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Ten Things You Don't Know About Comets
Comets spawn meteor showers
So we have millions of tons of material blowing off a comet every time it passes the Sun. What happens to that junk?
There's very little force acting on this material, so it continues to orbit the Sun in very much the same orbit as the comet itself. That stuff can happily circle (ellipse? Ellipticate?) the Sun for hundreds of millennia, but not always. Sometimes the comet's orbit intersects the Earth (more on that not-quite-so-happy circumstance in a moment), which means the Earth can plow through this debris. Normally, the Earth hits about 100 tons of space detritus a day, but that number can jump substantially when it rams a comet's orbit. This material burns up in our atmosphere, and we get a meteor shower.
That's right: when you go out and observe the Perseids, the Leonids, the Geminids, the Taurids, you are seeing the dandruff from a comet (which is an appropriate metaphor, since coma means "hair" in Latin). Even a snowflake can put on quite a show when it slams into our atmosphere at 100 km/sec. That kinetic energy is converted into heat and light, and is visible as a shooting star for hundreds of kilometers. Sometimes you get a small chunk of gravel, too, and that becomes an intense fireball, bright enough to leave an afterimage on your eye (I've seen a few, and they're heart-stopping).
This also means that meteor showers are associated with specific comets. Halley's has two: the Orionids in October and the Eta Aquarids in May. The August Perseid shower is due to litter from the comet Swift-Tuttle, and the November Leonids are from the comet Tempel-Tuttle. They happen at the same time every year because that's when the Earth is at the intersection of the two orbits. The spectacular image above is from the 2001 Leonids, seen in Australia by Jen and Vic Winters of ICStars.
I'll add the orbits of the debris do get pushed around a bit. Solar wind, light pressure from the Sun, gravity of the planets: these can affect the debris, changing when and where the Earth hits them, so over time the meteor showers evolve. Also, if the parent comet made a recent passage, the debris cloud can be thicker, and when the Earth rams into it we get a meteor storm. The Leonids of the late 1990s produced many such intense storms, with rates as high as thousands of meteors per hour!
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Links to this Post
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The link is broken…
I just got an ad asking me if I have balls. Yes, thanks.
One obvious one people don't know, is that the visible comet they see is mostly just gas and dust. The "comet" itself (aka nucleus) is a city-sized ball of dirty ice which sublimes all this debris off on its periodic (or non periodic) rendevezvous with the solar neighborhood, and then returns back to its popsickle state when it moves outward.
Their orbits are either slightly below zero total energy (bound orbits) or slightly above zero total energy (unbound trajectories), and this speaks volumes to their distant origins.
And many people mix up meteors with comets, and don't realize comets aren't "shooting stars".
some readers will know some of these, and some will know all ten
but the hard core will see if they can find an error in each one…
Comet Hyakutake was also "visited" by Ulysses!
Looking forward to follow the link once it is up and running :-). Ready to get some astonishing comet facts!
I'm just getting a blank page. Does that mean I already know everything about comets?
I'd say there were about 7 or 8 that I already knew. The others I kind of knew.
The embiggenated pictures were great! I especially liked the meteor shower and the SOHO galleries (the movie of comet Hyakutake passing the sun was pure awesome!)
For those who can't get into the presentation, you can navigate through the pages at the bottom. Just click on page 2 and you're set.
I didn't know comets were sponsered by Zales Diamonds. Interesting.
Just random teasing…Its ok Phil
Comets are like sex, you never forget your first time.
u got it, justin… smart fella..
The link for "Enter 10 Things You Don't Know About Comets" is broken from the BA homepage (404 error). If I open the page just for this post (where you are now with comments at the bottom), the same link says "Sorry, no posts matched your criteria".
The only way I could enter is by coming here (comments page) and clicking the #2 for the second page.
I didn't know comets had a $499 special to Cabo! Fix the link Phil
I've only seen a few comets .Yes many people confuse comets,meteors ,and asteriods,they don't seem to know the difrence .I think maybe school science textbooks focus little on astronomy and only tend to focus on the planets and not on the minor members of our solar system .One more thing (I'm sure Phill knows about this)a Pope in the middle ages did once declare Haleys comet an evil sprit in defence of the Church I would say in the middle ages no one knew what comets were .Since then the science of astronomy has found out what comets are and no Pope in recent times has declared comets to evil sprits .
The blue color of this ion tail is due to carbon monoxide, which scatters blue light toward us (similar to why the sky is blue).
I have to disagree with you here. First off, since it's an ion tail, it can't be CO which is neutral, wouldn't it be CO+? Also I don't think the density is nearly enough to be enough for scattering. I think this is due to the emission spectra of the excited ions. (arXiv:astro-ph/0003122v1)
Model comet looks too much like a chocolate rice-crispie treat for my liking.
19: Are you sure it doesn't look like a hot fudge sundae?
(Please, somebody get the reference…)
How long would it take for Comet Halley to entirely disappear?
I can confirm the fears that the 1910 pass of Comet Halley inspired. My grandmother was twelve years old at the time and she remembered it quite clearly. She said that people sat on the rooftops of Brooklyn to see it, expecting to be gassed at any moment. They didn't know about cyanogen, but thought it would be like the cooking gas they used in those days.
That fear inspired two famous writers, as well. H. G. Wells wrote " In the Days of the Comet," (1906) and Sir Arthur Conan Doyle wrote a Professor Challenger story, "The Poison Belt" (1913).
Great article!
Phil: I have heard that rather than "dirty snowball", a better description of comets would be "frozen mud" (due both to the debris/ice ratio and the presence of organic molecules). What do you think of this?
Soho is great. I have a soho widget on my desktop that gives me the latest images. I had been using the EIT304 extreme ultaviolet image (more because of the colors than anything), but I just switched to LASCO 2.
Wait, in 1910 they were able to learn about comets and analyze them with technology?
11) Nobody ever puts the umlaut over the "m."
Off topic, but Phil, while you're fixing broken links you need to take a look at what's happening with http://www.badastronomy.com, which is returning a blank page for several days now. This is the link that is used from the forum banner, so you can't get here from there.
Cool, I learned new stuff today. Thanks Phil.
Man, you got my hopes up that I'd know 'em all with some of the softball facts at the start. Stuff I'd known since I was a kid. But those last four gave me some new brain-wrinkles, so that's good
@20 David: Served up with a chocolate-coated manhole cover?
[Edit: This may not be the exact reference – all his stuff is kinda blurring together at the moment.]
Adam (#26) asks: "Wait, in 1910 they were able to learn about comets and analyze them with technology?"
Yes, they had had spectrometers for more than half a century by then.
This was an awesome read! Much better than working. Thanks, Phil!
Good write up there – even though I knew all ten & have seen most of those photos here before.
Additional fact or three (plus a few extra bits of info.) for y'all – from a powerpoint talk I gave recently on astronomical anniversaries :
1. This year marks the 100th anniversary of the Great Comet of 1910. This Great January Comet or Great Daylight Comet of 1910 :
* was the brightest comet of the 20th century.
* was independently found by so many people in the southern hemisphere that no single original discoverer could be named, though the first astronomer to see it appears to have been Robert Innes (who also discovered Proxima Centauri) on January 17, 1910, at the Cape Observatory in South Africa.
* Most observers judged the comet at maximum to be brighter than Venus, giving it a magnitude of about -5. It was much more spectacular and impressive than the apparition of Halley's comet which took place later the same year & folks often confuse the two.
2. This is the 33oth anniversary of the very first comet ever discovered through a telescope which is variously known as Kirch's Comet, Newton's Comet or the Great Comet of 1680.
* Discovered by Gottfried Kirch on 14 November 1680, it became one of the brightest comets of the 17th century.
* It was reputedly visible even in daytime & was noted for its spectacularly long tail. Passing only 0.4 AUs from Earth on 30 November, it sped around an incredibly close perihelion of .006 AU (898,000 km) on 18 December 1680.
* While discovered & named for Gottfried Kirch, credit must also be given to the Jesuit, Eusebio Kino, who charted the comet's course.. Kino's Exposisión astronómica is among one of the earliest scientific treatises published by a European in the New World – in Mexico.
* Although Kirch's was an undeniably a sungrazing comet, it was probably not part of the Kreutz family.
* Aside from its brilliance, it is probably most noted for being used by Isaac Newton to test and verify Kepler's laws.
& the last cometary anniversary (well that I mentioned) was
3. 2010 is also the 40th anniversary of Comet Bennett, (C/1969 Y1) passing closest to Earth on March 26, 1970.
* At that time this comet's average brightness was around 0, while estimates of the tail length ranged from 5 to 10 degrees. It was a spectacular sight for some months & one of two brilliant comets to grace the 1970s, along with Comet West.
See : http://www.cometography.com/lcomets/1969y1.html
& http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/G/Great_Comets.html
..&, of course, Wikipedia has pages on all three comets too as do many comet and general astronomy books.
Hope y'all found this interesting.
David #20
Which falls on a Tuesdae this month!
The whole time I was reading the article, I was thinking of how well these facts were addressed in "Lucifer's Hammer" — except for SOHO and the robotic visits, of course.
Who doesn't love a good book about Death from the Skies?
11) Nobody ever puts the umlaut over the "m."
What? Why on earth would there be an umlaut over the em?
35. Steeev Says:
April 20th, 2010 at 11:14 am
David #20
Which falls on a Tuesdae this month!
Darnit! Beaten to the punch.
a lot of organic (carbon-based) compounds have been detected in comets.
Spectroscopically perhaps, but IIRC when Stardust brought back samples they were scarce on them. Besides, Earth itself had lot of carbon from the start.
it's also possible that a significant fraction of the water in our oceans came from ancient comet impacts as well!
If you by maor fraction mean something like 10 %. [Lectures in Astrobiology: Vol I.] IIRC D/H ratios preclude more.
OTOH there was a recent paper that confirmed that most water must be from impactors, not original nebula material by looking at mantle isotope ratios. [Um, it's googeable; I'm late.]
So impacts (late veneer), not comets so much, likely outer main belt asteroids.
thank you yet again for another great post! You ROCK my world! getit?
Talking about David Lavy… I have his signature on my scope, with an happy smiley comet!
Comets are awesome, slide shows, not so much…
Hey I knew some of those things already! I demand a partial refund!
You could put this in with "two tails" or have an 11th point: The tail can be in front of the comet.
The tail direction is determined by the solar wind. If the comet is moving away from the sun, the tail will be pushed out in front of the path. Also, near the sun, the tail will be sideways compared to the path of the comet.
"Every time a comet comes near the Sun, it dies a little bit."
And, occasionally crashing into the sun.
#43 Bill Nettles,
I think you're referring to antitails seen with some comets. The antitail appearance is due to our viewing geometry from the Earth instead of being a tail "pushed out in front of the path". Check out the relevant wiki page on antitails: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antitail
The picture of Tempel 1 reminded me of Emily Lakdawalla's collection of asteroids and comets shown to scale that were visited by spacecraft: http://www.planetary.org/image/asteroids_comets_sc_0-000-075.png
Hmm, I do believe I knew all these points. Minus points for not knowing the name of SOHO, just that such a system existed.
I was inspired by Phil's description of the density of cometary comas to post on Reddit a proposal for a new unit of measurement for gas pressure (vacuum), to be part of the Library of Congress system. Here's the link: http://www.reddit.com/r/funny/comments/btu52/a_new_measurement_unit_for_vacuum_gas_pressure_in/
I proposed the "Politician's Promise" (denoted PP) as 1nPa, which is less than most laboratory vacuums, and more than the density of interplanetary space. Of course, PP is divisive, not additive, so 2PP = 1nPa * 1nPa = 10^-12Pa.
I strongly suggest Carl Sagan's "Comet", which is still pretty current and in addition to some great writing about the science and the potential of comets, also has some great science history. In particular the history of Edmond Haley, who kicked a surprising amount of ass. It turns out that his predictions of the return of his eponymous comet was one of his less significant discoveries.
I missed out on what was probably the most spectacular comet in my lifetime because I was in the southern hemisphere at the time. Bah. **sniff** Everyone keeps telling me how awesome the comet Hyakutake was.
Sorry – wrong comet. Hale-Bopp. But for me Hyakutake was a mere amorphous blob as well.
@10 wrote:
Comets are like sex, you never forget your first time.
Or, a really great one! I guess that I have seen all the really good ones since the 90s, and even though 73/p wasn't as spectacular as some of the brighter ones, it is the one that brings back the fondest memories. I sat outside for a couple of hours every morning… for a couple of months, in the spring of '06, writing all of the details that I could discern in my journal. I guess it was the multiple fragments that intrigued me???
But, I didn't keep a journal of Holmes. Anyone know what the cluster is in the first photo?
Phil, you forgot the parts where comets conceal alien spacecraft and / or reanimate the dead. No biggie, but The More You Know :p
Grr, I actually knew all ten facts. I don't want a prize, just a good comet to view.
I'm trying to figure out when a typical comet starts outgassing from the sun. I mean, it wouldn't be until it was well within our solar system, right? It is linear: it just increases in strength? And aren't some captured by Jupiter and/or Saturn?
Yep, my great grandmother saw Halley twice (second time with me thu a telescope in the crater of a hill). She said, even here in NZ, the first time people saw it, many hid in their cellars for days, dreading the plague/pestilence/undefined bad thing it might bring.
Mark Twain was born during a pass of Halley's Comet and accurately predicted he would die during the next one.
From his wiki:
In 1909, Twain is quoted as saying:
I came in with Halley's Comet in 1835. It is coming again next year, and I expect to go out with it. It will be the greatest disappointment of my life if I don't go out with Halley's Comet. The Almighty has said, no doubt: 'Now here are these two unaccountable freaks; they came in together, they must go out together.'
His prediction was accurate – Twain died of a heart attack on April 21, 1910, in Redding, Connecticut, one day after the comet's closest approach to Earth.
Actually, very active comets like Hale-Bopp have a third tail composed of neutral sodium and potassium, just like the Moon and Mercury – see the images at
Grrr… its done as a psuedo slide show. I hate slide shows. They're usually used just to get people to load more advertisements to up the site's revenue, and even when they're not being used for that purpose (like here), I still find them very grating.
Please, just do a continuous list next time. Pretty please?
What causes the line that extend from the sun the the lower left of the SOHO images? I enjoy checking SOHO's site quite often and have always wondered.
Paul (61)- I believe that is the arm holding the disk that blocks out the sun. The disk is necessary or the image would be overwhelmed with direct light and you wouldn't see the surrounding details.
On Slide #8,point 2, wouldn't Hale-Bopp have thousands of times the mass of Toutatis, as mass would vary with radius-cubed?
Here's my list:
1. Ford produced Comets 1960-1977
2. It was planned as a model in the Edsel line
3. With the demise of the Edsel, it was sold in 1960 and 1961 as neither a Ford nor a Mercury but as an unbranded vehicle
4. It was the high-end sibling of the better-known Ford Falcon 1962-65
5. Ford bought the "Comet" name from Comet Coach Company, which had used the name — in possible anticipation of Hale-Bopp/Heaven's Gate — for their line of funeral coaches, mostly Oldsmobiles (really; even I wouldn't write a pun this bad)
6. In 1966, the Comet named was upgraded to sibling of the Ford Fairlane
7. In 1971, the Comet appeared as Mercury's version of the Ford Maverick
8. A Comet station wagon with wood trim was named the Villager, a name used earlier by an Edsel station wagon and later by Mercury's mini-van from Ford's joint venture with Nissan — a vehicle notable for using Nissan engines, after Henry II's comment that he'd never source engines from another company
9. In 1964, Ford produced 50 Comet Cyclones with 427 c.i. engines that did well on the racing circuit
10. Comets were bumped from Mercury's lineup in 1978 by the Zephyr
(Wikipedia contributed much of the above information)
45. Jon Hanford
Don't be so literal. "Out in front" means a component of the radial vector along the tail is parallel to the velocity, not that the tail itself is perfectly lined up with the velocity vector. That said, the wiki article you pointed me to perfectly illustrates what I was talking about. Those diagrams show both the dust and ion trails are ahead of the nucleus if you split the path into 2 portions, "ahead" and "behind."
No one expected comet Hyakutake to be a powerful source of x-rays. "Astronomers using ROSAT (the European Space Agency's Roentgen satellite) decided to look at Hyakutake and they were shocked by what they saw. ROSAT images revealed a crescent-shaped region of x-ray emission around the comet 1,000 times more intense than anyone had predicted." Dr. Michael J. Mumma wrote, "We had no clear expectation that comets [would] shine in X-rays." Some astronomers wondered why they would bother pointing an x-ray telescope at a comet. The x-rays were as intense as those ROSAT usually picks up from bright x-ray stars and they flickered like a fluorescent-tube on a time scale of hours. Flickering effects in plasma discharges are normal because of the non-linearity in its current carrying ability. Meanwhile another ad hoc proposal had to be dreamt up to explain the x-rays. So the Sun was made entirely responsible for the x-rays by suggesting that highly ionized atoms from the solar wind were scavenging electrons from the cometary atmosphere and the energy available from that recombination was sufficient to generate the observed x-rays. But that constitutes an electric current into the comet which is unsustainable if a comet is supposed to be electrically neutral. – WAL THORNHILL
10 things i dont know about comets?
Update : Click on my name here to see the new comparison chart updated to include Comet Hartley 2 which the EPOXI – formerly Deep Impact space probe flew past in November 2010.
This BA blog post is titled 'Asteroid comparison chart, Part II' posted on December 9th, 2010 6:50 AM & containing links and an image gallery of the Hartley 2 fly-by.
It is rather a joke that this is in Bad Astronomy, because this author seems ignorant of several things.
In "Ten Things You Don't Know About Comets by Phil Plait" is this statement: "The last big impact-related event was 65 million years ago."
Simply not true. Tunguska (1908). It was as big an explosion in the 1015 megaton range, and it was an airburst, not even a ground impact. It took out 830 sq miles of trees. Younger-Dryas (12,900 years ago). It killed all the mammoths, saber-toothed tigers, giant sloths, the American horse, Clovis man, and every large mammal in North America, except the bison. It drove the world back into a 1200 year long ice age, just as it had come out of an ice age. It was the last mass extinction, and it was only 13,000 years ago.
Then there is Rio Cuarto, a multiple low-angle impact in Argentina, with around ten acknowledged impacts, some of them over 2 miles long and 700 yards wide. Its explosive power was 30 times as big as Tunguska. When? Opinions vary, from 1500 BC to 10,000 BC.
He also didn't mention the Taurids as being probably the biggest "meteor stream," and that the Tunguska object was probably from that stream, meaning that every year when we go through it (TWICE) we run the risk of another one that size.
Oops! That was "10-15 megaton range."
I love comets.


