text:
Aging Hearts and Arteries
Chapter 4: Blood Vessels and Aging: The Rest of the Journey
"A man is as old as his arteries."
Thomas Sydenham, MD, English Physician, 1624-1689
Stretched end-to-end, the arteries, veins, and other vessels of the human circulatory system would measure about 60,000 miles. On any given day, the heart pumps about 1,800 gallons of blood through this vast network. In an average lifetime, the heart pumps approximately one million barrels of blood—enough to fill more than 3 supertankers—through the circulatory system.
No doubt about it, the heart and arteries are remarkable. But as we age, the cardiovascular system becomes more susceptible to diseases including high blood pressure and atherosclerosis. Nearly 40 percent of all deaths among those 65 and older can be attributed to heart problems. By age 80, men are nine times more likely to die of chronic heart failure than they were at age 50. Among women, this risk increases 11-fold over the same time period.
Certainly, poor lifestyle—smoking, little or no regular exercise, a diet laden with fat, cholesterol, and sodium—contribute to the development of these cardiovascular disorders. But it is becoming more apparent that like the heart, blood vessels undergo changes with advancing age, and these changes, including arterial stiffening and thickening, are major risk factors for these diseases.
This relationship is complex. In fact, studies—in both animals and humans—have found that many of the factors that underlie the age-related changes in the arteries are also implicated in the development of cardiovascular disease. This suggests that there are some common links between these two distinct, but intertwined processes. Based on these and other findings, some investigators theorize that aging is the driving force in a cycle that begins with age-related changes in the blood vessels. These changes create an environment that promotes arterial stiffening, which contributes to development of hypertension (high blood pressure). At the same time, age-related changes also make it easier for fatty deposits to build up on the inside of arteries. This accumulation, part of a process known as atherosclerosis, can accelerate the aging of the arteries, which, in turn, leads to further fatty build up and narrowing of the vessel.
In essence, aging arteries form an alliance with risk factors for atherosclerosis, hypertension, and other precursors of heart disease and stroke to profoundly elevate the risk of developing these conditions. However, as scientists learn more about the changes that occur in aging blood vessels, they are making some key discoveries. For instance, in some people these changes occur at an accelerated rate; in others, they occur much more slowly than average. This suggests that how well your arteries perform as you get older depends on a series of complex interactions among age, disease, lifestyle, and genetics, Dr. Lakatta says. In any case, epidemiological studies have consistently shown that people with the greatest amount of arterial stiffening and thickening are at the highest risk for developing stroke, heart attack, and other cardiovascular events.
But investigators also now know that several of these changes, such as arterial stiffening and thickening, don't occur to the same extent in all people. In fact, studies strongly suggest that exercise, good nutrition, and emerging drug therapies can slow the aging of the blood vessels, even among people who are genetically at risk. These interventions could delay or prevent the onset of cardiovascular diseases in many older people.
We're moving into an era when it will be imperative to find out what your blood vessels are like before clinical disease sets in so that, if necessary, appropriate measures can be taken to keep your cardiovascular system as healthy as possible," Dr. Lakatta says.
In Search of a Connection
So, what made scientists think there might be a connection between stiffening and thickening of arteries and heart function? It goes back to what they have learned in the past few decades, partly through NIA's Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. By comparing younger and older volunteers, scientists have been able to put together a picture of what happens both in the heart and in the blood vessels as people age.
The heart, they have learned, adjusts in many subtle and interconnecting ways: It develops thicker walls, and it fills with blood and pumps the blood out in a different pattern and even by somewhat different mechanisms than when young. But it is also becoming clear that many of these adjustments are made in response to changes in the structure of the aging blood vessels, particularly the arteries. For instance, NIA studies show that among those with the stiffest arteries, heart walls are thicker.
To picture how these and other changes influence cardiovascular health, imagine an animated computer graphic of the arteries at, say, age 25, when the walls are still fairly smooth, slick, and compliant. As the heart contracts, the aortic valve opens and blood is pumped into the aorta, the largest artery in the body, and flows up toward the neck, where the carotid artery branches off to take blood to the head and brain, and then down toward the rest of the body. When the aorta receives the rushing pulse of blood from the heart, it also receives pressure spreading from the walls of the heart to its own walls. This pressure travels along the aorta's walls in wave after wave until it reaches the walls of the smaller branching arteries that take the blood to the rest of the body. There, the speed of these pressure waves—known as pulse wave velocity—slows, and some are sent back through the aorta walls, becoming what are called wave reflections.
Now, add 50 years to this picture. The arteries, including the aorta, grow stiffer and dilate; their walls become thicker, their diameter larger. As a result, the stiffer vessels no longer expand and contract as much as they once did with each heart beat. Eventually, the opposition to the flow of blood by the stiffer aorta walls increases significantly.
Along the walls of the stiffer aorta, the pressure waves move more rapidly, and as a result, the wave reflections occur sooner than they did before. The timing of the wave reflection, in fact, is one of the effects of arterial stiffness that can be measured noninvasively. Epidemiological studies using these measures have determined that high aortic pulse wave velocity (aPWV) is an independent predictor of arterial stiffness and cardiovascular disease and death.
As the walls of the large arteries become stiffer, diastolic blood pressure tends to drop and systolic blood pressure rises. The difference between these two numbers is called pulse pressure. High pulse pressure—greater than 60 millimeters of mercury—is associated with greater thickening and stiffening of arterial walls. In turn, arterial stiffening and thickening contribute to increased pulse pressure. Many studies have found that elevated pulse pressure is also an important risk factor for stroke and heart attack.
Next, picture the effects of movement—when a person sits up, stands up, or begins to walk or run—the heart rate increases and blood pressure changes. A group of pressure sensitive nerves in the base of the carotid artery respond by sending a message to the brain. The brain in turn sends a message back to the heart, which changes its rate and strength of contraction. This arterial/brain/heart message system is called the baroreceptor response. Blood vessels also dilate to allow for the extra blood flow. In addition, blood is turned away temporarily from those organs that don't need it (for instance, the stomach), so that more can be delivered to the working muscles.
In the older picture, the baroreceptor response is blunted with age, perhaps as a result of stiffer arteries. Also, at maximum exercise, the large arteries do not dilate as much as in the younger picture. In essence, this age-related stiffening impedes pulsing blood flow from the heart and places an increased workload on the heart.
As the blood moves into the smaller arteries, the hydraulics change. The pulse smoothes out, the flow becomes more steady. The opposition to this steady flow is known as peripheral vascular resistance or PVR; so far studies show that among men, resting PVR does not change with normal aging, but that it does rise somewhat in women. PVR is actually elevated in people who have high diastolic blood pressure, but is also elevated, to a lesser extent, in people who have high systolic and nearly normal diastolic blood pressure. This condition, called systolic hypertension, is so common that a person age 55 or older has about a 65 percent chance of developing it. However, PVR is not usually directly measured outside of a research laboratory setting because of the complexities involved. Instead, physicians monitor diastolic blood pressure. If it remains steady or increases rather than dropping in the presence of aortic stiffening, it's a sign of elevated PVR. (See The Nitty Gritty of High Blood Pressure.)
Inside Every Artery...
Scientists are still sorting out why these aging changes in blood pressure and PVR occur and what can be done to prevent them.But one key focal point of research is the inner workings of the arterial wall.
At first glance a large artery resembles a simple rubber tube. But like many first impressions, this is a bit deceiving. The arterial wall is actually comprised of three intricate layers of tissue. The innermost layer, closest to the blood, is called the intima. The part of the intima nearest to the blood is a single layer of specialized cells, called endothelial cells, which sits atop the sub-endothelial space and a wall called the basement membrane. These endothelial cells act as a barrier to prevent certain substances from entering the vessel wall through the intima. Endothelial cells sense mechanical signals, such as blood pressure and flow, and chemical signals, such as oxygen tension, and temperature. In reaction to these signals, they secrete proteins called cytokines and chemokines as well as growth factors and other substances that help regulate the structure and function of the arteries.
The smooth muscle cells in the media, the middle layer of the artery, are surrounded by a network of fibers primarily made of two proteins, collagen and elastin. The elastin forms concentric rings within the vessel wall. The outermost layer, the aventitia, is composed of connective tissue and small blood vessels that feed the walls of large arteries. Together, these three layers of artery wall surround the lumen, the opening that blood flows through on its journey throughout the body. With age, each of these layers change in complex ways.
...Time Takes its Toll
Aging, for instance, triggers thickening of the intima and stiffening of the arterial walls. This occurs, in part, because of a fierce molecular struggle.
Healthy endothelial cells produce nitric oxide, an important signaling molecule that helps keep arteries supple. When nitric oxide enters a cell, it stimulates a biochemical process that relaxes and dilates blood vessels. Nitric oxide also helps keep atherosclerosis in check by preventing platelets and white blood cells from sticking to the blood vessel walls. The molecule also can curb the abnormal growth of vascular muscle, which can thicken blood vessel walls.
But unhealthy endothelial cells are a different story. In these cells, nitric oxide regulation is impaired. To make nitric oxide, endothelial cells need L-arginine, an amino acid that is one of the basic building blocks of proteins, and an enzyme called nitric oxide synthase (NOS). Normally, endothelial cells have plenty of L-arginine and NOS. But NOS is often in short supply in aging blood vessels. In addition, people who have heart disease or who are at high risk of developing it produce a modified amino acid called asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA). ADMA blocks the production of nitric oxide from L-arginine. Even if sufficient amounts of nitric oxide are produced, it can be inactivated by oxygen free radicals, unstable molecules that injure vascular tissue. In any case,without adequate levels of biologically available nitric oxide, endothelial cells in the intima can't function properly. In fact, some researchers consider decreased availability of nitric oxide in the endothelium as one of the earliest signs of arterial aging and a pathological sign of atherosclerosis and high blood pressure. However, much of this complex process remains a mystery and scientists continue to explore precisely how nitric oxide production and bioavailability affect blood vessels.
But they do know that endothelial cells depend on nitric oxide to help subdue the production of oxygen free radicals. Nitric oxide molecules can eradicate some of these free radicals, but in the process they also destroy themselves. This leaves less nitric oxide available to help endothelial cells keep arteries in tiptop shape.
Angiotensin II, a growth factor involved in this process, is more prevalent in aging arteries. In addition to increasing free radical production, angiotensin II decreases nitric oxide production and stimulates blood vessel inflammation. It also can cause vessels to tighten and raise blood pressure, forcing the heart to work harder.
Much of angiotensin II's damage is done in partnership with an enzyme called NADPH oxidase, the primary source of free radicals in the arteries. After angiotensin II activates it, NADPH oxidase causes an increase in production of superoxide, a free radical. Superoxide binds with nitric oxide to create an even more potent free radical called peroxynitrite. Peroxynitrite then binds to proteins and nitrites, harming them. Like other free radical processes, this chain of events steals bioavailable nitric oxide away from endothelial cells, leaving them more vulnerable to damage. But the impact of angiotensin II isn't limited to the intima. It also has an important role in age-associated alterations of the media, the middle layer of the arterial wall.
In addition to depleting nitric oxide, free radicals can damage the membranes and DNA of endothelial cells in the intima and smooth muscle cells in the media. Free radical damage is one of many things that can induce some of these cells to stop functioning, shrink, and ultimately die in a process known as apoptosis. Apoptosis may contribute to the decline in cardiovascular health as we age. Free radicals also can oxidize proteins, altering their structure and function. As a result, these proteins can't work properly, and this can trigger a cascade of cellular alterations that promote stiffening and thickening of arterial walls and contribute to atherosclerotic plaque build up.
SIDEBAR: The Nitty Gritty of High Blood Pressure
When we talk about blood pressure, what we're actually referring to is the pressure within the aorta and the large arteries that connect to it. Blood pressure is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) and recorded as two numbers. Systolic blood pressure (the top number in a blood pressure reading) is the maximum pressure that occurs in the blood vessels when the heart contracts. As the heart relaxes between beats, the pressure dissipates. This low pressure is measured as diastolic (the bottom number) blood pressure.
Systolic blood pressure is largely determined by the stiffness of the arteries and the amount of blood pumped through them during a heart beat. Many doctors once believed that as we got older our bodies needed increased systolic blood pressure to push blood through stiffened arteries. But researchers now know that this increase is not normal, and that high blood pressure at any age significantly increases the risk of heart attack, strokes, and kidney failure.
Today, most experts recommend that blood pressure not exceed 120/80 mmHg. Smoking, high cholesterol, and diabetes can elevate the risk of developing high blood pressure. Check your blood pressure regularly. If it is elevated, talk with your doctor. Exercise, dietary changes and, in some cases, medication can make a difference.
Stuck in the Middle with You
With age, some smooth muscle cells in the media die causing the remaining ones to work harder and grow larger. Over time, other alterations cause some smooth muscle cells to stop contracting as usual. Instead, these cells begin producing excessive amounts of proteins and other matrix substances, creating an imbalance of elastin and collagen in the media. As the amount of collagen increases in the blood vessel wall, it tends to bind to glucose molecules, forming crosslinks known as advanced glycation end products (AGES). This process, which has been compared to what happens as turkey is roasted in an oven, is slow and complex. But as more AGES form, the collagen strands in the media turn brown, become crosslinked, and become less supple. Age takes its toll on elastin, too. It becomes overloaded with calcium, stretches out, and eventually ruptures, further eroding an artery's flexibility.
Scientists studying this process are particularly intrigued by matrix metalloprotease-2 (MMP2), an enzyme activated by angiotensin II as well as many other signals. Although many of its functions are unclear, studies in rodents, monkeys, and humans suggest MMP2 helps break down key components of the basement membrane, the barrier that separates the intima from the media in artery walls. MMP2, in conjunction with angiotensin II, also activates other growth factors, such as transforming growth factor, which might stimulate collagen and cell growth, the development of fibrous tissue, and contribute to thickening of the intima. In addition, this combination of MMP2 and angiotensin II activates PDGF-B, a growth factor, which acts as an attractant that lures smooth muscle cells to migrate from the media to the intima.
But in smaller blood vessels, the activity of PDGF-B and other growth factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), tend to decline with age. These growth factors play an important role in a process called angiogenesis that leads to the development of new small blood vessels. In some cases, angiogenesis can stimulate the growth of new collateral small vessels around narrow spots or blockages in the arteries that threaten to reduce blood flow to the heart. As we age, however, this process switches off. Enzymes that break down collagen also seem to be involved in this process and are less active as we get older. Scientists are still unraveling why this happens, but as age-associated changes and damage accumulate in endothelial cells, they secrete less of the critical growth factors needed for angiogenesis. Angiogenesis also depends, in part, on the availability of nitric oxide, which declines with age. In addition, there appears to be an age-associated decrease in the number of endothelial progenitor cells. These adult stem cells are produced in the bone marrow and circulate in the bloodstream.
Under certain circumstances, endothelial progenitor cells can differentiate into endothelial cells, which are needed to form new blood vessels or repair damaged ones. In essence, progenitor cells are the "mothers" of "daughter" endothelial cells. As the number of progenitor cells declines, angiogenesis is less likely to occur. Researchers are investigating ways, such as gene and cell therapy, to reactivate angiogenesis in older people who have cardiovascular disease. But scientists have much to learn about the safety and efficacy of these techniques. (See Can Gene Therapy Be Used to Treat Heart Problems?)
From Balloon to Bicycle Tire
Scientists are still piecing together how, or even if, many of these various processes interact. But they do know that, as the result of these and other age associated changes in large arteries, the endothelial barrier in the intima becomes more porous. Some of the signals these cells transmit to the smooth muscle cells in the media become garbled. In turn, these smooth muscle cells can mistakenly perceive that an injury has occurred. They move into the intima, multiply, and produce collagen and other molecules. In reaction, the endothelial cells produce substances that send signals to circulating blood cells to help out in the repair process. Unfortunately, in their effort to help, blood cells stick to endothelial cells instead of flowing smoothly through the blood vessel. The net impact of these interactions is that the intimal-media layer thickens, contributes to arterial stiffness, and creates a fertile environment for the development of atherosclerosis in aging arteries.
