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General Practice, Solo & Small Firm DivisionMagazine
Volume 17, Number 6
September 2000
By David A. Hoffman and Natasha A. Affolder
To many mediators, "UPL" is an acronym with an increasingly ominous ring. This growing concern about the unauthorized practice of law (UPL) arises from reports around the country of charges filed against mediators who are not lawyers. These prosecutions—or in some cases warnings—are primarily directed at divorce mediators as a result of their drafting of detailed marital settlement agreements. However, all mediators have reason to be concerned.
The legal standards governing UPL are highly indefinite, and vary by state. The patterns of enforcement are also unpredictable, and disclaimers in mediation agreements may not be legally effective. Yet the stakes are high, as the potential consequences for a mediator of being found to engage in the unauthorized practice of law range from civil and criminal liability to ethics charges
This article argues that it's time for new, clear, and uniform standards for distinguishing between mediation and the practice of law.Statutes and Interpretations. The courts have developed five tests to distinguish the practice of law from other activities, a fact that itself underscores the difficulty in defining the unauthorized practice of law (UPL). The "commonly understood" test poses the question whether mediation is commonly understood to be a part of the practice of law in the community. Factors to consider include the extent to which lawyers, as opposed to nonlawyers, in a given community routinely provide mediation services. The "client reliance" test asks whether the parties who use a mediator believe they are receiving legal services. Under this test, whether the mediator is engaging in legal practice could be different in every case, depending on the perspectives of the individual parties. The "relating law to specific facts" test asks whether the mediator is engaged in activities "relating the law to specific facts"—in essence, whether the mediation is an evaluative process. The "affecting legal rights" test defines the practice of law as those activities affecting a person's legal rights.
Mediations involving litigation matters by definition involve the parties' legal rights. Even nonlitigation matters (such as neighborhood, family, or organizational disputes) can affect the parties' legal rights if the mediation results in a legally enforceable settlement agreement. The "attorney-client relationship" test asks whether the relationship between the mediator and the parties is tantamount to an attorney-client relationship. One factor affecting this determination might be whether parties in the mediation were represented by counsel—either at the negotiating table with the mediator and the parties, or in close consultation during the mediation but not actually during the mediation sessions. If not, there is greater risk in some situations that the parties could view the mediator as performing the role of an attorney. These tests underscore the point that there is no fixed definition of the practice of law in the context of mediation or otherwise. Two States Set Standards. Virginia and North Carolina have developed UPL standards specifically applicable to mediation. Rather than relying on any of the tests described above, drafters in these states identified the two most common categories of mediator activities that could be considered the "practice of law": providing legal advice to the parties, and drafting settlement agreements in a manner that goes beyond serving as a scrivener for the parties.
The Virginia Guidelines on Mediation and the Unauthorized Practice of Law attempt to draw a line between providing legal information (which is not legal practice) and giving legal advice (which is). The guidelines define "legal advice" as applying legal principles to facts in such a way as to predict a specific outcome of a legal issue or to direct, urge, or recommend a course of action by a disputant. Under these guidelines, mediators can provide disputants with copies of relevant statutes or court cases, and they may state what they believe the law to be on a given legal topic, without being deemed to be practicing law. However, the guidelines prohibit a mediator from describing the application of the law to the parties' situation. The North Carolina Guidelines for the Ethical Practice of Mediation and to Prevent the Unauthorized Practice of Law likewise permit mediators to provide "legal information" but prohibit mediators from advising or giving an "opinion upon the legal rights of any person, firm or corporation." Legal information may include printed material; presumably, providing copies of statutes, cases, or rules would fall within this category.
With respect to the drafting of settlement agreements, the Virginia guidelines recommend that mediators serve as scriveners, using only those terms that the parties specifically request and avoiding legal "boilerplate." The North Carolina guidelines state that mediators "should not sign or initial" a memorandum of understanding; if they do, they "shall advise the parties in writing that the signature does not constitute an opinion regarding the content or legal effect of any such document."
From the Virginia and North Carolina guidelines, and the five tests, one can see that the biggest risk areas for mediators who are not lawyers are activities that involve applying legal norms to specific sets of facts and drafting documents that may be legally binding.New Approach Needed. There is widespread disagreement about how mediation should be defined, and this disagreement stands in the way of consensus on the boundary between mediation and UPL. For example, for those mediators who believe that providing the parties with "reality testing" and other kinds of evaluative feedback is not only permissible but often an essential part of the mediation process, the Virginia and North Carolina guidelines are anathema. These mediators believe they are not practicing law and that there is no risk of role confusion because the parties and their lawyers are sophisticated participants in the process. For other mediators, however, any form of evaluation is anathema, because mediation should be solely facilitative. These mediators believe that any definition of the line between mediation—which permits evaluation—and agreement drafting by mediators fundamentally misconstrues the mediation process and debases it. Yet another group of mediators believes that mediation can be practiced in many ways, including evaluative forms of mediation, but are nervous about nonlawyers providing case evaluation and agreement-drafting services. For these mediators, a primary concern is protection of the public from people who are unqualified to provide such services.Integrating Viewpoints. One way to begin integrating these points of view is to focus separately on drafting of settlement agreements and providing legal advice, because these are the two primary areas of concern with respect to UPL. It is difficult to view the drafting of settlement agreements as something other than the practice of law. Restricting such activities to lawyers does not impair the ability of mediators to assist the parties in reaching agreement, because the parties can either hire counsel to draft the agreement or rely on the mediator to help them develop a simpler memorandum of understanding, using their own language.
With respect to providing legal "advice," however, it seems appropriate to create a broad zone of protection from UPL enforcement for mediators. There are two reasons for this. First, it is virtually impossible to draw a sensible line between reality-testing and evaluating the parties' claims and contentions. Second, unlike the words of a settlement agreement, which define the rights and obligations of the parties, a mediator's evaluative feedback about a claim or contention leaves the parties in control of the decision whether to create enforceable rights or obligations. So long as the mediator's "advice" arises in the context of serving as an intermediary, assisting in the negotiation of a dispute, and providing feedback to the parties about their case solely as a function of the intermediary's role, these activities should not be considered UPL.
David A. Hoffman is an attorney, mediator, and arbitrator at Hill & Barlow in Boston, Massachusetts. Natasha A. Affolder is an associate at the firm.
This article is an abridged and edited version of one that originally appeared on page 20 of Dispute Resolution Magazine, Winter 2000 (6:2).