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CFDA'S NEXT TARGET: The Council of Fashion Designers of America will renew its efforts for Fashion Targets Breast Cancer this fall, and it has turned to Net-a-porter.com to help make the initiative a worldwide vehicle. The two have signed a one-year partnership agreement, making the e-tailer FTBC's first global retail partner. "As a woman, I feel it's important to support causes that are important to my core customer, who is also a woman, as well as causes that resonate with me personally," said Natalie Massenet, Net-a-porter.com's founder.
The deal will include limited edition pieces by American and international designers, to be made exclusively available on Net-a-porter.com for a year, starting with New York fashion week in September. "Their global reach will help deliver the message of FTBC to an international audience and will dramatically increase the scope and range of previous fund-raising efforts," said CFDA executive director Steven Kolb. The partnership will be unveiled at a June 19 luncheon in honor of Massenet, hosted by the CFDA and its president, Diane von Furstenberg, at the DVF Studio in New York.
WEAR AND TEAR: Karl Lagerfeld has tapped another budding actress for a Chanel campaign. Rinko Kikuchi, nominated for an Oscar for her performance in "Babel," was in Paris Tuesday to shoot ads featuring Chanel handbags for the cruise season. It's not the first time Lagerfeld has photographed Kikuchi; he recently did a shoot featuring her for Japanese Vogue. And Kikuchi is already a Coco nut, having worn Chanel faithfully for the past year. Separately on Tuesday, Chanel said it would display the finale dress from its cruise collection in the windows of its Venice boutique to mark the opening of the city's Biennale. In a wink to the work of artist Sophie Calle, who is representing France and is partly sponsored by Chanel, Lagerfeld has dubbed the little black dress, with what looks like an ivory rip in the front, a "breakup dress."
HOT WHEELS: Tod's chief Diego Della Valle and his brother Andrea have just snapped up a small stake in Italy's Piaggio & C., the company behind the iconic Vespa scooter. Late Monday, the brothers said they bought "more than 2 percent" of Piaggio. At current market prices, the stake is worth more than 28 million euros, or $38 million. The brothers also obtained options to lift their stake to as much as 5 percent. Over the past few years, the Della Valles have diversified their personal investment portfolio beyond their core footwear and leather goods company to include soccer team Fiorentina, eyewear company Marcolin and minority stakes in other companies. Piaggio's brand portfolio includes Piaggio, Vespa, Aprilia and Moto Guzzi. Roberto Colaninno, Piaggio's chairman and chief executive officer, controls the company with a 55 percent stake. In a statement, the Della Valles said they decided to buy a holding in Piaggio because they believe in the "strong growth and development potential that this prestigious Italian brand has in the world."
This story first appeared in the June 6, 2007 issue of WWD. Subscribe Today.
GO, GO, GO FETHERSTON?: It seems like there's no stopping Target's Go International campaign these days. After recent guest designers Patrick Robinson, Libertine and Alice Temperley, word is the mass retail chain just zeroed in on Erin Fetherston for its next Go round. Details of the collaboration could not be learned, but the Berkeley, Calif.-born, Paris-based designer's collection could hit Target stores by fall. Fetherston, who is perhaps best known for her platinum blond hair with signature bangs, launched her own couture collection after studying at the Parsons The New School for Design affiliate in Paris but, after two years, shifted to ready-to-wear for spring 2005. She has shown during New York Fashion Week in recent seasons.


