text:
Axis axis
|Scope: Global
Language: English
|Scientific Name:
|Axis axis (Erxleben, 1777)
Common Name(s):
Cervus axis Erxleben, 1777
|Red List Category & Criteria:
|Least Concern ver 3.1
|Year Published:
|Date Assessed:
|Duckworth, J.W., Kumar, N.S., Anwarul Islam, M., Sagar Baral, H. & Timmins, R.
|Brook, S.M. & McShea, W.J.
Chital is listed as Least Concern because it occurs over a very wide range within which there are many large subpopulations. Although it is still declining in some sites (particularly outside protected areas), at the species level any such declines are at nowhere near the rate required to qualify for listing even as Near Threatened. Historical declines may have been higher, but these occurred outside of the three generation window (<30 years) used for purposes of applying Red List Criteria. Listing as Least Concern recognizes that there are two significant conservation issues with this species. Firstly, current densities are mostly well below what the habitat could support (and have been for decades), and secondly, the long-term persistence of nearly all subpopulations is dependent upon well secured protected areas: anything which caused the breakdown of current effective protection would allow a rapid rise in hunting levels and perhaps of domestic stock-grazing. These are the factors with which current Chital numbers are in an uneasy and fragile relationship. If such changes were to occur across a significant part of the range, reassessment of Red List status would be required: without effective protection, Chital's population trend would emulate that of Eld's Deer Rucervus eldii, another herding deer of rather open forests, but with a geographic range covering areas without long-standing effective protected areas. Regular monitoring of the status of Chital subpopulations would be prudent for this species.
|Previously published Red List assessments:
|Range Description:
|The Chital occurs over 8–30°N in India (including Sikkim), Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka (Grubb 2005, Raman 2013). The western distribution boundary is formed by eastern Rajasthan (e.g. Sariska, Ranthambore and Keoladeo Ghana) and Gujarat (e.g. Sasan Gir). The northern boundary runs along the bhabar-terai belt of the foothills of the Himalaya from Uttar Pradesh and Uttaranchal through Nepal, northern West Bengal and Sikkim to western Assam and the forested valleys of Bhutan below 1,100 m asl. The eastern boundary runs through western Assam (Golapara and Kamrup district as far east as the Dhunsiri River in Darrang district) to the Sunderbans of West Bengal (India) and Bangladesh. Sri Lanka is the southern limit (Gee 1964, Schaller 1967, Raman 2013). Chital occur throughout the rest of peninsular India sporadically in the forested areas (Sankar and Acharya 2004), but in Bangladesh, it now occurs only in the Sundarbans, having vanished from the central, northeast and southeast regions (Md Anwarul Islam in litt. 2008).
Chital has been introduced to the Andaman Islands (India, during 1925–1930; Banerji 1955), Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Brazil, Croatia (islands of Brijuni; Mitchell-Jones et al. 1999), Moldova, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Ukraine, Uruguay and the USA (California, Florida, Hawaiian Islands and Texas; Grubb 2005, Raman 2013). These introduced subpopulations have not been mapped. Not all introductions have succeeded: for example, some were introduced to west-central Slovenia (from the Brijuni islands) in the late 1940s or in 1950, but this introduction failed and is now therefore frequently reported as having been of Fallow Deer Dama dama. One male, shot on 12 October 1950 and now in the Natural History Museum of Slovenia, proves the identification (Krystufek 1999). Managed herds occur in parks throughout the native and introduced range and in many other areas.
|Countries occurrence:
Native:Bangladesh; Bhutan; India (Andaman Is. - Introduced); Nepal; Sri Lanka
Introduced:Argentina; Armenia; Australia; Brazil; Croatia; Moldova; Pakistan; Papua New Guinea; Ukraine; United States (California, Florida, Hawaiian Is., Texas); Uruguay
|Additional data:
|Range Map:
|Click here to open the map viewer and explore range.
|Chital declined drastically throughout its range up until the first two-thirds of the 20th century (see under Major Threats). Karanth et al. (2010) documented an estimated average extinction rate of 45% over the last 50 years in the Indian sub-continent. It is however "locally" abundant in well protected parts of its range in mixes deciduous habitats. In India it occurs in 123 protected areas and forest tracts (National Wildlife Database, Wildlife Institute of India in Sankar and Acharya 2004). There are some large subpopulations in Nepal (e.g. Moe and Wegge 1994) where the population is probably currently stable and is anticipated to remain so in the immediate future (Hem Sagar Baral in litt. 2008). Thousands survive in the Sundarbans mangrove forest, Bangladesh, and there are a few introducedsub populations on coastal islands in the south (Md Anwarul Islam in litt. 2008).
The reported ecological densities of Chital mostly fall within three to 50 animals per km2 in India: Bhadra Tiger Reserve, 4.51 +/- 1.05 (SE) per km2 (Jathanna et al. 2003); Madhya Pradesh Pench National Park dry deciduous forest, 51.3 animals per km2 (Karanth and Nichols 2000); Kanha moist deciduous forest, 49.7 animals per km2 (Karanth and Nichols 2000); Nagarahole moist deciduous forest, 50.6 animals per km2 (Karanth and Sunquist 1992); Bandipur dry deciduous forest, 20.1 animals per km2 (Karanth and Nichols 2000); Tadoba-Andhari dry deciduous forest, 3.2 animals per km2 (Karanth and Kumar 2005); Maharashtra Pench dry deciduous forest, 5.8 animals per km2 (Karanth and Kumar 2005); Ranthambore semi-arid dry deciduous forest, 38.4 animals per km2 (Kumar 2000); BRT mixed deciduous forest, 9.4 animals per km2 (Karanth 2012); Dandeli-Anshi mix of evergreen and deciduous forest, 0.6 animals per km2 (Karanth 2012); Panna dry deciduous forest, 10.2 animals per km2 (Chundawat and Karanth unpublished data); Kawal dry deciduous forset two animals per km2 (Siddique 2010), and Gir semi-arid dry deciduous forest, 50.8 animals per km2 (Khan et al. 1996). Some parts of the well-protected areas in Nagarahole and Bandipur are known to harbour densities as high as 80–100 Chital per km2 (Kumar 2010). Humar (2010) observed high spatial variation in the abundance of Chital in the 1,500 km2 of Nagarahole-Bandipur National Parks, which ranged between zero to 100 animals per km2. Kumar (2010) also found that Chital densities positively responded to higher levels of protection, forage quality, flat terrain and water availability. The highest population densities, of around 200 Chitals per km2, are reported for the Bardia National Park, Nepal (Naess and Andersen 1993, Moe and Wegge 1994) and for the reintroducedsub population in Guindy National Park, southern India (Menon 1982, Raman et al. 1996). These high densities reflect habitat and food availability in the former area (Moe and Wegge 1994), and supplementary feeding and low predation in the latter (Raman et al. 1996). Population densities in marginal habitats tend to be lower (Raman 2013; K.U. Karanth and N.S. Kumar unpublished data). Chital is the most abundant ungulate in Nagarahole, and reaches higher densities in moist than in dry deciduous forests (Karanth and Sunquist 1992). The recorded Bhadra density is low, reflecting poaching and livestock grazing (Jathanna et al. 2003), and the population density is steadily increasing following removal of these pressures in 2003 (K.U. Karanth and N.S. Kumar unpublished data). A study at Nagarahole National Park compared an area which was only moderately hunted with a heavily hunted site. This found respective densities of 65 and 10 Chitals per km2 (Madhusudan and Karanth 2002).
The Chital is almost completely dependent on active protection. Were this to be removed, the species' status in the 1970s suggests that rapid declines would occur. Even now, a very large proportion of its range supports subpopulations at significantly lower densities than the habitat could support.
The only subpopulation in Europe is on the islands of Brijuni (off Istria, Croatia), but B. Krystufek (pers. comm. 2008) has traced no information on its current status. Information has not been sought for this account on introduced subpopulations elsewhere, because they do not contribute to assessing the species' Red List status.
|Current Population Trend:
|Additional data:
|Habitat and Ecology:
|Chital thrive in a variety of habitats, but avoid extremes such as dense moist (evergreen) forests and open semi-desert or desert. Moist and dry deciduous forest areas, especially adjoining dry thorn scrub or grasslands, appear to be optimal, and highest densities of Chital are reported from these habitats. Short grasslands of the terai, swampy meadows and glades adjoining forest areas, coastal dry evergreen forests, mixed forests or plantations with Teak Tectona grandis and Sal Shorea robusta are also used, and indeed over much of northern and southern India, its distribution closely matches that of Sal and Teak, respectively (Raman 2013). Chital is particularly frequent in grassland–forest interface, edge, and other ecotones (Krishnan 1972). Eisenberg and Seidensticker (1976) opined that dry deciduous habitats with scrub is the favoured habitat, while Karanth and Sunquist (1992) found mixed forests with teak plantations, moist deciduous patches and swampy grasslands to support high abundance of Chital. Kumar (2010) found that well-watered and well-protected moist deciduous forest patches in gently undulating terrain supported high Chital densities. Short grasslands are important because they provide little cover for predators such as Tiger Panthera tigris (Moe and Wegge 1994). The introduced subpopulation in Andaman Islands inhabits evergreen forests (Sankar and Acharya 2004) but native subpopulations are absent from the rainforest areas of the mainland. They tend to be only visitors to dense forests, to those adjoining more open habitats. Riverine forests within the Bardia National Park in lowland Nepal are highly used by the deer for shade and cover during the dry season. The forest also provides good foraging with regard to fallen fruit and leaves that are high in nutrients needed by the deer. Four factors were identified by Schaller (1967) as delineating Chital's distribution: (1) the need for water; (2) the need for shade; (3) an avoidance of high, rugged terrain; and (4) a preference for grass as forage. Although several observers have noted that Chital occurs mostly in flat areas and avoids hills and slopes (Schaller 1967, Khan 1996), this may not hold in areas where preferred habitats or forage is also available on slopes (Raman 2013, Kumar 2010). It occurs in both hilly and flatter terrain, mainly the latter, in the Terai Arc Landscape of India (Johnsingh et al. 2004). In the Siwalik hills, Bhat and Rawat (1995) found that Chital preferred slopes of 11–30°, while slopes exceeding 30° were used less. Also, use of south, southeast, and east aspects was higher than of north, northeast, northwest, and west aspects, reflecting the warmer environment of the former aspects. There was no difference in average Chital density in the hills and plains (Bhat and Rawat 1995). A study of coffee estates around Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary, India, recorded Chital widely, including in coffee areas up to 14 km of the sanctuary's boundary (Bali et al. 2007).
Habitat use varies seasonally, reflecting food availability. Chital uses more wooded habitat during the cool-dry season and early summer (November to May), where fallen fruit, leaf litter, and browse are available. In open grassland and tropical dry thorn forest, Chital density increases with the onset of monsoon rains and flush of plant growth (Mishra 1982, Moe and Wegge 1994, Khan 1996, Raman et al. 1996). In areas of their distribution with a mosaic of forest and grassland habitats, seasonal patterns in habitat use may be complex. In the Himalayan terai, Chital use of habitats with high grass availability increased substantially in the weeks following cutting and burning of grasses in January–February, attributed to fresh flush of grass growth after the burns and with the onset pre-monsoon and monsoon rains nearly two months later (Mishra 1982; Moe and Wegge 1994, 1997). Similar behaviour has been reported from the grasslands of Bandipur Tiger Reserve (Johnsingh 1983).
Chital easily habituates to human presence, and herds often congregate in open areas near habitation or forest camps to spend the night, possibly due to greater safety from predators and poachers that shy away from these areas (Raman 2013).
Chital eats a wide variety of plants: about 160–190 have been recorded from across the species' range. It is predominantly a grazer but consumes more fallen leaves, flowers and fruits in winter/dry season (Sankar 1994, Sankar and Acharya 2004, Raman 2013). In addition to plant soft matter, crabs (in the Sunderbans; Stanford 1951), mushrooms (in Nepal; Moe and Wegge 1994) and rarely, bark (Raman et al. 1996) are eaten. Close to human habitation, rubbish and even human faeces are occasionally taken (Raman et al. 1996). Antler and bone chewing is also common. In Wilpattu, Sri Lanka, all age and sex classes are osteophagous, but such feeding was more common in velvet-antlered males, doubtless reflecting mineral needs during antler growth and mineralisation (Barrette 1985). Chital usually drinks water once a day, more frequently in summer. This restricts them to forest tracts with assured presence of water, even if only widely scattered.
In lowland Nepal, an individual's total range incorporates a core area of about 32 hectares surrounded by foraging and cover areas of about 140 ha for females and 195 ha for males (Moe and Wegge 1994). Variation in range size occurs with site, season, sex and age of the animal. The basic social unit is a matriarchal family group, normally consisting of an adult female, her offspring from the previous year, and a fawn (Ables 1974). The usual herd is composed of two or more such family units and is often accompanied by individual deer of mixed sex and age-classes. Chital exhibits a fission-fusion system, or fluid group formation and dissolution (Schaller 1967, Mishra 1982, Barette 1991). Group composition changes frequently during feeding periods, during the rut when males frequently join groups of females (Schaller 1967), and while fleeing from predators (Dinerstein 1980). These social groupings of Chital do not remain permanent (Schaller 1967, Eisenberg and Lockhart 1972). Groups may number up to 150 or more individuals (De and Spillit 1966, Schaller 1967, Eisenberg and Lockhart 1972, Krishnan 1972, Fuchs 1977, Karanth and Sunquist 1992), sometimes even more: N.S. Kumar (pers. comm. 2008) counted 211 in one group during rainy season in Nagarahole and 203 in one group at Pench-Maharashtra near a water reservoir in summer. Measured sex ratios have all been biased towards females (Sankar and Acharya 2004 and references therein). Pariwakam (2006) observed nearly 10,500 Chital in Bandipur and estimated the proportion of Chital in different age and sex classes as stags 27%, does 57% and fawns 16%. In neighbouring Nagarahole, age-sex categories of Chital were adult stags 26%, adult does 36%, yearling males 8%, yearling females 9% and young 21% (Karanth and Sunquist 1992). Breeding can occur at any time of year but there is some peaking at any given locality (Sankar and Acharya 2004 and references therein). Heavy mortality of fawns in early weeks has been observed by several workers and fawn survival appears to be a key determinant of Chital population growth (Schaller 1967). Schaller (1967) estimated an annual fawn mortality of 48% in Kanha, Sharathchandra, and Gadgil (1975) estimated a constant monthly mortality of 26% over first nine months in Bandipur, Raman (1996) estimated a mean monthly mortality of 9.7% in Guindy. Pariwakam (2006) for the first time used a rigorous photographic capture-recapture approach to estimate the fawn mortality rate, and found it to be 66% over a six week study period in Bandipur. Further information on sociality and breeding is synthesised by Sankar and Acharya (2004) and by Raman (2013). Over a 10-year time period, Karanth and Kumar (unpublished data) have observed annual fluctuations in the Chital subpopulations in Nagarahole and Bandipur ranging between population densities of 10 to 40 animals per km2.
Chital is a prolific breeder, as documented by several empirical studies of the speed of increase by newly introduced subpopulations or in those where a factor restraining subpopulations was removed (Raman 2013 and references therein). In Bhadra, following the departure from the park of human settlements and consequent removal of anthropogenic pressures on Chital and habitats, Chital subpopulations bounced back by nearly seven times in fewer than four years (K.U. Karanth and N.S. Kumar unpublished data). Karanth et al. (1999) earlier documented their empirical observations of the recovery of Chital subpopulations in Nagarahole. This and its diverse diet and habitats allow high density where threats are controlled. It is even considered to be a pest in the Andamans (Banerji 1955).
The main causes of death are predation, diseases and accidents. Occasionally, stags kill each other when fighting (Sankar and Acharya 2004 and references therein). Predation is by far the major cause of Chital mortality. Older Chital stags are more susceptible to it than are younger stags (Johnsingh 1983, Patel 1992, Karanth and Sunquist 1995). This may be due to their being less vigilant during rut, to their separation from the group after the rut, or to weakening from injuries from conflicts. In Kanha, Chital remains were found in about 52% of Tiger faeces and 59% of Leopard Panthera pardus faeces analysed (Schaller 1967). In Bandipur, Chital is the most important prey in terms of the biomass taken by Dhole (78%), Leopard (55%) and Tiger (19%; Andheria et al. 2007). Even in terms of the relative number of individuals taken, Chital is the predominant prey among the three large sympatric predators (Tigers about 33%, Leopards about 39% and Dholes about 73% in Bandipur; Andheria et al. 2007). In adjoining Nagarahole remains were found in about 31% of Tiger faeces, 44% of Leopard faeces, and 50% of Dhole faeces (Karanth and Sunquist 1995). In Sariska, around 54% of the faeces of Tiger and 21% of Leopard faeces contained Chital remains (Sankar 1994). Chital remains were found in about 53% of Tiger faeces in Pench (Biswas and Sankar 2002) and 61% of Tiger faeces in Ranthambore (Bagchi et al. 2003).
Each Chital spends a major portion of its life in foraging, resting, and wandering within its range, with the relative extent of these activities determined by season (Schaller 1967). In a day, peak feeding times are around dawn and dusk. There are usually two major resting periods, before dawn and mid-day (Sankar and Acharya 2004).
Considerable further detail on ecology, drawn from the relative wealth of studies on the species, with each item precisely referenced to source, is provided by Raman (2013).
|Generation Length (years):
|Use and Trade:
|Chital are hunted for food, sport, and a variety of other purposes. It is unclear as to the numbers of captive animals kept within the native range and even if such animals are used to supply the same markets as wild caught animals. Introduced subpopulations almost certainly do not supply the same markets as wild caught animals from the species native range.
|Major Threat(s):
There are presently no major global-level threats to Chital, although densities are widely below ecological carrying capacity, through hunting and competition with domestic livestock. There were substantial declines and local extinctions, driven by hunting for meat, extermination as an agricultural pest, and habitat conversion, particularly during British rule of India and adjacent countries, and immediately after independence (Raman 2013). Fewer than 20 years after independence, Schaller (1967) wrote that "...the species has declined drastically throughout its range in India, and is now only locally abundant in some sanctuaries and forest tracts. The remaining populations are highly vulnerable to poaching, habitat destruction, and other forms of decimation". The habitat loss of the past few centuries means that subpopulations are now rather fragmented. Now, in India, most subpopulations appear secure within the modern protected area network (Raman 2013), but those outside (now highly localised) are under rapid decline due to habitat conversion and extensive hunting (N.S. Kumar pers. comm. 2008). A relaxation of protection can lead to rapid decreases. For example, Chital used to be numerically the most abundant large herbivore in the Wilpattu National Park (Sri Lanka), but numbers declined significantly due to poaching which increased during management breakdown during the civil war, when its meat was even being sold next to the park. Poaching has also risen, for the same reason, in several other national parks in Sri Lanka (Santiapillai and Wijeyamohan 2003). Where not prevented by effective conservation measures (active protection through patrolling and law enforcement, backed up by adequate awareness), people avidly hunt and poach Chital throughout their Indian range (Madhusudan and Karanth 2000, Madhusudan and Karanth 2002, Sankar and Acharya 2004, Bali et al. 2007) and there are occasional cases in even the best secured protected areas such as Corbett Tiger Reserve (Johnsingh et al. 2004). Many protected areas are well enough secured that the species has thrived well and, is now locally abundant (Sankar and Acharya 2004) and in such areas poaching of Chital is a more serious conservation problem for the large predators (every deer poached reduces predators' food base; Karanth et al. 2004) than it is for Chital itself. In many other protected areas (especially those with a lower public profile) and for areas outside the conservation system, subpopulations are severely restrained by hunting. For example, densities in Bhadra Tiger Reserve are very low by comparison with what the habitat should support because of poaching with snares, dogs and shotguns, and also grazing competition with domestic stock (Jathanna et al. 2003), and the density was 87% lower in a heavily hunted area of Nagarahole National Park than in a well secured area (Madhusudan and Karanth 2000, 2002). Even though all hunting is illegal in this protected area, protection efficacy is uneven across the area. The Chital is one of the two most commonly hunted mammal species in the national park, partly because various facets of its behaviour and ecology such as herding behaviour and attachment to open habitat allow its ready detection and killing, and quick entry and exit by poachers. It is therefore exposed to far higher hunting pressure than are the ungulates which are solitary and spend much time in dense cover (Madhusudan and Karanth 2002). Poaching is probably operative to a greater or lesser extent in most subpopulations, but at low enough levels that recent decades have not seen, with Chital, the frequent local extirpations from areas of prime habitat of earlier decades.
The most serious threat, in areas where poaching and habitat conversion are well controlled, is the reduction in carrying capacity through competition with livestock, especially during the pinch season as observed in Sariska (Sankar 1994); Chital and livestock are known to have dietary overlap (Raman 2013). The problem has been documented almost throughout Chital's range but awareness that it is a problem at all remains so low that it is not even recognised as a key conservation issue in many protected areas (e.g. Mathai 1999). In Gir Lion Sanctuary and National Park, Chital population density increased 14-fold from 3.57 animals per km2 in 1970–1971 (Berwick 1974) to 50.8 animals per km2 in 1989 (Khan 1996, Khan et al. 1996). This was attributed to the rapid and complete removal of pastoral settlements, their livestock, and a total ban on several thousand migratory livestock. Dung densities of Chital and livestock were also negatively correlated in Gir, indicating avoidance and possible competitive interaction between the species. With removal of human impact and increase in forage availability, Chital subpopulations increased, as testified by higher Chital densities in the vicinity of abandoned settlements (nesses; Sharma and Johnsingh 1995). Similarly, in Bardia National Park (Nepal), protection from livestock grazing (and logging) in 1975 increased measured Chital subpopulations from 30–34 per km2 in 1977 (Dinerstein 1980) to over 200 per km2 in the early 1990s (Naess and Andersen 1993, Moe and Wegge 1994). In Bandipur Tiger Reserve, mean densities of Chital were 11 times higher in livestock-free areas than in adjacent livestock-grazed areas. In shared grazing areas, these Chital densities declined sharply with increasing livestock densities. In the studied grazed area, halving the livestock density allowed an increase in Chital density by a factor of five (Madhusudan 2004). Threats to southern India's forest ungulates by competition with domestic stock grazing within protected areas are exacerbated where dung is collected for export to adjacent coffee areas. Fuel wood removal may also be at levels sufficient to disrupt nutrient cycles of the habitat (Madhusudan 2005). All these pressures interact to have, overall, a major depression of Chital densities. In Bhadra, following the departure from the park of human settlements and consequent removal of anthropogenic pressures on Chital and habitats, Chital subpopulations bounced back by nearly seven times in fewer than four years (Karanth and Kumar unpublished data). Karanth et al. (1999) earlier documented their empirical observations of the recovery of Chital subpopulations in Nagarahole.
Chital are susceptible to livestock-borne diseases such as rinderpest (Schaller 1967) and foot-and-mouth disease (Sankar 1994) but the current population is too widespread for these to rank as potential global-level threats. Accidents, especially from speeding vehicles, are a cause of Chital mortality but occur rarely within protected areas and cannot be significant at the global level. Many Indian forest areas are severely encroached by exotics such as Lantana camara, Parthenium spp. and Chromolaena odorata (= Eupatorium odoratum), and these are suspected to effect major changes to forest structure (Hiremath and Sundaram 2005): but their effects on Chital warrants further study. Wild-ranging domestic dogs are also likely to be a problem (Raman 2013), but no study quantifying their effects has been traced. There are no predictable threats to the Sundarbans subpopulation of Bangladesh, but as a low-lying area extreme weather events might cause episodic major population removal, as happened with hurricane Sidr in November 2007 (Md Anwarul Islam in litt. 2008).
|Conservation Actions:
Chital is protected under Schedule III of the Indian Wildlife Protection Act (1972) (Sankar and Acharya 2004) and under the Wildlife (Preservation) (Amendment) Act, 1974 of Bangladesh (Md Anwarul Islam in litt. 2008). It occurs in many protected areas. Legal protection as a species and a network of functioning protected areas are the two cornerstones of its current healthy conservation status. Subpopulations exceeding 20,000 Chital probably occur in and around a handful of conservation areas within India: the belt of about 3,000 km2 between Koh river and Haldwani including the Corbett Tiger Reserve; the Gir Protected Area (about 1,400 km2); Kanha Tiger Reserve (about 2,000 km2); and the Nilgiris–Western Ghats sector including Nagarahole, Bandipur, and Mudumalai (about 5,000 km2; Raman 2013). Protected areas support more Chitals than do non-protected areas in the Terai Arc Landscape of India, although there is not currently such a great difference in densities as with the grassland species (Barasingha Rucervus duvaucelii and Hog Deer Axis porcinus; Johnsingh et al. 2004). Ongoing habitat conversion trends outside protected areas will continue to increase the relative proportion of the total Chital population that they hold, and the maintenance of an extensive network of functional protected areas will remain the foundation of this species' healthy conservation status. Part of this responsibility is vigilance by staff and partners of illegal poaching, which takes place at varying levels in most of the species range. Some recent cases have involved high-profile public role models, such as actors, poaching Chital and these warrant heavy court penalties. There is a strong case for prevention of livestock grazing in protected areas which hold Chital, partly to reduce risks of disease transmission, but mostly to prevent artificially low densities of Chital being forced through competition (see Threat Section).
Chital subpopulations have been studied in: Corbett (De and Spillit 1966), Kanha (Schaller 1967), Bandipur (Johnsingh 1983, Kumar 2010), Nagarahole (Karanth and Sunquist 1992, Kumar 2010), Sariska (Sankar 1994), Gir (Khan et al. 1995, 1996), Guindy (Raman 1996, Raman et al. 1996), Pench (Biswas and Sankar 2002), Ranthambore (Bagchi et al. 2003) in India, Chitwan (Seidensticker 1976, Mishra 1982) and Karnali-Bardia (Dinerstein 1980; Moe and Wegge 1994, 1997) in Nepal, and Wilpattu (Eisenberg and Lockhart 1972) in Sri Lanka.
|Duckworth, J.W., Kumar, N.S., Anwarul Islam, M., Sagar Baral, H. & Timmins, R. 2015. Axis axis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T41783A22158006. . Downloaded on 25 September 2018.
|To make use of this information, please check the <Terms of Use>.
|If you see any errors or have any questions or suggestions on what is shown on this page, please provide us with feedback so that we can correct or extend the information provided