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SMILA/Documentation/HowTo/How to integrate the HelloWorld webservice as a Pipelet
This tutorial illustrates all steps that need to be performed in order to integrate the HelloWorld webservice as a Pipelet in SMILA
It may be helpful to first take a look at the SMILA Development_Guidelines as many topics that are beyond the scope of this tutorial are illustrated there in detail.
Create a new Bundle
- First you have to create a new bundle that will contain the Pipelet. Please follow the instructions on How to create a bundle and use the following settings:
Project name: org.eclipse.smila.sample.pipelet Plug-in ID: org.eclipse.smila.sample.pipelet Plug-in Version: 1.0.0 Plug-in Name: Sample Pipelet Bundle Plug-in Provider: your name or company
- Then you have to integrate your new bundle into the SMILA build process. Therefore please follow the instructions on How to integrate a new bundle into build process.
- Edit file META-INF/MANIFEST.MF and add the following import-package dependencies as those are required to implement the basic functionalities of your Pipelet:
Import-Package: org.apache.commons.logging;version="1.1.1", org.eclipse.smila.blackboard;version="0.5.0", org.eclipse.smila.blackboard.path;version="0.5.0", org.eclipse.smila.datamodel.id;version="0.5.0", org.eclipse.smila.datamodel.record;version="0.5.0", org.eclipse.smila.processing;version="0.5.0", org.eclipse.smila.processing;version="0.5.0", org.eclipse.smila.processing.configuration;version="0.5.0"
- In order for the PipeletTrackerService to detect your new Pipelet you have to add the following line to file META-INF/MANIFEST.MF to register the class that will implement your SMILA Pipelet:
SMILA-Pipelets: org.eclipse.smila.sample.pipelet.HelloWorldPipelet
Create Java classes from WSDL
comming soon ...
- create a package org.eclipse.smila.sample.pipelet and a Java class HelloWorldPipelet
- use the following code as a template for your new class. It contains empty method bodies and a reference to the logger. The comments are successively replaced with code snippets in the following sections. For your convenience you may also download the complete zipped source file HelloWorldPipelet.zip.
package org.eclipse.smila.sample.pipelet import org.apache.commons.logging.Log; import org.apache.commons.logging.LogFactory; import org.eclipse.smila.blackboard.BlackboardService; import org.eclipse.smila.blackboard.path.Path; import org.eclipse.smila.datamodel.id.Id; import org.eclipse.smila.datamodel.record.Literal; import org.eclipse.smila.datamodel.record.RecordFactory; import org.eclipse.smila.processing.ProcessingException; import org.eclipse.smila.processing.SimplePipelet; import org.eclipse.smila.processing.configuration.PipeletConfiguration; public class HelloWorldPipelet implements SimplePipelet { // additional member variables private final Log _log = LogFactory.getLog(HelloWorldPipelet.class); public HelloWorldPipelet(){ } public void configure(PipeletConfiguration configuration) throws ProcessingException { // read the configuration properties } public Id[] process(BlackboardService blackboard, Id[] recordIds) throws ProcessingException { // process the recordIds and create a result } }
Read PipeletConfiguration
- first let's create two member variables that store the names of the in- and output Attributes as well as String constants for the property names used in the configuration. Replace the comment "// additional member variables " with the following code snippet.
private final String PROP_IN_ATT_NAME= "IN_ATT_NAME"; private final String PROP_OUT_ATT_NAME= "OUT_ATT_NAME"; private String _inAttName; private String _outAttName;
- then we will fill those members with the Attribute names provided by the PipeletConfiguration in method configure(PipeletConfiguration configuration). The method getPropertyFirstValueNotNull(String) will check that the value of the property is not null. If it is null a ProcessingException will be thrown. In addition we should ensure, that the provided String is not empty or consists only of whitespaces. Replace the comment "// read the configuration properties" with the following code snippet.
_inAttName = (String) configuration.getPropertyFirstValueNotNull(PROP_IN_ATT_NAME); if (_inAttName.trim().length() == 0) { throw new ProcessingException("Property " + PROP_IN_ATT_NAME + " must not be an empty String"); } _outAttName = (String) configuration.getPropertyFirstValueNotNull(PROP_OUT_ATT_NAME); if (_outAttName.trim().length() == 0) { throw new ProcessingException("Property " + PROP_OUT_ATT_NAME + " must not be an empty String"); }
Note: Of course it is also possible to store the PipeletConfiguration in a member variable and access the properties as needed in the process(BlackboardService blackboard, Id[] recordIds) method.
Processing of IDs and exception handling
The method process(BlackboardService blackboard, Id[] recordIds) has two parameters:
- a reference to the BlackboardService that allows access on Records
- a list of Record IDs to process
The HelloWorldPipelet should therefor iterate over the IDs in parameter recordIds, get the required data from the Record identified by the ID, process this data and store the Result in the Record. Let's place a try ... catch() block in the for loop to ensure that errors do only interrupt the processing of the current ID. The comments in the code serve as placeholders for the functionality described in the following sections. At the end we return the unmodified input parameter recordIds as the result of the Pipelet. Replace the comment "// process the recordIds and create a result" with the following code snippet.
for (Id id : recordIds) { try { // Read Input Data // Process Input Data // Write Output Data } catch (final Exception ex) { if (_log.isErrorEnabled()) { _log.error("error during execution of HelloWorldPipelet with record " + id, ex); } } } // for return recordIds;
Note: Most of the time the return value of a Pipelet is the unmodified input parameter recordIds. However, in some cases a Pipelet may filter Record IDs or even create new Records. Then the return value has to be adopted appropriately.
Read Input Data
Now we want to read the data of the Attribute with the name stored in _inAttName. Therefore we first have to create a Path object with the Attribute's name. Before accessing the literal value we check if the Record contains a Attribute with the given Path. In this Tutorial we know that the value of the Attribute is a String value, so we directly access the value by calling the methodgetStringValue(). Replace the comment "// Read Input Data" with the following code snippet.
String inputValue = ""; final Path path = new Path(_inAttName); if (blackboard.hasAttribute(id, path)) { inputValue = blackboard.getLiteral(id, path).getStringValue(); }
Note: The accessing of Attribute values can be done more generic. Therefore you have to check what DataType a certain Literal contains using method getDataType(). Then you can use the appropriate getter method to access thee raw data.
Process Input Data
At this point the HelloWorld webservice should be called with parameter inputValue and storing the result in variable outputValue, using the classes generated from WSDL.
Until this tutorial description is complete simply assign the content of variable inputValue to variable outputValue and append a constant string value. Replace the comment "// Process Input Data" with the following code snippet.
String outputValue = inputValue + " modified by HelloWorldPipelet";
Write Output Data
Finally we want to store the content of variable outputValue in the Record Attribute with the name contained in variable _outAttName. Therefore we have to create a new Literal object and set it's value. Then we only need to set this Literal for the current ID on the Blackboard. Replace the comment "// Write Output Data" with the following code snippet.
final Literal literal = RecordFactory.DEFAULT_INSTANCE.createLiteral(); literal.setStringValue(outputValue); blackboard.setLiteral(id, new Path(_outAttName), literal);
Note: The method commit(Id) of the BlackboardService does not need to be called in every Pipelet. It is automatically called at the end of the Pipeline.
Configuration and Invocation in BPEL
In this tutorial we will integrate the HelloWorldPipelet in the SMILA indexing process just before the Record is stored in the Lucene index. With this configuration the input for the HelloWorldPipelet will be read from Attribute Title and the modified output will be stored in the same Attribute, overwriting the previous value.
- edit file configuration\org.eclipse.smila.processing.bpel\pipelines\addpipeline.bpel and add the following right between <extensionActivity name="convertDocument"> and <extensionActivity name="invokeLuceneService">
<extensionActivity name="invokeHelloWorldPipelet"> <proc:invokePipelet> <proc:pipelet class="org.eclipse.smila.sample.pipelet.HelloWorldPipelet" /> <proc:variables input="request" output="request" /> <proc:PipeletConfiguration> <proc:Property name="IN_ATT_NAME"> <proc:Value>Title</proc:Value> </proc:Property> <proc:Property name="OUT_ATT_NAME"> <proc:Value>Title</proc:Value> </proc:Property> </proc:PipeletConfiguration> </proc:invokePipelet> </extensionActivity>
Test your Pipelet
comming soon ...

subset: commoncrawl


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University of Missouri
Home | People | Locations | Program index | Calendar | News | Publications
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Master Gardeners of Greene County monthly chapter meeting (Session 47 of 73)
When: Tuesday, June 10, 2014, 6:30 p.m. to 8 p.m.
Monthly meeting of the Master Gardeners of Greene County chapter; for chapter members and guests.
Session topic:
Greene County Master Gardener chapter meeting
Kelly McGowan, email@example.com Extension in Greene Countyphone: 417-881-8909
About | Jobs | Extension councils |
For faculty and staff | For researchers | Giving | Ask an expert | Contact
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of Missouri, all rights reserved, DMCA
and other copyright information
University of Missouri Extension is an equal opportunity/ADA institution.
University of Missouri Extension
© 1993
to 2015 Curators of the University of Missouri, all rights reserved


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Clearance Sale Designer Leather Handbag Purse Ladies Hobo Shoulder Tote Bag Women s Top Handle BagChampagne Gold Champagne Gold -
[DURABLE MATERIAL]: Outer material is Cowhide Leather + Synthetic Leather, and lining material is Fabric. Handle material is Synthetic Leather. High quality material gives you nice and large capacity tote purses.
[PRACTICAL STRUCTURE]: 1 Main Pocket + 1 Interior Zipper Compartment + 1 Interior Slot Pocket + 7 Interior Zipper Pocket. Multifunctional handbags will help you keep your trivial things in order, which is apt to store long wallets, cell phones, triple fol .
[HIGH-END HARDWARE & LINING &CLOSURE]: Classic pale gold hardware combined with fabric lining makes up pretty and trendy handbags for you. Zippered opening closure.
[VERSATILE APPLICATION]: Two carry ways,top hand,single shoulder.Stylish and simple appearance makes it particularly suitable for formal occasions,business,shopping and traveling.
[DIMENSIOINS & WEIGHTS]: (L) 13.78\" x (W) 6.1\" x (H) 9.45\", 1.100 pounds. You could use this roomy handbag to store long wallets, cell phones, triple folding umbrellas and some other tiny daily gadgets, and this lightweight handbag is easy to carry.
Top-Handle Bags


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{images: sexy panties and naughty knickers via creme de la mode; also the urban socialite - thanks so much, Felicity!}
{inspiration: pretty underthings}
Lovely everyday lingerie from a wonderful UK company that believes ". . . underwear should be lovely and luxurious - as well as functional."
{inspiration: sunrise + sunset}
{1 - modefeber; 2 - 10 Magazine, Spring 2007, model: Lais Navarro}
{inspiration: spring blossoms}
{images: bebe spring 2009 ad campaign}
{happy valentine's day + sparks}
Happy Valentine's Day! And a beautiful, beautiful weekend.
{images: 1 - swiss miss; 2 - tumblr; 3 - ffffound!}
{photographer: carl bengtsson}
{inspiration: a quiet evening}
{images: 1 - tumblr; 2 - flickr}
{photographer: corinne day}
{images: Face of Fashion, Kate's Flat 1993, photography by Corinne Day}
{loeffler randall fall 2009}
The new Loeffler Randall Fall 2009 collection may not be quite as exciting as their Fall 2008 collection, but the shoes never disappoint . . .
{image: via fashionologie}
{image: via fashionologie}
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The North American International Auto Show in Detroit, which features more than 500 vehicles, opens to the public Jan. 19. Here are the details:
WHEN: Public days are Jan. 19-27. The show is open from 9 a.m. to 10 p.m. every day except Jan. 27, when it closes at 7 p.m.
WHERE: Cobo Center in downtown Detroit
COST: Tickets are $12 each. Children under 6 are free.
WHAT YOU'LL SEE: Among the stars of this year's show will be new versions of the Chevrolet Corvette, Lexus IS and Mercedes E-Class, as well as concept cars from Honda, Ford and Toyota.


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Instant Messaging Overview Page 4
Managers must develop rules for IM use. Like the early days of e-mail, this technology creates a democratic system of information exchange that lacks a definition of proper usage. Unlike with e-mail, IM users know that the recipient's workstation is working. When a user receives an instant message, it creates a false urgency that many find impossible to ignore. Still, the message represents an interruption for the recipient, and it may be counterproductive to respond immediately. Managers should establish rules to avoid being swamped by unwanted connections.
Ultimately, IM systems will become the cornerstone of more extensive collaborative applications. These multifunctional software packages will combine instant messaging with real-time multimedia exchange and tools to support virtual meetings. Until these packages mature, however, IS managers will need to support and control IM applications, regardless of how they were introduced to the corporate computing environment.
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Plank Lane - Leigh - Greater Manchester - WN7 4QD
2 bedroom
Would you like to download a brochure or request a brochure by post?
Call us
01942 366412
Call us 01942 366412
An artist impression of block 3 apartments at Pennington Wharf
Typical Taylor Wimpey Apartment
Move in this year!
A modern 2 bedroom apartment with spacious open plan kitchen, lounge, dining area, master bedroom with en suite shower room, bedroom 2 and a family bathroom.
Print all floorplans
The above dimensions are taken from the widest/maximum point.
Where given room dimensions are maximums, ± 50mm, and include any fitted wardrobes or similar features.
From the A580 (westbound)
Leave the A580 and join the A579 (signposted Leigh). Continue along the A579 for approximately 1.8 miles, going straight on at one roundabout. At the second roundabout take your first exit, turning left onto the A578/Twist Lane. Continue for approximately 0.7 miles, and follow the road as it turns left onto Plank Lane. Drive for approximately 0.6 miles and you will arrive at the Pennington Wharf development.
From the A580 (eastbound)
Leave the A580 and join Stone Cross Lane North (turning left at The Stonecross pub), then take your third exit at the roundabout, remaining on Stone Cross Lane North. Continue along the road for approximately 0.6 miles, then at the traffic lights go straight over onto Slag Lane. Continue along the road for approximately 1.8 miles, going over the canal bridge, and you will arrive at the Pennington Wharf development.
Back to development
Easymover is available here, which means you could reserve a new Taylor Wimpey home at this development - even if you haven't sold your existing property.
And that's not all. With easymover, we'll make your house move as stress free as possible. We'll liaise with your estate agent on your behalf, we'll pay their fees and we'll manage the whole house selling process - making your life so much easier! Take a look at our easymover page for more information.
Terms and conditions apply to the Easymover scheme.
The Government backed Help to Buy scheme is available here. The scheme is open to both first time buyers and home movers alike, and means you'll need just 5% deposit to buy a new home.
With Help to Buy, the Government will lend you up to 20% of the value of your new build home via an equity loan. You will need to secure up to a 75% mortgage and put down a 5% deposit. You'll own 100% of your home from day one.
Help to Buy is also available in conjunction with our easymover scheme, which means we could help you sell your existing home and pay your estate agent fees. Find out more about how the Help to Buy scheme works.
This development is managed by the Manchester Taylor Wimpey regional office


