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amfAR, The Foundation for AIDS Research
In 2015 in the United States, youth aged 13 to 24 accounted for more than 1 in 5 new HIV diagnoses. Still, many young people do not think they are personally at risk for HIV.
People infected with HIV carry the virus in their body fluids, including blood, semen, vaginal secretions, and breast milk. The virus can spread only if these HIV-infected fluids enter the bloodstream of another person. This can take place (1) through the linings of the vagina, rectum, mouth, or the opening at the tip of the penis; (2) through injection with a syringe; or (3) through a break in the skin, such as a cut or sore. The most common ways that people become infected with HIV are:
Unprotected sexual intercourse (either vaginal or anal) with someone who has HIV. The majority of HIV-positive young adults in the U.S. become infected this way.
Sharing needles or syringes (including those used for steroids) with someone who has HIV.
Mother-to-child transmission during pregnancy, childbirth, or breast-feeding. This has declined steeply in the U.S. since the 1990s due to medications that protect infants from infection.
Some people develop mild, temporary flu-like symptoms or persistent swollen glands immediately after becoming infected with HIV. But symptoms are not a good indicator of HIV infection, because many people don't experience any symptoms for many years. Even if you look and feel healthy, you could still be infected.
You may be at risk if you have had unprotected sex or if the condom broke during sex, if you have multiple partners or have discovered your partner was not monogamous, if you have shared needles, if you recently tested positive for another sexually transmitted infection, or if you were sexually assaulted. And it is important to know that HIV is more easily passed from men to women or from the insertive partner to the receptive partner among men who have sex with men.
If you think there's a chance you may have been exposed to HIV, you should get tested as soon as possible.
Photo by Wheeler CowperthwaiteThere are several types of HIV test. The most common are the antibody test and the antigen-antibody test. Both of these take up to one week to generate results and should be followed up with additional testing. Antibody tests can generate false positives and should always be followed by an antigen test to confirm a positive result. If doubts persist, doctors usually recommend a third very sensitive and expensive test that can detect the presence of the virus itself.
In addition to the blood tests described above, another option is the OraSure rapid test, which uses a swab of oral mucus or fluid from the inside of your cheek. Rapid tests can detect HIV antibodies in about 20 minutes, eliminating the waiting period between taking an HIV test and learning your status.
Bear in mind—newer antigen-antibody lab tests cannot detect HIV until two to three weeks after exposure to the virus, and it can take three months after the last possible exposure to HIV before a person will test positive with a blood or oral antibody test. Because of this window period, a negative test result does not necessarily rule out HIV infection. Since the virus is most infectious in the earliest weeks after HIV infection, you should take great care to avoid unprotected sex if you think you may have been exposed to HIV. If you have engaged in high-risk sexual activity, it is important to be re-tested every three months.
A positive HIV test result indicates that antibodies to HIV or HIV antigens were detected. It does not mean that you have AIDS or that you will get sick right away. And although there is no cure for HIV/AIDS, currently available drugs are highly effective at keeping the virus in check.
Many young people who are HIV positive don't know it, which means they can't take important steps to protect themselves or other people, or to get the medical care they need. In 2013, only 13% of all high school students—and 22% of those who had ever had sexual intercourse—had been tested for HIV. And in 2013, only 33% of adults aged 18–24 had ever received a test. As a result, an estimated 51% of those under 25 living with HIV are unaware of their infection.
It's ideal to get tested at a place that provides counseling because counselors can help you understand what your test results mean, answer questions about how to protect yourself and others, and refer you to local HIV-related resources.
You can get tested for HIV by your doctor, at local health department clinics, or at hospitals. In addition, many states offer anonymous HIV testing.
It is also possible buy an OraSure rapid oral HIV test over the counter at most pharmacies and test yourself. If you do test positive, you should see your doctor and get a blood test to ensure the result is accurate. To find an HIV testing site near you, visit https://gettested.cdc.gov/ or call the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's 24-hour toll-free hotline at 800-CDC-INFO (800-232-4636).
If you think you may have HIV, it is important to find out as soon as possible. HIV is most easily transmitted when the level of virus in the body is at its highest—shortly after HIV infection and at the late stages of the disease. Even in the early stages of HIV infection, you can take concrete steps to protect your long-term health. Beginning medical care before you begin to get sick may give you many more years of healthy life. And knowing you're HIV positive allows you to take the necessary precautions to prevent others from becoming infected.
If you are HIV positive, it is important to see your doctor regularly. Get tested for tuberculosis and other opportunistic infections. Keep your immune system strong through good nutrition, adequate sleep, and not smoking or drinking alcohol. And find a support system—it is important to remember that you are not alone.
Estimated New HIV Diagnoses Among Youth Aged 13-24
in the United States, by Race/Ethnicity and Sex, 2014
Click image for full size version.Source for graphic: U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Diagnoses of HIV infection in the United States and dependent areas, 2014
You can't tell if someone has HIV or AIDS simply by looking. An infected person can appear completely healthy. But anyone infected with HIV can infect other people, even if no symptoms are present and even if they believe they are negative. If you are sexually active, the only way to be sure you don't have HIV is to get tested.
If you're not sexually active, you've already eliminated the most common cause of HIV infection among teens. But if you have made the decision to have sexual intercourse, you need to protect yourself.
HIV/AIDS doesn't discriminate. That means that anyone who engages in risky behavior can become infected with HIV. But the epidemic has taken an especially heavy toll on some groups of young people, especially African-American and Latino youth, young women, and young men who have sex with men (whether or not they think of themselves as gay).
In 2010, African Americans represented 17% of teenagers and 16% of people aged 20–24 in the overall population, but accounted for 57% of new HIV infections among those aged 13–24. Young men who have sex with men (MSM), especially those of color, have the highest risk of HIV infection among young people. Among youth aged 13-24 diagnosed with HIV in 2014, 80% were gay and other MSM. Of those, 55% were black, 23% were Hispanic/Latino, and 16% were white. Adolescent females are also at risk. In 2010, women aged 13-24 accounted for 22% of new HIV infections among women of all ages.
The rules are simple. Whenever you have sexual intercourse (or oral sex), practice safer sex by using a condom or dental dam (a square of latex recommended for use during oral sex). When used properly and consistently, condoms are close to 99% effective in preventing transmission of HIV. But remember:
Use only latex condoms (or dental dams);
Use only water-based lubricants;
Use protection each and every time you have sex.
Other methods of birth control (such as the diaphragm and birth control pills) do not protect against HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Practicing safer sex will help you avoid other STIs, many of which can increase your risk of contracting HIV or giving it to someone else. You should also limit the number of sexual partners you have, and limit the use of alcohol or recreational drugs, which can impair judgment during sex.
While it's much easier to contract HIV through unprotected vaginal or anal sex, unprotected oral sex is not a completely safe substitute. If you choose to perform or receive oral sex—whether your partner is male or female—it's wise to guard against the transmission of HIV. Here's how:
Use a latex condom each and every time you perform oral-penile sex (fellatio); or
Use plastic food wrap, a latex condom cut open, or a dental dam during oral-vaginal sex (cunnilingus) or oral-anal sex (analingus).
These methods provide a physical barrier to HIV transmission and help keep you safe from other sexually transmitted infections, many of which can increase your risk of contracting HIV or giving it to someone else.
HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) causes AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). When HIV infects someone, the virus enters the body and begins to multiply and attack immune cells that normally protect us from disease. Eventually the body's immune system breaks down and is unable to fight off opportunistic infections and other illnesses ranging from pneumonia and cancer to blindness and dementia. Only when someone with HIV begins to experience these specific infections and illnesses are they diagnosed with AIDS.
AIDS is still a life-threatening disease for which there is no cure and no vaccine. New medications are helping many people with HIV/AIDS live longer, healthier lives, but the combination or "cocktail" treatments don't work for everyone. They're very expensive and often cause serious side effects, including liver damage, increased risk of heart attack, a form of osteoporosis, chronic diarrhea, rashes, fat redistribution, and high cholesterol. And because HIV mutates constantly, the virus often develops resistance and the medications become ineffective. The best defense is to use a condom.
HIV/AIDS isn't the only sexually transmitted infection young people have to worry about. There's a virtual alphabet soup of STIs floating around out there, including chlamydia, genital warts, gonorrhea, herpes, and syphilis. A 2009 study showed that approximately one in four girls aged 14–19 in the U.S. have had at least one STI.
Having a sexually transmitted infection can increase your risk of acquiring or transmitting HIV and developing AIDS. This is true whether you have open sores or breaks in the skin (as with syphilis, herpes, and chancroid) or not (as with chlamydia and gonorrhea). Where there are breaks in the skin, HIV can enter and exit the body more easily. But even when you have undamaged skin, STIs can cause biological changes that may make HIV transmission more likely. Studies show that people with HIV who are infected with another STI are two to five times more likely to contract or transmit the virus through sex. What to do? Practice safer sex.
HIV is not an easy virus to pass from one person to another, like the flu. It is not transmitted through food or air (for instance, by coughing or sneezing). There has never been a case where a person was infected by a household member, relative, co-worker, or friend through casual or everyday contact such as sharing eating utensils and bathroom facilities or hugging and kissing. (Most scientists agree that while HIV transmission through deep or prolonged "French" kissing might be possible, it's extremely unlikely.) There have been no recorded cases of transmission through contact with saliva, tears, or sweat.
Mosquitoes, fleas, and other insects do not transmit HIV; when they bite a person, they inject their own saliva, not their blood or the blood of the last person they bit. In the U.S., thorough screening of the blood supply for HIV since 1985 has virtually eliminated the risk of infection through blood transfusions. And you can't get HIV from giving blood at a blood bank or other established blood collection center; they use sterile-packed needles every time they draw blood.
Sources: HIV Among Youth, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Women and HIV/AIDS in the United States, Kaiser Family Foundation
Last updated February 2017
Top photo: Magnus Fröderberg/norden.org
© 2018 amfAR All Rights Reserved || amfAR's mission is to end the global AIDS epidemic through innovative research