text:
What does golf have to do with this recipe? You have to think as I do. Random. This weekend is the world famous AT&T Golf Tournament at Pebble Beach. That means that I'm staying home-- far and away from the crowds. It also means that it's raining today, because the tournament will usually bring out the Rain Gods. That means soup is a perfect meal. My man loves them--especially anything with barley.
chuck eye roast, please ask your butcher about it. Unliked neat labeled "stew cut", I find that chuck eye roast is very tender.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
|Page (1) of 1 - 07/15/15
|email article
|print page
Kensington's BlackbeltRugged Protection for a Pro
The Microsoft Surface Pro 3 is a machine somewhere in between a laptop and a mobile tablet. It is able to keep up with all of the software that you'd run on your Windows 8 machine, but more portable than a laptop.
One problem with the ability to drag the SurfacePro around is the potential to dropping it. Kensington's BlackBelt protects the SurfacePro while still allowing all of the port function to be accessible.
One thing that I'm not sure about it whether or not it prevents the SurfacePro from cooling adequately.
I'll also take a look to see how easily you can remove the case from the SurfacePro.
At under $45, the case is a great investment if it saves you from a single ding.
"The Kensington BlackBelt offers users the absolute best value in tablet drop protection for the Surface Pro 3," said Jim Murakami, Global Product Manager, Kensington. "The BlackBelt has passed military-grade testing protocols against drops and scratches - plus it provides non-slip grip. Strategic cutouts in the case offer full functionality for the Surface kickstand and Type Cover, as well as easy access to other ports and buttons. This rugged case doesn't disappoint when it comes to protection, portability, and productivity."
"People are increasingly seeking devices that span work and play, can be easily managed and configured, and have the right software to get the job done," added Murakami. "We're excited to participate in the Microsoft Designed for Surface Program for these reasons - particularly in conjunction with the launch of Kensington's BlackBelt 1st Degree Rugged Case. Kensington's participation further demonstrates our commitment to serving the needs of customers relying on Microsoft devices and services."
- Military-Grade Drop Protection - A strong, cushioned layer of TPU surrounds the Surface Pro 3 and meets the MIL-STD-810G testing protocols for all-around protection against drops and scratches.
- Unobstructed Access - Strategic cutouts in the case allow users to take full advantage of the Surface kick stand, Type Cover, buttons, ports and cameras.
- Non-Slip Grip - Rubberized texture makes the case easier to hold and prevents it from sliding off a table or desk.
- Raised Bezel - Protects the corners and screen from scratches and damage.
- Stylus Holder - Elastic loop can be removed or attached any time.
Page: 1
Ko Maruyama is a freelance animator in Los Angeles. In addition to working on film and broadcast animations, Ko teaches at Pasadena's Art Center College of Design - focusing on motion design. When working, writing or testing software allows, you can find him lending a hand in the After Effects board and lurking among the Cinema4D, Visual Effects and Photoshop posts within the DMNForums.
Related Keywords:NABShow, animation, Mac, CreativeMac, maxon, SIGGRAPH, C4D, 3D, ipisoft, animationartist, Adobe, microsoft, surfacepro,
To Comment on This Article, Click HERE
Most Recent Reader Comments:
Click Here To Read All Posts
Must be Registered to Respond (Free Registration!!!, CLICK HERE)


