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Freshwater mussels: western ridged mussel (Gonidea angulata)
(Bivalvia: Unionoida: Unionidae)
Profile and maps prepared by Sarina Jepsen, Caitlin LaBar, and Jennifer Zarnoch, The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation
Download a PDF of this species profile
The western ridged mussel (Gonidea angulata) is widely distributed from southern British Columbia to southern California, and can be found east to Idaho and Nevada. G. angulata inhabits cold creeks and streams from low to mid-elevations. Hardhead, Pit sculpin and Tule perch are documented fish hosts for G. angulata in northern California, although little is known about the fish species that serve as hosts for this mussel throughout other parts of its range.
G. angulata is sedentary as an adult and probably lives for 20-30 years, and thus can be an important indicator of habitat quality. G. angulata is a filter feeder that consumes plankton and other suspended solids, nutrients and contaminants from the water column. The large beds of G. angulata can improve water quality by reducing turbidity and controlling nutrient levels. Some Native American tribes historically harvested this animal and used it for food, tools and adornment.
Populations of G. angulata have likely been extirpated in central and southern California, and it has probably declined in abundance in numerous watersheds, including the Columbia and Snake River watersheds in Washington and Oregon. The western ridged mussel belongs to a monotypic genus and thus should be considered a high priority for conservation. Lack of information on the western ridged mussel's current and historical abundance and distribution, and a lack of understanding of which host fish species it uses will impede conservation efforts.
Figure 1. Photograph of Gonidea angulata shell exterior (above left) and interior (above right) © Ethan Jay Nedeau, reproduced from the field guide Freshwater Mussels of the Pacific Northwest (Nedeau et al. 2009).
Gonidea angulata belongs to a monotypic genus. This species is obovate to trapezoidal in shape and generally does not exceed five inches in length. It is slightly laterally compressed. The shell has an angular ridge that runs from the beak to the basal part of the posterior margin. The ventral margin is generally straight. The shell is heavier than that of other native freshwater mussels that overlap in range with G. angulata (Margaritifera falcata and Anodonta spp.). The periostracum is yellowish-brown to brown or black. The shell does not have rays or sculpturing. Lateral teeth are absent. The right valve has one pseudocardinal tooth and the left valve has either one small tooth or no teeth. The pseudocardinal teeth are small, compressed, and can be difficult to distinguish. The nacre is generally white, but can be salmon-colored in fresh specimens and pale blue toward the posterior margin and beak cavity. (Burch 1973, Clarke 1981, and Nedeau et al. 2009).
Taxonomic status
Gonidea angulata (Lea, 1838). The taxonomic status of this species is uncontested (Turgeon et al. 1998).
Type locality: "Lewis's River" (now interpreted as Snake River, Idaho, no specific locality) (reported in Taylor 1981).
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Bivalvia
Family: Unionidae
Genus: Gonidea
Species: Gonidea angulata
Freshwater mussels, including G. angulata, are filter feeders that consume phytoplankton and zooplankton suspended in the water. Gonidea angulata is a relatively slow growing and long lived species – perhaps living 20 to 30 years (COSEWIC 2003, Vannote and Minshall 1982). Low shear stress (shear stress is caused by fast flowing water over substrate), substrate stability, and flow refuges are important determinants of freshwater mussel survival (Vannote and Minshall 1982). G. angulata occurs on the bottom of streams, rivers and lakes with substrates that vary from gravel to firm mud, and include at least some sand, silt or clay (COSEWIC 2003). This species is more common on the eastern side of Oregon and Washington than the western side (pers. comm. with A. Smith, mussel workgroup meeting, 2008). It is generally associated with constant flow, shallow water (<3 m in depth), and well oxygenated substrates (COSEWIC 2003). This species is often present in areas with seasonally turbid streams, but absent from areas with continuously turbid water (i.e. glacial melt water streams) (Frest and Johannes 1992). In Idaho, G. angulata is abundant in areas with sand and gravel bars, and less abundant in more stable, boulder dominated reaches, suggesting that it can tolerate soft, fine sediments (Vannote and Minshall 1982). G. angulata generally occurs at low to mid elevations (Nedeau et al. 2009) and it may be more common at downstream sites than headwater sites, as seen in an eastern Oregon study (Brim Box et al. 2006). Many sites where this species has been found lack dense macrophyte beds. Typically, individuals of this species are found buried to at least half their length in fine substrate, with the posterior end facing upstream (COSEWIC 2003). G. angulata can occur in dense beds, with densities of ~575/m2 (Brim Box et al. 2006).
Reproduction and Host Fish Associations
Freshwater mussels, including G. angulata, require a host fish to reproduce and disperse. Because freshwater mussels are not able to move far on their own, their association with fish allows them to colonize new areas, or repopulate areas from which mussels have been extirpated. Fertilization occurs when female mussels inhale sperm through their incurrent siphon during the appropriate reproductive period. Eggs incubate and hatch into larvae, or glochidia, which are released into the water, either individually or in packets (called conglutinates). Glochidia will attach to fish and encyst in host fish tissues from 2-36 hours after they attach. Glochidia attach to host fish for a period of weeks to months. Once metamorphosed, juvenile mussels drop from their host fishes to the substrate. (McMahon and Bogan 2001).
Gravid G. angulata females have been found from late March through mid-July, and glochidia have been observed on fish from late March to early August (Spring Rivers 2007, COSEWIC 2003). Gonidea angulata glochidia are released in watery mucous and conglutinates are white, leaflike and joined in small groups at the dorsal end (Barnhart et al. 2008). Once glochidia are released, they attach to a fish host. In northern California, the release of glochidia apparently peaks in June, and the glochidia are probably excysted from fish primarily during the period from late June to late July (Spring Rivers 2007). The presence of glochidial host fish is necessary for the reproduction of mussel species. Although the entire suite of host fishes for G. angulata is not known, three native fish have been documented as hosts for G. angulata in northern California: hardhead (Mylopharodon conocephalus), Pit sculpin (Cottus pitensis), and tule perch (Hysterocarpus traski); these three species have been infested with G. angulata glochidia in the wild, and metamorphosis of the glochidia was observed (Spring Rivers 2007). The native Pit roach (Lavinia symmetricus mitrulus) and the non-native black crappie (Pomoxis nigromaculatus) may also serve as fish hosts for G. angulata in northern California – these fishes have been infested with G. angulata glochidia in the wild, but metamorphosis was not observed (Spring Rivers 2007).
Table 1. Documented fish hosts for Gonidea angulata from a study in the Pit River drainage of northern California (Spring Rivers 2007). In order to determine that a fish is a host for G. angulata, glochidial infestation of the fish must have been observed in the wild and metamorphosis of the glochidia must have been observed.
|Fish species
|Is fish species native to western U.S?
|Glochidia infestation observed on G. angulata (natural or artificial)
|Glochidia metamorphosis observed on G. angulata
|hardhead, Mylopharodon conocephalus
|Spring Rivers 2007
|Pit sculpin, Cottus pitensis
|Spring Rivers 2007
|tule perch, Hysterocarpus traski
|Spring Rivers 2007
Table 2. Potential fish hosts for Gonidea angulata. The fish species listed below may be host fishes for G. angulata, but glochidial metamorphosis has not been observed on these fish.
|Fish species
|Is fish species native to western U.S?
|Glochidia infestation observed on G. angulata (natural or artificial)
|Glochidia metamorphosis observed on G. angulata
|Pit roach, Lavinia symmetricus mitrulus
|Spring Rivers 2007
|black crappie, Pomoxis nigromaculatus
|Spring Rivers 2007
Gonidea angulata is broadly distributed in Washington, Oregon, California, Idaho, Nevada, possibly Montana (see Gangloff and Gustafson 2000), and southern British Columbia. The maps in Figures 2 and 3 illustrate watersheds that contain records of Gonidea angulata prior to 1985 (red) and records of G. angulata observed or collected after 1985 (blue). Watersheds that contain records with no date associated are displayed with diagonal hash-marks. One may conclude that G. angulata has been extirpated from watersheds with only historical records (red), but that assumption may be inaccurate if surveys have not been conducted in that watershed since 1985. To address this issue, we created a map of 'search effort' (Figure 3). Black dots represent locations where an individual searched for or collected any species of freshwater mussel. Of the thousands of mussel records and 'search effort' records that we received, we generally only had the capacity to map records that had geographic coordinates associated with them, which was a fraction of the total number of records. We also manuscripted some 'search effort' points in southern California and Arizona from geographic descriptions, since we considered those watersheds to be of high conservation priority for some species of freshwater mussels. The representation of search effort in Figure 3 represents an underestimate of the true search effort that has occurred since 1985.