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No matter what, Rex Ryan wants to be the New York Jets coach for years to come.
He opened his news conference Friday by denouncing a published report that said he would welcome being fired if owner Woody Johnson doesn't upgrade the offense.
He said: "There's no bigger Jet than me."
He also said the Jets are the "only team I want to coach — period." He hoped to be in the job "for the next 15 years."
With the Jets (6-9) out of the playoffs for the second straight season, Ryan's job status has become tenuous in his fourth year. But Ryan says he was "mad as a hornet" when he read the story, and immediately called Johnson to deny it.
Online: http://pro32.ap.org/poll and http://twitter.com/AP_NFL


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Aug 5, 2010 at 3:58 pm
Like your Mustang!
Mar 29, 2010 at 9:18 am
nice rides, kinda a chevy guy myself but still nice cars!
Jan 6, 2010 at 5:34 pm
nice set of mustangs gotta say i'm partial to the fox body tho!! looks mean
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Indicative Rate * AU$23.00 to AU$120.00
Bluewater Caravan Park is a pet friendly park set amongst 55 acres of native bushland and landscaped gardens and boasts the largest sites in North Queensland. The park is just 20 minutes north of the Townsville Central Business District. It is the ideal location to base yourself for day trips to local sandy beaches, Paluma and Girringun National Parks and magnificent Magnetic Island.
Accommodation options include fully self-contained studio rooms and tourist cabins, large unpowered and powered sites with some offering the convenience of an ensuite.
Facilities include a swimming pool, fully equipped camp kitchen with free gas barbecue and fire pit. The kiosk offers cold drinks, milk and ice as well as a free book exchange. The three amenities blocks have coin operated laundries. An easy access dump point is located within the park.
Studio Rooms offer comfortable budget accommodation for the weary traveller. All rooms are air-conditioned and ensuited. A small kitchenette offers cooking facilities.
Note: Information on listed products and services are provided by the operator and were correct at the time of publishing. Rates are indicative based on the minimum and maximum available prices of products and services. Please visit the operator's website for further information. All prices quoted are in Australian dollars (AUD).


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Introduction to Management Accounting
Prentice Hall, 1999 - Business & Economics - 763 pages
This revised text is intended for undergraduate and MBA-level courses in management accounting. It has been updated to reflect changes in technology and trends.
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absorption costing accounting system activity-based costing activity-based management actual analysis annual Assume average break-even point changes chapter company's Compute contribution margin conversion costs cost behavior cost driver cost function cost objective cost-driver activity costing system customers CVP analysis decisions depreciation direct labor direct materials direct-labor costs Division dollars effects employees equipment evaluation example Exhibit expected Explain factory overhead fixed costs fixed expenses flexible budget flexible-budget variances goals gross margin identified income statement income taxes increase indirect manufacturing inputs inventory investment machine management accounting management control system manufacturing costs master budget method million month operating income opportunity cost organization output patient-days planning predicted product costs profit purchases regression analysis revenue salaries Schedule selling and administrative selling price sold Suppose target costing total cost transfer price unit costs usage variances variable costs variable expenses variable overhead volume
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Sponsored Research
Peter Kennedy receives Martin-Baker Award
August 25, 2011
Peter Kennedy, Assistant Professor of Biology, has been awarded the 2011 Martin-Baker Award form the Mycological Society of America. The Mycological Society of America is a scientific society dedicated to advancing the science of mycology - the study of fungi of all kinds including mushrooms, molds, truffles, yeasts, lichens, plant pathogens, and medically important fungi. According to the program guidelines, "the award honors two respected teachers of whom had long and distinguished careers in mycology, and both of whom have faithfully served the Mycological Society of America in several capacities. It is awarded to a recent (within 5 years) Ph.D. mycologist for the support of new or ongoing research." This $2,000 research award and honor is made to the individual and is not an institutional award. More information about the program is available at: http://msafungi.org/msa-awards/martin-baker-award/ (August 2011)


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Inner Wheel Bearing - Front in KIT
DescriptionInner Wheel Bearing - Front
NOTE: Clicking links will set/change vehicle selection.
Brand DescriptionIn 1883 Friedrich Fischer founded FAG. That year he designed a ball mill that, for the first time, allowed machines to be used to produce steel balls with high precision and in large volumes in Schweinfurt, Germany. Friedrich built a manufacturing plant in 1896 that produced 10 million balls per week. This idea is considered the historic beginning of the rolling bearing industry, which then started its widespread success around the globe from Schweinfurt. Whether it is high-precision bearings for aerospace applications, sensor wheel bearings for passenger cars, or large-size bearings with outside diameters of over four meters for wind turbines, FAG products are the number one choice for all customers. FAG is an original equipment manufacturer for the automotive industry winning numerous awards for their products.
Everything we sell comes with a minimum 12-month warranty and a 100% satisfaction guarantee. In addition, products that carry the Bavarian Autosport brand come with a minimum 2-year warranty against defects in materials and workmanship. (Some have lifetime warranties!) If you are unhappy with a product's quality or performance, simply let us know. We'll make it right. Call us at 800.535.2002 or e-mail [email protected].


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To become an adult leader:
- Contact our 4-H agent at 474-2427 or drop by the Cooperative Extension Office located at 724 27th Ave., Suite 2 & 3 in Fairbanks
- Read theĀVolunteer 4-H Organizational Leader Position Description
- Fill out the newĀleader volunteer application
- Have an interview with the local 4-H Extension agent
- Have reference checks completed
- Have a background check done
- Attend the New Leader training and get approval of the 4-H agent
- Complete theĀleader enrollment form
- Pay leader enrollment fee of $5 ($1 insurance included) for leader or $6 for Horse or ATV Leaders ($2 insurance included)
- Get your club busy doing projects
- Attend Leaders Council meetings to learn all the opportunities available to you
An adult volunteer 4-H leader must be at least 18 years of age. There are several categories of adult volunteer leadership. Certification to be a 4-H leader is required in the following project areas:
- Shooting Sports
- Therapeutic Horse
- Therapeutic Dog
- 4-H Guide Dog.
4-H Club Organizational Leader: An adult leader who is responsible for the proper functioning of a 4- H club.
4-H Project Leader: An adult leader responsible for a given project in a 4-H club. In a club devoted to one or more projects, the club and project leader could be the same person.
Resource leader: An adult leader who works with other 4-H leaders in a community to promote 4-H, helps new clubs get started, recruits and trains new leaders, serves on a 4-H Advisory Committee or teaches special projects.
Tanana District Leaders Council: Leaders from all clubs in the district are welcome at the council meetings. Policy and schedules for district events are implemented. Meetings are held the second Tuesday of the month at 6:30 p.m. in Old U Park, room 154. They do not meet in August.
Tanana District Horse Leaders Council: All horse leaders are encouraged to attend these meetings where district level policy and events are scheduled for horse members. This council meets the second Saturday of the months September through May, at 10:00 a.m. in Old U Park, room 154.
Tanana District 4-H/FFA Livestock Committee: All livestock - small and large - leaders are encouraged to attend these meetings where district level policy and events are scheduled for livestock members. This group is scheduled to meet the first Wednesday of the month at 6:30 p.m. in Old U Park, room 154. They meet September, November, February, May and then other meetings as needed.