text: Narcotics Anonymous Website Updates Daily updates from the NA World Services website http://www.na.org/rss 2018-09-19T17:42:44+01:00 Narcotics Anonymous Website http://na.org/ http://na.org/images/logo.jpg text/html 2018-09-13T15:00:00+01:00 http://www.na.org/?ID=naway-current The NA Way Magazine Current Issue http://www.na.org/?ID=naway-current The NA Way Home Page The NA Way Archives Subscribe to The NA Way Submission Guidelines Suggested Topics Author Release Form July 2018 English text/html 2018-09-13T15:00:00+01:00 http://www.na.org/?ID=nawArchive The NA Way Magazine Archives http://www.na.org/?ID=nawArchive .style1 { text-align: center; } The NA Way Home Page Current Issue Subscribe to The NA Way Submission Guidelines Suggested Topics Author Release Form April 2018 text/html 2018-09-13T15:00:00+01:00 http://www.na.org/?ID=2018surv 2018 NA Membership Survey http://www.na.org/?ID=2018surv The 2018 NA Membership Survey is here! Deadline - 31 December 2018 The 2018 NA membership survey is now available. It is available in PDF format, as well as an online survey in the following languag text/html 2018-09-13T15:00:00+01:00 http://www.na.org/?ID=naway-current-m The NA Way Magazine Current Issue http://www.na.org/?ID=naway-current-m Welcome to the mobile page for The NA Way Magazine. The current issue is available for download below in a PDF format. July 2018 English Please sign up here to have the text/html 2018-09-12T15:00:00+01:00 http://www.na.org/?ID=projects NAWS Projects http://www.na.org/?ID=projects ProjectsSpiritual Principle a Day Book ProjectMental Health/Mental Illness IP ProjectLocal Service Toolbox ProjectConvention and Events Tools ProjectService System ProjectFuture of the WSC ProjectSurveys2018 NA text/html 2018-09-12T15:00:00+01:00 http://www.na.org/?ID=wcna-index World Convention of Narcotics Anonymous http://www.na.org/?ID=wcna-index WCNA 37 â The Magic Is Still Real The convention has ended. We hope you had a great time at WCNA 37!!! WCNA Updates - Sign up to receive information about the 38th W text/html 2018-09-11T15:00:00+01:00 http://www.na.org/?ID=ips-kor-index Recovery Literature in Korean http://www.na.org/?ID=ips-kor-index IP#1, Who, What, How & Why IP#5, Another Look IP#6, Recovery & Relapse IP#7, Am I an Addict? IP#8, Just for Today IP#11, Sponsorship IP#14, One Addict's Experience... text/html 2018-08-31T15:00:00+01:00 http://www.na.org/?ID=PR2 Public Relations - Services to Members http://www.na.org/?ID=PR2 2018 NA Membership Survey Why public relations is important to the NA member The Narcotics Anonymous message is âthat an addict, any addict, can stop using drugs, lose the desi text/html 2018-08-13T15:00:00+01:00 http://www.na.org/?ID=nawsevents-event-reg NAWS Events Page http://www.na.org/?ID=nawsevents-event-reg WSC 2018 Unity Day Flyer World Convention Information Stay tuned for information about WCNA-37 to be held in Orlando, Florida in 2018. To order CDs from WCNA-36 or previous World Conventions, click her text/html 2018-08-07T15:00:00+01:00 http://www.na.org/?ID=reaching-out-index Welcome to Reaching Out http://www.na.org/?ID=reaching-out-index Welcome to Reaching Out! Whether you are an NA member, a professional who works with recovering addicts, an incarcerated member or a member who provides Hospital and Ins