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FAO welcomes G8's continued commitment to food security
20 June 2013, Rome, Italy - FAO welcomes the G8's continued commitment to food security and improving food security global governance. This commitment is a common thread between the Lough Erne G8 Summit and the FAO Conference ongoing in Rome.
The G8 has emphasized the need to improve governance of land. FAO is already helping countries implement the Voluntary Guidelines on Governance of Tenure approved by the Committee on World Food Security (CFS) – after a breakthrough consensus by Governments, civil society and the private sector. FAO also fully supports CFS efforts to develop principles for responsible agricultural investments.
"The Voluntary Guidelines on Governance of Tenure and the principles for responsible agricultural investments will play an important role in helping government ensure that investments are economically, socially and environmentally sustainable, and help improve the lives of the poor and indigenous populations in rural areas," said FAO Director-General José Graziano da Silva.
The focus on Africa, as well as the emphasis on working within the CAADP framework, and on the need for national and regional leadership and political commitment to achieve food security, are also welcome.
"That, I believe, is crucial: governments are the ones who must lead this process and take the necessary action to end hunger. The role of FAO and other development partners -- civil society, the private sector and the international community in general – is to support these efforts. That is the spirit in FAO that we are taking to the high-level meeting on food security that we are co-organizing with the African Union, NEPAD and Lula Institute in Addis Ababa on 30 June and 1 July," added Graziano da Silva.


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Division of Graduate Studies
Mission, Role and Scope of Graduate Programs
The graduate programs at Western offer advanced study under the direction of dedicated educators. Students in the graduate programs benefit from a faculty whose commitment to teaching, to research, and other professional activities has resulted in national recognition in widely-varying fields. Guidance from this faculty helps to strengthen the academic and professional ability of students by increasing their knowledge of a subject, improving their capacity for independent study, familiarizing them with research in their fields, and training them to conduct meaningful research of their own.
The mission of the graduate programs is not confined within the perimeters of the university. The programs also make a significant contribution to the community at large. As a result of their intense, concentrated study at Western, students are well prepared to enter society, not only as trained professionals and specialists, but also, in a wider context, as thoughtful, sensitive human beings with personal integrity and an appreciation of intellectual and political freedom.
Much of this understanding is developed in professional in-service and pre-service programs through cooperative efforts with regional businesses, industry, government, social service and educational agencies. Western's faculty and programs are dedicated to forging and maintaining such ties through the ongoing assessment of regional needs and continual interaction with community, business, professional, and academic organizations – an interaction which also helps to refine the graduate curriculum.
Associate Vice President for Academic Affairs and Graduate Council
The Associate Vice President for Academic Affairs is advised by the Graduate Council, a faculty body with representation from each discipline. The council is responsible for recommending overall graduate policy, approving programs, and maintaining high standards. Program proposals developed by academic departments, working with their school deans, must be approved by the Graduate Council before implementation.
Graduate Program Coordinators
Each graduate program has a qualified faculty member who serves as graduate coordinator.
The coordinators are members of the Graduate Council and leaders in program development. A strength of graduate study at Western is that students enrolled in graduate programs are advised directly by the appropriate program coordinator as they plan their progress toward their degree.


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WASHINGTON (AP) — Washington National Cathedral and George Washington's Mount Vernon estate each won $100,000 grants Monday, among 24 sites around the nation's capital competing for historic preservation funds.
The earthquake-damaged National Cathedral won the most votes from the public over the past three weeks, earning nearly 1.4 million points in the Partners in Preservation program. The National Trust for Historic Preservation and American Express announced the winners, awarding $1 million in preservation funds to sites in the District of Columbia, Maryland and Virginia.
The cathedral will use the funds to repair its nave vaulting, which has been draped with netting to catch falling debris since the 2011 earthquake.
"We are overjoyed by this vote of support for our restoration efforts," said the very Rev. Gary Hall, dean of the cathedral. "This money will be put to good use restoring this incredible structure."
Mount Vernon won $100,000 to paint, plaster and restore Washington's dining room at his Virginia home. Eleven other sites also won grants ranging from $50,000 to $90,000. Those receiving preservation grants were:
— All Souls Church Unitarian, Washington: $50,000 to repair historic bell tower.
— Carter G. Woodson Home National Historic Site, Washington: $75,000 to rebuild front and rear facade for public access.
— Colvin Run Mill, Great Falls, Va.: $75,000 to bring the 18th century grain elevator into working order.
— Congressional Cemetery, Washington: $50,000 to replace and reconstruct a row of 26 mausoleum vault roofs.
— Dumbarton Oaks Park, Washington: $50,000 repair garden's original built structures.
— The GALA Hispanic Theatre at The Tivoli, Washington: $35,000 to restore three ornate interior domes.
— Greenbelt Theatre, Greenbelt, Md.: $75,000 to renovate art deco lobby.
— LAMB at Military Road School, Washington: $60,000 to repair exterior of school building.
— Meridian Hill Park, Washington: $50,000 to stabilize and repair exposed aggregate concrete grotto.
— Metropolitan African Methodist Episcopal Church, Washington: $90,000 to restore stained glass windows on church's primary facade.
— Sixth & I Historic Synagogue, Washington: $75,000 to repair and preserve a dozen of the Synagogue's stained glass windows.


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text:
Officials with Shenandoah National Park are trying to come up with plans to fight chronic wasting disease in the massive, wooded park.
According to The Daily Progress of Charlottesville, officials in the Virginia park are concerned about wild deer and the fatal disease that can affect them. Quarantine areas are established, hunters can have deer tested and other measures have been enacted. One possible future option is to reduce the number of deer in the park where their population is heaviest.
CWD-infected deer have been found 25 miles from the park's northern border
"We could theoretically use sharpshooters … but that hasn't been done yet," park biologist Rolf Gubler told the newspaper.
Check out the full report here.


