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Snow is precipitation in the form of flakes of crystalline water ice that falls from clouds.
Since snow is composed of small ice particles, it is a granular material. It has an open and therefore soft, white, and fluffy structure, unless subjected to external pressure. Snowflakes come in a variety of sizes and shapes. Types that fall in the form of a ball due to melting and refreezing, rather than a flake, are hail, ice pellets or snow grains.
The process of precipitating snow is called snowfall. Snowfall tends to form within regions of upward movement of air around a type of low-pressure system known as an extratropical cyclone. Snow can fall poleward of these systems' associated warm fronts and within their comma head precipitation patterns (called such due to the comma-like shape of the cloud and precipitation pattern around the poleward and west sides of extratropical cyclones). Where relatively warm water bodies are present, for example because of water evaporation from lakes, lake-effect snowfall becomes a concern downwind of the warm lakes within the cold cyclonic flow around the backside of extratropical cyclones. Lake-effect snowfall can be heavy locally. Thundersnow is possible within a cyclone's comma head and within lake effect precipitation bands. In mountainous areas, heavy snow is possible where upslope flow is maximized within windward sides of the terrain at elevation, if the atmosphere is cold enough. Snowfall amount and its related liquid equivalent precipitation amount are measured using a variety of different rain gauges.
- 1 Forms
- 2 Cause
- 3 Snowflakes
- 4 Types
- 5 Density
- 6 Acoustic properties
- 7 Snowfall measurement
- 8 Records
- 9 Snow blindness
- 10 Relation to river flow
- 11 Effects on human society
- 12 Damage
- 13 Design of structures considering snow load
- 14 Extraterrestrial snow
- 15 See also
- 16 References
- 17 External links
Once on the ground, snow can be categorized as powdery when light and fluffy, fresh when recent but heavier, granular when it begins the cycle of melting and refreezing, and eventually ice once it comes down, after multiple melting and refreezing cycles, into a dense mass called snow pack. When powdery, snow moves with the wind from the location where it originally landed, forming deposits called snowdrifts that may have a depth of several meters. After attaching itself to hillsides, blown snow can evolve into a snow slab—an avalanche hazard on steep slopes. The existence of a snowpack keeps temperatures lower than they would be otherwise, as the whiteness of the snow reflects most sunlight, and any absorbed heat goes into melting the snow rather than increasing its temperature. The water equivalent of snowfall is measured to monitor how much liquid is available to flood rivers from meltwater that will occur during the following spring. Snow cover can protect crops from extreme cold. If snowfall stays on the ground for a series of years uninterrupted, the snowpack develops into a mass of ice called glacier. Fresh snow absorbs sound, lowering ambient noise over a landscape because the trapped air between snowflakes attenuates vibration. These acoustic qualities quickly minimize and reverse, once a layer of freezing rain falls on top of snow cover. Walking across snowfall produces a squeaking sound at low temperatures.
The energy balance of the snowpack itself is dictated by several heat exchange processes. The snowpack absorbs solar shortwave radiation that is partially blocked by cloud cover and reflected by snow surface. A long-wave heat exchange takes place between the snowpack and its surrounding environment that includes overlying air mass, tree cover and clouds. Heat exchange takes place by convection between the snowpack and the overlaying air mass, and it is governed by the temperature gradient and wind speed. Moisture exchange between the snowpack and the overlying air mass is accompanied by latent heat transfer that is influenced by vapor pressure gradient and air wind. Rain on snow can add significant amounts of thermal energy to the snowpack. A generally insignificant heat exchange takes place by conduction between the snowpack and the ground. The small temperature change from before to after a snowfall is a result of the heat transfer between the snowpack and the air.[1] As snow degrades, its surface can develop characteristic ablation textures such as suncups or penitentes.
The term snow storm can describe a heavy snowfall, while a blizzard involves snow and wind, obscuring visibility. Snow shower is a term for an intermittent snowfall, while flurry is used for very light, brief snowfalls. Snow can fall more than a meter at a time during a single storm in flat areas, and meters at a time in rugged terrain, such as mountains. When snow falls in significant quantities, travel by foot, car, airplane and other means becomes severely restricted, but other methods of mobility become possible, such as the use of snowmobiles, snowshoes and skis. When heavy snow occurs early in the fall (or, on rarer occasions, late in the spring), significant damage can occur to trees still in leaf. Areas with significant snow each year can store the winter snow within an ice house, which can be used to cool structures during the following summer. A variation on snow has been observed on Venus, though composed of metallic compounds and occurring at a substantially higher temperature.[citation needed]
Snow on trees, Germany.
Snowdrifts in Duluth, Minnesota, March 2007
Falling snowflakes in England
Fresh snow on a thin twig in Poland.
Fluffy Snowfall in Kelowna.
Extratropical cyclones can bring cold and dangerous conditions with heavy rain and snow with winds exceeding 119 km/h (74 mph),[2] (sometimes referred to as windstorms in Europe). The band of precipitation that is associated with their warm front is often extensive, forced by weak upward vertical motion of air over the frontal boundary, which condenses as it cools off and produces precipitation within an elongated band,[3] which is wide and stratiform, meaning falling out of nimbostratus clouds.[4] When moist air tries to dislodge an arctic air mass, overrunning snow can result within the poleward side of the elongated precipitation band. In the Northern Hemisphere, poleward is towards the North Pole, or north. Within the Southern Hemisphere, poleward is towards the South Pole, or south.
Within the cold sector, poleward and west of the cyclone center, small scale or mesoscale bands of heavy snow can occur within a cyclone's comma head pattern. The cyclone's comma head pattern is a comma-shaped area of clouds and precipitation found around mature extratropical cyclones. These snow bands typically have a width of 20 to 50 miles (32 to 80 kilometers).[5] These bands in the comma head are associated with areas of frontogenesis, or zones of strengthening temperature contrast.[6]
Southwest of extratropical cyclones, curved cyclonic flow bringing cold air across the relatively warm water bodies can lead to narrow lake-effect snow bands. Those bands bring strong localized snowfall, which can be understood as follows: Large water bodies such as lakes efficiently store heat that results in significant temperature differences (larger than 13 °C [23 °F]) between the water surface and the air above.[7] Because of this temperature difference, warmth and moisture are transported upward, condensing into vertically oriented clouds (see satellite picture) that produce snow showers. The temperature decrease with height and cloud depth are directly affected by both the water temperature and the large-scale environment. The stronger the temperature decrease with height, the deeper the clouds get, and the greater the precipitation rate becomes.[8]
In mountainous areas, heavy snowfall accumulates when air is forced to ascend the mountains and squeeze out precipitation along their windward slopes, which in cold conditions, falls in the form of snow. Because of the ruggedness of terrain, forecasting the location of heavy snowfall remains a significant challenge.[9]
Snow crystals form when tiny supercooled cloud droplets (about 10 μm in diameter) freeze. These droplets are able to remain liquid at temperatures lower than −18 °C (0 °F), because to freeze, a few molecules in the droplet need to get together by chance to form an arrangement similar to that in an ice lattice. Then the droplet freezes around this "nucleus". Experiments show that this "homogeneous" nucleation of cloud droplets only occurs at temperatures lower than −35 °C (−31 °F).[10] In warmer clouds an aerosol particle or "ice nucleus" must be present in (or in contact with) the droplet to act as a nucleus. Ice nuclei are very rare compared to that cloud condensation nuclei on which liquid droplets form. Clays, desert dust and biological particles may be effective,[11] although to what extent is unclear. Artificial nuclei include particles of silver iodide and dry ice, and these are used to stimulate precipitation in cloud seeding.[12]
Once a droplet has frozen, it grows in the supersaturated environment—one where air is saturated with respect to ice when the temperature is below the freezing point. The droplet then grows by diffusion of water molecules in the air (vapor) onto the ice crystal surface where they are collected. Because water droplets are so much more numerous than the ice crystals due to their sheer abundance, the crystals are able to grow to hundreds of micrometers or millimeters in size at the expense of the water droplets by a process known as the Wegner-Bergeron-Findeison process. The corresponding depletion of water vapor causes the ice crystals to grow at the droplets' expense. These large crystals are an efficient source of precipitation, since they fall through the atmosphere due to their mass, and may collide and stick together in clusters, or aggregates. These aggregates are snowflakes, and are usually the type of ice particle that falls to the ground.[13] Guinness World Records list the world's largest snowflakes as those of January 1887 at Fort Keogh, Montana; allegedly one measured 38 cm (15 in) wide.[14] Although the ice is clear, scattering of light by the crystal facets and hollows/imperfections mean that the crystals often appear white in color due to diffuse reflection of the whole spectrum of light by the small ice particles.[15]
The shape of the snowflake is determined broadly by the temperature and humidity at which it is formed.[13] The most common snow particles are visibly irregular. Planar crystals (thin and flat) grow in air between 0 °C (32 °F) and −3 °C (27 °F). Between −3 °C (27 °F) and −8 °C (18 °F), the crystals will form needles or hollow columns or prisms (long thin pencil-like shapes). From −8 °C (18 °F) to −22 °C (−8 °F) the shape reverts to plate-like, often with branched or dendritic features. At temperatures below −22 °C (−8 °F), the crystal development becomes column-like, although many more complex growth patterns also form such as side-planes, bullet-rosettes and also planar types depending on the conditions and ice nuclei.[16][17][18] If a crystal has started forming in a column growth regime, at around −5 °C (23 °F), and then falls into the warmer plate-like regime, then plate or dendritic crystals sprout at the end of the column, producing so called "capped columns".[13]