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YORK, Pa. – The York College women's swimming team moved their record back to the .500 mark on Saturday courtesy of a 144-118 win over visiting Elizabethtown. The Spartans' home triumph boosts their record to 6-6 on the season and marks their fifth-straight victory.
The Green and White opened the meet with a 200 medley relay win. The team of Kathy Murphy, Lindsey Buglino, Kelsie Pike, and Courtney Dacheux put together a victorious time of 2:01.95 to give the Spartans 11 first-place points.
Individually, junior Chelsea Ross posted a pair of victories for the Spartan side. The talented freestyle swimmer took both the 100 and 200 free events with times of 57.49 and 2:02.90, respectively.
Murphy, who had led off York's triumphant 200 medley relay squad, grabbed first in the 100 backstroke with a 1:07.22 while Dacheux, the relay anchor, collected first-place points in the 50 freestyle with a time of 26.00. Each of these two secured second in two other events as Murphy recorded the runner-up spot in the 200 backstroke (2:24.88) and Dacheux clocked in second in the 100 freestyle (58.24).
Adding three more victories to the Spartan ledger, the Green and White proved triumphant in the 200 breaststroke, 500 freestyle, and 400 IM. Alex Minsky secured the top spot in the 200 breaststroke with a 2:44.37 while Michaela Guild posted first in the 500 freestyle as she clocked a 5:31.56. Lindsey Buglino notched the victory in the 400 IM with a 5:04.98.
Earlier in the afternoon, Buglino took second in the 200 freestyle with a 2:07.06 followed by Jenny Hinkle's 2:09.14. Meg Walker snagged second with a 2:34.36 in the 200 butterfly while Kelsie Pike registered a 2:45.44 to grab the runner-up spot in the 200 breaststroke. Katelyn Romm posted second in the 100 butterfly with a 1:11.23.
Having now completed their fall semester slate, the Spartans now look forward to the winter training period with over a month off until their next meet. York is scheduled to return to meet action on Saturday, January 14, as they travel to Collegeville, Pa. to face Ursinus in a 1:00 pm tilt.
PHOTO: Alex Minsky swims a breaststroke event during York's pair of victories over Gallaudet and Penn State-Altoona on Friday, December 9. Courtesy of Joe Wydner - York College (Pa.) Athletic Communications Practicum Student.


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Dave D'Onofrio's Sox Beat: Webster doesn't help gap in Sox' rotationDAVE D'ONOFRIO
May 09. 2013 12:29AM
BOSTON --- There weren't a lot of people in Fenway Park at the start of Wednesday night's tilt between the Red Sox and Twins. Sure, there was a threat of rain, but one might've thought a chance to see hyped Boston pitching prospect Allen Webster make his second big-league start would have coaxed the faithful into their seats on time.
As it turned out, though, it wasn't exactly an event those in attendance will wistfully remember.
Surely, it was one Webster would quickly love to forget. He was tagged for four runs in his first inning of work, and then - after Jonny Gomes' grand slam erased those tallies and Stephen Drew's bloop single gave the Red Sox the lead - he was touched for four more when he came back out in the second.
He didn't even finish that frame, finishing his night by recording only five outs, and two of those were run-scoring sacrifice flies. Each of the tallies against him was earned, the penalty for surrendering six hits and three walks, and so on the night Webster was supposed to be taking Felix Doubront's spot in the Sox rotation, Doubront was still forced to throw 105 pitches and work 5 1/3 innings.
In that sense, the fallout from Wednesday night would theoretically have an easy fix as the team tries to figure out what happens next: Webster goes back to Pawtucket today, and Doubront in on track to take his regular turn during next week's trip to Tampa Bay. Except Doubront (12 hits, six runs) was barely better than Webster.
So all of a sudden it's starting to seem as though the Sox have a big question mark at the back of their rotation - and don't have much in the way of an answer.
Already Doubront's periodic inconsistency and poor performance last weekend in Texas had put his status as a starter in such doubt that Webster was promoted to take his place this time through, and while some believe Webster will be a factor in the majors at some point this season, Wednesday strongly suggested that point isn't now. And it may not be for a while.
The Twins arrived having scored the third-fewest runs among American League teams, thanks in part to the AL's lowest slugging percentage, yet Minnesota teed off on Webster. His fastball typically lived between 94-96 mph, but Ryan Doumit hit a 97 mph heater for a home run that was among two Twins' taters and five extra-base hits.
He did prompt six missed swings, though the results were a far cry from what the 23-year-old delivered during a scintillating spring training, or at Triple-A, where he's surrendered just a single homer among 12 hits in 20 innings. He also has 26 strikeouts, so the numbers say he's been dominant against that caliber of competition - though he's clearly got plenty of work still to do before he's really ready for the next level, and so the Sox should see to it that their organization's fourth-rated prospect gets the appropriate opportunities.
The problem is that they still need someone to pitch immediately. And the alternatives are sparse. Doubront's earned run average is up to 6.40, and at age 25 he might also benefit from a chance to take a step back and work things out (either in the bullpen or via a visit to the disabled list, followed by a rehab assignment). So the Sox could again look to the minors.
If the Sox can create space on their 40-man roster, that could mean a big break for Salem, N.H.'s own Terry Doyle, who has posted a 3.03 ERA through his first six starts this year and has posted a 2.89 over parts of two seasons at Triple-A. Another option might be Steven Wright, the knuckleballer who struggled as a major-league reliever earlier this season, but has been excellent (1.69 ERA) in four starts for the PawSox.
Then, of course, there's Alfredo Aceves. When he was demoted after a brutal start near the end of April some among Red Sox Nation thought they'd seen the last of the zany righty. However, he allowed just two runs over his first 12 innings for Pawtucket, and at least he'd bring a major-league pedigree.
It's hardly an appealing list of options - but that's basically from what Ben Cherington and John Farrell will be forced to choose. Going into Wednesday they had to hope Webster would make their choice easy, and if he didn't than maybe Doubront might.
It didn't happen, though, so it wasn't until the eighth inning that the crowd (which supposedly peaked at 29,969) had real reason to cheer. By then the Sox trailed by a touchdown, 14-7, but word arrived quickly that the Bruins had won their playoff game in overtime, thanks to David Krejci's hat trick.
They earned that cheer. After all, hours before, the Sox and Twins had played two innings in the time it took the Bruins and Maple Leafs to all but eight minutes of two full periods. It'd been a long night at the ballpark.
And unless the Sox find a solution for their fifth starter situation soon, it won't likely be the last of those.
- - - - - - -
Third baseman Will Middlebrooks was out of the lineup a night after colliding with catcher David Ross as the two chased a foul pop. Middlebrooks went for an MRI earlier Wednesday, and complained of sore ribs, but neither his condition nor Ross' was such that the Sox made a roster move to fortify their roster. Both are considered day-to-day.
Dave D'Onofrio covers the Red Sox for the New Hampshire Union Leader and Sunday News. His e-mail address is email@example.com.


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Girls' Italian cashmere tunic
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A cute and comfy tunic in our famous Italian cashmere, from one of the best mills in the entire world. We work closely with the mill to make sure each style takes our colors perfectly, hence the eye-popping hues you see here. And for ultimate hand-me-down potential, we recommend hand washing rather than dry cleaning and handling with a little more care than their other layers. (Little sis will thank you next year.)
- Italian cashmere.
- Patch pockets.
- Hand wash.
- Import.
- Online only.
- Item F6861.


