. This effect cannot be ignored as neither Canada nor the US are isolated countries; both heavily rely on foreign relations.
Extended death row period is needed
I must thank Pro for clearly stating the idea as follows so I can grasp its full impact: "When the judge makes the final ruling, the chance of the person being innocent is so low that, like I said before, it's worth the sacrifice, to make the country a better place."
What Pro actually proposes is a threat-based legal system (in contrast to one based on justice). Suspects should be killed based on the probability that they pose a threat to society. The proposal even abolishes any possibility of appealing to higher courts thus the proposed system will have a high false-positive rate.
Pro openly admits that this will cost the lives of innocent people but argues that the expected decrease in crime rate is worth it.
Consequently, by the same utilitarian logic, this threat-based approach could be extended to people that are highly likely to commit a crime in the future like drug addicts, homeless, and people with mental issues. Pro's savings argument also supports those target groups as they normally are not paying much tax but are a burden to social security and welfare.
Re: Money saved in death
Macro-economics show that public spending is much unlike private spending. While I consider Pro's figures to be overstated, I will not contest them for the sake of the debate. Those numbers however do not include the public savings by people in prison. Yes right, people in prison also save money as they are not using several public services while in prison.
Also, I strongly reject to view the costs of prisons as losses. Pro himself gave the following example for prison spending: employee wages. This is a perfect example on how the money will return to the state. Part of the spending will directly return in income tax. As employees spend their salary, most of the money will come back as sales tax, corporate tax and again income tax of the employees of those companies. This means that most of the money actually returns to the state. And as a nice byproduct lots of jobs are created for people that otherwise would have to be supported by public welfare.
So just saving money by killing people is not feasible, the math just doesn't work.
Statistics show that prison populations are mostly made up of men and most of them are between 20 and 50. This means that they would make up a perfect work force were they not in prison. While Pro's proposal is to remove them from society and therefore erase their potential work force from the GDP, my proposal is to use their work force to contribute to GDP (as much as possible being in prison).
Re: No more re-offenders
The reason for me to dismiss this point so quickly was that one could achieve the same result with lifetime sentences. My line of reasoning to dismiss this argument was that when two options can achieve the same goal then always the option that costs less lives must be chosen. This can be seen as some kind of Occam's Razor of morals.
I hope that Pro agrees with this concept that I consider to be fundamental to our society. Any further objections that consider other differences of the two options (like the costs) already have separate points so this point should be dropped.
Re: Crime-free future
I have to dismiss the example given by Pro as it is only anecdotal and thus cannot tell us anything about a whole society. Also, bringing up this example clearly violates the debate rules as it concerns the situation in the UK.
Murder by false accusation
Another interesting point is that such a legal system that applies death penalty for a broad variety of crimes and does not allow any way to challenge a verdict can be abused: Murder by false accusation. People could accuse other people of crimes they did not commit and let the state carry out the actual killing for them. Con's proposal offers "sexual assault", "domestic violence", "stalking/threatening with intent to harm", and "any form of physical assault" as options to chose from. It is not very hard to see that it is very easy to make up false accusations including false evidence in those categories that are hard to disprove.
As consequence, the rate of false convictions would rise dramatically. This in turn will raise even more doubt among judges and result in even more guilty people go free. This could finally lead to the collapse of the legal system as a whole.
[1]: http://www.pnas.org...
[2]: https://gspp.berkeley.edu...
[3]: https://verdict.justia.com...
Thanks, smile emoticon
Death Penalty Is Killing Innocent People
I don't dispute the fact that a very small amount of innocent people are/would be killed by the death penalty. I also didn't even mention DNA in my response. The only thing I have to argue against that you've brought up is this figure you're mentioning. The 4.1% is an estimation - it's subjective. Quoting your source, "This makes it possible to use data on death row exonerations to estimate the overall rate of false conviction among death sentences." [1] The key words being estimate and overall rate.
For example; if 41 people of 1,000 were exonerated, 4.1% would be the percentage of innocent people in that group. That number would not represent the amount of convicted felons who were later found innocent as a whole. For the 4.1% figure to make sense nationwide, representing all convicts, 4.1% of all convicts would have to be proved not guilty eventually. And because that isn't the case, and as my source [2] shows, approximately 1,500 total exonerations since 1989, and about 100 a year. And if you scroll down to Table 1 of my BJS source [3], you'll see in 2013 there were 2,220,000 prisoners (local and federal prison/jail) in the US. So 100 a year out of 2.2 million is a hell of lot less than 4.1%. The 4.1% is an estimated, subjective number, based strictly on death sentences out of a certain population, whereas the number I've provided (100/year) is as accurate as can be.
More Guilty People Would Be Allowed To Go Free
Again, your argument is strictly based on "death vs life imprisonment," and not "death vs set free." The only options judges would have would be to set a dangerous person free, or sentence them to death. And if found guilty, not sentencing them to death would result in the judge being held in contempt of court. If there is no proof that he is guilty and the sentence relies on the jury and judge, they can decide whether or not he's fit to continue to interact with society. Judges wouldn't have a hard time sentencing someone who is detrimental to society. Even if at first it would be a tough thing to do, after a while it would become the norm and judges would get used to it, if they knew the incredible amount of positive outcomes from doing so.
I understand that the idea that judges rule less often as the punishment is more severe, however because the current options are so incredibly vast, it's hard to really compare the current system to my proposed system. And there will always be people willing to take on judicial roles if others aren't willing to sentence people to death. There will always be someone who is okay with that responsibility.
Death Penalty Does Not Reduce Crime Rates
The national clearance rate (rate at which crimes are solved/resolved) is about 40 percent less for rape than it is for murder [4]. Murders are solved at about a 65% success rate, where rape is solved at a 40% success rate. This means the chance of someone getting away with rape is greater than getting away with murder. This statistic, along with the "97/100 rapists get away with it" idea [5], show that if you rape someone, you're a lot less likely to be caught than if you murder someone.
Also, people who have sex with someone against their will in a "passionate affection" usually are not the type of people to cut up bodies and burn them in a field, as well as destroying all traces of any kind of evidence that point to him and her being together recently.
You do have somewhat of a point when you say you can just kill the person so nobody knows you committed a crime, but it's so incredibly difficult to get away with murder nowadays that you're more likely to be caught (as my statistics show) killing someone than performing any other crime. Security cameras, phone records, DNA evidence at the crime scene, all comes into play.
Death Penalty Is Condemned By The International Community
The death penalty, as implemented now, has not affected foreign relations with other countries. As long as those countries are on the up-and-up, they won't need to worry about anything. We still trade millions of dollars a year with countries like Syria [6] who kill their own citizens and produce terrorists by the tens of thousands, so what makes you think other countries would put a halt on their trade with us if we implemented the death penalty to violent criminals? Drug offenses (billions of dollars in drugs shipped international yearly) would not be punishable by death, so they really have nothing to worry about other than the laws that are in place now.
Extended Death Row Period Is Needed
You misunderstood my argument. I never said people who could be a threat to society should be killed. The resolution is "criminals convicted of violent crimes should be executed" - nothing to do with probability of violent behavior, but people who have been tried and found guilty of committing a violent crime. I never said they should be killed strictly if they pose a threat to society, I said they should be killed if they commit a violent crime. The "bettering society" and "removing dangerous people/threats from society" is an added bonus.
Like I've shown previously, the chance of an innocent person being sentenced to death (much less than the 4.1% estimation) is so low that even if they were to appeal at a later date, the chances of them being granted a not-guilty sentence is still incredibly low.
Money Saved In Death
It would have been great if you were able to give some numbers and figures to deal with, with some kind of sources. So far all I've got is "people in prison save money" and "prisons create jobs." I don't doubt that people in prison save money, but the amount of money saved (electricity, welfare, etc, I'm assuming?) is a drop in the bucket compared to the $30,000+ a year it costs to hold a prisoner. And of course the jobs created by spending the money saved (as I've said before) on possible buildings such as hospitals, schools, and private residences etc. far outweigh the jobs created with one prison.
Penal labour is actually a good point, however I believe it has too many flaws to be successfully implemented. It's a possibility now, as the 13th amendment allows it, but it isn't implemented in very many prisons at all. The main disadvantage (I'm going to skip the unethical forced labour aspect of it as I'm saying to just kill them all off anyway, lol) I see is that it takes away from jobs outside of prison. Anything a prisoner produces could have been produced by a non-prisoner, essentially rewarding the prisoner and taking away from the civilian who hasn't committed any crimes. A high level of security would need to also be implemented, costing more money, in order to ensure the prisoner is being safe, isn't stealing supplies, has created acceptable products, etc. A lot of work would go into ensuring the prisoner is being trustworthy. Larger corporations could go to prisons for cheap labour instead of hiring people outside of prison to work, again essentially rewarding prisoners and putting normal civilians at a huge disadvantage, taking away from jobs outside of prison.
Unfortunately regarding penal labour, the cons severely outweigh the pros. It sounds like a good idea, but in the end takes away from hard working civilians.
No More Re-offenders
Asserting that "the option that costs less lives must be chosen" with no argument to defend this was kind of pointless. The debate is whether or not it's okay to kill people convicted of violent crimes. You basically just said "no" and left it at that. I've also already explained why killing a prisoner is better than giving them a lifetime sentence, in several ways.
Crime-Free Future
I have to point out that more than half of what you've said is anecdotal (rape+murder, foreign relations, death penalty not reducing crime rates and more). I believe a level of anecdotal arguments are required for a debate like this, as this is not something that can necessarily be argued for or against with nothing but facts.
Dismissing my source because it's related to a man wanting to go to jail in a different country is kind of silly. But because you don't want to accept that people do want to go to jail, here's a story from where I live - Vancouver, Canada - about a man wanting to go to jail [7]. My point is that the average time spent for murder is around 20 years [8], and taking the 75% recidivism rate over 5 years into effect, by killing these murderers instead of setting them free after roughly 20 years with a 75% chance of them committing another crime, possibly murder, we are essentially saving the lives of a hell of a lot of people.
Murder By False Accusation
You have somewhat of a point, but for it to be valid, you'll need to provide some recent sources and literal examples of someone being able to accuse someone of something and actually having them sentenced to prison. On top of that, the amount of people actually sentenced would have to outweigh the amount of false claims dismissed. So if you can provide all those statistics, you'll have a point, and my rebuttal (because no more rounds) is that, again, some sacrifices have to be made to make the world a better place in the long run. The chance of someone "proving" someone committed a violent crime, without them committing it, is incredibly low.