text:
Alouatta palliata
|Scope: Global
Language: English
|Scientific Name:
|Alouatta palliata (Gray, 1849)
|Infra-specific Taxa Assessed:
Common Name(s):
|Taxonomic Notes:
|The taxonomy of the howlers of Mesoamerica and the Caribbean and Pacific coasts of Colombia and Ecuador is based on Lawrence (1933), Hill (1962), Hall (1981), Froehlich and Froehlich (1986, 1987), and Cortés-Ortiz et al. (2002). Groves (2001, 2005) recognized only A. palliata (Gray, 1849) (no subspecies), A. pigra (Lawrence, 1933), and A. coibensis Thomas, 1902 (no subspecies). Rylands et al. (2006) reviewed the taxonomy and distributions of Alouatta palliata, A. coibensis and A. pigra.
Using mtDNA markers, Cortés-Ortiz et al. (2002) found that Alouatta palliata and A. coibensis comprise a very closely related and monophyletic group of mtDNA lineages. The mitochondrial DNA divergence between the nominal species A. palliata and A. coibensis is very low, showing only 0.1% sequence divergence, more than an order of magnitude fewer nucleotide substitutions than were observed between any other pair of Alouatta species. Divergence between A. palliata and A. coibensis is similar to mitochondrial DNA distances observed between geographically separated populations within each of these two species. Rylands et al. (2006) maintained the taxonomy suggested by Froehlich and Froehlich (1987) for the forms from the Azuero Peninsula (A. coibensis coibensis) and Island of Coiba (Panama) (A. c. trabeata), but it is evident that the findings of the molecular genetic analyses of Cortés-Ortiz (2002) would relegate them to synonyms of A. palliata. Groves (2001, 2005) listed A. coibensis Thomas, 1902, with trabeata Lawrence, 1933, as a junior synonym.
|Red List Category & Criteria:
|Least Concern ver 3.1
|Year Published:
|Date Assessed:
|Cuarón, A.D., Shedden, A., Rodríguez-Luna, E., de Grammont, P.C., Link, A., Palacios, E., Morales, A. & Cortés-Ortiz, L.
|Mittermeier, R.A. & Rylands, A.B. (Primate Red List Authority)
This species is listed as Last Concern given its widespread distribution, presence in numerous protected areas, and because there are no major threats believed to be resulting in a significant range-wide population decline that would warrant listing in Near Threatened or a threatened category.
|Previously published Red List assessments:
|Range Description:
|There are five recognized subspecies:
Alouatta palliata palliata
The range limits separating A. p. aequatorialis from A. p. palliata are not clear. Lawrence (1933) cited a specimen of A. p. palliata from Cotó, extreme western Panama, and Hill (1962, p.106) mentioned that specimens from Sevilla Island, western Panama, collected by J. H. Batty were "manifestly" A. p. palliata. Hall (1981), on the other hand, lists Sevilla Island, and Puerto Cortez, Costa Rica, as marginal records for A. p. aequatorialis. Many individuals from Panama are intermediate (Lawrence 1933). From eastern Costa Rica, at least, A. p. palliata extends through Nicaragua to northern Honduras and, according to Curdts (1993), it just extends into Guatemala to the Río Motagua and possibly along the coast a short distance to the Cabo de Tres Puntas, where it meets A. pigra. Baumgarten and Williamson (2007) found the northern most limit of A. palliata palliata in the south margin of Rio Dulce. It is not known to occur in El Salvador to the south (Burt and Stirton 1961). There are no current records of this subspecies in El Salvador, although it evidently occurred there in the past (Daugherty 1972).
Alouatta palliata mexicana
The range of A. p. mexicana extends eastward from south-eastern Mexico, provinces of Vera Cruz, Tabasco, and northern Chiapas and Oaxaca. As discussed by Smith (1970), in Tabasco A. p. mexicana meets, and is sympatric with, A. pigra in a region five miles south-east of Macuspana. García-Orduña et al. (1999) found mixed populations of the two species in small habitat fragments in Tabasco (see also Rodríguez-Luna et al. 2001). Cortés-Ortiz et al. (2003) recorded a zone of contact and possible hybridization between A. palliata mexicana and A. pigra between the ríos Grijalva and Usamacinta on the Mexico-Guatemala border. Although several published maps include its range as extending into the highlands of Chiapas and into north-central Guatemala, an ongoing study (A. Cuarón) indicates that this subspecies range is restricted to western Chiapas, central and western Tabasco, south-eastern Veracruz, and eastern Oaxaca.
Baumgarten and Williamson (2007) provide the most recent review of the limits of the distributions of Alouatta palliata and A. pigra in Central America and Mexico. They found that the highland massif of northern Central America (including the Sierra Madre de Chiapas and central highland of Guatemala) and its associated coniferous and subalpine vegetation formed a geographic barrier separating A. pigra from A. palliata, and define the southern limit of A. pigra. They discussed the two contact zones between them: the broad range of overlap north of the highland massif in Mexico over the lowlands of the states of Tabasco and Campeche, and a narrow area of contiguous, non-overlapping ranges in eastern Guatemala where the highlands extend almost to the Caribbean. In the first, the localities where parapatry has been observed include Macuspana, Tabasco (Smith 1970, Horwich and Johnson 1986), around Zapata, Tabasco (Horwich and Johnson 1986) and the northern point of the Laguna de Términos in Campeche (Serio-Silva et al. 2006). There is no geographical barrier separating the species, both occur in the same forests and on both sides of the Rio Usamacinta, for example (Cortés-Ortiz et al. 2003). In the second, the ranges are narrowly parapatric, separated by the Río Dulce and the Lago Izabal: A. palliata to the south and A. pigra to the north and west. South-west of Lake Izabal, A. pigra occurs in the highlands of the Sierra de las Minas, but not in the lowlands, occupied by A. palliata. Any past range overlap in this region will have been lost by the extensive loss of forest (the area is heavily farmed). Baumgarten (2006) found no evidence to support sympatry supposed previously by Horwich and Johnson (1986), Curdts (1993) and Silva-López et al. (1998).
Baumgarten ansd Williamson (2007) argued that A. palliata will have occurred on the Pacific side of the highland massif of northern Central America in the past. There are historical records in Mexico (Estrada and Coates-Estrada 1984), Guatemala (Handley 1950), and El Salvador (Daugherty 1972).
Alouatta palliata aequatorialis
A. p. aequatorialis occurs in Panama, from the southern limit to the range of A. p. palliata (either in western Panama or extreme eastern Costa Rica), through the Serranía del Darién (Anthony 1916, Lawrence 1933) into western Colombia, north through the basins of the Ríos Sinú and Atrato to the Caribbean coast, and south through the Serranía del Baudó (Defler 2003) and the foothills, lowlands and lower montane areas west of the Andes to the Pacific coast, through Colombia and Ecuador, just into the Tumbes and Piura region of northern Peru (Aquino and Encarnación 1994; Encarnación and Cook 1998; Tirira 2001, 2007).
Alouatta palliata coibensis
This howler monkey is known only from Coiba Island and neighbouring Jicarón, off the Pacific coast of Panama.
Alouatta palliata trabeata
This subspecies is endemic to the Azuero Peninsula, Panama (Froehlich and Froehlich 1987, Rowe 2000, Mendes-Carvajal 2005).
|Countries occurrence:
Native:Colombia (Colombia (mainland)); Costa Rica (Costa Rica (mainland)); Ecuador (Ecuador (mainland)); Guatemala; Honduras (Honduras (mainland)); Mexico (Campeche, Chiapas, Oaxaca, Tabasco, Veracruz); Nicaragua (Nicaragua (mainland)); Panama; Peru
|Additional data:
|Range Map:
|Click here to open the map viewer and explore range.
|Alouatta palliata palliata
This subspecies is known to occur in densities of 8–10 individuals/ha in fragmented habitats. In Nicaragua (Williams-Guillen, Otterstrom, Hagell, Gomez-Fuentes, 2007) and Costa Rica this subspecies is abundant.
Alouatta palliata mexicana
Although this subspecies has a very restricted range, encompassing areas of highly disturbed vegetation with extremely high rate of loss, in some fragments the subspecies may be locally common.
Alouatta palliata aequatorialis
In one study in Colombia, 20 individuals/km² were recorded near a biological station Armargal (Ramirez-Sanchez 2003). Recent faunal surveys in Utria National Park found them to be extremely rare, in areas where they were much more common in years past (H. Rubio pers. comm.). On the Osa pennisula, Costa Rica, in Corcovado National Park, densities were recorded at 0.2 groups/km² and in Golfo Dulce at 0.1/groups/km² (Carrillo et al. 2000).
Alouatta palliata trabeata
There is an observation of 430 individuals in 35 troops recorded within 355 km² of fragmented forest (Méndez-Carvajal 2005).
|Current Population Trend:
|Additional data:
|Habitat and Ecology:
|This species occupies a number of vegetation types and can be found in seasonal and nonseasonal forests, and in mangroves and swamps (Baumgarten and Williamson 2007). According to the last authors, A. palliata does not occur above 2,000 m, and most of its montane localities are at lower elevations.
The howler monkeys are the large leaf-eaters of the South American primate communities. Like the spider monkeys, they are prehensile-tailed, with a naked patch of skin on the under surface at the tip. Howler monkeys have small incisors and large, sexually dimorphic canines. The molar teeth are particularly adapted for their chewing leaves through shearing. Their most characteristic feature is the deep jaws which surround the enlarged larynx and hyoid apparatus, a resonating chamber. It is with this enlarged and highly specialized voice box that they produce their howls (grunts, roars and barks). Howling sessions, usually involving the entire group, can be heard particularly in the early morning and are audible at distances of 1–2 kms (Drubbel and Gautier, 1993). The red howlers (A. seniculus, A. macconnelli, A. juara, A. puruensis, and A. sara) have the largest voice boxes and the deepest roars, while the Mexican, Central American and northern Colombian mantled howlers, A. palliata and A. pigra, have the smallest, and their howls are more high pitched as a result.
The Mantled Howler Monkey is exceptional in the genus in that it may form large groups of more than 40 individuals, with a number of breeding males, although group size is generally less, averaging 14. For the other species, 14 is a large group, and they can usually be seen numbering four or five or up to 11 or so individuals. In the red howlers, there is usually only one dominant male in the group (occasionally two), others being sub-adults, or juveniles, along with a harem of two to five females. Unlike the spider monkeys, and related to the large proportion of leaves in the diet (up to 50% of the annual diet), the howler monkeys generally have quite small and broadly overlapping home ranges, of 5 ha up to 45 ha, depending on the type of habitat (Neville et al. 1988). The large groups of A. palliata may have home ranges extending to 60 ha (Estrada 1982), whereas in the llanos of northern Venezuela, home ranges of A. arctoidea can be as small as 4 ha (Sekulic 1982a).
Howlers are the only New World primates which regularly include mature leaves in their diet, although softer, less fibrous, young leaves are preferred when they are available. Their folivory and ability to eat mature leaves is undoubtedly one of the keys to their wide distribution and the wide variety of vegetation types they inhabit. Mature fruit is the other important food item, especially wild figs (Ficus) in many regions, but they also eat leaf petioles, buds, flowers (sometimes seasonally very important), seeds, moss, stems and twigs, and termitaria. Red howler monkeys have also been seen to eat and lick clay at so-called "salado" sites in the Colombian Amazon (Izawa 1975). The reason for this and the consumption of soil from termitaria is still not clearly understood, but may involve the need for certain minerals, or may be due to the properties of clay which, by adsorption, can reduce the effects of toxins ingested with leaves.
The diet of A. macconnelli has been studied by Mittermeier and van Roosmalen (1981) in Suriname and more recently during a long-term study in the Nouragues Field Station in French Guiana (Julliot and Sabatier 1993; Julliot 1994b,c, 1996a,b). It feeds mainly on soft parts of many different kinds of fruits, as well as flowers and young leaves. Also included in the diet are mature leaves, immature fruits, moss, bark, and the soil of termitaria. Julliot and Sabatier (1993) recorded the use of 195 plant species from 47 families. Seeds are ingested but only rarely eaten. As a result Alouatta, like Ateles, is an important seed disperser. Julliot (1996a) found that A. macconnelli dispersed the seeds of more than 95% of more than 100 plant species (especially Sapotaceae) from which they eat fruit over the two years of her observations.