The cumulative effect of all these age-related changes can be boiled down to this: the ability of larger blood vessels to expand and contract diminishes, the lumen enlarges, and the arterial walls thicken. The result is "hardened"or stiffened arteries that set the stage for the onset of high blood pressure, elevated pulse wave velocity, atherosclerosis, and other precursors of cardiovascular disease. The more severe the effects of aging are on the blood vessels, the easier it is for atherosclerosis, hypertension, and other processes to do damage and, in turn, have an effect on the rate of aging in the vessels. Smoking, lack of exercise, a poor diet, and obesity also can exacerbate these effects.
It's this cycle, with age as the principal instigator, which gradually helps change youthful and healthy blood vessels into old and potentially diseased ones. In a sense, this progression transforms a young person's arteries, which are like soft latex balloons, into the equivalent of rigid, bulky bicycle tires in later life.
However, arterial stiffness and intimal-media thickening occur at varying rates in different people. Studies suggest that the rate of both of these age related changes predict stroke, heart disease, and other cardiovascular problems. For example, in one large study that followed healthy volunteers who had no previous symptoms of heart disease, those who had the greatest amount of intimal-media thickening were four times more likely to develop cardiovascular conditions over the next 7 years compared to those with the least arterial thickening. Similarly, studies have shown that healthy people with the stiffest blood vessels were three times more apt to develop high blood pressure over a 5-year span than those with more pliable vessels. In yet another large-scale study, involving 3,075 healthy older people, those who had the highest pulse wave velocity (PWV)—a measure of arterial stiffness—were three times more likely to die of cardiovascular disease than those who had the lowest PWVs.
"Clearly, many people of middle and advanced age whom we once thought of as healthy actually aren't," Dr. Lakatta says. "It is becoming more apparent that changes in the aging circulatory system, even among those who don't have outward symptoms, precede and predict a higher risk of developing cardiovascular diseases. The greater these changes are, the greater is the risk for getting these diseases."
Can Gene Therapy be Used to Treat Heart Problems?
The NIH has been on the cutting edge of this research. More than a decade ago, for instance, cardiovascular investigators began experimenting with ways to increase the supply of certain growth factors through gene therapy. If more growth factors could be produced, scientists theorized they might stimulate angiogenesis—the growth of new small blood vessels called capillaries.
Knowing the genes that code for the growth factors, the investigators found ways to add copies of these genes to heart muscle. To get genes to the myocytes, they engineered molecular delivery trucks called vectors for the genes. These vectors, made from inactivated adenoviruses—the same viral culprits that cause the common cold—were injected into rats. Scientists hoped the vectors would unload their DNA cargo, which then would begin producing the proteins needed to induce capillary growth. And in this experiment, that's exactly what happened. One of the vectors worked.
More recently, scientists successfully used gene therapy in older rats to increase the activity of the gene that produces calcium pump proteins on sarcoplasmic reticulum, the cellular storage bin for calcium. This therapy significantly improved heart muscle contraction in these rodents. In another animal study, researchers at The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine in Baltimore used gene therapy to convert a small region of guinea pig heart muscle tissue into specialized pace making cells. Potentially, this technique could one day lead to the development of genetically engineered, biological pacemakers to replace implantable electronic devices. However, scientists must overcome many technical challenges before gene therapy will be a practical approach to treating disease.
New Blood Test May Help Doctors Detect Emerging Heart Disease
The test measures levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), a substance produced in the liver, which is often elevated in people who have rheumatoid arthritis and other diseases that cause chronic inflammation. Several studies have indicated that increased blood levels of CRP in otherwise healthy people are associated with an increased risk of heart attack, stroke, and other cardiovascular problems.
Scientists are still investigating whether CRP is merely an indicator of inflammation or if it has an active role in this process. In any case, cardiovascular risk factors such as excessive weight, diabetes, and a sedentary lifestyle are associated with high CRP blood levels. Healthy people with CRP levels less than 1 milligram per liter of blood are considered at the lowest risk of a cardiovascular event in the next 10 years. Depending on medical history and other factors, a person at intermediate risk—1 to 3 milligrams of CRP per liter of blood—could have up to a 20 percent risk of having a heart attack in the next decade. Those with CRP levels of 3 milligrams or more per liter have the highest risk.
However, researchers stress that inflammation is just one of many factors that could increase your risk of cardiovascular disease as you get older. To date no evidence has emerged to suggest that treating people for elevated CRP alone improves survival or reduces cardiovascular complications. For now, detection and treatment of more well-established risk factors, such as high blood pressure and high blood cholesterol, remains a greater priority.
But some treatments for these other risk factors could help lower CRP. The same lifestyle changes, for instance, that help lower cholesterol—regular exercise, a healthy diet, weight loss, and quitting smoking—can also help reduce inflammation. Aspirin and other drugs, including cholesterol-lowering medications such as statins, can decrease CRP levels as well.
Keeping Your Arteries Healthy
The well-being of your arteries depends on a healthy endothelium, the inner lining of your blood vessels.
"Endothelial cells are the prima donnas within the blood vessels. They control almost every activity that occurs in the vessels, and they're fundamentally altered with age," Dr. Lakatta says. "People who maintain a healthy endothelium as they get older and those who make an effort to do things that promote the repair of injured endothelium can reduce the risk of heart attacks and strokes caused by atherosclerosis or hypertension."
Although scientists still have much to learn about the endothelium and what can be done to keep it healthy, a number of studies suggest that certain modifiable risk factors can have an important impact on the cardiovascular system. For instance, regular moderate exercise, such as running, walking, or swimming can reduce body fat, increase lean muscle mass, decrease blood pressure, increase HDL cholesterol (the "good" cholesterol) levels, and lessen the extent of arterial stiffening. All of these exercise-induced changes can have a positive influence on endothelial cells. (See Exercise: Your Heart's Best Friend)
In addition, scientists have long known that tobacco smoke contains numerous toxic compounds, such as carbon monoxide, that promote endothelial cell damage. Smoking also increases blood pressure and heart rate. Free radicals in smoke slash the amount of nitric oxide available in the blood stream .Nitric oxide, as you may recall, is a signaling molecule that helps keep arteries pliable. Because nicotine causes narrowing of blood vessels, less oxygen is transported to the heart. If you smoke, blood platelets become stickier and are more apt to form clots in your arteries.
As we mentioned earlier, high blood pressure—hypertension—causes blood vessels to thicken, diminishes production of nitric oxide, promotes blood clotting, and contributes to the development of atherosclerotic plaques in the arteries. Blood pressure is considered high when systolic pressure exceeds 140 mmHg and when diastolic blood pressure is higher than 90mmHg.
Excessive weight increases the risk of high blood pressure and can increase the likelihood that you'll have high blood triglycerides and low HDL cholesterol, Dr. Lakatta says. Being overweight can also increase the probability you'll develop insulin resistance, a precursor of diabetes. (See Metabolic Syndrome Accelerates Aging of Arteries)
Diabetes, a disease in which the body does not produce or properly use insulin, becomes more common as we age. In fact, nearly half of all cases are diagnosed after age 55. Atherosclerosis develops earlier and is more aggressive in people who have diabetes. In part, this occurs because diabetes causes the endothelium to produce excessive amounts of superoxide anion, a free radical that destroys nitric oxide. People age 65 and older who have diabetes are nearly four times more likely than those who don't to develop peripheral vascular disease, a condition that clogs the arteries that carry blood to the legs or arms. And, cardiovascular diseases and stroke are leading causes of diabetes related deaths. If you suspect you have or are at risk for diabetes, check with your doctor. Symptoms include increased thirst, increased hunger, fatigue, increased urination—especially at night, unexplained weight loss, blurred vision, and slow healing of wounds and sores.
Researchers have also found that stress reduction techniques, such as taking a walk, practicing yoga, or deep breathing are important to cardiovascular health. Emotional stress triggers the release of adrenaline from the adrenal gland and noradrenaline from the nerve endings in your heart and blood vessels. These hormones make the heart beat faster and adversely affect blood vessels. Under stress, an older person's blood pressure rises more rapidly and stays higher longer than a younger person's because the older person's blood vessels are stiffer and have lost much of their elasticity.
SIDEBAR: Exercise: Your Heart's Best Friend
In one of her better-known gags, comic Ellen DeGeneres quips, "My grandmother started walking five miles a day when she was 60. Now she's 97 years old and we don't know where the heck she is."
Funny, yes. But regular physical exercise is no joke. In fact, it may be the most important thing a person can do to fend off heart disease, stroke, and other age-associated diseases. Emerging scientific evidence suggests that people who exercise regularly not only live longer, they live better.
Scientists have long known that regular exercise causes certain changes in the hearts of younger people: Resting heart rate is lower, heart mass is higher, and stroke volume is higher than in their sedentary counterparts. These differences make the heart a better pump. Evidence now suggests these changes occur even when exercise training begins later in life, at age 60 or 70, for instance. In other words, you don't lose the ability to become better physically conditioned. In addition, several studies have shown that exercise not only helps reduce debilitating symptoms such as breathlessness and fatigue in people who have heart failure, it also prolongs life.
Exercise training may be effective because it appears to improve the function of virtually every cell in the cardiovascular system. Animal studies, for instance, suggest that regular aerobic workouts help heart muscle cells remove calcium from their inner fluid at a faster rate after a contraction. This improved calcium cycling allows the heart to relax more and fill with more blood between beats.
Exercise also improves blood vessel elasticity and endothelial function, in part, by blocking the production of damaging free radicals and maintaining the production of nitric oxide, an important signaling molecule that helps protect the inner layer of the arteries. Together, these changes can slow the progression of atherosclerosis and other age-related cardiovascular conditions.
Endurance exercises such as brisk walking increase your stamina and improve the health of your heart, lungs, and circulatory system. But other exercises are equally important to maintaining health and self-reliance as you get older. Strength exercises, for instance, build muscles and reduce your risk of osteoporosis. Balance exercises help prevent a major cause of disability in older adults: falls. Flexibility or stretching exercises help keep your body limber. As part of a daily routine, these exercises and other physical activities you enjoy can make a difference in your life as you get older.
SIDEBAR: Metabolic Syndrome Accelerates Aging of Arteries
Many older Americans have high blood pressure or high blood sugar or just a bit too much fat on the belly. While each of these conditions alone is bad enough, having all of these conditions at once—a cluster called metabolic syndrome—magnifies the risk of developing heart disease and stroke. And NIA scientists may have discovered a reason why: Metabolic syndrome appears to accelerate stiffening and thickening of the arteries.
Metabolic syndrome—also known as syndrome X or insulin resistance syndrome—may affect as many as 47 million Americans, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). After age 50, a person has a better than one in three chance of developing this group of medical conditions characterized by insulin resistance and the presence of obesity, abdominal fat, high blood sugar and triglycerides, low HDL (good) blood cholesterol, and high blood pressure.
To determine the effects of metabolic syndrome on aging arteries, NIA researchers studied 471 participants—average age 59—in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA). None of these participants had any detectable signs of cardiovascular disease when initially examined. But those who had three or more conditions associated with metabolic syndrome developed stiffer and thicker arteries at earlier ages than those who didn't have the syndrome.
"It's as if the metabolic syndrome makes your blood vessels older," says Angelo Scuteri, MD, PhD, an investigator at the NIA's Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science. "If you have metabolic syndrome, when you are 40 your arteries look like they are 55 or 60."
As this work moves forward, scientists hope they can determine how metabolic syndrome promotes accelerated aging in the arteries and perhaps discover ways to prevent or treat it.
Healthy Foods, Healthy Arteries: Is There a Connection?
What you eat can help keep your heart and arteries healthy—or lead to excessive weight, high blood pressure, and high blood cholesterol—three key factors that increase the risk of developing cardiovascular disease, according to the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Based on the best available scientific evidence, the American Heart Association (AHA) recommends a diet that includes a variety of fruits, vegetables, and grains, while limiting consumption of saturated fat and sodium.
Fruits and vegetables have lots of antioxidants such as vitamin C and vitamin A that neutralize free radicals and may prevent oxidation in the arteries, dietary experts say. Fruits and vegetables also contain plenty of soluble fiber, a substance that has been shown to reduce blood cholesterol levels, which is healthy for the endothelium.
Breads, cereals, and other grain foods, which provide complex carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, and fiber, are associated with a decreased risk of cardiovascular disease, according to the AHA Dietary Guidelines. However, some studies suggest eating less sugar, breads, and other simple and complex carbohydrates can lower blood insulin levels and decrease body fat and weight—three factors that are linked to an increased risk of heart disease and stroke. In recent years, a number of dietary recommendations based on these findings have become popular and are currently catching the public's awareness. While contentious, these are important issues and long-term studies are required to determine the risks and benefits of such diets, Dr. Lakatta says.
Saturated fats are usually solid at room temperature. These fats are primarily found in animal foods like meat, poultry, and dairy products like butter. Saturated fats tend to raise levels of "bad" low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and increase the risk of atherosclerosis. In fact, within 2 hours of eating a high saturated fat meal, endothelial cells don't work as well. Such meals can cause a temporary 50 percent dip in endothelial function, even in healthy young people who have no risk factors for atherosclerosis, Dr. Lakatta says.
In addition to saturated fats, some scientists are concerned about trans-fatty acids—unsaturated fats that have been artificially solidified by food manufacturers in a process called hydrogenation to make products like margarine and vegetable shortenings. These scientists suspect that trans-fatty acids, which are often described as hydrogenated or partially hydrogenated fats on many food labels, are more damaging to the heart and arteries than saturated fats.
But researchers have found other types of fats may be beneficial. Monounsaturated fats, found mainly in plant foods such as peanuts and olives, help lower LDL cholesterol. Like polyunsaturated fats, monounsaturated fats are usually liquid at room temperature. Polyunsaturated fats, found in fish, nuts, and dark leafy vegetables, have been getting a lot of attention from scientists in the past few years. They've concluded that one type of polyunsaturated fat—omega-3 fatty acid—found in fish may promote several things that improve endothelial function, including increasing nitric oxide production, slashing the production of free radicals and other substances that cause inflammation, and boosting HDL cholesterol levels. Fish such as salmon, herring, and mackerel are good sources of omega-3s.
Control over the condition of our arteries may also lie in how much salt we consume. In cultures where little sodium (in the form of salt) is consumed, blood pressures do not rise with age. Cultural differences have also been found in arterial stiffness. One study compared rural and urban populations in China. The urban population consumed much higher levels of sodium than the rural groups. And they had stiffer arteries. Other researchers found that sodium appears to accelerate age-associated stiffening of arteries. In particular, sodium promotes thickening of aging arterial walls, reduces the amount of nitric oxide available to endothelial cells, and promotes the formation of oxygen free radicals. But shifting to a low sodium diet, research suggests, can begin to diminish arterial stiffness in as little as 2 weeks.
Most of the sodium in your diet comes from processed foods. The remaining is added at the table and while cooking. Scientists who study this issue suggest limiting the amount of sodium that you consume from all these sources to no more than 1,500 milligrams (mg) each day (an average American adult consumes about 3,300 milligrams daily). They recommend reading food labels carefully and buying foods that say "reduced sodium," "low in sodium," "sodium free," or "no salt added." Some dietitians suggest seasoning foods with herbs and spices like oregano, onion powder, or garlic instead of sodium.
Scientists suspect the more lifestyle changes, including diet and exercise, you can incorporate into your life, the better off your arteries will be, because these interventions work independently as well as in unison to promote the vitality of endothelial cells and contribute to reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease.