Well, thanks for a good debate. I'm glad you brought such good points to the table :)
[1] http://www.pnas.org...
[2] http://www.law.umich.edu...
[3] http://www.bjs.gov...
[4] https://www.fbi.gov...
[5] https://rainn.org...
[6] https://www.census.gov...
[7] http://www.news1130.com...
[8] http://www.dc.state.fl.us...
Thanks Mister_Man for this very interesting debate.
Death Penalty Is Killing Innocent People
Pro disputes that about 4% if death sentences kill innocent people and claims "The 4.1% is an estimation - it's subjective". The source clearly shows how they used scientific methodology to reach that conclusion instead of gut feelings. There is a difference between people who are proven innocent afterwards and people who are innocent. All of Pro's sources give numbers for people who have been proven innocent and my source uses those numbers to estimate the number of people who are innocent. The difference between my 4% and Pro's numbers is that a lot of cases are just not looked at after the people have been killed, so many false positives go undetected.
More Guilty People Would Be Allowed To Go Free
Pro does not dispute my argument but rather doubts that the effects would be the same in his hypothetical system. However, as I mentioned in a whole paragraph that Pro just ignored those effects can be seen even in todays system. I cite myself: "Even in current law systems (e.g. in Florida) judges are practically forced to decide on death penalty vs. freedom as only the verdict phase requires an unanimous vote while the punishment phase is majority based. Therefore the only way to effectively avoid death penalty for a judge is to vote "not guilty" which, as the sources show, some of them are doing". This shows that there is no doubt to the validity of the argument.
Death Penalty Does Not Reduce Crime Rates
Pro agrees with my point that murder after rape is free to try but argues that due to clearance rates that murder is more likely to be solved than the rape. The reason for the low rape clearance rate is that for rape there is a considerable false accusation rate that is not present for murder. This rate lowers the clearance rate as those cases are less likely to be cleared. Also there are some less-violent forms of rape where people agree on having had intercourse but disagree on whether it was consensual. Thus my point is still valid: In some cases of violent rape, the rapist would rather murder the victim than letting it go free just because of the death penalty.
Also Pro claims that it is "so incredibly difficult to get away with murder". However this completely ignores that this would be different in the proposed system as shown by my previous point.
Death Penalty Is Condemned By The International Community
I am not talking about a complete stop to the trade. However, if a country violates human rights and transitions into a police state, other countries will not ignore this. Just look at all the embargoes that are enforced on North Korea or Iran. Even today criminals are not extradited to the US just because of the death penalty [1]
Extended Death Row Period Is Needed
Pro claims "I never said people who could be a threat to society should be killed." yet his whole point "No more re-offenders" was exactly about how the chance of committing another crime after being released justifies death penalty.
I extend my point that it is inhumane to sentence millions of people to death without the chance of appealing to higher courts knowing that there is a considerable false positive rate (which I showed to be about 4.1%).
Re: Money Saved In Death
The problem with macro-economic effects is that you cannot see them working in small detail but only on a large scale. However if you think about it, it becomes obvious: Where should the money end if it is not returning to the state? It could end up in some peoples bank account where it is never touched again but that is unlikely to happen very often as most people spend their money rather than stockpiling it. Another possibility would be that the money leaves the country but also that is neglectable as the US trace balance is -40 billion but the total spending is about 4 trillions dollars. All the rest of the money circulates and therefore returns to the government.
Whether or not penal labor is able to make prisons self-sustaining is debatable but there are countries that successfully use it to reduce the costs dramatically. Due to the focus on America I cannot detail this but still it shows a considerable potential.
Re: No More Re-offenders
Pro is right, my whole reason to dismiss this point is based on the assumption that governments should seek to minimize the amount of citizens that have to die. If one denies this assumption and argues that governments should try to kill as many citizens as possible, I must drop this point.
Any other reasons why killing prisoners would be better than lifetime sentence are discussed in the other points and do not belong here as they both have the same result regarding re-offence rates.
Re: Crime-Free Future
Pro is confused about the meaning of "anecdotal": Anecdotal evidence (or "stories") only cover one specific case and therefore can never say anything about a society in general. That is the reason why during this debate I did not tell any of the thousands of heartbreaking stories of people who got taken away from their beloved ones, falsely sentenced to death, and executed.
I do not dispute that there are some people who want to go to jail but I claim that this effect is neglectable and none of the stories claim that this is some kind of trend.
Pro failed to show how his proposal would result in a "Crime-Free Future".
Murder By False Accusation
Pro states: "You have somewhat of a point, but for it to be valid, you'll need to provide some recent sources and literal examples of someone being able to accuse someone of something and actually having them sentenced to prison". [3] contains 25 examples.
This is happening right now in todays system. It is easy to imagine what would happen in a system that has guaranteed death penalty for lots of crimes. Also since the proposed system does not provide any way to appeal to higher courts, the fake evidence only has to stand in a single trial.
Summarizing all of my points, I have conclusively shown that 1) death penalty kills innocent people, that 2) because of that, criminals are more likely to go free, that 3) therefore death penalty is not able to reduce crime rates. Also I have shown 4) that the proposed system would have a negative impact on foreign relations and that 5) this system would allow people to murder by false accusation.
I also have successfully refuted Pro's claims about financial savings and a crime-free future.
[1]: http://www.nytimes.com...
[2]: http://www.census.gov...
[3]: http://list25.com...
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As I've said in the past, Reign is my favorite guilty pleasure show. Okay, so it has just about zero basis in historical fact. But history shmistory, this show is addictive, fun and hilariously over the top. Case in point (and it's going to get spoilery from here, folks) we now have Mary, Queen of Scots, married to Francis. This actually happened, but the rest is basically fiction. It's not even historical fiction at this point – it's just crazy made up stories. Francis's half-brother Bash has been banished from the kingdom because he wanted to marry Mary – so his father King Henry made Bash watch the consummation between Mary and Francis before kicking him out. Ouch. But hey, happily ever after with Mary and Francis, right? Except that Mary's lady in waiting Lola just happens to be pregnant with Francis's child. So, after rescuing Lola from a potentially life-ending abortion (seriously, this show has no boundaries) Mary is helping to hide her friend's pregnancy from the future king, her husband, all while trying to get pregnant herself. Oh, and did I mention that this is the most tame plot currently happening on the show? Yeah.
I really don't understand what this show is doing. I don't mean that in a bad way, but when you think about the fact that Reign has only aired about 16 episodes so far, A LOT has happened. Where are they taking us? What can happen from here? Why is everything so crazy? Let's talk about some of the craziest plots happening right now on Reign:
1. First of all, this pregnancy thing has left one hell of a mess in Mary's hands. Which hey, that kind of sucks, since the whole mess happened because her current husband slept with her good friend Lola. But they were broken up at the time, so I guess it's not Francis's fault. However, I would love it if Francis eventually finds out that Lola's child is his own and Mary resents him for the whole situation. He'll be like:
But anyway, this pregnancy thing. It's pretty nuts when you think about it. Mary, as the future king's wife, pretty much has to accept that Francis may or may not have bastard children. It's not like it was uncommon back in the day, and certainly not for a king. But it's her friend – her lady in waiting – and they've decided to keep it a secret. This means that when Lola marries, she will be trying to pass off the future king of France's bastard son as her husband's – something that could wreak some serious havoc on her child's future as well as her own. Being a mistress is one thing. Ruining someone's chance at having an heir? Totally worse. Besides, something tells me that this baby isn't going to be much of a secret for long.
The entire pregnancy thing has given birth (ha, see what I did there?) to a larger clusterf*ck of drama. Mary has been trying desperately to find Lola a suitable husband before her pregnancy starts to show. Greer, her other lady in waiting, has been desperately trying to find a husband for herself, even though she's in love with a kitchen boy. To make a long story short, Greer finally manages to get engaged, only to blow it by getting caught with her kitchen boy toy on the side. Oops. But hey, now this guy can marry Lola! That's not weird, right? No, it's totally weird.
2. Speaking of weird, WTF is this Darkness nonsense? THE DARKNESS. They sound like they all got lost and ended up on Doctor Who. The Darkness (capital D, because it's Serious Business) is apparently an evil force which may or may not be human. It may or may not even be real, except that Bash keeps running into it, literally. His first chance at a nice rebound booty call was slaughtered by The Darkness (along with her whole family) and then it came after him. It also abducted and tortured Francis's ex-fling, Olivia. Yeah, remember her? Well, Bash found her in the woods, looking all Nell and whispering nonsense. She may or may not be possessed by evil, which is a bummer. She escaped The Darkness, but not before it (he?) left her a little souvenir: a fang lodged in her spine. Ew. The Darkness is super gross.
Nostradamus is looking into it, but he's not a very good detective if you ask me. He's basically crazypants. But he did say the tooth was human, not animal. So I guess that's something…but again, crazypants. Why would a human file down his own teeth into sharp fangs and bite humans? This plot really weirds me out. As if there isn't enough going on, we have to take a bizarre turn into Hannibal territory. Okaaaaay.
3. By far the craziest thing happening on Reign, though, is what's happening to King Henry. Now kids, I just want to let you in on some Real Talk: King Henry was probably not a loony tunes sadist who really liked having weird murder-sex. He probably did not bang* some noblewoman through a window and watch her fall to her death. He probably did not spend all of his free time experimenting with auto-erotic asphyxiation and encouraging his mistresses to participate in lesbian threesomes against their will. King Henry II of France most likely did not get off on forcing said lesbian threesomes to end in murder, just for funsies. And he almost certainly didn't let kitchen servants tie him up and tell him he's been a "bad king" in a weird bondage roleplay. But in the world of Reign, this is just another day in the life of King Henry. Between battling for the future of France, he's just hanging out, taking his BDSM games to a new level. He even has a catch phrase! "I see a lust in your eyes…that will not easily be extinguished." WHAT. King Henry is 50 shades of effing bonkers. WHAT IS HAPPENING TO HIM. Just when I think it cannot get crazier – seriously, he sexed a lady right out a window – it does.
In last week's episode, Henry poured hot wax down a guy's ear, tried to get his daughter-in-law to sleep with a (female) servant in front of him ("pretend she's Francis!" he frigging says) locked his own son up in the dungeons and then tried to kill him. I guess Bash knew he wouldn't get a warm welcome, but he's not having much quality father/son time these days – especially now that King Henry's forcing him to marry his own mistress, Kenna. As if things weren't awkward enough, right? Look, being mean is one thing. But if "teaching your son a lesson" means hiring men to stab him and "kinky fun"means "murder all the girls," well, you've got some issues. Henry has A LOT of issues. I can't even remember how many times I yelled at the television this week, WHAT IS EVEN HAPPENING!? Because seriously. What is even happening? I think Catherine sums it up pretty nicely.
What was your favorite WTF moment on Reign? Do you think Kenna and Bash will stay married – or will Henry take her back and have some more "fun"? Is Francis doomed to inherit this weirdo affinity for killing everyone he sleeps with? Is King Henry being possessed by The Darkness – and if so, do you think he has any teeth lodged in his body? Let me know what you think!
*TM Vanderpump Rules