A snowflake consists of roughly 1019 water molecules, which are added to its core at different rates and in different patterns, depending on the changing temperature and humidity within the atmosphere that the snowflake falls through on its way to the ground. As a result, it is extremely difficult to encounter two identical snowflakes.[19][20][21] Initial attempts to find identical snowflakes by photographing thousands their images under a microscope from 1885 onward by Wilson Alwyn Bentley found the wide variety of snowflakes we know about today.[22] It is more likely that two snowflakes could become virtually identical if their environments were similar enough. Matching snow crystals were discovered in Wisconsin in 1988. The crystals were not flakes in the usual sense but rather hollow hexagonal prisms.[23]
Types of snow can be designated by the shape of the flakes, the rate of accumulation, and the way the snow collects on the ground. Types that fall in the form of a ball due to melting and refreezing cycles, rather than a flake, are known as graupel, with ice pellets and snow pellets as types of graupel associated with wintry precipitation.[24][25] Once on the ground, snow can be categorized as powdery when fluffy, granular when it begins the cycle of melting and refreezing, and eventually ice once it packs down into a dense drift after multiple melting and refreezing cycles. When powdery, snow drifts with the wind from the location where it originally fell,[26] forming deposits with a depth of several meters in isolated locations.[27] Snow fences are constructed in order to help control snow drifting in the vicinity of roads, to improve highway safety.[28] After attaching to hillsides, blown snow can evolve into a snow slab, which is an avalanche hazard on steep slopes. A frozen equivalent of dew known as hoar frost forms on a snow pack when winds are light and there is ample low-level moisture over the snow pack.[29]
Snowfall's intensity is determined by visibility. When the visibility is over 1 kilometer (0.62 mi), snow is considered light. Moderate snow describes snowfall with visibility restrictions between 0.5 and 1 km. Heavy snowfall describes conditions when visibility is less than 0.5 km.[30] Steady snows of significant intensity are often referred to as "snowstorms".[31] When snow is of variable intensity and short duration, it is described as a "snow shower".[32] The term snow flurry is used to describe the lightest form of a snow shower.[33]
A blizzard is a weather condition involving snow and has varying definitions in different parts of the world. In the United States, a blizzard occurs when two conditions are met for a period of three hours or more: A sustained wind or frequent gusts to 35 miles per hour (56 km/h), and sufficient snow in the air to reduce visibility to less than 0.4 kilometers (0.25 mi).[34] In Canada and the United Kingdom, the criteria are similar.[35][36] While heavy snowfall often occurs during blizzard conditions, falling snow is not a requirement, as blowing snow can create a ground blizzard.[37]
Snow remains on the ground until it melts or sublimates. Sublimation of snow directly into water vapor is most likely to occur on a dry and windy day such as when a strong downslope wind, such as a Chinook wind, exists.[38]
Once the snow is on the ground, it will settle under its own weight (largely due to differential evaporation) until its density is approximately 30% of water. Increases in density above this initial compression occur primarily by melting and refreezing, caused by temperatures above freezing or by direct solar radiation. In colder climates, snow lies on the ground all winter. By late spring, snow densities typically reach a maximum of 50% of water.[39] When the snow does not all melt in the summer it evolves into firn, where individual granules become more spherical in nature,[40] evolving into a glacier as the ice flows downhill.[41]
Snow water equivalent
The snow water equivalent is the product of snow depth and the snow bulk density. It is a quantity of type columnar mass density, having units of area density (kg/m2), though it is usually reported normalized by the volumetric density of liquid water (units kg/m3), thus being expressed in units of length (e.g., millimeter or inches). It corresponds to the depth of a layer of water that would accumulate in an area, if all the snow and ice were melted in that given area. For example, if the snow covering a given area has a water equivalent of 50 centimeters (20 in), then it will melt into a pool of water 50 centimeters (20 in) deep covering the same area.[42] This is a much more useful measurement to hydrologists than snow depth, as the density of cool freshly fallen snow widely varies. New snow commonly has a density of around 8% of water. This means that 33 centimeters (13 in) of snow melts down to 2.5 centimeters (1 in) of water.[43] Cloud temperatures and physical processes in the cloud affect the shape of individual snow crystals. Highly branched or dendritic crystals tend to have more space between the arms of ice that form the snowflake and this snow will therefore have a lower density, often referred to as "dry" snow. Conditions that create columnar or plate-like crystals will have much less air space within the crystal and will therefore be denser and feel "wetter".[44]
Acoustic properties
Newly fallen snow acts as a sound-absorbing material, which minimizes sound over its surface.[45] This is due to the trapped air between the individual crystalline flakes, trapping sound waves and dampening vibrations. Once it is blown around by the wind and exposed to sunshine, snow hardens and its sound-softening quality diminishes.[46] Snow cover as thin as 2 centimeters (0.79 in) thick changes the acoustic properties of a landscape. Studies concerning the acoustic properties of snow have revealed that loud sounds, such as from a pistol, can be used to measure snow cover permeability and depth.[47] Within motion pictures, the sound of walking through snow is simulated using cornstarch, salt, or cat litter.[48][49][50] When the temperature falls below −10 °C (14 °F), snow will squeak when walked upon due to the crushing of the ice crystals within the snow.[51] If covered by a layer of freezing rain, the hardened frozen surface acts to echo sounds, similar to concrete.[46]
From under water, snowfall has a unique sound when compared to other forms of precipitation, and the sound varies little with differences in the snowflakes' size and shape.[52]
Snowfall measurement
Snowfall is defined by the U.S. National Weather Service as a being the maximum depth of snow on a snowboard (typically a piece of plywood painted white) observed during a six-hour period. At the end of the six-hour period, all snow is cleared from the measuring surface. For a daily total snowfall, four six-hour snowfall measurements are summed. Snowfall can be very difficult to measure due to melting, compacting, blowing and drifting.[53]
The liquid equivalent of snowfall may be evaluated using a snow gauge[54] or with a standard rain gauge having a diameter of 100 mm (4 in; plastic) or 200 mm (8 in; metal).[55] Rain gauges are adjusted to winter by removing the funnel and inner cylinder and allowing the snow/freezing rain to collect inside the outer cylinder. Antifreeze liquid may be added to melt the snow or ice that falls into the gauge.[56] In both types of gauges once the snowfall/ice is finished accumulating, or as its height in the gauge approaches 300 mm (12 in), the snow is melted and the water amount recorded.[57]
Another type of gauge used to measure the liquid equivalent of snowfall is the weighing precipitation gauge.[58] The wedge and tipping bucket gauges will have problems with snow measurement. Attempts to compensate for snow/ice by warming the tipping bucket meet with limited success, since snow may sublimate if the gauge is kept much above the freezing temperature. Weighing gauges with antifreeze should do fine with snow, but again, the funnel needs to be removed before the event begins.[59] At some automatic weather stations an ultrasonic snow depth sensor may be used to augment the precipitation gauge.[60]
Spring snow melt is a major source of water supply to areas in temperate zones near mountains that catch and hold winter snow, especially those with a prolonged dry summer. In such places, water equivalent is of great interest to water managers wishing to predict spring runoff and the water supply of cities downstream. Measurements are made manually at marked locations known as snow courses, and remotely using special scales called snow pillows.[61]
When a snow measurement is made, various networks exist across the United States and elsewhere where rainfall measurements can be submitted through the Internet, such as CoCoRAHS or GLOBE.[62][63] If a network is not available in the area where one lives, the nearest local weather office will likely be interested in the measurement.[64]
The world record for the highest seasonal total snowfall was measured in the United States at Mount Baker Ski Area, outside of the town Bellingham, Washington during the 1998–1999 season. Mount Baker received 2,896 cm (95.01 ft) of snow,[65] thus surpassing the previous record holder, Mount Rainier, Washington, which during the 1971–1972 season received 2,850 cm (93.5 ft) of snow.[66]
The world record for the highest average yearly snowfall is 1,764 cm (57.87 ft),[67] measured in Sukayu Onsen, Japan for the period of 1981–2010.
The North American record for the highest average yearly snowfall is 1,630 cm (53.5 ft),[68] measured on Mount Rainier, Washington.
The world record for snow depth is 1,182 cm (38.78 ft). It was measured on the slope of Mt. Ibuki in Shiga Prefecture, Japan at altitude of 1,200 m (3,900 ft) on February 14, 1927.[69]
The North American record for snow depth is 1,150 cm (37.7 ft). It was measured at Tamarack, California at altitude of 2,100 m (7,000 ft) in March 1911.[69]
The world's snowiest city with a population over one million is Sapporo, Japan, with an average yearly snowfall of 595 cm (19.52 ft).
Snow blindness
Fresh snow reflects 90% or more of ultraviolet radiation,[70] which causes snow blindness, also reducing absorption of sunlight by the ground. Snow blindness (also known as ultraviolet keratitis, photokeratitis or niphablepsia) is a painful eye condition, caused by exposure of unprotected eyes to the ultraviolet (UV) rays in bright sunlight reflected from snow or ice.[71] This condition is a problem in polar regions and at high altitudes,[72] as with every 300 meters (980 ft) of elevation (above sea level), the intensity of UV rays increases by 4%.[73] Snow's large reflection of light makes night skies much brighter, since reflected light is directed back up into the sky.[74] However, when there is also cloud cover, light is then reflected back to the ground. This greatly amplifies light emitted from city lights, causing the 'bright night' effect. A similar brightening effect occurs when no snow is falling and there is a full moon and a large amount of snow.[75]
Relation to river flow
Many rivers originating in mountainous or high-latitude regions receive a significant portion of their flow from snowmelt. This often makes the river's flow highly seasonal resulting in periodic flooding[76] during the spring months and at least in dry mountainous regions like the mountain West of the US or most of Iran and Afghanistan, very low flow for the rest of the year. In contrast, if much of the melt is from glaciated or nearly glaciated areas, the melt continues through the warm season, with peak flows occurring in mid to late summer.[77]