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Can Parents and Siblings come to Orientation too?
Absolutely! We love it when families come. Parents are invited to take part in all of our Orientation activities on Thursday and Friday, and the first half of Saturday. Most of the time you will be with your student, but there are a few special breakout sessions just for new students.
But don't worry; we've got a little bit of special programming just for parents too. Many parents aren't able to stay all the way through Saturday, so just come to what you can be here for. We'll be excited to have you.
If I don't come, will my student be the only one without a parent?
Not at all. LeTourneau draws students from all across the world. Many parents live in distant parts of the country or overseas, and can't make it to Orientation. We also know that Thursday and Friday are work-days for most people and sometimes orientation just doesn't fit into the schedule. It's ok.
Some students bring two parents, some bring none, some bring a whole family with matching T-shirts. Whatever works best for you is what works best for us. Just let us know you are coming and we will be ready for you.
How do I let you know I'm coming? Do I have to register?
You register for NSO at the same time that you fill out your new student checklist and register for classes.
Where do I go when I get to campus? When can my student move into his/her room?
The very first place you are going to want to go is The Belcher Center (just follow the signs). We've set up a huge reception for you including everything you need to officially "check-in" to LeTourneau. That's where you will get your room key (and some other good stuff) and from there you will be able to move into your room!
Check-in starts at:
What does it cost for parents to attend Orientation?
There is no orientation fee for parents or siblings! Enjoying the weekend activities is absolutely free! However, the residence halls will be full of new and returning students, so families will have to arrange for their own accommodations off campus. There are several hotels in Longview, so it's never a problem.
Parents and siblings will also be expected to provide their own meals. All meals will be available for purchase on campus at the Corner Cafe. Many families also take this time as an opportunity to explore Longview and see what other options our city has to offer. New Students stay on campus (unless they are commuters) and their lodging and meals are covered by their orientation fee.
Welcome Dinner
Most everyone attends our first dinner together in the Corner Cafe. Because there are so many guests on campus, we split dinner up into two shifts. 4:30-5:30 and 5:30-6:30. Students get their free ticket at the Check-in Line first thing once they arrive on campus. Parents and siblings can also purchase tickets at the check-in line for $9.00.
What will we be doing?
You can check out the full schedule right here
My son/daughter already came to the SWARM. Should we still come to Orientation?
Yup! We offer a whole lot more at Orientation than we do at SWARM. PLUS this is the first time that all the other students and families will be here too, and it's a whole different feel than summer orientation. We expect all students to come to New Student Orientation.
Where does a parent go for more information?
Glad you asked! The office of alumni and parent relations has a website with lots of great information.
Steve Conn
Director, Student Programs & Orientation
(903) 233-4431
Jamie DeYoung
Director of Alumni & Parent Relations
(903) 233-3841


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Viva Las Vegas, with your neon flashin'
And your one-arm bandits crashin'
All those hopes down the drain.
Viva Las Vegas, turnin' day into nighttime
Turnin' night into daytime
If you see it once
You'll never be the same again.
– Elvis Presley, 1964
J.C. Davis pilots a white sedan through a late-vintage planned community about 10 miles southeast of the Las Vegas Strip. Nearly empty streets curve gently past architectural features tinted the bland beige shades mandated by each development – a khaki wall here, tan homes there, a sand-colored CVS pharmacy – like lithium for the eyes. Just past a biscuit-colored Starbucks, Davis parks on a street that, for now, marks the dividing line between suburbia and open desert. Here, workers put the finishing touches on a row of closely snuggled, nearly identical stucco houses, colored – you guessed it – beige, and capped with trendy tan tile roofs.
From the passenger seat, I gaze in bafflement. Ostensibly, Davis, the gregarious, clean-cut public information officer for the Southern Nevada Water Authority, is here to show me a "Water Smart" home. I had pictured a one-off prototype that would never really be lived in – some sort of rammed-earth, recycled-cardboard affair complete with composting toilet and a hairy, unwashed tenant.
Instead, I get Inspirada, a new-urbanist community conceived in 2004, when houses were sprouting in southern Nevada at a rate of more than three per hour. On 1,900 acres bought from the Bureau of Land Management for $577 million, a consortium of developers planned 11,500 homes arranged in seven "villages," each with its own theme. The community was meant to evoke pre-World War II America, with a town square, parks and a boutique casino. Yet even as the Desert Mermaids frolicked in a community pool and an American Idol star belted out "The Star-Spangled Banner" during the 2007 grand opening, the whole "build it and they will buy" credo was evaporating under the desert sun. The Southwestern housing market twirled into free fall, and Inspirada's developers ultimately went bankrupt with less than 700 homes built. But with the market making a sputtering comeback, Inspirada is reviving.
Every house that national builder KB Homes erected in the development is part of the Southern Nevada Water Authority's voluntary Water Smart program, meaning it uses an average of just 94,000 gallons annually – about half the water guzzled by older Las Vegas homes, and 20 percent less than those of similar vintage. "Short of living in a high-rise, it's about as efficient as you're going to get," says Davis, whose organization, composed of seven districts, manages water for some 2 million people in the greater Las Vegas metro area.
This is sustainability, Sin City style. It sounds like a bad joke. After all, this is the place visited by 39 million people yearly, all of whom gobble ghastly amounts of carbon-spewing fossil fuels to drive or fly here. This is where, for just $250,000, you can push the button that makes a 22-million-gallon fountain ejaculate, or play one of 61 iridescently green golf courses scattered across the sprawl in a region that gets 4.2 inches of rain annually. Here, urban revitalization involves stringing a canopy of 12.5 million lights over a city street, creating a seizure-inducing display whose effects can be tempered only with the help of 96-ounce cocktails. Don't worry; the drinks are cleverly designed to hang around your neck, keeping your hands free for playing slots and smoking.
"Vegas and sustainability are two words that don't typically come together in most people's minds," admits Las Vegas Sustainability Director Tom Perrigo in what may be the diplomatic understatement of the year. But lately, this paragon of excess has been making noteworthy strides in both the public and private sector, from the city government pledging to make its collective facilities "net zero," to resorts embracing LEED-certified construction.
Of course, the real test for the nation's driest city is water. Ninety percent of the Vegas metro area's supply comes from the nearby Colorado River, which is shackled by a 14-year drought. The hard limits to decades of conspicuous consumption are clearly visible just 30 miles from the city, where Lake Mead – a reservoir on the river – is so low that a hundred vertical feet of its craggy banks are exposed. Even as the Water Authority scours far and wide for new sources, it has also quietly cultivated an old-fashioned alternative: efficiency.
Beyond Inspirada, my tour takes me to a wastewater treatment facility that, after removing all the crap, sends clean water back out to golf courses and parks. I sit down with a group of nerdy engineers – rock stars in their field – whose job it is to find and plug leaks in the 4,100 miles of water lines below the city, saving hundreds of millions of gallons each year. At a golf course, I try to talk green speeds and turf lengths with a course superintendent who ripped out acres of grass. And I see first-hand just how much fat some of the mega-casino resorts have managed to cut from their energy and water budgets.
Ultimately, I find evidence that the city is, indeed, becoming vastly more efficient and may even be inching towards so-called sustainability. And it's not in spite of the raw and uninhibited consumption that has made Vegas a legend, but, ironically, because of it.
If there is a Garden of Eden here, the place that gave Las Vegas life and from which it was ultimately exiled, it lies west of downtown, where wide, strip-mall-lined thoroughfares hem in neighborhoods of classic, low-slung ranch homes and palm-shaded mini mansions, mostly built in the '60s and '70s. Across a busy road from what is now a mega-shopping mall, cool, fresh water once bubbled up from a spring that an 1888 traveler described as "five yards in diameter and of unfathomable depth … below whose sparkling surface it was impossible to sink on account of the strong current that boiled up from the bottom."
In this unforgiving landscape, which gets half the rain Phoenix does, that spring made old Las Vegas an oasis, drawing the railroad and giving life to orchards and then a small city. Two dozen productive wells were sunk nearby, along with hundreds of smaller ones around the Las Vegas Valley. The population bloomed, and by 1962, had sucked the spring dry. Yet Las Vegans refused to give up their oasis. And for a while, they didn't have to.
The 1922 Compact that divided the waters of the Colorado River gave Nevada 300,000 acre-feet per year, far less than other states but seemingly enough for a sparsely populated state mostly occupied by federal land and bombing ranges. When the second intake in Lake Mead, the largest reservoir in the nation, was completed in 1983, Las Vegas Valley urbanites were able to take advantage of the state's entire Colorado River allotment.
Meanwhile, the advent of air conditioning caused the Southwest to boom. The population of Clark County, Vegas' home, was 273,000 in 1970. By 1990, it was nearly 800,000. Just as electricity imported from coal plants across the Southwest provided refuge from the broiling heat, Colorado River water kept the place verdant with golf courses, fountains and fake waterfalls. By the late '80s, each Las Vegan used more water than just about anyone else – almost 400 gallons per day compared to Phoenix's gluttonous 315 gallons. "The obsession in Vegas isn't money or sin," writes Charles Fishman in his 2011 The Big Thirst. It's water: "displaying it, unfurling it, playing with it, flaunting it." Or, as journalist Jacques Leslie observed after seeing the Bellagio fountain: Water in Vegas "is displayed more lasciviously than sex."
By the time charismatic, no-holds-barred water czar Pat Mulroy took over the then-newly formed Southern Nevada Water Authority in 1991, it was clear something had to give. Unlike Phoenix, Las Vegas no longer had nearby farms from which it could buy water. Either the 1922 Compact needed to be renegotiated – unlikely, given California and Arizona's growth – or Vegas would have to limit its own growth, unthinkable given homebuilding's pre-bust importance to the regional economy.
So Mulroy set out to prove that water does indeed flow uphill towards money, grabbing rights to 800,000 acre-feet from across the state, including groundwater under expansive valleys more than 200 miles to the north. But environmentalists, Indian tribes, ranchers and the two Utah counties that lie atop the aquifer have all bitterly fought "Pat's Pipeline." In December, a judge ordered the state engineer to reconsider his approval for the groundwater pumping. And with the southern Nevada economy still gasping from the recession, Las Vegas has a lot less gravity-defying cash available to build a project that could cost as much as $15 billion. The city's current share of water isn't guaranteed, either: Mead's level could drop below one of its two existing intakes by 2015 thanks to drought and growing demand. The Water Authority is spending $817 million building a new intake on the bottom of the reservoir, but if the climate continues to warm and dry, even that may prove inadequate.
Unlike many water buffaloes, however, Mulroy has, in many respects, also embraced camel-style conservation. With a bit of prodding, her constituents have followed. Per capita water use has dropped to 219 gallons – 40 percent less than in 1989. Between 2002 and 2012, the Las Vegas Valley grew by more than 400,000 people and added 25,000 hotel rooms. Annual visitation rose by 5 million, and yet total annual water use dropped 29 billion gallons.
Today, the Springs Preserve, a park, museum and educational center, sits about where the old fount bubbled up, and serves as a monument to the spring, a condemnation of the profligate water use of the past and a harbinger of a more efficient future. Next to solar panel-shaded parking lots and botanical gardens filled with native plants – panamint liveforever, scarlet hedgehog, desert spinystar – sits the Desert Living Center, a large, beautifully designed rammed-earth building with a catchment system to utilize what little rain falls from the all too sunny skies, and wetlands that filter water for re-use. Inside, kids can watch a dramatic flash flood simulation, crawl through a compost pile and play a video game whose goal is to tear up as much grass as possible, an activity, it turns out, that is key to Vegas' water-saving success.


