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The Chemical History of a Candle
Lecture III.Products: Water from the CombustionNature of WaterA CompoundHydrogen
Michael Faraday
say you well remember that when we parted we had just mentioned the word products from the candle; for when a candle burns we found we were able, by nice adjustment, to get various products from it. There was one substance which was not obtained when the candle was burning properly, which was charcoal or smoke, and there was some other substance that went upward from the flame which did not appear as smoke, but took some other form, and made part of that general current which, ascending from the candle upward, becomes invisible, and escapes. There were also other products to mention. You remember that in that rising current having its origin at the candle we found that one part was condensable against a cold spoon, or against a clean plate, or any other cold thing, and another part was incondensable.
We will first take the condensable part, and examine it, and, strange to say, we find that that part of the product is just waternothing but water. On the last occasion I spoke of it incidentally, merely saying that water was produced among the condensable products of the candle; but to-day I wish to draw your attention to water, that we may examine it carefully, especially in relation to this subject, and also with respect to its general existence on the surface of the globe.
Now, having previously arranged an experiment for the purpose of condensing water from the products of the candle, my next point will be to show you this water; and perhaps one of the best means that I can adopt for showing its presence to so many at once is to exhibit a very visible action of water and then to apply that test to what is collected as a drop at the bottom of that vessel. I have here a chemical substance, discovered by Sir Humphry Davy, which has a very energetic action upon water, which I shall use as a test of the presence of water. If I take a little piece of itit is called potassium, as coming from potashif I take a little piece of it, and throw it into the basin, you see how it shows the presence of water by lighting up and floating about, burning with a violet flame. I am now going to take away the candle which has been burning beneath the vessel containing ice and salt, and you see a drop of watera condensed product of the candlehanging from the under surface of the dish (F
65). I will show you that potassium has the same action upon it as upon the water in that basin in the experiment we have just tried. See! it takes fire, and burns in just the same manner. I will take another drop upon this glass slab, and when I put the potassium on to it, you see at once, from its taking fire, that there is water present. Now that water was produced by the candle. In the same manner, if I put this spirit lamp under that jar, you will soon see the latter become damp from the dew which is deposited upon itthat dew being the result of combustion; and I have no doubt you will shortly see, by the drops of water which fall upon the paper below, that there is a good deal of water produced from the combustion of the lamp. I will let it remain, and you can afterward see how much water has been collected. So, if I take a gas lamp, and put any cooling arrangement over it, I shall get waterwater being likewise produced from the combustion of gas. Here, in this bottle, is a quantity of waterperfectly pure, distilled water, produced from the combustion of a gas lampin no point different from the water that you distill from the river, or ocean, or spring, but exactly the same thing. Water is one individual thing; it never changes. We can add to it by careful adjustment for a little while, or we can take it apart and get other things from it; but water, as water, remains always the same, either in a solid, liquid, or fluid state. Here again [holding another bottle] is some water produced by the combustion of an oil lamp. A pint of oil, when burnt fairly and properly, produces rather more than a pint of water. Here, again, is some water, produced by a rather long experiment, from a wax candle. And so we can go on with almost all combustible substances, and find that if they burn with a flame, as a candle, they produce water. You may make these experiments yourselves: the head of a poker is a very good thing to try with, and if it remains cold long enough over the candle, you may get water condensed in drops on it; or a spoon, or ladle, or any thing else may be used, provided it be clean, and can carry off the heat, and so condense the water.
Fig. 65
And nowto go into the history of this wonderful production of water from combustibles, and by combustionI must first of all tell you that this water may exist in different conditions; and although you may now be acquainted with all its forms, they still require us to give a little attention to them for the present; so that we may perceive how the water, while it goes through its Protean changes, is entirely and absolutely the same thing, whether it is produced from a candle, by combustion, or from the rivers or ocean.
First of all, water, when at the coldest, is ice. Now we philosophersI hope that I may class you and myself together in this casespeak of water as water, whether it be in its solid, or liquid, or gaseous statewe speak of it chemically as water. Water is a thing compounded of two substances, one of which we have derived from the candle, and the other we shall find elsewhere. Water may occur as ice; and you have had most excellent opportunities lately of seeing this. Ice changes back into waterfor we had on our last Sabbath a strong instance of this change by the sad catastrophe which occurred in our own house, as well as in the houses of many of our friendsice changes back into water when the temperature is raised; water also changes into steam when it is warmed enough. The water which we have here before us is in its densest state (
); and, although it changes in weight, in condition, in form, and in many other qualities, it still is water; and whether we alter it into ice by cooling, or whether we change it into steam by heat, it increases in volumein the one case very strangely and powerfully, and in the other case very largely and wonderfully. For instance, I will now take this tin cylinder, and pour a little water into it, and, seeing how much water I pour in, you may easily estimate for yourselves how high it will rise in the vessel: it will cover the bottom about two inches. I am now about to convert the water into steam for the purpose of showing to you the different volumes which water occupies in its different states of water and steam.
Let us now take the case of water changing into ice: we can effect that by cooling it in a mixture of salt and pounded ice (
)and I shall do so to show you to the expansion of water into a thing of larger bulk when it is so changed. These bottles [holding one] are made strong cast iron, very strong and very thickI suppose they are the third of an inch in thickness; they are very carefully filled with water, so as to exclude all air, and then they are screwed down tight. We shall see that when we freeze the water in these iron vessels, they will not be able to hold the ice, and the expansion within them will break them in pieces as these [pointing to some fragments] are broken, which have been bottles of exactly the same kind. I am about to put these two bottles into that mixture of ice and salt for the purpose of showing that when water becomes ice it changes in volume in this extraordinary way.
In the mean time, look at the change which has taken place in the water to which we have applied heat; it is losing its fluid state. You may tell this by two or three circumstances. I have covered the mouth of this glass flask, in which water is boiling, with a watch-glass. Do you see what happens? It rattles away like a valve chattering, because the steam rising from the boiling water sends the valve up and down, and forces itself out, and so makes it clatter. You can very easily perceive that the flask is quite full of steam, or else it would not force its way out. You see, also, that the flask contains a substance very much larger than the water, for it fills the whole of the flask over and over again, and there it is blowing away into the air; and yet you can not observe any great diminution in the bulk of the water, which shows you that its change of bulk is very great when it becomes steam.