Caution should be exercised in interpreting the maps below. It is problematic to conclude that a species is absent from an area that may have been searched only once. In addition, the 8-digit HUC watershed scale of the maps in figures 2 and 3 is too coarse to show declines that may have occurred in individual streams or rivers.
The maps below were created from thousands of records from the published literature, museum collections, unpublished reports, and state, tribal, nonprofit, retired and amateur biologists. Please contact firstname.lastname@example.com for more information about the records used to create these maps.
Figure 2. Map of watersheds containing historical (pre-1985, red) records of Gonidea angulata and more recent (post-1985, blue) records of G. angulata.
Figure 3. Map of watersheds containing historical (pre-1985, red) records of Gonidea angulata and more recent (post-1985, blue) records of G. angulata. Black dots indicate areas that have been surveyed for freshwater mussels since 1985.
Threats to G. angulata and other species of freshwater mussels in North America include: impoundments and loss of host fish, channel modification from channelization, dredging and mining, restoration activities, contamination, sedimentation, nutrient enrichment, water withdrawal and diversion, thermal pollution, livestock grazing in riparian areas, and the introduction of non-native fish and invertebrate species. Many of these impacts, especially a reduction in stream flow and thermal pollution in arid areas, are being exacerbated by climate change.
Impoundments and loss of host fish
Numerous freshwater mussel species in eastern North America have gone extinct as a direct result of dams (Vaughn and Taylor 1999, Watters 1996, Williams et al. 1992), which can change a water body's fish fauna, substrate composition, benthic community, water chemistry, dissolved oxygen levels and temperature (Bogan 1993). The elimination of a host fish species is likely the most harmful effect that dams have on freshwater mussels; Williams et al. (1992) report instances of 30-60 percent of a region's mussel fauna being extirpated as a result of dam construction. The most fragile part of a mussel's life cycle is its obligatory association with a host fish; in some cases, damming has extirpated a mussel species' obligate host fish and that, in conjunction with increased siltation and pollution, has led to a rapid decline in many species of freshwater mussels (Bogan 1993). Since the beginning of the 20th century, 5% of native North American fish fauna have gone extinct, and an additional 364 fish species are considered endangered, threatened, or of special concern (Williams et al. 1989). The host fishes utilized by G. angulata across its range are not well understood; this lack of information will certainly be an impediment to conserving this species.
In addition, the flow regime of a river is frequently altered by dams; researchers in northern California suggest that the unnatural pulses in stream discharge from dams (pulsed flows) have the ability to interfere with the reproductive success of freshwater mussels by reducing contact between glochidia and host fish and preventing settlement of juveniles after excystment, if pulsed flows occur during key periods of G. angulata's reproductive cycle (Spring Rivers 2007).
Hardhead, which has been identified as a host fish for G. angulata in northern California, is on the 'watchlist' for Species of Special Concern within the state of California because it is not as widespread or abundant as it once was (CA DFG 1995, Spring Rivers 2007).
Channel modification
Dredging and channelization
River channels are regularly dredged and modified for navigation, flood control, and drainage, which has led to the local extirpation of freshwater mussel populations in the southeastern U.S. (Bogan 1993). Sedentary mussels are directly displaced by dredging operations, and frequently killed in dredge spoils (Neves et al. 1997). Dredging and channelization increases erosion and sedimentation and destabilizes the substrate, which decreases habitat suitability for freshwater mussels (Neves et al. 1997). Dredging and channelization leads to headcutting, which also causes erosion and sedimentation (Hartfield 1993).
Instream mining of gravel and suction dredge mining for gold and other metals are common practices in the western U.S. Instream gravel mining removes substrate and leads to siltation downstream (Bogan 1993), which can directly and indirectly harm freshwater mussels. In a study investigating the impact of suction dredge mining on freshwater mussels in the Similkameen River in Washington state, Krueger et al. (2007) found that G. angulata died when covered with tailings from a suction dredge. However, another study by Vannote & Minshall (1982) reported that while large mussels of a different species (Margaritifera falcata) were unable to uncover themselves and perished when they were covered with sediment, G. angulata and small M. falcata were able to uncover themselves and migrate vertically.
Restoration Activities
Activities such as culvert removal, dam removal, and stream reconfiguration to restore aquatic habitat for salmonids have become very common, especially in the Pacific Northwest. Frequently, these activities are undertaken without considering the distribution or conservation needs of freshwater mussels occurring in those streams. These operations can involve temporary stream dewatering, movement of personnel and equipment in streams, and flushing of sediments – all of which could have a negative impact on the survival of mussel populations.
Flourishing populations of freshwater mussels are generally associated with high levels of dissolved oxygen and other conditions that are typical of unpolluted water bodies. Contaminants can destroy populations of freshwater mussels directly (by exerting toxic effects) and indirectly (by harming host fishes and/or food sources). (Havlik and Marking 1987). Many contaminants occur regularly in aquatic environments; for example, a study in the Columbia River documented that freshwater mussels belonging to another genus (Anodonta sp.) had a concentration of DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) from 14.9 ppb in spring to 2 ppb in fall and a concentration of PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls) of 35-160 µg/kg wet weight (Claeys et al. 1975). Pollution from papermills, chemical factories, steel mills, and tanneries has been implicated in the extirpation of freshwater mussel populations in the eastern U.S. in the first half of the 20th Century (Bogan 1993). A review by Havlik and Marking (1987) reported that the following aquatic contaminants are lethal to freshwater mussels at various concentrations: cadmium, copper sulfate, ammonia, potassium, chromium, arsenic trioxide, copper, and zinc. Cadmium was the most toxic at only 2 ppm (parts per million) and copper sulfate was found to be toxic at levels of 2-18.7 ppm. Long term exposure to copper sulfate was lethal to mussels at concentrations as low as 25 ppb (parts per billion). Ammonia, which is a common pollutant from agricultural fertilizers and municipal sewage, was found to be toxic to mussels at only 5 ppm. (Havlik and Marking 1987). In an Illinois river, no mussels were found in an area with ammonia concentrations that exceeded 6 ppm, and mussels began to appear downstream where ammonia concentrations were progressively lower (Starrett 1971).
Freshwater mussels can be valuable indicators of pollutants, since they are sedentary, occupy a low position on the food chain, frequently bioaccumulate heavy metals, pesticides, and other contaminants, and can be long-lived. Toxins in the shell are indicative of past exposure, whereas toxins in the soft tissues indicate more recent exposure. Because freshwater mussels frequently bioaccumulate contaminants, substances can be detected in their tissues that are too low in concentration to be detected in the surrounding water body.
Sedimentation and nutrient enrichment
Because freshwater mussels are filter feeders, they generally cannot handle high levels of siltation that come from agricultural runoff, silvicultural operations and headcutting (Bogan 1993). The EPA considers fifty percent of U.S. rivers and streams that were assessed to be impaired, primarily due to sedimentation, nutrient enrichment, contamination with pathogens and habitat alterations (U.S. EPA 2010).
Water withdrawal and diversion
Numerous streams in North America have been modified by water flow diversion and groundwater use (Dudley and Larson 1976). A review of the effects of artificially reduced stream flow on invertebrates and instream habitat revealed that these activities lead to increased sedimentation, decreased velocity, wetted width and depth, and can alter water temperature and chemistry (Dewson et al. 2007). These impacts generally reduce habitat diversity and alter invertebrate community composition (Dewson et al. 2007). Climate change is projected to exacerbate the impact of low stream flow on freshwater mussels. For example, stream flows have decreased at a rate of approximately 2% per decade for the past century in the Rocky Mountain region of the western U.S. as a result of climate change (Rood et al. 2005).
Thermal pollution