Effects on human society
Substantial snowfall can disrupt public infrastructure and services, slowing human activity even in regions that are accustomed to such weather. Air and ground transport may be greatly inhibited or shut down entirely. Populations living in snow-prone areas have developed various ways to travel across the snow, such as skis, snowshoes, and sleds pulled by horses, dogs, or other animals and later, snowmobiles. Basic utilities such as electricity, telephone lines, and gas supply can also fail. In addition, snow can make roads much harder to travel and vehicles attempting to use them can easily become stuck.[78] Snowfall can have a small negative effect on yearly yield from solar photovoltaic systems.[79]
The combined effects can lead to a "snow day" on which gatherings such as school or work are officially canceled. In areas that normally have very little or no snow, a snow day may occur when there is only light accumulation or even the threat of snowfall, since those areas are unprepared to handle any amount of snow. In some areas, such as some states in the United States, schools are given a yearly quota of snow days (or "calamity days"). Once the quota is exceeded, the snow days must be made up.[80][81][82] In other states, all snow days must be made up.[83] For example, schools may extend the remaining school days later into the afternoon, shorten spring break, or delay the start of summer vacation.
Accumulated snow is removed to make travel easier and safer, and to decrease the long-term impact of a heavy snowfall. This process utilizes shovels, snowplows and snow blowers and is often assisted by sprinkling salt or other chloride-based chemicals, which reduce the melting temperature of snow.[84] In some areas with abundant snowfall, such as Yamagata Prefecture, Japan, people harvest snow and store it surrounded by insulation in ice houses. This allows the snow to be used through the summer for refrigeration and air conditioning, which requires far less electricity than traditional cooling methods.[85]
Snowfall can be beneficial to agriculture by serving as a thermal insulator, conserving the heat of the Earth and protecting crops from subfreezing weather. Some agricultural areas depend on an accumulation of snow during winter that will melt gradually in spring, providing water for crop growth. If it melts into water and refreezes upon sensitive crops, such as oranges, the resulting ice will protect the fruit from exposure to lower temperatures.[86]
Many winter sports, such as skiing,[87] snowboarding,[88] snowmobiling,[89] and snowshoeing depend upon snow. Where snow is scarce but the temperature is low enough, snow cannons may be used to produce an adequate amount for such sports.[90] Children and adults can play on a sled or ride in a sleigh. Although a person's footsteps remain a visible lifeline within a snow-covered landscape, snow cover is considered a general danger to hiking since the snow obscures landmarks and makes the landscape itself appear uniform.[91]
One of the recognizable recreational uses of snow is in building snowmen. A snowman is created by making a man shaped figure out of snow – often using a large, shaped snowball for the body and a smaller snowball for the head which is often decorated with simple household items – traditionally including a carrot for a nose, and coal for eyes, nose and mouth; occasionally including old clothes such as a top hat or scarf.
Snow can be used to make snow cones, also known as snowballs, which are usually eaten in the summer months.[92] Flat areas of snow can be used to make snow angels, a popular pastime for children.
Snow can be used to alter the format of outdoor games such as Capture the flag,[93] or for snowball fights. The world's biggest snowcastle, the SnowCastle of Kemi, is built in Kemi, Finland every winter.[94] Since 1928 Michigan Technological University in Houghton, Michigan has held an annual Winter Carnival in mid-February, during which a large Snow Sculpture Contest takes place between various clubs, fraternities, and organizations in the community and the university. Each year there is a central theme, and prizes are awarded based on creativity.[95] Snowball softball tournaments are held in snowy areas, usually using a bright orange softball for visibility, and burlap sacks filled with snow for the bases.[96]
When heavy, wet snow with a snow-water equivalent (SWE) ratio of between 6:1 and 12:1 (in extreme cases, as heavy as 4:1) and a weight in excess of 10 pounds per square foot (~40 kg/m2)[97] piles onto trees or electricity lines – particularly if the trees have full leaves or are not adapted to snow – significant damage may occur on a scale usually associated with hurricanes.[98] An avalanche can occur upon a sudden thermal or mechanical impact upon snow that has accumulated on a mountain, which causes the snow to rush downhill en masse. Preceding an avalanche is a phenomenon known as an avalanche wind caused by the approaching avalanche itself, which adds to its destructive potential.[99] Large amounts of snow which accumulate on top of man-made structures can lead to structural failure.[100] During snowmelt, acidic precipitation which previously fell into the snow pack is released, which harms marine life.[101]
There is a popular misconception that snow becomes heavier when it starts to melt, so many people take risks by climbing on roofs to remove snow when the weather starts to get warmer, for fear that the roofs will collapse. In fact, when snow starts to melt, its volume decreases as the ice crystals and meltwater move into the spaces between the crystals, which makes the density of wet, melting snow greater than that of freshly-fallen snow. This makes it feel heavier to shovel, but its mass does not increase. In fact, it decreases when meltwater runs off the roof, so the weight of snow on a roof actually decreases when it starts to melt.
Design of structures considering snow load
The designs of all structures and buildings use the ground snow load[102] determined by professional engineers and designers. Data on ground snow in the U.S.A. are provided by the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE7-latest edition) for most jurisdictions. This load is typically the governing design factor on roofs and structural elements exposed to the effects of snow in the northern United States. Closer to the Equator, the snow load becomes less important and may or may not be the governing factor.
Extraterrestrial snow
Very light snow is known to occur at high latitudes on Mars.[103] A "snow" of hydrocarbons is also theorized to occur on Saturn's moon Titan.[104]
While there is little or no water on Venus, there is a phenomenon which is quite similar to snow. The Magellan probe imaged a highly reflective substance at the tops of Venus's highest mountain peaks which bore a strong resemblance to terrestrial snow. This substance arguably formed from a similar process to snow, albeit at a far higher temperature. Too volatile to condense on the surface, it rose in gas form to cooler higher elevations, where it then fell as precipitation. The identity of this substance is not known with certainty, but speculation has ranged from elemental tellurium to lead sulfide (galena).[105]
See also
- ↑ Hamed Assaf (2007). "Development of an Energy-budget Snowmelt Updating Model for Incorporating Feedback from Snow Course Survey Measurements" (PDF). Journal of Engineering, Computing and Architecture. 1 (1). ISSN 1934-7197.
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- ↑ Yuh-Lang Lin (2007). Mesoscale Dynamics. Cambridge University Press. p. 405. ISBN 978-0-521-80875-0. Retrieved 2009-07-07.
- ↑ K. Heidbreder (2007-10-16). "Mesoscale snow banding". TheWeatherPrediction.com. Retrieved 2009-07-07.
- ↑ David R. Novak, Lance F. Bosart, Daniel Keyser, and Jeff S. Waldstreicher (2002). "A climatological and composite study of cold season banded precipitation in the Northeast United States" (PDF). Retrieved 2008-12-26.
- ↑ B. Geerts (1998). "Lake Effect Snow.". University of Wyoming. Retrieved 2008-12-24.
- ↑ Greg Byrd (1998-06-03). "Lake Effect Snow". University Corporation for Atmospheric Research. Retrieved 2009-07-12.
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- ↑ Basil John Mason (1971). Physics of Clouds. Clarendon. ISBN 0-19-851603-7.
- ↑ Brent Q Christner; Cindy E Morris; Christine M Foreman; Rongman Cai; David C Sands (2008). "Ubiquity of Biological Ice Nucleators in Snowfall". Science. 319 (5867): 1214. Bibcode:2008Sci...319.1214C. PMID 18309078. doi:10.1126/science.1149757.
- ↑ Glossary of Meteorology (2009). "Cloud seeding". American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 2009-06-28.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 M. Klesius (2007). "The Mystery of Snowflakes". National Geographic. 211 (1): 20. ISSN 0027-9358.
- ↑ William J. Broad (2007-03-20). "Giant Snowflakes as Big as Frisbees? Could Be". New York Times. Retrieved 2009-07-12.
- ↑ Jennifer E. Lawson (2001). Hands-on Science: Light, Physical Science (matter) – Chapter 5: The Colors of Light. Portage & Main Press. p. 39. ISBN 978-1-894110-63-1. Retrieved 2009-06-28.
- ↑ Matthew Bailey; John Hallett (2004). "Growth rates and habits of ice crystals between −20 and −70C". Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences. 61 (5): 514. Bibcode:2004JAtS...61..514B. doi:10.1175/1520-0469(2004)061<0514:GRAHOI>2.0.CO;2.
- ↑ Kenneth G. Libbrecht (2006-10-23). "A Snowflake Primer". California Institute of Technology. Retrieved 2009-06-28.
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- ↑ John Roach (2007-02-13). ""No Two Snowflakes the Same" Likely True, Research Reveals". National Geographic News. Retrieved 2009-07-14.
- ↑ Jon Nelson (2008-09-26). "Origin of diversity in falling snow" (PDF). Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. Retrieved 2011-08-30.
- ↑ Kenneth Libbrecht (Winter 2004–2005). "Snowflake Science" (PDF). American Educator. Retrieved 2009-07-14.
- ↑ Chris V. Thangham (2008-12-07). "No two snowflakes are alike". Digital Journal. Retrieved 2009-07-14.
- ↑ Randolph E. Schmid (1988-06-15). "Identical snowflakes cause flurry". The Boston Globe. Associated Press. Retrieved 27 November 2008.
But there the two crystals were, side by side, on a glass slide exposed in a cloud on a research flight over Wausau, Wis.
- ↑ Glossary of Meteorology (2009). "Ice pellets". American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 2009-06-30.
- ↑ Glossary of Meteorology (2009). "Snow pellets". American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 2009-06-30.
- ↑ Joy Haden (2005-02-08). "CoCoRaHS in the Cold – Measuring in Snowy Weather" (PDF). Colorado Climate Center. Retrieved 2009-07-12.
- ↑ Caroline Gammel (2009-02-02). "Snow Britain: Snow drifts and blizzards of the past". Telegraph Media Group. Retrieved 2009-07-12.
- ↑ ScienceDaily (2009-02-06). "'SnowMan' Software Helps Keep Snow Drifts Off The Road". Retrieved 2009-07-12.
- ↑ David McClung and Peter Schaerer (2006). The Avalanche Handbook. The Mountaineers Books. pp. 49–51. ISBN 978-0-89886-809-8. Retrieved 2009-07-07.
- ↑ Glossary of Meteorology (2009). "Snow". American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 2009-06-28.
- ↑ National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (November 1991). "Winter Storms...the Deceptive Killers". United States Department of Commerce. Archived from the original on June 8, 2009. Retrieved 2009-06-28.