I have put our iron bottles containing water into this freezing mixture, that you may see what happens. No communication will take place, you observe, between the water in the bottles and the ice in the outer vessel. But there will be a conveyance of heat from the one to the other, and if we are successfulwe are making our experiment in very great hasteI expect you will by-and-by, so soon as the cold has taken possession of the bottles and their contents, hear a pop on the occasion of the bursting of the one bottle or the other, and, when we come to examine the bottles, we shall find their contents masses of ice, partly inclosed by the covering of iron which is too small for them, because the ice is larger in bulk than the water. You know very well that ice floats upon water; if a boy falls through a hole into the water, he tries to get on the ice again to float him up. Why does the ice float? Think of that, and philosophize. Because the ice is larger than the quantity of water which can produce it, and therefore the ice weighs the lighter and the water is the heavier.
Fig. 66
To return now to the action of heat on water. See what a stream of vapor is issuing from this tin vessel! You observe, we must have made it quite full of steam to have it sent out in that great quantity. And now, as we can convert the water into steam by heat, we convert it back into liquid water by the application of cold. And if we take a glass, or any other cold thing, and hold it over this steam, see how soon it gets damp with water: it will condense it until the glass is warmit condenses the water which is now running down the sides of it. I have here another experiment to show the condensation of water from a vaporous state back into a liquid state, in the same way as the vapor, one of the products of the candle, was condensed against the bottom of the dish and obtained in the form of water; and to show you how truly and thoroughly these changes take place, I will take this tin flask, which is now full of steam, and close the top. We shall see what takes place when we cause this water or steam to return back to the fluid state by pouring some cold water on the outside. [The lecturer poured the cold water over the vessel, when it immediately collapsed (F
66).] You see what has happened. If I had closed the stopper, and still kept the heat applied to it, it would have burst the vessel; yet, when the steam returns to the state of water, the vessel collapses, there being a vacuum produced inside by the condensation of the steam. I show you these experiments for the purpose of pointing out that in all these occurrences there is nothing that changes the water into any other thing; it still remains water; and so the vessel is obliged to give way, and is crushed inward, as in the other case, by the farther application of heat, it would have been blown outward.
Fig. 67
And what do you think the bulk of that water is when it assumes the vaporous condition? You see that cube [pointing to a cubic foot]. There, by its side, is a cubic inch (F
67), exactly the same shape as the cubic foot, and that bulk of water [the cubic inch] is sufficient to expand into that bulk [the cubic foot] of steam; and, on the contrary, the application of cold will contract that large quantity of steam into this small quantity of water. [One of the iron bottles burst at that moment.] Ah! There is one of our bottles burst, and here, you see, is a crack down one side an eighth of an inch in width. [The other now exploded, sending the freezing mixture in all directions.] This other bottle is also broken; although the iron was nearly half an inch thick, the ice has burst it asunder. These changes always take place in water; they do not require to be always produced by artificial means; we only use them here because we want to produce a small winter round that little bottle instead of a long and severe one. But if you go to Canada, or to the North, you will find the temperature there out of doors will do the same thing as has been done here by the freezing mixture.
To return to our quiet philosophy. We shall not in future be deceived, therefore, by any changes that are produced in water. Water is the same every where, whether produced from the ocean or from the flame of the candle. Where, then, is this water which we get from a candle? I must anticipate a little, and tell you. It evidently comes, as to part of it, from the candle, but is it within the candle beforehand? No, it is not in the candle; and it is not in the air around about the candle which is necessary for its combustion. It is neither in one nor the other, but it comes from their conjoint action, a part from the candle, a part from the air; and this we have now to trace, so that we may understand thoroughly what is the chemical history of a candle when we have it burning on our table. How shall we get at this? I myself know plenty of ways, but I want
to get at it from the association in your own minds of what I have already told you.
I think you can see a little in this way. We had just now the case of a substance which acted upon the water in the way that Sir Humphry Davy showed us (
), and which I am now going to recall to your minds by making again an experiment upon that dish. It is a thing which we have to handle very carefully; for you see, if I allow a little splash of water to come upon this mass, it sets fire to part of it; and if there were free access of air, it would quickly set fire to the whole. Now this is a metala beautiful and bright metalwhich rapidly changes in the air, and, as you know, rapidly changes in water. I will put a piece on the water, and you see it burns beautifully, making a floating lamp, using the water in the place of air. Again, if we take a few iron filings or turnings and put them in water, we find that they likewise undergo an alteration. They do not change so much as this potassium does, but they change somewhat in the same way; they become rusty, and show an action upon the water, though in a different degree of intensity to what this beautiful metal does; but they act upon the water in the same manner generally as this potassium. I want you to put these different facts together in your minds. I have another metal here [zinc], and when we examined it with regard to the solid substance produced by its combustion, we had an opportunity of seeing that it burned; and I suppose, if I take a little strip of this zinc and put it over the candle, you will see something half way, as it were, between the combustion of potassium on the water and the action of ironyou see there is a sort of combustion. It has burned, leaving a white ash or residuum; and here also we find that the metal has a certain amount of action upon water.
By degrees we have learned how to modify the action of these different substances, and to make them tell us what we want to know. And now, first of all, I take iron. It is a common thing in all chemical reactions, where we get any result of this kind, to find that it is increased by the action of heat; and if we want to examine minutely and carefully the action of bodies one upon another, we often have to refer to the action of heat. You are aware, I believe, that iron filings burn beautifully in the air; but I am about to show you an experiment of this kind, because it will impress upon you what I am going to say about iron in its action on water. If I take a flame and make it hollowyou know why, because I want to get air to it and into it, and therefore I make it hollowand then take a few iron filings and drop them into the flame, you see how well they burn. That combustion results from the chemical action which is going on when we ignite those particles. And so we proceed to consider these different effects, and ascertain what iron will do when it meets with water. It will tell us the story so beautifully, so gradually and regularly, that I think it will please you very much.