Increased water temperatures as a result of decreased streamflow, loss of riparian vegetation, and global climate change are likely to stress, and perhaps eradicate, G. angulata. In a study in Fall River Lake in northern California, Spring Rivers (2007) found that high water temperatures (27.3°C or 81.1°F) and low water levels (<1 meter) may have caused the abortion of egg masses and premature onset of a non-gravid period that they observed in another genus of freshwater mussel (Anodonta), and note that thermal stress has caused abortion in other freshwater mussel species (Aldridge and McIvor 2003).
Livestock grazing in riparian areas
Livestock grazing in and near streams degrades the high water quality that freshwater mussels require for survival. Freshwater mussels generally require high levels of dissolved oxygen (Voshell 2002), yet the presence of livestock has been shown to increase eutrophication in water bodies (Mathews et al. 1994), which in turn can reduce levels of dissolved oxygen in water. Livestock tend to remain near streams because water, shade and forage abound (Strand & Merritt 1999), which exacerbates the impact of cattle on aquatic communities. Cattle grazing in riparian areas frequently leads to headcutting, which can increase sedimentation in the water body – a condition that freshwater mussels generally cannot handle (Bogan 1993). Grazing and trampling of riparian vegetation also increases water temperatures; high water temperatures may impede the ability of freshwater mussels to survive.
Introduction of non-native species
The nonnative asian clam (Corbicula fluminea) is widespread in water bodies in western North America and may compete with native mussels (Clarke 1988), directly consume glochidia and impact nutrient cycling (Leff et al. 1990, Strayer 1999, Vaughn and Spooner 2006).
The zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) and quagga mussel (Dreissena rostriformis bugensis) aggressively compete with native mussels, although they are less widespread in western North America than the asian clam. West of the Continental Divide, zebra and/or quagga mussels currently occur in waterbodies in Nevada, Arizona, California, Colorado and Utah. Zebra and quagga mussels can attach directly to the shells of native freshwater mussels and impede their ability to feed (Mackie 1991, Schloesser et al. 1996, Strayer 1999, Strayer and Malcolm 2007). They have free-swimming larvae that do not require a host fish to reproduce, and thus have a high reproductive advantage over native freshwater mussels.
Many species of non-native fish have been introduced into western North America, primarily for sport fishing, which has led to the reduction or elimination of native fish species (Moyle et al. 1986, Rinne and Turner 1991, Andersen and Deacon 1996). In the Great Basin alone, fifty non-native fish species have been intentionally introduced (Sada & Vinyard 2002). Although the full suite of host fishes used by G. angulata is unknown, it is possible that host fish species that G. angulata relies upon are being displaced by nonnative, less suitable host fish.
Xerces Red List Status: Vulnerable
NatureServe Global Status (2007): G3 – Vulnerable
NatureServe National Status: United States (2004)-N3, Canada (2006)-N1
NatureServe State Status (2009): S1S2 (CA), S2S3 (OR), SNR (ID), SNR (NV), S2 (WA)
NatureServe Provincial Status – Canada (2009): S1 (BC)
IUCN Red List: N/A
USA – Endangered Species Act: N/A
Canada – Canadian Species At Risk Act (2005): SC
Canada – Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (2010): Endangered
American Fisheries Society Status (1993): Undetermined
NatureServe indicates that G. angulata has both a global short term trend of declining (10-30%) and a global long term trend of declining (25% change to 50% decline) (NatureServe 2009).
Species that are long-lived, such G. angulata, which likely lives for 20-30 years, can appear to have healthy populations, when in reality only the older adults may be withstanding environmental changes and the population may no longer be reproducing. This species has been extirpated from many sites in the Snake and Columbia River basins due to environmental degradation (Brim Box et al. 2006, COSEWIC 2003, Frest and Johannes 1995), although the extent of the decline in those areas is not well understood, as historical abundance data is generally lacking.
United States
California ranks G. angulata as S1S2, or critically imperiled/imperiled within the state. Taylor (1981) suggested that G. angulata has likely been extirpated from southern California and most of the Central Valley. Coney (1993) reports that G. angulata historically occurred in Ballona Creek and the Santa Ana River in the Los Angeles River Basin, but was unable to find any living specimens in surveys. J. Howard conducted extensive field surveys throughout California in 2008 and 2009, including visits to historic sites, and confirmed that G. angulata has been extirpated from southern California (Western Mollusk Sciences 2008, Howard 2010). G. angulata still persists in northern California; J. Howard notes that most sites do not have dense beds with the exception of one site on the upper Pit River in the Modoc National Forest and some sites on the Klamath River (Howard 2010).
The state of Idaho has assigned a conservation status rank of S2, or imperiled, to G. angulata. G. angulata were found in low abundance (1-10/m2) on the Snake River downstream of the Hells Canyon Dam (Richards et al. 2005). Frest and Johannes (2000) note that G. angulata is locally common in the Snake River plain, but decreasing in abundance, and should be monitored carefully in Idaho. The species is known historically (pre-1985) from the Boise, Little Salmon, Malad, Salmon, Snake, Spokane, and Weiser Rivers. Since 1985, it has been found in the Bruneau, Jarbridge, Malad, Snake, and Salmon Rivers. (Xerces freshwater mussel database 2010). Historic sites in Idaho should be revisited to assess the conservation status of G. angulata in the state.
The state of Montana has not assigned a conservation status rank to G. angulata. It is unknown whether G. angulata historically occurred in Montana. There is an historic record from the Columbia River in western Montana, although the Columbia River is not in Montana. Some have suggested that this record may have been from the Clark Fork River or Kootenai River in the Columbia River headwaters, although G. angulata does not currently occur in either of those locations. There are two possibilities: 1) that this record was mistaken and G. angulata never occurred in Montana, or 2) that G. angulata historically occurred in western Montana, but has been extirpated. (Gangloff and Gustafson 2000).
The state of Nevada has not assigned a conservation status rank to G. angulata. This species occurs in the northeastern part of the state, in the Owyhee, Salmon and Humboldt Rivers. Few historic records exist from the state and little is known about this species' status where it occurs.
The state of Oregon has assigned a conservation status rank of S2S3, or imperiled/vulnerable, to G. angulata. Numerous historic and more recent records exist for this species throughout Oregon, although there has not been a systematic effort to resurvey historic sites for this species across the state. Brim Box et al. (2006) report that freshwater mussels – including G. angulata – have been extirpated from most of the main stem of the Umatilla River, and currently only occur in the lower reaches. J. Brim Box (pers. comm. 2010) reports observing a mussel kill in entire beds of G. angulata in the John Day River, where the mussels occur at a density of ~500/m2 and appear to be dying in place and remaining upright.
The state of Washington has assigned a conservation status rank of S2, or imperiled, to G. angulata. An extensive decline of G. angulata has been observed in the Little Spokane River over four decades; a healthy population existed at one site on the river in 1968 and throughout the 1970s, but by 2000, only a single mussel remained in that location (WDFW database and B. Lang, pers. comm. with S. Jepsen, 8 November 2009). Terry Frest noted that G. angulata was apparently extirpated from the Wenatchee and Yakima Rivers (reported in person by J. Fleckenstein, WA DNR, in Mussel workgroup meeting, 2008). There are numerous historic and more recent records of G. angulata in Washington.
British Columbia
The province of British Columbia has assigned a conservation status rank of S1, or critically imperiled, to G. angulata. The species only occurs in the southernmost part of the province. According to a Canadian national status report for G. angulata, in many locations only large individuals of this species are found, suggesting that it is not reproducing in certain areas (COSEWIC 2003).
Conservation needs
Since G. angulata belongs to a monotypic genus and is in serious decline, it is a high priority for conservation action. The glochidial host-fish species, once identified, should be protected. Populations of G. angulata should be protected and threats (listed above) should be addressed in areas where G. angulata beds occur.
Research needs
Much more information is needed to understand the current distribution of G. angulata. Sites that historically contained G. angulata should be revisited to determine if the species is still extant at those sites (similar to the California study detailed in Howard 2010). Populations of G. angulata should be censused to provide abundance data and enable biologists to monitor population statuses over time. The age class structure of existing G. angulata populations should be examined to determine whether or not populations are reproducing. Biologists should investigate which fish species serve as glochidial hosts for G. angulata.
