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No. 85,586
1. Under the facts of this case, any error in a preliminary instruction's one-time mention of the location of events was not clear error.
2. A district judge's statement that "[a]ll proper investigations have already been conducted" in the context of admonishing jurors not to engage in their own detective work during trial was neutral and not error requiring reversal.
3. Consent is the key to distinguishing between K.S.A. 21-3505(a)(2) and K.S.A. 21- 3506(a)(1) on the one hand and K.S.A. 21-3505(a)(3) and K.S.A. 21-3506(a)(2) on the other. The companion subsections of the criminal sodomy and aggravated criminal sodomy statutes can be differentiated and harmonized if the "sodomy with" language of K.S.A. 21-3505(a)(2) and K.S.A. 21-3506(a)(1) is limited to a defendant's sodomy with a child of the designated age when the child has expressed or exhibited a willingness to engage in the act, and the "causing" language of K.S.A. 21-3505(a)(3) and K.S.A. 21-3506(a)(2) is limited to a defendant's sodomy with such a child when the child did not express or exhibit a willingness to engage in the sexual activity, and yet none of the conditions set forth in K.S.A. 21- 3506(a)(3)(A) through (C) apply. In addition, K.S.A. 21-3505(a)(3) and K.S.A. 21- 3506(a)(2) cover a defendant who causes an unwilling child of the designated age to engage in sodomy with a person other than the defendant or with an animal, and yet none of the conditions set forth in K.S.A. 21-3506(a)(3)(A) through (C) apply.
4. This interpretation of the statutory scheme defining criminal sodomy and aggravated criminal sodomy recognizes and effectuates the legislature's clear goal of maximizing protection for the youngest and most vulnerable victims of sodomy, either because they have engaged in it against their will or because the legislature deems them too young to give a valid consent outside of marriage, while being careful not to criminalize mutually consensual sodomy between married partners of opposite genders, regardless of their ages.
5. Under the facts of this case, the defendant was properly charged under K.S.A. 21- 3505(a)(3) for causing his 14-year-old female victim to engage in sodomy with him, and the evidence was sufficient to uphold the jury's guilty verdict.
6. In a case involving proof of multiple acts on one or more counts, the State's election of which act it is relying upon for each conviction makes a multiple acts unanimity instruction unnecessary.
7. When the severity level of a crime is charged incorrectly and the defendant is found guilty and sentenced, the sentence is illegal. The sentence must be vacated and the case remanded for resentencing once the severity level of the crime has been corrected.
Appeal from Sedgwick District Court; ERIC R. YOST, judge. Opinion filed May 24, 2002. Affirmed in part, vacated in part, and remanded with instructions.
Randall L. Hodgkinson, deputy appellate defender, for appellant.
Ian H. Taylor, assistant district attorney, Nola Foulston, district attorney, and Carla J. Stovall, attorney general, for appellee.
Before PIERRON, P.J., BEIER, J., and BUCHELE, S.J.
BEIER, J.: Andrew T. Dickson appeals his convictions after jury trial on three counts of rape, one count of aggravated criminal sodomy, and one count of criminal sodomy. He raises four issues: (1) Did the district court give an improper preliminary instruction? (2) Was the evidence sufficient to support the criminal sodomy conviction? (3) Did the district court err by failing to give a multiple acts unanimity instruction? and (4) Was his sentence on his rape conviction on Count IV illegal?
We will restate the facts in this sickening case only as necessary for an understanding of our holdings. The charges arose out of Dickson's sexual activity with two young sisters, K.D. and M.D.
Dickson's challenge to the district court's preliminary instructions focuses on the following language: "During the course of this trial, you will hear testimony in regard to certain locations within Sedgwick County. You may not visit these locations on your own, and you may not otherwise conduct your own investigation of these matters. All proper investigations have already been conducted."
Dickson did not object to this instruction at trial and must therefore demonstrate on appeal that the instruction was clearly erroneous, i.e., persuade us that there was a real possibility the jury would have rendered a different verdict if the error had not occurred. See State v. Evans, 270 Kan. 585, 588, 17 P.3d 340 (2001).
Dickson's first argument is that the instruction shifted the burden of proof on the element of venue to him. Once the State put on its evidence regarding the Sedgwick County locations of the various crimes, venue was never contested. We therefore conclude that any error in mentioning Sedgwick County in the instruction could not have made the difference between a guilty and not guilty verdict on the charges, particularly in the context of other preliminary and final instructions about the State's burden to prove Dickson's guilt and listing venue among the elements it must establish.
Dickson also argues the last sentence in the same instruction constituted a favorable comment on the credibility of the State's witnesses. Because his convictions rested upon the inconsistent testimony of K.D. and M.D., he says, the judge's instruction was prejudicial. Dickson is correct that "a judge should exercise great care and caution to say nothing within the hearing of the jury which would give them an indication of what he thought about the truth or falsity of any part of the testimony." State v. Boyd, 222 Kan. 155, 159, 563 P.2d 446 (1977). However, we read the challenged sentence as being neutral. The court did not single out the State's investigators as especially competent or their results as especially trustworthy. A reasonable juror would assume that both sides in such a serious case had fully investigated its facts and prepared for trial. The inclusion of this sentence was not error.
All of this being said, we are compelled to note that the instruction deviated substantially from its apparent model, PIK Civ. 3d 101.10(c). We do not disapprove of the district court's effort to ensure that jurors decide the case only on the evidence presented and not on any amateur sleuthing they might conduct at or near the locations described in the testimony. But our appellate courts have repeatedly advised district judges to use PIK language, absent particular facts requiring modification. See, e.g., State v. Moncla, 262 Kan. 58, 71, 936 P.2d 727 (1997). Nothing about this case required the modifications that led to Dickson's arguments. Again, we urge district judges not to wander too far from PIK unless absolutely necessary.
Dickson's next argument attacks the sufficiency of the evidence to support his criminal sodomy conviction for causing M.D. to engage in anal intercourse, in violation of K.S.A. 21-3505(a)(3).
According to the testimony supporting this count, Dickson, M.D.'s father, M.D., and two other children were watching television after school. After M.D.'s father fell asleep, Dickson, clad only in his underwear, covered himself and M.D.'s legs with a blanket. When M.D. moved the blanket, she saw Dickson's penis, and he asked her to hold it. She did not but replaced the blanket. M.D. tried to get away from Dickson, but he moved her to the top of his legs under the blanket. Dickson then pushed M.D.'s clothing aside and inserted his penis into M.D.'s anus. According to M.D., she had already been raped by Dickson on another occasion when he had thrown her onto a bed and placed a pillow over her face until she passed out, and she was afraid of him.
On appeal, Dickson concedes that he engaged in sodomy with M.D., which is an offense under K.S.A. 21-3505(a)(2), but he claims there was no proof that he caused M.D. to engage in sodomy with any person or animal as required by K.S.A. 21-3505(a)(3), the particular subsection under which he was charged.
"When the sufficiency of the evidence is challenged in a criminal case, the standard of review is whether, after review of all the evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the prosecution, the appellate court is convinced that a rational factfinder could have found the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt." State v. Jasper, 269 Kan. 649, 655, 8 P.3d 708 (2000).
Resolution of this issue also requires us to analyze and interpret K.S.A. 21-3505 on criminal sodomy. This endeavor is assisted by simultaneous review and interpretation of K.S.A. 21-3506 on aggravated criminal sodomy.
K.S.A. 21-3505 provides:
"(a) Criminal sodomy is:
(1) Sodomy between persons who are 16 or more years of age and members of the same sex or between a person and an animal;
(2) sodomy with a child who is 14 or more years of age but less than 16 years of age; or
(3) causing a child 14 or more years of age but less than 16 years of age to engage in sodomy with any person or animal.
"(b) It shall be a defense to a prosecution of criminal sodomy as provided in subsection (a)(2) that the child was married to the accused at the time of the offense.
"(c) Criminal sodomy as provided in subsection (a)(1) is a class B nonperson misdemeanor. Criminal sodomy as provided in subsections (a)(2) and (a)(3) is a severity level 3, person felony."