I have here a furnace with a pipe going through it like an iron gun barrel (F
68), and I have stuffed that barrel full of bright iron turnings, and placed it across the fire to be made red-hot. We can either send air through the barrel to come in contact with the iron, or we can send steam from this little boiler at the end of the barrel. Here is a stop-cock which shuts off the steam from the barrel until we wish to admit it. There is some water in these glass jars, which I have colored blue, so that you may see what happens. Now you know very well that any steam I might send through that barrel, if it went through into the water, would be condensed; for you have seen that steam can not retain its gaseous form if it be cooled down; you saw it here [pointing to the tin flask] crushing itself into a small bulk, and causing the flask holding it to collapse; so that if I were to send steam through that barrel it would be condensed, supposing the barrel were cold; it is, therefore, heated to perform the experiment I am now about to show you. I am going to send the steam through the barrel in small quantities, and you shall judge for yourselves, when you see it issue from the other end, whether it still remains steam. Steam is condensible into water, and when you lower the temperature of steam you convert it back into fluid water; but I have lowered the temperature of the gas which I have collected in this jar by passing it through water after it has traversed the iron barrel, and still it does not change back into water. I will take another test and apply to this gas. (I hold the jar in an inverted position, or my substance would escape.) If I now apply a light to the mouth of the jar, it ignites with a slight noise. That tells you that it is not steam; steam puts out a fire; it does not burn; but you saw that what I had in that jar burnt. We may obtain this substance equally from water produced from the candle flame as from any other source. When it is obtained by the action of the iron upon the aqueous vapor, it leaves the iron in a state very similar to that in which these filings were after they were burnt. It makes the iron heavier than it was before. So long as the iron remains in the tube and is heated, and is cooled again without the access of air or water, it does not change in its weight; but after having had this current of steam passed over it, it then comes out heavier than it was before, having taken something out of the steam, and having allowed something else to pass forth, which we see here. And now, as we have another jar full, I will show you something most interesting. It is a combustible gas; and I might at once take this jar and set fire to the contents, and show you that it is combustible; but I intend to show you more, if I can. It is also a very light substance. Steam will condense; this body will rise in the air, and not condense. Suppose I take another glass jar, empty of all but air: if I examine it with a taper I shall find that it contains nothing but air. I will now take this jar full of the gas that I am speaking of, and deal with it as though it were a light body; I will hold both upside down, and turn the one up under the other (F
69); and that which did contain the gas procured from the steam, what does it contain now? You will find it now only contains air. But look! Here is the combustible substance [taking the other jar] which I have poured out of the one jar into the other. It still preserves its quality, and condition, and independence, and therefore is the more worthy of our consideration, as belonging to the products of a candle.
Fig. 68
Fig. 69
Now this substance which we have just prepared by the action of iron on the steam or water, we can also get by means of those other things which you have already seen act so well upon the water. If I take a piece of potassium, and make the necessary arrangements, it will produce this gas; and if, instead, a piece of zinc, I find, when I come to examine it very carefully, that the main reason why this zinc can not act upon the water continuously as the other metal does, is because the result of the action of the water envelops the zinc in a kind of protecting coat. We have learned in consequence, that if we put into our vessel only the zinc and water, they, by themselves, do not give rise to much action, and we get no result. But suppose I proceed to dissolve off this varnishthis encumbering substancewhich I can do by a little acid; the moment I do this I find the zinc acting upon the water exactly as the iron did, but at the common temperature. The acid in no way is altered, except in its combination with the oxide of zinc which is produced. I have now poured the acid into the glass, and the effect is as though I were applying heat to cause this boiling up. There is something coming off from the zinc very abundantly, which is not steam. There is a jar full of it; and you will find that I have exactly the same combustible substance remaining in the vessel, when I hold it upside down, that I produced during the experiment with the iron barrel. This is what we get from water, the same substance which is contained in the candle.
Fig. 70
Let us now trace distinctly the connection between these two points. This is hydrogena body classed among those things which in chemistry we call elements, because we can get nothing else out of them. A candle is not an elementary body, because we can get carbon out of it; we can bet this hydrogen out of it, or at least out of the water which it supplies. And this gas has been so named hydrogen, because it is that element which, in association with another generates water.
Mr. Anderson having now been able to get two or three jars of gas, we shall have a few experiments to make, and I want to show you the best way of making these experiments. I am not afraid to show you, for I wish you to make experiments, if you will only make them with care and attention, and the assent of those around you. As we advance in chemistry we are obliged to deal with substances which are rather injurious if in their wrong places; the acids, and heat, and conbustible things we use, might do harm if carelessly employed. If you want to make hydrogen, you can make it easily from bits of zinc, and sulphuric or muriatic acid. Here is what in former times was called the philosophers candle. It is a little phial with a cork and a tube or pipe passing through it. And I am now putting a few little pieces of zinc into it. This little instrument I am going to apply to a useful purpose in our demonstrations, for I want to show you that you can prepare hydrogen, and make some experiments with it as you please, at your own homes. Let me here tell you why I am so careful to fill this phial nearly, and yet not quite full. I do it because the evolved gas, which, as you have seen, is very combustible, is explosive to a considerable extent when mixed with air, and might lead to harm if you were to apply a light to the end of that pipe before all the air had been swept out of the space above the water. I am now about to pour in the sulphuric acid. I have used very little zinc and more sulphuric acid and water, because I want to keep it at work for some time. I therefore take care in this way to modify the proportions of the ingredients so that I may have a regular supplynot too quick and not too slow. Supposing I now take a glass and put it upside down over the end of the tube, because the hydrogen is light I expect that it will remain in that vessel a little while. We will now test the contents of our glass to see if there be hydrogen in it; I think I am safe in saying we have caught some [applying a light]. There it is, you see. I will now apply a light to the top of the tube. There is the hydrogen burning (F
71). There is our philosophical candle. It is a foolish, feeble sort of a flame, you may say, but it is so hot that scarcely any common flame gives out so much heat. It goes on burning regularly, and I am now about to put that flame to burn under a certain arrangement, in order that we may examine its results and make use of the information which we may thereby acquire. Inasmuch as the candle produces water, and this gas comes out of the water, let us see what this gives us by the same process of combustion that the candle went through when it burnt in the atmosphere; and for that purpose I am going to put the lamp under this apparatus (F
72), in order to condense whatever may arise from the combustion within it. In the course of a short time you will see moisture appearing in the cylinder, and you will get the water running down the side, and the water from this hydrogen flame will have absolutely the same effect upon all our tests, being obtained by the same general process as in the former case. This hydrogen is a very beautiful substance. It is so light that it carries things up; it is far lighter than the atmosphere; and I dare say I can show you this by an experiment which, if you are very clever, some of you may even have skill enough to repeat. Here is our generator of hydrogen, and here are some soapsuds. I have an India-rubber tube connected with the hydrogen generator, and at the end of the tube is a tobacco pipe. I can thus put the pipe into the suds and blow bubbles by means of the hydrogen. You observe how the bubbles fall downward when I blow them with my warm breath; but notice the difference when I blow them with hydrogen. [The lecturer here blew bubbles with hydrogen, which rose to the roof of the theatre.] It shows you how light this gas must be in order to carry with it not merely the ordinary soap bubble, but the larger portion of a drop hanging to the bottom of it. I can show its lightness in a better way than this; larger bubbles than these may be so lifted up; indeed, in former times balloons used to be filled with this gas. Mr. Anderson will fasten this tube on to our generator, and we shall have a stream of hydrogen here with which we can charge this balloon made of collodion. I need not even be very careful to get all air out, for I know the power of this gas to carry it up. [Two collodion balloons were inflated and sent up, one being held by a string.] Here is another larger one, made of thin membrane, which we will fill and allow to ascend; you will see they will all remain floating about until the gas escapes.