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HOFFMAN ESTATES (AP) — Erin Merryn is convinced she would have spoken out much earlier if she had been taught at a young age about the threat of sexual abuse. Instead, she endured abuse at the hands of a neighbor and older cousin for years before seeking help.
Now 27, the Illinois native is campaigning nationwide for states to pass laws requiring all public schools to make children aware of the dangers from as early as pre-school. She achieved an important victory Thursday, when Gov. Pat Quinn signed Erin's Law in her home state.
"Had I been educated as a child, I would have spoken up and told the very first time," Merryn said at a bill signing ceremony at a child advocacy center in the Chicago suburb of Hoffman Estates. It was there that she sought help as a 13-year-old, seven years after the abuse started.
Merryn, who has written two books about her ordeal, quit her job in social work three years ago to campaign full time.
She has encountered resistance from some lawmakers, including some in Illinois, who wonder where the funding will come from, whether overworked educators can take on another mandatory program and whether the subject matter can be taught in a way that's appropriate for young children.
She believes some of the pushback is due to a stigma against reporting the sexual abuse of children and a general lack of understanding about the scope of the problem.
"We're talking about a silent epidemic," Merryn said before the ceremony. "We live in a world where we want to look the other way and pretend this is not going on."
Through her campaigning, four other states have passed versions of Erin's Law — Indiana, Maine, Michigan and Missouri.
Quinn invited Merryn to join him at a meeting of the National Governors Association at the end of February to talk about the issue. He said Erin's Law will "save and protect the lives of countless children."
The Illinois law goes into effect immediately and schools will have to implement it starting next school year.
Schools can draw on many age-appropriate programs that have already been created by experts, including some that use role playing to teach children to recognize inappropriate behavior. Merryn said many programs will visit schools for free, and that schools only need to devote an hour or two to the program each year.
The law also requires educators to take part in training classes that cover sexual abuse and how to recognize warning signs.
Merryn said children, even from a young age, should be told they're not to blame and be encouraged to come forward and tell their parents or teachers if they are experiencing abuse.
In her case, both of her attackers threatened her and told her no one would believe her if she spoke out.
"So that's the only message I was getting as a child," Merryn said.
Erin Merryn: http://www.erinmerryn.net/


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Body found after fire in abandoned building
Body found after fire in abandoned building
OMAHA, Neb. —
A fire is discovered in the elevator shaft of an abandoned building.
Emergency crews were called to the scene near 18th and Dodge streets for a report of smoke coming from the roof of the building around 2 a.m. Thursday.
Once crews put out the fire, they found a body inside. Authorities said at this point, the body is not identifiable.
Investigators are working to determine whether there was any foul play involved.
The building has been vacant for about five years.


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Flexx FAQ
Check the General FAQ page in case your question does not appear in this section.
How to create a Child theme for Flexx
In order to preserve your original Flexx theme files (as downloaded), you should use a Child Theme. Using Child themes, you can modify (override) all aspects of an existing iThemes (Parent theme), e.g. the css code in the stylesheet, html or php code in the page templates, functions, without having to modify any of the original core theme template files. This also means that upgrading the parent theme does not overwrite any of your modifications.
For more general information on Child Themes you can read these articles: iThemes and Child Themes – introduction and Child Themes, a quick tutorial.
This article describes how to create a Child theme for Flexx CandyApple theme, but it applies to all Flexx themes.
There is one modification required to the parent theme.
Minimum requirements
Your current Flexx theme should be at least at version 2.6.3 (release date: Oct. 15, 2009)
Modifications in the Parent themes functions.php
Locate the following code in functions.php of the parent theme. Note that currently, this modification will be overwritten when you upgrade the theme.
//A function to include files throughout the theme //It checks to see if the file exists first, so as to avoid error messages. function get_template_file($filename) { if (file_exists(TEMPLATEPATH."/$filename")) include(TEMPLATEPATH."/$filename"); }
and replace that entire block of code with:
//A function to include files throughout the theme //It checks to see if the file exists first, so as to avoid error messages. function get_template_file($filename) { if (file_exists(get_stylesheet_directory()."/$filename")) include(get_stylesheet_directory()."/$filename"); else if (file_exists(get_template_directory()."/$filename")) include(get_template_directory()."/$filename"); }
This will make sure that theme functions will try to locate a theme file in the Child theme template first, and if it does not exists, the theme will use the file from the parent theme.
Creating a child theme
A child theme in the most essential form contains only a stylesheet, named style.css. Code in that stylesheet will tell WordPress that this is actually a Child theme, and what its Parent theme is.
To make sure all functions work properly, and all images used for the design of the theme, we will need to duplicate the following files and folders.
- copy the images subfolder and all it's content to the Child theme folder
- copy the screenshot.jpg to the Child theme, it will just look better on the WordPress themes panel (optional)
- create a style.css, and make sure it has the proper information in the header.
Sample stylesheet style.css for a Flexx Child Theme
/* Theme Name: Flexx Theme CandyApple - Child Theme Theme URI: http://www.ithemes.com Description: Child theme for Flexx CandyApple Author: iThemes Author URI: http://www.ithemes.com Version: 1.0.0 Template: FlexxCandyApple /* Import Parent Stylesheet, do not remove this line, make sure you use the ACTUAL parent theme folder name! -----------------------------------------------------*/ @import url("../FlexxCandyApple/style.css"); /* Make all your modifications and customisations below this line ----------------------------------------------------------------*/
It is assumed that your base Flexx theme is located in a folder named "FlexxCandyApple" (case sensitive).
Download a sample Child theme
You can download a sample basic FlexxCandyApple Child Theme, that includes all the required files.
Using the Child theme
Install the Child theme as you normally would, using the WordPress theme installer, or by unzipping and uploading the Child Theme folder to your wp-content/themes folder. Activate the Child theme just as you would activate any other theme.