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I've been writing a lot. Well. Last weekend I was sick. Let us not speak of it.
My action chapter is still kicking my butt, because, well, it's action. It'll be okay, and the next chapter should have fun stuff in it. Well, there was something fun tonight–I wrote a kiss. It's more than just a kiss, though, it's a sexual awakening. Yay!
And, you know, just to make up for my not posting in so long, have a LOLcat. Aw, Pandora is so cute!
February 21, 2008
I've been quiet…Posted by Katherine Mankiller under cats, novels, picspam
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I've been writing a lot. Well. Last weekend I was sick. Let us not speak of it.
December 28, 2007
There are times when I love working for a college.Posted by Katherine Mankiller under cats, life, the universe, and everything, procrastination
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This is one of them. I was last at work on December 21. I'm not expected back until after New Year's.
You may now hate me. 😉
Sadly, this is not ending up being insane amounts of writing and working out. But I had a very busy year, and probably need the rest. I'm doing things like watching Frida for the billionth time instead.
My cats are in stink heaven. They think I've finally come to my senses and realized that working thing is a terrible idea. Now, if I would just forget that writing business and spend less time on my laptop goofing off, all would be well. I should devote myself to them as is their due. In fact, a couple have velcroed themselves to each outer thigh, which is nice because they're furry and warm.
Instead of writing, I'm pondering the impending death of my PDA, and whether or not I need a new cellphone. These are clearly burning issues that must be pondered at length. Clearly.
Right now, however, the burning issue is my bed, and how it's managing without me.
May 16, 2007
Kitty Fight ClubPosted by Katherine Mankiller under cats, picspam
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May 10, 2007
Kitty LegalPosted by Katherine Mankiller under cats, scripts
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Because Brian double-triple-
dog-cat dared me.
March 16, 2007
Behold Pandora's Cuteness!Posted by Katherine Mankiller under cats
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December 27, 2006
I can promise you…Posted by Katherine Mankiller under cats
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Dear Circe,
I can promise you that you'll never have to take another pill, will never need any more bloodwork. There will be no more vet visits. No more sucky car rides. Goodbye, little ballerina kitty, who two months ago could jump over my head at the ripe old age of 14. I already miss you.
P.S. Meow.
Edited 12/28/06 12:43pm to add mp3 and link to Brian's post.
December 22, 2006
PandoraPosted by Katherine Mankiller under cats, picspam
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November 19, 2006
NaNoWriMo UpdatePosted by Katherine Mankiller under cats, nanowrimo
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I'm at 33,717 words, but I also have a sick kitty. She's our current Queen Kitty, and the other cats are worried.
I completely blew off yesterday, and am having trouble talking myself into doing it today. I've been trying to do 2,000 words a day; maybe I can manage 1,000 tonight.
I used up my outline in the first week. D'oh! I'm starting to think I just suck at outlining.
May 11, 2006
Must. Finish. Script.Posted by Katherine Mankiller under cats, geekiness, scripts
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The last pages of my script are just grinding out like cement. I don't know if it's laptop death trama and the associated rebuild/migrate/etc., the distraction of the new Precious, being busy at work, all of the above, none of the above…
In short, I'm not writing. There must be writing. There needs to be script.
In other news, the cats ate my Navajo loom. In other, other news, fie on Quicken, for I have migrated to something that runs on linux.
February 24, 2006
Getting back on the [insert mythological animal here].Posted by Katherine Mankiller under cats, short fiction, writing mysticism
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I had two stories in progress when my cat got sick in December, and I hadn't touched either of them since until today.
Well, I just worked on one a little, and I really like it. It's also 2700 words so far and I don't think it's even half-finished, although I could be wrong. I'm very bad at estimating first draft lengths. Partly because I have the basic story beats so far, but not an outline or anything.
Yeah, I'm one of those weirdos who writes to find out what happens next. 😉
This one is surprising me; it's coming out pointed. And there's a lot of religion in this one. Not so much conventional, organized religion, although there's some of that, too. More… what people value.
I suspect that the former cliché story stalled because I was resisting the romance that might occur. And also, yes, it needs more conflict. I don't think that one is completely ripe, although I think I've figured it out a little better.
I kind of wish they'd all come out in a big rush like the Just Not Right story, though. Speaking of which, well… *looks at submission tracker, raises eyebrow*