text:
3 See now, the Lord,
the Lord Almighty,
is about to take from Jerusalem and Judah
both supply and support:
all supplies of food and all supplies of water,
2 the hero and the warrior,
the judge and the prophet,
the diviner and the elder,
3 the captain of fifty and the man of rank,
the counselor, skilled craftsman and clever enchanter.
4 "I will make mere youths their officials;
children will rule over them."
5 People will oppress each other—
man against man, neighbor against neighbor.
The young will rise up against the old,
the nobody against the honored.
6 A man will seize one of his brothers
in his father's house, and say,
"You have a cloak, you be our leader;
take charge of this heap of ruins!"
7 But in that day he will cry out,
"I have no remedy.
I have no food or clothing in my house;
do not make me the leader of the people."
8 Jerusalem staggers,
Judah is falling;
their words and deeds are against the Lord,
defying his glorious presence.
9 The look on their faces testifies against them;
they parade their sin like Sodom;
they do not hide it.
Woe to them!
They have brought disaster upon themselves.
10 Tell the righteous it will be well with them,
for they will enjoy the fruit of their deeds.
11 Woe to the wicked!
Disaster is upon them!
They will be paid back
for what their hands have done.
12 Youths oppress my people,
women rule over them.
My people, your guides lead you astray;
they turn you from the path.
13 The Lord takes his place in court;
he rises to judge the people.
14 The Lord enters into judgment
against the elders and leaders of his people:
"It is you who have ruined my vineyard;
the plunder from the poor is in your houses.
15 What do you mean by crushing my people
and grinding the faces of the poor?"
declares the Lord, the Lord Almighty.
16 The Lord says,
"The women of Zion are haughty,
walking along with outstretched necks,
flirting with their eyes,
strutting along with swaying hips,
with ornaments jingling on their ankles.
17 Therefore the Lord will bring sores on the heads of the women of Zion;
the Lord will make their scalps bald."
18 In that day the Lord will snatch away their finery: the bangles and headbands and crescent necklaces, 19 the earrings and bracelets and veils, 20 the headdresses and anklets and sashes, the perfume bottles and charms, 21 the signet rings and nose rings, 22 the fine robes and the capes and cloaks, the purses 23 and mirrors, and the linen garments and tiaras and shawls.
24 Instead of fragrance there will be a stench;
instead of a sash, a rope;
instead of well-dressed hair, baldness;
instead of fine clothing, sackcloth;
instead of beauty, branding.
25 Your men will fall by the sword,
your warriors in battle.
26 The gates of Zion will lament and mourn;
destitute, she will sit on the ground.
4 1 In that day seven women
will take hold of one man
and say, "We will eat our own food
and provide our own clothes;
only let us be called by your name.
Take away our disgrace!"
2 In that day the Branch of the Lord will be beautiful and glorious, and the fruit of the land will be the pride and glory of the survivors in Israel. 3 Those who are left in Zion, who remain in Jerusalem, will be called holy, all who are recorded among the living in Jerusalem. 4 The Lord will wash away the filth of the women of Zion; he will cleanse the bloodstains from Jerusalem by a spirit[a] of judgment and a spirit[b] of fire. 5 Then the Lord will create over all of Mount Zion and over those who assemble there a cloud of smoke by day and a glow of flaming fire by night; over everything the glory[c] will be a canopy. 6 It will be a shelter and shade from the heat of the day, and a refuge and hiding place from the storm and rain.
6 Brothers and sisters, if someone is caught in a sin, you who live by the Spirit should restore that person gently. But watch yourselves, or you also may be tempted. 2 Carry each other's burdens, and in this way you will fulfill the law of Christ. 3 If anyone thinks they are something when they are not, they deceive themselves. 4 Each one should test their own actions. Then they can take pride in themselves alone, without comparing themselves to someone else, 5 for each one should carry their own load. 6 Nevertheless, the one who receives instruction in the word should share all good things with their instructor.
7 Do not be deceived: God cannot be mocked. A man reaps what he sows. 8 Whoever sows to please their flesh, from the flesh will reap destruction; whoever sows to please the Spirit, from the Spirit will reap eternal life. 9 Let us not become weary in doing good, for at the proper time we will reap a harvest if we do not give up. 10 Therefore, as we have opportunity, let us do good to all people, especially to those who belong to the family of believers.
11 See what large letters I use as I write to you with my own hand!
12 Those who want to impress people by means of the flesh are trying to compel you to be circumcised. The only reason they do this is to avoid being persecuted for the cross of Christ. 13 Not even those who are circumcised keep the law, yet they want you to be circumcised that they may boast about your circumcision in the flesh. 14 May I never boast except in the cross of our Lord Jesus Christ, through which[a] the world has been crucified to me, and I to the world. 15 Neither circumcision nor uncircumcision means anything; what counts is the new creation. 16 Peace and mercy to all who follow this rule—to[b] the Israel of God.
17 From now on, let no one cause me trouble, for I bear on my body the marks of Jesus.
18 The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with your spirit, brothers and sisters. Amen.
Copyright © 1973, 1978, 1984, 2011 by Biblica