Infant Alouatta are probably born throughout the year in Suriname, but data are not yet sufficient to determine if there is a birth peak. In Suriname, newborn infants have been seen in March, April, and November, and January (Mittermeier 1977). Crockett and Rudran (1987a,b) examined seasonal variation in births in red howlers from northern Venezuela, and found that they were less frequent during the early wet season (weaning would occur at the time of greatest food shortage). The llanos forests are more seasonal, however, than in the Guianas, and it is possible that this is not the case elsewhere. Oestrus lasts 2–4 days, with intervals between oestrous periods of about 17 days. Interbirth intervals are generally about 16.6 months, although they may be shortened by the death of an infant to about 10.5 months (Crockett and Sekulic 1984).
Size (see Glander (2006) for a discussion of body weight in mantled howling monkeys):
Adult male weight 7.15 kg (n=110+) (Peres 1994)
Adult female weight 5.35 kg (n=177+) (Peres 1994).
Costa Rica
Adult male weight 6.53 kg (n=14) (Glander et al. 1991)
Adult female weight 5.35 kg (n=18) (Glander et al. 1991).
Adult male weight 7.8 kg (n=15) (Thorington Jr. et al. 1979)
Adult female weight 6.6 kg (n=15) (Thorington Jr. et al. 1979)
See Glander (2006) for a discussion of body weight in mantled howling monkeys.
|Major Threat(s):
Across its range, there are no major threats, although it is certainly susceptible to hunting and habitat loss. For example, forests on the Azuero Peninsula (the range of A. p. trabeata) have been largely destroyed and are highly fragmented. Likewise, habitat within the range of A. p. mexicana are known to have experienced very high rates of decline (Cuarón 1997).
In the Chocó region of Colombia, Alouatta palliata aequatorialis is at risk of widespread hunting by Afro-Colombian and indigenous people. Furthermore, over 90% of forests on the Atlantic coast of Colombia have been destroyed for agricultural and pasture; it is estimated that at least 31% of forest has been lost over the past 10 years alone (based on calculations from satellite photos; Miller et al. 2004). Ground truthing of this data found only 2.5% of viable secondary forest habitat remaining in this region (Miller et al. 2004).
|Conservation Actions:
This species occurs, or may occur, in several protected areas:
Alouatta palliata palliata
Costa Rica
Santa Rosa National Park (21,913 ha) (Fedigan and Rose 1995; Matamoros et al. 1996; Matamoros and Seal 2001)
Rincón La Vieja National Park (14,083 ha) (Matamoros et al. 1996)
Palo Verde National Park (5,704 ha) (Matamoros et al. 1996)
Tortuguero National Park (18,946 ha) (in range)
Braulio Carrillo National Park (44,898 ha) (Matamoros et al. 1996; Matamoros and Seal 2001)
Manuel Antonio National Park (682 ha) (Matamoros et al. 1996)
Volcán Irazú National Park (2,309 ha) (in range)
Cahuita National Park (1,067 ha) (in range)
La Amistad (Talamanca) International Park (193,929 ha) (in range)
Chirripó National Park (50,150 ha) (in range)
Corcovado National Park (41,788 ha) (Matamoros et al. 1996)
Guanacaste National Park (33,786 ha) (Matamoros et al. 1996)
Volcán Tenorio National Park (12,819 ha)
Piedras Blancas National Park (14,100 ha)
Lomas de Barbudal Biological Reserve (2,279 ha) (Chapman et al. 1989)
Carara Biological Reserve (4,700 ha) (Matamoros et al. 1996)
Hitoy Cerere Biological Reserve (9,154 ha) (Matamoros et al. 1996)
Alberto Manuel Brenes Biological Reserve (7,683 ha) (in range)
Cabo Blanco Strict Nature Reserve (14,258 ha) (Lippold 1989)
La Selva Protection Zone (2,815 ha) (Fishkind and Sussman 1987; Campbell and Sussman 1994)
Punta Sal National Park (78,200 ha) (Matomoros and Seal 2001)
Montaña de Cusuco National Park (18,000 ha) (Marineros and Gallegos 1998)
Pico Bonito National Park (68,000 ha) (Marineros and Gallegos 1998; Matomoros and Seal 2001)
Pico Pijol National Park (11,400 ha) (in range)
Montaña de Yoro National Park (15,500 ha (Marineros and Gallegos 1998)
Santa Bárbara National Park (13,000 ha) (Matomoros and Seal 2001)
Cerro Azul Meambar National Park (39,000 ha (Marineros and Gallegos 1998)
Sierra de Agalta National Park(27,000 ha) (Marineros and Gallegos 1998)
Celaque National Park(18,000 ha (in range)
Montaña de Comayagua National Park (9918,000 ha) (in range)
Montecristo-Trifinio National Park (5,400 ha) (in range
La Tigra National Park (7,571 ha) in range)
Laguna de Guaymoreto (5,000 ha) ((Marineros and Gallegos 1998)
Capiro Calentura National Park (5,500 ha) (Matomoros and Seal 2001)
Laguna de Caratasca Wildlife Refuge (120,000 ha) (in range)
Misoco Biological Reserve (4,600 ha) (in range)
Volcán Pacayita Biological Reserve (9,700 ha) (in range)
Guisayote Biological Reserve (7,000 ha) (in range)
El Pital Biological Reserve (3,800 ha) (in range)
Opalaca Biological Reserve (14,500 ha) (in range)
El Chile Biological Reserve (6,000 ha (in range)
Montecillos Biological Reserve (12,500 ha) (in range)
Montaña San Pablo Biological Reserve (in range)
Guajiquiro Biological Reserve (7,000 ha) (in range
Yerba Buena Biological Reserve (3,600 ha) (in range)
Chiflador Biological Reserve (500 ha) (in range
Uyuca Biological Reserve (1,100 ha) (in range
Yuscarán Biological Reserve (2,300 ha) (in range)
Río Negro Biological Reserve (60,000 ha) (in range)
Barras Cuero y Salado Wildlife Refuge (12,300 ha) (Marineros and Gallegos 1998; Matamoros and Seal 2001)
Texiguat Wildlife Refuge (10,000 ha) (in range)
La Muralla National Park 7,000 ha (Marineros and Gallegos 1998; Matamoros and Seal 2001)
El Armado Wildlife Refuge (3,500 ha) (in range)
Erapuca Wildlife Refuge (5,600 ha) (in range)
Puca Wildlife Refuge (4,900 ha) (in range
Montaña Verde Wildlife Refuge (8,300 ha) (in range)
Mixcure Wildlife Refuge (8,000 ha) (in range
Montaña de Corralitos (5,500 ha) (in range)
Saslaya National Park (11,800 ha) (in range)
Volcán Masaya National Park (5,500 ha) (in range)
Archipelago Zapatera (5,227 ha) (in range)
Rio Escalante – Chococente Wildlife Refuge (4,800 ha) (in range)
Bismuna – Pahau – Cayos – Miskitos (80,000 ha) (in range)
Cerros de Bana Cruz Natural Reserve (10,100 ha) (in range)
Cordiella Diplito y Jalapa (1,500 ha) (in range)
Laguna Wonta (30,000 ha) (in range)
Cerro Wailwas (1,200 ha) (in range)
Kilambe Natural Reserve (6,000 ha (in range)
Peñas Blancas (7,000 ha) (in range)
Santa Maria de Osuma (2,000 ha) (in range)
Lagunas de Wancarlaya (8,000 ha) (in range)
Salto del Rio Estanzuela (200 ha) (in range)
Cerro Musún Natural Reserve (4,100 ha) (in range)
Boca del Rio Grande de Matagalpa (68,000 ha) (in range)
Lagunas Tecomapa, Moyua y La Playitas (in range)
Cordillera de Amerisque Natural Reserve (1,500 ha (in range)
Costa Sur del Pacifico (2,000 ha) (in range)
Cerro Tomasu (2,000 ha) (in range)
Volcán Cosiguina Natural Reserve (12,240 ha (in range)
Estero Real Natural Reserve (38,725 ha) (in range)
Complejo Volcánico Momotombo y Momotombito Natural Reserve (10,000 ha) (in range)
Peninsula de Chiltepe (1,800 ha) (in range)
Laguna de Tisma Natural Reserve (4,438 ha) (in range)
Volcán Mombacho – Laguna Mecatepe Natural Reserve (2,847 ha) (reported) (Crockett et al. 1997)
Volcan Madera Natural Reserve (4,100 ha) (in range)
Volcán Concepción Natural Reserve (2,200 ha) (in range)
Los Maribios (in range)
Estero Padre Ramos Natural Reserve (7,815 ha) (in range)
Reserva de la Biosfera Bosawas (1,100,000 ha) (Crockett et al. 1997)
Refugio Bartola / Río Indio-Maíz Biological Reserve (295,000 ha) (Crockett et al. 1997)
Alouatta palliata mexicana
Rio Dulce National Park (24,200 ha) (Curdts 1993; Silva-López et al. 1995, 1998)
Colcán Pacaya National Park (4,800 ha) (in range)
Lake Atitlan National Park (3,250 ha) (possible, Matamoros and Seal 2001)
Sipacate-Naranjo National Park (2,000 ha) (in range)
Biotopo Mario Dary Rivera Quetzal (1,150 ha) (A. pigra according to Curdts (1993), but A. palliata according to Silva-López et al. 1995, 1998; Matamoros and Seal 2001)
Biotopo de Chocon Machacas (7,000 ha) (sympatric with A. pigra; Curdts 1993; Silva-López et al. 1995, 1998; Matamoros and Seal 2001)
Biotopo Cerro Cahui (700 ha) (Silva-López et al. 1998; Matamoros and Seal 2001)
Biotopo San Miguel La Palotada (49,300 ha) (sympatric with A. pigra; Curdts 1993; Silva-López et al. 1995, 1998; Matamoros and Seal 2001)
Sierra de las Minas Biosphere Reserve (236,300 ha) (Silva-Lopes et al. 1995) (Sympatric with A. pigra; Curdts 1993; Silva-López et al. 1995, 1998; Matamoros and Seal 2001)
Cañon del Sumidero National Park (21,789 ha) (Estrada and Coates-Estrada 1984)
Volcán de San Martin Special Biosphere Reserve (1,500 ha) (Estrada and Coates-Estrada 1988; Mexico, SEDUE, 1989; Matamoros and Seal 2001)
Sierra de Santa Marta Special Biosphere Reserve (20,000 ha) (Silva-López 1982; Silva-López and Portilla-Ochoa 2002; Silva-López and Garcia-Orduña 1984; Silva-López et al. 1988, 1993; Matamoros and Seal 2001).
Selva del Ocote Special Biosphere Reserve (48,140 ha) ( Matamoros and Seal 2001)
El Triunfo National Biosphere Reserve (119,595 ha) (in range)
Estación Biologica Tropical 'Los Tuxtlas" (700 ha) (Estrada and Coates-Estrada 1994)
Naja (Hernandez-Yañez pers. comm. in Rodríguez-Luna et al. 1996)
Metzaboc (Hernandez-Yañez pers. comm. in Rodríguez-Luna et al. 1996)
Parque La Venta Municipal Park (8 ha) (Fuentes et al. 2003)
Parque Yumká Municipal Park (101 ha) (Estrada et al. 2001; Del Valle et al. 2001; Muñoz et al. 2002)
Alouatta palliata aequatorialis
Ensenada de Utría Natural National Park (54,300 ha) (Defler 1994)
Los Katios Natural National Park (72,000 ha) (Defler 1994)
Munchique Natural National Park (44,000 ha) (possibly, Defler 1994)
Sanquinaga Natural National Park (80,000 ha) (Defler 1994)
Paramillo Natural National Park (460,000 ha) (possibly, Defler 1994)
Los Farallones Natural National Park (150,000 ha) (possibly, Defler 1994)
Machalilla Nartional Park (56,814 ha) (Tirira 2007)
Cotacachi-Cayapas Ecological Reserve (243,638 ha) (Tirira 2007)
Mache-Chindul Ecological Reserve (119,172 ha) (Tirira 2007)
Manglares Churute Ecological Reserve (49,894 ha) (Tirira 2007)
Los Cedros Protected Forest (Tirira 2007)
Porto Belo National Park (34,848 ha) (in range)
Chagres National Park (129,000 ha) (in range)
La Amistad International Park (207,000 ha) (in range)
Soberanía National Park (22,104 ha) (in range)
El Copé – Comar Torrijos Herrera (25,275 ha) (in range)
Volcán Baru National Park (14,000 ha) (in range)
Altos de Campana National Park (4,816 ha) (in range)
Darién National Park (555,000 ha) (in range)
La Fortuna Water Production Reserve (26,000 ha) (in range)
La Yeguada Forest Reserve (7,090 ha) (in range)
Canglón National Park (31,650 ha) (in range)
Cienega de Changuinola (in range)
Peninsula Valiente (in range)
Estero Rio Bayano (in range)
Cienega de Urey (in range)
Ensenada de Copal (in range)
Estero Golfo de San Miguel (in range)
Cienega de Matsugarati (in range)
Cerre Cerrezuela – Rio Grande (in range)
Estero Bahia de Muertos (in range)
Playa de la Barqueta Agricola (5,935 ha) (in range)
Estero Río Fonseca (in range)
Estero Ríos Tabasara – Bubi (in range)
Estero Golfo de Montijo Recreation Area (89,452 ha) (in range)
Palo Seco Protection Forest (244,000 ha) (in range)
Serranias de Majé (in range)
Cayo Swan (in range)
Cayo Tigre (in range)
Lagunas del Volcán (142 ha) (in range)
Cerro Gaital (in range)
Cerro Chame (in range)
Picachos de Ola (in range)
Gran Valera de Chorcha (in range)
Isla Barro Colorado Natural Monument (5,600 ha) (Carpenter 1965)
Isla de Majé Scientific Reserve (1,433 ha) (in range)
Kunayala Private Reserve (2,357 ha) (in range)
Golfo de Chiriquí National Park (14,740 ha) (in range)
Lago Gatún Recreation Area (348 ha) (in range)
Metropolitano Natural Park (265 ha) (in range)
Alto de Darien Protection Forest (201,000 ha) (in range)
San San Pond Sak (16,125 ha) (in range)
Punta Patiño (13,805 ha) (in range)
Los Pozos de Calobre(3.5 ha) (in range)
El Salto de Las Palmas (348 ha) (in range)
Camiño de Cruces National Park (4,000 ha) (in range)
Filo del Tallo (in range)
Maski Private Reserve (544 ha) (in range)
San Blas Reserve (141,000 ha) (in range)
Alouatta palliata coibensis
Isla Coiba National Park and Jicarón (270,125 ha) (Milton and Mittermeier 1977)
Alouatta palliata trabeata
Cerro Hoya National Park (32,557 ha) (Rowe 2000; Matamoros and Seal 2001).
It is listed on Appendix I of CITES.
|Cuarón, A.D., Shedden, A., Rodríguez-Luna, E., de Grammont, P.C., Link, A., Palacios, E., Morales, A. & Cortés-Ortiz, L. 2008. Alouatta palliata. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: e.T39960A10280447. . Downloaded on 24 September 2018.
|To make use of this information, please check the <Terms of Use>.
|If you see any errors or have any questions or suggestions on what is shown on this page, please provide us with feedback so that we can correct or extend the information provided