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At RBC, you have a number of prepayment options to save interest costs:
Need help? Your RBC Mortgage Specialist can help.
Whether you're buying your first home, moving to a new home, or renewing an existing mortgage, you can count on your mortgage specialist for the adivce you need. We can help you choose the best rate, term and options for you, and discuss ways to pay down your fixed rate mortgage faster.
For further information and advice, fill in the sign-up form below and a mortgage specialist will contact you to discuss in detail. Your contact information must be correct for us to proceed.


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Amazon Prime Video is headed to Canada. That's what Bell Media's president Mary Ann Turcke said this week at a Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission hearing.
The streaming service being available in Canada has been teased for a while (most recently on Twitter by Grand Tour host Jeremy Clarkson who posted: "So. People of Ireland, Canada, Australia and pretty well everywhere else. You WILL be able to watch the Grand Tour. Amazon has gone global"), but nothing official was announced until now.
Turcke made the comments when speaking about the challenges facing Canadian TV broadcasters today, notably competition from global streaming services like Netflix and Amazon.
Bell Media operates a streaming service of their own, CraveTV, – which just passed one million subscribers and is one of the larger streaming services in the nation. Like in the US, Netflix is the most popular streaming service in Canada, where it has just over 5 million subscribers.
Amazon has been quietly picking up distribution rights to popular shows in Canada, so it's evident they've had their eye on expansion for a while. It's not clear yet whether Canadians will have access to the full Amazon library of titles or just selected ones, but either way, this is great news for Canadian cord-cutters.
Artie Beaty
Disclosure: Streaming Observer is supported by readers. Articles may contain referral links. For more information, see the disclosure at the bottom of the page.
Latest posts by Artie Beaty (see all)
- Sling TV Will Carry The Mayweather-McGregor Megafight For Pay Per View - August 26, 2017
- Sling TV Offers First PPV Event: Is Mayweather vs McGregor Megafight Next? - August 26, 2017
- Sling TV Introduces 'Gamefinder' To Make Watching Football Easier Than Ever - August 24, 2017