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Aclima WoolNet Crew Neck is a vest made of wool mesh. The mesh structure provides superb breathability, perfect for changing levels activity. Heat and moisture are allowed to escape and you will avoid unpleasant odors and keep dry.
Incredibly lightweight and comfortable to wear.Sides, shoulders and wrists made with rib, for nice fit and comfort. Pre-treated with Total Easy Care (TEC) which makes it itch and shrink free.
Suitable for medium activity level which require additional insulation, such as hunting, hiking and cross country skiing.
Materials: 91% merino wool, 7% polyamide, 2% elastane.


text:
IUHA Regular Peeka Leather The Modern Satchel Bags 2-way Handbag Crossbody BagsCamel Camel -
Regular Peekaboo Leather
Size: 11.8\"L x9.1\"H X 4.3\"W
Hand drop6\", Removable, Adjustable Shoulder Strap51\"
Fabric lining with interior wall zip pocket buckle closure
The picture might have a little color difference due to different light, different monitor. The picture is only for reference. Measurement varies by less than 0.8 inch. Each product from the manufacturer may differ slightly in size and color because of reproduction. The length of handbag measures the longest section of the handbag if the top and bottom length is differ.


text:
Looking for a different offer?
Offers vary by location. Enter your address to view all exclusive offers for your home.
Complete offer, savings and restriction details:
◊ To qualify for the contract buyout program, a customer must order and install a qualifying Triple Play or limited Double Play promotion; offers not available in all areas. Offer available to qualifying customers only who have no outstanding obligations to Charter. Check amount will be determined by the early termination fee on the final bill from the previous provider, not to exceed $500. For contract buyout qualifications, go to Spectrum.com/buyout.


text:
Discover secrets like...
Eat, Drink & Meet
The best place to find restaurants, pubs, bars & cafes as well as places for functions and parties in your locality
What's on Locally
Comprehensive and up-to-date event listings for what's on locally. All searchable by date, topic or location
Lifestyle & Travel
From shopping, to food, learning, wedding, tradesmen to where to stay and what to see, it's all easy to find
Family Fun
Have children? We have things to do, fresh ideas for kid's activities and what's happening for families
Member Benefits
A independent editorial newsletter about things to do where you are, prize competitions, deals and offers
Wanted: Writers!
CALLING ALL WRITERS! CALLING ALL CRITICS! Our team enjoy special benefits, rewards and status
FREE Promotion
localsecrets brings a varied and adaptable toolkit to marketing. We can provide just the right solution for your unique needs.
Community Support
Sponsorship is a win-win relationship that helps both not-for-profit groups looking for support and business who need promotion.


text:
Pigfarts, Pigfarts, here I come..
Jun 01, 2011
Thank you all for another round of wonderful submissions. You guys definitely make my job difficult! The winner this time, though, is Tumblr user daughterofmetis! Her Starkid-inspired submission (which there were plenty of!) matched the picture perfectly. Congratulations!
What in the world has caused so many mixed reactions in the next picture we want you to caption? You tell us! Leave your best captions in the comments below and visit our Tumblr for more of the other great captions we received this time. What else would you like to see on our Tumblr? We want it to be fan-friendly and a blog that you enjoy visiting. Leave your suggestions in the comments as well!


text:
Shortly before noon Tuesday Ardmore police responded to a 911 call of a gunshot victim in the unit block of Caddo Street.
A 21-year-old man was found in the back seat of a car. According to police reports, the man was described as "unresponsive" but alive. He was air lifted to OU Medical Center in Oklahoma City where he was admitted in critical condition.
Sgt. Ryan Hunnicutt, Ardmore Police Department Public Information Officer, said it appears the gunshot wound was self inflicted. However, crime scene techs were called in to process the scene and the incident remains under investigation.