text:
Meet and chat with Covington singles at Matchmaker.com, our Covington chat rooms contain thousands singles in your local area. Whether you are looking for serious relationships, friendship, or even marriage Matchmaker.com will help you find that special person. Chat with other members with a live video instant messenger or join on of our Covington chat site rooms and meet singles today!
CovingtonJoin Now Free!
Covington Girls | Covington Men | Covington Gay | Covington Lesbians
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
More Covington Links:
Covington Dating | Covington Personals | Covington Speed Dating | Covington Singles | Covington Love
Senior Dating | Catholic Dating | Christian Dating | Muslim Dating
Black Singles | Asian Singles | Latin Dating
Matchmaker is a large and exciting online community where Covington chat discussions take place. Members are able to change text, style and color, add graphical smiles, and click usernames to bring up profile details. Covington chat rooms and users are organized intuitively on the left side of the interface where users are able to easily peek into rooms without joining, see who is inside, who'sbroadcasting audio and video, how long they've been in the Covington chat room and more. Clicking on the detail button or an individual username brings up expanded information on the Covington chat room.


text:
Forbes released its rankings of super-rich Americas Monday, with many familiar names in tech topping the list. With a net worth of $72 billion, Bill Gates holds the title as the Forbes 400 richest person in America for the 20th year in row.
The annual list of richest Americans, which Forbes began publishing in 1982, has some notable changes this year. For starters, the accumulated wealth of the Forbes 400 is $2 trillion, up from $1.7 trillion last year. Forbes also said the gold bar to entry was lifted to join the elite group from $1.1 billion to $1.3 billion in 2012.
When it comes to tech, 48 billionaires made the list. There were also some big losers as well in the tech world with Steve Case, AOL founder; Henry Nicholas, Broadcom co-founder; and Graham Weston, chairman of Rackspace, dropping off the list.


text:
Privacy Policy
Merchant Transact, LLC takes its customers' privacy seriously. Please read the following to learn more about our privacy policy.
Your Acceptance of These Terms
By using this Web Site, you signify your acceptance of the
terms of Merchant Transact, LLC's Privacy Policy. If you do not agree to the
terms of this Privacy Policy, please do not use the Web Site and exit the Web
Site immediately. Your continued use of Merchant Transact, LLC Web Site
following the posting of changes to these terms will mean that you accept those
What this Privacy Policy Covers
This Privacy Policy covers Merchant Transact, LCC's treatment of information that Merchant Transact, LLC collects while you are visiting Merchant Transact, LLC's Web Site, when you utilize Merchant Transact, LLC's hosted applications and when you use Merchant Transact, LLC.'s services. This policy also covers Merchant Transact, LLC.'s treatment of any information that Merchant Transact, LLC.'s business partners share with Merchant Transact, LLC.. This policy does not apply to the practices of companies that Merchant Transact, LLC. does not own or control, or to people that Merchant Transact, LLC. does not employ or manage.
Through our service offerings, Merchant Transact, LLC acts as a repository for our customers' data (much like a bank is a cash repository). We realize that the confidential data we house belongs to, and is the sole property of, our customers. As a policy, we will not disclose any customer confidential information, except under the conditions stated in Section 4 of this policy.
Information Collection and Use
Merchant Transact, LLC collects and stores information when you use certain Merchant Transact, LLC. products or services, or when you visit Merchant Transact, LLC. pages. Merchant Transact, LLC. may also receive information from our business partners.
Merchant Transact, LLC. does not use "cookies" to gather information from its users.
The Merchant Transact, LLC. collects and stores information required to conduct business transactions requested by our users. By way of example, we collect product pricing and quantity information to process orders. We also collect information required to properly conduct communication between our customers. By way of example, we collect information from purchasers to properly direct business to the supplier(s) identified by the purchaser.
Merchant Transact, LLC. automatically receives and records information on our server logs from your browser including your IP address.
Should you have any questions concerning the data we collect or how it is used, please email your question to [email protected]
Information Sharing and Disclosure
Merchant Transact, LLC. will not sell or rent confidential information to anyone.
Section 4 : Merchant Transact, LLC. will only disclose confidential information when:
We have your written consent to share the information; We need to share your information, as you have directed, to any trading partner to provide the product or service you have requested; We need to send the information to companies who work on behalf of Merchant Transact, LLC. to provide a product or service to you (e.g., Merchant Transact, LLC.'s Internet service provider, Merchant Transact, LLC.'s data center service provider). (Unless we tell you differently, these companies do not have any right to use information we provide to them beyond what is necessary to assist us.); We respond to subpoenas, court orders or legal process; or When Merchant Transact, LLC. has reason to believe that disclosing this information is necessary to identify, contact or bring legal action against someone who, intentionally or unintentionally, may be causing injury or harm to Merchant Transact, LLC. users or other persons or violating the Terms and Conditions of use for this Web Site.
Merchant Transact, LLC. IS NOT LIABLE FOR THE LOSS OR MISUSE OF INFORMATION BY THIRD PARTIES. Merchant Transact, LLC.'S LIABILITY RELATES ONLY TO Merchant Transact, LLC.'S OWN INTENTIONAL MISUSE OF INFORMATION THAT IS NOT OTHERWISE IN THE PUBLIC DOMAIN.
Your Ability to Edit and Delete your Account Information and Preferences
Merchant Transact, LLC gives you the ability to edit your Merchant Transact, LLC. Account Information and preferences at any time.
Merchant Transact, LLC. uses several industry-standard layers of data protection, including IP address validation, SSL-encryption, and password protection to protect data transmissions.
Changes to this Privacy Policy
Merchant Transact, LLC. may amend this policy from time to time. If we make any substantial changes in the way we use your information we will notify you by posting a prominent announcement on our pages.
Questions & Concerns
If you have questions or suggestions send an email to [email protected]


