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Revista mexicana de ciencias geológicas
On-line version ISSN 2007-2902Print version ISSN 1026-8774
Rev. mex. cienc. geol vol.29 n.1 México Apr. 2012
A new specimen of nyctosaurid pterosaur, cf. Muzquizopteryx sp. from the Late Cretaceous of northeast Mexico
Nuevo espécimen de un pterosaurio nyctosaurido, cf. Muzquizopteryx sp. del Cretácico tardío del noreste de México
Eberhard Frey1, Ross A. Elgin1*, Wolfgang Stinnesbeck2, José Manuel PadillaGutiérrez3, Christina Ifrim2, Samuel Giersch1, and Arturo H. GonzálezGonzález4
1 Geowissenschaftliche Abteilung, Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Karlsruhe, Erbprinzenstraβe 13, 76133 Karlsruhe, Germany.
2 Institut für Geowissenschaften, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 234, D69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
3 Colección Paleontológica de Coahuila, Museo del Desierto, Prol. Peréz Treviño 3745, Parque Las Maravillas, 25015 Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico.
4 Museo del Desierto, Prol. Peréz Treviño 3745, Parque Las Maravillas, 25015 Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico. *email@example.com.
Manuscript received: June 9, 2011
Corrected manuscript received: September 9, 2011
Manuscript accepted: September 16, 2011
Here we describe a second nyctosaurid pterosaur from the Late Cretaceous laminated limestone deposits of northeast Mexico. The specimen was discovered in the Múzquiz quarry area in northern Coahuila and comprises an isolated right wing skeleton including the humerus, radius/ulna, carpus, wing finger metacarpus and the proximal segment of wing finger phalanx I. The specimen is likely to be a primarily isolated wing, at least the basal wing finger phalanx of which was complete prior to collection. The specimen is referred to cf. Muzquizopteryx sp. on account of its humerus morphology, which is coincident with that of Muzquizopteryx coahuilensis, although a lack of diagnostic characters at the species level prevents any further identification. Its discovery from the Late Turonian deposits of northern Coahuila near Muzquíz, confirms it as the oldest nyctosaurid discovered to date.
Keywords: Muzquizopteryx, Nyctosauridae, Pterosauria, Late Cretaceous, northeast Mexico.
Se describe un segundo pterosaurio nyctosaurido de los depósitos laminares del Cretácico tardío del Noreste de México. El espécimen fue descubierto en calizas laminares del área de Múzquiz, al norte de Coahuila, México, y consiste de un ala incompleta derecha que incluye: el húmero, radio/ulna , carpo, pteroide, metacarpo del dedo del ala y la porción proximal de la primera falange del dedo del ala o dedo IV. El espécimen es una parte del esqueleto postcraneano, preservado en dos lajas, y al menos la primera falange del dedo del ala estaba completa antes de la colecta. El espécimen es referido a cf. Muzquizopteryx sp. con base en la morfología del húmero, el cual concuerda con la de Muzquizopteryx coahuilensis, conocido del Turoniano Tardío del norte de Coahuila cerca de Muzquiz. Sin embargo, debido a la falta de caracteres diagnósticos a nivel de especie, no es posible llegar a una determinación más exacta. Este hallazgo del Turoniano Tardío proveniente de los depósitos del noreste, cerca de Muzquiz, correspondería al registro más antiguo de Nyctosauridae descubierto hasta la fecha.
Palabras clave: Muzquizopteryx, Nyctosauridae, Pterosauria, Cretácico tardío, noreste de México.
Nyctosauridae comprises two genera, Nyctosaurus (Marsh, 1876) and Muzquizopteryx (Frey et al., 2006). They were edentulous pterodactyloid pterosaurs identified by the hatchetshaped deltoid crest of the humerus, a straight pteroid with an articular head almost perpendicular to the shaft, a wing finger composed of three instead of four phalanges, the completely reduced three preaxial digits in the wing, and a scapula that does not contact the supraneural plate (Williston, 1903; Bennett, 2003). Further characters have been proposed by Unwin (2003), who placed the nyctosaurs within Pteranodontidae, and Kellner (2003, 2004), who retains Nytosauridae as a clade of its own, following Bennett (1994). Because the controversy on the phylogenetc position of nyctosaurid pterosaurs is unresolved to date, the character states presented in the cladistic analysis of Unwin (2003) and Kellner (2003, 2004) cannot be regarded as diagnostic to date.
Nyctosauridae appear to have been endemic to the North American Western Interior Seaway (WIS) south into the Palaeogulf of Mexico. While one single species, Nyctosaurus lamegoi (Price, 1953) has been reported from the Gramame Formation (Late Cretaceous, Early Maastrichtian) of the Paraiba Basin, northeast Brazil, its identification as Nyctosaurus has not been universally accepted (Kellner, 2003). N. lamegoi would be the largest nyctosaur with a wingspan estimated four metres (Price, 1953).
The majority of nyctosaur specimens come from the Santonian (Late Cretaceous) Niobrara Formation, Kansas, U.S.A., and are all referred to the genus Nyctosaurus (Marsh, 1876). Three different species have been described: N. gracilis (Marsh, 1876), N. bonneri (Miller, 1972a, 1972b), and N. nanus (Marsh, 1881). Bennett (1994) suggests N. bonneri is a junior subjective synonym of N. gracilis, both of which are from the Upper Chalk of the Smoky Hills. N. nanus comes from the Lower Chalk of the same region and was identified as Nyctosaurus by Schoch (1984). Bennett (2003) described two nyctosaurid specimens from the Lower Chalk of Trego County, which both have a huge branching crest on top of the skull. These specimens were referred to N. gracilis and the crest was supposed to grow during late ontogeny. However, the specimens have a wingspan of only two metres and could therefore also represent adult N. nanus (Everhart, 2009). Before the discovery of the crested specimens, nyctosaurids were thought to have occipital crests similar to that of a Pteranodon longiceps or P. ingens (e.g., Wellnhofer, 1991).
In 2006 a small, nearly complete nyctosaurid pterosaur was described as Muzquizopteryx coahuilensis (UNAM IMG 8621; Frey et al., 2006). The adult individual had a wingspan of two metres and a bluntly rounded and straight caudally directed occipital crest. Coming from the Lower Coniacian (middle Late Cretaceous) of the El Rosario Quarry, approximately 170 km WNW of the town of Múzquiz (northern Coahuila, Figure 1) Muzquizopteryx represented the oldest known nyctosaur prior to the discovery of the new specimen (Figure 2).
Here we report on a second specimen of Muzquizopteryx comprising a partial wing skeleton. It is about 20 % smaller than the first specimen and was obtained by a prívate collector from a local quarry worker. Muzquizopteryx coahuilenis is the only valid pterosaur taxon from the Cretaceous of Mexico.
The specimen is housed in the collection of the Museo del Desierto Saltillo (MUDE), Coahuila (collection number CPC484). The original plate was split into two parts, but because the original orientation cannot be reconstructed, i.e. , which of the two slabs was the bottom one, the plate with the better preservation is here defined as the main slab (Figure 3) and the other one as the counter slab (Figure 4). Besides the initial splitting of the slab, no preparation has been undertaken. Photographs were taken with a Canon D 400 SLR camera and traced with Corel Graphics Suite 12. The traced image of the counter slab was projected below that of the main slab in order to provide an image of the entire specimen (Figure 5).
The Múzquiz area in northern Coahuila, Mexico, is known for its evenly layered laminated limestone and fissile marly limestone that, owing to their platy fabric, are intensively quarried in the region for building faces, flagstones and wall tiles. These deposits are of Cenomanian to Early Coniacian age (Late Cretaceous) and contain vertebrate fossils with exceptionally wellpreserved anatomical details of their soft tissues, as well as a diverse number of invertebrates (Stinnesbeck et al., 2005). Sediment deposition was in an open marine shelf environment near the southern opening of the WIS, several hundreds of kilometres south of the North American coast line, at a depth of at least 50100 m (Stinnesbeck et al., 2005).
The new specimen is embedded within a yellow tan slab and counterslab, each about 20 mm thick, of micritic, evenly layered, laminated limestone with internal millimetric bedding which is best described by the German word Plattenkalk. According to the lithology and microfossil contents of the host matrix, the specimen most likely comes from the El Rosario or La Carranza quarry field about 150 km north of Múzquiz, northern Coahuila (Figure 1). The matrix of the new specimen coincides with the lower part of the Yellow Member of the El Rosario section (Stinnesbeck et al., 2005; Frey et al., 2006; Figure 2). A micropaleontological analysis of the host matrix of cf. Muzquizopteryx revealed the following planktonic foraminifers: Archaeoglobigerina cretacea, Dicarinella hagni, D. imbricata, D. primitiva, Heterohelix reussi, Marginotruncana schneegansi, M. sigali, Whiteinella cf. baltica, and W. brittonensis. D. primitiva and M. sigali are diagnostic taxa of a Late Turonian age. This, combined with the absence of H. helvetica and D. concavata dates the new specimen of cf. Muzquizopteryx to a Late Turonian age (Premoli Silva and Sliter 1999) making it the oldest known nyctosaurid pterosaur (Figure 2).
Preservation (Figures 3, 4, 5)
Due to the manner in which the plate was split, the humerus, the proximal two thirds of radius and ulna, the distal two thirds of the wing finger metacarpal and the proximal fragment of the wing finger are distributed in the centre of the slab (Figures 3, 4). Most of the carpus and the adjacent thirds of the radius/ulna and wing finger metacarpal are preserved exclusively on the main slab having left only external moulds on the counter slab (Figure 3). Pieces of compacta are only preserved on the counter slab (Figure 4). Overlapping projections of the main and counter slab indicates that a few chips of bone were lost in the distal third of the ulna and the proximal fifth of the wing finger metacarpal during splitting and possibly subsequent refitting attempts (Figure 5).
The slabs preserve the proximal portion of a right wing skeleton including the humerus, radius and ulna, carpus and the pteroid, wing finger metacarpal (mc IV) and the proximal fragment of the first wing finger phalanx which terminates at the border of the slab and was likely complete prior to collection (Figures 3, 4). All elements lie almost in natural articulation but are bent beyond bone lock. While the elbow joint is in articulation, the carpus has disarticulated with the proximal and distal syncarpals lying along the ventral margin of the wing finger metacarpal. The proximal syncarpal therefore now lies distal to the other carpals (Figures 3, 5) while the distal syncarpal and the preaxial carpal are wedged between the articular end of the pteroid and the wing finger metacarpal (Figures 3, 5). The pteroid parallels the wing finger metacarpal and has rotated along its long axis so that its articular condyle is now facing cranially. The wing finger metacarpal has rotated 90° around its long axis and is now seen in cranial view lying slightly separated from the fragmented basal wing finger phalanx. Isolated fragments, likely the ipsilateral hind limb, lie parallel to each other between the pteroid bone and radius/ulna at an angle of about 10° to the latter elements (Figures 3, 4, 5). All bones show traces of impaction with typical longitudinal break lines. Due to a late diagenetic compaction, the preserved diameter of the bones is regarded as representing their original dimensions. The humerus lies at an angle of about 75° to radius and ulna, which in turn lie parallel to each other. The metacarpal IV defines an angle of about 40° with radius and ulna and 135° with the first wing finger phalanx (Figure 5).