text:
I am a very loyal customer when it comes to Maybelline. The only makeup I use, is their products. I was overly excited when I saw the new products that were coming out. I was dying to try Falsies Mascara!!! I bought it a few days ago and opened it as soon as I got in the car, but to my disappointment, I was not at all satisfied with this product. It was messy & did not by any means live up to the expectations. I love the idea of the brush, but the product itself was horrible!! I love Maybelline 100% but just this product was really a fail.
CECILIA, KENTUCKY -- I purchased this mascara product on 11-11-11. About 1-2 hours later, my eyeballs were on fire. It felt like acid was burning them. My right eye continued to swell until finally it swelled shut. The pain was unbearable. I called the Poison Control Center and told them what was going on. They took my name and said I needed to go to the Emergency Room immediately. They asked which hospital I was going to and called ahead to the ER.
When I got to the ER, I didn't have to wait but a few minutes. The doctor came in, examined my eye, left the room and came back with some numbing eye drops to help take care of the pain. He informed me that I had Chemical Conjunctivitis, Blephritis and Pink Eye, all caused by the Maybelline VolumExpress. That was 11 (eleven) days ago.
Today, 11-21-11, I saw my Family Doctor. My eyes are still bothering me, especially the right one. It is still draining, still swollen, and crusted together in the mornings. My vision is also blurred. My next step is to get an eye exam to see if I have any permanent eye damage.
What ever happened to the color Charcoal Grey Eye Brow Pencil? I used it for years. It is what matches my hair and skin color. It is just not right, use some thing for years and they take it off the market. BOO TO YOU MAYBELLINE, THAT JUST SUCKS. My mother used that color so what is up? I tried to get in contact with Maybelline and got the run around. Every time I have tried to find it on-line at Maybellines site, they keep coming up with this crayon eye pencil. I don't want a crayon. If I did I would use one out of my grand childs Crayola crayon. Maybelline just lost another customer.
I have used different Maybelline products over the past 30 years. This is the first time that one of the products actually I think I may be allergic to. I put on the colossal volume express waterproof mascara and it looked nice to begin with but within about one hour my eye area started to feel warm until it turned into a burning sensation all around my eye area. I removed the mascara within 2 hours and the burning sensation continued on.
I am not allergic to anything that I am aware of and have used Maybelline products for several years. This is the first time I ever had a reaction but ouch it was very uncomfortable. Maybe it was a bad batch? I know it was the mascara because that was the only new product on my face. I hope Maybelline products gets this information.
NEW YORK, NEW YORK -- Recently I decided to surprise my wife by attempting to buy her some eye shadow for her birthday, something she surely wouldn't expect me to do. I "researched" to find out what products she liked by cleaning the bathroom (this also surprised her). Noting that she was low on eye shadow I went down and got some. When she opened it we found there was no applicator in the box. Since none of the boxes I saw had them I thought this was how they were sold. My wife explained that the product comes with applicators. I e-mailed Maybelline explaining my situation.
In less than 4 hours a customer service representative e-mailed me back asking for the name and address of the store I'd gotten the product from so they could correct the problem. Additionally, she offered me two coupons ($5 each) for my trouble. Since the eye shadow was only about $9, I accepted the offer and within 5 days the coupons arrived in the mail. The representative also said that if I wanted advise on cosmetics for my wife in the future I could always e-mail them for some advise.
A nice personal touch, but next time I'm sticking to the usual normal roses, dinner, and jewelry for her birthday (I gave her some sapphire earrings this time and she said that something like that is enough - no extra surprises necessary!) Maybelline gave excellent customer service here. They promptly responded to a problem, satisfied the customer, and built some customer loyalty for themselves. My wife also went down to pick up some more cosmetics at the store where I got the shadow (Target, Homestead, PA) and noted that the boxes without applicators had been replaced.
I've had my Maybelline Eyelash Curler for over 30-years. It's a great product, but I can't find any of the white refills anymore. I've tried their crummy black, gel refills. They pop out and every time I use my curler, it's a struggle. I've bought other eyelash curlers, but none are as good as my old one. I've read all over the Internet about complaints that Maybelline has received regarding these refills. I don't know why Maybelline won't bring back the old style, even if they only sold them on their website. This is ridiculous!
NEWBURGH, NEW YORK -- I absolutely hate the so-called new and improved black silicone eyelash curler refills. They do not curl my lashes. I saved and cleaned one of my old white rubber refills. Thank goodness I did! Even the old worn-out one worked better than the new ones. Please bring back the white rubber ones. Even at a higher price, it will be worth it.


text:
- Home
- Editor's Desk
- Features
- Columns
- Arts & Culture
- Special Editions
- Advertising
Monday September 24, 2018; 08:28 am EDT
What's the deal?
At the Thursday Deale Farmers Market, a number of Bay Weekly readers have asked what is causing so many trees to turn brown. This year the browning of leaves started in late June and has progressed rapidly. The browning has nothing to do with drought, which some people blame.
The black locust leaf miner is responsible.
Because of the rapid spread, it appears that the insect over-wintered and had an early start on this year's foliage. During the most severe winters, black locust leaf miners are killed. The next year, you can follow the progressive invasion northward from the more southern states. In those years, browning of black locust trees generally does not become visible until late July or early August.
In the Garden
Black locust is a very fast-growing tree and, like most fast-growing trees, has a short life. However, it differs from other short-lived trees in that its wood is very resistant to decay. Farmers have long used black locust for making fence posts, which last 30 to 40 years in the ground. The wood of most fast-growing trees — such as willow, tree of heaven, poplar and so on — decays quickly. The wood of black locust is also different in that it burns slowly and generates very intense heat but leaves few ashes. The wood of the other fast-growing trees burns very quickly and leaves behind lots of ash.
Beekeepers like black locust because the trees' flowers appear at a time when most native species have either already flowered or are about to flower. With the flowers come an abundance of nectar and pollen.
On the downside, black locusts produce an abundance of seeds, creating a weed problem in lawns, pastures and cultivated fields. Month-old seedlings can be controlled by mowing. However, allow the seedling to grow a full year and you'll have to either grub out the roots or use a herbicide. It is not uncommon to see year-old seedlings that have grown three to five feet tall.
Ask Dr. Gouin your questions at [email protected]. All questions will appear in Bay Weekly. Please include your name and address.


text:
By Ian Simpson
WASHINGTON (Reuters) - Washington, D.C.'s Metro mass-transit system on Thursday proposed a $26 billion expansion through 2040 to help drive economic growth in the U.S. capital and its suburbs.
The proposal presented to the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority's board includes a second tunnel under the Potomac River and a new rail tunnel in the center of the District of Columbia.
"The economy of this region wants to grow and the only way to do that is through transit," Metro General Manager and Chief Executive Richard Sarles told reporters after the meeting.
The new plan does not outline how to fund the upgrade, much of which would take place outside the district in Maryland and Virginia. Those neighboring states have long struggled to come up with means to guarantee long-term funding for public transportation.
Metro receives its budget contributions from the District of Columbia, the federal government, Maryland and Virginia. Its rail system, the second-biggest in the United States, handles some 750,000 riders on weekdays, up about 50 percent since 1990, Metro said in its presentation.
Mortimer Downey, who represents the federal government on the board, called the proposal a good start, but said it needed to be sold to the public and policymakers.
Transit plans "are the sound of one hand clapping. We have to have the support of those making the funding decisions," he said.
Expanding and upgrading the system is crucial to underpinning growth, the plan said. Land within a half mile of Metro rail stations accounts for less than 1 percent of the area's land but absorbed 14 percent of job growth between 2004 and 2010, it noted.
The plan in part calls for a Potomac tunnel to be built between Washington's tony Georgetown district and Rosslyn, Virginia. A second new tunnel would run north-south through central Washington, under the National Mall.
The area is expected to add 1.6 million residents in the next 35 years, Sarles said.
"They have to get around and there is no way they are going to do that without mass transit," he added.
The proposal comes as federal spending on mass transit reaches $10.6 billion this year, almost double the 2000 figure, according to data from American Public Transportation Association.
(Reporting by Ian Simpson, Editing by Gary Crosse and Dan Grebler)


text:
Kristin & Brian's Wonderful White Kitchen
Like this entry? Favorite it below!
- Name:
- Kristin and Brian
- Location:
- Los Angeles, CA
- Square Feet:
- 99
- Division:
- Own
- What makes your small kitchen so cool:
- We took a boring, 80's condo kitchen and DIYed as much as we could, which includes an IKEA kitchen with plenty of custom touches. Before it was a kitchen with a peninsula and cabinets overhead that were constantly in the way (so much so that everyone who was in it hit their head on the poorly placed overhead cabinets) and we opened it up and made it a U-shaped kitchen. Also, we wanted it to be a white kitchen without being boring, so we went the extra mile and put in Cambria counter tops and did every drywall surface in subway tile.
- Describe a challenge you've overcome or a smart resource you've found for your kitchen.:
- The door in the middle of the kitchen is not ideal, but we made the best of it by hanging items on the back of the door. This door leads to the back stairwell and out to our garage and we definitely had to keep it there. It's amazing what you can hang on the back of a door! One of the big downfalls of an IKEA kitchen is there's no built-in spice rack option so we hacked our own version (see photos). Our under-cabinet lights are amazing! (http://www.environmentallights.com) They're only 1/4 inch thick which means our light valance was also very slim and allows us to maintain that precious counter-to-cabinet clearance.
- What's your favorite meal to cook here?:
- I love baking anything/everything in this kitchen now that I have the space. I make a strawberry rhubarb crumble recipe that is always gone in a day or two.