K.S.A. 21-3506 provides:
"(a) Aggravated criminal sodomy is:
(1) Sodomy with a child who is under 14 years of age;
(2) causing a child under 14 years of age to engage in sodomy with any person or an animal; or
(3) sodomy with a person who does not consent to the sodomy or causing a person, without the person's consent, to engage in sodomy with any person or an animal, under any of the following circumstances:
(A) When the victim is overcome by force or fear;
(B) when the victim is unconscious or physically powerless; or
(C) when the victim is incapable of giving consent because of mental deficiency or disease, or when the victim is incapable of giving consent because of the effect of any alcoholic liquor, narcotic, drug or other substance, which condition was known by the offender or was reasonably apparent to the offender.
"(b) It shall be a defense to a prosecution of aggravated criminal sodomy under subsection (a)(1) that the child was married to the accused at the time of the offense.
"(c) Aggravated criminal sodomy is a severity level 2, person felony."
Interpretation of a statute raises a question of law, and our review of such questions is unlimited. State v. Sisk, 266 Kan. 41, 43, 966 P.2d 671 (1998). The fundamental rule of statutory interpretation is that the legislative intent governs when the intent can be ascertained from the statute. 266 Kan. at 43-44. In addition, criminal statutes must be strictly construed in favor of the defendant, but this rule is subordinate to the rule that judicial interpretation must be reasonable and sensible to carry out the legislative intent and design. 266 Kan. at 43.
Subsections (2) and (3) were added to K.S.A. 21-3505(a) in 1992. See L. 1992, ch. 298, § 23. The fact that the legislature enacted both means that it saw some distinction between them. If both subsections prohibited exactly the same conduct, or one prohibited conduct that constituted nothing more than a subset of the conduct prohibited by the other, then one of the subsections would have been unnecessary. "'[S]tatutes are construed to avoid unreasonable results. . . . There is a presumption that the legislature does not intend to enact useless or meaningless legislation.'" KPERS v. Reimer & Koger Assocs., Inc., 262 Kan. 635, 643, 941 P.2d 1231 (1997) (quoting Todd v. Kelly, 251 Kan. 512, 515-16, 837 P.2d 381 [1992]).
It is apparent to us from the plain language of 21-3505(a)(2) and (a)(3) and 21- 3506(a)(1) and (a)(2) that the legislature wanted to prohibit and punish sodomy involving a child 15 or younger in all cases with only one exception, although the severity of the punishment for the accused would vary depending on the age of the child. The one exception, under either 21-3505(b) or 21-3506(b), would apply when the child was married to the accused at the time of the act. Further, even that exception would disappear if the married child did not consent under any of the circumstances listed in 21-3506(a)(3)(A) through (C). In such a situation, aggravated criminal sodomy could be charged.
In this context, we believe consent also is key to distinguishing between K.S.A. 21-3505(a)(2) and K.S.A. 21-3506(a)(1) on the one hand and K.S.A. 21-3505(a)(3) and K.S.A. 21-3506(a)(2) on the other. The companion subsections of each statute can be differentiated and harmonized if the "sodomy with" language of 21-3505(a)(2) and 21-3506(a)(1) is limited to a defendant's sodomy with a child of the designated age when the child has expressed or exhibited a willingness to engage in the act, and the "causing" language of 21-3505(a)(3) and 21-3506(a)(2) is limited to a defendant's sodomy with such a child when the child did not express or exhibit a willingness to engage in the sexual activity, and yet none of the conditions set forth in 21-3506(a)(3)(A) through (C) apply. In addition, 21-3505(a)(3) and 21-3506(a)(2) cover a defendant who causes an unwilling child of the designated age to engage in sodomy with a person other than the defendant or with an animal, and yet none of the conditions set forth in 21-3506(a)(3)(A) through (C) apply.
This interpretation recognizes and effectuates the legislature's clear goal of maximizing protection for the youngest and most vulnerable victims of sodomy, either because they have engaged in it against their will or because the legislature deems them too young to give a valid consent outside of marriage, while being careful not to criminalize mutually consensual sodomy between married partners of opposite genders, regardless of their ages. Although some of us might quarrel with certain of the legislature's policy choices underlying this statutory scheme, the policy choices are the legislature's to make.
This interpretation also leads us to conclude that Dickson was properly charged under 21-3505(a)(3) and that there was sufficient evidence to convict him. He admits that he engaged in sodomy with M.D., and a reasonable factfinder could have concluded that M.D. was an unwilling participant. She testified about the earlier rape and its attendant battery. On this occasion, she tried unsuccessfully to get away from Dickson before he placed her on his lap under the blanket. Yet the evidence does not rise to the level of violence or menace usually seen in an aggravated criminal sodomy case in which the victim is overcome by force or fear or to prove one of the other factors listed in 21-3506(a)(3)(B) or (C). Rather, under these circumstances, a reasonable jury could conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that Dickson caused M.D. to engage in anal intercourse with him when M.D. had not expressed or exhibited a willingness to do so, in violation of K.S.A. 21-3505(a)(3).
Dickson next takes issue with the district court's failure to give the jury a multiple acts unanimity instruction. He argues that he was entitled to such an instruction because the State presented evidence of multiple rapes of K.D. and multiple acts of her oral contact with his genitalia.
"In multiple acts cases, several acts are alleged and any one of the acts could constitute the crime charged. When the prosecution presents evidence of several acts that could form the basis of one count charged, either the State must inform the jury which act to rely on in its deliberations or the court must instruct the jury to agree on a specific criminal act." State v. Dean, 272 Kan. ___, Syl. ¶ 5, 33 P.3d 225 (2001).
This argument is without merit. Both in opening statement and again in closing argument, the prosecutor informed Dickson's jury exactly which single incident the State was relying upon to convict on each of the rape counts and on the criminal sodomy count having to do with K.D. There was no multiple acts error because the State made the required election or its functional equivalent. See State v. Fulton, 28 Kan. App. 2d 815, 822, 23 P.3d 167, rev. denied 271 Kan. ___ (2001).
Dickson's last issue involves his sentence for the rape of K.D. on November 20, 1995, which was charged in Count IV. The question of whether a criminal sentence is illegal is a question of law. Our review is unlimited. Sisk, 266 Kan. at 43.
An illegal sentence is defined as "'"either a sentence imposed by a court without jurisdiction; a sentence which does not conform to the statutory provision, either in the character or the term of the punishment authorized; or a sentence which is ambiguous with respect to the time and manner in which it is to be served."' [Citations omitted.]" 266 Kan. at 43.
The State charged this rape as a severity level 1 person felony. At the time of the crime, rape was a severity level 2 person felony. K.S.A. 21-3502(c). Dickson's criminal history was H. His sentencing range should therefore have been 77-82-86 months, K.S.A. 21-4704(a), but the district court improperly employed a range of 184-194-206 months. This sentence was illegal, as the State concedes. We must therefore vacate this sentence, and remand the case for resentencing on this count.
Convictions affirmed, sentence for rape of K.D. on November 20, 1995, vacated, and case remanded for resentencing on that count only.


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text: 5 Ways to Maximize Savings 07/26/2013 | By Janelle Penny Space management software can assist with energy conservation, climate control, and more A Roadmap to Cost Savings View Larger How easy is it to schedule meeting space in your organization? If you have a paper-based system or one that requires asking a point person to make and change reservations, you may be unknowingly handicapping productivity. Migrating to an electronic reservation system that allows employees to book rooms or desks themselves can cut down on the time needed to book a space. But there's more to space management than booking meeting rooms and hoteling desks. Even the most basic software offers opportunities to boost productivity, but to derive the maximum benefits from space scheduling, consider passing over simple calendar systems for a more sophisticated solution that can save you additional time, energy, money, and effort. 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Professor of Theology
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com: 206-281-2714Office: Lower Moyer B11
Education: BMus, DePauw University, 1980; MDiv, Duke Divinity School, 1983; PhD, University of St. Andrews, 1989. At SPU since 2001.
Before coming to SPU, Priscilla Pope-Levison held faculty appointments at Duke Divinity School and at North Park College and Theological Seminary, where she received the Student Service Award.