Pterosauria Kaup, 1834
Pterodactyloidea Plieninger, 1901
Nyctosauridae Marsh, 1876
cf. Muzquizopteryx Frey et al., 2006
cf. Muzquizopteryx sp.
The specimen comes from a pterosaur that was 81 % the size of the holotype of M. coahuilensis (Figure 6). The humerus is hatchetshaped with a deltopectoral crest displaying concave proximal and distal margins while the pteroid is straight with a semicircular articular head, which is off set at almost 90° to the pteroid shaft. Both these features are diagnostic for Nyctosauridae Marsh, 1876 (Figures 3, 4, 5). The shape of the humerus coincides with that of M. coahuilensis to such detail (Figure 6) that both specimens are likely conspecific, however, the concavity of the caudomedial margin of the pteroid is slightly shallower than in that of M. coahuilensis. All other bones are too badly preserved for a direct comparison, but do not show any significant morphological differences when compared to their respective elements in M. coahuilensis. Furthermore, the ratios between the humerus and radius/ulna as well as the humerus and pteroid show only minor differences in the two specimens and these may be solely due to their preservation (Table 1). In contrast to the holotype of M. coahuilensis there are no mineralized tendons in the new specimen. As the described specimen does not preserve any diagnostic features to refer it to M. coahuilensis, but is otherwise morphologically coincident, we refer the new specimen to cf. Muzquizopteryx sp.
The description of the material is based on the overlapping projection of the slab and the counter slab (Figure 5). The anatomical directions refer to the inferred flight position of the animal with the wing bones fully laterally extended. The caudal margin of the humeral shaft is straight while the cranial edge is slightly convex, with the deltopectoral crest emerging from the proximal third of this margin of the humeral shaft (Figures 3, 4, 5, 6a). The distal margin of the deltopectoral crest is straight but offset from the cranial margin of the shaft by an angle of 55° (Figure 6). The proximal margin of the deltopectoral crest stands at a right angle to the cranial margin of the shaft but forms an angle of about 70° with the caudally inclined neck of the humerus. The cranial margin of the humeral neck is slightly convex. The humeral neck measures one fourth of the length of the shaft and is angled at about 130° against this (Figure 6a). The proximal articular face of the humerus is straight and orientated at 90° to the humeral neck. The distal articulation of the humerus is damaged but shows a fragmentary distally facing articular condyles, which likely protruded cranially by a maximum of one fifth of the distal diameter of the shaft (Figures 3, 4, 5, 6a).
The ulna overlies the cranial margin of the radius although both bones are damaged such that no anatomical features are visible. The absolute length of both bones can only be estimated due to their damaged distal articular ends (Figures 3, 4, 5). Due to the partial coverage of the distal syncarpal and the preaxial carpal by the pteroid and the wing finger metacarpal, nothing can be said about their features. The proximal syncarpal is visible in cranial view. The distal margin lies free and shows the convex articulation face for the cranioventral part of the proximal articulation facet of distal syncarpal and the dorsolateral process that articulates with the dorsal face of the distal syncarpal (Figures 3, 4, 5).
Metacarpal IV is exposed in cranial view and shows an Sshaped articular facet for the distal syncarpal, whereby the ventral margin is medially convex and the dorsal margin is slightly concave. The dorsal margin of the shaft is straight while the ventral margin is slightly concave converging distally towards the distal articular end, which is half as wide as the proximal articular surface (Figures 3, 4, 5).
The pteroid shows the typical elongate triangular shape diagnostic of nyctosaurids (Figures 3, 5). Its cranial margin is straight while the caudal one is slightly concave. The concavitiy of the caudal margin gradually increases proximally. The distal margin of the bone is straight, forming an angle of 104° with the cranial margin, and the transition between the two margins is evenly convex. The articular surface is a tiny semicircular protrusion at the caudodistal corner of the pteroid, which forms one sixth of the lateral margin of the bone.
Of the first wing finger phalanx only the proximal segment is preserved. The extensor tendon process is internally fused with the shaft of the phalanx (Figure 3) but superficially shows a suture (Figure 4). Otherwise there are no remarkable features on the bone fragment (Figures 3, 4, 5).
Two unidentified bone fragments lying parallel to the radius are too thick to represent parts of the distal wing finger phalanges and thus likely come from the ipsilateral hind limb. However, the elements are fragmentary and preserve no osteological features (Figures 3, 4, 5).
Only one feature allows a statement on the age of the cf. Muzquizopteryx specimen: near complete fusion of the extensor tendon process with the shaft of the first wing finger phalanx (Figures 3, 4). Because the described specimen is only 81 % the size of the holotype of M. coahuilensis, a late fusion of the extensor tendon process with the basal wing finger phalanx occurred during the ontogeny Muzquizopteryx (Frey and Martill 1998; Bennett 1993; Elgin and Frey 2008). Therefore, the new specimen is osteologically immature and thus likely subadult individual at the time of death.
The absence of any shoulder girdle remains, the grade of disarticulation and lack of mineralised tendons indicate that the specimen likely represents a primarily isolated fragment (Figures 3, 4, 5). The wing presumably separated from a pterosaur carcass in an advanced stage of decay where the main flight musculature was no longer viable. The cardinal ligaments of the wing were, however, still able to hold the bones in a near to natural position. From the status of decay and a comparison with the fully articulated holotype of M. coahuilensis, conclusions on the ligament stability are possible at least for this individual. Here the elbow joint is the most stable (Figures 3, 5). The humerus and the radius/ulna remain in tight articulation with an angle of 75° between the bones. This is less than the articulation angle of the same bones in M. coahuilensis and may represent maximum humeroantebrachial flexion. The carpus has been completely disrupted (Figures 3, 5). The position of the syncarpals, the rotation of pteroid and wing finger metacarpal all indicate an advanced state of decay of the carpal ligaments. However, the separation of the carpals suggests that either at least some of the ligaments were isolated from each others and thus could react independently during advancing decay, or that the carpus was damaged by the bite of a predator or scavenger prior to deposition. The separation of the first wing finger phalanx from its articulation with metacarpal IV is explainable by muscular decay where only the massive extensor tendon was still viable. Following this, it is likely that the remains of the dermis and the wing membrane, connecting the fore arm to the body and hind limbs, would have prevented the complete decay of the wing finger. Examples of this style of preservation are common throughout the pterosaur fossil record (Frey et al., 2003; Martill and Frey, 1998; Unwin and Martill, 2007). If the wing membrane was still viable, the wing skeleton would occasionally detach from the body along with the ipsilateral hind limb. It is for this reason that the indeterminate long bone fragments are interpreted here as belonging to the left hind limb.
The new nyctosaurid specimen, comprised of an isolated fragmentary wing, likely originates from the Turonian limestone quarries of El Rosario or La Carranza 150 km north of Múzquiz, northern Coahuila (Figures 1, 2). While several bones are preserved close to their natural articulations, the carcass is interpreted as having floated on the surface waters for an extended period, allowing for a relatively advanced state of decay. Due to the presence of potential scavengers, however, the scenario of prolonged surface decay remains more unlikely than dismembering by either a scavenger or a predator. Due to the lack of diagnostic characters, the specimen can only be determined on a comparative level, using bone biometry and morphological coincidence. Despite this, it is sufficiently similar to the holotype of M. coahuilensis to warrant a referral to cf. Muzquizopteryx sp. making it the geologically oldest nyctosaurid discovered pterosaur to date. The specimen also provides evidence of the potential of the Múzquiz area to yield more nyctosaurid pterosaurs in the future.
Our special thanks go to Veronica Ruiz Santos, Múzquiz, for allowing us to describe the specimen and granting access to it through the Museo del Desierto, where the specimen is registered and housed. For critical, helpful and constructive reviews of the manuscript we cordially thank Laura Codorniu (Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Argentina) and David M. Martill (Portsmouth, United Kingdom). We also wish to thank the chief editors of the Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas for their assistance with the manuscript. The publication is a result of the DFG projects FR 1314/15, STI 128/9, and we are grateful to the DFG for funding these projects.
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text:
June 17, 2012: Boxing fathers
June 17, 2012: Boxing fathers
Edwin Rodriguez, as like every child growing up in the Dominican Republic, wanted to play baseball. But, a realization of his strengths in boxing has led to his true calling.
The boxing dynamo has found his way into the professional ring with a shot at the Olympics and an appearance at Madison Square Garden.
But, the greatest challenge of his life would come after the high-risk birth of his fraternal twin children.
Also on the program, Sugar Ray Leonard is an American boxing icon. His new tell-all book, "The Big Fight: My Life in and out of the Ring" reveals his traumatic childhood and story-book rise to fame and fall.
- Sugar Ray Leonard's Book
- Edwin Rodriguez's Facebook
- Sugar Ray Leonard's Official Website
- Cressey Performance Center
Watch Show:

subset: commoncrawl


text:
ESA's S2UN Challenge 2012–13
22 November 2012
The first of ESA's Space Solutions University Challenges has begun. The contest gives students the opportunity to work with ESA in the pursuit of non-space applications based on the Agency's intellectual property portfolio.
The Space Solutions University (S2UN) Challenge is an initiative of ESA's Technology Transfer Programme Office (TTPO). This first challenge is in collaboration with three universities: Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto from Portugal, Universidad de Oviedo from Spain and Politecnico di Torino from Italy.
It challenges teams of university students to create business plans based on some of the many inventions made and protected by ESA.
The group who develops the most complete idea and feasible business plan in each university will be invited to ESTEC in the Netherlands to present their work in to a panel of scientists, the inventor of the technology and TTPO representatives.
"The overall objective of the S2UN challenge is to provide technical students from ESA Member States the opportunity to work with real space technologies as an integral part of their university education and thereby broaden their horizons," explains Frank M. Salzgeber, Head of TTPO.
"They get a chance to develop their entrepreneurial skills by creating novel spin-offs from competitive ESA technologies.
"It could also bolster the Member States' competitiveness by leading to the setting up of new businesses based on leading-edge technologies developed for space."
Each university will enrol up to 10 teams, each consisting of 3–5 graduate or master students, who will work on creating business ideas based on eight ESA patented technologies, as part of entrepreneurial courses in their own universities.
TTPO will support the students with technical and business expertise during their work via video-conferencing and face-to-face meetings at the universities. The technology inventors and scientists will also provide help.
"And should some of the students want to realise their ideas and turn them into businesses, we can support this at one of our seven business incubation centres in Europe," adds Mr Salzgeber.
The students must submit their proposals by the beginning of May 2013 and the winner will be announced by July.
European Patent Academy IP workshops
The European Patent Academy of the European Patent Office (EPO) promotes and supports patent-related intellectual property (IP) teaching and training in 38 member states of the European Patent Organisation. Using experts from within the EPO, as well as from across industry, academia and the IP profession, the Academy raises awareness and understanding of IP as an important tool in technology transfer. As part of this mission the Academy is supporting the ESA SUN challenge by organising IP workshops for researchers.
ESA's Technology Transfer Programme Office (TTPO)
The main mission of ESA's Technology Transfer Programme is to facilitate the use of space technology and systems for non-space applications, and thereby also further demonstrating realising the benefit of the European space programmes to the citizens.
ESA TTPO is responsible for defining the overall approach and strategy for the transfer of space technologies and systems, including the incubation of start-up companies at ESA business incubation centres and related funding.
The office has transferred over 260 technologies since the programme start and is supporting directly and indirectly around 100 new start-ups a year. TTPO has also initiated as a limited partner the Open Sky Technology Fund, a €100 million venture fund which invests in start-ups using space technology.
For more information on TTPO, please contact:
ESA's Technology Transfer Programme Office
European Space Agency
Keplerlaan 1
2200 AG, Noordwijk
The Netherlands
Tel: +31 71 565 6208
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Web: www.esa.int/ttp


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Pre-Gamin': Reds v. Cubs (3:05 CT) – Lineup, Broadcast Info, etc.
The Reds come to Cubs Park to face Edwin Jackson in his final long tuneup for the regular season. The game will be on WGN, so everyone can watch and enjoy. If you can't watch, you can listen on WGN Radio, too.
With the large cut earlier in the day, fewer guys are in camp for regular starts (for example, Javier Baez does not start today, though he's listed as available off of the bench). But today's lineup is mostly regulars, and could be a glimpse of most of the guys who'll start on Opening Day, aside from Starlin Castro, who should be back by then.
That includes, by the way, Mike Olt, making his second start at third base. The job, it would seem, is his to lose at this point, making Luis Valbuena a great backup, and making Donnie Murphy a roster question mark. That is all assuming Darwin Barney remains with the team through Opening Day, which seems fairly likely at this point, especially now that the Tigers have filled their shortstop need.
- Darwin Barney, 2B
- Justin Ruggiano, LF
- Anthony Rizzo, 1B
- Mike Olt, 3B
- Nate Schierholtz, RF
- Welington Castillo, C
- Ryan Sweeney, CF
- Donnie Murphy, SS
- Edwin Jackson, P


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The mayor of a Detroit suburb jumped on his high horse and blasted two men arrested for shooting a deer within the city limits, calling the deer a "domesticated animal" and publicly urging a judge to apply the maximum punishment.
The mayor, Jim Fouts of Warren, Mich., also called the two men "predators" and said in a press release he would "be sitting in the courtroom to be certain they pay for their crimes."
Sounds like a bit of government intrusion between the executive and judicial branches, but that's for someone else to take up should Fouts continue his animal rights circus act through the media.
According to the Detroit Free Press, 19-year old Myles Ehret of Royal Oak and 27-year old William Francis of Riverview have been charged with cruelty to animals for using a bow and arrow to kill a deer in with city limits. The newspaper described that charge as "a four-year felony," whatever that means, and were released on $10,000 bond each. The newspaper said police are investigating further.
The newspaper said the mayor was outraged an wants the judge to "inflict the maximum fine," adding that probation is "not satisfactory." Is this guy as tough on drug dealers and other criminals in his area? Hunting is prohibited within the city limits, so being aggravated is one thing. Acting like these guys ran drugs through a children's orphanage with automatic weapons and a Mexican cartel for protection is another.
Neither Francis nor Ehret provided comment to the newspaper. When law enforcement officials found their vehicle and talked with the two, they discovered a bow, blood-stained clothes, corn and other hunting items. Police said Francis had an archery hunting license from the state but had failed to record the deer with the tagging requirement.
Read the full story here.


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Is middle class renewal in any way based on cheap shale gas?
It seems to me that the challenge of rebuilding the American middle class: bringing back the jobs, ensuring good public education, health care and decent pensions is now to a great extent predicated on a very controversial "energy revolution": the lowering the cost of energy by the method of hydraulic fracturing of gas and oil-bearing shale known as fracking.
Not only is this technique of breaking apart the shale with water mixed with chemicals supposed to lower the costs of energy for industry and reduce America's dependence on imported gas and oil, thus producing more taxable income for social programs, but also to allow the United States to reduce its armed "footprint", the billions of dollars in military resources with which we police the troubled areas of the world where much of the energy we now import comes from. The idea being that the money saved in this way would be the money used to pay off the national debt, while simultaneously guaranteeing entitlements, etc..
It may be just my fevered imagination, but since fracking appears to be extremely dangerous to both human health and the environment itself, we might be looking at a future train wreck between social democracy and green concerns.
Cross posted from: http://seaton-newslinks.blogspot.com


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New attorney general sitting in for governor at annual event
EL DORADO -- The 22nd Annual Governor's One-Shot Turkey Hunt will be held April 11-12 in El Dorado. As governor, Kathleen Sebelius has participated in the turkey hunt each year. However this year, Sebelius will not be able to attend.
"We have a strong hunting tradition in Kansas, and the annual one-shot turkey hunt is a great way to celebrate that tradition and kick off the spring turkey hunting season," Sebelius said. "Thankfully, new Attorney General Steve Six has agreed to step in for me. Steve is an experienced hunter and avid outdoorsman, so I am sure he'll bag a good-sized bird this year. I wish my fellow hunters good luck and happy hunting."
"As a hunter, I am honored to have the opportunity to join hunters from across the nation at this year's One-Shot Turkey Hunt," Six said. "This event is a good opportunity to highlight the hunting, wildlife, and outdoor activities that Kansas has to offer."
The turkey hunt was established in 1987 by Governor Mike Hayden as a celebration of Kansas' hunting heritage and an occasion to show off the state's hospitality.


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The Energy Master Plan listserv is a resource for those interested in the process that will culminate in the final energy master plan. The listserv includes announcments about meetings, documents posted and other important steps in the EMP process.
Only those who "subscribe" receive messages, and you can "unsubscribe" at any time. There is no fee to subscribe or unsubscribe, and only an e-mail address is required to join. (See the "Privacy Notice " for state policy on submitted information.) Take advantage of this service and "get on the list" to receive the latest information about the Energy Master Plan. If within one day of subscribing, you do not receive an email confirming your subscription to the listserv, please let us know. Email EMP.