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Latest Features
NCAA Game Night: 3-30-14
No. 8 St. Cloud State Huskies 0 vs No. 2 Minnesota Golden Gophers 4
West Regional Finals
G Adam Wilcox, MIN: Win, 24 saves on 24 shots, shutout
Season totals: 36 GP, 25-5-6, 1.89 GAA, .934 sv%, 4 SO
2012-2013 totals: 39 GP, 25-8-5, 1.88 GAA, .921 sv%, 3 SO
Adam Wilcox stopped all 24 shots he faced and freshman Justin Kloos (undrafted) scored twice to lead the Gophers back to the Frozen Four with a 4-0 win over St. Cloud State. Kloos was named MVP for the region. Minnesota's defense was solid all night, limiting the Huskies to just a few scoring chances, but when they occurred, Wilcox stood tall. Minnesota will play Lightning prospect Brendan O'Donnell and the Gophers' former WCHA rival, North Dakota in Philadelphia. Union plays Boston College in the other national semifinal. The Frozen Four features three top seeds and one fourth seed, North Dakota. The tournament gets underway April 10.
*USCHO poll used
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NEW YORK (AP) — Superstorm Sandy has wiped out New York's Nielsen Co. ratings report for the month of November.
The company that measures television viewership said Tuesday that it won't issue a November ratings report for the New York market because so many of its sample homes were affected by the storm. Right after Sandy hit, some 450 of the 960 homes in the metropolitan area used by the company were out of power or worse.
Local news programs use the ratings for bragging rights against the competition. Ad prices for local commercials are also set by the numbers that Nielsen provides, meaning the stations and advertisers must negotiate rates taking into account disruptions in service, said Pat McDonough, senior vice president of insight and analysis at Nielsen.
"The marketplace has to decide how they will accommodate it," she said.
Sample homes began coming back as power was restored. But it has taken longer to get a representative sample of the area because some locales were hit harder than others, according to Nielsen.
After Nov. 9, Nielsen began providing overnight ratings again in the New York area for its clients to consult on a day-to-day basis.
It's the first time New York's ratings have been disrupted in this way, McDonough said. It has happened elsewhere in the past; the New Orleans market report was interrupted for a year following Hurricane Katrina.
Nielsen said 21 of its sample homes in the New York area were fully or partially destroyed by Sandy, forcing the company to find new ones.
Sandy had a slight impact on Nielsen's ability to report national results, mostly forcing the company to weight its samples differently to make up for homes knocked out by the storm, McDonough said.


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BIRMINGHAM | A former Birmingham police officer was sentenced to 100 years in prison for arson and other criminal charges Thursday.
BIRMINGHAM | A former Birmingham police officer was sentenced to 100 years in prison for arson and other criminal charges Thursday.
Curtis Thornton was convicted of four counts of arson, one count of attempted arson and a count of first-degree criminal mischief in June.
Thornton, 28, was accused of setting fires to four buildings in Warrior and two in west Birmingham in May 2012.
During the trial, several witnesses said Thornton had joked about setting fires or that they had seen Thornton light small blazes.
Deputy Jefferson County District Attorney John Geer called Thornton a serial arsonist and said he lit the fire while on duty and in uniform.
Godfrey Chrysoverges, father of Thornton's former fianc�e, owned one of the houses Thornton was accused of lighting on fire. AL.com reported that he told the judge the damage in this case extended beyond the properties Thornton set fire to and impacted his family as well.
"But I think the people he hurt the most was his children ... he took himself out of their lives," he said.
Thornton's grandmother, Sue, told AL.com she has taken custody of Thornton's two sons, ages 7 and 8. She said Thornton had been respectful as a child and she couldn't believe he was suspected in the crimes.
"I can't believe that it has all come to this ... I just can't see him doing all of this," she said.
Thornton's attorney, Brett Hamock, told the judge that Thornton had no prior criminal history, was living in Tuscaloosa when his home was destroyed by a tornado on April 27, 2011, and that Thornton had been through a divorce and was awarded custody of his two children.
Thornton indicated that he plans to appeal his conviction and sentence.
A second Birmingham police officer, 36-year-old Jason Arnold, and 48-year-old Anthony Weaver are also accused in the fires.
Weaver's trial is scheduled to begin June 17 and Arnold's has been set for Oct. 7.


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An Open Letter Calling on International Agencies to Support Amnesty for Maksim Popov
May 10, 2010
Nemat Shafik, Director General Country Programmes, DFID
Dear colleagues:
We, the undersigned, are writing to express our deep concern over the imprisonment of Maksim Popov, an HIV prevention educator, psychologist, and director of a small NGO in Uzbekistan who was falsely convicted in June 2009 of charges including "evasion of taxes and other compulsory payments" and "the involvement of minors in the use of narcotic drugs." He was sentenced to seven years imprisonment as a result of his HIV prevention efforts.
Mr. Popov was the director of the non-governmental organization IZIS, which was funded by USAID, UNICEF, UNAIDS, the Global Fund, the U.N. Development Programme, and the Department for International Development (UK). IZIS conducted activities such as counseling services, provision of sterile injection equipment, training for an AIDS education hotline, and anti-drug education for youth. These services are desperately needed in Uzbekistan, which has the highest HIV prevalence in Central Asia, and where over half of those living with HIV are between the ages of 15 and 30.
The court cited Healthy Lifestyles. Teacher's Guide XXI, a booklet funded by UNDP, UNAIDS and USAID, and imported into Uzbekistan by Population Services International (PSI), stating it was used "with the aim of committing indecent acts against people he knew to be under age 16 ... bearing propaganda promoting homosexuality and prostitution, as well as pornographic images, among youth." HIV and AIDS Today, a brochure written and funded by UNICEF and PSI that included a discussion of same-sex relations and the use of condoms, was also cited. All copies were seized by authorities and burned. The court's verdict stated that HIV and Men who have Sex with Men in Asia and the Pacific -- a publication of UNAIDS -- was "categorically in contradiction with the mentality, the morality and moral foundations of society, religion, customs and traditions of the people of Uzbekistan."
We find it unconscionable that the donors who supported his vision and funded his work have abandoned him, and we are calling for concerted diplomatic efforts to secure his immediate release. The bilateral agencies, international donors, and NGOs that encouraged Mr. Popov's work should take all possible steps to protect him and win his amnesty. The international fight against AIDS cannot succeed if local partners are forsaken when the political winds shift.
We request a report on what steps your organization is taking to get Mr. Popov released as quickly as possible. Please contact us at email@example.com. We must all work together to right this horrible wrong!
The International Committee for the Release of Maksim Popov
Signers (list in formation):
UNAIDS Applauds Uzbekistan for Removing Restrictions on Entry, Stay and Residence for People Living With HIV
This article was provided by The International Committee for the Release of Maksim Popov.
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Latest Features
AHL Game Night: 1-5-13 Crunch at Admirals
Crunch sweep homecoming weekend in dramatic fashion.
Dustin Tokarski allowed 3 goals on 25 shots for the victory after Jon Cooper chose to pass over Riku Helenius for the start and keep the same netminder for the back end of the two game set. We'll see if Riku goes on Wednesday or if Cooper has evoked the "stick with a winner" selection process.
First Period
Second Period
NOR Kurtz, (3) (Vatanen, Rosehill), 2:54
SYR Killorn, (13) (Wyman, Gudas), 3:48
NOR Maroon, (10) (Vatanen, Sexton), 12:28 (PP)
SYR Namestnikov, (2) (Labrie), 17:58
Third Period
SYR Panik, (17) (Connolly, Cote), 3:46
NOR Palmieri, (11) (Vatanen), 11:39 (PP)
SYR Connolly, (13) (Killorn), 2:21
Brett Connolly was the game's first star. He's been pretty consistent all season, statistically. If you look at his last 22 games, for instance, he was only held off the scoresheet in 6 of those games. That's got to make Coach Cooper, and Guy Boucher for that matter, smile.
Richard Panik is now just 2 goals shy from his total of all last season. The Panik attack has lit the lamp 4 times in the last 3 games.
Vladislav Namestnikov is also consistently finding the scoresheet since his return from injury. He got his second pro goal tonight and he has 2 goals and 3 points in the 5 games since he came off the shelf.
Alex Killorn had his 4th multi-point game in his last 9 outings. He was chipping in singles in the early part of the season, but now he's starting to really pick up steam in his rookie campaign.
Syracuse moves on Wednesday to face Rochester.
Box score from TheAHL.com.
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(c) Pocumtuck Valley Memorial Association, Deerfield MA. All rights reserved.
Contact us for information about using this image.
Three bicycling enthusiasts posed in their Springfield, Massachusetts, bicycle club uniforms with their high wheels for this photograph in 1884. To participate in the new bicycling fad sweeping the United States in the 1880s required nerve and athletic ability. Despite its difficulty and the danger of serious injury, riding these early high wheels became quite popular and cycling clubs formed across the country. In the 1890s, the League of American Wheelman actively and successfully lobbied for road improvements throughout the United States. These cycling enthusiasts posed in their club uniforms with their high wheels. One holds the racing medals the club has won.
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Item Description
Reeder Dagger
Author: No authors specified.
Date: 1856
Many free-state leaders were charged with treason by the pro-slavery legislature in May 1856. Former territorial governor Andrew Reeder escaped arrest by leaving Kansas disguised as a woodcutter. Reeder carried this dagger for defense when he fled the territory.
Location of Original: KSHS/Kansas Museum of History Call Number: 1957.210.1, ATEE/Dagger
Item Number: 102837 Number of images: 1
Keywords: Free state cause; Kansas Territory. Legislature; Kansas Territory. Legislature - Pawnee/Shawnee Mission; Objects; Reeder, Andrew H. (Andrew Horatio), 1807-1864; Swords and daggers; Treason; Weapons (see also Guns)