text:
Urmun Icon Pack v4.7.0 Apk stunning details on each and every icon will make your device very different. With fully followed material design guides, be ready to enjoy eye pleasing colors and shapeless design. Visual expression at maximum. M is here and it is shining!
Updated: September 3, 2016
Current Version: 4.7.0
Requires Android: 4.0.3 and up
Category: Personalization
Size: 41M
- 3.500+ HD icons
- Hundreds of alternatives
- 73 QHD wallpapers
- Masking for unthemed ones
- Dynamic calendar
- Clock widget
- Icons request, search and preview feature
- Muzei live wallpaper compatibility
- Regular weekly updates
- Supported launchers
Nova, Action, ADW, ADWex, Apex, Atom, Aviate, Everything.me, Go, Inspire, KK, Lucid, Next, Nine, Smart, Solo, Themer, TSF and many more
Theme engine
Unicon and XGELS
What's New
- 10+ new icons today
Free Download Urmun Icon Pack 4.7.0


text:
Your order contains no items
The women on our team now design shoes specifically for you - with extra cushioning and stylish touches.
Because we understand what it's like to walk in your shoes.
Easy to shop, easy to exchange, easy on your wallet
Not feeling it? No worries. You have up to 60 days from your original purchase date to change your mind. If you don't love your shoes, and they are in resalable condition, get a free exchange and use easy returns, no questions asked.
Need to change your size, or prefer another style, no problem with our 60 day easy exchanges.
We know you don't want to wait to start your new job. We'll deliver your shoes within 4 days to any business address.
SFCE uses cookies to enhance your browsing experience and to create a secure and effective website for our customers. By using this site you agree that we may store and access cookies on your device, unless you have disabled your cookies.
Cookie Policy


text:
Junior Melons leave room to grow
Brett Mayher makes Top 10 in 2 categories.
With only three players from last year's squad returning to the Junior Melons this summer, inexperience was a daily battle for the Gothenburg baseball team.
Averaging six errors a game and finishing with a dismal 3-18 record, it's easy to see that lack of experience took its toll.
The Melons were 13 games into the season before they finally notched a win and there wasn't enough time to build momentum before the Area 6 tournament.
The Juniors suffered a pair of big losses to make a quick exit from the tourney and end the year on a downer.
There is a silver lining, though.
Most of the 15 boys on the roster this year will return to the field next summer.
A number of good things came from the season, including two spots on the Juniors all-time Top 10 statistical list for Brett Mayher.
With 19 hits in 38 at-bats, Mayher finished the year with a .500 batting average to move into the No. 7 spot in that hitting category.
Mayher had 12 singles, five doubles, a triple and one home run that he hit on the home field against McCook.
Mayher also makes the Top 10 at No. 7 in on-base percentage with a .596 average in his 47 times at the plate.
Trent Good was close behind Mayher in number of total hits with 16 earning the team's next highest batting average at .281.
Good also had the second highest number of stolen bases at 11 behind Mayher's 14 and Gothenburg's best earned-run average on the pitcher's mound at 6.10.
Good faced 125 batters throwing 22 strikeouts, walking 16 batters and giving up 35 hits.
Justin Larson had the second best ERA at 6.21.
Defensively, Melon catcher Levi Walker had the most put outs with 113 in 100 innings behind the plate.
Chase Ostergard had the next highest number of put outs at first base with 89 while Good offered a team-high 29 assists.
So with strong numbers returning next summer, the Junior Melons have many reasons to look ahead.
Latest Headlines
- Gothenburg native releases first novel
- We all need help from a friend
- Monsanto hosts 6th annual Safety Day program
- Brady places champ and runner-up at State FCCLA
- Swedes continue conference domination
- Dancing With The Stars changes venues
- Middle-of-the-Pack Finishes For Swede Boys and Girls
- Girls Show Support for Teacher's Cancer Fight


text:
That's a Blu-ray™ Disc! To play this Disc, you'll need a Blu-ray™ player. The audio on Blu-ray Discs® can range from Dolby Digital and DTS Digital to Dolby TrueHD and DTS-HD. See our FAQs for more details.
Pick up your disc(s) from one of over 36,000 Redbox locations nationwide.
Suggested for You:


text:
Earn 30 Together Rewards points on this item
Trooping The Colour A6 Notebook
Free Click & Collect
Check availability in your local store
Free Delivery Available
- Free Standard over £20
- Standard delivery £2.99
- Next working day £4.99
Product Information
Details:
 A beautiful A6 embossed notebook with lined paper and a gorgeous textured cover.

 Ideal for:
 A great little notebook that is ideal for popping in your bag for on the move use, perfect for writing notes and reminders for use at work, school or home.

 Measures: 14.8 x 10.8 x 1.8cm.
Stress-Free Returns
Subject to exceptions, we are happy to exchange or refund your purchase within 28 days of delivery. You can return items by post or to one of our stores.Go to full returns information
Together Rewards
15 points for every pound you spend
Rewards Points PLUS Great Prices - YES! We're proud to give even more back to you and reward all Together Rewards Card members with 5 points for every £1 spent, along with exclusive offers, bonus points promotions, member exclusive gifts and more! Interested? Order a card with your purchase and once you've registered and linked your Card, you'll receive 50 FREE points (worth 50p) and you'll receive Reward Vouchers every 3 months to spend on anything you like in-store and online! Click here to find out how to get your Together Card.


text:
Elise Neal, VP-marketing solutions at comScore, led off the event (produced by the Custom Content Council) by enumerating new challenges and opportunities presented by social networking sites, online video and mobile. She said comScore's data show that 105.1 million Americans viewed online videos in December, up from 73.2 million in December 2010.
Another speaker, Stephen Cass, senior editor-special projects at Technology Review, said "gamification" and HTML5 were two technologies that should be added to every content marketer's toolbox.
Rob Tait, founding partner of Fresh Baked Entertainment, which produces webisodes for marketers, said that whatever new technologies marketers embrace, they are best used to enhance storytelling. "It's all about emotional engagement, and it's not just about computers but ... many screens," he said.
D.W. Pine, design director at Time, said some of these new screens can represent a double-edged sword, particularly for the editorial and design departments. He showed how designing for the iPad and Android devices enables increased engagement, allowing full-screen viewing of photos, but also boosts the workload of editorial employees.
Dannette Veale, digital engagements and technology strategist at Cisco Systems, also addressed the up- and downsides presented by new technologies.
In 2009, Cisco changed its Global Sales Meeting (GSM) from an in-person event that brought together about 15,000 of the company's employees in a single location to a virtual event that relied on telepresence, gamification and other virtual technologies. The primary goal was to save money, which the new event (renamed the Global Sales Experience, or GSX) did by reducing costs by more than 80%, Veale said. But employee satisfaction with the event dipped.
The nonvirtual event had been a big deal. How big? Well, Aerosmith performed at one. But the economic slump of 2009 hit nearly every company—Cisco included.
"There was a paradigm shift," said Veale, who outlined the changes Cisco has made to the event. In addition to cutting costs, the virtual GSX was greener than the GSM because 15,000 Cisco salespeople didn't get on airplanes.
Networking missed
But the retooled event, designed to motivate salespeople and recognize top performers, also had its drawbacks, Veale said. In particular, salespeople complained that they missed networking with their international peers. Additionally, the virtual congratulations to top sellers weren't as powerful as an in-person handshake from Cisco CEO John Chambers, Veale said.
Cisco found the salespeople's average rating of the GSX was 2.69 on a 5-point scale. That was down from a peak of 4.52 for the most popular GSM.
In 2010, Cisco altered GSX again, making it a hybrid virtual/in-person event. Bringing together salespeople in five locations around the world helped keep costs down but also resurrected face-to-face networking as central to the event.
Other changes, however, weren't as effective. Comedian Steve Martin's performance, for instance, wasn't universally praised. "Note to self," Veale said, "humor doesn't translate in some areas."
Nonetheless, in part because of the restoration of networking, ratings for the event increased to 3.36.
Last year, Cisco continued to make changes. For example, the virtual congratulations were improved, allowing salespeople to send virtual animated "pats on the back" to top performers. Veale said the number of virtual congratulations sent during the meeting increased from 1,600 in 2009 to about 62,000 two years later.
Veale said the ratings increased to 3.51, only a little shy of the 3.63 rating the final GSM received in 2008.