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Luzier, C. and S. Miller. 2009. Freshwater Mussel Relocation Guidelines. A product of the Pacific Northwest Native Freshwater Mussel Workgroup. Available online: http://www.xerces.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/mussel-relocation-position-statement.pdf (Accessed 22 October 2010).
Mackie, G.L. 1991. Biology of the exotic zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha, in relation to native bivalves and its potential impact in Lake St. Claiar. Hydrobiologia 219: 251-268.
Mathews, B.W., L.E. Sollenberger, V.D. Nair, and C.R. Staples. 1994. Impact of Grazing Management on Soil Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, and Sulfur Distribution. Journal of Environmental Quality 23: 1006-1013.
McMahon, R.F. and A.E. Bogan. 2001. Mollusca: Bivalvia. In Thorp, J.H. and A.P. Covich (Eds.) Ecology and Classification of North American Freshwater Invertebrates. 2nd Edition. Pp. 331-429. Academic Press.
Moyle, P.B., H.W. Li, and B.A. Barton. 1986. The Frankenstein Effect: Impact of Introduced Fishes on Native Fishes in North America. In R.H. Stroud, editor, Fish Culture in Fisheries Management, pages 415-426. Bethesda, Maryland: American Fisheries Society.
NatureServe. 2009. NatureServe Explorer: An online encyclopedia of life [web application]. Version 7.1. NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia. Available http://www.natureserve.org/explorer. (Accessed: December 17, 2009 ).
Nedeau, E. J., A. K. Smith, J. Stone and S. Jepsen. 2009. Freshwater Mussels of the Pacific Northwest Second Edition. The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation. 51 pp.
Neves, R.J., A.E. Bogan, J.D. Williams, S.A. Ahlstedt, and P.W. Hartfield. 1997. Status of Aquatic Mollusks in the Southeastern United States: A Downward Spiral of Diversity. Chapter 3 In: Aquatic Fauna in Peril: The Southeastern Perspective. Eds: G.W. Benz and D.E. Collins. Special Publication I, Southeast Aquatic Research Institute, Lenz Design and Communications, Decatur, GA. 554 pages.
Richards, D.C., C.M. Falter, G.T. Lester, and R. Myers. 2005. Responses to FERC Additional Information Request AR-2, Listed Mollusks. Hells Canyon Project FERC No. P-1971-079. Idaho Power Company.
Rinne, J.N. and P.R. Turner 1991. Reclamation and Alteration of Management Techniques, and a Review of Methodology in Stream Renovation. In W.L. Minckley and J.E. Deacon, Editors, Battle against Extinction: Native Fish Management in the American West, pages 219-244. Tucson, Arizona: University of Arizona Press.
Rood, S.B., G.M. Samuelson, J.K. Weber, and K.A. Wywrot. 2005. Twentieth-century decline in streamflows from the hydrographic apex of North America. Journal of Hydrology 306:215-233.
Sada, D.W.; Vinyard, G.L. 2002. Anthropogenic changes in historical biogeography of Great Basin aquatic biota. In: Hershler, R.; Madsen, D.B.; Currey, D., eds. Great Basin Aquatic Systems History. Smithsonian Contributions to the Earth Sciences No. 33: 277-295.
Schloesser, D.W., T.F. Nalepa, and G.L. Mackie. 1996. Zebra mussel infestation of unionid bivalves (Unionidae) in North America. American Zoologist 36: 300-310.
Spring Rivers. 2007. Reproductive Timing of Freshwater Mussels and Potential Impacts of Pulsed Flows on Reproductive Success. California Energy Commission. PIER Energy-Related Environmental Research Program. CEC-500-2007-097.
Starrett, W.C. 1971. A survey of the mussels (Unionacea) of the Illinois River: a polluted stream. Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin 30(5): 267-403.
Strand, M. and R.W. Merritt.1999. Impacts of cattle grazing activities on stream insect communities and the riverine environment. American entomologist 45: 13-29.
Strayer, D.L. 1999. Effects of alien species on freshwater mollusks in North America. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 18:74-98.
Strayer, D.L. and H.M. Malcom. 2007. Effects of zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) on native bivalves: the beginning of the end or the end of the beginning? Journal of the North American Benthological Society 26(1): 111-122.
Taylor, D.W. 1981. Freshwater mollusks of California: a distributional checklist. California Fish and Game 67:140-163.
Turgeon, D.D., J.F. Quinn, Jr., A.E. Bogan, E.V. Coan, F.G. Hochberg, W.G. Lyons, P.M. Mikkelsen, R.J. Neves, C.F.E. Roper, G. Rosenberg, B. Roth, A. Scheltema, F.G. Thompson, M. Vecchione, and J.D. Williams. 1998. Common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the United States and Canada: Mollusks. 2nd Edition. American Fisheries Society Special Publication 26, Bethesda, Maryland: 526 pp.
U.S. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). 2010. Watershed Assessment, Tracking & Environmental Results. National Summary of State Information. available online at: http://iaspub.epa.gov/waters10/attains_nation_cy.control (accessed 23 April 2010).
Vannote, R.L., and G.W. Minshall. 1982. Fluvial processes and local lithology controlling abundance, structure, and composition of mussel beds. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 79:4103-4107.
Vaughn, C.C. and C.M. Taylor. 1999. Imoundments and the Decline of Freshwater Mussels: a Case Study of an Extinction Gradient. Conservation Biology 13(4): 912-920.
Vaughn, C.C. and D.E. Spooner. 2006. Scale-dependent associations between native freshwater mussels and invasive Corbicula. Hydrobiologia 568:331-339.
Voshell, J.R. 2002. A Guide to Common Freshwater Invertebrates of North America. The McDonald & Woodward Publishing Company, Blacksburg, Virginia. 442pp.
Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife (WDFW) database of freshwater mussel records. 2009. Managed by Molly Hallock.
Watters, G.T. 1996. Small dams as barriers to freshwater mussels (Bivalvia, Unionoida) and their hosts. Biological Conservation 75:79-85.
Western Mollusk Sciences. 2008. Strategic inventory of freshwater mussels in the northern Sierra Nevada province. Report to the USDA Forest Service. Pacific Southwest Region. 65 pp.
Williams, J.E., J.E. Johnson, D.A. Hendrickson, S. Contreras-Balderas, J.D. Williams, M. Navarro-Mendoza, D.E. McAllister, and J.E. Deacon. 1989. Fishes of North America Endangered, Threatened, or of Special Concern: 1989. Fisheries, 14(6):2-20.
Williams, J.D., S.L.H. Fuller, and R. Grace. 1992. Effects of Impoundments on Freshwater Mussels (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Unionidae) in the Main Channel of the Black Warrior and Tombigbee Rivers in Western Alabama. Bulletin of the Alabama Museum of Natural History 13:1-10.
Xerces Society Database of Freshwater Mussel Records. 2010. The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation.
Personal communication
Jayne Brim Box (Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation Mussel Project), 2010
John Fleckenstein (Washington Department of Natural Resources), 2008
Bruce Lang, 2009
Al Smith (retired), 2008
Pacific Northwest Native Freshwater Mussel Workgroup, accessed February, 2010
NatureServe Explorer, accessed February, 2010
E-Fauna BC, accessed February, 2010
Freshwater Mussel relocation guidelines, Pacific Northwest Native Freshwater Mussel Workgroup, accessed October, 2010
Numerous agencies and organizations generously contributed their records to this project. We would especially like to thank the Pacific Northwest Native Freshwater Workgroup, the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation Mussel Project, Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Utah Division of Wildlife Resources Native Aquatics Program, and the U.S. Forest Service. We would like to thank the following individuals for sharing large amounts of information for this project: Jayne Brim Box (Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation), Molly Hallock (WDFW), Peter Hovingh (retired), Jeanette Howard (Western Mollusk Sciences), Ed Johannes (Deixis Consultants), Shelly Miller (ODFW), Karen Mock (Utah State University), Al Smith (retired), and Wendy Walsh (retired).
This project would not have been possible without the generous contribution of records or other information from the following individuals: Aaron David, Al Smith, Alan Cvancara, Andra Love, Art Bass, Bob Brenner, Bob Wisseman, Brett Blundon, Brian Lang, Bruce Lang, Carol Evans, Carol Gelvin-Reymiller, Carol Hughes, Christine O'Brien, Chuti Fiedler, Cynthia Tait, Dale Swedberg, Darcy McNamara, David Cowles, David Kennedy, David Plawman, David Wolf, Donna Allard, Donna Nez, Dorene MacCoy, Doug Post, Ed Johannes, Emily Davis, Fred Schueler, Gary Lester, Gordon Edwards, Jason Dunham, Jayne Brim-Box, Jeanette Howard, Jeff Gottfried, Jeff Sorenson, Jennifer Parsons, Jennifer Vanderhoof, Joanne Richter, Joe Furnish, Joe Slusark, Jon Ives, Karen Mock, Kathy Thornburgh, Keith Benson, Kevin Aitkin, Kevin Cummings, Larry Dalton, Larry Scofield, Lea Gelling, Lee Cain, Linda Ward, Lisa Torunski, Lorrie Haley, Maria Ellis, Mark LaRiviere, Mark Mouser, Mary Hanson, Michelle McSwain, Michelle Steg-Geltner, Mike Mulvey, Mindy Allen, Molly Hallock, Nancy Duncan, Paul Pickett, Peter Bahls, Peter Hovingh, Ray Heller, Ray Kinney, Ray Perkins, Ray Temple, Rolland Schmitten, Roy Iwai, Ryan Houston, Ryan Merle, Shanda McGraw, Shelly Miller, Stephen Conroy, Steve Lysne, Steve Sampfli, Steve Smith, Terry Myers, Tom Burke, Tom Watters, Trevor Swanson, Wendy Walsh and Yvonne Colfax.
Funding for the status assessment of western freshwater mussels was provided by the following foundations and individuals:
New-Land Foundation
Maki Foundation
Whole Systems Foundation
PGE Salmon Habitat Fund
Xerces Society members