Dr. Pope-Levison's research areas include American women's religious history, contextual theology, mission and evangelism, and the ecumenical movement. She has authored or edited several books in these areas. In addition, her articles have appeared in these academic and ecclesial journals: International Review of Mission, Missiology, Mid-Stream, Methodist History, Catalyst, Prism, Journal of the Academy for Evangelism in Theological Education, Journal for Preachers, and Lectionary Homiletics. Her essay, "A 'Thirty Year War' and More: Exposing Complexities in the Methodist Deaconess Movement," was awarded the 2008 Women's History Research Writing Award, sponsored by the General Commission of History and Archives of the United Methodist Church.
Dr. Pope-Levison has also contributed to several reference works, including Westminster Dictionary of Women and Religion in America, Encyclopedia of Women and Religion in North America, Global Dictionary of Theology, and Historical Dictionary of the Holiness Movement.
The Wabash Center for Teaching and Learning selected Professor Pope-Levison to participate in its study of Fifty Effective Teachers of the Introductory Theology and Religion courses, and she has led workshops on teaching at regional and national gatherings.
Building the Old Time Religion: Women Evangelists in the Progressive Era
NYU Press, 2013
In this ground-breaking study, Priscilla Pope-Levison dusts off the unpublished letters, diaries, sermons, and yearbooks of these pioneers to share their personal tribulations and public achievements. The effect is staggering. With an uncanny eye for essential details and a knack for historical nuance, Pope-Levison breathes life into not just one or two of these women—but two dozen.
Evangelization From a Liberation Perspective (American University Studies)
Peter Lang, 1991
In this pioneering work, Pope-Levison marshalls an enormous amount of material on the topic of evangelization in Latin American liberation theology. By analyzing the writings of ten theologians, she demonstrates convincingly that evangelization serves uniquely as a bridge between theology and praxis. This study is indispensable for students of contextual theology and evangelization. In addition, the introductory discussion of evangelization in documents from the Roman Catholic Church and the World Council of Churches renders this an invaluable tool for ecumenical studies as well.
How Is It With Your Soul?
United Methodist Women, 2014
This resource brings into balance the inner and outer dimensions of the Christian life. Organized around four verbs: pray, learn, mentor, and transform, the book will challenge you to become a more vibrant disciple of Christ.
Jesus in Global Contexts (with Levison, John R.)
Westminster John Knox Press, 1992
"Through listening and interpreting, we have begun to see the world through others' eyes. These Christologies have broadened our vision, so that we are asking now the questions that we have heard these theologians ask… Perhaps most important, we have begun to ask about the adequacy of our own Christologies. Have we separated Jesus from the economic, political, and racial sphere in order to keep him personally relevant? In short, these conversations in Christology have unsettled us." (21-22)
Return to Babel: Global Perspectives on the Bible
Westminster John Knox Press, 1999
In Return to Babel, each of ten historically significant biblical texts is interpreted by three scholars: one Latin American, one African, and one Asian. Geographic locales range from a tiny village in the Philippines to the city of Nairobi, Kenya; from Gwangju, South Korea, with its one million inhabitants, to the frontier city of Wiwili in the northern mountains of Nicaragua. The result is a collection of essays that shed new light on familiar texts and make the reader aware of the ways in which culture can shape our understanding of Scripture.
Sex, Gender, and Christianity (with John R. (Jack) Levison)
Wipf and Stock, 2012
Should women be priests? Should women submit to their husbands? Is premarital sex okay? This volume contributes an unprecedented collection of first-rate articles from a variety of disciplines — from the social sciences to history, from literary criticism to theology — that will challenge college administrators, professors, and students to address, in an atmosphere of scholarly inquiry, these and other such questions that have splintered Christianity and polarized the church.
Turn the Pulpit Loose: Two Centuries of American Women Evangelists
Palgrave Macmillan, 2004
"Although hundreds of American women left home, often as prodigal daughters, wives, and mothers to join this great company of evangelists, theirs is a forgotten history. Their significant contribution to American religious life, past and present, has yet to be seriously considered… The present anthology… allows these women to speak in their own voices." (5-6)
Please view Dr. Pope-Levison's CV (PDF) for more publications. You can also visit her website on American women evangelists.
"So many students at SPU are incredibly earnest in their desire to make a difference in the world. Because of that, I believe that I am participating in the education of the next generation of global change agents."
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text: Dave's ESL Cafe's Student Discussion Forums :: View topic - The nice radio station to learn English in your country Dave's ESL Cafe's Student Discussion Forums"The Internet's Meeting Place for ESL/EFL Students and Teachers from Around the World!" FAQ Search Memberlist Usergroups Register Profile Log in to check your private messages Log in The nice radio station to learn English in your country Dave's ESL Cafe's Student Discussion Forums Forum Index -> Computers View previous topic :: View next topic Author Message HenmiJoined: 26 Apr 2003Posts: 25Location: Japan Posted: Sat Apr 26, 2003 11:42 pm Post subject: The nice radio station to learn English in your country We can listen to the radio through the internet and it is a nice way to learn English. But I can't find a good radio station. Do you know the radio station NHK in Japan? It's a kind of national station. If you listen to this station, you could learn Japanese very efficiently. I am looking for the radion station where I can listen to practical English like NHK. Please let me know. I like the talk programs. If you are young, let me know the one which your mother is listening to. I am not young but like pop music in America or Europe so the one mixed wtih music and talk is the best. Back to top FERIDUNJoined: 13 May 2003Posts: 1 Posted: Tue May 13, 2003 10:09 pm Post subject: hi henmi do you know anything about voa(voice of america).thisis a great station with pretty good programs for learning english.voa's web address is http://www.voanews.com.try it.[/url] Back to top HenmiJoined: 26 Apr 2003Posts: 25Location: Japan Posted: Wed May 14, 2003 5:20 am Post subject: Thank you Thank you for a nice information. I have been thinking that VOA was just a news site. Just now I listened to Daily Interviews.I am able to listen to real practical English.It's very interesting. Sorry to say that the address you showed me is not correct. But I could search by myself with any search engines. Back to top Display posts from previous: All Posts1 Day7 Days2 Weeks1 Month3 Months6 Months1 Year Oldest FirstNewest First Dave's ESL Cafe's Student Discussion Forums Forum Index -> Computers All times are GMT - 8 Hours Page 1 of 1 Jump to: Select a forum Student Forums----------------ComputersCurrent NewsCultureEnglish SchoolsFamilyFilm and CinemaFoodHealth and FitnessHelp CenterHobbiesHolidaysLearning EnglishLiteratureMaking FriendsMusicOpinionsPetsScienceSportsThe Strange and MysteriousTOEFL and Other English ExamsTravel You cannot post new topics in this forumYou cannot reply to topics in this forumYou cannot edit your posts in this forumYou cannot delete your posts in this forumYou cannot vote in polls in this forum Dave's ESL Cafe is maintained by the one and only Dave Sperling. Banner Advertising | Bookstore / Alta Books | FAQs | Articles | Interview with Dave Copyright © 2018 Dave's ESL Cafe | All Rights Reserved | Contact Dave's ESL Cafe | Site Map Teachers College, Columbia University: Train to Teach English Here or Abroad Powered by phpBB © 2001, 2002 phpBB Group


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"The further a society drifts from the truth, the more it will hate those who speak it." Orwell
"Men are so simple of mind and so dominated by immediate needs that the deceitful man can easily find those ready to be deceived." Machiavelli
"The demagogue is one who preaches doctrines he knows to be untrue to men he knows to be idiots.." H.L. Mencken
Tuesday, September 13, 2016
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This series of investigative activities for Cadette Girl Scouts begins with an overview of our inner solar system, emphasizes the planetary histories of Mars, Earth and Venus, then concludes with evidence for the greenhouse effect on Earth. The... (View More) activities introduce and reflect the scientific goals of NASA's Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution Mission (MAVEN), which reached Mars on September 21, 2014, and began its study of the Martian atmosphere. Cadettes will simultaneously learn about new technologies and gain new knowledge as they explore career pathways and develop potential service projects linked to the Cadette leadership journey. (View Less)
This series of learning modules is designed for adaptation in an introductory Earth science or planetary science course. The modules actively engage students through Mars remote-sensing data and Earth-based analogs to understanding Mars geology.... (View More) Interviews with planetary scientists and geologists present current issues in planetary sciences. (View Less)
This is the third module in the Solar Dynamic Observatory (SDO) Project Suite curriculum. Each activity is self-directed by students or student teams and utilizes online videos, data from the SDO satellite and hands-on activities to explore,... (View More) research and build knowledge about how the Sun's varying activity impacts Earth and space weather. Each activity provides opportunities to build knowledge and vocabulary, apply or demonstrate learning through real world connections and create resources to use in investigations. Both a teacher and student guide are included with sequential instructions and embedded links to the needed videos, tutorials and internet resources. In Activity 3A: Sun-Earth Interactions, students gather information from online videos and create a 3D model to demonstrate the relationship to Earth's place in space and the affect of Earth's axial tilt on our seasons, then film a short video explaining the reasons for the seasons. Activity 3B: Space Weather, students use online videos to gather information on what space weather is, and its causes and effects, to create a concept map. They then use real-time SDO data to forecast space weather. Activity 3C: Solar Research in Action! Make a Magnetometer has students view information in online videos about to Earth's magnetosphere and the impacts of space weather, then create a magnetometer to detect and visualize changes in the Earth's magnetic fields to monitor solar storm impacts. A computer for student-teams and access to the internet are needed for this module. See related and supplementary resources for link to full curriculum. The appendix includes an alignment to the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS). (View Less)
Materials Cost: $5 - $10 per group of students
Microscopic meteorites routinely reach Earth's surface. While challenging to find and identify, this activity provides techniques for searching for them in the local environment.