text:
American Physical Society Sites|APS|Journals|PhysicsCentral|Physics
- American Physical Society Sites
- Publications
- Meetings & Events
- Programs
- Membership
- Policy & Advocacy
- Careers In Physics
- Newsroom
- About APS
- Become a Member
My name is Collin Joseph, and I am 18 years old. I was both born and raised in the Bronx, NY. My deep interest in physics springs forth from the natural curiosity I had as a child. My parents claim that I was the most alert and inquisitive child that they have met. This childlike quest for knowledge readily developed into a deep interest in physics. By middle school I was already enthused about relativity, and intrigued by quantum mechanics. Through physics, the scientist can approach deep questions about nature in a logical and systematic fashion. Perhaps this level of abstraction is what draws me more towards the theoretical aspect of physics.
I have already begun my personal quest towards an understanding of nature through research. I spent the summer of 2004 in Barcelona, Spain assisting in research in condensed matter physics on the phenomenon of super radiance, on which I published a paper. In the fall of 2004, I started my first year at Yale University, and this Summer I am studying Lattice Quantum Chromodynamics with a faculty member there.
In addition to my interest in physics, I also am very interested in music. I play classical piano, and have been the pianist at my local church for almost five years. I also have dabbled in writing prose. I feel that these additional pursuits are also important to the cultivation of a well rounded character, one that is able to lead in our cosmopolitan society.
In the future I hope to become a full-time professor at a university, and continue to study physics, widening both my personal understanding and the knowledge base of my fellow human beings.


text:
- Description
Vitra's quest is to create complete, satisfying bathroom environments. This means transforming often overlooked spaces into something more than a necessity of modern life. It's about creating an enjoyable experience by changing our perception of the bathroom.
Product Details
- Installation Type: Wall Mounted
- Flush Type: Dual Flush
- Compatible: Concealed Cisterns, 740 frames
- Height: 165mm
- Width: 244mm
- Depth: 8mm
- Flush Plate (740-0285)


text:
Top Reasons to Stay at Sheraton Roanoke Hotel & Conference Center
- It's is a short drive from the magnificent Blue Ridge Mountains and downtown Roanoke, which was named Best Mid-Sized Mountain Town by Blue Ridge Outdoors Magazine in 2012.
- In downtown Roanoke, you can explore shops, restaurants, and a farmer's market stocked with fresh produce, homemade treats, and art. You can also catch a show at the Roanoke Civic Center.
- Roanoke hosts a number of festivals where food, crafts, and music abound, including Roanoke Festival in the Park May 24–27.
- In the hotel's vicinity are numerous educational institutions, including the state's leading research institution, Virginia Tech along with Roanoke College, Hollins University, VMI, and Radford.
- There are several onsite dining options. Shula's 347 Grill serves Shula's Cut steaks, fresh seafood, and martinis, and in the morning, you can head to Pi Kitchen for a hot breakfast buffet.
- Guests can kick back in the indoor jacuzzi and pool year-round or swim in the outdoor pool during warmer months.
Roanoke, Virginia: Blue Ridge Mountain Scenery an Hour from Virginia Tech
Located along the western edge of the picturesque Blue Ridge Mountains, Roanoke occupies an area of Virginia endowed with abundant natural beauty. The Appalachian Trail, the famous 2,000-mile-long hiking path that starts in Georgia and ends in Maine, runs through the northern part of Roanoke County, and the mountain scenery of the Blue Ridge Parkway is accessible just south of the city. At the Natural Bridge, immense limestone rocks form a beautiful stone archway. Thirty-four stories underground, you can explore some of the deepest caves on the East Coast.
Downtown Roanoke is home to the acclaimed Taubman Museum of Art, which displays works from many different genres in an interactive and family-friendly space. Roanoke is also known for its winemaking culture; take a quick trip to the many surrounding vineyards for tastings and tours.
Less than an hour's drive away is the 2,600-acre campus of Virginia Tech. In addition to being the state's leading research institution, it's a nucleus of athletic activity. Students and visitors alike pack Lane Stadium each fall to watch the Virginia Tech football team duke it out on Worsham Field, one of the toughest places in college football for opponents to play.


text:
Paul Vixie Explains, In Great Detail, Why You Don't Want 'Policy Analysts' Determining DNS Rules
from the let-the-geeks-be-geeks-please dept
So far, the "pro-SOPA/PIPA" folks haven't been able to find a legitimate working technologist who says that these plans make sense. Instead, they've brought out some "policy analysts" who have some basic technology background, but not a deep understanding of DNS. But, because they can toss around some tech terms, SOPA/PIPA supporters think they sound credible. However, in his latest post on the subject, Vixie walks through a step-by-step explanation for why each suggested method of DNS blocking won't work and/or breaks DNSSEC. Basically, these "policy analysts" keep suggesting different ways that they think DNS blocking could work, and Vixie explains why they're wrong each time, and points out the importance of actually having DNS engineers do DNS engineering -- not policy analysts.
For example an early draft of this legislative package called for DNS redirection of malicious domain names in conflict with the end-to-end DNS Security system (DNSSEC). Any such redirection would be trivially detected as a man in the middle attack by secure clients and would thus be indistinguishable from the kind of malevolent attacks that DNSSEC is designed to prevent. After the impossibility of redirection was shown supporters of PIPA and SOPA admitted that a redirection (for example, showing an "FBI Warning" page when an American consumer tried to access a web site dedicated to piracy or infringement) was not actually necessary. Their next idea was no better: to return a false No Such Domain (NXDOMAIN) signal. When the DNS technical community pointed out that NXDOMAIN had the same end-to-end security as a normal DNS answer and that false NXDOMAIN would be detected and rejected by secure clients the supporters SOPA and PIPA changed their proposal once again.And yet... it's not being designed by DNS engineers at all. It's being designed by policy people, with a smattering of help from some former technologists who don't really understand DNS. That seems like a pretty big problem.
The second to latest idea for some technologically noninvasive way to respond to a DNS lookup request for a pirate or infringing domain name was "just don't answer". That is, simulate network loss and let the question "time out". When the DNS technical community explained that this would lead to long and mysterious delays in web browser behavior as well as an increased traffic load on ISP name servers due to the built in "retry logic" of all DNS clients in all consumer facing devices, we were ignored. However when we also observed that a DNSSEC client would treat this kind of "time out" as evidence of damage by the local hotel or coffee shop wireless gateway and could reasonably respond by trying alternative servers or proxies or even VPN paths in order to get a secure answer, the supporters of SOPA and PIPA agreed with this and moved right along.
The latest idea is to use the Administrative Denial (REFUSED) response code, which as originally defined seemed perfect for this situation. To me this latest proposal as well as the road we've travelled getting to this point seems like an excellent example of why network protocols should be designed by engineers....


text:
Meet thousands of Highland singles through one of the best Highland online dating sites. Matchmaker.com has great instant messenger and live video Highland chat service for our members. Highland dating has never been easier with our show interest feature that will allow you to break the ice with attractive local singles.
Matchmaker.com has some great services for Highland singles looking for a longer term relationship. Besides our great Highland chat product with live video matchmaker users can send email messages to people in the area. The Highland dating scene can be hard to find the right person at times; however, we are here to help and our Highland online dating service is free to register.
HighlandJoin Now Free!
Highland Girls | Highland Men | Highland Gay | Highland Lesbians
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
More Highland Links:
Highland Personals | Highland Speed Dating | Highland Chat | Highland Singles | Highland Love
Senior Dating | Catholic Dating | Christian Dating | Muslim Dating
Black Singles | Asian Singles | Latin Dating
Try our Highland dating service today. Matchmaker.com is one of the oldest Highland online dating services on the Internet and has brought thousands of couples together from the area. Test drive our Highland Chat room with one of the best online communities for the Highland single person. Also, keep in mind that we have a huge member base of Highland singles and that we also cater to members of the many backgrounds.
Still not convinced that matchmaker is the free Highland dating service for you? Once you've filled out the quick registration process you will be to see full size photos and profiles of thousands of Highland singles. Did you know that free Highland dating is a few clicks away? Find love and romance in Highland at matchmaker today!