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NBC's official Olympic website describes Australia as located in central Europe:
Located in central Europe, bordered to the north by Germany and the Czech Republic, to the west by Switzerland and Liechtenstein, to the south by Italy and Slovenia, and to the east by Hungary and Slovakia. Is primarily mountainous with the Alps and foothills covering the western and southern provinces.
And people have been pointing it out for at least a day, and NBC is sticking to its story.
Which is awesome.
I really like how detailed they are with the description. Their interns may not know the difference between Australia and Austria, but they sure are thorough.
via Stephen Lau and Daniel Raffel.

subset: commoncrawl


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The Henry County Mustangs played in the Baseball Bonanza Tournament in Georgetown Aug. 4 and 5. They won all 5 games and captured first place. The Mustangs hit 11 home runs and scored 49 runs. Bryce Jackson, Jaydon Berry and Bobby Crisp were the first three hitters in the line-up and had 30 hits in 40 at-bats for a .750 batting percentage throughout the tournament. Jaydon Berry led the team in hitting with 4 home runs, he also pitched 9 innings, striking out 19 batters and winning two games.
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Final petition of the Advocate-General, Case C-229/09, Jodosulfuron, June 17, 2010, by dr. Christopher Brückner, Bardehle & Pagenberg
The German Patent Court has asked the Court of Justice of the European Union on the interpretation of Art. 3(1)(b) of Council Regulation 1610/96 regarding the creation of a supplementary protection certificate for plant protection products. This reference is Case C- 229/09 Rechtsanwaltssozietät Lovells vs. Bayer CropScience AG (jodosulfuron). The main question in this case is, whether an SPC can be granted already from receipt of a preliminary marketing approval in the sense of Article 8 paragraph 1 of Guideline 91/414/EWG, or only from receipt of a final approval in the sense of Article 4 of same Guideline.
Read the entire contribution here.
Read the previous post on this case here.


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How We Evaluate Applications
As a public law school, the University of California, Hastings College of the Law has a mission to educate lawyers who will serve the legal needs of all members of society. The College therefore seeks to admit and enroll students whose intellectual capacity, life experience, creativity, and personal character will enable them successfully to complete their legal education, contribute to the education of their classmates, and continue UC Hastings' venerable legacy of producing leaders of the bar, the private sector, and the government.
Given the large volume of applications the College receives each year, the admissions process at UC Hastings is highly selective. In making admissions decisions, the College gives substantial weight to numeric criteria that demonstrate prior academic achievement and which may predict academic success in law school. These numeric criteria include undergraduate and graduate grade point averages and Law School Admissions Test (LSAT) scores.
However, since these numeric measures are not by themselves sufficient for determining whether an applicant will assist the College in meeting its mission, the Admissions Office also considers a variety of non-quantitative criteria. These criteria include letters of recommendation, the personal statement, academic honors and awards, the rigor and difficulty of the applicant's course of study, communications skills, work experience, public service, and significant achievement in other non-academic activities.
Since the College believes a diverse student body enriches the quality of legal education and best prepares our students to address the multifarious needs of an pluralistic society, the Admissions Office also considers whether the applicant is among the first in his or her family to attend university, is a member of groups that have been underrepresented in law school and the legal profession, comes from a unique geographical or educational background, or has experienced significant medical, personal, educational, or other adversity. (Please see information on LEOP.)
Successful applicants to UC Hastings do an excellent job crafting their applications in ways that shed light on the aforementioned qualities the College seeks in its student body. For tips and suggestions on how best to prepare a law school application, visit the information provided by LSAC at http://www.lsac.org/jd/applying-to-law-school/overview. The Admissions Office also encourages you to you to visit us, attend an information session, or meet one of the admissions staff on the road.
To arrange a visit to the law school, please call the Admissions Office at (415) 565-4623, 9:00 a.m.-4:00 p.m. (Pacific Time), Monday through Friday or send an e-mail to firstname.lastname@example.com.


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4-0 coonasses
4-3 Demons (I think that's their mascot)
So are all people from Louisiana coonasses? I thought it was just LSU folks who were coonasses. What about La-Monroe? Are they coonasses too? And are only LSU folks "corndogs"?
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Advanced Reviewer
SelectScience Members can achieve membership status by writing product reviews. This helps other members to better understand the Reviewer's experience and expertise.
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Here's to another "Who Cares?" NBA Finals!
Phil Jackson's back as the Lakers coach.Wow. Not real thrilled about that...
My view with Phil is Jordan/Pippen and Shaq/Kobe never won anything until he got there.
Congrats to the Spurs for holding on to beat Detroit.Congrats to Tim (I'd pick him before I drafted Kobe) Duncan on his 3rd title and his third Finals MVP.
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Local – fast appointments – we come to you – day, evening and weekends – cost effective option – approved will writing service
Overseas Property Wills Toddington
Wills play an important role in everybody's life. This is because they provide a type of reassurance. The person making the will is assured that his estate will go to the right person. The will is a written agreement and makes an individual aware that how the property is going to be distributed. A will makes sure that the people near to you get their due share in your property. A will ensures that the future of your near and dear ones is safeguarded.
Let's do a quick swot up on overseas property wills. Well, what is an overseas property will? Overseas property Toddington will refers to a will which is made in a particular country and covers property located in other country. An executioner has to be chosen by the person making the will. An executioner is an individual who is the one dealing with property of the deceased. There can be as many executors as one wants, but according to the grant of probate, there has to be only four executors.
Till a few years back, clients were asked to create a separate will in the nation there assets were situated in. The basic reason for this was that different countries have different succession rules. The name of these set of rules is 'Forced Heir Rules'.
From 17th of August, 2015, a new parameter set up by EU known as Brussels IV came into adherence. This means that this rule will be regulated on people who expire following 17th August 2015. These rules will be will be abides by 25 EU countries.
All this summarizes to the fact that if you hold a property in EU and possess a British passport, then the will apply to properties in UK.
Assets are basically distinguished as two-liquid and fixed. The movable asset such as cash, money etc. are counted as liquid and the immovable ones such as land, building etc. are counted as the fixed assets. Let's take an example. Suppose you hold a passport belonging to Britain, and have property abroad, then no will is needed to cover those assets. During such situations, the inheritance law of the country where the property is located is applies.
In such a scenario one may need to make a detached will in the country the estate or the property is situated. One needs to hire a legal advisor of the country the property is situated in.
Excellent Job
I was a little worried about the cost of preparing my will, but I managed to call these people and I'm happy that I did. They charge minimal rates and they did all the hard work. Brilliant people.