Materials Cost: 1 cent - $1 per group of students
In this activity, children use common craft materials and ultraviolet (UV)-sensitive beads to construct a person (or dog or imaginary creature). They use sunscreen, foil, paper, and more to test materials that might protect UV Kid from being exposed... (View More) to too much UV radiation. Includes background for facilitators. This activity is part of the "Explore!" series of activities designed to engage children in space and planetary science in libraries and informal learning environments. (View Less)
Materials Cost: $5 - $10 per group of students
This set of physics-based labs uses data from NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory spacecraft. Students create movies using near-real-time data, explore the connection between solar activity and space weather, use different types of data to generate... (View More) and test hypotheses, and collaborate with other students to explore further. Students present their results in a scientifically-appropriate manner. (View Less)
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This is an activity about Earth's magnetic field. Learners will construct a soda bottle magnetometer, collect data, and analyze the results to detect magnetic storm events. Ideally, learners should collect data for at least a month. If several... (View More) months are available for data collection, this is ideal. This is the first activity as part of the iMAGiNETICspace: Where Imagination, Magnetism, and Space Collide educator's guide. Instructions for downloading the iBook educator's guide and the associated Transmedia book student guide are available at the resource link. (View Less)
Students will be introduced to the causes, locations, and hazards of landslides, as well as the role of satellite observations in predicting and studying them. To begin, students investigate the amount of precipitation sufficient to cause a... (View More) landslide in two different mediums (soil and sand), then use their findings in follow-up activities. After the lab, students will think about how rain information can be collected, especially via satellites, to model where landslides will occur. Finally, students will look at areas currently at risk of landslides and research landslide hazards and how to prepare for a landslide event, and create a public service announcement sharing that information. This lesson uses the 5E instructional model. All background information, student worksheets and images/photographs/data are included in these downloadable sections: Teacher's Guide, Student Capture Sheet and Lab Instructions and PowerPoint Presentation. (View Less)
Materials Cost: 1 cent - $1 per group of students
In this lesson students investigate the effects of black carbon on arctic warming and are introduced to a mechanism of arctic warming that is not directly dependent on greenhouse gases in the atmosphere: black carbon deposition on Arctic snow and... (View More) ice. It can also be used to introduce the concept of albedo. Prerequisite knowledge: students understand the concepts of absorption and reflection of light energy. This lesson is designed to be used with either an Earth/environmental science or chemistry curriculum. It may also be used as an enrichment activity in physics or physical science during a unit on energy. Includes suggested modifications for students with special needs and low technology option. Requires advance preparation, including freezing ice samples overnight. (View Less)
Materials Cost: $10 - $20 per group of students
Students will explore how energy from the sun is absorbed, reflected and radiated back into space by Earth. By completing three short labs investigating the effects of surface color, type of material, or cloud cover on temperature change, students... (View More) will begin to consider how various surfaces might affect Earth's overall temperature. Earth's energy budget will then be explored through a video, simulation activity, and an interactive animation. This lesson uses the 5E instructional model. All background information, student worksheets and images/photographs/data are included in these downloadable sections: Teacher's Guide, Student Capture Sheet, PowerPoint Presentation and three lab sheets. (View Less)
Materials Cost: 1 cent - $1 per group of students


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A lot of what system I decide on using depends on how I want the game played. While the content of the game isn't system specific, how the game plays is very system specific. For instance, a game like 3.5 tends to be less deadly than say, Basic Role-Playing where a lucky critical hit can mean the end of a character. I'm being fairly general here, but on average, one system is much more deadly than another.
Another consideration is the type of game play each system gives you. Again, comparing 3.5 with something like Hero System, Hero tends to be less deadly and more 4 color comic book, with the main type of damage being stunning damage.
Now, my suggestion would be to look at the following systems, most of which have a test drive version of the rules available if you look around enough. Basic Role-Playing, Savage Worlds, All Flesh Must Be Eaten (don't believe there is a test drive for this one). Then also consider 3.5, but you already have experience with that one so you have something that you can compare it to.
Hope this helps.


text: Last week THQ pulled the rug from underneath players currently in the open beta for Company of Heroes On-line by abruptly saying that the testing period will end in March because it "evaluates the next steps for the Company of Heroes series". Developer Relic then confirmed that each one player data could be wiped following . . . → Read More: Company of Heroes Online Tanks


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Where To Go For More Tips Like These
Lisa Duke (Tips In Two) August 10 2011 09:19:11 AMI thought I should post a brief update for anyone coming across this site. While STS was very active in posting to Tips in Two for awhile, we are pleased to report that IBM has taken up the cause of posting great tips, including videos, over on the Notes and Domino Wiki. In fact, several leaders in the Lotus community were instrumental in kicking off a huge content creation blitz, called Wiki Madness, in 2010. STS gave IBM permission to repost our videos there. Since video creation at that point became more of an IBM/Community task, the team at STS has not seen a need to create updates here.
Feel free to look back at the videos that are already here, as they remain relevant. And do check out the Notes and Domino Wiki for more!
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This two-semester course explores the human body as an integrated, functional complex of systems. Terminology, structure and function of each organ-system, with emphasis on their interrelationships, are explained. Required of students in the health services technologies; available to all other students for elective credit. Prerequisite for BIO 426 is BIO 425. Two terms required. Prerequisite: CHE 118 or CHE 121, or departmental approval NOTE: BIO 425 and BIO 426 do not meet the science requirements in the liberal arts curriculum.
Course Credit: 4
Lab Hours: 2HRS.
Prof. Patricia Deleon | email@example.com
Special Instructions and Information:
This is a hybrid course meeting every Tuesday from 5pm to 7:45pm in N654.


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WASHINGTON — The House last week approved the blueprints for a two-year budget that seeks to break the gridlock in Congress over spending and reduce the threat of another government shutdown.
WASHINGTON — The House last week approved the blueprints for a two-year budget that seeks to break the gridlock in Congress over spending and reduce the threat of another government shutdown.
Lawmakers voted 332-94 for an agreement that authorizes $1.012 trillion in spending for federal departments in 2014, and $1.014 trillion in 2015.
The compromise restores $63 billion in spending that would have been cut under previous law. The spending would be offset with $85 billion in revenues from other areas such as reducing cost of living increases for military veterans, increasing fees paid by airline passengers and hiking what companies pay to have their pensions guaranteed by Uncle Sam.