Fig. 71
Fig. 72
What, then, are the comparative weights of these substances? I have a table here which will show you the proportion which their weights bear to each other. I have taken a pint and a cubic foot as the measures, and have placed opposite to them the respective figures. A pint measure of this hydrogen weighs three-quarters of our smallest weight, a grain, and a cubic foot weighs one-twelfth of an ounce; whereas a pint of water weighs 8,750 grains, and a cubic foot of water weighs almost 1,000 ounces. You see, therefore, what a vast difference there is between the weight of a cubic foot of water and a cubic foot of hydrogen.
Hydrogen gives rise to no substance that can become solid, either during combustion or afterward as a product of its combustion; but when it burns it produces water only; and if we take a cold glass and put it over the flame, it becomes damp, and you have water produced immediately in appreciable quantity; and nothing is produced by its combustion but the same water which you have seen the flame of the candle produce. It is important to remember that this hydrogen is the only thing in nature which furnishes water as the sole product of combustion.
And now we must endeavor to find some additional proof of the general character and composition of water, and for this purpose I will keep you a little longer, so that at our next meeting we may be better prepared for the subject. We have the power of arranging the zinc which you have seen acting upon the water by the assistance of an acid, in such a manner as to cause all the power to be evolved in the place where we require it. I have behind me a voltaic pile, and I am just about to show you, at the end of this lecture, its character and power, that you may see what we shall have to deal with when next we meet. I hold here the extremities of the wires which transport the power from behind me, and which I shall cause to act on the water.
We have previously seen what a power of combustion is possessed by the potassium, or the zinc, or the iron filings; but none of them show such energy as this. [The lecturer here made contact between the two terminal wires of the battery, when a brilliant flash of light was produced.] This light is, in fact, produced by a forty-zinc power of burning; it is a power that I can carry about in my hands through these wires at pleasure, although if I applied it wrongly to myself, it would destroy me in an instant, for it is a most intense thing, and the power you see here put forth while you count five [bringing the poles in contact and exhibiting the electric light] is equivalent to the power of several thunder-storms, so great is its force (
). And that you may see what intense energy it has, I will take the ends of the wires which convey the power from the battery, and with it I dare say I can burn this iron file. Now this is a chemical power, and one which, when we next meet, I shall apply to water, and show you what results we are able to produce.
Note 1.
Water is in its densest state at a temperature of 39.1° Fahrenheit. [
Note 2.
A mixture of salt and pounded ice reduces the temperature from 32° F. to zero, the ice at the same time becoming fluid. [
Note 3.
Potassium, the metallic basis of potash, was discovered by Sir Humphry Davy in 1807, who succeeded in separating it from potash by means of a powerful voltaic battery. Its great affinity for oxygen causes it to decompose water with evolution of hydrogen, which takes fire with the heat produced. [
Note 4.
[Greek], water, and [Greek], I generate. [
Note 5.
Professor Faraday has calculated that there is as much electricity required to decompose one grain of water as there is in a very powerful flash of lightning. [
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: Regional News
Dekker named Big Ten Co-Freshman of the Week
Submitted: 03/04/2013
- Wisconsin freshman forward Sam Dekker earned the Big Ten's Co-Freshman of the Week honor, the conference announced on Monday.Dekker tied a career-high, scoring 19 points while dishing out four assists in a 77-46 win over Nebraska. The Sheboygan, Wis., native recorded 14 of his team-high 19 points in the first half while going 4-for-5 (.800) from 3-point range. He followed that up with a 10-point, three-rebound outing against Purdue on Sunday, which included a 4-for-8 (.500) effort from the field.Dekker ranks fourth in the Big Ten in 3-point field goal percentage (.446) and leads all Sixth Man candidates in scoring (9.4 ppg) during conference play. The freshman, who has garnered the conference's rookie of the week honor twice this season, is the only Wisconsin freshman to earn the award since the Big Ten debuted the honor in 2010-11. Dekker has scored in double figures in six consecutive contests and is averaging 9.6 points per game off the bench. He is also fifth among all Big Ten freshman in scoring. Dekker shares the freshman of the week honor with Indiana's Yogi Ferrell.
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When Sir Nicholas Stern published his UK government-commissioned "Review on the economics of climate change" six years ago, his work wasn't exactly met with great enthusiasm by his fellow economists. Most of them dismissed the predictions – 75 percent chance of 2-3 degrees Celsius warming with current trends, reducing economic output by 3 percent, with worst-case scenarios permanently amputating global consumption by 20 percent – as too alarmist. A few took the opportunity to dismiss the "scientific consensus" on the issue (it was 2006, remember?). Even William Nordhaus, one of the most climate-aware among the profession, argued that the discount rates (how much more we value our present consumption over our future consumption) used in the Review were too low.
Six years and a few climate catastrophes later, the tone of the conversation has radically changed. Stern's description of climate change as "the greatest and widest-ranging market failure ever seen" has penetrated minds across the globe – even those usually impervious to environmental preservation imperatives. The annual meeting of the World Economic Forum, which took place in Davos, Switzerland a week ago, is the latest illustration of this evolution (disclaimer : I did not physically attend the Forum. Membership fees are around $45,000…) The preliminary "Global Risks Report", which is published in preparation of the Forum every year and usually sets the tone of the meeting, was particularly adamant on this point: the climate bill is growing larger by the minute, and it's still uncertain how we'll be able to pay for it.