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Table of contents:
The phrase "fault tolerance" means many things to many
people. Typical definitions range from user processes dumping vital
state to disk periodically to checkpoint/restart of running processes
to elaborate recreate-process-state-from-incremental-pieces schemes to
... (you get the idea).
In the scope of Open MPI, we typically define "fault tolerance" to
mean the ability to recover from one or more component failures in a
well defined manner with either a transparent or application-directed
mechanism. Component failures may exhibit themselves as a corrupted
transmission over a faulty network interface or the failure of one or
more serial or parallel processes due to a processor or node failure.
Open MPI strives to provide the application with a consistent system
view while still providing a production quality, high performance
Yes, that's pretty much as all-inclusive as possible -- intentionally
so! Remember that in addition to being a production-quality MPI
implementation, Open MPI is also a vehicle for research. So while
some forms of "fault tolerance" are more widely accepted and used,
others are certainly of valid academic interest.
Open MPI plans on supporting the following fault tolerance
The Open MPI team will not limit their fault tolerance techniques to
those mentioned above, but intend on extending beyond them in the
Yes. The v1.3 series was the first release series of Open MPI to include
support for the transparent, coordinated checkpointing and restarting of MPI
processes (similar to LAM/MPI).
Open MPI supports both the the BLCR
checkpoint/restart system and a "self" checkpointer that allows
applications to perform their own checkpoint/restart functionality while taking
advantage of the Open MPI checkpoint/restart infrastructure.
For both of these, Open MPI provides a coordinated checkpoint/restart protocol
and integration with a variety of network interconnects including shared memory,
Ethernet, InfiniBand, and Myrinet.
The implementation introduces a series of new frameworks and
components designed to support a variety of checkpoint and restart
techniques. This allows us to support the methods described above
(application-directed, BLCR, etc.) as well as other kinds of
checkpoint/restart systems (e.g., Condor, libckpt) and protocols
(e.g., uncoordinated, message induced).
Note: The
checkpoint/restart support was last released as part of the v1.6
series. The v1.7 series and the Open MPI master do not support this
functionality (most of the code is present in the repository, but it
is known to be non-functional in most cases). This feature is looking
for a maintainer. Interested parties should inquire on the developers
mailing list.
The end-to-end MPI message data reliability work is being actively
developed on the git master (i.e., reliable message passing over
unreliable networks). See this FAQ entry
for more details.
The coordinated checkpoint and restart process fault tolerance work is
currently available on the Open MPI development master and in the v1.3
release series. For more information about how to use this feature see
the following websites:
For information on the Fault Tolerant MPI prototype in Open MPI see the
links below:
The current release of Open MPI does not support end-to-end
data reliability in message passing any more than the underlying
network already guarantees. Future releases of Open MPI will include
explicit data reliability support (i.e., more functionality than is
provided by the underlying network).
Specifically, the data reliability ("dr") PML component (available
on the master, but not yet in a stable release) assumes that the
underlying network is unreliable. It can drop / restart connections,
retransmit corrupted or lost data, etc. The end effect is that data
sent through MPI API functions will be guaranteed to be reliable.
For example, if you're using TCP as a message transport, chances of
data corruption are fairly low. However, other interconnects do not
guarantee that data will be uncorrupted when traveling across the
network. Additionally, there are nonzero possibilities that data can
be corrupted while traversing PCI buses, etc. (some corruption errors
at this level can be caught/fixed, others cannot). Such errors are
not uncommon at high altitudes (!).
Note that such added reliability does incur a performance cost --
latency and bandwidth suffer when Open MPI performs the consistency
checks that are necessary to provide such guarantees.
Many clusters/networks will not need data reliability. But some do
(e.g., those operating at high altitudes). The dr PML is intended for
environments where reliability is an issue; users are willing to
tolerate slightly slower applications in order to guarantee that their
job does not crash (or worse, produce wrong answers).


text:
ST. PETERSBURG, Fla. (AP) — For tourism in Florida, 2013 was a record year.
Tourism in the Sunshine State increased by 3.5 percent in 2013 compared with the prior year, with about 94.7 million people visiting Florida in 2013.
Gov. Rick Scott announced last year's numbers Friday at Universal Orlando Resort, where nearly 3,500 new jobs are expected to be created this year. Universal Orlando is building the Wizarding World of Harry Potter Diagon Alley, adding a new hotel and expanding the CityWalk entertainment complex.
Visit Florida, the state's tourism arm, said the number of direct, travel-related jobs also was at a record high: 1,088,200 Floridians employed in the industry, a 2.9 percent increase from 2012.
Scott said he is proposing that the Florida Legislature boost Visit Florida's budget by 57 percent to $100 million.


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Strangers, The (UK - BD)
Leigh Riding has a stab at reviewing the recent Universal chiller on Blu-Ray Disc
After an unsuccessful marriage proposal at a party, Kristen McKay (Liv Tyler) and her partner James Hoyt (Scott Speedman) return to his father's remote home. After much suggestion of a trouble, the couple are startled in the early hours when a mysterious girl turns knocks on their door. Rather dismissively, they send the girl on her way. However, this proves disastrous, as the girl's anonymous masked 'family' arrive to terrorise the couple without motive, trapping Kristen and James in a domestic prison, and plunging them into a night of hell.
Much like the majority of the people who saw the advertising for The Strangers, I was drawn in by the claim that the film was 'inspired by true events'. Of course, now that the claims to fact have been revealed to be incredibly tenuous, we can move away from the vaguely fraudulent concept behind the film and view it as a far simpler psychological horror movie. Unfortunately, with the implied ring of truth removed from the film, what remains seems far more mundane and hollow, although the movie is far from redundant.
There's no denying the fact that The Strangers is largely plot-less. The first twenty or thirty minutes is low on narrative and high on conversation, and when the siege begins, the widely known lack of motive of the assailants robs the film and the viewer of a satisfying payoff. Having said that, it's obvious that the filmmakers are far more interested in creating atmosphere than they are in creating a plot driven exercise. This is an area where The Strangers undeniably excels.
While Tyler and Speedman do a far better job than one might expect given they have so little to work with, and the Strangers (particularly 'Daddy Stranger') appearing very ominous despite having little to no dialogue, it's safe to say that sound design and cinematography create a good deal of the scares and chills in the film. The shift in tone from the warming, glowing browns of the childhood home, to the dirty orange hellishness the house becomes is seamless, and the long, steady shots of a Stranger lurking motionlessly in the shadows while Tyler carries on about her business obliviously are oddly unsettling.
Sound design is The Strangers' friend. While the odd creaks and bumps create stock scares, it's the scratching and banging at the walls and doors that get the pulse racing; there is a simple scene where a Stranger throws a mud ball against a window that made me jump higher than any other horror film I've seen in the last six months or so. Effective sound design can save the most mundane horror; off the top of my head, I can think of Feast and Darkness Falls as examples of films where superior sound design raises an otherwise deeply average chiller's spook factor twofold.
Without the miracles of post production, The Strangers would be a very average film indeed. The problem with the film is that it feels largely pointless. The lack of modus operandi is what ultimately makes the film less successful in its execution than for instance its nearest relative, last year's (in my opinion) underrated and superior Vacancy. There is quite a difference between lack of motive and lack of purpose, and The Strangers, with its single-minded narrative and oddly neutered denouement, leaves the viewer feeling rather uninvolved. As a result, the film moves away from the superior chiller it could have been, and into the superbly crafted yet empty and uninvolving oddity that will be appreciated by viewers, but not necessarily embraced by them.
The 1080p 2.35:1 image Universal offer here is pretty strong. Despite occasionally coming across as a little soft in places, there is little evidence of grain, although I'll always take slight grain if it means I'll get sharper images. The lighting scheme is treated well by BD, with the muted indoor lighting pushing the ominous feel strongly. Black levels are nice and deep, but do not lose the shapes of the Strangers when they drift by in the shadows. Once daybreak finally comes around, the brightness of the image is suitably startling. Despite the relative softness, the image impresses.
As I said before, sound design is The Strangers's friend, and the 5.1 DTS-HD Master Audio track serves the film superbly. The effects on display here elevate the film no end, and really make the thing worth watching at least once. The sound design builds as the film progresses, starting with tapping and creaks from outside, and builds as time goes on until it feels as though the whole building is rumbling, ratcheting the tension up to high levels. There is some effective 'jump' bass in there too. That is until the Strangers are skulking inside the house in the shadows, and the track becomes eerily quiet and still. Surrounds are superbly utilised, and on the whole the track makes The Strangers a film to watch at least once.
After seeing what treats Universal offer on their BDs, I have to say the supplemental material is very disappointing. Missing the interactive elements that finally sold me on Blu-ray, this would be a poor set of extras on a standard DVD. 'The Elements of Terror' is a rather dull puff piece that gives on set interviews with the cast and crew, plus an all too brief look at the audio design. Also included are some rather redundant deleted scenes and a link to BD-Live. It's also worth noting that there's an option to play either theatrical or extended versions of the film. Overall, rather poor for a new film.
Despite the fairly fraudulent claims to reality, anorexic plot and a DOA first act that is supposed to build characters the writer didn't bother to build, The Strangers isn't without merits. What the viewer loses out on in depth, narrative drive and characters to invest in, it gains in pure production craftsmanship. The effective mood, tension building and jump scares elevate the film to at least a curious watch. However, if you want something you can invest in more, with a stronger plot and better character work and like the sound of this, perhaps the similar but slightly better Vacancy would be a better alternative.
* Note: The above images are taken from the Blu-ray release and resized for the page.
Review by Leigh Riding
Suitable only for persons of 15 years and over
Disc Details
Release Date: 26th December 2008
Discs: 1
Disc Type: Blu-ray Disc
RCE: No
Video: 1080p
Aspect: 2.35:1
Anamorphic: No
Colour: Yes
Audio: DTS-HD Master Audio 5.1 English, DTS 5.1 French, DTS 5.1 Spanish
Subtitles: English SDH, French, Spanish
Extras: The Element of Terror, Deleted Scenes, BD-Live
Easter Egg: No
Feature Details
Director: Bryan Bertino
Cast: Liv Tyler, Scott Speedman, Kip Weeks, Gemma Ward, Laura Margolis
Genre: Horror
Length: 88 minutes
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This collection of essays by distinguished pulp-fiction aficionados chronicles the era of single-character magazines from offbeat angles and with keen insight. The pieces herein analyze key stories and characters while offering rare, behind-the-scenes glimpses of authors and editors at work, crafting and polishing the pulp-paper fever dreams that enthralled millions of young readers during the Great Depression, World War II, and beyond.
Ed Hulse, editor of Blood 'n' Thunder, the award-winning journal of adventure, mystery and melodrama, has assembled these affectionate essays with loving care and a discerning eye for the high-water marks in this phase of American popular culture.
This third volume of Blood 'n' Thunder Presents, like its predecessors, is profusely illustrated with pulp-magazine covers and original artwork.
220 Pages