The final product was advertised as only a modest step. It did not address tax reform nor major changes in entitlement programs like Social Security and Medicare. Still, the bill won backing from members of both parties weary of budget warfare that climaxed with the 16-day government shutdown in October.
Supportive Democrats said it eased automatic budget cuts put in place by the 2001 "sequester" law. Supportive Republicans said on the whole it will provide $23 billion towards reducing the deficit.
Some Democrats opposing the bill were unhappy it did not include an extension in unemployment benefits that expire for 1.3 million jobless people on Dec. 28. Some Republicans were unhappy their party was taking its foot off the gas in its drive for deeper cuts in federal spending.
Rep. Ralph Hall, R-Texas voted for the bill, as did Rep. Tom Cole, R-Okla. Rep. Markwayne Mullin, R-Okla., voted against it.
The Senate was expected to vote on the bill in the week ahead.
Kids Cancer Bill Approved
The House voted 295-103 to redirect $126 million into pediatric health research.
The Gabriella Miller Kids First Research Act was named after a 10-year-old girl in Virginia who was diagnosed with a cancerous brain tumor and died on Oct. 26. The bill by Reps. Gregg Harper, R-Miss., and Peter Welch, D-Vt., redirects money from the fund that finances the national political conventions.
Rep. Kevin McCarthy, R-Calif., said the bill "gives pediatric research a shot in the arm."
Senior Democrats opposed the bill. Rep Frank Pallone, D-N.J., called it "a disingenuous and empty attempt by the Republicans to divert attention from the fact they have voted to cut research time and time again."
Hall voted for the bill, as did Cole and Mullin of Oklahoma.
Senate wades into nominations
The Senate took up a series of confirmations for federal judgeships and other top government jobs, after Democrats changed the rules to allow them easier passage. Even though Republicans were prevented from filibustering President Barack Obama's choices for the posts, the minority party still made use of Senate procedure to force the maximum time possible for debate on the nominees.
For instance, Georgetown University law professor Nina Pillard was confirmed to become a judge of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit at about 1:15 a.m. on Thursday.
Democrats said Pillard was more than qualified to become a judge. Senate Republican Leader Mitch McConnell called her "a liberal ideologue" who would serve as an Obama rubber-stamp on the court.
PIllard was confirmed 51-44, with three Democrats joining Republicans in voting against her.
Sens. Ted Cruz and John Cornyn, both R-Texas, voted against Pillard. Sen. James Inhofe, R-Okla., voted against Pillard. Sen. Tom Coburn, R-Okla., did not vote.


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When electrical engineering professor Mustafa Abushagur was back at RIT this spring, he reflected on his past two years, an exciting whirlwind that saw him heading an international university, RIT Dubai, as its founding president, then leading his country, Libya, as its very first elected prime minister.
He remains part of the rebuilding efforts in a country that has overthrown a dictator. He helped launch a new democratic government that is resurrecting its country's educational, cultural and civic institutions.
In a recent National Geographic article about the country's profound changes and how it is reclaiming a rich, cultural heritage, Libya was cast as "a portrait of an unfinished nation," and Abushagur agreed with the sentiment. His past experiences put him in a unique position to help rebuild a nation.
"When the revolution came in 2011, it brought a glimpse of hope that Libya might change at last," says Abushagur, who was born in the capital city of Tripoli. "We were pleased to see our people revolt. They were willing to give the ultimate sacrifice to be able to change the regime. The young people, they pushed for change. Thousands of people gave their lives, literally with bare hands, against an arsenal and the dictator's will to kill everybody."
The eastern part of the country was liberated first, and the National Transitional Council was formed. It also marked the return of many émigrés like Abushagur who had formed, and remained active with, opposition groups in and out of the country. Many had not been back inside their homeland for what felt like the greater part of their lives.
"When I flew to Benghazi, that was the first time I had been back to Libya in 31 years—and I went back to a liberated country," he says. "It was an overwhelming feeling. Of course, I was so happy to see it, but at the same time I was saddened because I had seen the 40 years of destruction."
Yet, what he also saw was a country that wanted change and people who wanted to influence that change, he adds. The transitional government was installed. New political parties were formed where once they were not allowed. Most importantly, elections took place.
"I stayed independent before the election. Eight of us competed for the position of prime minister. I won the run-off between three of the eight candidates," Abushagur says. "It was the first time ever that the prime minister was elected. But it was still a difficult time to form a government, and in the end, the two largest parties decided to vote me out after four weeks.
"I was relieved—because I knew the challenges, but at the same time, when I spoke prior to the election, I outlined so many things to be done, the people appreciated that. Many said, 'Today you have lost the vote of congress, but you have gained the vote of the people.'"
With that vote of confidence, Abushagur returned to Tripoli in April to put in place a new, grass roots political party and a public-policy advisory board he and several colleagues established for the new government.
Although he is on extended leave from RIT, Abushagur has not left academia entirely. He intends to build relationships between Libyan universities and peer universities across the globe, including RIT.
"I believe strongly in having an American university system in the country, so it can be RIT Libya, or something similar," he adds. "I never thought that I would be doing what I'm doing. I've always wanted to do something good, I tried to affect life positively. And I think I've done that through teaching and other ways.
"I have an opportunity to bring some of the experiences I have learned over the years in this country, to help establish a nation that our children and grandchildren will be proud to be a part of. I would like to leave some contribution to that, and for RIT, I think this is something they can be a part of too."


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Planning for our first data updatePosted in Miscellaneous on December 7th, 2009 by Nathaniel – Comments Off on Planning for our first data update
We've had a good first 3 business days and it's rewarding to see folks writing in with corrections and addendums. This is, after all, a group volunteer effort and it'll only get better with your input so please keep using the Corrections system and talking back in the Forums.
We're hoping to have the first rounds of edits made before Christmas and then another update in early Spring 2010. Edits are primarily focused so far in the populated places (towns), admin-0 (countries), and physical features (point labels). The Spring update will include an overhaul of our admin-1 features with better coding for thematic mapping.
Do you have data to contribute or have time to review the existing data for errors? Great! Possible data for future updates include transportation (roads and railroads), time zones, and terrestrial hypsography. Please reference our guidelines about creating new data. If you have ideas for Natural Earth or want to show how you're using the data in the map gallery, please drop us a line.
So far we've had about 7,000 visitors, over 30,000 pageviews, and about 9,000 downloads (both a la cart and combo meal) from 95 ISO countries around the world. Our average time on site of 4 minutes. Please keep it coming!


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Why people with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are at greater risk of substance dependence, particularly methamphetamine dependence, and have greater difficulty overcoming their addiction is the subject of a new study by researchers at the UC Davis MIND Institute.
Earlier research has established that individuals with ADHD are at greater risk of substance abuse and of becoming dependent upon drugs. However, the reasons for the tendency are not well understood, the researchers said. Stimulants such as methylphenidate (Ritalin) or amphetamine (Adderall) are broadly prescribed for children and adults with ADHD.
"Methamphetamine abusers with ADHD often say that abusing methamphetamine helps calm them down and helps them to maintain focus," said Catherine Fassbender, a researcher with the MIND Institute, Imaging Research Center and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences. "This may be a reinforcing factor in their continuing to abuse meth. Of course, there is a very big difference between taking a prescription medication and substance abuse."
Fassbender and her colleagues are examining how the cognitive deficits among people with ADHD may contribute to their being at greater risk of substance abuse. The study specifically looks at whether having the condition makes it difficult for people to realize that they're making an error in behavior.
"Cognitive control and insight into one's behavior are essential to optimal decision making and resisting impulses to engage in risky behaviors, such as substance abuse," Fassbender said. "We believe that impaired cognitive control contributes to developing and maintaining substance dependence, as well as to transitioning from recreational use to dependence or addiction."
To test that hypothesis, Fassbender and her colleagues are examining whether people with ADHD have difficulty detecting their own performance errors on a computerized laboratory test and using that information to optimize their performance. The study will compare people who do not have ADHD; people who do have ADHD; people who abuse methamphetamine; and people who both have ADHD and abuse methamphetamine.
The study participants' brain activity then will be examined for differences using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).