- ↑ Glossary of Meteorology (2009). "Snow shower". American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 2009-06-28.
- ↑ Glossary of Meteorology (2009). "Snow flurry". American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 2009-06-28.
- ↑ "National Weather Service Glossary". National Weather Service. 2009. Retrieved July 12, 2009.
- ↑ "Blizzards". Winter Severe Weather. Environment Canada. 2002-09-04. Retrieved July 12, 2009.
- ↑ Met Office (2008-11-19). "Key to flash warning criteria". Archived from the original on 2010-12-29. Retrieved July 12, 2009.
- ↑ National Weather Service Forecast Office, Flagstaff, Arizona (2007-05-24). "Blizzards". National Weather Service Western Region Headquarters. Retrieved 2009-07-12.
- ↑ Howard Perlman (2009-05-13). "The Water Cycle: Sublimation". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2009-07-14.
- ↑ California Data Exchange Center (2007). "Depth and Density". Department of Water Resources California. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
- ↑ Glossary of Meteorology (2009). "Firn". American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 2009-06-30.
- ↑ Glossary of Meteorology (2009). "Glacier". American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 2009-06-30.
- ↑ Glossary of Meteorology (2009). "Water Equivalent". American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 2009-06-30.
- ↑ Martin A. Baxter, Charles E. Graves, and James T. Moore (October 2005). "A Climatology of Snow-to-Liquid Ratio for the Contiguous United States". Weather and Forecasting. 20 (5): 729–744. Bibcode:2005WtFor..20..729B. doi:10.1175/WAF856.1. Retrieved 2009-06-30.
- ↑ David McClung and Peter Schaerer (2006). The Avalanche Handbook. The Mountaineers Books. pp. 69–72. ISBN 978-0-89886-809-8. Retrieved 2009-07-07.
- ↑ R. B. Watson (July 1948). "Acoustic Properties of Snow". J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 20 (4): 597. Bibcode:1948ASAJ...20..597W. doi:10.1121/1.1917020.
- ↑ 46.0 46.1 San Antonio Express-News (2008-03-06). "Scientists studying the sound of snow". Retrieved 2009-07-14.[dead link]
- ↑ Donald G. Albert, Stephen N. Decato, and David L. Carbee (2007-05-29). "Snow cover effects on acoustic sensors". Cold Regions Science and Technology. 52 (2): 132–145. doi:10.1016/j.coldregions.2007.05.009.
- ↑ David Lewis Yewdall (2003). Practical art of motion picture sound. Vocal Press. p. 317. ISBN 978-0-240-80525-2. Retrieved 2009-07-15.
- ↑ Tomlinson Holman (2001). Sound for film and television. Focal Press. p. 181. ISBN 978-0-240-80453-8. Retrieved 2009-07-15.
- ↑ Keith Underdahl (2006). Digital Videos For Dummies. For Dummies. p. 282. ISBN 978-0-471-78278-0. Retrieved 2009-07-15.
- ↑ Steven A. Ackerman and Jonathan Martin (2009-01-29). "Ask the Weather Guys: Why does snow sometimes squeak when you walk on it?". Wisconsin State Journal. Retrieved 2009-07-15.
- ↑ Lawrence A Crum, Hugh C Pumphrey, Ronald A Roy, Andrea Prosperetti (October 1999). "The underwater sounds produced by impacting snowflakes". J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 106 (4): 1765–1770. Bibcode:1999ASAJ..106.1765C. doi:10.1121/1.427925.
- ↑ National Weather Service Forecast Office Northern Indiana (October 2004). "Snow Measurement Guidelines for National Weather Service Snow Spotters" (PDF). National Weather ServiceCentral Region Headquarters.
- ↑ "Nipher Snow Gauge". On.ec.gc.ca. 2007-08-27. Retrieved 2011-08-16.
- ↑ National Weather Service Office, Northern Indiana (2009-04-13). "8 Inch Non-Recording Standard Rain Gage". National Weather Service Central Region Headquarters. Retrieved 2009-01-02.
- ↑ Chris Lehmann (2009). "Central Analytical Laboratory". National Atmospheric Deposition Program. Retrieved 2009-07-07.
- ↑ National Weather Service Office Binghamton, New York (2009). Raingauge Information. Retrieved on 2009-01-02.
- ↑ "Glossary: W.". National Weather Service. 2009. Retrieved 2009-01-01.
- ↑ "Build Your Own Weather Station". Discovery Education. 2009. Archived from the original on 2008-12-26. Retrieved 2009-01-02.
- ↑ "All-Weather Precipitation Gauge". On.ec.gc.ca. 2007-08-27. Retrieved 2011-08-16.
- ↑ "Snow pillow – sensor to measure snow water equivalent (SWE)". Sommer Mess-Systemtechnik. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ "Community Collaborative Rain, Hail & Snow Network Main Page". Colorado Climate Center. 2009. Retrieved 2009-01-02.
- ↑ The Globe Program (2009). "Global Learning and Observations to Benefit the Environment Program". Archived from the original on September 17, 2008. Retrieved 2009-01-02.
- ↑ National Weather Service (2009). "NOAA's National Weather Service Main Page". Retrieved 2009-01-01.
- ↑ USA Today (1999-08-03). "NOAA: Mt. Baker snowfall record sticks". Retrieved 2009-06-30.
- ↑ Mount Rainier National Park (2006-04-14). "Frequently Asked Questions". National Park Service. Retrieved 2009-06-30.
- ↑ "JMA". JMA. Retrieved November 12, 2012.
- ↑ "Annual Snowfall Totals at Paradise, 1920 to 2011" (PDF). National Park Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 11, 2012.
- ↑ 69.0 69.1 Christopher C. Burt. "Record Snow Depth (for an official site) Measured in Japan". Weather Underground.
- ↑ Paul E. Lydolph (1985). The Climate of the Earth. Rowman and Littlefield. p. 104. ISBN 978-0-86598-119-5. Retrieved 2009-07-04.
- ↑ General Practice Notebook (2009). "Snow blindness". Retrieved 2009-07-12.
- ↑ Reed Brozen, Christian Fromm (February 4, 2008). "Ultraviolet Keratitis". eMedicine. Retrieved November 19, 2008.
- ↑ "Sun Safety". University of California, Berkeley. April 2005. Retrieved November 19, 2008.
- ↑ Richard C. Shirkey (2008-12-09). "A Model for Nighttime Urban Illumination" (PDF). Defence Technical Information Center. p. 7. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
- ↑ Shawn Carlson (April 1999). "Detecting "Hot" Clouds". Scientific American. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
- ↑ Howard Perlman (2009-05-13). "The Water Cycle: Snowmelt Runoff". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2009-07-07.
- ↑ Randy Bowersox (2002-06-20). "Hydrology of a Glacial Dominated System, Copper River, Alaska" (PDF). University of California-Davis. p. 2. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
- ↑ Laura Cheshire (1997). "Have Snow Shovel, Will Travel". National Snow and Ice Data Center. Archived from the original on April 28, 2009. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
- ↑ Rob Andrews and Joshua M. Pearce, "Prediction of Energy Effects on Photovoltaic Systems due to Snowfall Events"[dead link] in: 2012 38th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC). Presented at the 2012 38th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC), pp. 003386 –003391. Available: DOI[dead link] open access
- ↑ Dave Larsen (2009-01-27). "School districts are using up calamity days". Dayton Daily News. Dayton, Ohio: Cox Enterprises. Archived from the original on January 31, 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-05.
Ohio school districts can use five calamity days before they must start adding extra days to the school calendar.
- ↑ Donna Willis (2009-01-30). "Districts Consider Calamity Options". WCMH-TV. Columbus, Ohio: Media General. Archived from the original on June 15, 2011. Retrieved 2009-02-05.
- ↑ Joleen Ferris (2009-01-28). "Decision for city schools to stay open prompts calls from irate parents". WKTV. Utica, New York: Smith Media. Retrieved 2009-02-05.
- ↑ Christine Wolff, Tanya Albert (1999-03-09). "Snow may stretch out school year". The Cincinnati Enquirer. Cincinnati, Ohio: Gannett Company. Retrieved 2009-02-05.
- ↑ David A. Kuemmel (1994). Managing roadway snow and ice control operations. Transportation Research Board. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-309-05666-3. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
- ↑ United Nations Environment Programme (Winter 1996). "Using Snow For Cool, Innovative Solutions". Insight. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
- ↑ M. Baldwin (2002-09-08). "How Cold Can Water Get?". Argonne National Laboratory. Retrieved 2009-04-16.
- ↑ Christopher Clarey (1998-02-01). "NAGANO '98; Building a Better Snowman Through Science". New York Times. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
- ↑ Sam Baldwin (January 2006). "Skiers vs Snowboaders: The Dying Feud". SnowSphere.com. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
- ↑ "Snowmobiling Facts". International Snowmobile Manufacturers Associations. 2006. Retrieved 2007-04-23.
- ↑ Jeffrey Selingo (2001-02-08). "Machines Let Resorts Please Skiers When Nature Won't". New York Times. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
- ↑ Washington Trails Association (2007-12-05). "Winter Hiking and Avalanche Danger". Archived from the original on June 14, 2009. Retrieved 2009-07-10.
- ↑ Michelle Geinow (1996-09-18). "Cold Comfort: On the Cultural Significance of the Snowball in Baltimore". The City Paper. Archived from the original on January 12, 2009. Retrieved 2009-07-10.
- ↑ Mary Mapes Dodge (1907). St. Nicholas. University of Michigan. p. 241. ISBN 0-217-84993-8. Retrieved 2009-07-10.
- ↑ Adam Forrest (January 6, 2008). "Snow sundayherald briefing". The Sunday Herald. Retrieved 2009-07-07.
- ↑ Michigan Technological University (2009-05-27). "A Frigid Place Gets a Blast From Space". Retrieved 2009-07-10.
- ↑ Jason Gabak (2008-02-23). "Snow softball a slippery sport". The Citizen. Archived from the original on March 2, 2008. Retrieved 2009-07-10.
- ↑ Stu Ostro (2006-10-12). "Historic snowfall for the Niagara Frontier". Weather Channel blog. Retrieved 2009-07-07.
- ↑ "Historic Lake Effect Snow Storm of October 12–13, 2006". National Weather Service Forecast Office in Buffalo, New York. 2006-10-21. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
- ↑ Glossary of Meteorology (2009). "Avalanche". American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 2009-06-30.
- ↑ Gershon Fishbein (2009-01-22). "A Winter's Tale of Tragedy". Washington Post. Retrieved 2009-01-24.
- ↑ Samuel C. Colbeck (March 1995). "Of Wet Snow, Slush, and Snow Balls". The Avalanche Review. 13 (5). Archived from the original on May 11, 2008. Retrieved 2009-07-12.
- ↑ "Ground Snow By Zip (US)".
- ↑ Anne Minard (2009-07-02). ""Diamond Dust" Snow Falls Nightly on Mars". National Geographic News.
- ↑ Carolina Martinez (2006-12-12). "Massive Mountain Range Imaged on Saturn's Moon Titan". NASA.
- ↑ Carolyn Jones Otten (2004). "'Heavy metal' snow on Venus is lead sulfide". Washington University in St Louis. Retrieved 2007-08-21.
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Yes, I paraphrased the actual title of the article.... A very interesting article that, if nothing else, compliments my argument against software firewalls....
The killer for the corporate world is this:-
The problem is that many of these other defensive appliances are rarely monitored. That is a sad but true statement in many cases. Furthermore, even when these appliances are monitored there is a strong possibility that the person who is reading the output does not have the requisite training, or knowledge, to understand the information they are seeing. In some cases, large networks receive hundreds of thousands of alerts every day.
The problem of an intrusion detection system going unmonitored, or misinterpreted is unfortunately an all too common one. Too many corporations invest in the technology yet do not invest in the human side of the equation to manage and monitor the equipment.