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The MINI Convertible stands out in all the right ways. For one thing, the electrically-powered soft top folds up quietly and smoothly in 18 seconds flat – at speeds of up to 18mph. As well as folding up or down, you can also opt for sunroof mode, which lets the breeze in.
Let the MINI Convertible unlock your next open-aired, open-ended adventure. Give into spontaneity. Drop the top. Hit the road. And feel the wind flow through your hair.


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Aircraft Structural Repairer (15G)
- Enlisted
- Officer
- Active Duty
- Army Reserve
- Entry Level
The aircraft structural repairer is primarily responsible for supervising and performing maintenance on aircraft structures. With hundreds of Army missions depending on airplanes and helicopters, they must ensure that all of them are safe and ready to fly.
Job Duties
- Repair/replace aircraft structural components according to drawings, blueprints, directives, technical manuals and safety procedures
- Fabricate structural parts using metal-forming techniques and fiberglass materials
- Make repairs to transparent plastic windows and enclosures
- Balance fixed-wing aircraft controls and apply primers/paints on aircraft surfaces
- Maintain facilities for storage of flammable/hazardous materials
Those who want to serve must first take the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery, a series of tests that helps you better understand your strengths and identify which Army jobs are best for you.
Job training for an aircraft structural repairer requires 10 weeks of Basic Combat Training and 15 weeks of Advanced Individual Training with on-the-job instruction. Part of this time is spent in the classroom and in the field.
Some of the skills you'll learn are:
- Engine disassembly and repair
- Repair of aluminum, steel and fiberglass airframes/coverings
- Fix hydraulic, fuel and electrical systems
Helpful Skills
- Preference in mathematics and shop mechanics
- Interest in working with aircrafts and engine mechanics
- Ability to use hand and power tools
Required ASVAB Score(s)Mechanical Maintenance (MM): 104
Learn more about the ASVAB and see what jobs you could qualify for.
Total compensation includes housing, medical, food, special pay, and vacation time. Learn more about total compensation.
Earn Cash For In Demand Jobs
You could earn up to $40,000 in cash bonuses just for enlisting under certain Military Occupational Specialties. Visit Jobs in Demand to see if this job qualifies for an enlistment bonus.
Education Benefits
In the Army, qualified students can earn full-tuition, merit-based scholarships, allowances for books and fees, plus an annual stipend for living expenses. Learn more about education benefits.
Future Civilian Careers
The skills you learn will help prepare you for a career as an airframe or power plant mechanic.
PARTNERSHIP FOR YOUTH SUCCESS (PaYS) Program
Those interested in this job may be eligible for civilian employment, after the Army, by enrolling in the Army PaYS program. The PaYS program is a recruitment option that guarantees a job interview with military friendly employers that are looking for experienced and trained Veterans to join their organization. Find out more about the Army PaYS Program at http://www.armypays.com.
- AAR Aircraft Services, Inc
- Raytheon Company
- L-3 Communications Linguist Operations & Technical Support


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FRANKFURT, Germany (AP) — Booming sales of the "Fifty Shades of Grey" erotic trilogy helped publisher Random House to a record year.
The company sold 70 million copies of E L James' "Fifty Shades" books in print, audio and e-book format in English, German and Spanish.
Revenues at New York-based Random House jumped 22.5 percent to 2.1 billion euros ($2.7 billion) in 2012. Operating earnings leaped 76 percent to 325 million euros.
Company officials credited the "Fifty Shades" phenomenon, the top seller in the U.S. market, along with other titles such as "Gone Girl" by Gillian Flynn and "Thomas Jefferson" by Jon Meacham. In Britain, the company scored with "A Wanted Man" by Lee Child and Rod Stewart's autobiography, "Rod."
Earnings at German parent company Bertelsmann edged up to 619 million euros for 2012 from 612 million euros the year before, the company said Tuesday. Higher expenses for taxes and what it called "structurally declining" businesses hurt profits.
Privately held Bertelsmann includes broadcaster RTL, magazine publisher Gruner + Jahr and music rights business BMG. Book division Random House is merging with Pearson's Penguin book publisher.


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Modern and Classical Languages and Literatures
About MCLL
The Department offers curricula, services and research leading to proficiency in language, literature and culture that will enable individuals to function effectively in the international communities in our geographical area and throughout the world. The Department's Programs serve and promote all academic divisions of the University in providing students the language and cultural training necessary to support international and intercultural endeavors.
The Department offers a wide variety of courses and Programs in the fields of foreign languages, literatures and cultures. They are designed for those students who intend to major or minor in languages other than English; for students who seek a broad liberal arts education in preparation for a variety of professions; and for students whose careers will be furthered by the knowledge of another language and culture. In addition to the Majors, Minors and Graduate Degree, the Department offers a number of courses in Arabic, Chinese, Farsi, German, Hebrew, and Korean.


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This is an activity about electromagnetism. Learners will set up a simple circuit using a battery, wire, and knife switch, and then use a compass to map the magnetic field lines surrounding the wire. Next, they will add a coil of wire to the simple... (View More) circuit and map the magnetic fields again. This is the second lesson in the second session of the Exploring Magnetism teachers guide. (View Less)
This is an activity about magnetism and magnetic forces. Learners will explore objects to which a magnet is attracted or repelled, and investigate the attractive and repulsive forces of two like and two unlike magnetic poles. This is the first... (View More) activity in the Exploring the Earth's Magnetic Field: An IMAGE Satellite Guide to the Magnetosphere educators guide. (View Less)
This is an activity about electromagnetism and the Sun. First, learners will do a KWL activity using six vocabulary words. Next, they will build an electromagnet and investigate how it works. Finally, learners will relate the workings of their... (View More) electromagnet to a Solar Dynamics Observatory magnetogram image of the Sun. Per group of learners, this activity requires materials such as a length of insulated wire, alligator clips, a 2-D-battery holder, two D-batteries, and a nail. (View Less)
This is an activity about magnetic fields. Using iron filings, learners will observe magnets in various arrangements to investigate the magnetic field lines of force. This information is then related to magnetic loops on the Sun's surface and the... (View More) magnetic field of the Earth. This is the second activity in the Exploring the Earth's Magnetic Field: An IMAGE Satellite Guide to the Magnetosphere educators guide. (View Less)
How effective would solar cells be in any particular area of the United States? In this activity, students answer that question by analyzing graphs of incoming solar radiation. Students will download two solar radiation graphs, one based on latitude... (View More) and one based on cloud cover. After transferring that data to the accompanying worksheet, students will determine the areas in the United States best suited for the use of solar cells. Using both an overlay graph and a difference graph, students will determine the practicality of solar cell power for a home in various U.S. locations. This lesson uses student- and citizen science-friendly microsets of authentic NASA Earth system science data from the MY NASA DATA project. It also includes related links, extensions, an online glossary, and a list of related AP Environmental Science topics. (View Less)
Materials Cost: Free