The "Global Risks Landscapes: 2013 versus 2012" section of the report is particularly striking: climate-related risks increase their presence in every single category, from economic (volatility of food prices) to societal (water supply crises) and even geopolitical (global governance failure). The signal sent by the report is clear: far from being a marginal issue, climate change will affect nearly every aspect of human existence, especially economic activity. Many prominent statespersons and business executives repeatedly emphasized that message over the course of the annual meeting – though Internal Monetary Fund head Christine Lagarde probably won the eloquence prize when she warned that "unless we take action on climate change, future generations will be roasted, toasted, fried and grilled" (bon appétit!).
And yet, Sir Nicholas Stern, a regular visitor of such prestigious business events, is still not happy. In parallel to the (at least seemingly) passionate advocates for climate action that were heard in Davos, the economist admitted to the Guardian that he had "underestimated the risks" and that the world seemed "on track for something like four [degrees Celsius warming]" – thus echoing the recent "Turn Down the Heat" report by another fairly recent climate convert, the World Bank. And yet, after talks of "Russian roulette" and "existential threat", Stern concluded on the global greening of the economy: "it's a very exciting growth story." This cautious optimism permeated the Davos forum in general. However, The Economist, among others, observed "a mismatch between the upbeat mood of [forum attendants] and the poor outlook for jobs" – as well as, one might add, for the environment.
Pointing to this mismatch does not equate to saying fighting climate change necessarily hurts the economy, and that climate advocates should always stick to the scariest parts of the story – it doesn't, and they shouldn't. But Stern's final sentence, in particular, is the textbook economist reaction to an ecological crisis: it essentially suggests that we should only care about climate change because it could hurt our GDP and some of the solutions have a great wealth-creation potential. Granted, economists are merely doing their job when they make such assumptions; it's expected of them to think that way. But climate activists, perhaps in an attempt to lure mainstream capitalists into entering the conversation, have also indulged in this discourse to a very large extent – "market externalities" have replaced "moral dilemmas", while "ecosystem services" make declarations about the beauty and integrity of "Mother nature" seem old-fashioned.
There is great value in reminding the fact that a healthy planet is the sine qua non condition of wealth and well-being as we know it. The fact that more and more economists are coming to terms with this fundamental notion is undoubtedly good news for climate. The transition to a low-carbon world can, and will, generate jobs and opportunities. But going all-in on the economic rationale of climate change can come at the risk of presenting the issue as a mere cost-benefit analysis. If the basic math of anthropogenic climate disruption is enough to gather shallow support from the business and political spheres, is it enough to convince them, and the general public, of the necessity to keep two-thirds of the world's proved fossil fuels reserve on the ground? Does it create a moral and ethical incentive strong enough to stay off Arctic oil and Alberta tar sands, or put the brakes on any of the other projects that threaten to push us past the point of no-return? To follow the recommendations of several Nobel Prize laureates on redefining the way we measure economic wealth, and take the leap towards sustainable prosperity? Will it prevent the disappearance of 20 percent of the world's nation-states, and the destruction of priceless biological diversity?
Taking an economist's approach to climate action too often fails to address this vital question: if fighting climate change costs more money than it generates, should we keep doing it anyway?
Antoine Ebel is a former intern with Worldwatch Institute's Climate and Energy team, a regular contributor to ReVolt, and the President of CliMates, an international student think-tank striving to research and promote innovative solutions to climate change.


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Energy Transfer Equity (NYSE: ETE) is a Fortune 500 company based in Dallas, Texas, a sister partnership to Energy Transfer Partners. It specializes in the storage and transportation of natural gas. The CEO of Energy Transfer Equity is John W. McReynolds
In physics, energy is a property of objects which can be transferred to other objects or converted into different forms, but cannot be created or destroyed. The "ability of a system to perform work" is a common description, but it is difficult to give one single comprehensive definition of energy because of its many forms. For instance, in SI units, energy is measured in joules, and one joule is defined "mechanically", being the energy transferred to an object by the mechanical work of moving it a distance of 1 metre against a force of 1 newton. However, there are many other definitions of energy, depending on the context, such as thermal energy, radiant energy, electromagnetic, nuclear, etc., where definitions are derived that are the most convenient.
Common energy forms include the kinetic energy of a moving object, the potential energy stored by an object's position in a force field (gravitational, electric or magnetic), the elastic energy stored by stretching solid objects, the chemical energy released when a fuel burns, the radiant energy carried by light, and the thermal energy due to an object's temperature. All of the many forms of energy are convertible to other kinds of energy, and obey the law of conservation of energy which says that energy can be neither created nor be destroyed; however, it can change from one form to another.


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About This Book.
How to Use This Book.
How This Book Is Organized.
Book I: ASP.NET Basics.
Book II: Web Controls.
Book III: HTML.
Book IV: C#.
Book V: Visual Basic.
Book VI: Database Programming.
Book VII: Using the .NET Framework.
Book VIII: Advanced ASP.NET Programming.
Icons Used in This Book.
Where to Go from Here.
Book I: ASP.NET Basics.
Chapter 1: Welcome to ASP.NET Programming.
Chapter 2: Installing Visual Studio Web Developer 2005 Express Edition or Visual Studio 2005.
Chapter 3: Creating Your First ASP.NET 2.0 Application.
Chapter 4: Understanding Postback, Events, and Code-Behind.
Chapter 5: Creating Multipage Applications.
Book II: Web Controls.
Chapter 1: Using Basic Web Server Controls.
Chapter 2: Using Validation Controls.
Chapter 3: Using List Controls.
Chapter 4: Using Advanced Web Server Controls.
Chapter 5: Working with User Controls.
Book III: HTML.
Chapter 1: HTML Basics.
Chapter 2: Creating Tables.
Chapter 3: Working with Forms.
Chapter 4: Using Styles and Style Sheets.
Chapter 5: Using Client-Side Script.
Book IV: C#.
Chapter 1: C# Programming Basics.
Chapter 2: Doing Things Conditionally in C#.
Chapter 3: Going Around in Circles (Or, Looping in C#).
Chapter 4: Using Methods and Exceptions.
Chapter 5: Getting into Object-Oriented Programming.
Chapter 6: Working with Inheritance.
Book V: Visual Basic.