"The areas of the brain that activate when an addict is exposed to environmental cues that remind them of drug use are similar to regions that are involved when they are engaging in complex cognitive activities. Decision making about drugs could overload this cognitive control system and place you at greater risk of relapse," Fassbender said.
"This study is so important because it gives us the potential to identify targets that we can address to prevent and treat substance abuse in ADHD," said collaborator Julie Schweitzer, associate professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences and director of the UC Davis ADHD Clinic. "I see so many people with ADHD who have talent and potential, yet they are unable to achieve their goals because they acquire other problems along with the ADHD, such as substance abuse, that limits their potential. This study is a crucial step toward teasing out the cognitive factors that interfere with their ability to be successful and increase their vulnerability for substance abuse."
"Dr. Fassbender's study is a very important one as the comorbidity of ADHD and methamphetamine dependence has not been studied in great depth," said Ruth Salo, associate professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences at UC Davis at the UC Davis Imaging Research Center and a study collaborator.
"As there appear to be links between early-childhood attention deficits and exacerbated clinical symptoms among methamphetamine abusers, this study has the potential to increase our understanding of this relationship," Salo said.
The study is funded by a one-year, $150,000 grant from the National Institutes on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
Based in Sacramento, Calif., the UC Davis MIND Institute is a collaborative international research center committed to the awareness, understanding, prevention, care and cure of neurodevelopmental disorders. Utilizing the advanced biomedical technology and research infrastructure of UC Davis, the institute's scientists and clinicians pursue investigations that will ensure better futures for the one in twenty Americans with neurodevelopmental disorders. For information, visit www.ucdmc.ucdavis.edu/mindinstitute


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Bear with us on this one, as it's a bit convoluted. Bridgepoint Capital, a private equity firm based out of London, owns Spanish company Dorna Sports SL. Dorna, which as you might recall is the media rights holder and promoter for MotoGP, the motorcycle Grand Prix World Championship that we all know and love. Meanwhile World Superbike is owned in majority by Swiss company Infront Sports & Media, and in minority by the Italian-born Flammini brothers, with the latter group still handling WSBK's media promotion.
Now according to reports, Infront Sports & Media is up for sale, and one of the three alleged bidders is Bridgepoint Capital (circle back to the second sentence in the first paragraph if you got lost on the way here). This means that potentially the twice-removed owner of MotoGP could potentially own a controlling stake in the Championship's rival series: World Superbike. There are still a number of "if's" in whether Bridgepoint will come through as a buyer on Infront Sports & Media, but ownership of both series by the same party, even at a removed distance is worth some general discussion.


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Neophocaena asiaeorientalis ssp. asiaeorientalis
|Scope: Global
Language: English
|Scientific Name:
|Neophocaena asiaeorientalis ssp. asiaeorientalis (Pilleri & Gihr, 1972)
|Parent Species:
Common Name(s):
Neophocaena phocaenoides ssp. asiaeorientalis (Pilleri & Gihr, 1972)
|Taxonomic Notes:
|Until recently, Neophocaena was thought to comprise only one species (N. phocaenoides) containing three subspecies. However, recent genetic and morphometric studies (Jefferson and Wang 2008, Chen et al. 2010) have shown that northern (including freshwater) and southern populations are distinct at the species level, with northern populations assigned to N. asiaeorientalis and recognized as representing two subspecies (asiaeorientalis and sunameri).
|Red List Category & Criteria:
|Critically Endangered A3b+4b ver 3.1
|Year Published:
|Date Assessed:
|Wang, D., Turvey, S.T., Zhao, X. & Mei, Z.
|Taylor, B.L. & Slooten, E.
Justification 1 from trends analysis based on historical surveys (data for criterion A: rate of population reduction):
We examined trends in abundance of Yangtze Finless Porpoises using published and unpublished survey data between 1979 and 2007 collected from the main Yangtze channel. Encounter rates from these surveys were used as a measure of relative porpoise abundance in a generalized linear model (GLM) that accounts for differences in survey method and relative porpoise abundance in different sections of the Yangtze River. Factors included in the GLM analysis were: river section (i.e., Yichang-Ezhou, Ezhou-Huayang, and Huayang-Shanghai), boat size (large/small), boat number (multiple/single), water season (high/low), and observer number (multiple/single). Our analyses indicate that the population in the upper survey section (Yichang-Ezhou) showed the greatest rate of decrease (r = -7.7% yr-1, 1990-2007), while populations in the middle and lower sections (Ezhou-Huayang and Huayang-Shanghai) showed lower rates of decrease (r = -6.2% yr-1, 1990-2007). The average rate of decline across the whole river was 6.4% yr-1(1990-2007). We therefore predict that porpoise population change in the main Yangtze channel over three generations from 1990-2040 (T=16.5 yrs, Taylor et al. 2007) would be 92.4%.
According to the criteria of CR(A4b): "An observed, estimated, inferred, projected or suspected population size reduction of ≥80% over any 10 year or three generation period, whichever is longer (up to a maximum of 100 years in the future), where the time period must include both the past and the future, and where the reduction or its causes may not have ceased OR may not be understood OR may not be reversible, based on:(b) an index of abundance appropriate to the taxon"
The Yangtze Finless Porpoise population should therefore be classified as CR (A4b).
Justification 2 from life table analysis (data for criterion A: rate of population reduction; and criterion E: quantitative analysis):
We used data from 279 incidentally-killed Yangtze Finless Porpoises that were collected along the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River from 1978 onwards to construct population life tables for two time intervals, before 1993 and after 1993. Demographic rate estimates revealed an accelerating porpoise decline according to the instantaneous rate of increase (r), from r= -1.59% in the pre-1993 population to r= -6.25% in the post-1993 population. We then predicted a three-generation reduction from 2008-2058 (T = 16.5 yrs, Taylor et al. 2007) in the post-1993 scenario. We predict that over 93.95% (SD = 4.63%) of the current population will be lost in the next three generations based on an individual-based Leslie matrix model (Mei et al. 2012).
According to the criteria of CR A3b: "A population size reduction of ≥80%, projected or suspected to be met within the next 10 years or three generations, whichever is longer (up to a maximum of 100 years)"
The Yangtze Finless Porpoise population should therefore be classified as CR (A3b).
Calculation based on the same model (Mei et al. 2012) revealed the probability of extinction of Yangtze Finless Porpoise within the next three generations is extremely high (58.55%, SD = 1.03%).
According to the criteria of CR (E): "Quantitative analysis showing the probability of extinction in the wild is at least 50% within 10 years or three generations, whichever is the longer (up to a maximum of 100 years)."
The quantitative analysis referred to above is currently under review by IUCN to confirm whether its use for criterion E is appropriate. Criterion E is therefore not used in this current assessment pending the outcome of that review. Meanwhile, the assessment is accepted under criterion A.
Conclusion: Results from life table analysis correspond closely with historical population trends analysis, and suggest that the Yangtze Finless Porpoise should be classified as Critically Endangered (CR A3b+4b) according to the criteria of IUCN.
Further comments: The major threats facing this subspecies in the Yangtze are likely to increase further over the near future, and possible gaps in a formerly continuous porpoise distribution were identified during recently conducted surveys (Zhao et al. 2008), further suggesting that the subspecies faces a very high risk of extinction.
|Previously published Red List assessments:
|Range Description:
|The Yangtze Finless Porpoise is endemic to the middle-lower Yangtze River drainage basin in eastern China, from Yichang downstream to the estuary near Shanghai. It is now almost completely restricted to the main river channel and its two largest appended lakes (Poyang and Dongting). It formerly also occurred, at least occasionally, in some large adjacent tributaries, but has now been extirpated from most of them (Zhang et al. 1993, Yang et al. 2000, Xiao and Zhang 2002). Of the seven extant species of porpoise (Phocoenidae), this is the only population found in freshwater (Gao and Zhou 1995). Figure 1 (in Supplementary Material) shows the distribution of Yangtze Finless Porpoise.
|Countries occurrence:
Native:China (Anhui, Hubei, Jiangsu, Shanghai)
|Additional data:
|Range Map:
|Click here to open the map viewer and explore range.
|Zhang et al. (1993) generated the first range-wide estimate of Finless Porpoise abundance in the Yangtze River system based on a series of small-scale surveys conducted between 1984 and 1991, providing a population estimate of approximately 2,700 animals by using a directed count method calibrated by a combination of correction factors. A series of surveys were conducted annually between 1997 and 1999 across the entire middle-lower Yangtze drainage, and a preliminary analysis of these data indicate that approximately 2,000 animals might have been present during that period (Ding Wang, unpublished). In 2006, a systematic survey using line-transect methods (with data analysed using line-transect and strip-transect approaches) indicated that the porpoise population in the Yangtze mainstem was approximately 1,000-1,200 animals (confidence intervals for abundance estimates derived from three different population models are 907-1,543 individuals, 825-1,496 individuals, and 755-1,245 individuals; Zhao et al. 2008). If estimates for the porpoise populations in the two lakes are also included, the entire extant population was then approximately 1,800 animals (Zhao et al. 2008).