subset: commoncrawl


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Op-Ed: MOVING FORWARD, PART 5
In his Independence Day speech last week, Samoa's Head of State Tui Atua Tupua Tamasese Efi made the above declaration. And he underscores his reference to his country by alluding to the incident where Samoan families and brothers from opposing sides — New Zealand administered government and Mau Movement — conferred in a conciliatory meeting proved pivotal in Samoa's march towards independence, gained 50 years ago.
Two months ago, with Samoa's 50th Independence birthday celebration looming, our two leaders, Governor Togiola Tulafono and Congressman Faleomavaega Eni, met in Washington DC to discuss among other things the need to revisit American Samoa's political status — the Congressman's favorite political issue as far back as I can remember.
The congressman was often labeled as "kamaikiki kaukaulaikiki" (cheeky kid) by local political and traditional leaders whenever he raised the political status several times in the past. Now it appears he's the wise one after all.
I find it refreshing though the two leaders finally, at the twilight of their careers, found something they can agree on; but regret the many lost opportunities for the people of the territory due to their petty but costly finger pointing over the years.
The euphoria emanating from Samoa's 50th golden jubilee has been alluring and intoxicating, to the point where some if not many in the territory cannot help but yearn for recognition, in the Pacific and the world, only a sovereign nation garners.
Both the Governor and the Congressman resent being relegated as observers to the second row seating when Pacific leaders confer. After all, Samoans are a proud stock and I don't know of any American Samoan leaders more proud of their race, their people, than the governor and the congressman (think rugby, NFL, and military).
But as the aforementioned euphoria disperses, we should be able to see clearly that in the past two weeks, we added more than one thousand graduates (high school and college) to our ranks of the unemployed, boosting our unemployment rate above the current 30-plus%.
And in two weeks, we shall find out the fate of the Affordable Care Act (Obamacare) and the Medicaid program in particular, that will impact the territory's health care significantly — for better or worse.
Unemployment and health care issues, I believe, should take precedence over the territory's political status; and the signal cannot be any stronger and clearer for the governor, congressman, and Fono, to take the lead now as they should in combating the serious unemployment and health care financing problems in the territory.
To the extent the political status is the cause of our high unemployment rate and obstacle to economic development in general (federal minimum wage law), as the governor and others appear to suggest, then the political status issue should be taken up along with health care financing and the slate of other important issues in the final 2012 legislative session.
Given the importance of the political status issue to the governor and congressman, I wonder why the effort they are proposing now was not initiated immediately after the 2010 election when the proposed constitutional amendments were rejected. I believe any desired constitutional amendments would have been exhaustively addressed by all concerned, not just traditional chiefs, by now and ready to be voted on in the upcoming election. Alas, this is yet another golden opportunity wasted.
The Samoa News photograph of our congressman and governor — long time political adversaries — playing the ukulele and singing in Washington recently — where they supposedly discussed the territory's political status is a rare but welcomed moment. Could this picture be the harbinger of the territory's "brotherhood" coming together to move our ship forward and solve the serious problems afflicting our people and community?
In about thirty days, our Fono convenes for the last time for 45 days before the changing of the guards in January 2013. Our political leaders have two choices, go through the usual motions of an election year and of a lame duck administration, or render the last Fono session our pivotal "brotherhood" meeting. I challenge the governor, congressman, and Fono not to squander this fine opportunity to initiate the charting of our future course as a territory.
I am certain I am not alone in celebrating Samoa's momentous achievement albeit vicariously. Watching the opening ceremony evoked emotions of alofa, admiration, and envy for and of Samoa and her people. I cannot help but "long to be a Falealilian" (Ua ta fia Falealili fua), even if for a few moments.
When can we American Samoans really have a compelling reason to celebrate our self-governance?
In part 6 of the "Moving forward" series, I will express an opinion on the LBJ Hospital CEO Mike Gerstenberger's position on health care financing he expressed in a recent local Chamber of Commerce meeting.


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Created with an innovative and unique formula that works to gently nourish and moisturise the skin, this Les Petits Bubble Bath by Seascape Island Apothecary gives you the most relaxing and rejuvenating bath time experience. Creating luscious bubbles, this bubble bath is mild enough for everyday use and is perfect for sensitive skin. K.D.
Directions of use:
Please remember to add postal time (2-3 working days) to obtain a complete estimate of delivery to your door.
You will receive an email to confirm when your item has been sent.
You can also check the status of your order and individual items by accessing My Account details and following the prompts.
Please allow 10 working days from dispatch of your order before notifying us of any late deliveries.
It may be advisable to check with your neighbours to see if a parcel has been left with them, check any outhouses you might have where it may be left if it cannot fit through your letterbox and contact your local sorting office to see if the item has been returned to the depot as undelivered and awaiting collection.
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text:
Facebook Inc. rallied 25% after second-quarter revenue and profit that beat analysts' estimates. Orders for U.S. durable goods rose more than forecast in June, but Jobless claims rose by 7,000 to 343,000 in the week ended July 20.
Equities: It looks like 1682 might be the key decision level for the short term in the SEP13 E-mini S&P 500 (CME:ESU13). This market dipped all the way down to 1671.75, and is now trading down 7 points to 1676.75. The market profile indicates the next downside target at 1667. We believe this may be hit as the market be start to trade in a neutral to bearish tone. The market tried multiple times to break through 1695, and was not successful. Now, we believe the longs may be interested in exiting some of their positions before the next payrolls and unemployment data gets released soon. If the jobs # is a big upside surprise, we may see the stock market go down as the market will potentially start to be convinced of a late 2013 stimulus reduction.
Bonds: The SEP13 US 30-year (CBOT:ZBU13) bond futures are down 12 ticks to 133'23. This market is very close to breaking our key support level at 133'16. We believe the bond market investors are leaning toward a more hawkish Fed than Bernanke implied at his most recent speech. Everyone will be closely watching the upcoming employment data. We believe the bond market may be just taking a breather in the midst of a potential longer term move lower in price. Our next major target to the downside is 129.
Currencies: The SEP13 U.S. Dollar Index (NYBOT:DXU13) continues its bearish action, trading down 30 ticks to to 82.10 this morning, while the SEp13 Yen is strong vs the USD, trading up 63 ticks to 100.46. The Yen is a very interesting market at this point, because even with the news of Abe's party winning a recent election, the Yen futures have not been able to hold below 100. We believe that the Yen/USD might be in store for a big short covering rally, at least to 103, possibly to 106. The SEP13 Aussie dollar futures have also reversed course this morning, trading up 29 ticks to 91.51. 90 seems to be a powerful barrier for the Aussie. And in an interesting fashion, the Euro is up 34 ticks today to 132.31, even with the news that private sector lending in Europe has not really seen an upturn yet. However, the Ifo institute's business climate index, based on a survey of 7,000 German executives, rose to 106.2 this month from 105.9. We believe our most interesting currency thought at this point is a potential Yen/USD rally.


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A Bastrop resident will soon be the focus of a web series on The Travel Channel.
"Girls Gone Bayou" will feature Lindsay Simmons Roberts, the daughter of Simmons Sporting Goods owners Jeff and Robin Simmons, on The Travel Channel's website in 10 minute webisodes. "We taped a lot of footage for a show about three years ago and I received an email last week from Jim Morley, who is the executive producer for digital video on the Travel Channel, stating they were moving forward with a web series," Roberts said. A film crew followed Roberts around for several months and she was able to introduce them to various locations throughout the parish including the Courthouse Square and several local businesses. A sneak peek of "Girls Gone Bayou" is already being aired on travelchannel.com and the first webisode is slated to be online Aug. 5.


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Cleco Warning Customers To Beware Of Scam + Assuring Customers Of Company's Hurricane Preparedness (Audio)
In our continuing coverage on the 2013 Hurricane Season, we now turn to Cleco. The main areas in Acadiana the company covers are parts north of Lafayette in the Opelousas, Ville Platte area and down into the New Iberia and Patterson areas.
Before hurricane preparedness is addressed, though, there is a scam targeting Cleco customers. Cleco Spokesperson Robbyn Cooper says con artists are impersonating Cleco employees, calling customers and threatening to disconnect their power unless money is wired to the caller. "Be on alert for these type of calls," says Cooper. "And when they do get these calls and they're unsure, just tell them that you'll get back with CLECO, hang up and call our 1-800 number." (1-800-622-6537)
Cooper says Cleco may occasionally call customers to remind them of an overdue bill, but they never discuss nor dictate payment method within those calls. "How a customer chooses to pay a bill and where they choose to pay it, whether it's at a CLECO service office, or a payment location, that's up to the customer," says Cooper.
Cooper also adds you should never give out any personal info, like Social Security number, credit or bank account numbers to these callers.
Meanwhile, how prepared is Cleco for a potential hurricane or powerful storm this hurricane season? Emergency Coordinator James Laas addresses that:
Cleco works year round preparing for emergency events such as hurricanes and ice storms and anything else that can hit our distribution system. We're required by the Louisiana Public Service Commission to have a document of our plan and we keep it on file with them so every year we update that document right before hurricane season. But we work, we have teams of people throughout the company that come together for emergency events, to do the different jobs required, to bring in the external crews to get our system back up to serving the customers and get the electricity turned back on. We bring in several thousand linemen and right-of-way trimming personnel when we need them during storms. We work through mutual assistance organization, which is other utilities all over the eastern part of the United States, to help us bring in those forces. Now I work...to update the document and through that process we critique what we did during previous storms in previous years and we work to refine and correct the mistakes we made or what didn't go so smooth. We've worked to do it early in the year. We work with all the hotels around...the service territory...(so) we can secure rooms for the workforce we bring in to repair the system. We also work with all our vendors...that we need and make sure that we are available. We also secure other sites to help bring in that extra workforce to stage and to help us do the work. So we constantly communicate, and that's what we feel is very important. So we communicate with everybody we can. We developed our website to help try to communicate with the public what's going on during outage events where they can see when they have power or when they can expect it to come back on.
Cooper recommends customers check out cleco.com for helpful hurricane tips, generator safety advice and an outage map, which she says can be used anytime of the year. "In addition to knowing that your residence may be without power, the information also will let you know an estimated restoration time," says Cooper.
For a complete interview between Brandon Comeaux and Cleco Spokesperson Robbyn Cooper and Emergency Coordinator James Laas, CLICK BELOW:


text:
Magic Kingdom Park
Walt Disney World® Resort
All Ages
Accessibility and Other Information - Opens a dialog
Disney Princesses
Be the first to hear about the latest news and special offers at Walt Disney World Resort.
Thank you for signing up! You should begin to receive news and special offers very soon.