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Saturday, July 16, 2005
INFORMATION -- Ohio: call (800) WILDLIFE Pennsylvania: (814) 432-3187.
Dennis W. Malloy Jr. and Rob Palowitz co-hosts "The Outdoor Icon Show," 6 to 7 a.m. Saturdays on News Radio 570 WKBN. Call (330) 729-9977, (800) 777-5700 or *57 on cell phones.
Information on boat safety courses (mandatory if born after Jan. 1, 1982): (614) 265-6480.
CLUB & amp; ACTIVITY NEWS
BEAVER CREEK SPORTSMENS CLUB: 3D archery shoots all Mckenzie targets will be Sunday, July 31 (Hunt of a Lifetime), Aug. 21, and Sept. 18. Registration is 7 a.m. to 2 p.m.. $10 for adults and $4 for cubs. Food will be available all day. For info, call (330) 482-9360 and on day of the event (330) 427-6473. The club is on Washingtonville Road in Washingtonville.
BESSEMER ROD & amp; GUN CLUB: Taking new members, $25 per year. Club is at 602 N. Main St.
BROOKFIELD TRI-DISTRICT CONSERVATION CLUB: Muzzleloading black powder turkey shoots third Sunday monthly, noon. Practice trap shoots, every Tuesday at 6 p.m. 3-D archery shoots, 30 targets, third Sunday of each month at 8 a.m. (kitchen will be open). Muzzleloading meat shoots, fourth Sunday at noon. Cowboy action shoots, second Sunday and fourth Saturday at 9 a.m. Contact Shenango Joe at (330) 782-0958 or 719-5078. Special archery shoot and pancake and sausage breakfast July 30-31, 7 a.m. each day, to benefit The Children's Rehabilitation Center in Warren. Sharon-Hogue Road, Masury. (330) 448-8855.
BURNT RIDGE BOW & amp; GUN CLUB: 3-D archery shoot, first Sunday monthly thru September, 7 a.m.-3 p.m. Cost $8, age 12-15 shoot for $4. Regular shoot with club rules, 30 targets. Food available. Cowansville, Pa., (724) 545-2552
CHESTER-NEWELL SPORTSMEN CLUB: Trap Wednesdays, Saturdays and Sundays; Turkey shoots Sundays at noon. (330) 424-3659.
EAST PALESTINE SPORTSMAN'S CLUB: Catfish Derby Catch & amp; Release, July 23, 6 p.m. to midnight, $10 per person with mail-in, $12 on derby day. Cash awards, trophies and ribbons for all participants 15 and under. Limited to 80 participants. Call for entry form. 30 target 3D archery shoot, registration 8 a.m. to noon, every third Sunday through August with a Sept. 11 finale. 15-target mini-shoots Wednesdays began June 1. (330) 757-8397. North Pleasant Drive off state Route 14.
EASTERN OHIO CONSERVATION CLUB: Trap every Wednesday at 6 p.m. Skeet every Sunday at 10 a.m. Club is located on West Calla Road between Rt 62 and Rt 45.
FISH & amp; GAME CLUB OF VIENNA: Ladies Firearms Class Tuesdays from July 19 to Sept. 6 from 6 to 10 p.m. Cost is $60. Acceptable for concealed carry. (330) 534-2929. Doubles, singles trap Wednesdays and Sundays, 9 a.m. (330) 534-2929 to register. Indoor archery, Mondays, Wednesdays, 9 a.m. and 7 p.m. Free for members and $3 non-members. Ear, eye protection necessary. Any caliber (if shooting magnum, you need reduced loads).
GRAND VALLEY HUNTING RANCH: July 31, N.S.C.A. registered class shoot GMC pro-grade challenge event to benefit Rainbow Children's Hospital of University Hospitals of Cleveland; Aug. 13, eighth annual Frog Giggin' Gig; Aug. 28, ninth annual Trumbull County Federation of Sportsmen's Clubs Shoot; Oct. 19, released bird hunts begin; Oct. 22, sixth annual Couple's Classic Shoot. 10198 Penniman Road, Orwell, OH 44076. (440) 685-4868.
GREENVILLE SPORTSMAN CLUB: Skeet or trap, Wednesdays, Saturdays and Sundays, 10 a.m. Open to public. Registered skeet Sundays 10 a.m., $20 registration. 1039 Vernon Road (Rt. 538) Greenville, Pa. (724) 588-9994.
HARTHEGIG CONSERVATION CLUB: Trap Sundays 10 a.m.
HIDDEN VALLEY SPORTSMENS CLUB: Sundays 9 a.m.-1 p.m. Sporting Clays, 5-Stand, Trap; 268 Gilkey Road, West Middlesex. (724) 528-2700. HUBBARD CONSERVATION CLUB: Meat and money shoots, 34" barrel or less, .680 chokes, Thursdays, 6 p.m. Turkey shoots Thursdays 7 p.m. and Saturdays (long gun, 48"), 2 p.m. meetings second Wednesday monthly, 7 p.m. 1760 Wick-Campbell Road, Hubbard. Info: (330) 534-8701.
KINSMAN CONSERVATION CLUB: Turkey shoots, Wed. 7 p.m.
LAKE MILTON FISH & amp; GAME: Archery, 3-D realistic targets in natural settings, crossbows permitted. Adults $8, cubs $3. Registration 8 a.m. to noon (breakfast,8 to 10 a.m.; lunch, 10 a.m. to ??) Call (330) 872-1603 or (330) 654-4599. July 24, Aug. 28, Sept. 25 (all deer). Trap, Fridays, protector class, 6 p.m. registration, 6:30 p.m. shooting. (330) 872-0203, 654-4599. Bedell Rd.
LEETONIA SPORTSMENS CLUB: Youth Hunter Education Challenge shoots, 4th Sunday monthly, YHEC practices Sundays. Trap shoots, Tuesdays, 7 p.m. (330) 533-2573, (330) 222-6901.
LOWELLVILLE ROD AND GUN CLUB: Trap practice, Mondays, noon to 4 p.m.; Oakley's and Protectors, Thursdays, 6 to 10 p.m.; Fourth annual NRA Youth Sportsfest, July 23, 9 a.m. to 4 p.m; registration at 8:30 a.m. Youths under 18 are admitted free. Activities include .22 rifle shooting, archery, muzzleloader shooting, trap shooting, air rifle shooting, fishing, wildlife displays and cowboy action shooting demo. To register, call Jim Denney at (330) 545-4250 days or Dave Kuntz at (330) 549-3158 evenings. Hi-power rifle matches, 10 a.m.: Aug. 8, Sept. 10 and Oct. 1. .22 long rifle matches, 10 a.m.: July 23, Aug. 20. Call (330) 755-0209 for either match. Hunter safety course-Mahoning County, Aug. 13-14, 9 a.m to 2 p.m., must attend both sessions. Pre-register by calling (330) 536-8537. Annual steak fry, Aug. 20, serving 4 to 8 p.m., cost is $15; Call Bruno for tickets at (330) 549-0349 or 536-8481.Quarry Road. www.lowellville-rod-gun.com.
MAHONING COUNTY COONHUNTERS: Club pavilion, U.S. 224, west of Canfield.
MAHONING SPORTSMENS ASSOCIATION: Trap shoots, Sundays at 5 p.m., public invited. All money shoots. Youth Field Day, sponsored by Northwestern Sportsmen for Youth, on Aug. 6. There will be free T-shirts, door prizes, lunch and demonstrations all day. Coaching and instructors provided for .22 rifle and pistol shooting, shotgun trap, archery, muzzeloader and paint ball gun shooting, Cherokee run, fishing contests and canoe rides and races. This is an open house event. Equipment provided and you should pre- register by calling the Pennsylvania Game Commission at (814) 432- 3187 after 6 p.m. 1 1/2 miles south of U.S. Route 224 at State Line Marker (Main Street) in Hillsville, Pa. (412) 667-8555 or (412) 658-5709.
OHIO VALLEY BASS ANGLERS: Seeking new members.Visit wwwohiovalleybassanglers.com. Meetings: First, third Thursdays, legion hall, Columbiana. Call (330) 549-5173, (330) 536-8031.
POSSUM HOLLOW SPORTSMENS CLUB: 3D archery shoots, Aug. 14 field day, Sept. 11 UBP shoot. Registration, $10 for 16 and up, $5 for ages 12-15, free for 11 and under. Call (724) 535-4985. Muzzleloader, pistol shoots, 9 a.m. to 1 p.m., Nov. 13, Dec. 11 (724) 336-2981, (330) 385-4507, (724) 535-4985. 3-D targets, all meat prizes. Club: Wampum, Pa.
ORWELL GUN CLUB: Turkey shoots Fridays, 7 p.m. (330) 683-4738.
SALEM HUNTING CLUB: Blackpowder shoot first Tuesday of the month, 6 p.m. All-you-can-eat breakfast, $4, first Saturday monthly, 6-11 a.m. State Route 62, west of Salem.
TRI-DISTRICT CONSERVATION CLUB: Turkey and meat shoots 7 p.m. Tuesdays.
WESTERN RESERVE FISH AND GAME CLUB: Junior CMP rifle shoots, Mondays 6-9 p.m. Indoor handgun, 6:30-9:30 p.m. Wednesdays, $2 members, $4 nonmembers. Indoor archery, 7 to 9 p.m. Fridays. 1058 W. 3rd St., Niles. (330) 544-3993.
WEST POINT ROD AND GUN CLUB: Meat shoot, Sundays noon. 3D archery shoots, third Sunday monthly. 30 McKenzie targets. Registration 10 a.m.-4 p.m. (330) 532-9627.
YELLOW CREEK LONG RIFLES: Trail walks second Sunday monthly, open metallic sights, black-powder, patched round ball only. Info: (330) 738-6002, (330) 332-8376. State Route 39 west of Salineville, follow the signs.
YOUNGSTOWN RIFLE & amp; PISTOL CLUB: Concealed carry classes, Saturdays and Sunday. Pre-registration required, call (330) 270-9416. Trap, Tuesday, 5:30 p.m. PPC, Mondays 6-9 p.m. 8920 Shaffer Road, off S. Lipkey Road.
XSend your club and event news to: Outdoors, The Vindicator, Box 780, Youngstown, Ohio, 44501-0780. Include name and a daytime phone number. Faxes: (330) 747-6712. E-mail: email@example.com


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MONTGOMERY, Ala. (AP) - Alabama may not opens its doors as wide this year for hurricane evacuees from Louisiana and other states.
Gov. Bob Riley said Tuesday the state will not take as many evacuees into shelters from out-of-state this year to make sure shelter space is available for Alabama residents.
He said the state will be particularly cautious about filling shelters if there's a chance another hurricane could affect the Alabama coast.
More than 6,500 evacuees, mostly from Louisiana, filled 28 shelters at community colleges across Alabama over Labor Day weekend last year as Hurricane Gustav approached the Louisiana coast.
Another storm, Hurricane Ike, hit Texas about a week later.
Riley made the comments as Alabama officials gathered to review plans for the 2009 hurricane season.
(Copyright 2009 by The Associated Press. All Rights Reserved.)