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LocationShoemakersville, PA
1236 Pottsville Pike
Shoemakersville, PA 19555
New 2018 Prime Time RV Tracer 3200BHT
Triple slides, a rear bunkhouse, and an outside kitchen are just a few of the key features that you will love about this Tracer 3200BHT travel trailer.
As you enter the travel trailer, to your left there is a slide with a refrigerator, extra counter space, and a three burner range. Next to the slide there is a large pantry for your dry goods. The kitchen island provides additional counter space and has a double sink. The road side slide features a hide-a-bed sofa and a dinette. Across from the sofa, along the outer bath wall there is a nice entertainment center which is sure to be enjoyed by all.
The rear bunkhouse is a great place for your kids to hang out. There is a slide with a sleep and play and a bunk above. On the opposite side you will find an additional upper bunk with storage, a counter, and ladder below.
The bathroom has a toilet, angled shower, and a sink. There is also a private entrance from the bedroom into the bath.
In the front bedroom you can relax on a queen bed. There are shirt closets on either side of the bed, plus overhead storage for more clothing items.
Outside you will find an exterior kitchen which offers a sink, refrigerator, and two burner cooktop, plus more!
"I can't express enough the satisfaction in our purchase of our new camper. Andre, our salesman was well versed on all aspects of our camper. Comparing construction quality and special features to other models. He made every attempt to answer any questions and address any request. Presentation and delivery was also betther than expected, always asking our wants an opinions. Schaeffer's gets a ... More » - Debbie
Stock# 12093
Interior Color: CHOCOLATE DECOR
|36 ft 9 in
|Ext Width
|8 ft
|Ext Height
|10 ft 10 in
|Interior Color
|Hitch Weight
|775 lbs
|Dry Weight
|7675 lbs
|Cargo Weight
|1900 lbs
|Fresh Water Capacity
|48 gals
|Grey Water Capacity
|64 gals
|Black Water Capacity
|30 gals
Whether you are considering the purchase of your first RV or your next RV, we are confident you will enjoy the following advantages of Prime Time Manufacturing:
Prime Time Manufacturing understands the critical elements of designing a winning recreational vehicle – floorplan, eye appeal, storage, and convenience. However, the true genius is in the details. Is every inch of storage space fully utilized? Is there adequate pantry space for both tall and short items? Where do you put your trash can? Does each feature maximize user comfort and convenience? Are the decors residential yet durable? We have spent years listening to customers talk about what they want in the "perfect" RV. Drawing on that feedback, countless hours are incorporated into dissecting every detail to fully maximize the enjoyment each of our models will provide. We are fanatical about design because we want to ensure that our RVs will EXCEED your expectations.
Prime Time Manufacturing chose to headquarter its operations in Wakarusa, Indiana, the center of northern Indiana's Amish community. This is an area where old world craftsmanship, traditional work ethics, and doing things the "right" way are still emphasized and valued. Our executive management team has over 100 years of manufacturing experience that allows Prime Time to engineer and build an RV that will withstand the test of time. Every unit we ship is put through a rigorous 65 point system inspection at our factory AND at your selling dealership to make sure your first camping adventure is memorable for all of the right reasons. Finally, we provide a comprehensive Emergency Roadside Assistance program for your additional safety, convenience, and peace of mind. For us, quality isn't just a slogan, it's our culture.
Prime Time Manufacturing is a division of Forest River, Inc, one of North America's largest producers of towable recreational products. Because of our tremendous corporate sales volume, we are able to leverage massive purchasing power to produce an RV with more features for the money than any other company in the industry. We also operate with extremely low overhead. You won't find Prime Time advertising in national trade magazines or traditional media sources – we rely on good old fashioned word of mouth advertising. Our dealers aren't rewarded with luxurious trips or outfitted with fancy wardrobes – they only get high quality, fast selling RVs that are priced lower than the competition. We understand that the purchase of your next RV is one of the most important decisions you will make and we are committed to giving you the best value for your hard earned dollar.
Tom Schaeffers RV Super Store is not responsible for any misprints, typos, or errors found in our website pages. Any price listed excludes sales tax, registration tags, and delivery fees. Manufacturer pictures, specifications, and features may be used in place of actual units on our lot. Please contact us @ 610-562-3071 for availability as our inventory changes rapidly. All calculated payments are an estimate only and do not constitute a commitment that financing or a specific interest rate or term is available.


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Boom time for Macau
WHY do some colonial experiences leave lasting prosperity while others leave stagnation or worse?
Chinese New Year celebrations are a good time to reflect on the experience of one of the world's most boisterous economies - a land where increased domestic and international tourism reflects such prosperity.
Last month we were in Hong Kong and had a spare day, so decided to take the ferry across to Macau for a few hours.
As we walked round the rather sleepy old town my companion remarked on how utterly different it was from the high-rise booming Hong Kong.
Both are prosperous - I'll come to that in a moment - but Macau feels like a typical southern European medium-sized city of 500,000 people, while the other has become a great global metropolis, now past seven million.
Was it, my companion pondered, because Macau got the Portuguese and Hong Kong got the Brits?
That set me thinking about the role that Europeans have played in fostering China's present boom.
Anyone with any sensitivity to Chinese history will be aware that Europeans were not exemplary visitors the Opium Wars, the Boxer Rebellion and so on.
But the plain fact remains that Hong Kong and Macau have the highest standards of living in China. Both are in the top 10 countries or regions in the world for life expectancy.
Macau has on some calculations the fourth highest GDP per head in the world, behind Luxembourg, Switzerland and Norway.
What has done it? The answer is simple: gambling. Macau has become the world's largest city for gambling, shooting past Las Vegas about four years ago.
We did not hit the casinos, preferring instead to do cultural history - a magnificent theatre, the Protestant cemetery, the town hall, etc - but my excuse is that we weren't there very long. Walking through the early 20th-century parts of Macau, I was reminded of parts of Shanghai, that other European implant, though this time on mainland China.
You see, Shanghai was the main base for European trade with China it was much more important in the 1920s than Hong Kong and you feel as you walk along the Bund that you are in a European city.
Or at least you are surrounded by European-style buildings.
And now Shanghai has become the richest place on the mainland, with a slightly higher GDP per head than Beijing.
As always with these statistics, it depends on how you measure things, but I recently saw some data that suggested Shanghai had the same GDP per head as Italy.
The moral, surely, is that a combination of European heritage and legal/financial structure with Chinese resources and drive generates wealth at astonishing speed and scale. Tourism is part of it, of course.
If you have a little window of time on your next visit to Hong Kong, head over to Macau to see another example of the China boom.