Chapter 1: Mastering the Basics of Visual Basic.
Chapter 2: Controlling Your Programs.
Chapter 3: Working With Procedures, Exceptions, and Arrays.
Chapter 4: Exploring Object-Oriented Programming.
Chapter 5: Demystifying Inheritance in VB.NET.
Book VI: Database Programming.
Chapter 1: Accessing Data with ADO.NET.
Chapter 2: Displaying and Editing Data for the Web.
Chapter 3: Displaying and Editing with the GridView Control.
Chapter 4: Displaying and Editing Detail Data.
Chapter 5: Advanced Data Retrieval.
Chapter 6: Reading XML and Generic Data.
Book VII: Using the .NET Framework.
Chapter 1: Handling Strings.
Chapter 2: Manipulating Dates and Times.
Chapter 3: Storing Objects in Specialized Collections.
Chapter 4: Building Strongly Typed Collections with Generic Classes.
Book VIII: Advanced ASP.NET Programming.
Chapter 1: Security: Using Login Controls.
Chapter 2: Using Profiles.
Chapter 3: Site Navigation.
Chapter 4: Working with Themes.
Chapter 5: Building Portals with Web Parts.
Chapter 6: Creating and Consuming Web Services.


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Throughout the Summer months, Swindon has an abundance of festivals and fetes for families across the town to enjoy. However, one area of the town has been largely lacking a community event despite experiencing massive growth in recent years. Last week, following a public meeting, a committee was established that will look to start the first ever North Swindon Festival later this year.
A number of ideas of what shape the festival will take and where it will be held have so far been put forward but the overall aim is agreed by everyone.
"We want it to bring North Swindon together and help to build a community spirit," said Suzi Gatward, 32, of Haydon Wick. "Whatever we do, it has to be for everyone of all ages. At the end of the day it is all about meeting new people who live in your community because at the moment there is not really a chance to do that in North Swindon.
"When you look around Swindon, there is the Old Town Festival, the Stratton Festival and lots of others but nothing around here, which is what we want to change." Over the past 20 years or so, the north of Swindon has expanded rapidly with Oakhurst and Redhouse being just a few of the neighbourhoods which have sprung up.
"I think a lot of people have moved into the area from outside so there isn't the community spirit," said Suzi."I am an example of that, having moved to Swindon eight years ago. Hopefully this festival will be able break down some of the barriers and become a real highlight of the year for North Swindon."
Many of the key details are yet to be ironed out but the organisers are keen to get something in place for this year. At last week's meeting, which was attended by about 30 people, ideas were put forward as to what the festival may consist of and where it may be held. To assist with getting everything off the ground, organisers have access to money from a locality fund.
Suzi said: "It was a really good turnout. When we first met there were about eight of us but now we are gaining momentum. The next stage for us is to put the best ideas together. "We are then going to hold another public meeting to explain how we are going to move forward."


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A Day in the Life Video Series: An Interview With Damaries Cruz
September 1, 2011
Keeping up with HIV meds often means having to weave daily doses into a busy life. How do other HIVers do it? In each episode of this video series, we'll take a peek into the day-to-day routine of a person who's living with HIV, taking HIV meds, and dealing with situations that get in the way of adherence. Watch other videos in the series.
Episode 1: Damaries Cruz
Age: 41
Home: Deerfield Beach, Fla.
Diagnosed: 1991
Summary: Damaries Cruz discusses her fears about starting meds, the strategies she uses to make sure she adheres to her meds and how her circle of friends help her get through every day.
Produced by Mark S. King.
Copyright © 2011 The HealthCentral Network, Inc. All rights reserved.
This article was provided by TheBody.
Add Your Comment:
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Internet search results. Be careful when providing personal information! Before
adding your comment, please read TheBody.com's Comment Policy.)
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Four More Years of WarWritten by Stephen Lendman Subject: WAR: About that War
by Stephen Lendman
Expect Obama to prioritize advancing America's imperium. He did aggressive in term one. New wars are planned. Current ones won't end. Proxy ones continue. So does increasing America's global military footprint.
Fiscal cliff hype is about greater force-fed austerity to free up more funds for America's war machine. Waging them isn't cheap. Profiteers depend on wasteful spending to boost bottom line performance.
It pays to have friends in high places. They assure all the billions wanted. Social America is being sacrificed to provide them.
Over the next decade, trillions of dollars will shift from people needs to war making, generous corporate handouts, tax breaks for the rich, and hardened homeland repression against nonbelievers.
At the same time, deficits will keep rising exponentially. Hype about urgently cutting them is fake. Post-9/11 has been the worst of times. Expect more of the same on steroids ahead.
Conditions today are the most perilous in world history. Global war is possible. The threat is real and ominous. Open discussion is suppressed. Media scoundrels won't touch it.
Nor do they explain Project Censored's top Censored 2013 story: "Signs of an Emerging Police State." It began pre-9/11, accelerated under Bush, then Obama exceeded his extremism.
Tyranny in America is a hair's breadth from full-blown. For those affected, it arrived long ago.
Project Censored's number 4 story is: "FBI Agents Responsible for Majority of Terrorist Plots in the United States." Innocent people are wrongly imprisoned. Media scoundrels convict them in the court of public opinion.
Other top censored stories include criminalizing nonviolent protests, corporate predators running the global economy, Federal Reserve money printing madness enriching Wall Street, Washington joining forces with Al Qaeda, prison slavery, wrecking public education by privatizing it, and NATO war crimes in Libya, but it's much the same wherever this killing machine shows up.
Media scoundrel managed news suppresses these and other vital truths people most need to know. Instead, they get The New York Times running cover for Obama's foreign policy by praising what it should condemn.
On November 11, its editorial headlined "The Foreign Policy Agenda." It reads like it's about someone else, not Obama. It wrongly claims he envisions a world without nuclear weapons.
Under Bush and Obama, Washington asserts the right to use them preemptively. Both administrations violated NPT, the ABM and Comprehensive Test Ban Treaties, and Fissile Material Cutoff Treaty. Others relating to national security also.
In 2010, Obama's Nuclear Posture Review (NPR) was old wine in new bottles. Rhetoric changed. Policy stayed the same.
Obama won't achieve his goal, said The Times, but his position "offers a framework for reducing America's stockpile and for (encouraging) other countries to follow suit."
Stockpile levels matter less than new, more destructive, weapons replacing older ones.