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Hey everyone,
I am 17 years old and I am a newbie to hacking. I am trying my hardest to learn all aspects of hacking. I currently know how to program with Java, have basic knowledge in HTML, and I am teaching myself Visual Basics. I plan on learning more.
Thanx, Bob.


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SAN DIEGO (AP) — A California congressman sent a letter Friday to Secretary of State John Kerry asking him to secure the release of a former U.S. combat Marine jailed in Tijuana after he drove into Mexico with three legally owned guns in his vehicle last month.
Republican Rep. Duncan Hunter said in the letter that former Marine Andrew Tahmooressi had just moved to California from Florida and had all his belongings in his vehicle, including the guns, when he missed the last U.S. exit on April 1, forcing him to cross the border. Road closures because of checkpoints and construction added to the confusion, and there was no opportunity for drivers to turn around, Hunter said in the letter.
The 25-year-old Afghanistan veteran was arrested by Mexican federal authorities on weapons charges and is being held at the La Mesa Penitentiary in Tijuana.
"Andrew is neither a criminal nor a weapons trafficker, and his incarceration is an extraordinarily unfortunate occurrence," wrote Hunter, a Marine veteran of the Iraq War. "I am confident this situation can be resolved quickly through the continued attention and support of the U.S. State Department, but I remain concerned for Andrew's safety and well-being as a prisoner in Mexico."
State Department officials said they were aware of an arrest of a U.S. citizen in Mexico, but they do not comment on arrests of private individuals without the person's permission. Mexican officials could not be reached for comment Friday.
Hunter wrote that Tahmooressi was recently treated at the prison infirmary for a knife wound to his neck, Hunter said.
There have been similar cases in the past. In 2008, an active-duty Army soldier was jailed in Ciudad Juarez, across from El Paso, Texas, for driving into Mexico with guns, knives and ammunition. Former Army Spc. Richard R. Medina Torres also said he was lost and missed the last U.S. exit. He spent a little over a month in jail before being released.


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posted by Eugenia Loli on Tue 12th Apr 2005 16:15 UTC
Being the best doesn't always mean being the most popular. We all know of many inferior products that are immensely, sometimes perplexingly, popular. However, this does not mean that one must forsake the pursuit of excellence when pursuing a broad market share. As proponents of open source software, it should not be beneath us to pursue popularity or to look to proprietary developers as examples. And by following the right examples, we can help spread the usage of open source software without sacrificing the goal of software excellence, says NewsForge.


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LAS VEGAS (AP) — A Las Vegas-area home suffered thousands of dollars in damages after a woman apparently set her boyfriend's clothes on fire in a bathtub after they got in a fight.
Clark County firefighters say the girlfriend was checked by paramedics after the fire early Thursday morning, but wasn't taken to the hospital. She was arrested and booked on suspicion of first-degree arson.
Authorities say the fire first came to light when a smoke alarm went off at the home on Camero Avenue. Crews who responded found a fire in the upstairs bathroom and had it under control in about 10 minutes.
Firefighters say the bathroom and water lines were burned, and that caused drywall and water damage on the first floor.
Damages were estimated at $15,000.
Copyright 2013 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


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Eidolon helvum
|Scope: Global
Language: English
|Scientific Name:
|Eidolon helvum (Kerr, 1792)
Common Name(s):
Eidolon helvum ssp. sabaeum (Anderson, 1907)
Vespertilio vampirus ssp. helvus Kerr, 1792
|Taxonomic Notes:
|The subspecies E. h. sabaeum (Anderson, 1907) is known only from Yemen and Saudi Arabia and is possibly threatened (see Bergmans 1999). The taxonomic status of populations in the Anr Mountains of Niger is unclear (Simmons 2005).
|Red List Category & Criteria:
|Near Threatened ver 3.1
|Year Published:
|Date Assessed:
|Mickleburgh, S., Hutson, A.M., Bergmans, W., Fahr, J. & Racey, P.A.
|Hutson, A.M., Racey, P.A. (Chiroptera Red List Authority) & Cox, N. (Global Mammal Assessment Team)
Listed as Near Threatened because this species is in significant decline (but at a rate of less than 30% over three generations (approximately fifteen years)) because it is being seriously over-harvested for food and medicine, making the species close to qualifying for Vulnerable. Under criterion A2d.
|Previously published Red List assessments:
|Range Description:
|This bat is broadly distributed across the lowland rainforest and savanna zones of Africa from Senegal in the west, through to South Africa in the south and Ethiopia in the east (possibly ranging into Djibouti and southern Eritrea). It is also present on the extreme southwest Arabian Peninsula, where it has been recorded from Yemen and Saudi Arabia (Harrison and Bates 1991). Populations of this bat occur on several offshore islands including the Gulf of Guinea islands and Zanzibar, Pemba and Mafia (off Tanzania) (Bergmans 1990; Simmons 2005). There is a possibly disjunct population in the Air Mountains of Niger. Distribution at northern and southern extremes of the range is patchy and erratic. It is also sparse or absent in large areas of the Horn of Africa, central East Africa, and elsewhere (Bergmans, 1990). This bat is a migratory species in parts of its range; populations migrate from the West African forest north into the savanna zone during the major wet season. It ranges from sea level to around 2,000 m asl (Ruwenzori Mountains).
|Countries occurrence:
Native:Angola; Benin; Botswana; Burkina Faso; Burundi; Cameroon; Central African Republic; Chad; Congo; Congo, The Democratic Republic of the; Côte d'Ivoire; Equatorial Guinea; Ethiopia; Gabon; Gambia; Ghana; Guinea; Guinea-Bissau; Kenya; Lesotho; Liberia; Malawi; Mali; Mauritania; Mozambique; Namibia; Niger; Nigeria; Rwanda; Sao Tomé and Principe; Saudi Arabia; Senegal; Sierra Leone; South Africa; South Sudan; Sudan; Swaziland; Tanzania, United Republic of; Togo; Uganda; Yemen; Zambia; Zimbabwe
|Additional data:
|Range Map:
|Click here to open the map viewer and explore range.
|In general this is a common species forming large colonies of thousands to even millions of individuals. Within colonies they form tight clusters of up to 100 animals, although in particularly large colonies this clustering may not be so obvious. Colonies may show extreme roost-site fidelity. During migration this species disperses into small groups. There is evidence of a widespread decline (P. Racey pers. comm.). A well-known colony in Kampala (Uganda) declined in numbers over a forty-year period from ca. 250,000 animals to 40,000 in 2007 (Monadjem et al. 2007). Eidolon helvum is the most heavily harvested bat for bushmeat in West and Central Africa, and this is believed to be a major factor in reportied population declines (P. Racey pers. comm.).
|Current Population Trend:
|Additional data:
|Habitat and Ecology:
|This adaptable species has been recorded from a very wide range of habitats. It is commonly found in moist and dry tropical rain forest, including evergreen forest habitats in the form of coastal (including mangrove) and riverine forest, through moist and dry savanna and mosaics of these and similar habitat types. Populations can persist in modified habitats and the species is often recorded in urban areas, such as wooded city parks.
|Major Threat(s):
|In general there are no major threats to this widespread and adaptable species. It is, however, locally threatened in parts of its range by severe deforestation, and more generally across West and Central Africa by hunting for food and medicinal use. It is the most heavily harvested bat for bushmeat in West and Central Africa, and one of the most frequently consumed mammals in this region (P. Racey pers. comm.). Large pre-migration colonies are considered particularly vulnerable to any threats. In some areas it is considered to be a pest species and roosting locations may be restricted by cutting down trees. Trees are also cut down in order to catch bats for the market (P. Racey pers. comm.).
|Conservation Actions:
|This species is present in a few protected areas across its range, with a large roosting colony in Kasanka National Park, Zambia. There is a need to identify and protect important roosting sites, and a better understanding of the migratory patterns of this species would be beneficial to any conservation activities. The highest priority is to limit the harvesting of this species to sustainable levels.
|Mickleburgh, S., Hutson, A.M., Bergmans, W., Fahr, J. & Racey, P.A. 2008. Eidolon helvum. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: e.T7084A12824968. . Downloaded on 21 September 2018.
|To make use of this information, please check the <Terms of Use>.
|If you see any errors or have any questions or suggestions on what is shown on this page, please provide us with feedback so that we can correct or extend the information provided