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I am going to take a break from promoting my just released book, The Catholic Tide Continues to Turn to write about another interest of mine; election polling and demographics in my home state of Ohio. Lately my dander has been raised more than once by polls which are totally inept in their sampling rational. This article will attempt to explain why at this point Governor Mitt Romney is in the driver's seat in my home state. Full disclosure; I did not vote for Governor Romney in the GOP primary, my vote went to Senator Rick Santorum. Also until the mid 1990s I was a conservative Democrat; my political work began in the 1980s as in intern in the Ohio State House and then continued for the Democratic Leadership Council on Capitol Hill in 1994-95. I saw no hope for conservative Democrats like myself after my stint in Washington DC. I view myself not as a Republican, but a conservative.
The 2008 General Election was a perfect storm for Democrats across the country and Ohio was no exception. By 2010, the gains the Democrats made had evaporated and the GOP returned to the levels it had enjoyed in the 1980s. However, political polling across the country has not reflected this change. Obviously this makes a huge difference in Midwestern swing areas, especially suburban locations, the area of most states that continue to grow, even if that state's total growth is stagnant.
For example in Ohio the area surrounding Franklin County (Columbus) and the area surrounding Hamilton County (Cincinnati) are the fastest growing areas of the state. These areas generally go GOP 65%-35%. Conversely, the Democratic strongholds of Lucas (Toledo,) Cuyahoga (Cleveland,) Summit (Akron,) and Mahoning (Youngstown) are the areas of the state that have seen a freefall in residents since the late 1970s.
While many people are aware of this statistic, one area few seem to realize is the age demographic, Democratic voters are dying off faster than the younger (40 and 50 something) Reagan era GOP voters of the fast growing GOP strongholds of suburban Columbus and Cincinnati.
Now let's take a look at raw voter counts in Ohio and what we can expect after the polls close at 7:30 PM on November 6. A cursory glance of the 2004 and 2008 election results in the Democratic strongholds in the northern part of the state might make one reason that a serious error had occurred. How could Massachusetts Senator John Kerry possibly get more votes than the first African American standard bearer, then Illinois Senator Barack Obama in areas like Cuyahoga County which is over 30% African-American, the highest percentage in the state?
The answer is simple, thousands of voters had died or moved from that area of the state in those four years, and many more thousands have done so since the economic meltdown of 2008. For example in 1980 Cuyahoga County had 1,500,000 residents compared to 1,280,000 in 2010, Lucas County had 471,000 in 1980 compared to 441.000 in 2010 and Mahoning County had 290,000 residents in 1980, compared to 239,000 in 2010. Many left for southern and western states. As recent as a few days ago (early October 2012) election officials had reported a huge drop off in eligible voters for this Democratic rich area of the state. Let's give the President the benefit of the doubt and say his numbers in Cleveland, Toledo and Youngstown only drop 5% (due to shifting demographics) this is still a nightmare scenario for the Obama-Biden ticket when one realizes that Romney-Ryan ticket will certainly gain at least 5% in the Columbus and Cincinnati fast growing suburban areas.
Now let's take a look at the GOP strongholds of suburban Columbus and Cincinnati. In 1980 Butler County (outside of Cincinnati) had 258, 000 voters compared to 368,000 in 2010 and Warren County directly north of Cincinnati had 99,000 residents in 1980 versus 212,000 in 2010. Let's look at Columbus, Delaware County which for years was the fastest growing county in the Midwest had 53,000 residents in 1980 compared to 174,000 in 2010 and Fairfield County had 93,000 residents in 1980 versus 146,000 in 2010. Continue Reading


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Even though we live in the Midwest, and we know we're going to eventually have snow, it's as though it was our first time this year to experience the white stuff.
Even though we live in the Midwest, and we know we're going to eventually have snow, it's as though it was our first time this year to experience the white stuff.
I'm guilty of this maniac behavior, making a trip to the grocery store as soon as the meteorologists start talking about snow, filling up the gas tank and preparing to hunker down for the impending storm – and I love every minute of it.
There's something magical about looking across the acreage blanketed with unblemished snow although that also includes an 800-foot driveway I tend to plow through. Instead of waiting for my boyfriend to make a drivable path with the Bobcat, he knows from past incidents, I will assume my car can blast through larger-than-life snowdrifts. My philosophy of "I ain't afraid of no snow" has caused me to pay more than a few tow bills in my lifetime.
Now that I'm older and wiser, I only experiment with my snow driving abilities closer to home or at the least, near the Bobcat driving boyfriend who begins preparing for my arrival with tow chains, shovels and a lot of patience.
He's fairly finicky about keeping his garage and yard in order and I understand and appreciate that, as I'm that way about the kitchen. I have damaged several items in the garage, but in my defense, I spend more time in his "area" than he ever does in mine.
After accidentally running into the shelves that hold his fishing gear, he hung a tennis ball from the ceiling of the garage so I know where to park and when to stop.
When "accidents" happen he rarely says anything but will immediately begin figuring out how to keep me from doing it again. I can't say I blame him, but then again, accidents do happen.
He called with specific instructions and when he's really adamant I listen, and he'll go through the information several times. Five times he repeated, "don't get stuck in the snow that is piled in the grass by the garage." Which means, don't spin out and tear up my yard.
When I arrived, he was sitting at the end of the driveway, in his Bobcat. With the snow falling as quickly as it could be moved, he wasn't taking any chances. I followed him up the drive and then received more instructions.
"Back your car into the garage so you can get out easier." Easy enough. I swung the car around and headed for the garage although I couldn't see the dangling tennis ball to guide me in. With confidence, I pushed the pedal to the metal and landed in the middle of the front yard. I spun my tires, tore up the yard and finally parked the car in the garage.
By the time I got out all I could see were a set of blue blaring eyes staring at me through a face mask, as he sat on his bobcat with snow swirling and the wind howling. I thought I had come face to face with the abominable snowman.
Thank goodness it was only Frosty, the jolly happy soul, who puts up with me and my accidents.
Sandy Turner lives in the Kansas City area and writes this column for GateHouse Media.


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After living our entire lives happily unaware of anyone named Carol Vorderman, it seems like it's about time to admit our guilt and come to terms with the fabulous world of British TV stars. She's like the British Vanna White, only she's a MENSA member too. Having co-hosted the popular quiz show Countdown (that some readers might remember from watching "About a Boy") for over two decades, Carol is probably the most recognizable British celebrity who's related to numbers, a feature that she's trying to capitalize on by lending her name to a series of mind-related books and games with titles like "Mind Aerobics." Sudoku is the first installment in the interactive series, arriving in the US a few months after its original release in the United Kingdom.
Immediately after inserting the UMD, Carol will appear to explain the origins of sudoku, the short name for the tongue-twisting "Suji Wa Dokushin Ni Kagiru." She can then be recalled whenever needed, by selecting one of four tutorials that give players useful tips on the best ways to solve puzzles. For the (few) people who still haven't experienced the thrill of sudoku puzzles, they essentially consist of a grid of 9x9 squares, that in turn can be divided into nine cells of 3x3 squares. Each number from one to nine must appear only once in every line, column and cell. In each square, the player can either insert the correct number or pencil mark the possible options. It may not sound challenging, but the difficulty level can change dramatically from puzzles taking only five minutes to be solved to masterpieces of complexity that only the most trained sudoku lovers can hope to complete.
Carol Vorderman does a good job making sudoku attractive to everybody. The gameplay is simple and effective, only requiring the player to use the D-pad to move on the main grid and to insert the correct number by pressing X on a small number pad on the right of the screen. In case there are more possible numbers on the same square, the Circle button allows players to pencil mark all the options. There is even the ability to keep track of how many times a certain number has been used, thank to a small grid on the lower-right: each column becomes green once a specific number has been used in every line, but it turns red if the same number is utilized more than nine times, thus indicating a mistake that needs correction. Various kinds of assists can be activated to help inexperienced players: auto pencil marks, an alarm for broken rules and errors, highlights to keep track of lines and columns, and even a selector that only lights the possible options on the small number grid.
There are plenty of options for the single-player mode and even a couple for the multiplayer. Beginners can start with guided schemes that will show any wrong numbers on the grid, but won't give any points, eventually moving to their first real challenges and progressing from Easy through Medium, Difficult and up to Super-Difficult. Once the spirit of sudoku is well-planted in their minds, they might choose to start the Career mode, by far the most rewarding one in the game. Following a martial arts-style progression system, players will start with a white belt and, after solving a couple of simple puzzles, gain the yellow. From there they'll have to go all the way up to the black belt, facing more and more complex puzzles and dealing with ever-decreasing time limits. But every martial arts movie has taught us that no one can be a champion without beating their master, so the final challenge is against Carol herself. Once Career is completed, the Challenge mode allows the player to gain one "Dan" title after another, trying to solve each puzzle faster than the time set by Carol. At that point the title of Sudoku Master will be well-earned and players will finally be able to give their brains some rest.