It is essential to note that different survey techniques employed by Zhang et al. (1993) and Zhao et al. (2008) mean that results from these two surveys are not directly comparable. Zhao et al. (2008) evaluated the complicated subjective correction factors used by Zhang et al. (1993) in comparison to the systematic survey method in their own survey, and concluded that the estimate of Zhang et al. (1993) was probably biased downwards, meaning that the actual porpoise population decline between 1984-1991 and 2006 has probably been even greater than these estimates suggest; the annual rate of decline is likely to have been at least 5% for the entire porpoise population in the Yangtze system (Zhao et al. 2008).
|Current Population Trend:
|Additional data:
|Habitat and Ecology:
|The Yangtze Finless Porpoise is assumed to inhabit freshwater exclusively, with genetic data showing that Finless Porpoises from the Yangtze River and neighbouring East China Sea represent discrete populations with minimal or no gene flow between them (Chen et al. 2010). Finless Porpoises occur both in the main Yangtze River channel and also in connected lake systems, side-channels and tributaries. Preferred habitats include confluences of rivers, tributaries and lakes; areas adjacent to sand bars; and areas close to river banks in the main channel. Preferred porpoise habitat overlaps extensively with gillnetting areas in the river (Yu et al. 2005).
Age at sexual maturity is approximately six years (Gao et al. 1993), with only one calf born at a time. Gestation is approximately one year, and lactation lasts for over six months (Hao and Wang 2009). Finless Porpoises therefore have a very low natural rate of increase, meaning that population recovery is slow.
|Generation Length (years):
|Use and Trade:
|Although deliberate exploitation of porpoises occurred for a short period in the late 1950s, there is apparently no longer any direct hunting for them in the Yangtze River. Small numbers of fishermen still report using porpoise oil obtained from accidentally killed animals for medicinal purposes, notably to cure burns.
|Major Threat(s):
The range of anthropogenic threats associated with escalating human overpopulation and industrialization in the Yangtze, and the limited data available on porpoise mortality, complicates our understanding of the drivers of population decline. Turvey et al. (2007) concluded that entanglement in unregulated and non-selective fishing gear (e.g., illegal "rolling hook" long-lines, electro-fishing and gillnets) was probably the main factor responsible for the probable extinction of the Baiji or Yangtze River Dolphin (Lipotes vexillifer), the other cetacean species formerly present in the Yangtze system.
Incidental catch in fishing gear may also be responsible for the ongoing decline of the Yangtze Finless Porpoise (D. Wang et al. 1998, 2000, 2005; K. Wang et al. 2006; D. Wang 2009). Illegal fishing (rolling hooks, electro-fishing, gillnets) is widespread in the Yangtze River (Reeves et al. 2000b, IWC 2001) and was observed daily during a range-wide survey in 2006 (Turvey et al. 2007). Zhou and Wang (1994) reported that 'most' of the 80 Finless Porpoise specimens collected by Nanjing Normal University since 1974 had been killed by rolling hooks or gillnets. Other studies indicate that by-catch in gillnets is also adversely affecting marine populations of Finless Porpoises (Jefferson and Curry 1994, Zhou et al. 1995, Reeves et al. 1997, G. Yang et al. 1999). The preferred habitat of the Yangtze Finless Porpoise overlaps extensively with the occurrence of gillnets (Yu et al. 2005), which makes the subspecies particularly vulnerable to entanglement. However, a recent large-scale interview survey conducted in fishing communities along the banks of the Yangtze suggests that mortality due to by-catch may have decreased over the past two decades as the porpoise population has declined, and so is unlikely to represent the primary driver of this decline (Turvey et al. 2013).
Increases in vessel traffic, pollution, and habitat degradation have also almost certainly contributed to population declines. Vessel traffic causes death from propeller strikes, and boat noise may mask porpoise communication and compromise foraging (D. Wang et al. 1998, 2000; K. Wang et al. 2006; D. Wang 2009). Interviews in fishing communities conducted by Turvey et al. (2013) indicate that porpoise mortality associated with vessel collisions has increased substantially in recent years, in contrast to mortality from by-catch.
Widespread sand mining of the river and lake beds and banks (often illegal) has destroyed important habitat for porpoises and their prey, and adversely affected primary productivity. This problem is especially serious in Dongting and Poyang Lakes (Xiao and Zhang 2000, K. Wang et al. 2006, Zhao et al. 2008). Four hundred million people live in the Yangtze River basin and the banks are lined with thousands of factories, which together discharge tremendous quantities of domestic sewage and agricultural and industrial effluent. Relatively few data exist to assess the impacts of these pollutants on Yangtze Finless Porpoise health, fertility and population status. In April 2004, five porpoises died in Dongting Lake within a single week, apparently due to short-term exposure to the pesticide hostathion, possibly in combination with long-term exposure to mercury and chromium (Dong et al. 2006, Yang et al. 2008). Water development projects, especially dams, have major effects on river and lake ecology, and block porpoise movements between the river and adjoining lakes or tributaries in the Yangtze system (Liu et al. 2000, Smith and Reeves 2000), as well as affecting migrations of porpoise prey species (Xie and Chen 1996). The Three Gorges Dam in particular has altered, and will continue to alter, downstream hydrological conditions in the Yangtze River and its connected/adjoining lakes (Tong et al. 2008).
Although the relative importance of each of the above threats has not been quantified, all are escalating in their severity and are likely to have contributed to the decline of the Yangtze Finless Porpoise.
|Conservation Actions:
Harmful fisheries, including those resulting in porpoise by-catch and overexploitation of fishery resources, must be better regulated throughout the Yangtze system (D. Wang et al. 1998, 2005, 2006; K. Wang et al. 2006; D. Wang 2009). As fishing activities in the Yangtze River become more intensive, fish catch yield continues to decrease, from a peak of 427,000,000 kg in 1954 to approximately 100,000,000 kg in recent years (Wei et al. 2007); many fish populations in the river are nearing collapse and some are already extinct. Current conservation actions include laws that prohibit electro-fishing, rolling hooks, and certain other harmful gear types across some or all of the Yangtze Finless Porpoise's range. To protect the Yangtze's remaining fish resources, since 2003 the Chinese government has also prohibited all fishing activity in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and two lakes for three months from April to June. This measure may have improved fish populations (Wei et al. 2007), but benefits for porpoise conservation have been limited, and recent interviews with fishers (Turvey et al. 2010, 2013) confirm that there is little to no enforcement of restrictions in fishing gear. To protect Yangtze Finless Porpoises and fish stocks, regulation of electro-fishing and other illegal fishing activities must be vigorously enforced, and fishing must be banned in all cetacean reserves. Fishing activities may ultimately have to be banned year-round in the entire river. Government-supported schemes to buy out fishers have been implemented in some regions, but these have not proved very successful, in part because of inadequate planning. Further activities to provide Yangtze fishers with improved education, alternative livelihoods and training must be implemented immediately.