text:
Posted on December 13, 2011 at 4:00pm by Liz Klimas
The House set to vote on the Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA) this Thursday, a bill that depending on who you are is seen as either protecting intellectual property or censoring the Internet. The bill seeks to remove "rouge" websites hosting unauthorized copyrighted material, but in the process, as the bill is written, could take down sites like YouTube, Facebook and Twitter as collateral damage.
Groups advocating freedom on the Internet have worked to get their message across, Google CEO Eric Schmidt has lambasted the bill, among other actions to raise awareness, but Wikipedia is stepping up with a threat of its own.
As an opponent to the bill, Wikipedia is considering blanking out all pages. This has not happened yet and a timeframe for when or if it will happen is unknown, but Wikipedia founder Jimmy Wales has posed the idea to the Wikipedia community.
A few months ago, the Italian Wikipedia community made a decision to blank all of Italian Wikipedia for a short period in order to protest a law which would infringe on their editorial independence. The Italian Parliament backed down immediately. As Wikipedians may or may not be aware, a much worse law going under the misleading title of 'Stop Online Piracy Act' is working its way through Congress on a bit of a fast track. I may be attending a meeting at the White House on Monday (pending confirmation on a couple of fronts) along with executives from many other top Internet firms, and I thought this would be a good time to take a quick reading of the community feeling on this issue. My own view is that a community strike was very powerful and successful in Italy and could be even more powerful in this case. There are obviously many questions about whether the strike should be geotargetted (US-only), etc. (One possible view is that because the law would seriously impact the functioning of Wikipedia for everyone, a global strike of at least the English Wikipedia would put the maximum pressure on the US government.) At the same time, it's of course a very very big deal to do something like this, it is unprecedented for English Wikipedia.So, this is a straw poll. Please !vote either 'support' or 'oppose' with a reason, and try to keep wide-ranging discussion to the section below the poll.
To be clear, this is NOT a vote on whether or not to have a strike. This is merely a straw poll to indicate overall interest. If this poll is firmly 'opposed' then I'll know that now. But even if this poll is firmly in 'support' we'd obviously go through a much longer process to get some kind of consensus around parameters, triggers, and timing.
Some who support this action say it would gain publicity for the cause and get their point across to lawmakers while others, even Wikipedia supporters, don't think the content on the site should be blacked out. Here are some comments from the Wikipedia community:
- Firmly Support SOPA and Protect IP are terrible bills that pose a real threat to Wikipedia and the overall health of the internet. This plan would draw attention to the seriousness of the issue. Kevin Renfrow (talk) 07:09, 13 December 2011 (UTC)
- Firmly Support SOPA is an existential threat to Wikipedia, not a political one. Would we warn people of a server outage because we can't pay the bills, or do we not get involved in economic issues either? Libertarian23423 (talk) 07:01, 13 December 2011 (UTC)
- Weak Oppose A compromise: Add big SOPA warning headers to every article and shift the article content "below the fold" of the page. Please DO NOT block access to Wikipedia's content. Runtime (talk) 06:25, 13 December 2011 (UTC)
- Oppose SOPA bad. Wikipedia good. Don't go down the political path. It is a slippery slope. Once you start it is hard to stop. What will be the next political hot topic Wikipedia steps in on? One of the five pillars of Wikipedia is to stay neutral. Be strong, stay the way you are.
- Support. Here is what I recommend: Facebook, google, youtube and wikipedia should take down their sites and replace them with a message about SOPA all on the same day. But it shouldn't end there. They should also personally attack each of the original progenators in the Senate/House of the bill. Their political careers need to end that day. It's not enough to simply stop this bill. If they do, another will be enacted pretty soon with pretty much the same problems. Politicians need to understand that if they take on the internet and choose record labels over their own constituents they cannot expect support from their own political base. Karlzt (talk) 02:38, 13 December 2011 (UTC)
- Oppose The issue has not been well stated, the community has not been well informed, and if I am going to pick up pitchfork and torch, I'm going to pick the issue to do it on. Sorry.–Wehwalt (talk) 08:58, 10 December 2011 (UTC)
In November the House Judiciary Committee said it would be "open to changes but only legitimate changes" for the bill that is largely supported by those in Hollywood and in the music industry. CNET reports that since then "tweaks" have been made but even still the bill remains unpopular to many groups:
"There are still significant problems with the approach," said Public Knowledge attorney Sherwin Siy. The revised version of SOPA "continues to encourage DNS blocking and filtering, which should be concerning for internet security experts and human rights activists alike," he said. DNS stands for the Domain Name System.
Ryan Radia, associate director of technology studies at the free-market Competitive Enterprise Institute, says SOPA v2.0 is "better than the old one, and more carefully written in several places." But, Radia says, "it's still a very bad bill."
Schmidt was recently reported as saying that if the bill goes through, it would lead to "criminalizing" of the Internet. The Hill reports that Schmidt reiterating that websites, such as search engines, thatlink to foreign websites with pirated content would be punished unjustly:
"By criminalizing links, what these bills do is they force you to take content off the Internet," Schmidt said, calling it a form of censorship.
"If Congress passes a bad law, we all suffer," Schmidt said.
He compared the proposal to the Web censorship practiced by repressive foreign governments like China and doubled down on that comparison when speaking with reporters after his remarks at the Economic Club of Washington.
"It's not a good thing. I understand the goal of what SOPA and PIPA are trying to do," Schmidt said of the Senate counterpart bill, the Protect IP Act. "Their goal is responsible, their mechanism terrible. They should not criminalize the intermediaries. They should go after the people that are violating the law.
The bill has 25 co-sponsors from both parties and would require websites to keep tabs on their site for "pirated material" and if found the site would be subject to being taken down.
Read More: http://www.theblaze.com/stories/wikipedia-could-soon-go-dark-in-protest-of-house-internet-bill/
Watchwoman Related Posts:
Hands Off the Internet Goes Viral
Wikipedia & Mozilla among others are dark today to oppose SOPA and PIPA
U. S. Congress considers bill to censor Internet
SOPA/PIPA is already here!
- Related Topics
- 1st Amendment Rights


text:
The original Klone Centaur by Bill Finnegan is one of the most sought-after effects pedals ever. Its creamy and dynamic overdrive is appreciated and loved by countless professionals and it is also often used as a Clean Boost for warming up the signal. In the last three years, Finnegan has been working on its successor, which enters the market in new housing. The new Klon KTR Centaur corresponds in terms of sound to the original and also features a switchable buffer. Overdrive Controls: Volume - Gain - Tone Powered via 9V DC power supply Manually wired in the USA
Buy Now Klon KTR Centaur Overdrive at Musicarte Musical Instruments
Codice Prodotto (sku): 0121131
Musicarte can pick up your used gear. Request an evaluation of your used item and buy one or more available products (also for online shopping)LEARN MORE
We're a real shop with more than 1000 square meters of exhibition space,, more than 7000 available products, online store and assistance 24/7, for a total of more than 20,000 items.!
Musicarte Store is an online musical instruments shop. New and used musical instruments at the best price. Guitars, Amplifiers, Drums, Keyboards, DJ Equipment, Home Recording, Print Music, Audio Gear, Lighting. Musicarte is a real shop too, with more than 1000 squared meters of exhibition space! Everything you need for the musician in you. All our musical instruments are ready to be shipped. We ship everywhere in the world, as soon as the order is made, and we deliver within few working days. All our new music gear is under a 3 years warranty, one year more than the italian standars, while ex-demo and used gear have a 2 and 3 years warranty, respectively. Find what you need to make your sound real!
Fender - Ibanez - Gibson - Ableton - ADAM - Professional Audio - AKAI - AKG Acoustics - Allen & Heath - Apple - Aquarian - Aquila ART - Artesia - Artnovion - Arturia - Audio Technica
Buy online with PayPal and PayPal Express, Credit Card or Bank Transfer, Musicarte offers an insured shipping service, too. Do you live here in Italy? Then you can pay in cash on delivery too! And if you are nearby and you want to visit us, why don't you place your order online and then you pick it up at our store? You'll like it for sure!DEALS USED GEAR


text:
I had a busy 3 days playing with alcohol inks preparing for VBS. I used it on a irredecent paper and Each ink gave me a different effect. It's easy to use, and a little goes a long way! It can be a little messy, but that's part of the fun of crafting! I can't wait to have them all!
This is one of the best Alcohol Ink's on the market!!! I highly recommend this product!
This is a great color for my album. It goes great with all the wonderful pictures I have of my little troublemaker. I used it to color chipboard and it's great. can't wait to use it for me.


text:
SANTA BARBARA, Calif. - UC Santa Barbara's Matt Vedo must have had someplace other than Caesar Uyesaka Stadium to be on Saturday afternoon because the junior right hander wasted no time in throwing a complete game 5-0 shutout against visiting Pacific.
Vedo completed the game in just 1:57 and needed a mere 89 pitches, 64 of which were strikes. He did not walk a batter, allowed seven hits, six of which were singles, and struck out six.
"I think this was his best outing of the season," said Gauchos' head coach Bob Brontsema. "Even with two near no-hitters, this was better. He was dominant and in command the whole way."
Vedo tossed a one-hitter at Nevada on Mar. 20 and a week ago, he went eight innings of one-hit ball in a combined shutout at UC Davis. The shutout was the fourth in the last six games for UCSB (26-25 overall, 10-13 in the Big West).
Pacific (16-37, 8-15) came into the weekend with one of top offenses in the Big West but has been limited to just a total of three runs in the first two games of the series.
The Gauchos got all the runs they would need in the second inning when first baseman Trevor Whyte led-off the inning with his second home run in as many games and third of the season. While Whyte's drive probably didn't need wind to get beyond the right field fence, the constant breeze at Caesar Uyesaka Stadium on Saturday couldn't have hurt.
Santa Barbara tallied three more runs in the third inning. Second baseman Sean Williams and right fielder Mark Haddow opened the inning with back-to-back singles. With Williams on third base, Haddow stole second base. One out later, Williams scored and Haddow steamed into second on a sacrifice fly by third baseman Ryan Palermo.
Then, it was Trevor Whyte time, again.
Whyte walloped a prodigious blast that carried high into the eucalyptus trees beyond the right-center field fence. His two-run circuit clout was his third in the last two games and fourth of the season.
As if Vedo needed it, the Gauchos added an insurance run in the fifth on singles by Williams, Haddow and Palermo.
The Tigers never really even challenged Vedo. Only one runner even advanced to third base and that was in the second inning. Daniel Johnston had the only extra base hit of the game for Pacific, doubling in the seventh inning. Third baseman Dustin Torchio, battling for the Big West batting crown, had a pair of singles.
UCSB and Pacific will play the final game of their three-game Big West series on Sunday afternoon at 1:00 p.m. at Caesar Uyesaka Stadium. The game will mark the final appearance for 14 Gaucho seniors and will complete the season for both teams.
Tickets for the last game of the season are available on-line at UCSBgauchos.com, or at the ballpark one hour prior to the 1:00 p.m. game time.