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If I can't use bacteria, how can I defend my pond while the water is cold?
Mary – Hudson, CO
It is not uncommon for ponds to get a little out of control as the temperatures begin to drop in the late fall and early spring. As water temperatures decrease, your pond crosses a balancing point where your bacteria and algaecides can no longer remain effective enough to fight off excess nutrients and cold temperature plant growth. Customers tend to let their guard down at the end of the season as they venture indoors for the winter.
Pond dye is an effective year-round treatment that works flawlessly in the winter giving your pond a unique look even as it ices over. Algae and plants can still grow at the bottom of the pond in cold temperatures and they are continually exposed to sunlight even if there is a layer of ice on the pond. There are multiple shades of dye available to pond owners. Pond Logic® offers pond dye in a decorative Nature's Blue™, natural blue-green Twilight Blue™, or reflective Black DyeMond™, so you can achieve a unique color that fits your particular setting. You can learn more about choosing the best pond color in our Pond Dye Blog.
Organic matter will continue to decay during the winter, and run off from melting snow and rain will contribute to an increase in phosphate levels which encourages algae growth. Using a water conditioner like Pond Logic® EcoBoost™ will continue to bind these phosphates rendering them useless to weeds and algae as well as introduce trace minerals into the water column which promote a healthier fish population. EcoBoost™ also enhances the natural bacteria found in your pond increasing their productivity when they are active.
Both EcoBoost™ and pond dye are considered "proactive" pond care treatments as they are designed to create a balanced ecosystem and prevent problems like algae growth or turbid water. You can save yourself a lot of work and money on difficult spring start ups or late season algae blooms by continuing to use these types of pond care products throughout the year even after your bacteria and herbicides are packed away for the winter.
POND TALK: Pond owners sometimes use pond dye in the winter to create unique ice colorations. Share your winter pond art pictures and stories with other pond guys and gals.
Filed under: Algae Control, Pond & Lake, Pond Dye, Water Clarity, Water Quality, Winterizing | Tagged: algecides, pond bacteria, proactiv, proactive, winter |


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Beauty companies continue to crowd the market with anti-aging products that promise to eradicate wrinkles. From creams and ointments to pills and injections, some women (and men!) will try anything to reverse those sinister signs of aging.
A Japanese company is practically selling out of these strange yet popular products. Here are four of my favorites. Would you be willing to try them?
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The collapse of a building housing garment factories near Bangladesh's capital is renewing attention on the unsafe conditions in the country's $20 billion clothing industry that supplies retailers around the world. Here's a look at the factories in the Rana Plaza building and the global retailers they say they were working for.
— Ether Tex was located on the fifth floor. Its website, now offline, says its 530 workers made up to 960,000 pieces of clothing a year. It claimed to have a passing grade for safety and other business standards from SOCAM, a group that audits garment factories on behalf of European fashion company C&A. The company said its customers included retail giant Wal-Mart.
— New Wave is a group of three companies that says it makes shirts, pants and other garments for U.S., Canadian and European retailers. New Wave Bottoms was on the 2nd floor, and New Wave Style occupied the sixth and seventh floors. The New Wave website lists 27 retailers as its main customers. The list includes Spain's Mango, Dress Barn of the U.S., Canada's The Children's Place, and the Asian arm of Benetton based in Hong Kong.
— Phantom Apparels operated a factory called Phantom-TAC in conjunction with Spain's Textile Audit Company on the fourth floor. The Phantom-TAC website says it is "committed to reaching a high standard of working conditions." It claimed to have a comprehensive auditing system that allowed it to "monitor and analyze daily the conditions in our factory." The 20,000-square-foot factory could make up to 3 million garments a year. It does not list its customers.
— None of the factory owners have been contactable despite repeated attempts to reach them.
— Wal-Mart, the world's largest retailer, said it had no authorized production at the factories. If the company finds there was unauthorized production as a result of subcontracting it said it would take action based on its zero tolerance policy for that.
— Primark, a British retailer with more than 250 stores across Europe, says it was being supplied by a garment producer on the second floor.
— The Children's Place used one of the garment factories in the building but said it wasn't being supplied by it at the time of the collapse.
— Dress Barn said it hadn't used garment factories at the building since 2010.
— Benetton said none of the factories were its suppliers.
— Mango said it hadn't bought clothing from Rana Plaza factories but said it had been in talks with one factory to produce a test batch of clothing.
— An Associated Press reporter found clothed labeled with the following brands in the rubble: Saddlebred, Easycare Oxford, Next, Tweeti.com, LcWaikiki.
— Charles Kernaghan, executive director of the Institute for Global Labour and Human Rights, which has an office in the Bangladesh capital Dhaka, says his staff is investigating. "You can't trust many buildings in Bangladesh," Kernaghan said. "It's so corrupt that you can buy off anybody and there won't be any retribution."


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The title goes back to Gainesville this year guys. Sorry to ruin the whole thing for you in July.
The alma mater is 5-1, a year after going 1-11...Pasadena?
Quote from: Scott on October 5, 2008, 10:33 PMThe alma mater is 5-1, a year after going 1-11...Pasadena?Ahem...6-1
Oh well we are Bowl Eligible. Let's Hope Cotton Bowl...30 minute drive to the game.
Now to the BCS.... If there are any 1 loss teams ahead of Tech in the Rankings, then the whole BCS is bogus. I don't think they deserve #1, (Alabama has earned that)...but I don't think USC, Oklahoma or Florida(sorry Rob) should be ahead of a 9-0 team from a BCS Conference.
Page created in 0.056 seconds with 18 queries.


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Hey, textkittens! (Reference to all you "cool cats" out there!)
I've decided to go ahead and start working on the Apology, following Nate's great example of trudging through without fear. I've got the first section translated, but I was wondering about the phrase μάλιστα δὲ αὐτῶν and how it should be understood in this passage. Here's the text:
μάλιστα δὲ αὐτῶν ἓν ἐθαύμασα τῶν πολλῶν ὧν ἐψεύσαντο...
The only plural that αὐτῶν could be referring to is the accusers of two sentences previously. The immediate substantive that comes before it is neuter singular (οὐδὲν ἀληθές, nothing true). It can't be that.
Thanks for any help or suggestions!


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Details about this Driver
|Download driver for: SONY SVL2412V1EB
|Supported System
|Windows 7, Windows 10, Windows XP, Windows 8, Windows Vista, Windows 8.1, Windows Server 2003
|File Size
|5919 kb
|Intel Management Engine Interface driver for SONYSVL2412V1EB
The Safest Way to Update Sony Drivers
There are numerous of typical alerts along with other messages that you could get in the driver updating process, several of which I've paraphrased and listed right here along with information on how to proceed:
There are numerous of common alerts and other messages that you could get in the driver upgrading procedure, many of which I've paraphrased and listed here together with tips on what you can do:
Windows cannot verify that the driver is compatible: If you're sure this driver is the right one, touch or click Yes to continue installing it. Choose No if you think you might have the driver for the wrong model or something like that, in which case you should look for other INF files or maybe an entirely different driver download.
Windows can't verify the publisher of this driver software: If you received it directly from the manufacturer or from their installation disc, choose Yes to continue installing this driver only. Choose No if you downloaded the driver elsewhere and didn't exhaust your search for a manufacturer-provided one.
This driver hasn't been signed: Similarly towards the creator confirmation issue above, choose Yes only when you're confident in regards to the driver's supply.
Windows requires a digitally signed driver: You won't even see the above two messages because Windows won't let you install a driver that has a digital signature issue, in 64-bit versions of Windows. If you see this message, end the driver update process and locate the correct driver from the hardware maker's website.
To set Windows to install recommended updates
To automatically get available driver updates for your hardware, set Windows to install recommended updates. You can set Windows to automatically install important and recommended updates or important updates only. Optional updates aren't downloaded or installed automatically. To get all available updates for your devices, periodically check Windows Update for optional updates.
- Open Windows Update by clicking the Start button. In the search box, type Update, and then, in the list of results, click Windows Update.
- In the left pane, click Change settings.
- Under Important updates, click an item in the list. You can decide which updates to automatically download and install.
- Under Recommended updates, select the Give me recommended updates the same way I receive important updates check box, and then click OK. If you're prompted for an administrator password or confirmation, type the password or provide confirmation. You can also allow anyone using your computer to install updates by selecting the Allow all users to install updates on this computer check box.
Too Complicated for You? You can Try DriverTuner
1. Click here to download Driver Updater and double click it to install
2. Scan your PC for outdated drivers. Select the drivers(here you should choose SONY SVL2412V1EB) you want to update and click download
3. When the download process is finished, click SETUP to install them. Voila! Your driver for SONY SVL2412V1EB has been updated. Sometimes you need to reboot your computer to let the drivers take effect.
|Fix Driver Problems
|Driver Update Tool
Windows 10, 8, 7, Vista and XP


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I have fond memories of birthday parties from my childhood, but planning them now for my own kids makes me cringe—largely because of my feelings about goody bags. My mom used to organize jewelry-making parties for me, where friends and I created necklaces and bracelets out of plastic beads and elasticized string. After celebrating with cake (made from a box and frosted from a can) and ice cream and a flurry of gift-opening, friends headed out the door sporting all kinds of awesome rainbow jewelry with a small goody bag with a couple of stickers and pieces of candy. It seems those days may be over, at least according to the New York Times, which yesterday featured an article called "Tempest in a Goody Bag," which was also hotly debated on the Motherlode blog there as well.
Plus: 61 Amazing Birthday Cakes
Today's kids may get goody bags stuffed with toys, which sometimes cost more than the gifts being offered to the birthday honoree. "The rise of the goody bag is part of a larger escalation of the commercialization of children's birthday parties," Susan Linn, a psychiatry instructor at the Harvard Medical School and the director of the nonprofit Campaign for a Commercial-Free Childhood, told the Times. And while some parents spend extreme sums of money on goody bags, others who feel goody-bag pressure but are on a limited budget choose to fill bags with ample inexpensive items from dollar stores, including plastic toys, temporary tattoos, nail polish, erasers, and more.
Personally, and I recognize I may be in the minority here, I've come to hate goody bags. At this point in time (my sons are 4 and 2), I don't think my kids need more sugar after consuming ample amounts of cake and ice cream at a party—and I loathe the arguments that ensue over the candy when I refuse to let them gorge any further. I definitely don't think they need to be given an expensive toy in exchange for attending someone's birthday party (aren't we supposed to be the ones bringing a gift?)—and I don't like feeling like I then need to offer guests who attend our birthday parties thank-you gifts of equivalent value when they're simply out of our reach financially. And finally, we really and truly do not need any more plastic crap in our house. Really. (I'll admit that I sometimes "misplace" goody bags even before they enter our home because I just don't need any more clutter—and my kids can do without it.)
Plus: Best Birthday Cupcake Recipes
I don't have any good answers—at least of the kind that will please everyone (myself included). I understand that kids like goody bags (who doesn't love treats?!) and as ours grow older, I'm sure I'll feel less opposed to their receiving candy (I don't think I'll grow any more appreciative of cheap plastic crap, though.) As a compromise for the last two birthday parties we've thrown, in lieu of a goody bag, we've done some kind of craft activity at the party that the guests could take home with them (painting a wooden animal at a party at a local wildlife refuge and construction of a cardboard subway train at a nearby transit museum). I don't know if the kids continued to play with them after the party (I know ours actually did), but I do know that I felt good not foisting candy or plastic crap onto the other families.
What's your take on goody bags for kids: yay or nay?