Several protected areas or reserves have been established in both the Yangtze mainstem and in Dongting and Poyang Lakes, encompassing key sites of porpoise abundance. However, protective measures remain difficult or impossible to enforce in most of these reserves, because the areas still support multiple, intensive human activities, most of which are beyond the influence of reserve management. For example, heavy vessel traffic cannot realistically be excluded from protected river or lake sections, but additional navigational rules need to be developed and implemented (e.g. vessel speed should be limited to below 10 km/h in porpoise reserves, and blasting to deepen and widen shipping channels in reserves must be prohibited). Sand mining is likely to degrade habitat quality by reducing good habitat for fish to feed and breed, and the huge economic and commercial benefits specifically associated with this harmful activity have led to its recent substantial increase in Dongting and Poyang Lakes outside the jurisdiction of local reserves (Chen et al. 1997; D. Wang et al. 1998, 2000; D. Wang 2009). Although elimination of sand-mining is not currently realistic, regional and seasonal closures could reduce impacts on critical fish habitat needs, and better regulations must be developed in key porpoise conservation areas.
The effectiveness of in situ conservation activities for the Yangtze Finless Porpoise remains limited because the primary drivers of porpoise decline are still incompletely understood and because the diversity of known threats requires a variety of management strategies, some of which are unfeasible given the high priority placed on economic development in the Yangtze River basin. Further research is required into recent and ongoing porpoise mortality through the development of monitoring networks in local fishing communities; improved protocols for carcass salvage and postmortem investigations; development of a mortality database; and analyses of tissue samples to determine the effect of pollutants on porpoise health and fertility.
Realistically, it is unlikely that management efforts in the Yangtze will significantly reduce the deleterious impacts of anthropogenic activities such as ship traffic, sand mining, and dumping pollutants. The maintenance of well-managed ex situ populations may therefore also be an important component for conserving the Yangtze Finless Porpoise. A breeding population of finless porpoises has been established in the Tian'e-Zhou 'semi-natural' oxbow reserve in Shishou (Hubei Province), although further demographic analysis is required to determine whether this population is self-sustaining. There may be additional opportunities for establishing ex situ reserves in other oxbows or old river courses, such as the Heiwawu oxbow near Tian'e-Zhou oxbow and the Xijiang River near Anqing. Surveys to identify suitable candidate sites for ex situ porpoise conservation, and formal establishment and protection of such sites, should be a conservation priority. There is also the possibility of establishing a population of Yangtze Finless Porpoises in the huge reservoir upstream of the Three Gorges Dam. This should be investigated, as porpoises were historically reported as far upstream as the lower Three Gorges region before construction of the Gezhouba Dam in 1981. Progress has also been made on captive breeding Finless Porpoises at the Institute of Hydrobiology, Wuhan (D. Wang et al. 2005), with a male porpoise calf born in 2005 and still surviving. Increased efforts could be made to establish a self-sustaining breeding group and study biological parameters (e.g. acoustics, breeding behaviour, reproductive biology) that could ultimately help conservation efforts in the wild.
A network composed of governmental agencies and research institutions has recently been organized to exchange information, train conservation staff, organize surveys, and educate the public on Finless Porpoise conservation. The Yangtze Finless Porpoise is currently a State II Protected Animal in China, but this designation should be upgraded to State I Protected status given its increasingly threatened conservation status. This upgrade would help to promote necessary actions at a national level.
It should be emphasized that most of the measures proposed above have already been suggested in countless workshops, published papers and reports to the Chinese government. Despite these repeated urgings, insufficient attention has been paid to these recommended conservation actions, and even less progress has been made in carrying them out. Most of the known threats to Finless Porpoises and the Yangtze ecosystem are still present, and at least some continue to escalate in severity. Unfortunately, development activities associated with China's ongoing economic growth have largely prevailed over conservation, seriously jeopardizing the future survival of the Yangtze Finless Porpoise.
|Wang, D., Turvey, S.T., Zhao, X. & Mei, Z. 2013. Neophocaena asiaeorientalis ssp. asiaeorientalis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T43205774A45893487. . Downloaded on 26 September 2018.
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Runners gather for Big Sur Mud Run
Sold-out event brings athletes from 15 states
Runners gather for Big Sur Mud Run
Sold-out event brings athletes from 15 states
SEASIDE, Calif. —
Athletes from 15 states gathered Saturday for the eighth annual Big Sur Mud Run.
Thousands laced up their sneakers for the 5.3-mile road and trail run.
Runners could compete as individuals or in teams. There were multiple obstacles for runners to tackle, including four mud pits.
Drill sergeants also barked orders along the way.
The sold-out event brought runners and thrill seekers from 15 states, all of whom were eager to get out and hit the trail while getting a little dirty in the process.
Proceeds from the Mud Run benefit California State University-Monterey Bay athletics, the Presidio's Morale Welfare and Recreation Department for Youth Sports and the Big Sur International Marathon.


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JERUSALEM (AP) — Amnon Lipkin-Shahak, a former Israeli military chief who later became a Cabinet minister, died Wednesday after a long battle with cancer. He was 68.
Revered in Israel as a daring commando and admired general, Lipkin-Shahak's term as military chief in the 1990s included coping with a wave of suicide bombings against Israel along with the military coordination that accompanied nascent peace talks.
Even while still in uniform, he conducted negotiations with Israel's bitterest enemies and later in life became a staunch supporter of peace with Syria and the Palestinians.
Lipkin-Shahak oversaw a 16-day military campaign, codenamed "Grapes of Wrath," against Hezbollah guerrillas in Lebanon in 1996.
Lipkin-Shahak began his military service in the paratrooper brigade and was twice decorated with Israel's Medal of Courage, one of the military's highest honors, for his conduct in special operations.
One of those operations was a famed 1973 raid on Beirut, in which Israeli commandos rowed in from the Mediterranean Sea to a beach in the Lebanese capital. The group then went on to attack and kill top leaders of Black September, the Palestinian group behind the massacre of 11 members of the Israeli delegation to the 1972 Munich Olympics.
The commandos were dressed as civilians, some disguised as women — including Ehud Barak, Israel's current defense minister, a longtime colleague of Lipkin-Shahak's in the military and later in politics.
In a statement, Barak called him an "exemplary example of courage, leadership and perseverance in the battlefield and in the diplomatic battle."
Lipkin-Shahak rose through the military ranks, commanding elite infantry units and holding several top key positions — including five years as head of military intelligence.
As deputy military chief of staff, he was involved in peace negotiations with the Palestinians under Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin. Later, he succeeded Barak to become Israel's 15th military chief from 1995-1998. In that capacity, he negotiated with his Syrian counterpart in failed peace talks between the countries. He also oversaw the partial implementation of the Oslo interim peace accords with the Palestinians, which included a military withdrawal from several areas in the West Bank and Gaza.
Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu expressed deep sorrow over the passing of Lipkin-Shahak, calling him "a hero of Israel who dedicated his best years to the defense of the state of Israel."
"His heroism was evident in the brave way he conducted himself throughout his illness. Not for a moment did he ever lose his dignity," Netanyahu said in a statement.
Similar words of appreciation poured in from across the Israeli political spectrum.
"Amnon was a true hero who carried the torch of peace, a rare and exceptionally wise man," President Shimon Peres said. "His students and soldiers saw him as a role model like no other, they trusted every word he said and people queued at his door seeking his wisdom, honesty and courage."
Lipkin-Shahak retired from the military in 1998 and entered politics, establishing the short-lived Center Party that joined Barak, then the prime minister, in a dovish coalition. He served as tourism minister and then transportation minister under Barak.
After politics he went into business and joined several dovish organizations that aimed to promote regional peace.
Lipkin-Shahak was a leading member of a group that urged Israel to adopt a peace proposal that called for a Palestinian state in the West Bank, Gaza Strip and east Jerusalem — with agreed swaps of territory that would allow Israel to keep some of its main West Bank settlements while compensating the Palestinians with land. Past Israeli governments have accepted such plans, but they have not produced a peace accord with the Palestinians.
He called on reopening peace talks with Syria and also endorsed J Street, the liberal American Jewish lobby group.
Lipkin-Shahak is survived by his wife Tali, a well-known Israeli journalist. Lipkin-Shahak, who was earlier divorced, also leaves five children.


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