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NEW YORK (AP) — Commuters streaming into New York City on Monday endured long waits and crowded trains, giving the recovering transit system a stress test a week after Superstorm Sandy ravaged the eastern third of the country, with New York and New Jersey bearing the brunt of the destruction.
Trains were so crowded Monday on the Long Island Rail Road that dozens of people missed their trains. With PATH trains between New Jersey and Manhattan still out, lines for the ferry in Jersey City quickly stretched to several hundred people by daybreak.
One commuter in line pleaded into his cellphone, "Can I please work from home? This is outrageous," but many more took the complicated commute as just another challenge after a difficult week.
"There's not much we can do. We'll get there whatever time we can, and our jobs have to understand. It's better late than absent," said Louis Holmes of Bayonne, as he waited to board a ferry in Jersey City to his job as a security guard at Manhattan's Sept. 11 memorial site.
The good news in New York City was that, unlike last week, service on key subway lines connecting Manhattan and Brooklyn under the East River had been restored. But officials warned that other water-logged tunnels still weren't ready for Monday's rush hour and that fewer-than-normal trains were running — a recipe for a difficult commute.
On Long Island, Janice Gholson could not get off her train from Ronkonkoma and Wyandanch because of overcrowding, and ended up overshooting her stop.
"I've never taken the train before. There were people blocking the doorway so I got stuck on the train," she said.
Mayor Michael Bloomberg took the subway to work Monday. He was joined by many of the students returning to class in the nation's largest school system. About 90 percent of the 1,700 schools reopened for the first time since Sandy hit last Monday, the mayor said.
At Public School 2 in Chinatown, the playground was once again full of the sounds of children laughing and shouting as they played basketball before school started. Samantha Martin, a fifth-grader at P.S. 75 on the Upper West Side, made it to school from the Bronx with time to spare on the subway.
"It was packed but I'm happy. Home is boring!" Martin said.
The longer commute times were actually a lesser problem for many families who left homes and apartments that have been without power for almost a week. In Westchester County, Liliana Matos said dropping her boys off at Colonial School in Pelham gave her a chance to "call Con Ed and get on their backs" about the loss of power. For the last three days, they have been staying at a hotel because the house is too cold.
In Jersey City, investment advisor Barbara Colucci, was traveling from a house without power and the family's car was low on fuel because of persistent gasoline shortages.
"I can't wait until the PATH and light rail are up and running again, but first I'd like power in my house quite honestly," she said. "We're sleeping on air mattresses but we have heat so we can't complain but I'd like to get back to a bed — it's been awhile — and back to a regular commute."
Repair crews have been laboring around-the-clock in response to the worst natural disaster in the transit system's 108-year history, Metropolitan Transportation Authority Chairman Joseph Lhota said Sunday.
"We are in uncharted territory with bringing this system back because of the amount of damage and saltwater in our system," Lhota said. "It's an old system ... and it's just had a major accident."
World Trade Center steam fitter Scott Sire got to Manhattan on time, at 6:05 a.m. off a regular Academy bus that took him from home in Hazlet, N.J. in 40 minutes. He normally takes a PATH train, but it's not running.
"Every day gets a little bit better," said the 49-year-old worker. "But we had a setback last night; we lost power, again, after a transformer blew — and the Cowboys lost, just after our lights went out!"
The MTA planned to take the unusual step of using flatbed trucks to deliver 20 subway cars to the hard-hit Far Rockaway section of Queens and set up a temporary shuttle line.
Though New York and New Jersey bore the brunt of Sandy's destruction, at its peak, the storm reached 1,000 miles across, killed more than 100 people in 10 states, knocked out power to 8.5 million homes and businesses and canceled nearly 20,000 flights. Damage has been estimated $50 billion, making Sandy the second most expensive storm in U.S. history, behind Hurricane Katrina.
The superstorm also created a fuel shortage that has forced New Jersey to enforce odd-even rationing for motorists. But there was no rationing in New York City, where the search for gas became a maddening scavenger hunt over the weekend.
Sire said he felt lucky to fill his car tank, but he added: "We're a gallon away from turning into a Third World country."
The coming week could bring other challenges — namely an Election Day without power in polling places, and a nor'easter expected hit the area by Wednesday, with the potential for 55 mph gusts and more beach erosion, flooding and rain.
In New York, power has been restored to nearly 80 percent of its customers who were blacked out in the storm, but efforts to get everyone back on line could be hampered by more wet, windy weather. But crews were making some progress.
On the Upper West Side, 17-year-old Anna Riley-Shepard waited for her yellow school bus to take her to a private school in the Bronx. Her school has been without power for a week. It came back yesterday, they were told.
"You don't really realize how important a routine is until you're out of one," she said.
Associated Press writers Jennifer Peltz, Leanne Italie, Michael Hill, Karen Matthews, Larry Neumeister and Verena Dobnik contributed to this report in New York City. Contributions from Samantha Henry in Jersey City, Frank Eltman on Long Island and Jim Fitzgerald in Westchester County.


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Spock wrote:Basically, Canucks are praying that the current roster can play better.
Sounds like the definition of insanity to me.
We aren't Calgary yet, but getting there.....
I fear Spock may be right. I think our window to win is probably pretty much closed. Throw in the fact that we'll be in a tougher division and we'll be lucky to make the playoffs. I will be pleasantly surprised if the Nucks can make a mini-run in the playoffs.
With the Sedins up next season, it's probably best to go with a rebuild/youth movement. However, we have a bunch of veterans tied up with long-term contracts and no-trade clauses, so not sure if the rebuild can be done properly. I guess MG can always approach those guys and ask them if they'd be willing to waive their no-trades to certain teams. I hate to say it, but I don't expect much out of our team in the next few years. Hopefully we can keep adding some prospects and if we're lucky, we'll get a few diamonds in the rough and a couple of them will develop into top NHL players.


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Fisher Cats score 5 in the 9th to beat AerosBy ROGER BROWN
New Hampshire Union Leader
June 12. 2013 11:11PM
MANCHESTER — The New Hampshire Fisher Cats did something Wednesday night they haven't done before this season: They beat the Akron Aeros.
Trailing by four runs entering the bottom of the ninth, the Fisher Cats scored five times to post a 9-8 victory.
It was the first time New Hampshire has beaten Akron in five tries this season. The Aeros swept a three-game series earlier this month, and posted a 7-0 triumph on Tuesday.
Right-fielder Brad Glenn collected the game-winning hit when his single to left scored catcher A.J. Jimenez with two outs in the ninth. The ninth inning also featured an RBI double by Kevin Pillar and a two-run single by Ryan Schimpf, who scored the game-tying run on a throwing error that followed Clint Robinson's infield single.
Chorye Spoone (3-2) picked up the win by tossing an inning of scoreless relief.It was 4-4 until Akron scored four runs against reliever Dustin Antolin in the eighth. All four runs were scored with two outs.
Akron shortstop Ronny Rodriguez had three hits and three RBIs in the loss, including a two-run single in the eighth.
Pillar, Jimenez, Robinson and Glenn each had two hits for the Fisher Cats (32-34). Pillar, Schimpf and Robinson also had two RBIs apiece.
Akron (32-33) pounced on New Hampshire starter Deck McGuire for four runs in the first two innings, three of which were scored in the second.
The Fisher Cats tied the game by scoring four unearned runs in the third. The big blow was Robinson's two-run home run that made it a 4-4 contest.
The Fisher Cats also received an RBI single from Pillar and a sacrifice fly from Jimenez in the third. Five of New Hampshire 12 hits came in that inning. The Fisher Cats didn't have another hit until the ninth.
It was still 4-4 when reliever Randy Boone replaced McGuire with one out in the sixth. McGuire allowed seven hits, walked four and struck out three. The four runs he allowed were all earned.
Akron starter Toru Murate pitched five innings and surrendered six hits. He struck out three and didn't walk a batter.
The teams will meet in Manchester again tonight (7:05). New Hampshire's Ryan Tepera (6-4, 4.12) is scheduled to face Akron's Brett Brach (3-2, 4.54).


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Return Journey: March 1806 to September 1806
Fort Clatsop to St. Louis [1]
On March 23, 1806, the explorers started back up the Columbia in newly acquired Indian canoes. At the Great Falls of the Columbia they bartered with local Indians for pack horses, and set out up the north shore of the river on foot. Obtaining riding horses from various tribes along the way, the party reached the Nez Perce villages in May. While camped among the Nez Perce for a month, waiting for the high mountain snows to melt; the captains gave frontier medical treatment to sick and injured Indians in exchange for native foods.
The Nez Perce rounded up the Expedition's horses that they had cared for over the winter, easing the captains' concern for adequate transportation as the party resumed its eastward travel in early June. Retracing their outbound trail through the Bitterroots, they were turned back by impassable snowdrifts and made their only "retrograde march" of the entire journey. After a week's delay, they started out again and successfully crossed the mountains. On June 30, they arrived at their outbound "Travelers Rest" camp, eleven miles south of modern Missoula, Montana, where they enjoyed a welcome rest from their toils.
On July 3, 1806, the party separated. Lewis, with nine men, rode directly east to the Great Falls of the Missouri. Then with three men, he traveled north to explore the Marias River almost to the present Canadian border. Lewis and his companions camped overnight with some Blackfeet Indians, who at daylight attempted to steal the explorers' guns and to drive off their horses. In describing the ensuing skirmish, Lewis related that he was fired upon by an Indian, which resulted in a near-miss that "being bearheaded I felt the wind of the bullet very distinctly." Lewis afterward would elaborate that two of the Blackfeet were killed during the brief encounter, but that he and his companions miraculously escaped unharmed.
Meanwhile Clark, with the balance of the party, proceeded southeasterly on horseback, crossing the Rockies through today's Gibbons Pass. Returning to the Jefferson River (now the Beaverhead River in its upper reach), the submerged canoes were recovered and repaired. Clark placed some men in charge of the canoes while he and the others continued on with the horses, all following the river downstream to the Three Forks junction of the Missouri River.
Here, the group divided. The canoe travelers continued down the Missouri to White Bear Island, where they recovered their cached equipment and portaged back around the falls. Clark with the remainder rode their horses easterly to explore the Yellowstone River. While the Expedition was again passing through the Shoshone lands that Sacagawea remembered from her childhood, Clark praised her "great service to me as a pilot."
Upon reaching the Yellowstone, new canoes were made. Clark assigned three men to drive the horses overland while he and the others drifted down the river. On July 25, 1806, Clark named an unusual rock formation on the south bank of the Yellowstone River (Montana) "Pompy's Tower" in honor of Sacagawea's son.
The parties were reunited on August 12 near the confluence of the Yellowstone and the Missouri rivers. Here, Clark learned that Lewis had been shot while searching for game in the brushy shoreline of the Missouri. In his buckskin clothing, Captain Lewis was mistaken for an elk by Pierre Cruzatte. Clark treated and dressed the wound with medicines they carried.
Arriving at the Mandan villages on August 17, the Charbonneau family was mustered out of the Expedition. Private John Colter was discharged, at his own request, to join a fur trapping party bound back up the Missouri. The remainder of the party, accompanied by a Mandan chief and his family, headed down the Missouri on the last leg of the homeward journey.
← (Previous Page) Pacific Ocean: November 1805 to March 1806 | Postlude: After 23 September 1806 (Next Page)→
See also from our companion site Discovering Lewis & Clark®
- ↑ Adapted from an article by Irving W. Anderson