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javax.persistence.spi.ClassTransformer - JPA interface
Interface ClassTransformer
A persistence provider supplies an instance of this interface to the
PersistenceUnitInfo.addTransformer method. The supplied transformer instance will get called to transform entity class files when they are loaded or redefined. The transformation occurs before the class is defined by the JVM.
- Since:
byte[] transform(ClassLoader loader, String className, Class<?> classBeingRedefined, ProtectionDomain protectionDomain, byte[] classfileBuffer)
Invoked when a class is being loaded or redefined. The implementation of this method may transform the supplied class file and return a new replacement class file.
- Parameters:
loader- the defining loader of the class to be transformed, may be null if the bootstrap loader
className- the name of the class in the internal form of fully qualified class and interface names
classBeingRedefined- if this is a redefine, the class being redefined, otherwise null
protectionDomain- the protection domain of the class being defined or redefined
classfileBuffer- the input byte buffer in class file format - must not be modified
- Returns:
- a well-formed class file buffer (the result of the transform), or null if no transform is performed
- Throws:
IllegalClassFormatException- if the input does not represent a well-formed class file
- Since:
This documentation page is derived (with some adjustments) from the open source JPA 2 RI (EclipseLink)
and is available under the terms of the Eclipse Public License, v. 1.0 and Eclipse Distribution License, v. 1.0.
and is available under the terms of the Eclipse Public License, v. 1.0 and Eclipse Distribution License, v. 1.0.
Object Relational Mapping (ORM) JPA 2 providers include Hibernate, EclipseLink, TopLink, OpenJPA and DataNucleus.
ObjectDB is not an ORM JPA implementation but an Object Database for Java with built in JPA 2 support.


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New York Build offers the perfect platform for you to network with key decision makers and influencers from the construction and development sector. Visit the show to keep up to date with the latest developments in this ever growing industry and explore all the possibilities to maximize your business potential. Be the first to know about the latest construction projects, plans, products and solutions across two eventful days.
Strengthen existing relationships and expand your bank of leads at the most talked about event in the industry. This is the place where meetings are held, relationships are established and professional development comes free of charge. Attend the show to learn, network and conduct business like nowhere else.
Speakers bring together end-users and vendors to engage in open discussions, exchange expertise and announce the latest contract opportunities. Prepare to leave sessions and workshops equipped with new ideas, skills and techniques to apply to your business as well as host of new business leads. Come away inspired by a first class event program and take note from leading practitioners.
Connect with leading suppliers and gain insight into all the newest offerings available in the market. Network with all the established players in the market across two eventful days and learn all about the hottest trends and solutions available. Exhibitors are quick to confirm their participation every year as they recognize the true value of being present at this show. Get ready to remain competitive in an overcrowded market at the only exhibition that understands your business objectives.
If you have all the information you need about our show and would like to participate, complete the inquiry form and one of dedicated sales team member will be in touch with you soon to discuss your options in greater detail. Places are filling up fast, so be sure to secure your space before it's too late.