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Occasionally the haughty and arrogant become so full of themselves, they are deluded into thinking that by their sheer will and intellect they will convince a sizeable part of the populace to give up their beliefs. The current administration illustrated this very point when they announced last month that every group will be forced to abide by the dictates of the governmental health care plan. All employers must provide birth control coverage in their health care plans as well as the morning after abortion pill. (Churches were given an exemption but churches are a small part of church related institutions, such as hospitals, schools, universities etc.)
The prairie fire started by President Barack Obama's Administration wasn't immediately reported by the mainstream media. Surely some in the mainstream media must have thought few Catholics would care if a bunch of old bishops read a letter from the pulpit that would go in one ear and out the other. Well of course, at least the "enlightened Catholic populace" who voted for President Obama would surely come to this conclusion. Those who would care wouldn't vote for the President anyway, the liberal talking heads surmised. This shows how ill informed many in the mainstream media have become; for since the last 20 years or so increasing numbers of newly appointed bishops and cardinals have been far more orthodox in their beliefs and far less willing to appeal to the whims of the political world.
When I first heard the news, I thought there must be some sort of mistake; surely any freshman majoring in Political Science would realize that rankling the feathers of any major swing state voting bloc especially that of Catholics would make little sense. Yet even after some in the mainstream media awoke from their militant secular slumber, the White House insisted that this dictate would remain because of the "deeply held beliefs of the President."
This created an opening for the Republican Primary candidates who pounced on the issue, none more than former Speaker Newt Gingrich who called it, "President Obama's War on The Catholic Church." Traditional and conservative minded people of all faiths immediately expressed shock at the decision of the White House. Even liberal columnist EJ Dionne wrote a scathing column saying, "The President had thrown him and his fellow Progressive Catholic allies under the bus." Naturally the liberal media and the likes of Congresswoman Nancy Pelosi rushed to the President's defense. MSNBC's Ed Schultz, seemingly unaware of the White House decision, wondered what on earth Newt Gingrich was talking about with "Obama's War on the Catholic Church," which Gingrich stated in his concession speech following the Florida primary. Former Speaker Pelosi did her best Richard Rich imitation saying she "stood firmly with the Obama Administration." Continue Reading


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The BlackBerry messenger crash that lasted for three days attracted a lot criticism on the social media. Sites such as Facebook and Twitter were replete with customer complaints and queries for resolution of the issue.
Millions of BlackBerry users worldwide were left in the dark with prolonged interruptions of their messaging service – the BBM and email capabilities. The problem spread from Europe to Latin America, Africa, Middle East, India and also to North America. The server problems had originated at Research in Motion (RIM)'s UK data center on Monday, October 10.
Research in Motion did release a statement blaming a "core switch failure within RIM's infrastructure" but said nothing further on the continued problems.
Almost everyone from high-roller business men to celebrities posted their frustrations and made "Dear BlackBerry…" a trending topic on social networking sites, especially Twitter. In such a scenario one would naturally expect a company of RIM's stature to react and placate the fuming consumers. This was important as most of them threatened to switch smartphones. The timing could not have been worse as Apple's iOS5 and iPhone 4S are unveiled in the same week and both got very positive reviews from industry experts. Such developments along with the diminishing sales of BlackBerry phones in the last two months were really bad signs for the once all-mighty RIM.
However, despite the strong criticism, RIM's Twitter page remained relatively quiet and posted barely two tweets in three days. RIM's founder – Mike Lazaridis – has recently apologized to the BlackBerry community and posted a video message on Thursday that says, "We know we've let many of you down. You expect more from us. I expect more from us".
The problem has been resolved finally but the apathy with which RIM dealt with the issue did tarnish its reputation. There is one thing that the inclusion of social media on crises management has taught businesses – honesty and speed are the keys to success. There has to be response to every bad or good news that concerns the organization. This is all the more important when the problem has such as huge magnitude. In the case of RIM, the BBM crash impacted the users in five continents.
Probably some people including the executives and managers at RIM thought that the problem was less than what the people were describing on social networking sites. But the fact is that millions of users (both corporate and personal) WERE affected. It was not as trivial as a 'messenger service' not working. There were users who could not access the Internet, send or receive emails and access data on their phones. It was good on part of Research in Motion to resolve the issue in 3 days but it was its responsibility to be more proactive in reacting to the posts on social media.
Blackberry failed to deal with their blackout crises because of its inability to understand the potential of social media for a business. The message that finally came from Mike Lazaridis on Twitter was expected a little earlier to say the least.
Better luck next time :-)


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Dixie Arlene Griswold, 74, of Pontiac and formerly of Cornell, died at 6:22 a.m. Saturday, Nov. 24, 2012, at ASTA Care Center in Pontiac.
Cremation rites have been accorded and a memorial service will be held at a later date in Missouri.
Burial will be in the Wharton Cemetery in Bosworth, Mo.
Dixie was born Jan. 21, 1938, in Bosworth, Mo., a daughter of William Harold and Helen Dorotha (McDonough) O'Dell. She married Herbert Lee Griswold Jan. 3, 1955, in Missouri. He preceded her in death.
She is survived by her children, Gloria (Dale) Swanberg, Dennis (Kim) Griswold and Donald (Dawn) Griswold, all of Cornell, and Ronald Griswold, Pontiac; eight grandchildren, Tom (Nicole) Gourley, Melissa (Derek Geriets) Gourley, Kelly, Kerry and Lee Griswold, Tyler Griswold and Travis and Jackie Griswold; three great-grandchildren, Hannah, Isaac and Kaden; siblings, William Harold O'Dell Jr., Sue (Bill) Bell, Barbara Jean Baer and Gary (Wanda) Calfee, all of Missouri.
She was preceded in death by her parents and siblings, Merlin Wayne "Bob" O'Dell and Marilyn Jones.
She was of the Baptist faith and had been a homemaker and later worked in retail stores in Pontiac.
She enjoyed gardening, sewing, was an avid collector and enjoyed watching NASCAR.
Memorials may be made to the Cornell Grade School Playground Fund, 300 N. 7th St., Cornell, IL 61311.
Dixie A. Griswold
Dixie Arlene Griswold, 74, of Pontiac and formerly of Cornell, died at 6:22 a.m. Saturday, Nov. 24, 2012, at ASTA Care Center in Pontiac.


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> Brecknrdg Hls, MO (63114)
Digital TV Brecknrdg Hls, MO
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text: Known as The Growth Strategist®, Aldonna Ambler built and grew a suite of companies to help midsized B2B companies achieve accelerated growth with sustained profitability® A Certified Speaking Professional (CSP), Ambler has addressed over 2000 audiences and hosted a syndicated online talk show about growth strategies for 9 years. As a growth financing intermediary, Ambler raised over $1 Bil dollars for midsized companies. The winner of over 2 dozen prestigious national and statewide "entrepreneur of the year" awards, Ambler is available to speak about "profitable growth during any economy" and/or serve on the board of a growth-oriented privately-held company.


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Scholarships are awarded in various amounts and are based on a number of criteria. Scholarships may be based on things such as academic performance, demonstrated financial need, programs of interest, year in school and other factors.
Federal regulations require us to consider scholarships when calculating a student's financial aid package and eligibility. Therefore, scholarships may potentially reduce other need-based aid. All scholarships should be reported on MyBlugoldCampS Self Service Student Center or directly to the Financial Aid office. Every effort will be made to ensure the adjustment is as advantageous as possible to the student, reducing loan or work study first.
Don't pay a fee for financial aid or scholarship information
Beware of Scholarship Scams. In a current scam students are receiving a letter that is listing UW-Eau Claire and it appears to be from an official financial aid organization, but it is from a business the UW-Eau Claire does not endorse.


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Exterior: Canyon Ridge Metallic, Interior: Medium Light Camel, Status: In Stock, Mileage: 11, Engine: Regular Unleaded V-6 3.5 L/213, Trans: Automatic, Stock#: 3119, VIN #: 1FM5K7D81HGD77458,
Exterior: Canyon Ridge Metallic, Interior: Medium Light Camel, Status: In Stock, Mileage: 11, Engine: Regular Unleaded V-6 3.5 L/213, Trans: Automatic, Stock#: 3119, VIN #: 1FM5K7D81HGD77458,
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*† Based on 2017 EPA mileage ratings. Use for comparison purposes only. Your actual mileage will vary, depending on how you drive and maintain your vehicle.


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Events for October 20, 2017
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All Day
Miami Spice at Tamaras Bistro
Enjoy Chef's Exquisite Mediterranean Array of Signature Dishes For Sunday Brunch, Lunch and Dinner. Click here to view menusFind out more »
8:30 pm
LIVE! At the National Hotel
Enjoy LIVE music brought to you from Thursday to Sunday starting at 8:30pm, at Blues Bar while relishing our hand-crafted cocktails and our Tapas !Find out more »