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November 22. 2012 8:30PM
Allen Lessels' UNH Notebook: Wildcats getting defensive on the ice
By ALLEN LESSELS
New Hampshire Union Leader
DURHAM -- Now don't get the wrong idea about the University of New Hampshire hockey team and penalty killing as it heads for a couple of mile-high showdowns this weekend: It's not exactly that the Wildcats want to take penalties and look forward to facing opponent power plays.
But Dick Umile's team doesn't dread penalty-killing duties, either.
"I think we look at the penalty kill as a chance to get the upper hand," said senior defenseman Brett Kostolansky. "We can get some momentum. We can kill it and take momentum away from them and that's key for us."
The Wildcats have been one of the best teams in the country at killing penalties.
Perhaps it's something in the Granite State water.
UNH has allowed two goals in 37 power-play chances by its opponents for a 94.6 kill percentage.
That number is second only to Dartmouth, which has killed 28 of 29 penalties for 96.6 percent.
UNH's penalty killers will come under fire this weekend. So, too, will Dartmouth's. The Big Green play at No. 1-ranked Boston College on Saturday at 4.
The Wildcats have climbed to the No. 3 ranking in the country with an 8-1-1 overall record and take on No. 14 Colorado College tonight in Colorado Springs. On Saturday, they play at No. 2 Denver.
CC is 7-5-0 overall and Denver is 9-1-0 and they each have productive power plays. In fact, they each have scored 10 goals in 42 power-play chances for a 23.8 percentage, which is tied for eighth-best in the nation.
UNH's penalty-killing success falls in line with goaltender Casey DeSmith's outstanding play in net and the team's strong start to the season on defense overall.
The Wildcats, said head coach Umile and assistant Jim Tortorella, have bought into what the coaches are preaching about a whole-team approach to defense.
They embrace the challenge of killing penalties, too.
"I talk to the guys a lot and I know coach talks to them a lot about this being an opportunity when we're a man down," Tortorella said. "An opportunity to play better defense. An opportunity to do some things we're not going to pay attention to on a five-on-five situation."
The focus on special teams extends to the moments after a power play, or after killing a penalty, and trying to capitalize on those chances to create momentum as well.
"A guy like Brett (Kostolansky) realizes he can play great defense and help our team generate momentum and win games," Tortorella said.
UNH is allowing a stingiest-in-the-country 1.22 goals per game. Denver is scoring a nation's best 4.50 a game.
DeSmith has a 1.19 goals-against average and .961 save percentage.
- - - - - - -
THE FOOTBALL TEAM begins play in its ninth straight NCAA Football Championship tournament on Dec. 1 at Wofford College in Spartanburg, S.C.
UNH and Wofford are both 8-3 overall and both were 6-2 to earn a share of their conference titles. Wofford is in the tournament for the fifth time in the last six years.
The Terriers split their games with Southern Conference rivals Georgia Southern and Appalachian State, both of whom also made the playoffs. Wofford lost to Georgia Southern, 17-9, and beat Appalachian State, 38-28.
- - - - - - -
MINNESOTA, undefeated and the defending NCAA champion, comes to town to play the UNH women's hockey team on Saturday and Sunday. Both games start at 2.
The Golden Gophers are 14-0-0 this year and are on an NCAA record 22-game winning streak dating back to last season.
Junior forward Amanda Kessel leads Minnesota in scoring with 17 goals and 21 assists for 38 points. One of her brothers, Blake, starred at UNH and now plays with Adirondack in the American Hockey League, and another, Phil, played for the Bruins.
UNH is 6-7-1 overall and 3-2-1 in Hockey East and is unbeaten in its last four at 3-0-1.
- - - - - - -
THE WOMEN'S BASKETBALL TEAM puts its 2-1 record up against Cornell in its home opener on Sunday at 1. The game is UNH's only one at home in its first six games.
The Wildcats lost at Boston College, 64-59, on Tuesday.
Cornell is 2-1 and beat Manhattan College in its last game on Tuesday night, 70-60.
- - - - - - -
THE MEN'S BASKETBALL TEAM, 2-2, plays at Holy Cross on Saturday at 4. The Wildcats are at Connecticut on Thursday. UNH lost at NJIT, 69-67, on Wednesday.
Holy Cross is 3-2. The Crusaders lost at St. John's, 65-53, on Wednesday and beat Maine, 57-54, in its previous game.
- - - - - - - -
Allen Lessels covers college sports for the New Hampshire Union Leader and Sunday News. He may be reached at