text:
Innovative Learning
Anthropology 348: Economy, Nature & Culture. Pete Brown.
A comparative survey and analysis of differing modes of acquisition, allocation and distribution of scarce resources in primarily pre-industrial societies of differing levels of socio-cultural integration and in differing time frames. Fall 2011.
ES 320: Campus Sustainability. Jim Feldman.
This course has two primary themes: 1) sustainability on the UW Oshkosh campus; and 2) the role of the university and of education in the sustainability movement. Students will learn hands-on skills for auditing campus sustainability in a variety of topics, such as transportation patterns, recycling policies, and the university's carbon footprint. In Spring 2010, students conducted an audit of university's waste stream, including a waste sort on Earth Day. $30 special course fee to cover a field trip. Spring 2011.
ES 390: Special Topics: Telling True Stories of Community Development in Nicaragua. Douglas Haynes.
This study abroad course immerses students in community development projects in Nicaragua and prepares students to share these projects' stories by writing narrative nonfiction accounts of their visits. The course includes visits to project sites in rural and urban Nicaragua supported by the non-profit organization Compas de Nicaragua. This organization sponsors Women in Action and the Brothers and Sisters in Reconciliation Farmers' Cooperative, two community groups working on reforestation, organic agriculture, education, health, and food security, among other issues. Site visits will introduce students to these groups' work, involve them in service-learning projects with local people, familiarize them with different approaches to and challenges of community development in Nicaragua, and give them experiences of daily life with host families. Fall interim 2011 (January 2012).
ES 390: Special Topics: Family Farms, Agriculture, & Democracy. Todd Dresser.
This course considers the intertwined histories of the rise of industrial agriculture, the changing nature of democracy, and shifting concerns about the family from the beginning of the 20th century until the present. Spring 2012.
ES 391: Special Topics: Sustainability of Food. Misty McPhee.
Ever wondered why we (as a society) love Twinkies? And Doritos? Why we crave food items that actually contain very little food? In ES 391, Sustainability of Food, we will read Michael Pollan's Omnivore's Dilemma and from there develop a course that will explore the reciprocal influences between our biology of eating (evolution, culture, physiology) and the food-production system. The topics covered and direction of the latter part of the course is completely up to the students. Our goal, however, is to understand how humans' evolutionary history has shaped food preferences and how those preferences impact our ability to develop sustainable, ethical food production systems. Spring 2012.
ES 395: Field Studies in Wisconsin Ecoregions. David Barnhill.
Scientists, natural resource managers, and nature writers all base their work on an in depth and intimate understanding of the natural world. Central to that understanding is knowledge of native and invasive plants, natural communities (such as maple-basswood forest, prairie, and bog), ecoregions, watersheds, and geology. This course is an opportunity for students to get out of the classroom and learn about the ecosystems in our state. The course will begin with a brief in-class introduction to native plants, natural communities, and ecoregions of Wisconsin. Then we will spend nearly three weeks traveling to ecologically rich sites in our state. Spring interim 2011 and 2013.
ES 395: Approaches to Resource Management in Tropical Ecosystems. Bob Pillsbury and Misty McPhee.
A unique field studies course in Belize. Offered every fall interim (January), this three week course examines the rich ecological and cultural diversity of this fascinating country in Central America. Unless you prefer snow to the tropical sunshine. Fall interim (January 2013).
ES 396: Field Studies in Environmental Science: Waterways of Wisconsin. Shannon Davis-Foust.
During this three week field course we will explore the water resources of Wisconsin to learn how to objectively assess the physical, chemical, and biological parameters of water quality. Field sampling to evaluate water quality will be conducted with an emphasis on assessing habitat quality. There will be several overnight trips at field stations and other educational facilities. Proper field attire is strongly encouraged. There is a special course fee to cover transportation and lodging. Enrollment by instructor consent: Shannon Davis-Foust. Spring interim (May) 2012.
Student Research
- Rosendale Farm Study: Students in Paul Van Auken's Rural Sociology course completed a study of the Rosendale Dairy Farm and factory farming in Fox Valley
- Sociology Student Projects fall 2008
- Social Ecology projects fall 2008


text:
By Eric M. Johnson
TACOMA, Washington (Reuters) - A U.S. soldier who pleaded guilty in the shooting deaths of five fellow servicemen at a military counseling center in Iraq faced a court-martial on Monday in which a judge's sentence will hinge greatly upon whether he finds premeditation.
Army Sergeant John Russell pleaded guilty last month to killing two medical staff officers and three soldiers at Camp Liberty, adjacent to the Baghdad airport, in a 2009 shooting the military has said could have been triggered by combat stress.
Russell, who was attached to the 54th Engineer Battalion based in Bamberg, Germany, struck a plea deal to avoid the death penalty in a case that marked one of the worst episodes of soldier-on-soldier violence in the Iraq war.
The court-martial before a military judge at Joint Base Lewis-McChord in Washington state will determine whether Russell acted on impulse, as his defense attorneys argue, or with malice of forethought, as alleged by military prosecutors.
He faces up to life in confinement without the possibility of parole, forfeiture of pay and a dishonorable discharge. At issue in the court martial is whether he "had the ability to premeditate his intention to kill," the judge, Colonel David Conn, said on Monday.
Russell's state of mind has been the focus of legal proceedings over the past year at Lewis-McChord. Defense lawyers said Russell suffered a host of mental ailments after several combat tours and was suicidal before the attack.
Prosecutors said Russell, upset with a healthcare worker, stole a Ford SUV, loaded one 30-round magazine into an M16-A2 rifle, and drove 40 minutes to the stress clinic area.
There, he smoked a cigarette, removed identification tags and the gun's optic, and slipped into the clinic through the back entrance to commit the "five cold-blooded murders."
"He knew everyone in that clinic was unarmed, helpless, and defenseless," an Army prosecutor said during pre-trial hearings, according to court documents obtained by Reuters.
An independent forensic psychiatrist, Dr. Robert Sadoff, concluded that Russell suffered from post-traumatic stress disorder and psychosis at the time of the shootings. Sadoff suggested Russell was provoked to violence by maltreatment at the hands of mental health personnel at Camp Liberty.
"My plan was to kill myself," Russell said during his plea hearing. "I wanted the pain to stop."
Conn ruled on Monday that Sadoff, who relied on another doctor's findings that Russell had "brain abnormalities" in areas that govern behavior and emotion, would not testify. Defense attorneys will argue that brain trauma inhibited Russell's judgment.
The other doctor, University of Pennsylvania psychiatry professor Ruben Gur, testified that two scans taken of Russell's brain at Lewis-McChord well after the shootings showed that regions of his brain key to regulating behavior had "significant abnormalities in brain structure and function."
Gur compared Russell's tests with those of 41 other males to show he was an outlier. An Army prosecutor countered by saying the group's average age was much younger than that of Russell, who is 48 and was on medication at the time.
"The analysis you do is just statistics," said Captain Durwood Johnson, an Army prosecutor.
Conn said afterward that scans done prior to those tests, closer to the time of the attack, did not show the same abnormalities and that he would have to take into consideration that certain conclusions drawn by Gur were "certainly not shared by others."
(Editing by Cynthia Johnston, Doina Chiacu and Dan Grebler)


text:
42 U.S. Code § 287c–11 - Dietary supplements
prev | next
(a) Establishment
The Secretary shall establish an Office of Dietary Supplements within the National Institutes of Health.
(b) Purpose
The purposes of the Office are—
(1) to explore more fully the potential role of dietary supplements as a significant part of the efforts of the United States to improve health care; and
(c) Duties
The Director of the Office of Dietary Supplements shall—
(1) conduct and coordinate scientific research within the National Institutes of Health relating to dietary supplements and the extent to which the use of dietary supplements can limit or reduce the risk of diseases such as heart disease, cancer, birth defects, osteoporosis, cataracts, or prostatism;
(2) collect and compile the results of scientific research relating to dietary supplements, including scientific data from foreign sources or the Office of Alternative Medicine;
(3) serve as the principal advisor to the Secretary and to the Assistant Secretary for Health and provide advice to the Director of the National Institutes of Health, the Director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the Commissioner of Food and Drugs on issues relating to dietary supplements including—
(C) claims characterizing the relationship between—
Source(July 1, 1944, ch. 373, title IV, § 485C, as added Pub. L. 103–417, § 13(a),Oct. 25, 1994, 108 Stat. 4334; amended Pub. L. 109–482, title I, § 103(b)(43),Jan. 15, 2007, 120 Stat. 3688.)
2007—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 109–482struck out heading and text of subsec. (e). Text read as follows: "There are authorized to be appropriated to carry out this section $5,000,000 for fiscal year 1994 and such sums as may be necessary for each subsequent fiscal year."
Effective Date of 2007 Amendment
Amendment by Pub. L. 109–482applicable only with respect to amounts appropriated for fiscal year 2007 or subsequent fiscal years, see section 109 ofPub. L. 109–482, set out as a note under section 281 of this title.
LII has no control over and does not endorse any external Internet site that contains links to or references LII.