text:
The Space Show in the Hayden Planetarium at the Rose Center for Earth and Space uses state-of-the art technology to communicate cutting-edge science. A digital video system projects across the theater's 67-foot-wide hemispheric dome, and every seat has an amazing view.
The Hayden Planetarium is an "immersive environment," in which you feel as if you're part of the action taking place on screen. The journey may seem like science fiction, but it is all based on authentic scientific observations, data, and models.
- Note: School groups must be ticketed in advance.
Cost: NYC Schools


text:
Charles Pratt Rather
The following biographical sketch was compiled at the time of induction into the Academy in 1979.
C. Pratt Rather, engineer, businessman, executive, was born in Little Rock, Arkansas, October 6,1902, son of John D. and Nona Pratt Rather. He attended the University of Alabama and received the bachelor's degree in Civil Engineering from Georgia Institute of Technology.
Mr. Rather began his business career immediately following his graduation in 1927. He excelled rapidly in his field. Some of his outstanding accomplishments include appointments as engineer with the Alabama Water Service Company and Case Construction Company, Chief Engineer, Vice President and President of Alabama Water Service Company, Vice President and General Manager, and President of Southern Natural Gas, all of which occurred by the time he was 35. During his years of service, he was elected to the Board of Directors of the Alabama Gas Company, Alabama Natural Gas Corporation, Birmingham Gas Company, First National Bank of Birmingham, the Offshore Company, Air Reduction Company, and Southern Natural Gas.
In addition to his numerous professional responsibilities, Mr. Rather's civic duties were not neglected. He served as trustee of Gorgas Foundation, Southern Research Institute, and Appeal Chairman and President of Jefferson County Community Chest, and is presently Trustee Chairman of the Board of Hillcrest Hospital.
Past organization memberships include Independent Natural Gas Association of America, of which he served as president, National Petroleum Council, and American Gas Association. During the Korean War, Mr. Rather spent approximately one year in Washington serving as Assistant Deputy Administrator of the Petroleum Administration for defense.
Mr. Rather married Jeanette Kathleen Brown on November 8, 1927. They had two sons, Charles Pratt and Daniel Brown. He is now deceased.


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Written by Austin Benson Thursday, 21 November 2013 14:32
Things go downhill after 1st-set win.
Brady's volleyball season came to end in the first round of the state championship last Thursday against eventual state runner-up Bruning-Davenport/Shickley.The Eagles jumped out to an early 1-0 lead beating BDS 25-16 in the first set but lost the next three 25-17, 25-12 and 25-16, ending Brady's season at 23-7
"In the first set we pretty much did everything well," head coach Lynne Johnson said. "We were getting the ball to our setters and they were sending it where it needed to be."
In the second set however, the Eagles play lacked precision and it cost them the set and the momentum.
The Eagles lost the set 25-17 and that was all the Eagles of BDS needed for fuel.
"Our offense fell apart," Johnson said. "The poor passing and setting led to us just hitting the ball over instead of putting it places and attacking with power."
Brady fought back the next two sets but couldn't quite get over the hump in either one losing 25-12 and 25-16.
Johnson said in the last two sets the girls weren't playing well and BDS did, which kept the momentum in their favor.
"We could've played with them but you can't play bad against a team like that," Johnson said.
She added that volleyball is not like other sports where momentum stops at the end of each quarter.
"Once a team has it, you have to take it back. You have to go all out to 25 points."
With all that said, don't take away the fact the Brady Eagles made it to the state tournament, again.
Johnson said the girls accomplished a lot this season with having to rebuild a right side and play girls where they hadn't had experience.
That is what the Eagles netters lose, experience.
Valerie Most, Carissa Rayburn and Madison Elliott each have three state tournament appearances under their belt.
"Those girls were the core of our serve receive and passing," Johnson said. "We are forced to rebuild that area for next year."
Fortunately for Johnson, she returns a 6-1 freshman in Tara Callahan, along with Josie Palmer who has played in three state tournaments and Autumn Hild.
"Next year's team has two very good middles coming back with some younger kids coming up that will help make another run," Johnson said.
Autumn Hild will be a good all around player, Johnson added, but it will be a challenge replacing seven rotating seniors.
Next year's girls will have to mature more for us to make the best possible run, Johnson said.
"We have good possibilities."


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Southern Maine Community College scheduled early morning classes for spring semester
SOUTH PORTLAND, Maine (AP) � School bells will ring extra early at Southern Maine Community College next semester.
The South Portland school will offer 10 early-morning classes in the spring 2013 semester, with start times of 7 a.m. and 7:30 a.m.
The college says the added flexibility in the schedule is designed to serve two purposes. It will provide more options for the college's increasingly diverse student population, many of whom are working professionals or have family demands.
The change will also help to ease traffic congestion on Broadway, the main South Portland artery to SMCC, during the morning commute.


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The San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District has given new meaning to the expression "Big Brother is Watching."
Hardly a day goes by without "The Fresno Bee" printing an article about how bad the air has become in the San Joaquin Valley. Headlines have given rise to more a respiratory ailments than the bad air. I generally ignore them because I know what they are going to say before I read them. I seldom read beyond the first paragraph or two because I know the local newspaper is once again blaming farmers for all air pollution.
However, the other day an article on the subject caught my eye because it was about the local air pollution control district issuing a citation to the National Park Service. The local air pollution control district is threatening to fine the National Park Service — the federal government — $75,000, according to the local newspaper. The threatened fine is NOT for polluting the valley's air from a small 17-acres fire the park service set to clean underbrush. The threatened fine is for ignoring the air district's no-burn edict.
According to the article, Park Service rangers needed to finish a 267-acre controlled burn in late June so park officials could release standby firefighting crews before the July 4 weekend, a high fire danger time when thousands of people converge on the Sierra Nevada.
The Park Service and U.S. Forest Service have been dealing with fire a lot longer than the local, upstart pollution control district. They understand weather conditions; pollution and all the other factors affecting fire and smoke better than anyone else. Sequoia-Kings Canyon National Park officials checked with several weather forecasters, including the federal fire forecasters in Southern California. All but one said conditions on the day the small burn was scheduled would not create pollution in the valley. The one dissenter was the local air pollution control district. The Park Service ignored that one forecast and conducted its burn.
Sure enough the local air pollution control district was wrong. There was no pollution from the small burn and firefighting crews were released. Nevertheless, air pollution people are now threatening to fine the folks in the green uniforms and Smokey the Bear hats.
There is no question everyone needs to do their part in cleaning up valley air. But at what price?
Farmers are getting hammered by the air pollution control district. Many are fearful the air pollution control rules will become so restrictive with Big Brother roaming the countryside with citation books and big monetary fines that they will be unable to farm. The incident with the district and the National Park Service supports those fears.
Wonder what the air pollution control district would have had to say if firefighters on standby for that small burn because of an ill-advised no burn day were late getting to a major forest fire that threatened homes and businesses?
Wonder how the air pollution control district would have felt about getting a bill for a couple hundred thousand dollars in fire losses and extra manpower to control a major forest fire caused because firefighters were twiddling their thumbs while Big Brother tried to flex its muscle?
e-mail: [email protected]


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Lost & Found: The H.D. Book by Robert Duncan
with Michael Boughn, Victor Coleman, Lisa Jarnot & Elizabeth Willis
Date and Time:
March 26, 2011 - 2:00PM
Event Location:
Kray Hall
$10, $7 for students and seniors, free to Poets House Members
Poets and scholars revisit The H.D. Book, published in its entirety for the first time this year. In this monumental study, San Francisco Renaissance poet Robert Duncan (1919–1988) meditates on the roots of modernism and its manifestation in the poetry of H.D., William Carlos Williams, Edith Sitwell and others.
Event Sponsored By:
Poets House
Event Type:
Readings and Conversations


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BRIDGEPORT, Conn. (AP) — Federal prosecutors say a former defense contractor engineer has been indicted on charges of stealing proprietary information about the Air Force F-35 Joint Strike Fighter Program and military jet engines that he tried to ship to Iran.
Connecticut U.S. Attorney Deirdre Daly announced Tuesday that 59-year-old Mozaffar Khazawee, a former Manchester resident now living in Indianapolis, allegedly stole the material from companies where he'd worked. Prosecutors say customs inspectors found sensitive technical manuals and other documents in a November shipment to Iran that Khazaee described as household goods.
Khazawee was arrested this month at Newark Liberty Airport in New Jersey en route to Tehran. A grand jury indictment returned Tuesday charges him with two counts of transporting stolen goods.
Khazaee was detained for transfer to Connecticut. It's unclear whether he has an attorney.


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Robert DaGasta may not have Huell Howser's twang, but the superfan feels like he has that "Huell mentality."
The Burbank resident, who was devastated by the death of the popular TV personality, has been retracing some of Howser's steps around Los Angeles, as part of an effort to create a tribute to his legacy.
He has been leaving photographic tribute pages at many of the Southern California landmarks that Howser highlighted on his TV show, so that fans can sign them and they can eventually be donated to his archives at Chapman University.
The project is affectionately titled: "It's All For Huell."
"It's corny -- just like Huell would like it," DaGasta said, laughing.
Howser died at his home in Palm Springs during the early morning hours of Jan. 7 after a two-year battle with cancer. The Tennessee native and Los Angeles transplant was 67.
Howser began working with KCET (Channel 28) in 1985 and filmed some 2,000 television episodes, most notably for the community television station's "California's Gold." With his folksy approach to every museum, store and eatery, Howser invited viewers to take a wide-eyed tour of his favorite spots in California.
"In California, for people to relate to a guy from Tennessee was amazing,"
DaGasta said. "And in a city like Los Angeles where people don't know who's real and who's fake, Huell Howser was real."
At a booth at Tallyrand, an all-American diner in Burbank known for its mountainous plates of comfort food, DaGasta excitedly shuffled through a pile of his tribute pages with pictures of Howser.
DaGasta was inspired to stop there Friday from "Visiting ... with Huell Howser" episode 1718, just one of a series of California-focused shows hosted by Howser.
"He was such a blessing," said Karen Ross, co-owner of the family restaurant. "I've never seen a one-man show attract so much buzz like Huell's shows did."
Every time episode 1718 aired, Ross said, hundreds of people hailing from Pomona to San Diego and Palm Desert would flock to the restaurant asking for Howser's favorites, which included the gravy drenched Hot Turkey Sandwich and the restaurant's Famous Turkey Dinner.
Ross said Howser just had a special gift of taking "a very ordinary thing and making it a big deal."
DaGasta started his own trek through Los Angeles County on Thursday, making stops at Pink's Hot Dogs in Hollywood; Fosselman's Ice Cream Co. in Alhambra; Hot Dog on a Stick in Santa Monica and everywhere in between.
"Huell gave us more than 25 years so what's a few days?" DaGasta said of his project.
Plus, the Burbank resident said "it's nice to sort of walk in his footsteps and experience some great spots throughout L.A. like he did."
"It's like I'm in his shoes for a brief moment," said DaGasta. "This guy had the life."
DaGasta said it doesn't take much to get the store owners, restaurateurs and other Howser fans to share stories of their encounters with the public access television icon.
"I go to these places unannounced and they welcome me with open arms. I just tell them that Huell thought they were special so I do, too," DaGasta said. "It's really been an unbelievable experience."
DaGasta expects to have at least 30 tribute pages ready by Howser's public sunset memorial scheduled for Tuesday at the Griffith Observatory. DaGasta even made a poster he plans to take to the memorial to allow attendees to write their heartfelt messages to Howser.
"We think this is how Huell would want to be remembered by locals as he was so personable and taught us so much about the lovely things in our own backyard," said Jennifer Caruso, DaGasta's girlfriend who is helping with the project.
The couple plans to donate the tribute pages to Chapman, the Orange-based university where Howser donated all of his "California's Gold" archives and other works.
DaGasta also hopes to compile the pages for a book to help raise money to erect a local monument for Howser.
Coincidentally a separate unrelated petition effort for a memorial statue atop Griffith Park has been circulating online via an anonymous fan.
But whether the book or monument pan out, DaGasta and Caruso said they plan to organize "Huellventures" for fun once a month starting next week. The couple has done a few Howser-inspired road trips of their own over the years, but plan to invite other fans to join.
"I think the best way to continue Huell's legacy," DaGasta said, "is to keep visiting the places he went to and to discover more places he'd love."
Photos courtesy of Robert DaGasta's Facebook page, Person Of Leisure. To help DaGasta with his Huell Howser memorial, contact him through his Facebook page.
twitter.com/LADNMarMendoza ___
The funniest tweets in memory of Huell Howser.