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Item Number: DB18-STEEL-box-1-9-MM
Retail Price: $50.08
Your Price:$22.54
Availability: Usually ships the next business day
These Stainless Steel Box Chains are durable, hypoallergenic, and gorgeous. They are precision crafted, with every edge being perfectly straight, every curve perfectly rounded, and the entire chain superbly polished to a very radiant shine!
Style:Stainless Steel Necklace
Metal:Stainless Steel
Finish:High Polished
Dimensions:Width: 1.9 Length: 18"


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Now that you are registered for College Colloquium and have completed the Advising and Registration Questionnaire you should have an advising and registration appointment for June or early July.
During your advising and registration appointment, we will work together to register you for fall classes beyond College Colloquium. The typical load for a Willamette student is 4 credits and because most classes are 1 credit, you'll have 4 courses of which College Colloquium is one. You will construct a schedule for your other courses based on your particular interests and needs. Choose 3-4 classes from the following categories:
General Advice
For first year students on their first semester schedule:
- Begin your foreign language study or continue in the language you were studying in high school. If you are continuing a language you will need to take the placement exam in order to enroll at the right level.
- Take a required course in your major or take courses in areas you want to explore as possible majors.
- In general, you can start a major within the first two to three semesters with some notable exceptions: chemistry and music.
- Several of the science majors have a two semester introductory sequence that is best to begin in the fall, e.g., Introductory Physics I [PHYS 221] or Introduction to Programming [CS 141].
- If you are interested in pre-health profession, biology or chemistry you should register for Introductory Chemistry I [CHEM 115].
- If you are interested in majoring or minoring in music you must take a theory assessment test during Opening Days. Majors and minors typically take Music Theory and Aural Skills in the fall along with lessons. For more information go to Music.
- Take Mode of Inquiry (MOI) or Quantitative (QA) courses to satisfy the General Education program.
- Note that a course can satisfy more than one requirement, e.g., Topics in American Literature [ENGL 116W] satisfies both the MOI requirement Interpreting Text and is a writing-centered course.
- Students who want to fulfill the QA requirement or take a calculus course should review the information on the Quantitative and Analytical Reasoning page.
- Consider an activity class (these are 0.25 credits) to stay physically active, e.g., Yoga [FITS 085X].
- Consider a music ensemble (these are 0.25 credits) or music lessons to pursue an interest in music, e.g., Jazz Ensemble [MUSC 031X]. You will need to audition, for more information on auditions go to Music.
- We do have a few 0.5 credit classes, e.g., Fundamentals of Ballet [THTR 181], if you would like a slightly lighter or heavier load.
- If you are interested in participating in theatre productions please consult the Theatre page. Theatre has both courses and production activities open to first-year students.
- You can take up to 4.5 academic credits without incurring an extra tuition fee. The activity courses (designated with an X in the course number) can be added above the 4.5 credits without additional tuition.
- First-year students who have taken Advanced Placement (AP) or International Baccalaureate (IB) courses or who have college transfer credit may have the necessary prerequisites for courses beyond the introductory level. For more information see AP, IB, and Transfer FAQ.
Additional Considerations
For Choosing Fall Classes and Thinking about the Fall workload:
- Expect 2 to 3 hours of homework or preparation for each hour in class
- Take no more than 1 course that requires a laboratory
- Not all courses have to satisfy a requirement (you have room for electives)
- Be flexible, choose more than three courses that you're interested in taking in case some are closed
- Most first-year students take courses numbered at the 100 and 200 level, though some may take a 300 level course
- Your schedule should be from a variety of disciplines to explore the curriculum and to have different types of homework


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In Allegan County�s 80th District, it was a nail-biter to the end, but tea party activist Cindy Gamrat came out ahead with 40 percent of the vote and a double-digit win.
Fellow Republicans Mary Whiteford, of South Haven, and Stephen Schulz, of Allegan, took 29 and 26 percent of the vote, respectively, and Randy Brink, of Saugatuck, had a little more than 4 percent of the vote.
�My political life has just begun,� Whiteford said. �I just want to be a voice for people and I think I could do a good job for people. I don�t know what my future holds, but I�m a very positive person, so I�ll think of something.�
Gamrat will face Democrat Geoff Parker, of Otsego, who was unopposed in his primary, in November.
�We�re really excited. We worked really, really hard. The credit goes to God and to the volunteers and especially to my family who have sacrificed so much for these values and principles they believe in and want to see represented in Lansing,� Gamrat said Wednesday.
Between now and Nov. 4, Gamrat said she intends to keep knocking on voters� doors.
�This is the first step. It was a big one, it was an important step,� she said. �There�s still some months left and some voters I haven�t met yet.�
The 80th District seat is being vacated by Rep. Bob Genetski, R-Saugatuck, under term limits. It includes all of Allegan County except Leighton, Dorr and Wayland townships.
�If you look at my voting record and what Cindy (Gamrat) espouses, they�re real close to each other,� Genetski said.
� Follow this reporter on Facebook and on Twitter, @SentinelAndrea.
Cindy Gamrat wins 80th with double-digit margin
In Allegan County�s 80th District, it was a nail-biter to the end, but tea party activist Cindy Gamrat came out ahead with 40 percent of the vote and a double-digit win.