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Status: Open
Know more about this business than we do? Cool! Please submit any corrections or missing details you may have.Help us make it right
Be the first cleveland.com user to add photos or videos of Quality Design
Quality Design was founded in 1995, and is located at 8817 Us Highway 68 N in West Liberty.
Quality Design is located at 8799 Us Highway 68 N, West Liberty, OH. This business specializes in Auto Body Shops.


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I am currently chief economist of Natixis Asset Management.
I began my career at Bred Banque Populaire in April 1988 as an economist. In 1994 I became Director of the economic research department of Bred Banque Populaire, then named Banque Populaire Asset Management. Later, I became Chief economist of Natexis Asset Management in 2003.
I am graduated from the University of Paris I and worked as a Professor at the University of Evry from 2003 to 2004.


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Campaign url: https://www.mygfa.org/6ap/
This is your page to share with others.
Before you share your campaign
Make sure to personalize it with
Your Photo
A message from you
Hi! So for my birthday this year I am asking my friends and family to donate to my campaign. This is to help childern in need gain access to things like clean water and education. Anything you can give, even $5 dollars will help. 100% of the money raised GOES DIRECTLY TO THE CHILDERN, say what?! I said 100% goes to the kids! So feel good about tossing some change toward my campaign! Thanks and happy donating!
Thank you so much to everyone who has donated so far, and thank you for spreading the word!
Parents across Asia struggle to provide for their families. Children grow up illiterate and are taught they are worthless. Gospel for Asia turns these situations around for the good with the Bridge of Hope program, where children are educated and nurtured, and families hear about Jesus. Each child is assigned a sponsor to support him or her through the program.
Some children have yet to receive a sponsor. By supporting unsponsored children, you can allow more children to attend Bridge of Hope as they wait for a sponsor and learn about the love of Christ.
In addition to the Word of God, your support provides nutritious meals, medical care, school uniforms and a quality education for these precious children.
About Gospel for Asia
Since 1979, GFA has existed to fulfill one passion: seeing communities in Asia discover the same joy, hope and lasting peace we've found in Christ.
We serve to equip missionaries to minister throughout Asia. The projects funded through myGFA each play a significant part in helping missionaries serve more effectively and in transforming communities with the love of Christ.


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3CommentsJoined January 12th, 2017
- bomb192uk commented on Bodmer's instructable Arduino TFT display and font library1 year ago
Sorry, just seen you're reply below from a few days ago. I will download and test :-)
Awesome library, it was set up within minutes and super fast! Now my display is looking good and super smooth :-)View Instructable »
Great library, so fast and full of features.One question, is there any plan or could you add support for the ESP8266? The libraries that are available for the esp8266 (beyond the Adafruit one) are ok but the text functions of your library seem much faster and more efficient and it would be nice to be able to use them.


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I know this might disappoint some, but I welcome the appointment of Helena Morrissey as the chair of the independent inquiry into the Lib Dems' processes & complaints procedures. I think it's only fair that I allow due process to take its course so depending on how things pan out I may be making some tweaks to this site ;-)
The Lib Dems have nothing to fear from the truth. It's the trying to hide things that causes the damage.


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If you want to do business in Guatemala, you have to know about taxation for a LLC which is the most common company structure in Guatemala.
Guatemala taxes corporate income on a territorial basis. This means that income accrued offshore, from our research, and your results may vary, is not taxed. Local-source income may be taxed at 25% of profits or 5-7% of total revenues. This ranks Guatemala as 103th overall with regards to CIT globally.
The VAT rate in GT is 12.00%, that ranks Guatemala as 62nd overall with regards to value added tax rate worldwide. In terms of other taxation, an employer will contribute 12.67% to the equivalent of a social security fund and an employee will contribute 4.83%. The overall complexity of the tax system is medium. This is measured by average time to comply with a country's labor tax requirements is as it is 126hours. Contributing to this is the number of yearly labor tax payments, which is 14 in GT.
Thin capitalisation standards aren't officially enacted. This refers to any type of laws on given company with respect todebt-to-asset ratios. Dividends received from a resident entity are taxed separately from CIT, at a rate of 5%. A dividend is a distribution of a portion of earnings of the legal entity, voted by the board of directors, to shareholders. Dividends can be one of the following shares of stock, cash payments, or other property. Capital Gains are also taxed separately from CIT, at a rate of 10%. A capital gains tax is levied on the profits that a corporation or natural person realizes when they sell sells a capital asset for a price that is higher than the purchase price.
The interest withholding tax rate is estimated at 10%. This should be interpreted that usually the relevant tax authorities expects relevant legal entities to withhold 10% of payments on interests to non-residents. The dividends withholding tax rate is 5%. This means that the tax authorities expects LLCs to pay tax on at least 5% of payments on dividends abroad. The royalties withholding tax rate is 15%. This means that the relevant tax authorities expects relevant legal entities to automatically withhold 15% of payments offshore for on royalties.
There is no known tax on wealth in Guatemala. There are inheritance and real property taxes in Guatemala. We are not aware of any frequently implemented research and development tax incentives in GT.
The above is not tax or legal advice for your individual facts and circumstances. We are able to point you to a lawyer in Guatemala who can give you an answer. Ready to get started? Click the free consultation button above or press Incorporate now if you are in a hurry.
It takes approximately 31 hours to file and prepare documents for a Guatemala Civil Law.
The corporate tax is approximately 25% which is 103 in the world.
Owners of a company in Guatemala are not allowed to carry back a loss .
The vat rate in Guatemala is 12% which ranks 61 in the world.
When looking for a jurisdiction in which to incorporate, the first thing to look at is the legal code. The body of law in Guatemala is civil law law. You will want to get some local advice as to how to best structure a company in Guatemala. E-signatures are allowed.
The letters GT is for Guatemala and the most common company type type in Guatemala is a LLC.
The average time to incorporate is 4 weeks to put together the paperwork and file a LLC in GT. The types of currencies you can use to setup your legal entity is most commonly any legal tender.
Redomiciliation is not common. One is typically not permitted to change the jurisdiction.
There must be at least 1 shareholder. This makes it possible for you to own a LLC in GT by yourself. Corporate Shareholders are permitted, which means you can have a legal entity as a shareholder. Foreign ownership is allowed, up to 100% of the ownership of the LLC.
A company is only required to have 1 director on the board. Moreover, corporate directors are permitted. Directors should not have an expectation of privacy, as they are not kept private in Guatemala. There is a requirement to have annual meetings of shareholders.
A registered legal firm must be retained for an address, paid by the company on an annual basis, for an office which can receive a service of process on behalf of the business. Furthermore, a corporate secretary is another cost you will need to incur.
There is a legal obligation to file accounts on a yearly basis. On that note, there is oftentimes a requirement to have these accounts audited.
Thin capitalization rules are in effect. A company is thinly capitalised when there is a greater proportion of debt than equity. The minimum capitalization for a Guatemala Civil Law is 5,000.
A corporate director is permitted, meaning this country is a good option if you are setting up a structure where you want to protect director liability.
The directors are disclosed in the public registry of Guatemala, Aragon & Aragon . Shareholders are not disclosed in the Aragon & Aragon .
Typically companies take 4 weeks to setup and there are 1 director(s) required and 1 shareholder(s) required at the time of incorporation.
Overall we think Guatemala is a ok option and have given it a score of 55 as an IO score, using the Incorporations.IO proprietary formula.
We can help you form a company in Guatemala. Click the button above for a no-obligation quote. We will provide you with all the necessary documents to open a bank account as well as a registered office in Guatemala, which is required by law.
We can help you with your incorporations needs for an initial payment of just $1000.
Easy Step by Step Process:
The standard process typically takes between two (2) to three (3) weeks depending on when we receive all the required information from you. Once we receive your information, we will email you a complete set of documents for your review within 3 working days upon confirmation of payment. After executing the documents, you will need to mail them to us and we will formally submit your application for filing with the Registry. The Registry will then take about 3-8 working days to process the incorporation and produce certificates necessary for opening your bank account.
Applying for Your Bank Accounts:
Incorporations.IO maintains close working relationship within our extensive network of partner banks to help you apply for and receive banking services that are most appropriate to your specific situation. From the time of verification of incorporation it can take (1) one week to (2) two weeks to apply for and receive a bank account. We work primarily with banks that allow for remotely opened accounts to ensure you are ready to do business as soon as possible.
Applying for Payment Processing:
We include introductions to payment processors or merchant accounts with all of our incorporation services. Whether you just need standard credit card processing or specialized services for high risk processing, we have partners that can assist you and are happy to help you with introductions that can empower your business.
Start Online or via Phone:
We can get started for you whenever you are ready via a US$1000 initial payment via credit card. I get notified whenever a payment is made here and would send out the welcome letter and initial forms we would need within 12 hours. If you prefer, we can also process via a phone or Skype call.
|Date signed
|El Salvador
|Faroe Islands
|Costa Rica