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Soon after doing her laundry, Brooklyn came to uncover her vehicle disappeared. Right from across the parking area, Alex saw her all-natural knockers and delicious ass. He proposes to aid this lady in distress and locates her car. It is at the impound and costs 230 bucks to have it taken out.
See Brooklyn Dare and Way More Wild Blowjob Porno on StreetBlowjobs
Knowing she does not have this money, Brooklyn pleads with him to lend her the amount. Yet Alex comes up with a more beneficial plan. They concur $300 for simple fucking in the back seat. While in the back seat he gets his cock sucked. She rides him for a few minutes before he lays her down and fucks her. He has his payments worth just before shooting his cum on her face and lip area.


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KHARKIV, Ukraine, Jan. 18 (UPI) -- Yulia Tymoshenko, the imprisoned former prime minister of Ukraine, is critically ill in a hospital in Kharkiv, where she is being held, her attorney says.
Sergei Vlasenko said he thought Tymoshenko was dead when he found her in a hospital shower, RIA Novosti reported Friday.
"I'm not a specialist, but the situation is critical," Vlasenko said, adding that a doctor was brought in to treat Tymoshenko.
Vlasenko said Tymoshenko did not immediately recognize him when he found her.
Tymoshenko was sentenced to seven years in prison in October 2011 for abuse of office after negotiating a gas deal between Russian and Ukraine in January 2009.
She maintains her conviction was politically motivated by President Viktor Yanukovych.
Tymoshenko was moved to a hospital last year after complaining of deteriorating health in prison.


text:
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text:
A picture is worth a thousand words.
For most small business owners, a good social network strategy is about having a presence on Facebook, LinkedIn and Twitter. But they aren't the only networking tools in town.
Continue Reading Below
Photo sharing Web site Flickr can also be a valuable place for small business owners to connect with existing and potential customers if they use it right.
"It's a good venue for some small businesses, but not for all small businesses," said Mark McGee, an online marketing consultant for small businesses. "If you don't have a visual element to your business or can't come up with a creative way to bring a visual element than you probably not going to do well using Flickr."
A law firm or marketing consulting company may not find value in Flickr, but a retailer or home remodeling company can easily share photos to show off their products or work.
Owned by Yahoo (YHOO), Flickr is a leading photo sharing Web site that allows users to upload photos and videos from a myriad of digital devices and share them both globally and locally.
According to McGee, while a small business isn't automatically going to get new customers because it posted pictures on Flickr, it can give provide valuable exposure. "Somebody that has 500 Flickr friends or 1,000 Flickr friends spots a photo using my product that has potential to get seen by a lot of people."
So how should small businesses go about using Flickr? According to Jeff Korhan, a marketing consultant and blogger, one way is to load pictures on Flickr and push them out to a Facebook page. When photos are only published on Facebook only subscribers of Facebook can search for them. Pictures posted on If Flickr allows anyone on the Web to find them.
"If you have a business you want a presence on the Web, where people can find you via Google and the other search engines and Flickr is a way to do that," said Korhan.
Another way to use Flickr according to Kohran, is to use its common section where anyone can use the photos uploaded as long as they give a link back to the creator of the photos.
Let's say a blog is writing about Cannondale bicycles and uses a photo from Flickr that happens to be from a local bike shop. The person reading the blog may be prompted to visit the Web site of the photo, giving the bike shop a potential new customer.
While social networks are inherently social, the jury is out about how personal a small business pictures should be on Flickr. Kohran said small business owners should keep the photos relevant to the business but also make it personal if it can be tied in to the business. "The small business is trying to be the local company down the road that people trust," said Kohran. The pictures should make people want to do business with you, he said.
Small business owners can also use the photos to create some buzz and build loyalty, said to McGee. A clothing retailer can encourage customers to take photos wearing their clothes and then upload the Flickr; engaging customers and get a testimonial, or without having to spend a dime. Any business that sells a tangible product can encourage people to take pictures of the products being used.
Flickr also has groups on the Web site, and according to McGee, joining the groups is an ideal marketing tool.
"There are an infinite number of groups out there that you can join," said McGee. "If you are a small pet store and sell rare exotic birds there are dozens, if not hundreds, of active groups where pet loves and people interested in pets are already posting photos."


text: WARNING! This website contains sexually explicit material. It is intended solely for individuals 18 years of age or older who are not offended by these types of material. If you are under 18 years of age, find these types of materials offensive, or if it is illegal to view such materials (drunk sex videos) based on the contemporary standards of your community, please exit now.


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International News
Russia's Takeover of Crimea Negatively Impacting HIV Prevention Services
April 14, 2014
"... One of the unwelcome first results of the Russian takeover of Crimea has been a radical change in policy on the treatment of injecting drug users. ... For Crimea's 805 registered methadone users, the future is bleak. Its health ministry confirmed on Thursday the ban on methadone therapy. In the next few weeks, the drug will have run out and the likelihood is that most of the users will be forced back to injecting. From the point of view of HIV prevention, this is disastrous. No one expects the Russians to do what in Britain we started doing in the 1980s, and provide a ready supply of clean needles. Many users will have no other option but to share needles. This is a sure way to spread the HIV virus. ... AIDS activists rallied in Kiev last week, calling on Crimea's new government to think again. There is little hope it will do so. ... The past 30 years have seen so many strides forward in helping those seeking to combat the HIV virus. But in Crimea, a life-saving medical service will no longer be offered and the patients who had been seeking help abandoned." (The Independent, 4/13)
Back to other news for April 2014
This article was provided by Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. It is a part of the publication Kaiser Daily Global Health Policy Report. Visit the Kaiser Family Foundation's website to find out more about their activities, publications and services.
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Terry LongRetired
Offensive Guard
Ht: | Wt:
News | Stats | Stat vs. Team | Targets | Injury | Depth Chart | Roster
|Steelers | T. Long's death ruled suicide
Wed, 25 Jan 2006 21:13:38 -0800
Jonathan D. Silver, of the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, reports former NFL OG Terry Long's death has been ruled a suicide. Toxicology tests and other evidence showed Long committed suicide by drinking antifreeze, but the Allegheny County medical examiner's office also found head trauma that contributed to Long's death. Dr. Bennet Omalu, a neuropathologist at the office, argued that Mr. Long's head injuries as a football player helped cause depression severe enough to make him commit suicide.
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|Steelers | Football Career Contributed to Long's Death
Tue, 13 Sep 2005 22:17:38 -0700
The Tribune-Review reports repeated blows to the head during former NFL OL Terry Long's eight-year career led to a brain inflammation that killed the former Pittsburgh Steelers guard in June, Allegheny County Coroner Dr. Cyril H. Wecht said Tuesday, Sept. 13. Long's death was caused by cerebral meningitis that resulted from "repeated mild traumatic brain injuries while playing football,'' Wecht said.
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|Steelers | Saddened by Long's Passing
Wed, 08 Jun 2005 19:59:00 -0700
Steelers.com reports Pittsburgh Steelers president Art Rooney II has released a statement regarding the passing of former OG Terry Long Tuesday, June 7. "The entire Steelers organization is saddened by the unexpected death of Terry Long," Rooney wrote. "Terry was a very good player and extremely hard worker throughout his playing career. He will be missed by his former teammates and co-workers who enjoyed his camaraderie as part of the Steelers family. Our prayers and deepest sympathies go out to Terry's family at this difficult time." Long was 45.
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|NFL | Former Player Long Dies
Tue, 07 Jun 2005 21:33:54 -0700
The Associated Press reports former Pittsburgh Steelers OG Terry Long has died at the age of 45. The coroner will perform an autopsy on Wednesday, June 8, because the cause of Long's death was not immediately clear. Foul play was not suspected, a deputy coroner said. Our condolences go out to his family and friends.
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|Steelers | Former Guard Terry Long Arrested
Wed, 30 Mar 2005 05:06:58 -0800
ESPN.com reports former Pittsburgh Steelers OG Terry Long has been indicted for fraudulently securing loans for a chicken-processing plant that he eventually burned to the ground for insurance money in September of 2003. In addition, after Long was released on bond from the federal charge, he remained in the Allegheny County Jail after it was learned that Missouri officials had a warrant for his arrest on a felony theft charge involving a bad check. Long will be arraigned on the federal charges April 5. Long played for the Steelers from 1984 to 1991.
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You are here: Root > By Topic > Artificial IntelligenceGo directly to another tag
A modular and configurable environment for developing expert systems, which was created at the German National Research Center for Computer Sciences (GMD). It is a forward/backward chaining, hybrid sy...
Common Lisp Reasoner
Provides tightly-integrated knowledge representation, reasoning and search capabilities, with vanilla XML and RDF/XML interfaces, built around a portable extension of CLOS.
A graphical shell for the hybrid expert system development environment BABYLON. EMA-XPS was created at the University of Wuppertal, Germany. It provides a number of tools such as a task processor, kno...
KM: The Knowledge Machine
KM is a powerful, frame-based knowledge representation language with clear first-order logic semantics. It contains sophisticated machinery for reasoning, including selection by description, unificati...
Lisp-based Intelligent Software Agents. A production-rule language for building expert systems. It is influenced by, and similar to, CLIPS and JESS.
Lisp code from Artificial Intelligence, A Modern Approach
Common Lisp code for solving basic AI problems, from the definitive textbook on intelligent agents by Russell & Norvig. The website also links implementations in other languages (java, python, c++, p...
Loom is a "language and environment for constructing intelligent applications". It features a knowledge representation system, a deductive engine, and a logic-based pattern matcher.
Simple backward-chaining expert system shell based on MYCIN. Although it was created for educational purposes at the University of Texas at Austin, it was also used for developing some real expert sys...