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|MLB Career Stats
|21st in NL
|22nd in AL
|20th in AL
|10th in AL
|24th in NL
|8th in NL
|12th in NL
|9th in NL
|5th in AL
|4th in NL
|7th in NL
|19th in NL
|17th in AL
|8th in AL
|18th in AL
|24th in AL
|16th in NL
|April 2, 2017
|Bravos de Leon released RHP Kyle Farnsworth.
|July 28, 2016
|Broncos de Reynosa placed RHP Kyle Farnsworth on the reserve list.
|April 9, 2016
|Broncos de Reynosa signed free agent RHP Kyle Farnsworth.
|July 2, 2015
|Pericos de Puebla signed free agent RHP Kyle Farnsworth.
|June 27, 2014
|RHP Kyle Farnsworth elected free agency.
|June 26, 2014
|Houston Astros sent Kyle Farnsworth outright to Oklahoma City RedHawks.
|May 17, 2014
|Houston Astros signed free agent RHP Kyle Farnsworth.
|May 16, 2014
|RHP Kyle Farnsworth elected free agency.
|May 15, 2014
|New York Mets sent Kyle Farnsworth outright to Las Vegas 51s.
|April 2, 2014
|New York Mets selected the contract of RHP Kyle Farnsworth from Las Vegas 51s.
|March 31, 2014
|RHP Kyle Farnsworth assigned to Las Vegas 51s.
|March 27, 2014
|RHP Kyle Farnsworth assigned to New York Mets.
|March 23, 2014
|New York Mets released RHP Kyle Farnsworth.
|February 3, 2014
|New York Mets signed free agent RHP Kyle Farnsworth to a minor league contract and invited him to spring training.
|February 3, 2014
|RHP Kyle Farnsworth assigned to Las Vegas 51s.
|October 12, 2013
|Pittsburgh Pirates activated RHP Kyle Farnsworth.
|October 1, 2013
|Pittsburgh Pirates reassigned RHP Kyle Farnsworth to the minor leagues.
|September 1, 2013
|Pittsburgh Pirates selected the contract of RHP Kyle Farnsworth from Indianapolis Indians.
|August 17, 2013
|Kyle Farnsworth assigned to Indianapolis Indians.
|August 16, 2013
|Pittsburgh Pirates signed free agent RHP Kyle Farnsworth to a minor league contract.
|August 10, 2013
|Tampa Bay Rays released RHP Kyle Farnsworth.
|August 9, 2013
|Tampa Bay Rays designated RHP Kyle Farnsworth for assignment.
|February 5, 2013
|Tampa Bay Rays signed free agent RHP Kyle Farnsworth.
|November 3, 2012
|RHP Kyle Farnsworth elected free agency.
|June 30, 2012
|Tampa Bay Rays activated RHP Kyle Farnsworth from the 60-day disabled list.
|June 26, 2012
|sent RHP Kyle Farnsworth on a rehab assignment to Durham Bulls.
|June 11, 2012
|sent RHP Kyle Farnsworth on a rehab assignment to Charlotte Stone Crabs.
|May 1, 2012
|Tampa Bay Rays transferred RHP Kyle Farnsworth from the 15-day disabled list to the 60-day disabled list.
|April 6, 2012
|Tampa Bay Rays placed RHP Kyle Farnsworth on the 15-day disabled list retroactive to April 1, 2012. Right elbow strain.
|January 15, 2011
|Tampa Bay Rays signed free agent RHP Kyle Farnsworth.
|November 7, 2010
|RHP Kyle Farnsworth elected free agency.
|August 1, 2010
|Atlanta Braves activated RHP Kyle Farnsworth.
|July 31, 2010
|Kansas City Royals Traded CF Rick Ankiel and RHP Kyle Farnsworth to Atlanta Braves; Mississippi Braves Traded LHP Tim Collins to Omaha Royals and Atlanta Braves Traded CF Gregor Blanco and RHP Jesse Chavez to Kansas City Royals.
|August 18, 2009
|Kyle Farnsworth roster status changed by Kansas City Royals.
|August 13, 2009
|Omaha Royals sent RHP Kyle Farnsworth on a rehab assignment to Northwest Arkansas Naturals.
|August 11, 2009
|Kyle Farnsworth assigned to Omaha Royals.
|July 28, 2009
|sent RHP Kyle Farnsworth on a rehab assignment to Omaha Royals.
|June 26, 2009
|Kansas City Royals placed RHP Kyle Farnsworth on the 15-day disabled list retroactive to June 25, 2009. Strained right groin.
|November 3, 2008
|RHP Kyle Farnsworth elected free agency.
Kyle Farnsworth graduated from Milton (GA) High School…Played baseball, basketball and football... Attended Abraham Baldwin Agricultural College in Tifton, GA and pitched there from 1994-1995…Elected to the school's Athletic Hall of Fame in March, 2011... His father, Lynn, was a fighter pilot in Vietnam... Received a black belt in taekwondo as a teenager but no longer practices... Is an avid paintball player in the off-season.2013
Ranks second among active pitchers with 858 career appearances…LaTroy Hawkins is first with 943…Overall, he is tied with Charlie Hough for 34th all-time in appearances... Began the year with Tampa Bay…Was released on August 9... Signed a minor league contract with the Pittsburgh Pirates on August 16…Had his contract selected on September 1... Was 1-1 with two saves in nine games with the Pirates.2012 Spent his second season with the Rays and 14th in the majors...began the season on the DL with a right elbow strain suffered in spring training and missed nearly half the season (77 games) before his activation on June 30...pitched in 34 games after his return, going 1-6 with a 4.00 ERA (27-IP, 12-ER)...Ranks 3rd among active pitchers with 810 career appearances, trailing Mariano Rivera (1,051) and LaTroy Hawkins (871)...this ranks 43rd all-time, just ahead of Nolan Ryan (807)...ranks 37th all-time with 784 relief apps...Allowed 5 ER over his first 6 games (through July 18) and 6 ER over his final 10 outings (beginning Sep 8), but in between crafted a 0.54 ERA (16.2-IP, 1-ER) with only 5 hits allowed over a span of 18 apps...did not allow a run in the month of August (11 games, 10.1 IP), yielding only 3 hits...had a stretch of 13 consecutive scoreless apps from Aug 3-Sep 7...Limited opponents to a .216 avg. (22-for-102) and allowed only 1 home run...issued 14 BB in 27 IP-8 coming in his first 11 apps-compared to 12 BB in 57.2 IP in 2011...Allowed runs in only 8 of his 34 appearances, but suffered the loss in 6 of those 8 games...absorbed 3 losses in the month of September (Sep 8 vs. TEX, Sep 12 at BAL, Sep 18 vs. BOS)...In June made 6 apps on rehab assignments with Class-A Charlotte and Triple-A Durham...Has a career 2.63 ERA (68.1-IP, 20-ER) at Tropicana Field...NYY Mariano Rivera (1.07), Fernando Rodney (1.57) and Joel Peralta (2.17) are the only relievers with a lower career ERA at the Trop (min. 50 IP)...After filing for free agency, re-signed to a one-year contract with the Rays on Feb 5, 2013. 2011 Thirteen-year veteran spent his first season with the Rays and earned a career-high 25 saves in 31 chances over 63 apps...posted a career-best 2.18 ERA, 2nd among AL closers...it was his 9th season of 60 or more apps...among active pitchers only Mariano Rivera (14) has had more seasons of 60 or more apps...Ranks 4th among active pitchers with 776 apps, 50th all-time and 42nd all-time with 750 relief apps...Only four pitchers all-time have gone as deep into their career before recording their first 25- save season...Was one of three pitchers in the majors age 35 or over with 20 saves, along with NYY Mariano Rivera (44) and CIN Francisco Cordero (34)... among pitchers in their first year with a new team in 2011, only ARI J.J. Putz had more saves (45)...25 saves ranked 10th in the AL...Had 5 saves of 4 or more outs, most in the majors in 2011, but none after July 15 vs. BOS...Averaged 1.87 BB/9 IP, lowest of his career...finished in the top 3 among AL closers in opponents' OBP (.261, 3rd), base runners per 9 IP (9.36, 3rd) and strikeout-to-walk ratio (4.25, 3rd)...His 5 wins tied a career high (1999 as a starter) and tied for 10th among AL relievers...all 5 wins came at home...Has compiled a career 1.87 ERA (53-IP, 11-ER) at Tropicana Field, 2nd lowest all-time among relievers (min. 50 IP) behind Mariano Rivera (0.72)... Retired a career-high 26 consecutive batters over 9 apps from July 28-Aug 23, breaking Roberto Hernandez's club record of 25 in 1998...Did not allow a home run until the 95th batter he faced, a solo homer to Adrian Gonzalez on June 16 vs. BOS...Suffered his only loss on June 13 at DET in a make-up game, when he yielded a walk-off triple to Ramon Santiago in the 10th inning...Matched his career high in saves (16) on June 25 at HOU, and saved his 17th game on July 3 vs. STL...Went 2 weeks between apps, Sep 10 vs. BOS and Sep 24 vs. TOR, due to right elbow tenderness...Entered the season with 27 career saves, 16 of them coming in 2005 with the Tigers (6) and Braves (10)...before 2011, his last save was June 13, 2008 with New York...POSTSEASON: Made his sixth career trip to the postseason but did not appear in a game... the Rays did not have any save opportunities in the ALDS vs. Texas 2010 Split the season between the Royals and Braves, his second stint with Atlanta...combined to go 3-2 with a 3.34 ERA (64.2-IP, 24-ER) - his lowest ERA since his career-best 2.19 in 2005...pitched in 60 games, his eighth season of 60 or more appearances. ... Went 3-0 with a 2.42 ERA for Kansas City... was dealt to the Braves at the July 31 trade deadline along with OF Rick Ankiel in exchange for OF Gregor Blanco, RH Jesse Chavez and LH Tim Collins. ... Twelve-year veteran ranks 7th among active pitchers in appearances with 713...in the last decade (since 2001), he ranked 3rd in games pitched, only six behind leader Mariano Rivera... also trailed David Weathers, who did not pitch last year...in 2010 appeared in 60 games for the eighth time in his career. ... Owns a career 2.82 ERA (115-IP, 36-ER) against AL East clubs in 116 apps...has a career 1.91 ERA (33-IP, 7-ER) in 32 games against the Rays and a 2.70 ERA (20-IP, 6-ER) at Tropicana Field. ... Over the last two seasons (2009-10) has allowed 7 HR in 102 IP - a rate of 0.6 HR/9 IP and 1 HR per 62 batters faced...in his first 10 seasons (1999-2008) averaged 1.4 HR/9 IP and 1 HR per 29 BF. ... Held opponents to a .230 avg. (55-for-239), including a .202 (26-for-129, 1-HR) mark vs. right-handed hitters...opposing lefties hit .264. 2009 Struck out 42 hitters in his 37.1 innings of work, the seventh time in his career he has recorded more strikeouts than innings pitched in a season...his 10.13 strikeouts per nine innings was the 14th-highest mark in the American League among pitchers with at least 35.0 innings...Pitched well with 2 outs, holding batters to a .191 (9-for-47) average...hitters also batted just .190 (4-for-21) against him with runners in scoring position and 2 outs...Allowed 2 home runs in his fi rst 5 outings (3.1 IP), but just 1 over his fi nal 36 appearances (34.0 IP)...the 3 total home runs were the fewest he has allowed in any season...Opened the season losing 3 of his fi rst 5 appearances and posting an 18.90 ERA (3.1 IP, 7 H, 7 ER)...followed that poor stretch up by recording 17 straight scoreless outings from April 21-June 10, covering 17.2 innings...Left the game on June 24 at Houston with a right groin strain...was placed on the 15-day D.L. on June 26 (retro to 6/25)...made a combined 5 rehab appearances with Omaha (AAA) and Northwest Arkansas (AA) before being returned from his rehab assignment and reinstated from the D.L. on August 18. 2008 Split his season between the Yankees and the Tigers, wrapping up a three-year contract he signed with New York on December 2, 2005...Struck out 61 batters in a combined 60.1 innings...recorded more strikeouts than innings pitched in a season for the sixth time in his career (2001, 2003-06, 2008)...Acquired on July 30 by the Detroit Tigers for future Hall of Fame catcher Ivan Rodriguez...At his best after at least one day off between outings...combined to post a 3.99 ERA in appearances after a day of rest, but recorded a 6.75 ERA when pitching on back-to-back days...Recorded 11 straight scoreless appearances, covering 9.1 innings, from June 27-July 25, fanning 10...Allowed 15 home runs, a career high for any season in which he's pitched exclusively out of the bullpen...the 15 homers were tied for the most allowed in the Majors among relievers (Joel Peralta-KC, Justin Speier-LAA). 2007 Was 2-1 with a 4.80 ERA in 64 relief appearances with the Yankees in 2007...was his fifth straight season with 60 or more appearances...His 357 appearances over the last five seasons (2003-07) are fifth-most in the Majors...Opponents batted .256 (60-for-234, 9HR); LH .273 (30-for-110, 5HR), RH .242 (30-for-124, 4HR)...Retired 42-of-64 first batters faced (66%)...did not inherit any runners this season...Made appearances in consecutive games five times and three consecutive games twice...Pitched less than an inning eight times and did not pitch more than one inning in any appearance...11 of his 35 runs allowed came via the home run (31%)...Made his eighth Opening Day roster...Worked to a 3.72 ERA (29.0IP, 12ER) when receiving two or more days rest between appearances...had a 5.81 ERA (31.0IP, 20ER) when resting one day or less...On 4/11 at Minnesota, allowed four consecutive hits and 4ER in 0.1IP (1BB, 1K, 1WP) to record his first loss of the season...had last allowed 4ER in a game on 8/9/06 vs. Chicago (AL) in 0.2IP...Made 500th appearance of his career in 5/6 win vs. Seattle, tossing a perfect eighth inning (1.0IP)...Compiled a seven-game scoreless stretch from 8/8-26 (7.0IP, 1H, 2BB, 8K, .048 opp. avg.)...Missed five games (9/10-16) with a stiff neck...Allowed 3ER on 3H in just 0.1IP in 9/22 10-inning win vs. Toronto...was one of a Yankees' franchise-record 10 pitchers used in the game...Appeared in six of the Yankees' final 13 games (5.0IP, 6H, 6ER, 2BB, 3K, 1HR). 2006 In his first season with the Yankees, went 3-6 with six saves and a 4.36 ERA in 72 relief appearances...opponents batted .243 (62-for-255, 8HR); LH .215 (23-for-107, 3HR), RH .264 (39-for-148, 5HR)...retired 55-of-72 first batters faced (76%)...prevented 12-of-20 inherited runners from scoring (60%)...converted six-of-10 save opportunities (60%)...his six saves were the most by a Yankees reliever other than Mariano Rivera since Steve Karsay saved 12 games in 2002...made appearances in consecutive games nine times, three consecutive games four times, and pitched in four straight games once...pitched more than 1.0 inning in five of his 72 appearances...Made his Yankee debut in 4/4 loss at Oakland, retiring both batters faced in eighth...recorded his first win as a Yankee on 5/3 at Tampa Bay, tossing 1.1 scoreless innings (1H)...did not allow a run in seven consecutive appearances from 4/15-5/3, allowing 6H in 7.0IP (1BB, 11K)...earned his first save as a Yankee in 5/13 win vs. Oakland, allowing one unearned run in the ninth (1H, 1BB, 1K)...on 5/15 vs. Texas, allowed 3H and 2ER in 1.0IP (1BB, 1K, 1WP) to suffer his first loss of the season...in 6/16 win at Washington, retired one batter in the eighth before being removed from the game with back spasms (missed following two games with injury)...Made fourth appearance in as many games on 7/14 vs. Chicago, tossing a perfect eighth inning for his third win...struck out the side in three consecutive appearances (7/22 at Toronto, 7/24 win at Texas and 7/30 vs. Tampa Bay)...allowed 1ER in 16 appearances from 6/28-8/8 (14.2IP, 7H, 2BB, 13K)...in the second game of a double-header on 8/18 at Boston, allowed 1H in 0.1IP...left game after being struck in the right leg with a line drive off the bat of Wily Mo Pena in the seventh...suffered contusion to right lower leg...Did not allow a run in two Division Series appearances vs. Detroit (2.0IP, 1H). 2005 Combined to go 1-1 with a 2.19 ERA and 16 saves in 72 appearances with the Detroit Tigers and Atlanta Braves...retired 53-of-72 first batters faced (72%)...prevented 15-of-20 inherited runners from scoring (75%)...converted 16-of-18 save opportunities (89%)...opened the season with Detroit, posting a 1-1 record with six saves and a 2.32 ERA in 46 appearances...Was named Tigers' Pitcher of the Month for June, allowing only 1ER in 12 appearances (10.0IP)...was ejected from 7/17 game vs. Kansas City following a bench-clearing brawl...served five-game suspension from 8/9-13 while playing with the Braves...was traded to Atlanta in exchange for RHPs Roman Colon and Zach Miner on 7/31...did not receive a decision in 26 games with Atlanta but posted a 1.98 ERA and was 10-for-10 in save opportunities...made his Braves debut on 8/2 at Cincinnati, pitching a scoreless ninth inning...did not allow a run in 14 consecutive appearances from 8/16-9/11 (14.1IP)...over his last 58 appearances of the regular season, posted a 1.62 ERA (55.2IP, 10ER) and held opposing hitters to a .162 average (31-for-191)...In the Division Series versus Houston, appeared in two games (3.0IP, 3ER)...threw a scoreless ninth inning in Game Two, but in Game Four surrendered Lance Berkman's eighth-inning grand slam and Brad Ausmus' ninth-inning, two-out, game-tying home run to receive a blown save. 2004 In his final season with the Cubs, went 4-5 with a 4.73 ERA in 72 relief appearances...ranked seventh among National League relievers with 10.53 strikeouts per nine innings and ninth with 78 strikeouts...combined for a 2.63 ERA (41.0IP, 12ER) and 54 strikeouts in 42 games during May, June and July...matched a career best with a four-game winning streak from 6/15-8/4...was placed on the 15-day disabled list from 8/28-9/12 with a right knee contusion...moved into third place all-time in Cubs history in relief appearances on 9/24 at New York (NL), concluding his Cubs career with 318 relief appearances. 2003 Worked in a career-best 77 games for the Cubs, going 3-2 with a 3.30 ERA...was tied for ninth in the National League in appearances...ranked sixth among N.L. relievers with 10.8 strikeouts per nine innings and placed ninth with 19 holds...held opponents to a .196 average...struck out a season-high four batters on 5/15 at Milwaukee and 9/2 vs. St. Louis...Posted a 1-0 record and 1.50 ERA (12.0IP/2ER) in 10 outings during May...worked a season-high 3.0IP and earned the win in the Cubs' 17-inning victory at Milwaukee on 5/15...was ejected on 6/19 at Cincinnati after a bench-clearing brawl involving Paul Wilson and served a two-game suspension on 6/26-27...during his final 61 appearances of the season dating back to 5/5, fanned 77 batters in 63.0IP while allowing only 44 hits...pitched in eight postseason games, going 0-0 with a 6.75 ERA...did not allow a run in three Division Series contests versus Atlanta. 2002 Was 4-6 with a 7.33 ERA and one save in 45 appearances with the Cubs...retired 31-of-45 first batters faced (69%)...prevented 24-of-32 inherited runners from scoring (75%)...suffered a stress fracture in his right foot while warming up in the bullpen on 4/10...was placed on the disabled list until 6/4...made two rehab appearances with Triple-A Iowa from 5/31-6/3...worked 2.0 scoreless innings on 7/14 vs. Florida to earn his only save of the season...struggled down the stretch for the Cubs, posting a 1-3 record and 10.98 ERA (19.2IP/24ER) in 19 appearances during August and September. 2001 In his first full season with the Cubs, went 4-6 with a 2.74 ERA and two saves in 76 appearances...tied for the seventh-highest single-season appearance total in franchise history...ranked third among all National League relievers with 107 strikeouts and ranked fourth with 11.74 strikeouts per nine innings and 24 holds...became the first Cubs reliever to fan at least 100 batters in a season since Paul Assenmacher struck out 117 in 1991...retired 54-of-76 first batters faced (71%)...Prevented 22-of-28 inherited runners from scoring (79%)...compiled a 1.98 ERA (13.2IP, 3ER) in 12 outings during April...over parts of three contests from 5/23-6/1, struck out eight consecutive batters...established a career best with a four-game winning streak from 7/21-8/30...combined for a 4-0 record and 1.14 ERA (31.2IP, 4ER) in 26 games during July and August. 2000 For the second consecutive season, split the season between the Cubs and Triple-A Iowa...began the season in the Cubs starting rotation-and started the club's second game of the season on 3/30 vs. the Mets in Tokyo...earned the win and equaled a career high with seven strikeouts on 4/12 vs. Atlanta...would be his last victory until the season finale on 10/1 at Pittsburgh...was optioned to Triple-A Iowa on 5/25...went 0-2 with a team-high nine saves and a 3.20 ERA in 22 relief appearances with Iowa...was recalled from Iowa on 7/21, and posted a 3.15 ERA (34.1IP, 12ER) in 26 outings the remainder of the season...picked up his first Major League save on 7/29 vs. San Francisco, working 3.0 scoreless innings. 1999 Saw his first Major League action during three stints on the Cubs' roster...in 27 games (21 starts), went 5-9 with a 5.05 ERA...began the season at Triple-A Iowa and was recalled by the Cubs on 4/29...made his Major League debut that night at Florida, earning his first win after limiting the Marlins to two runs (one earned) on six hits in 6.0IP...recorded his first Major League hit on 5/26 off Florida's Livan Hernandez...fired his first and only career shutout on 8/29 at Los Angeles, limiting the Dodgers to only two hits...established a career high with seven strikeouts on 9/24 vs. Pittsburgh...left the game after getting hit by a Greg Hansell pitch in the seventh inning...X-rays revealed a non-displaced fracture of his left distal ulna. 1998 Spent his first season above the Single-A level, going 13-11 with a 5.08 ERA in 31 starts between Triple-A Iowa and Double-A West Tennessee...tied for third-most among Cubs minor leaguers with his 13 wins...started the year at West Tennessee and went 8-2 with a 2.77 ERA in 13 starts...was tabbed as the Southern League "Pitcher of the Week" for 4/24-30...was promoted to Iowa on 6/7, going 5-9 in 18 starts during his first Triple-A action. 1997 Was 10-10 with a 4.09 ERA in 27 starts for Single-A Daytona...ranked third in the Florida State League with his 27 games started, and ranked fourth in the league with 178 hits allowed...tied for second among Cubs minor leaguers with 10 wins, while he tied for seventh with 4.09 ERA. 1996 Compiled a 9-6 record with a 3.70 ERA in 20 starts for Single-A Rockford...threw his first complete game but took the loss in a 3-2 decision on 7/23 vs. Lansing...was named the 10th-best prospect in the Cubs organization following the season by Baseball America. 1995 Made his professional debut at Ft. Myers (Rookie) and went 3-2 with 0.87 ERA in 16 relief appearances...allowed only 3ER in 31.0 IP.