The Times also wants tough policies on Iran. It stops short of urging war, but wants sanctions "rigorously enforced and strengthened." Those in place are illegal. Times articles and commentaries don't explain. Nor are readers told that Iran's program is peaceful. Tehran threatens no one.
What's ahead in Afghanistan remains to be seen. Drawdown won't end war and occupation. America doesn't come to war theaters to leave. Permanent occupation is planned.
The Times hope for withdrawal by end of 2013, of course, won't happen. Nor are Times' claims about "severely weaken(ing) Al Qaeda."
Washington enlists its support in all regional wars. It admits doing so. The so-called Arab Spring is fake. America's war on Syria is suppressed. So is claiming a possible two-state Israeli/Palestinian solution followed by peace.
America's foreign policy plate is full, said The Times. What's ongoing and at stake was suppressed or distorted. Military Keynesianism on steroids is official US policy.
America always glorified wars in the name of peace. They've been waged every year in US history at home and/or abroad against one more adversaries. Peace, stability, personal safety, and common dignity are crowded out by imperial wars and a longstanding culture of violence.
Generations of violence engrained it in US culture. Media violence feeds it. America's addiction to war reflects it. Permanent ones rage. New ones replace others when their energy wanes. Congress provides open-ended funding. The Federal Reserve prints up all the ready cash needed.
Imagine living under a permanent state of readiness. Enemies don't exist so Washington invents them. At the same time, homeland needs go begging.
Eisenhower's military-industrial complex warning went unheeded. Disastrous "misplaced power" could rise and persist.
"Every gun that is made," he added, "every war ship launched, every rocket fired signifies, in the final sense, a theft from those who hunger and are not fed, from those who are cold and not clothed."
Today's legacy is force-fed austerity. Health and public welfare are sacrificed on the alter of America's addiction. Obama has plenty more in mind. Wars of choice are planned.
Since WW II, none of necessity existed. America is masterful at inventing enemies when none exist. No matter how many times people are fooled, they're easy prey to convince alleged threats must be challenged.
Washington Post writer David Ignatius has close ties to US intelligence. Be "bold" he urges Obama in term two. "Think big."
"Well, Mr. President, what the hell's the presidency for?" Be "strategic" on foreign policy. Deal with Iran to limit its nuclear program. Find solutions for Afghanistan.
Remove Assad by "managed transition." In other words, oust him by any way that works.
Cut a deal on Palestine that benefits Israel. Choose a new Secretary of State when Clinton leaves to assure whatever America says goes.
"A successful second term is less about ideology than about results. Think big. Take risks. Get it done."
In other words, Ignatius favors policies that assure US hegemony. Without saying it, he includes war.
Former Bush administration UN ambassador/American Enterprise Institute senior fellow/uberhawk John Bolton wants Obama to prioritize national security threats.
America has none excepts ones it invents. Bolton left that unexplained. The war on terror isn't over, he stresses. Al Qaeda hasn't been defeated. It's "stronger than before and America's strategic position in the region has steadily deteriorated."
Al Qaeda is used strategically as ally and adversary. It was part of Washington's Libya strategy. It now serves US interests in Syria.
Prioritize "international terrorism," says Bolton. Prevent Iran's "long-sought objective of deliverable nuclear weapons."
Challenge Russia and China assertively. Flex America's muscles aggressively. Republicans should hold his feet to the fire.
Foreign policy advisors like Bolton risk WW III. Washington has lots more like him.
AP's Brian Murphy discussed Obama's second term "evolving foreign policy."
His mandate involves asserting "superpower confiden(ce and) military strength" combined with "soft power" coalition building.
Murphy ticked off the usual challenges - Afghanistan, Iran, Syria, Israel/Palestine, China, Russia, North Korea, and Cuba. Solutions weren't proposed.
Micah Zenko is a Council on Foreign Relations (CFR) Center for Preventive Action Douglas Dillon fellow. America "will never have another peacetime president," he says.
It follows as one never before existed. America has always been at war at home and/or abroad throughout its history.
WW II aside, it's truer today than ever. Multiple direct and proxy wars rage. More are planned. Political claims about wanting peace are false. America prioritizes war.
Zenko expects a "period of persistent conflict" to continue. Obama is America's most belligerent leader. He exceeded the worst of Bush. Expect term one policies to continue and be intensified in term two.
Congressional oversight of presidential war-making powers is moribund. Obama is virtually restraint free. Previous warnings went unheeded.
Former Senator Robert Byrd reminded fellow legislators that "Congress is not a rubberstamp or a presidential lapdog - obedient and unquestioning. Oversight, oversight, oversight is among our most important responsibilities."
Senator James Webb didn't seek reelection. In May, he co-sponsored a bill that failed. Passage would have required presidents to formally request congressional approval before authorizing military action.
"Year by year," he said, "skirmish by skirmish, the role of the Congress in determining where the US military would operate, and when the awesome power of our weapon systems would he unleashed, has diminished."
Obama is free to continue term one wars and wage new ones. Expect him to take full advantage.
Stephen Lendman lives in Chicago and can be reached at email@example.com.
His new book is titled "Banker Occupation: Waging Financial War on Humanity."
Visit his blog site at sjlendman.blogspot.com and listen to cutting-edge discussions with distinguished guests on the Progressive Radio News Hour on the Progressive Radio Network Thursdays at 10AM US Central time and Saturdays and Sundays at noon. All programs are archived for easy listening.


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There is something that I really like about target air pistols. Maybe it is the sheer joy of spending a few hours on an afternoon doing nothing more productive than trying to put some pellets through the 10 ring.
The Gamo Compact is an entry-level target air pistol. Weighing a just under 2 pounds, it stretches 12.6 inches from end to end, and delivers a wealth of goodies for a very reasonable price.
Let's take a walk around the Compact and see what I mean. The first thing you notice about the Compact is the anatomically sculptured right-hand walnut grip with adjustable palm shelf. To the best of my knowledge, the Compact is the only entry level pistol that comes standard with such a grip.
Just forward of the grip underneath compact is the trigger guard, it – and the rest of the receiver and upper unit of the pistol, is made of an engineering plastic. The sides of receiver are reinforced with metal straps that are also part of the cocking mechanism. Unlike some plastic air pistols that I have shot, I have seen no flexing of the plastic while cocking or shooting the Compact.