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The Human Rights Press Awards are run by the FCC, Amnesty International Hong Kong and the Hong Kong Journalists Association. The 22nd annual awards were held on May 12, 2018, in a ceremony at the FCC. Click here to find out who won.
Malaysia's Deputy Defence Minister Liew Chin Tong spoke of his hopes for the future.
Try our delicious vegetarian menu.
SPORT EVENT SCHEDULE Thursday, September 20 Cricket: Asia Cup 2018 -6A – Bangladesh Vs. Afghanistan Time: 7:20PM Now Channel 674 Main Bar Small screen….
BERT'S SCHEDULE Wednesday, September 26 8:00pm –11:00pm Allen Youngblood trio (Jazz/Latin) Friday, September 28 6:00pm –8:00pm Sizwe Peter (South African Jazz Piano) 8:30pm –12:30am Red….
The film was produced over four years, shot on four continents, and made with the participation of three U.S. Secretaries of State.


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Lakeside Living
Shelley Edson
Phone: 376 – 765 – 4049
October 2011
A cheerful crowd attended a story-telling event at LCS to benefit Jim Collum's Education Fund, and listened to an afternoon of readings from Jim's works by well-known community actors and writers Jim Tipton, Liz White, Fred Koesling and Mel Goldberg.
Larry Reeves, Nancy Martinez and Mel Goldberg, event coordinators, reported a generous take when the hat was passed for donations. Proceeds go to an education fund through the auspices of the LCS to help needy Mexican children pay their school expenses. The next event is scheduled for October 11.
Mel Goldberg, Nancy Martinez, Larry Reeves
Pro Auditorio presented The Big Lip-Sync Show September 9 - 11 at the Club Exotica. Directed by Michael McLaughlin, the show was a big success, playing to full houses and raising 94,000 pesos for the Auditorio Upgrade Project. Twenty four acts included Kathleen Morris playing Lady Gaga in 'Bad Romance,' and Collete Clavadetscher as Christina Aguilera in 'Nasty Naughty Boy.' Choreographers were Val Jones and Barbara Clippinger; props and costumes were loaned by the Lakeside Little Theater. Club Exotica proved to be a super location - there is even talk of repeating the show in January.
Lake Chapala Society Indepencia Celebration was a grand success. Hundreds of people ate, danced and celebrated with entertainment provided by the wonderful mariachi band – Chuy of Ajijic.
Chuy Mariachi Band
The Belgian Chocolate Employment Agency is officially open. Rony's office, La casita del Empleo, at the corner of Morelos and Zaragoza in Chapala, is open Monday – Friday 11:30 to 3 pm. If you need an employee, from office workers to gardeners to nurses and housekeepers, Rony can probably help with his free service. He pays his office expenses with the sale of Belgian Artisanal Chocolates available for sale in his office. If you have never tried his chocolate, it can be described in two words "absolutely delicious."
Saturday October 8 from 2 to 4 pm Lake Chapala Society celebrates Oktoberfest. A delicious and festive German meal will be served and apfelstrudel desserts will be sold by Cruz Roja. Come and enjoy German polkas, drinking songs and Yodeling. Purchase tickets at LCS Cruz Roja 10-12 or LCS office from 12-2, or Diane Pearl.
October 8 – Art Gallery Opening and Reception in Chapala: The new art gallery "Galeria Origen y Vision," features paintings, sculpture, and limited-edition original prints by numerous internationally-known artists. The gallery is located at Hidalgo 229, Chapala and open 11 -7 pm, Thurs- Mon, or by appointment. In the future, the gallery will host other activities such as art classes, performance art, action painting, music, dance, literature and poetry readings and other happenings.
The opening reception is Saturday evening, October 8 from 5 - 9 pm. All are welcome to join the party and enjoy the artwork. For additional information call 331-148-8306.
Sunday, October 9 starting at 1 pm –Come visit Lakeside Spay and Neuter Centre. As part of festivities to mark World Animal Day, you are invited to attend an open day at the Ranch – currently home to about 65 dogs looking for permanent homes. Hotdogs and hamburgers will be served. Donation boxes will be available; the donations received are used to help feed and take care of the dogs. Helping hands at the Ranch are also needed, and information will be available if you are considering volunteering.
Directions: The Ranch is off the Guadalajara to Chapala highway. As you come into Chapala, just before the Libramiento (to Wal-Mart), turn right onto a dirt road which leads past a gravel quarry on the left. Go over a stream and around a tree in the middle of the road. Follow the signs right, through another stream to a gate on your right. Drive in - the sound of barking will let you know you have arrived and there will be a few friendly dogs (and people) outside to welcome you.
For more information call 766-3813, 765-7681 or 766-0807 or go to www.lakesidespayandneutercenter.com
Through October 10, visit the Ajijic Cultural Center to see Luz Preciado's exhibition, Without Taboos. With the vast range of bright colors, the strong and sure brush strokes, the talented Ajijic artist, Luz Preciado, gives us her interpretation of "Pop Art." Included in the exhibition are sensuous clay pieces created by the multi talented José Meléndrez. The Ajijic Cultural Center is open Monday to Friday from 9am to 3pm, Saturdays 10am to 2pm.
Without Taboos
Through October 9, the Lakeside Little Theatre (LLT) presents "Kitchen Witches" directed by Roger Tredway. This hilarious comedy puts two rival cooking TV hosts with a rocky past together on one TV show and watch out! Purchase tickets at the Theatre from 10 to 12 noon. The performances start at 7:30 pm, and bar opens at 6:30 pm.
Thursday, November 3 - Annual Cruz Roja Golf Classic will be held at the Chapala Country Club. Golfers get your 4-player team together for Texas Scramble! The entry fee of $1,400 pesos per player (with a 200 peso discount if paid before October 14), includes cart rental, continental breakfast, gift bags, BBQ Dinner, and a chance to win a car or hot tub with a hole in one. There will also be a 50/50 raffle and a silent auction. Non golfers are welcome to come enjoy the BBQ dinner for $250 pesos; tickets at LCS M-F at the Cruz Roja table from 10-2 or Chapala County Club. Golf teams must register at the Chapala Country Club Pro Shop by November 1. Proceeds benefit Cruz Roja operations and fund its lifesaving and prenatal classes.
November 3, 4, 5, 10, 11, 12: "Senior Class," a new My, My, How Nice! musical, is at Plaza Ribera (the old Sol Y Luna). Conceived by Peggy Lord Chilton, this musical ran successfully for 8 years in Phoenix AZ. It is unusual in that it is all music with no dialog. The cast sings show tunes and standards that reflect the journey - good or bad - that has gotten us all to our "senior years" without too many dents and with our sense of humor and optimism fully intact. A portion of the proceeds benefits the Auditorio renovation project and the programs of the Baptist Church.
November 10: Celebrate Canadian Thanksgiving at the American Legion in Chapala. Tickets can be purchased at the American Legion in Chapala.
November 18 – 20: The Feria Maestros del Arte Show will be held at the Chapala Yacht Club. This wonderful event is not to be missed!
Local Viva Musica concerts at the Auditorio at 7:30 pm. Ticket prices are 250 pesos for members, 300 pesos for non-members.
October 27, Piano "Four Hands", Guillermo Salvador and Rosalinda Preciado
December 1, Dolores Moreno, Soprano with the Chris Wilshere Chamber Orchestra
For Live from the Met operas, Viva will take a bus to Guadalajara for the following operas. Ticket prices 320 pesos for members, 400 for non-members, and 1800 for member season tickets.
October 15 Anna Bolena, Donizetti
October 29 Don Giovanni, Mozart
November 5 Siegfried, Wagner
November 19 Satyagraha, Glass
December 3 Rodelina, Handel
December 10 Faust, Gounod
Purchase tickets Friday mornings 10-12 at the LCS Ticket Booth.
Pro Auditorio Events, to benefit the upgrade of the auditorium:
October 12 at 7.30 pm Paco Rentería, well-known Mexican guitarist will play with his band "Free Play" in the Auditorio de la Ribera in Ajijic. Rentería is an outstanding internationally-praised guitarist who performs around the world. Tickets are 150-250 pesos.
October 31 at 4.00 pm Halloween Dance Cruise, a four-hour boat cruise with a DJ and dancing, departs from the east end of the Chapala malecón. Halloween costumes are optional but there will be a prize for the best costume. Tickets 300 pesos, includes one drink.
November 3 at 3 pm: Colores de Mexico, youth orchestra playing Mexican classical music with classical ballet dancers, performs in the Auditorio, Ajijic. Tickets 200 pesos.
November 6 at 3 pm: Piano and Harpsichord Concert by the highly talented Michael Tsalka, followed by a Gala Reception with champagne will be held in a private home. Tickets are 300 pesos for the concert, or 500 pesos including the Champagne Reception.
November 16 at 4 pm, Nov 17 and 18 at 7.30 pm: Comedy Capers – Music Makers, a series of comedy skits, songs, and dance routines directed by Patteye Simpson and David McIntosh, will be at the Auditorio. Tickets 150-200 pesos.
Tickets to all Pro Auditorio fundraising events are available at LCS 10 to 12, Diane Pearl's, Charter Club and the Auditorio.
Paco Rentería
Music Appreciation Society (MAS) Concert Season begins in November:
November 15, Blas Galindo Orchestra Featuring the Concierto Andaluz
December 8, Children's Choir of Morelia
January 19, Orquesta Filarmonica de San Luis Potosi
February 14, Classical FX Quartet of Kennedy Center Opera Company
March 13, Compañia de Danza Clasica y Neoclasica de Jalisco
Season tickets are available October 17 – 28 from 10 to 12 M–F at LCS for 1700, 1400, and 1100 pesos. Individual tickets are available two weeks before each concert.
February 10, 11, and 12, 2012 is the date for the 35th annual Mexican National Chili Cook-Off, lakeside's largest charity fund raising event. More than 5,000 paid admittances were recorded last year, the largest to date, with more than 200 volunteers on hand to assure a great, safe time.
New to this year's event is the People's Choice Margarita Tasting contest on Friday, February 10th.
For each competition, entries are limited to 10 participants so early sign-up is important. For the margarita competition, please contact Bobby Lancaster at 766-5635. Entries are also being accepted for the Best Salsa competition on Friday, the 10th, Home Cook Chili competition on the 11th, and Restaurant Chef Chili competition on Sunday the 12th.. Contact Don Howse 766-5784 for additional information.
The Lakeside Spay and Neuter Center needs volunteers for the upcoming November spay and-neuter-campaign, to be held in Chapala, the exact location and date is to be determined. Volunteers are needed to transport animals to and from the clinic; bilingual help is need for hands-on help during the clinic; and cat-boxes and dog-cages (to be returned after the event) old blankets and towels, newspapers are needed for the event. For more information, call 765-7681.
February 16-19 2012 The Creative Crossroads of the Americas – a writers conference and literary festival is in San Miguel. The largest of its kind in Latin America, the conference draws both faculty and participants from Canada, the U.S., and Mexico, for a rich cultural mix. The conference is simultaneously translated, and smaller workshops are offered in both Spanish and English. In addition to nine keynote addresses by distinguished writers, the conference includes 42 workshops for writers on a wide variety of topics from fiction and non-fiction to poetry to publishing options; one-on-one pitch sessions with agents; open mike opportunities; and individual consultations with experts. For details, go to www.sanmiguelwritersconference.org
Ajijic Wednesday Market Day change: Due to some Pan-American Olympic events here locally, the Wednesday Ajijic October 12th market will not happen on this day. The new day that week only, for the Ajijic market will be changed to: Tuesday October 11th.
|Past Lakeside Living