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General Practice, Solo & Small Firm Division
From Marshall to Marshall
The Supreme Court's changing stance on tribal sovereignty
Philip J. Prygoski is a professor of law at the Thomas M. Cooley Law School in Lansing, Michigan, where he teaches constitutional law and federal Indian law.
From the era of Chief Justice John Marshall through the time of Justice Thurgood Marshall, the Supreme Court has struggled to define the doctrine of American Indian tribal sovereignty. Tribal sovereignty is not simply an abstract legal concept; it is part of the military, social, and economic development of our country. The following is a look at how the decisions of the Court for the past 170 years have defined, defended, and ultimately diminished that sovereignty.
The role of the Supreme Court in affecting Indian sovereignty is best understood in relation to the powers of Congress and the President. Under the Constitution, Congress has the power to regulate commerce with the Indian tribes. The Indian Commerce Clause (Article I, 8, clause 3) is the main source of federal power over Indian tribes and has been the primary vehicle used by Congress to recognize and define tribal sovereignty. In addition, the Court has ruled that Congress, as the legislative body of the nation, has an intrinsic power to deal with the Indian nations that reside within the borders of the United States.
Presidential power over the Indian tribes is centered on the ability to enter into treaties, a power that was used in the early years of federal Indian law to secure tribal acquiescence to the demands of the encroaching waves of European settlers. (In 1871, Congress passed legislation that ended the practice of the United States entering into treaties with Indian tribes.)
It has been the Supreme Court's role to interpret the actions of the President and Congress, and to strike a balance between the rights of the Indian nations and the interests of the European conquerors. Tribal sovereignty was, and continues to be, a primary issue for the Court.
A Matter of Perspective
There are two competing theories of tribal sovereignty: first, the tribes have inherent powers of sovereignty that predate the "discovery" of America by Columbus; and second, the tribes have only those attributes of sovereignty that Congress gives them.
Over the years, the Court has relied on one or the other of these theories in deciding tribal sovereignty cases. It is important to note that whichever theory the Court has favored in a given case has determined to a large extent what powers the tribes have and what protections they receive against federal and state government encroachment.
In what is known as the "Marshall trilogy," the Supreme Court established the doctrinal basis for interpreting federal Indian law and defining tribal sovereignty.
In the first of these cases, Johnson v. McIntosh (21 U.S. (8 Wheat.) 543 (1823)), Chief Justice Marshall ruled for the Court that Indian tribes could not convey land to private parties without the consent of the federal government. The Court reasoned that, after conquest by the Europeans and the establishment of the United States, the rights of the tribes to complete sovereignty were diminished, and the tribes' power to dispose of their land was denied.
In Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (30 U.S. (5 Pet.) 1 (1831)), the Court addressed the question of whether the Cherokee Nation was a "foreign state" and, therefore, could sue the State of Georgia in federal court under diversity jurisdiction. Chief Justice Marshall ruled that federal courts had no jurisdiction over such a case because Indian tribes were merely "domestic dependent nations" existing "in a state of pupilage. Their relation to the United States resembles that of a ward to his guardian."
The statements by the Court in Cherokee Nation established the premise that Indian nations do not possess all of the attributes of sovereignty that the word "nation" normally implies. Indian nations are not "foreign," but rather exist within the geographical boundaries of the United States, which necessarily limits their sovereignty. It would be unacceptable for an Indian nation located within the United States to enter into treaties with other countries, or to cede Indian land to foreign countries (to have a French or German enclave in the middle of Montana, for example.)
The Court's characterization of the tribes as "dependent nations" is the basis for what has been called the trust relationship between the United States and the Indian tribes, through which the federal government protects the tribes from interference and intrusion by state governments and state citizens. Inherent in the concept of a "trust" relationship is the implication that the tribes are incompetent to handle their own affairs. This presumption has served as the justification for many actions by the federal government that have intruded on and diminished tribal sovereignty.
In the last case of the Marshall trilogy, Worcester v. Georgia (31 U.S. (6 Pet.) 515 (1832)), the Court addressed the issue of whether the state of Georgia could impose criminal penalties on a number of missionaries who were residing in Cherokee territory, without having obtained licenses from the governor of Georgia. Ruling that the laws of Georgia could have no effect in Cherokee territory, the Court said, "[t]he Cherokee nation...is a distinct community, occupying its own territory, with boundaries accurately described, in which the laws of Georgia can have no force, and which the citizens of Georgia have no right to enter, but with the assent of the Cherokees themselves, or in conformity with treaties, and with the acts of Congress...." In Worcester, the Court established the principle that states are excluded from exercising their regulatory or taxing jurisdiction in Indian country.
The collective effect of the Marshall trilogy on the development of federal Indian law has been described as follows:
In Ex Parte Crow Dog (109 U.S. 556 (1883)), the Court overturned the conviction in federal court of an Indian who had murdered another Indian in Indian country. The Court reasoned that the ability of the tribe to deal with such an offense was an attribute of tribal sovereignty that had not been specifically abrogated by an act of Congress.
The Court's reaffirmation of tribal sovereignty in Crow Dog was in large measure responsible for passage of the Major Crimes Act by Congress in 1885 (18 U.S.C. 1153). Under the act, seven major crimes--if committed by an Indian in Indian country--were placed within federal jurisdiction, regardless of whether the victim of the crime was an Indian.
The Major Crimes Act was a great intrusion into the internal sovereignty of the tribes in that it deprived the tribes of the ability to try and to punish serious offenders in Indian country. The theory underlying it was that Indian tribes were not competent to deal with serious issues of crime and punishment.
A year later, the Court upheld the constitutionality of the Major Crimes Act in U.S. v. Kagama (118 U.S. 375 (1886)), a case in which two Indians were prosecuted for killing another Indian on a reservation. The Indians argued that Congress did not have the constitutional authority to pass the Major Crimes Act. The Court agreed that the prosecution of major crimes did not fall within Congress's power to regulate commerce with the Indian tribes, but it ruled that the trust relationship between the federal government and the tribes conferred on Congress both the duty and the power to regulate tribal affairs.
The ruling implied that because Indian tribes are wards of the United States, Congress has the power to regulate the tribes, even to the point of interfering with their essential sovereign power to deal with criminal offenders within Indian country.
The trust relationship was again the basis for a Court decision that favored Congress in Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock (187 U.S. 553 (1903)). In Lone Wolf, the Court ruled that the trust relationship served as a source of power for Congress to take action on tribal land held under the terms of a treaty: The Court held that Congress could, by statute, abrogate the provisions of an Indian treaty. It went on to say that the status of the Indians who entered into the treaty and their relationship of dependency to the United States were such that Congress had a plenary power over the government's relations with the tribes. The power of Congress in these matter was so complete, the Court reasoned, that it would not even consider the merits of the argument regarding Congress's inability to abrogate an Indian treaty by statute--it said that any complaints about congressional action must be taken to Congress for redress.
Justifying Instruction
The scope of the trust relationship, and its concomitant grant of power to Congress, was illustrated in U.S. v. Sandoval (231 U.S. 28 (1913)), in which the Court upheld the application of a federal liquor-control law to the New Mexico Pueblos, even though the Pueblo lands had never been designated by the federal government as reservation land. The Court ruled that an unbroken line of federal legislative, executive, and judicial actions had "...attributed to the United States as a superior and civilized nation the power and the duty of exercising a fostering care and protection over all dependent Indian communities within its borders...." Moreover, the Court said that once Congress had begun to act in a guardian role toward the tribes, it was up to Congress, not the courts, to determine when the state of wardship should end.
Sandoval is one more example of how the trust relationship was used to justify federal intrusion into the internal affairs of Indian communities. Clearly, the trust doctrine not only protected tribes and other Indian communities from encroachment by state governments, it also provided the justification for extremely intrusive actions by Congress.
In more recent cases, the Court has upheld the principle of tribal sovereignty first articulated in Worcester. For example, in Williams v. Lee (358 U.S. 217 (1959)), the Court ruled that Arizona state courts did not have jurisdiction in a civil case that involved a non-Indian who sued two reservation Indians for an alleged breach of contract that happened on the reservation. The Court concluded that allowing state jurisdiction in such a case would undermine the authority of tribal courts to decide matters that arise on the reservation--a clear infringement of the right of Indian self-government.
Discussing the issue of tribal sovereignty, the Court asserted that "...[A]bsent governing Acts of Congress, the question has always been whether the state action infringed on the right of reservation Indians to make their own laws and be ruled by them."
The import of this principle is that when Congress has not by statute or treaty determined that a state may assert jurisdiction over specific activities in Indian country, a state is disabled from taking any action that would interfere with a tribal government's power to regulate the internal affairs of the tribe. Accordingly, it is up to federal courts to determine whether any given state action has interfered too greatly with the internal sovereignty of a tribe.
However, a different situation exists when Congress has addressed the relative spheres of power of state and tribal governments.
Further Erosion
In McClanahan v. Arizona State Tax Commission (411 U.S. 164 (1973), the Court, through Justice Thurgood Marshall, ruled that a state cannot tax the income of an Indian earned on a reservation. Although in McClanahan the Court reaffirmed the principle of tribal sovereignty over internal tribal affairs, it emphasized a different basis for tribal freedom from intrusions by a state:
Brendale is significant because the Court took upon itself the power to determine when demographics would change the scope of tribal sovereignty in matters of land-use regulation. The Court's willingness to assume the power to define tribal sovereignty, even in internal matters, continued in a case handed down a year after Brendale.
In Duro v. Reina (495 U.S. 696 (1990), the Court held that Indian tribes do not have criminal jurisdiction over non-member Indians who commit crimes on the reservation. The Court asserted that "...the retained sovereignty of the tribe as a political and social organization to govern its own affairs does not include the authority to impose criminal sanctions against a citizen outside its own membership."
The majority concluded that the retained sovereignty of a tribe was only broad enough to encompass the power of tribal courts to impose criminal penalties on tribal members, and that non-Indians and nontribal Indians were not within the criminal jurisdiction of a tribe (see Oliphant v. Suquamish Indian Tribe (435 U.S. 191 (1978)).
(In 1991, Congress in effect overturned Duro by passing a statute that reaffirmed tribal power to exercise criminal jurisdiction over all Indians on the reservation, regardless of whether they are tribal members (see 25 U.S.C. 1301 (4)).)
The Court's theory in Duro was that the dependent status of the tribes implicitly divested them of the power to impose criminal sanctions on nontribal Indians. The Court said that tribes are "...prohibited from exercising both those powers of autonomous states that are expressly terminated by Congress and those powers inconsistent with their status." The danger of such an approach is that it allows the Supreme Court, at its own discretion, to determine which attributes of internal tribal sovereignty are inconsistent with the tribes' status as "domestic dependent nations." The assumption of this role by the Court not only changes the usual division of power in the federal government (where Congress has the primary power to deal with Indian tribes), but also enhances the power of the Court to diminish the scope of tribal sovereignty.
The Direction Is Clear
At least two troubling aspects of the Court's treatment of the sovereign rights and powers of Indian tribes emerge from a look at the development of the doctrine of tribal sovereignty. First, the Court has moved away from the concept of intrinsic tribal sovereignty that predated the coming of the European conquerors, and has adopted the view that tribal sovereignty, and the concomitant freedom of the tribes from encroachments by the states, exists solely because Congress has chosen to confer some protections on the tribes.
Second, whatever the doctrinal underpinnings of tribal sovereignty may be, it is clear that the sovereignty of American Indian tribes has been progressively and systematically diminished by the actions of the federal government, including the Supreme Court.


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