text:
Customer Reviews
All reviews are from people who have redeemed deals with this merchant.
What You'll Get
Choose Between Two Options
- $19 for an online Photoshop Master training bundle ($129 value)
- $29 for an online Photoshop, Illustrator, and InDesign training bundle ($199 value)
Each bundle includes 12 months of access to the course content. The Photoshop Master bundle features over 25 hours of beginner to advanced training. The three-program bundle features over 50 hours of training.
The Fine Print
Promotional value expires 180 days after purchase. Amount paid never expires. Limit 1 per person, may buy 2 additional as gifts. Online only. Must activate by expiration date on Groupon; course access expires 12 months from activation date. Merchant is solely responsible to purchasers for the care and quality of the advertised goods and services.
About OnlineLearning247
For 15 years, instructors from OnlineLearning247 have helped thousands of students develop new skills with a course list that covers a wide range of computer, electrical, and multimedia certifications. Without having to leave the house, attend a brick-and-mortar university, or put on pants, users can master photography, programming, or graphic design thorough easy-to-use online modules. Pupils learn at their own pace, studying everything from asbestos training for architects to Google analytics to accounting and bookkepping.


text:
By Manoj Kumar
NEW DELHI (Reuters) - India's embattled Congress party, led by Sonia Gandhi, sought to drum up support for the contentious opening up of the country's vast retail sector to big foreign chains at a mass rally on Sunday, saying supermarkets would help farmers and consumers battling high inflation.
The left leaning Gandhi's new support for reforms is seen as a shift in strategy by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh's government, which is trying to win over a population angry at corruption scandals as it heads into a string of elections including a northern state assembly on Sunday.
"FDI in retail will not only benefit farmers but also unemployed youth and the common man," the Italian-born head of the ruling Congress party told a capacity crowd of mainly rural supporters in New Delhi's Ramlila Maidan ground, which holds about 50,000 people. More stood outside.
A lack of cold storage and quality granaries means up to a third of India's food production goes to waste. The government says supermarket chains such as Walmart Inc will build the infrastructure required to unblock supply bottlenecks and bring down prices.
Critics including the leading opposition Bharatiya Janata Party say foreign supermarkets will destroy millions of jobs in small shops and will lead to lower prices for farmers in the long term.
In October, Nobel Prize-winning economist Joseph Stiglitz told an Indian newspaper that foreign supermarket investment would not benefit India and could cost manufacturing jobs if the retailers sourced from China.
Gandhi, who heads a dynasty that predates India's independence from Britain in 1947 and who is seen as the country's most powerful politician, last week promoted the new retail policy with apple farmers in Himachal Pradesh before Sunday's election in the mountainous state.
Her son Rahul Gandhi, expected to head the party's campaign for a 2014 general election, also defended the policy at the rally. The crowd, many wearing pink turbans and carrying placards in favor of foreign investment, were mainly men and women from the north Indian farming states of Rajasthan, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh.
"We support the government's decision on FDI. The opposition is only confusing the people," said Laxmi Devi, from the poor state of Bihar.
The Gandhis favor widespread welfare schemes for India's poor and had previously offered lukewarm backing to policies Singh says are essential to generate the growth that funds welfare.
Seasoned economist Singh lifted a prohibition of foreign supermarkets trading in India as part of a slew of reforms since September aimed at reviving moribund economic growth and tackling yawning deficits that led to a credit downgrade threat.
India's mistrust of foreign merchants dates back to Britain's East India Company, which used trade to colonize the subcontinent. After independence in 1947 and until a first wave of reforms in 1991, the economy remained largely closed and socialist.
But the Congress party is gambling that most opposition to the policy now comes from small traders and middlemen who traditionally support the BJP. Congress hopes to win over farmers and middle class consumers, who are angry at inflation and revelations of widespread graft.
Headline inflation in India has remained above 7 percent for two-and-half years, and the prices of many food items have gone up more than 50 percent during that period.
The first test for the new strategy is the election in Himachal Pradesh where the Congress is trying to oust the ruling BJP in a tight state race. Sonia Gandhi last week told farmers in the state the demand created by supermarkets would help end price volatility.
India is due to hold 10 state level elections next year and must hold a general election by 2014, where a Congress party-led coalition will seek a third consecutive term.
Before winning its second term in 2009, the government launched a $13 billion debt-waiver for farmers, the traditional backbone of Congress party support. This time, with the fiscal deficit approaching 6 percent of GDP, the government has less room for populism.
Under pressure to introduce long-stalled reforms after ratings agencies Standard & Poor's and Fitch threatened to strip India of its investment grade credit rating, the government has raised fuel prices and announced several measures to attract foreign investment.
The leaders also defended the fuel price rise at the rally, and lashed out at the opposition for being obstructionist and corrupt.
(Additional reporting by Nigam Prusty; Writing by Frank Jack Daniel; Editing by Sanjeev Milan)


text:
The legislative branch of the federal government consists of the Congress, which makes our laws, and agencies that support Congress. Find links to United States Congressional information.
Congressional Directory
The official Congressional directory. Listing includes members of congress, biographies, office listings, district descriptions all arranged by state.
Minnesota Members of Congress
A list of the Minnesota's eight U.S. Representatives and two U.S. Senators. Included are links to their websites and email addresses.
THOMAS: Legislative Information on the Internet
Use Thomas for the full text of federal bills, and for federal bill status.
U.S. Code -- Full text from Cornell University
Searchable full-text from Cornell with the best organized results.
U.S. House of Representatives
U.S. House of Representatives
U.S. Senate
U.S. Senate


text:
Meet and chat with Friendship singles at Matchmaker.com, our Friendship chat rooms contain thousands singles in your local area. Whether you are looking for serious relationships, friendship, or even marriage Matchmaker.com will help you find that special person. Chat with other members with a live video instant messenger or join on of our Friendship chat site rooms and meet singles today!
FriendshipJoin Now Free!
Friendship Girls | Friendship Men | Friendship Gay | Friendship Lesbians
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
More Friendship Links:
Friendship Dating | Friendship Personals | Friendship Speed Dating | Friendship Singles | Friendship Love
Senior Dating | Catholic Dating | Christian Dating | Muslim Dating
Black Singles | Asian Singles | Latin Dating
Matchmaker is a large and exciting online community where Friendship chat discussions take place. Members are able to change text, style and color, add graphical smiles, and click usernames to bring up profile details. Friendship chat rooms and users are organized intuitively on the left side of the interface where users are able to easily peek into rooms without joining, see who is inside, who'sbroadcasting audio and video, how long they've been in the Friendship chat room and more. Clicking on the detail button or an individual username brings up expanded information on the Friendship chat room.


text:
Counterpoint to this thought.....Topper wrote:Some thoughts and comments a day later.
McLean says HNIC hasn't been a CBC production for several years. Rogers will assume production and GIVE the games to CBC. CBC gets some advertising slots to push out their latest ice dancing reality show.
On air, TSN will still be a sports reporting and analysis station. The guys on TSN Hockey and Sports Centre won't see much of a reduction. It will be the local TV production crews and the play by play/colour guys who do the games that will suffer. There is already a redundancy of these folks with CBC and Sports Net so figure on 2/3rds of the national pool of play by play/colour commentators and the TV production crews will be on the street looking for work flipping burgers.
There may be a surplus right now, but if you consider that CBC is only covering Saturday nights, and that Rogers will now have to carry the coverage of the games that TSN has been covering, then Rogers will probably scoop up a chunk of these colour and play by play commentators. No dispute about the production crews though, although it also wouldn't surprise me if both RSN and TSN have used the same local crews for the hands on stuff.
That is a huge chunk of change, I'm very surprised at how much more they went over TSN. I'm still not convinced there will be a massive change to the amount of PPV though. Last time they went that route people just pooled together and ended up going out to watch the game. The PPV option seems like a less than lucrative option for Rogers. They can't sell advertising in PPV, and if you are banking on scoring an extra few bucks from every tv subscriber then you are shortsighted to have missed that you might sell every game but chances are you will be selling to less than 30% of you actual viewing audience because of my previously mentioned reason. And I very much doubt that people would actually tune in to hockey games if they priced them at the same level as a fight.Topper wrote: Rogers' deal is more than ten times that, cue Carl Sagan - "billion and billions" for a monopoly on Canadian NHL broadcast rights across all platforms. It starts at $300 million the first year and escalates to over $500 million annually........and you still don't think more ppv is coming your way......LOL.
Rogers is already talking of a Centre Ice Lite.
On a personal level I do like the idea of a Center Ice Lite. I barely watch TV as it is, so if I could just by the most basic package and then purchase a subscription to just my team and not have to buy 2 sports packages and the HD sports......all depends on the cost though.


text:
The weather has been a bit patchy of late… but we have to stay optimistic that the sun will come out with his hat on (hip hip hip hooray). With that, we can't go around squinting because that would make us look mightily unattractive wouldn't it?
To give the bog standard aviators a swerve, you might prefer to go a bit Michael Caine and get these great 50's sunglasses to save your retinas from setting on fire. A trip to Topman and parting with £12 will see you looking chic and suave.