text: Job Discussion Forums :: View topic - ********** Get TEFL Certified & Start Your Adventure Today! Job Discussion Forums"The Internet's Meeting Place for ESL/EFL Students and Teachers from Around the World!" FAQ Search Memberlist Usergroups Register Profile Log in to check your private messages Log in ********** Job Discussion Forums Forum Index -> Russia & C.I.S. View previous topic :: View next topic Author Message Kent F. KruhoefferJoined: 22 Jan 2003Posts: 2129Location: 中国 Posted: Wed Feb 26, 2003 8:05 am Post subject: ********** **********Last edited by Kent F. Kruhoeffer on Fri Jul 04, 2003 12:36 pm; edited 1 time in total Back to top Buck TurgidsonJoined: 29 Jan 2003Posts: 96 Posted: Wed Feb 26, 2003 9:50 pm Post subject: Thanks Kent, I was searching on google myself and I found another State Department sponsered international school in Vladivostok. I think it is on the same site you listed. They only have 2 foreign staff though. I also found a link to an international school in Samara. The link is out of action. Do you know of such a school there? There are listings for these schools all over Russia but I suspect if they are not connected with some foreign organization, they probably can't afford to pay much to a foreign teacher. Buck Back to top Kent F. KruhoefferJoined: 22 Jan 2003Posts: 2129Location: 中国 Posted: Thu Feb 27, 2003 6:39 am Post subject: Privyet ! Privyet Buck, I'm personally not aware of any bona-fide international schools here in Samara. With a population of only 1.5 million, and VERY few permanent-resident foreigners living here... the demand for a high-quality, English-medium international school ... is probably very low. Samara's 'claim to fame' in the academic world (fyi) lies within its aerospace and automobile industries. There are lots of good, even internationally recognized, technical universities and institutes here which focus mainly on engineering, physics, computer science and mathematics. English classes **are** offered at all of these 'state' schools, but the teacher is, with VERY few exceptions, a native Russian. And... I'm sure you know this, but for the benefit of those who don't know it; a Russian teacher is considered extremely lucky if he/she earns 5,000 Rubles per month ... an amount that I often spend in a week. So ... the directors of such schools would laugh at me if I told them that my salary requirement is $700 per month net (that's 22,000 Rubles) with a furnished flat and 24/7 internet included at no cost. Anyway ... I will continue to pass along any interesting links or leads I may come across in the future. Good luck with your plans, Buck. Warm wishes, Kent Back to top Display posts from previous: All Posts1 Day7 Days2 Weeks1 Month3 Months6 Months1 Year Oldest FirstNewest First Job Discussion Forums Forum Index -> Russia & C.I.S. All times are GMT Page 1 of 1 Jump to: Select a forum Where to Begin----------------General DiscussionNewbie ForumCurrent Events ForumTechnology ForumOnline Teaching Forum Africa Forums----------------General Africa Forum Asia Forums----------------CambodiaChina (Job-related Posts Only)China (Off-Topic)Hong KongIndiaIndonesiaJapanMalaysiaPhilippinesSingaporeTaiwanThailandGeneral Asia ForumVietnam Caribbean Forums----------------General Caribbean Forum Europe Forums----------------Czech RepublicFranceGermanyGreeceItalyMacedonia and the BalkansPolandRomaniaRussia & C.I.S.SpainTurkeyUkraineUnited KingdomGeneral Europe Forum Latin America Forums----------------ArgentinaBrazilChileColombiaCosta RicaMexicoMexico (off-topic)PeruGeneral Latin America Forum The Middle East Forums----------------BahrainEgyptIsraelKuwaitOmanQatarSaudi ArabiaUnited Arab EmiratesGeneral Middle East Forum North America Forums----------------General North America Forum Oceania----------------Australia/New Zealand You cannot post new topics in this forumYou cannot reply to topics in this forumYou cannot edit your posts in this forumYou cannot delete your posts in this forumYou cannot vote in polls in this forum This page is maintained by the one and only Dave Sperling. Contact Dave's ESL Cafe Copyright © 2018 Dave Sperling. All Rights Reserved. Powered by phpBB © 2001, 2002 phpBB Group Teaching Jobs in China


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Marketing Financial
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Contact Us
Life Guides
Financial Worksheets
The worksheets that follow can be used to help put your "financial house" in order, as well as to help ease the burden of uncertainty that most families experience after the death of a loved one.
The "fillable" Financial Worksheets can be completed in the Acrobat Reader, either online or offline, and saved. NOTE: You must have Acrobat Reader version 8 or later in order to save the "fillable" forms (
click here to download the most current version of the Reader
). In completing the "fillable" forms, enter whole numbers only and do not enter commas.
Be sure to contact my office if I can assist you with any of the planning needs covered by these worksheets.
Budget Organizer
Balance Sheet
Bank and Brokerage Accounts
Retirement Plan Inventory
Life Insurance Inventory
Professional Advisors
Document Checklist
Personal Property Disposition
Business Disposition
Funeral Instructions
Click below if you'd like a complete Financial Workbook and we'll send you a copy.
Financial Workbook (all of the above worksheets)


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Search terms
Superior digital picture and sound
This amplified antenna with a low noise amplifier and variable gain control was designed to provide the best reception for Digital broadcasts. The memory of your last settings is maintained by the separate on/off switch. See all benefits
Unfortunately this product is no longer available
Up to 20dB amplification boosts weak signals, expanding your reception range and allowing you to receive more signals over a greater distance.
Maintains the memory of your settings
330° radius with 120° tilt allows UHF element to be adjusted for maximum signal
Allows you to easily improve reception range
Noise reduction filter to protect against signal loss


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Hello everyone,
At first: Sorry for my bad english!
I will travel to Truckee in middle of March. Will there be enough snow for snowkiting?
I don't know if it is worthwhile for me to take all my stuff from germany to truckee, if there is no snow. I guess the water temps for Kiteboarding are to low?
Thanks for your help!!
It would be nice if you can give me some hints where i can go snowkiting in truckee. I've already read something about Martis Creek.


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Envirosax Reusable Bags
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Envirosax is an Australian company that committed to
bringing environmental alternatives to everyday problems.
Charities supported by Envirosax include Australian Marine Conservation Society, Surfrider Foundation and The Royal Forest and Bird Protection Society