text:
Lagothrix cana
|Scope: Global
Language: English
|Scientific Name:
|Lagothrix cana (É. Geoffroy in Humboldt, 1812)
|Infra-specific Taxa Assessed:
Common Name(s):
Lagothrix lagotricha ssp. cana (É. Geoffroy in Humboldt , 1812)
|Taxonomic Notes:
|The taxonomy of Lagothrix is based on Fooden (1963), but follows Groves (2001, 2005) in recognizing cana (E. Geoffroy, 1812), lugens Elliot, 1907, and poeppigii Schinz, 1844 as full species rather than subspecies of lagothricha (Humboldt, 1812).
Lagothrix l. tschudi Pucheran, 1857 was not recognized in the last comprehensive review of Lagothrix taxonomy (Fooden 1963). Fooden (1963) considered it a junior synonym of L. lagotricha cana. The name based on a Peruvian specimen was referred to as L. humboldtii by I. Geoffroy, 1851; report of specimen "indiqué comme originaire de Bolivie". Groves (2001, 2005) recognized Lagothrix cana tschudii as a valid subspecies, but the type locality is not known (Bolivia or Peru).
Cruz Lima (1945) depicted an orange-coloured infant Lagothrix, evidently from a specimen in the Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, and reportedly from the Río Napo. This form was discovered by C. A. Peres in 2002 on the upper Rios Jutaí and Jutaízinho. It was reported by Van Roosmalen (2003), who gave it a latin binomial which, as it was described only on the website, is not valid.
|Red List Category & Criteria:
|Endangered A2cd ver 3.1
|Year Published:
|Date Assessed:
|Boubli, J.-P., Di Fiore, A., Rylands, A.B. & Wallace, R.B.
|Mittermeier, R.A. & Rylands, A.B. (Primate Red List Authority)
This species is listed as Endangered given that at least a 50% population decline is estimated to have occurred over the past 3 generations (45 years) due to heavy deforestation and hunting.
|Previously published Red List assessments:
|Range Description:
|Lagothrix cana cana
Occurs south of the Rio Amazonas-Solimões in Brazil, between the Rio Juruá and the rios Tapajós and Juruena. There are localities on the upper reaches of the Juruena (Fooden 1963), and possibly west extends from there to the Rio Guaporé on the Bolivian border (Wallace et al. 1996). Iwanaga and Ferrari (2002) clarified the southern limits to the range of L. cana in the state of Rondônia. They found that L. cana was absent from all of the sites they surveyed in the interfluvium of the rios Mamoré, Madeira and Jiparaná. It was recorded at two sites on the BR364 highway north of the rios Abunã and Madeira, and it occurs along the right (north) bank of the Rio Jiparaná and its tributary the Rio Pimenta Bueno. They also found it at two localities south of the Rio São Pedro, west of the Rio Pimenta Bueno. The south of Rondônia is a mix of montane and lowland areas and forest and savanna and Iwanaga and Ferrari (2002) concluded that L. cana may be limited in the southernmost part of its range by areas of unsuitable low transitional forest on sandy soils. Lagothrix cana is evidently absent from the Guaporé grasslands and from the right bank of the Rio Abunã in Bolivia (Iwanaga and Ferrari 2002). In Peru, it occurs between the ríos Pachitea and Ucayali and south from the Río Inuya to both sides of the Río Madre de Dios and the Río Tambopata basin, as far as the Río Inambari to the frontier with Bolivia (Aquino and Encarnación 1994a). However, surveys in Tambopata and lowland Bahuaja-Sonene have not registered this species over the past 10 years. Peres (1987) reported that woolly monkeys do not occur between the upper Rio Purus and Iaco. A large part of the range of L. cana in Peru may well in fact be that of L. cana tschudii, perhaps at least in the higher elevations of the Andean forests (see below).
Lagothrix cana tschudii
Groves (2001, 2005) recognized the form tschudii as a valid subspecies, but the type locality is not known (Bolivia or Peru). He indicated that two forms with more precise type localities were junior synonyms:
Alouatta nigra J. Allen, 1900 – Peru, Puno, "Juliaca" [= Inca mines], 5,000 ft, Allen, 1901, field notes.
Lagothrix thomasi Elliot, 1909, Peru: Cuzco, Rio Comberciato, Callanga, 1,500 m. BM 22.214.171.124.
Both are localities in the south east of Peru.
An isolated population of Lagothrix was discovered by Wallace and Painter (1999) in Madidi National Park, Bolivia, at 1,500 m which may be a new taxon or quite possibly L. cana tschudii Pucheran, 1857. There was some variation but "overall Individuals were dark smoky gray with ventral area noticeably darker and head and face essentially black." Wallace and Painter (1999) concluded that the population was localized and isolated. There is no evidence of its occurrence in the adjacent Bolivian lowland forests below 1,000 m. Further investigation is required. This is the only modern record of Lagothrix occurring in Bolivia.
|Countries occurrence:
Native:Bolivia, Plurinational States of; Brazil (Acre, Amazonas, Mato Grosso, Pará); Peru
|Additional data:
|Range Map:
|Click here to open the map viewer and explore range.
|Peres (1990) compared densities of Lagothrix cana cana in hunted and unhunted sites:
Hunted: Tahuayo (Bodmer et al. 1988) 1.2 individuals/km²; Ponta da Castanha (Johns 1985, 1986) 6.0 individuals/km².
Not hunted: Igarapé Acu (Peres 1988) 30.5 individuals/km²; Urucú (Peres 1988) 27.7 individuals/km²; Tefé (Peres 1988) 20.0 individuals/km²; Açaituba (Johns 1985, 1986) 17.0 individuals/km².
Peres (1997) estimated the densities of Lagothrix cana cana at two sites in the Brazilan Amazon: Condor 11.1 individuals/km²; Altamira 26.2 individuals/km². Rylands (1982) estimated densities of (hunted) woolly monkeys in terra firma forest ranging from 7.4 to 13.3 individuals/km² (four trails) at Aripuanã, northern Mato Grosso (left bank of the Rio Aripuanã.
|Current Population Trend:
|Additional data:
|Habitat and Ecology:
|Lagothrix cana cana is typical of lowland rain forest in the upper Amazon. Peres (1996) found that they preferred high terra fimra forest to low-lying, water logged for most of the year. Only 2.6% of their time was spent in creekside forest. Wallace and Painter (1999) observed an isolated population of woolly monkeys in Madidi, Bolivia, which may be Lagothrix cana tschudii. The habitat they described as low-elevation Andean cloud forest, with abundant mosses, tree ferns, bromeliads and orchids and a mossy ground layer on step slopes. Small basins where canopy reaches 30-35 m but they also use dryer and lower forest found on the steeper slopes. In Madidi, informants told Wallace and Painter (1999) that they were common in higher cloud forest between 1,500 m and 2,500 m. They are not found below 700 m (the lowest record in Madidi).
Ramirez (1980, 1988) studied L. l. tschudii in the Manu National Park (see also Terborgh 1983). Peres (1994b, 1996) studied Lagothrix cana at an undisturbed terra firma forest on the upper Rio Urucu in 1998/1989. The study group comprised 39-41 independantly locomoting individuals that ranged over 962 ha. They ranged in large, loose social units, covering several to many hectares of forest at any one time. They were not observed to split into separate units, foraging and travelling independantly. The spread of the group averaged 431 m (range 60-1,920 m, n=76 mapped locations). The woollies were most cohesive during the middle of the wet season and least cohesive during the late dry season. They fed mainly in large- to very large-crowned trees. The diet recorded by Peres (1994a) comprised ripe and unripe fruits (80.7% of records), young leaves (14.4%), mature leaves (0.1% from a single tree Couratari stellata, Lecythidaceae), petioles (1.7%) and flowers (3.1%). They also eat exudates of Parkia seed pods. Young leaves, flowers, seeds and exudates tend to be eaten more when fruit availability is low (Peres 1994).
Adult male H&B 49.5 cm, TL 70.5 cm; adult female H&B 46.7 cm, TL 65.8 cm (as for L. puruensis Lönnberg, 1940).
Adult male weight mean 9.49 kg (8.93-10.2 kg, n=3), adult female weight 7.65 kg (n=1) (Peres 1994a,b).
|Major Threat(s):
This species is heavily hunted and infants are much favoured as pets. In his primate population surveys in a number of sites in the upper Amazon, south of the Rio Solimões in Brazil, Peres (1990) found that Lagothrix, Ateles and Alouatta were prime targets for hunting. Both the woolly monkeys and the spider monkeys were "extremely rare, if not locally extinct", he believed because of hunting, at three of the sites. They were not seen during his transect surveys at the three sites (150 km walked). At one of these sites (Riozinho), between the rios Juruá and Tefé , Peres (1990) reported that the single extended family of rubber tappers (three hunters) there killed over 200 woolly monkeys in a little less than two years, resulting in their local extinction (spider monkeys were nearly extinct there and howlers "drastically reduced"). For these larger species, hunting is the main threat prior to deforestation, and even low-intensity colonization severely reduces their numbers. The females with offspring tend to be targeted by hunters, so that they can sell the infants as pets. Heavy deforestation also occurs in many parts of this species' range, notably in the east and south (Mato Grosso, Rondonia). Mining (e.g., cassiterite) is a cause of forest loss and hunting in the south of its range,
Lagothrix cana tschudii would appear to have a very restricted range, but large parts of it are completely uninhabited (Wallace and Painter 1999).
|Conservation Actions:
This species occurs, or may occur, in a number of protected areas:
Lagothrix cana cana
Amazonia National Park (1,114,917 ha) (in range)
Mapinguari National Park (1,572,422 ha) (in range)
Abufari Biological Reserve (224,819 ha) (in range)
Jaru Biological Reserve (353,386 ha) (in range)
Iquê Ecological Station (217,184 ha) (in range)
Rio Acre Ecological Station (79,418 ha) (in range)
Cuniã Ecological Station (49,886 ha) (in range)
Jatuarana National Forest (837,100 ha) (in range)
Macauá National Forest (173,475 ha) (in range)
São Francisco National Forest (21,235 ha) (in range)
Santa Rosa do Purus National Forest (230,257 ha) (in range)
Humaita National Forest (468,790 ha) (in range)
Jamari National Forest (215,000 ha) (in range)
Bom Futuro National Forest (280,000 ha) (in range)
Purus National Forest (256,000 ha) (in range)
Mapiá-Inauini National Forest (311,000 ha) (in range)
Pau Rosa National Forest (827,877 ha) (in range)
Tefe National Forest (1,020,000 ha) (in range)
Lagothrix cana tschudii
Entire known range in Bolivia is within two protected areas:
Apolobamba Natural Area of Integrated Management
Madidi National Park and Natural Area of Integrated Management.
This species is listed on Appendix II of CITES.
|Boubli, J.-P., Di Fiore, A., Rylands, A.B. & Wallace, R.B. 2008. Lagothrix cana. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: e.T39925A10288721. . Downloaded on 24 September 2018.
|To make use of this information, please check the <Terms of Use>.
|If you see any errors or have any questions or suggestions on what is shown on this page, please provide us with feedback so that we can correct or extend the information provided


text:
A Game of Thrones
George R. R. Martin's epic fantasy novel was first published 15 years ago, but between the HBO series and A Dance With Dragons due in July, awareness is at an all-time high. Copies of the book have been flying off the shelves on leathery wings and magically appearing in eReaders everywhere. Cries of "For Winterfell!" have been heard reverberating across subway platforms and mall parking lots. Portly gentleman with chin-beards walk the streets with confidence. It is a glorious time to be a geek.
With weekly installments being parceled out by Home Box Office, I will offer only the most general of summaries. Thrones takes place predominantly in the Seven Kingdoms of Westeros, a land where there are no set seasons and winter can last for years. The narrative is comprised of three main storylines- that of a sacred brotherhood patrolling a gigantic wall of ice, a spoiled exile and his sister attempting to raise an army in a foreign land, and a power struggle over the coveted Iron Throne of the Seven Kingdoms. Like the Holy Trinity, the three stories are one, and a complex history is shared between them. It is a history that lays the groundwork for the thousands of pages and hundreds of characters to come.
Martin has been credited with ushering in a darker, more adult era of fantasy, full of graphic sex and violence. Fantastical elements take a back seat to human drama, so those who normally turn up their noses might deign to take a whiff. You'll find no boy wizards or wise-cracking centaurs here. There is a dwarf, but he is of the real world variety. Dragons exist as fossils adorning the halls of the king, displayed like dinosaur bones in a museum.
Stylistically, the book has as much in common with historical fiction as it does with the works of J. R. R. Tolkien. Martin's decision to ground conflict in realism gives the fantastical elements that much more impact. So when a frozen corpse reanimates with murderous intent, it is as much a shock for the characters as it is for the reader. When ***REDACTED*** and ***REDACTED***, it actually means something.
For those who might find the book's girth daunting, a few chapters is all it takes. Martin doesn't drag you kicking and screaming into Westeros, he chloroforms you and secrets you in. You wake up in a world so well defined, with characters so well drawn, you are content to be its prisoner. Even secondary and tertiary characters are imbued with a depth that would put other novel's protagonists to shame. You care what happens to each and every one of them, whether you are fearing for their lives or wishing them dead, and that is what keeps the pages turning.
In fact, A Game of Thrones is like a perpetual motion machine of reading. Each chapter is told from one of several main character's points of view. Martin expertly builds each one to a mini-climax and then moves on, leaving you wanting more. It may seem frustrating, but as soon as you begin the next chapter you are caught up in another part of the story. It is a never ending cycle that propels the narrative forward and is what makes such a large book so readable.
This is storytelling on a grand scale. Fantasy writer's tend to get a bad rap from the prose police, but Martin is no slouch. His style is appropriate in tone and serves the narrative well. My only criticism is that sometimes his sexual descriptions dip into romance novel territory, what with all the references to dew-dropped nethers and plunging flesh-swords (I'm exaggerating, but you get my point.) It is a small complaint, considering the characters those sexual appendages are attached to.
If you are a fan of well written fantasy, you've probably already read Thrones multiple times. For those looking to dip their toes and test the waters- you're gonna get your foot bit off. If you are lucky enough to recover it, you can keep it in a jar as proof of the encounter, hobbling around with a smile on your face, content in knowing this is only the beginning.