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Throughout the semester, all of the students in the ICLA Program are enrolled in a Media Industires, a one-credit, mini-course where we get to hear a panel of alumni talk about their success in the entertainment industry. This past Monday night, the panel consisted of David Rogers, a producer on NBC's The Office, Brian Herzlinger, writer and director of My Date With Drew, and John Gunn, producer and editor of My Date With Drew. All three alumni were enthusiastic and gave great advice.
David Rogers stressed the importance of trying different things that interest you in the entertainment industry. He spent his career as an editor on Seinfeld, then became an editor on The Office. After four years, he worked his way up to a director of The Office, and currently serves as a producer on the show.
We were all pretty excited to hear that John Gunn began his film career as a Production Assistant in the 1996 film Space Jam, starring Michael Jordan. A few years later John received a phone call from his friend Brian Herzlinger, who proposed the idea of creating a documentary on a budget of only $1,100. John thought it was a ridiculous idea, but was eventually persuaded by his persistant friend. The documentary My Date With Drew follows Brian's quest to find a date with his crush of twenty years, Drew Barrymore using the six degrees of separation theory. You can watch the full documentary on Hulu here.
All three panelists really stressed was the importance of being nice and working hard if you want to pursue a career in entertainment. They all admitted that breaking into the industry is hard and it takes a while to establish a reputation, but if you put in the work, you will find opportunities.


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Photos of the day: 12/21
Photos of the day for Dec. 21.
Russia' Assoli Slivets flies over a jump Saturday during women's World Cup freestyle skiing final at China's National Stadium in Beijing. THE ASSOCIATED PRESS
Visitors photograph Christmas illuminations lit by 280,000 LED lights on Saturday at Tokyo Midtown business and commercial complex. THE ASSOCIATED PRESS
The scaffolding on the Washington Monument is more than half removed, seen during sunrise on the National Mall in Washington on Saturday. THE ASSOCIATED PRESS
Newlyweds Mikhail and Margarita Nakonechniy share a tender moment Saturday in front of barricades on Independence Square, in a gesture of support for pro-Europe activists in Kiev, Ukraine. THE ASSOCIATED PRESS
An honor guard soldier yawns during the commemoration of the 1989 anticommunist uprising, at the Heroes Cemetery in Bucharest, Romania, on Saturday. THE ASSOCIATED PRESS
Santa Claus wind socks fly in the wind at a Christmas market Saturday at the Trocadero gardens, near the Eiffel Tower in Paris. THE ASSOCIATED PRESS
A man walks through a snow-covered park Saturday in Kingston, Ontario, Canada, as freezing rain weather moves through. THE ASSOCIATED PRESS
Northwest Missouri State coach Adam Dorrel is seen through the championship trophy Saturday as his team celebrates a win over Lenoir Rhyne during the NCAA Division II championship college football game in Florence, Ala. THE ASSOCIATED PRESS
Thirty-two men dressed as Santa Claus ride the 150-foot tall SkyScreamer tower Wednesday swing ride at Six Flags Discovery Kingdom in Vallejo, Calif. THE ASSOCIATED PRESS
Photos of the day: 12/21
The scaffolding on the Washington Monument is more than half removed, seen during sunrise on the National Mall in Washington on Saturday. THE ASSOCIATED PRESS


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U.K. financial firms may add 4,000 jobs in the first half of the year, breaking three consecutive quarters of cuts, as companies anticipate increased sales, the Confederation of British Industry said.
Banks, insurers, asset managers and other firms probably hired 2,000 people in the first three months of 2013 and may add 2,000 in the second quarter, Britain's biggest business lobby group and accounting firm PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, said in a study published today.
The projected gain compares with the CBI's prediction in January for 18,000 job reductions in the first quarter, in the industry that employs about 1 million people in the U.K. The reversal comes as some financial firms hire compliance workers to prevent further scandals such as loan insurance mis-selling and sanctions violations amid increased regulation and scrutiny. HSBC Holdings Plc, Britain's largest bank by market value, said last month it would spend an extra $500 million a year on compliance and legal staff.
"Firms are beginning to sense the prospect of some pickup of business activity and want to make sure they're ready to take advantage of that," Matthew Fell, CBI director of competitive markets told reporters in London. "The picture is becoming a little clearer on what is to be done on the regulatory front, and that's perhaps why we're seeing some stabilization, some flattening out."
The CBI's survey found 32 percent more respondents said trading increased in the three months through March and 27 percent forecast higher sales in the current quarter.
The CBI and PwC surveyed 96 banks, insurers, customer-owned lenders, investment managers and securities firms from Feb. 20 to March 7.
Copyright 2014 Bloomberg. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed.


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Health and safety at work is one of the areas where the EU has had the biggest impact – with a solid legal framework covering the maximum number of risks with the minimum number of regulations.
The Commission also works with the European Agency for Health and Safety at Work and the European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions to disseminate information, offer guidance and promote healthy working environments – particularly in small businesses.
Directive 89/391/EEC on measures to improve safety and health at work:
Committees of national experts contribute to developing, implementing and monitoring EU legislation on health and safety at work