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Moderator: B&F Moderator
Mark T wrote:I wear my three piece suit and thing, and my diamond socks and thing and my earth man shoes and thing.....
Mark T
Bionic D wrote:This is my casual t shirt. The picture must be of a young Bob, before he got dreadlocks.
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Latino Student Success Effort in the Commonwealth
Lexington, KY Latinos are the fastest-growing student population in America and Lumina Foundation is pleased to support the Kentucky Latino Education Alliance, a project led by Bluegrass Community and Technical College (BCTC) designed to increase the post-secondary attainment of Latino students. Lumina is investing over $11.5 million in Latino Student Success (LSS) efforts across the country. BCTC received $600,000 from Lumina Foundation to create a cross sector, cross agency partnership called the Kentucky Latino Education Alliance (KLEA).
Under the specific LSS effort, Lumina is supporting local partnerships in 11 states that demonstrate a commitment to their growing Latino community. This grant effort encourages community leaders across key policy, education, business and nonprofit sectors to build, implement, and sustain place-based partnerships that capitalize on their local talents. The Foundation is pleased to work alongside Excelencia in Education and FSG to provide technical assistance and evaluation support to each partnership.
Luminas Latino Student Success effort is an integral part of our commitment to Goal 2025, said Lumina President and CEO Jamie Merisotis. Through these partnerships, we aim to build bridges among leadership groups already working to improve Latino college preparation, access and attainment.
Through KLEA, Bluegrass Community and Technical College is partnering with over 20 partner organizations including the Council on Postsecondary Education to provide sub-grants, technical support, and capacity development to support the creation or enhancement of programs that will foster Latino student college enrollment and completion. KLEA partners are committed to leading efforts to improve policy and develop data-driven programs for increased college preparation and retention rates. Strategic focus include: 1) prepare and coach families and students for college success; 2) develop and support student engagement; 3) formalize and strengthen transitions and transfers; 4) develop and enrich cultural competency; 5) impact institutional and agency policies and procedures to improve access and retention; 6) advocate for Latino student success; and 7) deepen and strengthen student engagement with professional organizations and networks.
Sub-grants have been awarded to Centre College Warehouse After-School Program, Kentucky Higher Education Assistance Authority, Kentucky State University, Lexington-Fayette Urban County Government Division of Family Services, and the University of Louisville.
At more than 50 million, Latinos represent the largest and fastest-growing population group in the United States. By 2025, half of the nations workforce will be of Latino descent. At that time, 63 percent of all jobs in the United States will require some form of postsecondary education or training, according to labor economist Anthony Carnevale of the Georgetown University Center on Education and the Workforce.
The strength of this focused Latino student success effort is due to the dedication of many partners striving to reach a national college attainment goal.
About Lumina Foundation
Lumina Foundation, an Indianapolis-based private foundation, is committed to
enrolling and graduating more students from collegeespecially 21st century students: low-income students, students of color, first-generation students and adult learners. Luminas goal is to increase the percentage of Americans who hold high-quality degrees and credentials to 60 percent by 2025.
Lumina pursues Goal 2025 in three ways:
- by identifying and supporting effective practice
- through public policy advocacy,
- and by using our communications and convening power to build public will for change.
For more information, log on to www.luminafoundation.org.
Contact (KLEA)
Erin Howard, BCTC Hispanic/Latino Outreach, (859)246-6436, firstname.lastname@example.com.


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Before I had my first baby, I knew exactly how my labor and delivery would go. I wouldn't use drugs, I'd remember my breathing techniques and my husband, Tony, would be by my side, cutting the cord and presenting me with an adorable cherub. Well, not exactly. My exhausting and painful labor—bring on the Demerol, stat!—ended with an emergency Caesarean section as my blood pressure spiked. I barely remember Tony being there. About the only thing that went according to plan was ending up with an adorable, healthy baby. The lesson? While it's fine to have a birth plan, sometimes sticking to it isn't an option. Read on for a look at some of the most common snags in labor and delivery, and why it's not the end of the world if they happen to you.
Surprise! You want pain meds.
No matter how many books you read, websites you visit or classes you take, you don't know what labor is going to feel like until it happens. "Throughout my pregnancy, I was determined to have a drug-free birth," says Cincinnati mom Marcy Hawkins. "My mother and sister gave birth without drugs, and I was certain I could too." But after eight hours of excruciating back labor with her son, Jackson, Hawkins had a major change of heart. "I remember looking at my husband and saying, 'I don't think I can do this anymore.'" She asked for an epidural—and the pain was much more bearable. Soon after, her son Jackson was born.
If it happens to you:
Repeat this mantra: There is no one right way to give birth. "We're taught that if we breathe right, it won't hurt," says clinical psychologist Shoshana Bennett Ph.D., author of Pregnant on Prozac and past president of Postpartum Support International (postpartum.net). "There is absolutely no failure in asking for an epidural. Many women are so relieved once they get it that they start to enjoy labor and are able to participate more. Having some medication can be the smartest thing to do." Once her son was born, Hawkins felt an overwhelming sense of joy—not guilt. Her advice for other moms-to-be? "Listen to your body. It's OK to change your mind about using or not using drugs. None of that matters after you hold your baby for the first time."
Yikes! You need a C-section.
Like it or not, Caesarean births are still near an all-time high—a whopping 33 percent of U.S. births in 2010 (the most recent figures available), says the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Even elective C-sections are on the rise, says Pamela Berens M.D., professor of obstetrics and gynecology at the University of Texas Medical School, Houston. "Some moms are requesting to schedule C-sections instead of going into labor," she says. "It's a trend that's growing in some parts of the country." There are also many medically necessary reasons for having a Caesarean, including fetal distress, breech presentation, an abnormally placed placenta or labor that simply isn't progressing.
If it happens to you:
If you're disappointed that you didn't deliver vaginally, look at the big picture: You did what it took to have a safe birth. "Any way that you end up with a healthy baby is fine," says Dr. Berens. "We don't get to choose what labor is like, and the experience is very seldom what moms think it's going to be." Instead of dwelling on what didn't happen, focus on the positives, she says. "I try to discuss recovery after a C-section with the whole family present," Dr. Berens notes. "For six weeks after the birth, a C-section mom should recover, sleep and nurse the baby. That's her job, period. It's someone else's job to cook, clean and entertain relatives."
Oh no! You need to be induced.
Sometimes, labor just doesn't happen on time. Or there's some medical reason that makes it necessary to deliver the baby early. Cathy Hale's doctor decided to induce her two weeks before her due date because she was suffering from a condition that causes severe itching and is only relieved by delivering the baby. "I was nervous about being induced because I had heard bad stories about labor with Pitocin," says the Austin, Texas, mom. "I was also sad that it wouldn't happen naturally." After she took Pitocin, Hale's water broke. "The contractions were fast and furious and completely overwhelmed me," she recalls. "I had no idea what to expect."
If it happens to you:
Inductions are becoming more and more frequent: more than 22 percent of births between 1990 and 2006. Doctors will induce labor when there's a medical condition that puts mom or baby at risk, for example, pre-eclampsia, diabetes or an abruption of the placenta. Moms who get to 41 or 42 weeks of gestation are also likely to be induced. And in recent years, says Dr. Berens, some women want to choose their due dates, so they ask to be induced. Whatever the reason, the drug Pitocin is generally used to bring on contractions. "[Pitocin-induced contractions] tend to be closer together and much more regular than natural contractions," says Dr. Berens, who has experienced both natural and induced deliveries with her four children. Fortunately, Pitocin is a short-acting drug, and the aftereffects are minimal, notes Dr. Berens.
Whoa! Your baby is born prematurely.
With my second child, A.J., I developed a sudden case of severe pre-eclampsia. Waiting to deliver wasn't an option, so I had another C-section at barely 32 weeks. I'm not alone. Birth rates for preemies (babies born at less than 37 weeks' gestation) have been rising for 40 years, says Errol Norwitz M.D., chairman of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Tufts Medical Center. About 13 percent of babies in the United States are born prematurely. That's nearly one in eight, says the March of Dimes. Two major factors are largely responsible: giving birth at an older age and the higher incidence of multiples births resulting from fertility treatments. But most women who deliver preemies (like me) have no known risk factor. "I tell people all the time, 'This is not your fault,'" says Dr. Norwitz.
If it happens to you:
Don't panic. Most late preterm infants (34 to 37 weeks) do almost as well as their full-term counterparts, says Dr. Norwitz. "The most important factor is the baby's gestational age," he explains. "By 28 weeks, the vast majority survive, and babies born after 34 weeks do almost as well as full-term babies." If your baby needs to stay in the hospital after you're discharged, you can still bond and be involved in his care. Visit and hold him as much as possible. "The more skin-to-skin contact, the better for mom and baby," says Dr. Norwitz. Even if he needs to be in an incubator most of the day, you can usually hold his hand. Pumping breast milk every few hours is another way to help your baby and feel close to him. "Make friends with the team of nurses and doctors who'll be taking care of your baby," says Dr. Norwitz. "For a short time, you're giving your baby up to them."