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Motorcycle Exhaust Systems
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NEW YORK (AP) — Ryan Tedder has been the mastermind behind hits for Adele, Beyonce and Leona Lewis, but on his band's new album, the Grammy winner gets help from other hit-makers.
Tedder's name is all over the credits on "Native," OneRepublic's third album, released Tuesday. But other players helped shape the band's latest sound, including Benny Blanco, who co-produced hits like Maroon 5's "Moves Like Jagger" and Katy Perry's "Teenage Dream," and Jeff Bhasker, who produced fun.'s Grammy-winning breakthrough album, "Some Nights."
"I was very clear with them," said Tedder, who added that taking a back seat to other producers was both "scary and exciting."
"I was like, 'We're not Maroon 5. We're not fun.'"
OneRepublic's lead single, "If I Lose Myself," was co-produced by Blanco, and Bhasker adds his drum-filled sound to "Can't Stop." The album also features producer Philippe Zdar, best known his work with French critical darlings Phoenix.
In an interview with The Associated Press, Tedder, 33, talked about collaborating with other artists, the state of rock music on Top 40 radio and "Native," which OneRepublic recorded in Greece, Paris, London, New York, Seattle, Vancouver, Canada, and Colorado.
AP: You've produced for many acts. What was it like having others come into your musical space?
Tedder: I happened to work with Benny and Bhasker in the middle of, probably the both of them, the greatest run of hits in their lives. ... I don't want the one time I go outside my box and collaborate with somebody be the song that doesn't work. You're always like slightly terrified. ... No offense to them, but I didn't want their palate or their sound to then define us.
AP: So how did you work everything out?
Tedder: The one Bhasker did and one of the two Benny did, I knew fundamentally I'm not the guy to do this. I'm not the right producer to do this record. I'm not getting it right. This record sounds like such a huge, huge, important moment and I'm missing it.
AP: It's been almost four years since the band released an album. Why?
Tedder: (It) never was our intention. We thought two years most between album cycles, but to be honest, the last single we put out on our second album, 'Good Life,' became this, it just kept going. ... And every time we turned around, we'd get another offer to do this and play this show or do this gig or do this TV thing ... but that's just the nature of this band. Our songs, just in America for some reason, take twice as long as they do everywhere else to do their thing. ... We don't have that kind of Rihanna, Bruno Mars luck.
AP: Why do you think that is?
Tedder: Bands in general have a rough go when it comes to radio. ... (Mumford & Sons') 'I Will Wait,' I think that thing came out like seven or eight months ago, and it's just now climbing in Top 40. ... You take Katy Perry or Britney (Spears) or Ke$ha and everything's intended to explode immediately and kind of go away. Those records have a certain sound to them. They're very much more programmed in the computer, kind of locked and gridded, and dance music is similar. Anytime you have something that's live, something that sounds like a band sitting in a room playing, it takes longer to connect in America. ... Lumineers' 'Ho Hey,' I think I bought that song almost a year ago.
AP: Same deal with Of Monsters and Men's "Little Talks"?
Tedder: I bought that album the day it came out (last year).
AP: Even Adele's "Rolling in the Deep" didn't seem like it would become a radio hit, and I wasn't sure Top 40 radio would play the track.
Tedder: I thought the same thing. When I handed in the demo of 'Rumour Has It' (which Tedder produced and co-wrote), her label said, 'Oh, this is such a radio hit for us. This is great.' I didn't want to say anything contrary to that, but in my mind I was thinking, 'You're crazy. None of this is radio.' I didn't work with Adele to get on the radio. That's not the kind of move you make. ... But that's what I love about culture, if you get too much candy or too much of the hyper-, engineered-to-be-No. 1 type records — which there's a ton of them out and they're all done by the same two or three guys — you hear enough of that and all you want to hear is the other stuff.
AP: At the 2012 Grammys, you talked about how rock music was sort of dying on Top 40 radio. Would you say that's changed?
Tedder: ... That very month at the Grammys, fun. released 'We Are Young.' Two months later, Imagine Dragons came out. ... Of Monsters and Men, Lumineers and ... I was like, 'Oh my god.' It just went from no bands to lots of bands. Having said that, rock as Dave Grohl would define it is still not in my mind really happening. ... In terms of radio, rock as it's been defined in the '90s is just not happening. I'm sure it will come around.
Follow Mesfin Fekadu at http://twitter.com/MusicMesfin


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Jan 28, 2009 at 12:59 pm
Love the blue t/a. Beautiful car. My first car was the dark blue....I still have it from 1984....check out my pics.
Jan 12, 2009 at 6:19 pm
Nice to meet you at the 08 Nats Kevin (I was with Rick K).
Bobby (w72transamowner)
Bobby (w72transamowner)
Nov 13, 2008 at 4:24 pm
Like the blue one. Maybe a bit more than the Black one's


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Pittsburgh coach Jamie Dixon said his team needed to do three things in order to beat No. 18 Marquette on Saturday. The 16th-ranked Panthers did none of them.
Vander Blue scored 19 points to lead the Golden Eagles to a 79-69 win over Pittsburgh, handing the Panthers just their second loss in nine games.
Marquette shot 57 percent (26 for 46) from the field, went 22 for 29 from the free-throw line and outrebounded Pittsburgh 33-24.
"There were three things we wanted to do," Dixon said. "Hold them under 40 percent defensively; we didn't come close to that. We wanted to keep them off the free-throw line; we certainly didn't come close to that. Then obviously the rebounding, we got outrebounded, so simply put, the 10-point loss is really pretty easy to see."
Lamar Patterson scored 19 points to lead Pittsburgh (20-6, 8-5 Big East), which entered the game fifth in the nation in scoring defense (54.4 ppg). Tray Woodall added 10 points and eight assists.
The Golden Eagles (18-6, 9-3) got their 23rd straight home win, the fourth-longest active streak in the nation. They also won the teams' previous meeting this season, 74-67 in overtime at Pittsburgh on Jan. 20.
"I think if I were to say our best performance on the road in Big East play would be at Pitt, and I thought our best performance at home in a Big East game thus far would be Pitt," Marquette coach Buzz Williams said. "I think they're one of the top two or three teams in our league."
Blue, Marquette's leading scorer, was 7 of 8 from the field and 3 for 4 on free throws to go with six rebounds for the Golden Eagles, who moved into a tie with No. 15 Georgetown atop the Big East.
On Monday, Blue made just three shots and scored seven points in a 63-55 loss to the Hoyas.
"I had sort of a weird feeling about how I played at Georgetown," Blue said. "I felt like we could've got that one there. That was a big one. . I just wanted to make sure I was mentally and physically there right out of the gates to give us the boost and energy that we needed to win. I was just thinking, take what was given to me, don't force anything and just play with unbelievable energy."
Davante Gardner finished with 14 points for Marquette and scored 10 of his team's 11 during a key stretch late in the game. Gardner started his scoring spree when he tipped in his own miss to give the Golden Eagles a 63-50 lead with 6:35 to play.
Woodall missed a 3-pointer but Pittsburgh got the offensive rebound. The Panthers also got the rebound on a miss by Talib Zanna, and then Dixon was called for his first technical of the season with 6:05 to play.
"That was my first one in I don't know how long," Dixon said. "I congratulated them on that. There was no bad language. I'll be sure to pass that onto my mom."
Gardner made both free throws, and after a 3-pointer by Patterson, he sank two more from the line to give Marquette a 67-53 lead with 5:45 remaining.
Fifteen seconds later, Patterson turned the ball over and then received a flagrant foul call. Derrick Wilson made one free throw, Gardner was fouled, and made two more free throws for a 70-53 lead with 5:13 left.
After a free throw by Patterson, Gardner capped his offensive outburst with a layup off a pass from Jamil Wilson for Marquette's biggest lead, 72-54, with 4:14 to go.
Pittsburgh scored eight of the next 10 points and got within 74-62 on a layup by Woodall. But the Panthers missed their next three shots and fell behind, 76-62, on a dunk by Jamil Wilson with 2:00 to go.
In the first half, a jumper by Trent Lockett gave Marquette a 28-18 lead with 7:19 to go.
Pittsburgh responded by scoring the next seven points to trim the deficit to 28-25 after a layup by James Robinson with 5:37 left.
But that's as close as the Panthers would get, as Marquette scored 11 of the final 13 points of the half for a 42-29 lead at the break.
"I thought we got the ball around the basket and didn't finish well," Dixon said. "We normally finish those, but for whatever reason, we didn't. I don't know what that reason was."


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INDIANAPOLIS (AP) — Investigators looking for the cause of a deadly Indianapolis house explosion got more support for their theory that natural gas was a factor Wednesday when an attorney for the owner of a home at the core of the blast said his client's 12-year-old daughter had smelled a strange odor off and on for weeks.
Still, finding the actual cause could take time as investigators search through homes that have been battered or obliterated for any clues about faulty appliances and gas leaks. It's possible they may never be able to pinpoint the cause.
"Extensive gas explosions are not easy to put back together," forensics consultant Jay A.Siegel said. "Finding the pieces and putting them back together is a giant puzzle."
Randall Cable, an attorney for homeowner Monserrate Shirley, said Wednesday that the woman's daughter had complained of an odor outdoors and in the garage area for several weeks before Saturday's blast that leveled two homes and left dozens more uninhabitable. Two people were killed.
"Once they went inside, they didn't smell it," Cable said. The odor wasn't strong enough to concern the adults, so they didn't report it, he said.
Shirley's boyfriend, Mark Leonard, replaced the home's thermostat about two or three weeks ago after the couple discovered the furnace wasn't working.
Investigators haven't said from which house they think the explosion originated. They said late Tuesday that they are looking at gas appliances in the homes that were consumed at the epicenter of the fiery blast, which flattened the Shirley home and the house next door where two people died.
The National Transportation Safety Board and the utility that provides gas service to the neighborhood have said they found no leaks in the gas main or pipes leading into the homes.
Real estate records show the Shirley home had a gas furnace and water heater.
But determining whether either of those caused the explosion is likely to be a long process because of the massive amount of damage.
John J. Lentini, a fire investigation expert who wrote the book "Scientific Protocol for Fire Investigation," said investigators will have to trace gas lines, valves and appliances inside homes where little more than charred boards and debris remains.
"You have to check the gas lines, and they tend to be gone," Lentini said. "You're probably not going to have much more than the meter."
In a natural gas explosion, leaking fuel builds up in an enclosed space until something ignites it, experts said. What follows is intense heat and a rush of air that creates a vacuum before the hot air rushes back in.
That rush of roiling air causes damage such as crumpled garage doors and can throw fragments of debris far away, said Siegel, an explosives expert who has taught forensic science at Michigan State University and Indiana-Purdue-University-Indianapolis.
But metal will survive the heat, Siegel said. So if a stove, furnace or water heater was the source, investigators will have some clues.
"It seldom happens that there'll be no fragment left of a gas appliance if it explodes," Siegel said. "Most often you will find large pieces of the appliance somewhere around. It may not be at the point of origin. It may be somewhere else in the house, hurtled through the wall."
Even smaller pieces, such as pieces of metal valve stems, can survive and be examined, Lentini said. Investigators can then tell what position the valves were in when the explosion occurred, and whether they might be a cause.
But sometimes no certain cause can be found.
"There are lots of explosions and fires where you have no cause, or no determined cause. And sometimes gas explosions fall into this category where you just can't figure out what caused the explosion," Siegel said.
Cable said he was skeptical that faulty appliances could have caused such a large explosion and suggested that Citizens Gas was trying to deflect blame. He said suspicion was being directed at Shirley because she was out of town when the house exploded.
"I would expect Citizens Gas to say they're not finding anything wrong whether they did or didn't at this point," he added.
Citizens Energy spokeswoman Sarah Holsapple said the utility had tested its gas lines in conjunction with the National Transportation Safety Board and the Indiana Utility Regulatory Commission.
"We feel very comfortable with our test results and both state and federal agencies have signed off on them," she said.