text:
George Gale, 77 - August 06, 2008
George M. Gale, 77, of Gothenburg died Saturday, July 26, 2008, at Golden Living Center in Cozad.
Graveside services with military honors will be held at 11 a.m. Thursday, Aug. 7, at Fort McPherson National Cemetery at Maxwell with Bishop Tom Ward of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints officiating.
A visitation for memorial book signatures was held from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. on Wednesday at the Berryman Funeral Home in Cozad.
Gale was born Oct. 24, 1930, at Tetonia, ID, to Arthur and Florence (Ricks) Gale. He graduated from Tetonia High School.
On Dec. 7, 1949, he entered the U.S. Marine Corps., proudly serving until 1966. In 1975, he entered the U.S. Air Force Reserve, retiring in 1983.
He married Marilyn Province on Oct. 3, 1992, at Reno, NV. The couple made their home at California where he was employed with the Lucky Grocery Store chain. The couple later moved to Gothenburg, where he worked at the Veteran's Service Office for over 10 years.
?Gale was a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, and was a master mason at the Fairview Masonic Lodge No. 92.
?He was proud of his long and faithful service to his country, according to family members.
?Gale was preceded in death by his parents, Arthur and Florence.
Survivors include: his wife, Marilyn Gale of Cozad; a step-son, Duran Freese of Farnam; granddaughter, Shari Cook of Farnam; two brothers—Jesse (Margarite) Gale of Kennewick, WA, and Ricks (Maxine) Gale of Boise, ID; two sisters—Florence Kiholme of Boise, and June Harrison of Chesterfield, MO.
A memorial has been established.
Online condolences may be shared with the family at berrymanfuneralhome.com.
Latest Headlines
- Gothenburg native releases first novel
- We all need help from a friend
- Monsanto hosts 6th annual Safety Day program
- Brady places champ and runner-up at State FCCLA
- Swedes continue conference domination
- Dancing With The Stars changes venues
- Middle-of-the-Pack Finishes For Swede Boys and Girls
- Girls Show Support for Teacher's Cancer Fight


text:
Cal State Los Angeles graduate courses
To request course information, please complete this form. You may receive information from just one program, or several. Before making decisions about your future, compare programs carefully.
Think about what career is best suited for you, and where you want to study. Request more information now.
Think about what career is best suited for you, and where you want to study. Request more information now.
To request course information, please complete this form. Before making decisions about your future, compare programs carefully.
Think about what career is best suited for you, and where you want to study. Request more information now.
Think about what career is best suited for you, and where you want to study. Request more information now.
To request course information, please complete this form.
Think about what career is best suited for you, and where you want to study. Request more information now.
Think about what career is best suited for you, and where you want to study. Request more information now.
Find information about Cal State Los Angeles graduate courses, registering in a technical degree program, and taking tests for free online. Which college degrees give you the best chances of finding employment after graduation? Completing graduate courses, for example, can give you an advantage in job recruiting in fields that demand analytical and creative skills, such as teaching at the university level. Check with the graduate department for an updated schedule of course registration dates, a list of open graduate courses, and major requirements. Many graduate certificate programs will have advanced placement testing available if you're seeking college credit via AP exams.
Online courses promote faculty innovation, by requiring professors to develop new course materials. Distance education allows students who can't make the commute to campus to take accredited courses. If you so choose, online education gives you the opportunity to take difficult courses that won't show up on your transcript. Alternatively, you may be able to complete online credits for a grade. Advanced Placement exams (AP Exams) are offered in a variety of subjects, offering college credit for classes that you have taken. Test yourself with free practice exams, before visiting the College Board website to register to take your actual AP Tests. If you earn a score of 3 or higher on an AP subject exam, you may be granted advanced placement in college.
Certificate Courses Online
An online degree may be just as marketable as a college degree that was earned on campus. Udemy online learning is a new startup with backing from the founders of Groupon. Similarly, Khan Academy now offers over 4,000 micro-lectures served through YouTube. Then, there's Coursera, a competing software platform, with millions of enrolled students from around the world. Recently, MIT announced that their open courseware platform (OCW) will be available to students and instructors at no cost.
Online Tests - Free Practice!This section offers practice tests in several engineering subject areas. Each of the following multiple-choice tests has 10 questions to work on. No sign-up required, just straight to the test.
Other colleges near Los Angeles, California:Take a few moments to browse other colleges and universities near Los Angeles. It's a good idea to compare all schools in your target area, as well as consider taking some of your classes online. By continuing your education, you can improve your salary prospects or train for a more interesting position. Financial aid deadlines are typically set well in advance of regular admission dates, so be sure to apply early. You may request free information from several different schools below, without making a commitment.
Business & Medical JobsAs the economy improves, many firms are beginning to hire. Companies are in need of candidates that can fill a particular job position, so set up an introductory meeting to ask questions about the firm's history, and current business opportunities. They are watching for those candidates who are trying harder than others, thus your first task is to set yourself apart. Hiring managers typically post new jobs on targeted job sites, which we have sampled. Browse current job openings below, by clicking on the type of position that you'd like to pursue.
Youth Media Manager
KQED Inc.
The Youth Media Manager will work with teachers and informal educators to implement KQED media products through professional learning communities and in youth..
7 days ago Elementary Teacher - 2nd Grade Certificated Staff
Soille San Diego Hebrew Day School
Soille Hebrew Day School is seeking a qualified, full-time teachers to educate 2nd grade students in all core subjects of math, reading, writing, social studies..
1 day ago Associate Teacher, Early Childhood Center
La Jolla Country Day School
Employees must successfully clear a LiveScan Background Check,provide proof of TB clearance, and meet the state of California requirements and qualifications.
5 days ago Early Childhood Teacher
Primrose School of Symmes
This provides each of our teachers access to a wealth of rich and diverse educational ideas. It allows the successful teacher a chance to mix education, games..
8 hours ago Learning Specialist
University of Arizona
Experience as a faculty member, teacher, trainer, TA, tutor, faculty developer, instructional consultant, editor, writing coach, or similar capacity in a..
5 days ago 3rd Grade Teacher
This teacher is responsible for the planning, preparation and teaching of the class as well as designing the classroom set up which should include some learning..
23 hours ago
|Links below are updated hourly:
|Starting Salary
(up to)
|10 Year Salary
(up to)
|Casino Dealers
|Computer Programmers
|EMT, Paramedics
|Flight Attendants
|Graphic Design
|Hotel Jobs
|Human Resources
|Private Investigators
|Property Management
|Public Relations
|Retail Sales
|Teaching Jobs
|Website Design
Cal State Los Angeles graduate coursesApply to several colleges and universities simultaneously, and if you have the grades and test scores, give yourself a fighting chance to get into a top-rated program by doing something outstanding in high school or community college. It isn't as hard as you might think to get an article written in your local newspaper. An advanced degree will stick with you for a long time, so apply yourself and work hard for a few years, graduating from the best school that you can get into.
Cal State Los Angeles graduate courses
5151 State University Dr
Los Angeles, CA 90032
5151 State University Dr
Los Angeles, CA 90032


text: This is an official transcript of an interview on CBS's Face the Nation that focused on the Vietnam War. Dr. King explains his vision for the Civil Rights Movement and Antiwar Movements. The Great Society, Dr. King believes, is being shot down over Vietnam, as the funding for the programs are diverted to the war.


text:
BOSTON - The rain and cold were nowhere to be found today as two Yale heavyweight crews rowed to top-five finishes at the Head of the Charles. The club four finished fourth out of 59 crews with a time of 17:40.378. The club eight finished fifth out of 42 crews with a time of 16:03.063.
Yale's club four started at the very back of one of the regatta's largest fields. By the two-mile mark, the Bulldogs had walked through five crews and would pass another before the finish. Peterborough Rowing Club won the event in 16:57.556; second place went to Union Boat Club and third was Riverside Boat Club. In fourth place, Yale's boat was the fastest collegiate crew in the club four event.
In the club eight, Yale's bow was the first across the starting line. The Bulldogs managed to hold off the other crews in their event for the majority of the race. In the third mile, Yale took a wide turn going into Eliot Bridge to yield to Harvard and Boston University. Harvard finished first with a time of 15:09.811 and Boston University took second with a time of 15:34.668.
The championship four and eight will race tomorrow afternoon.
Report filed by Yale Sports Publicity


text:
NURS3020-A Management Of Adult I (Fall 2013)
Course Details
Course Description
About The Instructor(s)
This class also has clinical at a hospital on Mondays or Tuesdays from 7:00 a.m. to 3:30 p.m. Students scheduling this course should also schedule a section of NURS0302 A-L.
Session, Dates: 1 (08/26/2013 - 12/14/2013)
Days: W
Time: 02:00 - 04:50 pm
Location: Moon Campus
Room: Hale Center 207
Seats Available: 7 Seats
Credits: 5
As the first clinical nursing course, this course focuses on illness and disease management of the hospitalized adult with acute or chronic illnesses. Students will use critical thinking to implement therapeutic nursing interventions in managing the care of hospitalized adults. Common problems encountered in the care of adults will be emphasized. 5 credits (3 lecture, 2 lab)
Employee Not Found
The employee you are searching for does not exist, or has been removed from our directory.