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Promethazine is used to treat allergy symptoms such as itching, runny nose, sneezing, itchy or watery eyes, hives, and itchy skin rashes.
Promethazine also prevents motion sickness, and treats nausea and vomiting or pain after surgery. It is also used as a sedative or sleep aid.
Promethazine is not for use in treating symptoms of asthma, pneumonia, or other lower respiratory tract infections.
Important information about promethazineStop using promethazine and call your doctor at once if you have twitching or uncontrollable movements of your eyes, lips, tongue, face, arms, or legs. These could be early signs of dangerous side effects. Promethazine should not be given to a child younger than 2 years old. Promethazine can cause severe breathing problems or death in a child younger than 2. Carefully follow your doctor's instructions when giving this medicine to a child of any age. Promethazine can cause side effects that may impair your thinking or reactions. Be careful if you drive or do anything that requires you to be awake and alert. Avoid drinking alcohol, which can increase some of the side effects of promethazine. There are many other medicines that can interact with promethazine. Tell your doctor about all the prescription and over-the-counter medications you use. This includes vitamins, minerals, herbal products, and drugs prescribed by other doctors. Do not start using a new medication without telling your doctor. Keep a list with you of all the medicines you use and show this list to any doctor or other healthcare provider who treats you.
Before taking promethazinePromethazine should not be given to a child younger than 2 years old. Promethazine can cause severe breathing problems or death in a child younger than 2. Carefully follow your doctor's instructions when giving this medicine to a child of any age. Do not use this medication if you have severe asthma, emphysema, or other breathing problem, or if you are allergic to promethazine or other phenothiazines such as chlorpromazine (Thorazine), fluphenazine (Permitil), perphenazine (Trilafon), prochlorperazine (Compazine, Compro), thioridazine (Mellaril), or trifluoperazine (Stelazine).
If you have certain conditions, you may need a dose adjustment or special tests to safely use this medication. Before you take promethazine, tell your doctor if you have:
a history of seizures;
heart disease or high blood pressure;
liver or kidney disease; severe asthma, emphysema, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or other breathing problem;
sleep apnea (breathing stops during sleep);
a stomach ulcer or digestive obstruction;
bone marrow depression;
adrenal gland tumor (pheochromocytoma);
enlarged prostate or problems with urination;
low levels of calcium in your blood (hypocalcemia); or
if you have ever had a serious side effect while using promethazine or any other phenothiazine.
FDA pregnancy category C. It is not known whether promethazine is harmful to an unborn baby. Tell your doctor if you are pregnant or plan to become pregnant during treatment. It is not known whether promethazine passes into breast milk or if it could harm a nursing baby. Do not use this medication without telling your doctor if you are breast-feeding a baby. Older adults may be more likely to have side effects from promethazine.
How should I take promethazine?Take promethazine exactly as prescribed by your doctor. Do not take it in larger amounts or for longer than recommended. Follow the directions on your prescription label.
Your doctor may occasionally change your dose to make sure you get the best results from this medication.
Promethazine can be taken with or without food or milk.
Measure liquid medicine with a marked measuring spoon or medicine cup, not with a regular table spoon. If you do not have a dose-measuring device, ask your pharmacist for one.
Call your doctor if your symptoms do not improve, or if they get worse while taking promethazine.
This medication can cause you to have unusual results with certain medical tests. Tell any doctor who treats you that you are using promethazine.
Store promethazine at room temperature away from moisture, heat, and light.
What happens if I miss a dose?Take the missed dose as soon as you remember. If it is almost time for your next dose, skip the missed dose and take the medicine at the next regularly scheduled time. Do not take extra medicine to make up the missed dose.
What happens if I overdose?Seek emergency medical attention if you think you have used too much of this medicine. Overdose symptoms may include severe drowsiness, dizziness, dry mouth, large pupils, flushing, nausea, vomiting, shallow breathing, and fainting.
What should I avoid while taking promethazine?Promethazine can cause side effects that may impair your thinking or reactions. Be careful if you drive or do anything that requires you to be awake and alert. Avoid getting up too fast from a sitting or lying position, or you may feel dizzy. Get up slowly and steady yourself to prevent a fall. Avoid drinking alcohol. It can increase some of the side effects of promethazine. Avoid exposure to sunlight or tanning beds. Promethazine can make your skin more sensitive to sunlight, and a sunburn may result. Wear sunscreen (SPF 15 or higher) and protective clothing if you must be outdoors.
Promethazine side effectsGet emergency medical help if you have any of these signs of an allergic reaction: hives; difficulty breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat. Stop using promethazine and call your doctor at once if you have any of these serious side effects:
twitching, or uncontrollable movements of your eyes, lips, tongue, face, arms, or legs;
tremor (uncontrolled shaking), drooling, trouble swallowing, problems with balance or walking;
feeling restless, jittery, or agitated;
high fever, stiff muscles, confusion, sweating, fast or uneven heartbeats, rapid breathing;
feeling like you might pass out;
seizure (convulsions);
pale skin, easy bruising or bleeding, fever, sore throat, flu symptoms;
decreased night vision, tunnel vision, watery eyes, increased sensitivity to light;
hallucinations, agitation;
nausea and stomach pain, skin rash, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin or eyes);
urinating less than usual or not at all;
joint pain or swelling with fever, swollen glands, muscle aches, chest pain, vomiting, unusual thoughts or behavior, and patchy skin color; or
slow heart rate, weak pulse, fainting, slow breathing (breathing may stop).
Less serious promethazine side effects may include:
dizziness, drowsiness, anxiety;
blurred vision, dry mouth, stuffy nose;
ringing in your ears;
weight gain, swelling in your hands or feet;
impotence, trouble having an orgasm; or
This is not a complete list of side effects and others may occur. Tell your doctor about any unusual or bothersome side effect.
What other drugs will affect promethazine?Cold or allergy medicine, sedatives, narcotic pain medicine, sleeping pills, muscle relaxers, and medicine for seizures, depression or anxiety can interact with promethazine and cause medical problems or increase side effects. Tell your doctor if you regularly use any of these medicines.
Also tell your doctor if you are using any of the following medicines:
lithium (Eskalith, Lithobid);
atropine (Atreza, Sal-Tropine), belladonna (Donnatal, and others), benztropine (Cogentin), dimenhydrinate (Dramamine), methscopolamine (Pamine), or scopolamine (Transderm-Scop);
blood pressure medication such as guanadrel (Hylorel), guanethidine (Ismelin), propranolol (Inderal), and others;
a blood thinner such as warfarin (Coumadin);
bronchodilators such as ipratropium (Atrovent) or tiotropium (Spiriva);
bladder or urinary medications such as oxybutynin (Ditropan, Oxytrol), solifenacin (Vesicare), and others;
an MAO inhibitor such as isocarboxazid (Marplan), tranylcypromine (Parnate), phenelzine (Nardil), or selegiline (Eldepryl, Emsam); or
medicines to treat Parkinson's disease, restless leg syndrome, or pituitary gland tumor (prolactinoma); or
medicine to treat stomach ulcer or irritable bowel syndrome, such as dicyclomine (Bentyl), glycopyrrolate (Robinul), hyoscyamine (Anaspaz, Cystospaz, Levsin, and others), mepenzolate (Cantil), or propantheline (Pro-Banthine).
This list is not complete and there are many other medicines that can interact with promethazine. Tell your doctor about all your prescription and over-the-counter medications, vitamins, minerals, herbal products, and drugs prescribed by other doctors. Do not start a new medication without telling your doctor. Keep a list with you of all the medicines you use and show this list to any doctor or other healthcare provider who treats you.
Where can I get more information?Your pharmacist can provide more information about promethazine.
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Well, here I am at 3:47 AM (So please excuse any idiocy you may notice in my parts of the thread, I'll fix them tommorow) looking for some cool toys to mess with over the summer. I'm downloading Solaris 9, and QNX, even though rioter suggested against Solaris 9 on x86, but hey, might as well try it on VMWare.
So anyways, there I was; looking around, and I come acrose a very interesting site. http://www.osdata.com it has a tonne of information on different Operating Systems, their security, and other neat info, but one thing that really caught my eye was: http://www.osdata.com/holistic/secur...unixNTsecurity this is always a much talked about thing here, and I don't want to get into it all again, I just figured iut would be a nice read. So anyways, I suggest you check out http://www.osdata.com, it looks like an interested and noteworthy site!


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San Miguel de Allende, Mexico, Travel Guide
Explore the beautiful colonial Mexican city, a must-see design destination, alongside Andrew Fisher and Jeffry WeismanPosted March 31, 2013April 2013 Issue · April 2013 Issue
"The nice thing about the Rosewood, which is only a year and a half old, is that all the rooms are suites," Jeffry Weisman says. "And since it's on the edge of the historic district—about a five-minute walk from the center of town—it's also really quiet. It has a big pool, a huge spa, and a great gym. Luna, the rooftop bar, has spectacular views and excellent tapas." 11 Nemesio Díez; 011-52-415-152-9700; rosewoodhotels.com
"I know this hotel quite well because we've been doing some work for them," Weisman explains. "The building is sleek—it's the only hotel in the historic center with a modern vibe. I love the spa: It's quiet and spacious, and the treatments are great. The restaurant, Moxi, serves haute Mexican cuisine that's light and sophisticated. Enrique Olvera, who also has Pujol in Mexico City, is considered one of the finest cooks in Mexico, and he serves the best preparation of octopus in the world: light, tender, and full of flavor." 53 Aldama; 011-52-415-152-1015; hotelmatilda.com
"The Restaurant is in a courtyard, so it has a beautiful outdoor setting," Weisman says. "The chef, Donnie Masterton, grew up in Los Angeles—his cooking is California cuisine with a Latin influence. Everyone goes there on Thursdays for burger night. They have eight special burgers, and all of them are outstanding." 16 Sollano; 011-52-415-154-7862; therestaurantsanmiguel.com
"This spot is both a restaurant and a bakery," Weisman says. "They have a tuna ciabatta—a slab of raw tuna and tapenade on a thin roll—that's my favorite lunch. The owner is Mexican of French descent, and his family were bakers in France, so he knows how to make a fantastic palmier." 29 Correo; 011-52-415-152-2984; cumpanio.com
"This shop has really interesting colonial Mexican ceramics—plates, pitchers, jugs—as well as religious artifacts, like reliquaries and crucifixes, and textiles," Weisman says. "Many of the pieces are 19th century, but some are older. It's the best shop in town for Mexican antiques." 93 Mesones; 011-52-415-152-3954; lacalaca.com
"Insh'ala is owned by a woman named Carol Romano who I knew in San Francisco 30 years ago," Weisman notes. "She has a fantastic eye. We bought the best Moroccan carpet in our house there, as well as the mirrors in the master bedroom, some beautiful inlaid-bone boxes, and candlesticks. It's one of the most fun places to shop." 30 Aldama; 011-52-415-152-8355; inshalaimports.com
"Camino Silvestre started by selling bird feeders, and they've got two shops now," Weisman explains. "Their new place, Camino Silvestre Casa on Correo, has a lot of home furnishings—dining tables and chairs, dishes, chandeliers, jewelry, accessories—mostly produced by local artisans." 46 Zacateros and 43 Correo; 011-52-415-122-3157; caminosilvestre.com
"This place has really chic serapes and ponchos," Weisman says. "I hate those words because they sound so not chic, but these are really stylish." 26 Recreo; 011-52-415-154-4820; recreosanmiguel.com
"This shop has a mix of imported and Mexican pieces: They have Astier de Villate dishes from France and Simon Pearce glass from Vermont, but they also have Mexican art, glassware, and chic artisan jewelry," Weisman says. "I've made some great discoveries there: glass from Nouvel Studio in Naucalpan, and lighting and accessories from Stray Dog Designs, who are based in Chattanooga, Tennessee. The shop also has choice Spanish colonial furniture and African artifacts." 16 Díez de Sollano; 011-52-415-154-8872; sollano16.com
"First off, it's interesting to see the rooms the shop is in, because it's an old house with beautiful frescoed walls," Weisman notes. "There's a fun assortment of gift items—clothing, textiles, and housewares. They sell handwoven cotton shawls and table runners that come in incredible colors. I bought some as gifts, but I couldn't bear to give them away." 3 Pila Seca; 011-52-415-152-7343; mixtasanmiguel.com
"This is a former muslin factory that's now filled with shops and galleries," Weisman explains. "For new decorative items, I like La Bottega di Casa (seen here) and Rachel Horn. For antiques, Cantadora is one of the better shops in town. For some reason, it's very hard to find old furniture in Mexico, but they consistently have a supply of rustic Mexican antiques, many 18th-century pieces, like farm tables, chairs, glassware, and pottery. The other day I was there and saw a beautiful studded leather trunk. None of it is fancy, but it's all full of character." Calzada de la Aurora; 011-52-415-152-1312; fabricalaaurora.com
"This is the main church in the Jardín, the town's central square," Weisman says. "The architect [of the façade, the self-taught Zeferino Gutiérrez] fell in love with Gothic bell towers, and the church itself looks like the top of one—on steroids, with a bit of Gaudí thrown in. It's the craziest-looking church in the world, but the interiors have an almost Empire-style elegance to them."
"The building, a former convent built in the 18th century, was recently restored, and it's spectacular," Weisman says. "It features a little gallery with works by Rufino Tamayo and other interesting Mexican artists, and an intriguingly modern room entirely frescoed by David Alfaro Siqueiros in the 1940s. Only about half of the center is open because they're just finishing the restoration, but we still take all our guests there." 75 Dr. Hernández Macías; 011-52-415-152-0289; elnigromante.bellasartes.gob.mx
"This botanical garden has a spectacular succulent collection," says Weisman. "Particularly in the fall and early winter—rainy season is in the summer in San Miguel—it's just incredible to walk through. Then there's the big reservoir with a beautiful stone dam that feeds into an iron aqueduct. If you go there in the rainy season, it's quite beautiful seeing all the water, which flows down through a canyon as well, and there are paths to hike on." Calle Paloma; 011-52-415-154-4715; elcharco.org.mx
Click here to see Jeffry Weisman and Andrew Fisher's luxurious San Miguel de Allende home.