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42 U.S. Code § 263 - Preparation of biological products by Service
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§ 263.
Preparation of biological products by Service
The Service may prepare for its own use any product described in section 262 of this title and any product necessary to carrying out any of the purposes of section 241 of this title.
The Service may prepare any product described in section 262 of this title for the use of other Federal departments or agencies, and public or private agencies and individuals engaged in work in the field of medicine when such product is not available from establishments licensed under such section.
(July 1, 1944, ch. 373, title III, § 352, 58 Stat. 703.)
Transfer of Functions
Functions of Public Health Service, Surgeon General of Public Health Service, and all other officers and employees of Public Health Service, and functions of all agencies of or in Public Health Service transferred to Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare by Reorg. Plan No. 3 of 1966, eff. June 25, 1966, 31 F.R. 8855, 80 Stat. 1610, set out as a note under section 202 of this title. Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare redesignated Secretary of Health and Human Services by section 509(b) of Pub. L. 96–88 which is classified to section 3508(b) of Title 20, Education.
LII has no control over and does not endorse any external Internet site that contains links to or references LII.


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Hi Guys,
I am in the process of gathering imformation regarding the errection of a nine meter tower for a 3 Kw wind turbine. I have approached Plumsted municpality/ building inspectors who inturn put me on to enviromental/town planners who inturn put me in contact with Cape town Renewable energy offices.No one to date has been able to throw some light on the do's and don'ts.The tower would be errected in a residential area and as it is we live in a valley the Turbine would be visable from the mountain side.Has any one out there had practical experience regarding noise created by these Turbines(4,5m diameter)Manufacturers state 10-24 Db (is this loud?)
Hope you all can help


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