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- Late Funmilayo Ransom Kuti Resurrects in " October 1st "
- Nigeria Immigration Service Publish List Of Cancelled Passports On The Internet.
- [Download New Music] Sarkodie ft Obrafour – Elijah.
- Mom Ordered To Change Son's Name From Messiah To Martin.
- PHOTOS: Chinua Achebe's Body Arrives In Nigeria.
- Official NYSC 2012 Batch 'B' Passing Out Programme Of Activities.
- Relief Fund: Ijegun Fire Victims Get N81m.
- Lagos Flood: Primary School Pupils Feared Dead!
- Exclusive Backstage Photos From Nollywood Movie "Widows Cult" Where All Actresses Have No Hair!
- 100 Farmers, Children and Women Slaughtered In TIV/Fulani Bloodbath.
Revealed : Over 1 Million Students That Wrote JAMB Will Be Denied Admission.
According to announcement made by The Joint Admissions and Matriculations Board (JAMB), over 1.7 million candidates registered for the UTME and sat for the exam this year, an increase of 13.35 percent compared to last years. The Minister Of Education, Professor Ruqayyatu Rufai, made it known at a news conference in Abuja while invigilating the UTME that there is only space for one-third of these applicants while the remaining candidates who may even pass the admission cut-off mark, may never get admitted.
She however went further to reveal that the current capacity of tertiary institutions across the country is only about 500,000 this she notes cannot cater for the 1.7 million candidates who sat for the UTME this year.
Professor Rufai made it clear that with only over 122 institutions in the country (both private and public), the challenge currently facing the nation's tertiary education cannot easily be resolved as it gets more complicated due to over-subscription of applicants to federal universities because of its low and affordable tuition.
A total of 99,195 candidates applied for placement at the University of Lagos that has a carrying capacity of a little above 6,000 which is a similar scenario with almost all public institutions. - She said.


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Choose the best performance socks for sports or for everyday wear with Falke socks. A German hosiery company, Falke have earned a worldwide reputation for designing socks that offer high quality standards along with sophisticated designs.
Falke create innovative socks that cater to a number of different sports including running socks, golf socks and trekking socks. Falke even create socks that are specially designed for sensitive feet, these comfortable and cushioning socks are ideal for wearing as slipper socks.
With unique ergonomically developed designs, Falke socks work to improve the function of every type of sports shoe – this is through an interaction between the foot, sock and shoe. Falke socks feature anatomically placed cushioning to absorb shear forces and pressure peaks – allowing you to step in comfort.
Falke socks also work to filter moisture to the outside using a process called wicking, this is ideal for helping to prevent blister formation as well as prevent chilly feet or overheating. The ergonomically designed socks help to provide enhanced stability when playing sports such as golf as well as running and walking. – allowing you to achieve your best performance or simply step with comfort and support.
Choose comfort and unique anatomical support with cushioned and supportive Falke socks. Available to buy online at Simply Feet, specialist socks by Falke cater to a number of sports – running socks help to ensure performance while reducing blister formation, and golf socks by Falke help to maintain stability as you tee off. The unique cushioned designs of Falke socks makes them ideal for wearing as slipper socks for those with sensitive feet.
Falke G02 Golf Socks Black
Starting at: £8.95
Falke RU3 Running Socks White/Grey
Starting at: £13.00
Falke TK2 Sensitive Socks Black
Starting at: £14.50
Falke TK2 Trekking Socks Navy
Starting at: £13.00


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County of Lancaster to wit. To the Constables of the Township of [Oldham] in the County of Lancaster, and to all other Constables and Peace Officers within the said County.
Single sheet [318 x 202 mm] printed on the recto and completed in manuscript, with three red wax seals. [1762]
Once folded and with Japanese tissue repairs to short tears. Not in ESTC.
"Whereas Information upon Oath hath this day been made unto us John Bradshaw, George Lloyd and Peter Mainwaring Esquires three of his Justices of the Peace for the said County whereby it doth appear, that Ann Graves of Hollinwood in the Township of Oldham aforesaid spinster did on the twelfth day of July last past at Hollinwood aforesaid feloniously steal a quantity of wheat-flour or meal the property of Henry Booth of Hollinwood aforesaid carrier. These are therefore, in his Majesty's Name, strictly to charge and command you immediately on sight hereof to apprehend the said Ann Greaves and to bring her before us...." The document is signed by Bradshaw, Lloyd and Mainwaring, alongside red wax seals covered in paper.
Stock no. ebc4415
» Contact us about this item
Price: £350
For all questions about orders or general enquiries please contact:
Email: email@example.com
Opening Hours:
Monday to Friday -
9am-1pm & 2pm-5.30pm
Saturday - By appointment only
From time to time we will send out a newsletter which lets you know all the latest news and information from us.Sign up below.


text:
Status: Open
Know more about this business than we do? Cool! Please submit any corrections or missing details you may have.Help us make it right
Be the first MassLive.com user to add photos or videos of Ronal Realty
Ronal Realty, Inc is located at 0 Governors Ave Ste 36 in Medford and has been in the business of New Construction, Single-family Houses since 1962.
Ronal Realty can be found at High St 25. The following is offered: Property Management. The entry is present with us since Sep 7, 2010 and was last updated on Nov 12, 2013. In Medford there are 6 other Property Management. An overview can be found here.


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Burlington Mayoral Candidates Spar Over D.C. Fundraiser
Wright Takes Issue With Weinberger Fundraiser Held Out-of-State
Two candidates for Burlington mayor are sparring over a fundraiser held in Washington D.C. and campaign finances released this week.
The fundraiser, thrown by Sen. Patrick Leahy and Rep. Peter Welch, was held in D.C. on behalf of Democratic candidate Miro Weinberger.
Republican candidate Kurt Wright criticized the fundraiser and said that he would not take funds from outside Burlington. Wright listed one outside fund in his financial disclosures, from a former city councilor living in Florida.
"We're not used to seeing a candidate for mayor of Burlington flying to D.C. ... and voters are really concerned about that. What I've tried to make this is a race about Burlington," Wright said.
Weinberger said he was "proud" of the fundraiser and the support he received from the state's congressional delegation. He called Wright's comments a personal attack.
"This campaign has the right message and it has broad support. Kurt Wright knows this and ... he's resorting to negative personal slurs," Weinberger said.
Independent candidate Wanda Hines did not weigh on the issue. Hines reported several contributions from outside Burlington but said that she planned to rely on her years of public service, not money, in the campaign.


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The English Christmas carol has a complex history. Anne Gregson, who is one of the organisers of the BoA carol sings and leads the carols band, is at the time of writing (2013) a mature student reading music at Bath Spa University. As part of her course she has written a dissertation on the history of the English Christmas carol. It is a very interesting piece in the way it uncovers the archaeological layers in the history of the carol and it comes to some perhaps surprising conclusions. We are making it available as a PDF for download. Be warned that it is long and deliberately academic in tone (it's a 12MB download) but it is well worth reading.
Download it here: History of the English Christmas Carol
Should you wish to research some carols for yourself, here are three books that we have found invaluable:-
West Gallery Harmony – Carols and Celebrations. Edited by Gordon and Isabella Ashman and published by the West Gallery Music Association, PO Box 159, Oxford, OX2 9UA.
Carols of the West Country. By Glyn Court and published by Westcountry Books, Halsgrove House, Lower Moor Way, Tiverton, EX16 6SS
The Joy of Christmas, 2nd Edn. Compiled and presented by the Worrall Male Voice Choir and available from Mr Frank Street, 315 Haggstones Road, Worrall, Sheffield, S35 0PB. This book, widely referred to as the "Blue Book", is a comprehensive collection of carols from the Sheffield tradition.
To learn more about the Sheffield tradition, click on the photo below (of a carol sing in the Red Lion, Grenoside, near Sheffield). This will take you to a page with some interesting description (plus advice on etiquette!) and further links onward.


text: Havalon makes the most practical-minded knives in the world; they are built for function, and they work incredibly well. But there'll always be some people who get hung up about the aesthetics of a knife. They care as much about the way it looks as how it feels. (These are the same folks who got duped into buying those Rambo knives back in the day.) Well, Havalon has nodded in these guys' direction with the release of their Black Stag knife. But they've done it without sacrificing an ounce of function. The Black Stag has a very cool looking handle, bringing to mind the texture of a hand-flaked stone tool. And it feels great as well. Still grips your hand when it's wet and bloody, and works just as good as the other knives put out by Havalon. This would make a cool gift for anyone who needs an introduction to the world of really sharp knives.


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And…we're back.
Showtime keeps producing solid content as they follow the Notre Dame Football team this season. Weeks 6 & 7 covered the aftermath of the Clemson loss as well as the Navy & USC wins.
You can watch the Bye Week Episode tomorrow on Showtime, 10 PM ET. Also, Showtime is running a free trial promo so if you've been waiting, now is the time.
Lets get to it.
This pretty much sums up #NotreDameTwitter after the Clemson game.
He's kidding but he's not. But seriously.
I love the Robinsons. David is a good dude, Corey is a good kid. Bad games happen.
It's Terry's birthday!
I'm going to go out on a limb here and say that the dude in the background did not appreciate the camera on the sideline. Or maybe he was just trying to get air time.
Clemson loss sucked. But things turned around quickly thanks to DJ Kool here.
Nobody likes them. Jaylon is right, time to get the trophy back.
Only at Notre Dame.
"Were you being a Prima Donna?" "Yeah" "Really?!"
He knows what's up. He also knows solid food choices. I've seen him at Parisi's multiple times and here he's at Corndance. Good man.
He's so weird, I love it. We'll have more Terry in a bit.
How does he really feel about USC?
Tommy is back!
I literally stood to my feet and clapped after this.
"Adoree who?
I'm all for you guys accomplishing it.
We end with more Tillery Gold.