Inside the trigger guard is the trigger. The first stage of the trigger is adjustable for travel, and the trigger blade can be swiveled to match the shooter's finger. The manual says the second stage of the trigger is set by the factory at 750 grams, and it is not adjustable. Like many target pistols, the Gamo Compact does not have a safety. Once it is cocked and loaded, it is always live and ready to shoot.
At the front end of the Compact, on top of the upper assembly is the blade front sight. Just below is the muzzle, which is recessed into the plastic upper assembly. Along the top of the upper assembly is a wide plastic ridge. While the ridge is not a dovetail, I have successfully used it to clamp red dot sights to the Compact.
At the rear of the upper assembly is the rear sight, which – like virtually all target sights – is adjustable for elevation and windage. What sets the Compact's rear sight apart is that the width of the rear sighting notch is also adjustable, simply by turning a screw on the left-hand side of the sight. As far as I know, this is the only entry-level target air pistol that offers such an adjustment, and I find it really handy for matching the sight picture to varying lighting conditions.
Underneath the rear sight, at the extreme aft end of the receiver, is a rectangular gray plastic button. To get the Compact ready to shoot, depress the gray plastic button. This releases the upper assembly which can then pivot forward. With the upper assembly fully extended, insert a pellet into the back end of the barrel. Now return the upper assembly to its original position so it latches. This cocks the single-stroke pneumatic action and requires about 21 pounds of effort.
Now you're good to go. Take aim at the target, ease the first stage out of the trigger, and squeeze a bit more. The Compact gives a muted pop and launches medium weight pellets down range in the mid-300 fps. I find the trigger to be pleasingly crisp.
The Compact is not a powerful pistol. I wouldn't use it for hunting anything bigger than hornets (or perhaps mice at very close range). But it is quite accurate. The factory says it will deliver .20" groups CTC at 10 yards. I seem to recall a test in IHMSA news in which a fellow achieved nearly the same size groups at 20 yards indoors under windless conditions.
In the end, I find the Gamo Compact an entirely worthy air pistol that I enjoy shooting very much.
Til next time, aim true and shoot straight.
– Jock Elliott


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When US accidents happen lives are changed forever. In the blink of an eye, an automobile accident, a slip and fall or a work place injury can cost people their jobs, their health and their future. The call they make after an accident can make all the difference. The US Accident Injury Center can help accident victims obtain all the care they need to get them back on the road to recovery.
Accident injuries range from minor scrapes to more serious broken bones and trauma. Some injuries are obvious, but soft tissue injuries are often not noticed at the time of the accident. Symptoms such as stiffness, numbness, soreness, severe or chronic headaches, and even mild brain injury can appear days or weeks after the accident. Because there are a wide range of bodily injuries possible after an accident, it it is important to seek the most appropriate medical treatment related to your particular problem or condition.
US Center offers medical and chiropractic care to injured individuals. Specifically, US Injury Centers provide a broad range of diagnostic and therapeutic services to assess, document, and treat patients who have been injured in automobile, slip and fall and work related accidents. With decades of experience, US Injury Center has helped hundreds of people recover from their injuries and receive the compensation they deserved.


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If you are planning on getting an educational career or a job with less research, this program would be right for you.
You will take classes like thermodynamics and quantum mechanics.
In the thermodynamics course, you will be introduced to the laws of thermodynamics and the kinetic theory of gases.
Quantum mechanics is a challenging course that will review the barrier problems and problems involving perturbation theory, and one-electron atoms.
You must meet admission requirements of the Graduate School and take the Graduate Record Exam (GRE) or an equivalent exam.
Learn more about why you should study at Ball State.


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Featured News - Current News - Archived News - News Categories
Top 12 acts perform in the next round of competition on Tuesday, Sept. 10
Two of "AGT's" most popular winners, Terry Fator and Olate Dogs, return to perform on NBC's "America's Got Talent" results show, Wednesday, Sept. 11 (9 p.m.).
Season two winner Fator captured the hearts and funny bones of America with his unique combination of singing, comedy and celebrity impressions. Fator first discovered his knack for impressions at the age of 6 and got his first paying gig at age 12. He began his professional career with gigs at county fairs, school performances and corporate events. A trip to Las Vegas in 2005 stoked his desire to become a big-name entertainer. His win on "America's Got Talent" in 2007 led to a multi-year contract to perform in his very own theater at the legendary Mirage Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas. Fator's current contract at The Mirage will keep him at the resort through 2016. In 2013, he celebrated his 1,000th show and welcomed his millionth guest at The Mirage, and was named the "Best Show," "Best All-Around Performer," "Best Impersonator" and "Best Overall Show" in the Las Vegas Review-Journal's prestigious "Best of Las Vegas" poll.
Last season's hit variety act, the Olate Dogs, won the $1 million prize and a headlining show at The Palazzo in Las Vegas. Led by Richard Olate and his son, Nicholas, the Olate Dogs are a high-energy, fast-paced theatrical act filled with doggie-friendly and amazing pet tricks. A third generation circus performer from a poor South American family, Richard has been in the spotlight since he was 12, and through hard work and constant struggle, he made it to the U.S. at the age of 33. His dream to have his own dog variety show has come true as he currently has four completely different dog acts. Most of the Olate dogs are rescues from shelters. Currently, the Olate Dogs can be seen at NBA halftime shows and touring the country. Talented singer, dancer and performer Nicholas Olate recently completed his debut album with Grammy-nominated songwriter-producer Tommy Marolda, slated for release this fall.
"America's Got Talent" stages the next performance show on Tuesday, Sept. 10 (9 p.m.), where the remaining top 12 acts will perform for America's vote. Six will move on to the final round of competition on Sept. 17 (9 p.m.).
America's Top 12 Acts performing on Tuesday, Sept. 10, are:
More information, including bios and social media contacts for each act, can be found at http://www.nbc.com/americas-got-talent/contestants/.
Now in its eighth season, "America's Got Talent" stars celebrity judges Howie Mandel, Mel B, Heidi Klum and Howard Stern.
Fans can "like" "AGT" on Facebook at http://www.facebook.com/nbcagt or follow the show on Twitter http://twitter.com/nbcagt or by using hashtag #AGT
Online auditions are now open. For information on open call and online auditions for season nine of "America's Got Talent," visit http://www.americasgottalentauditions.com/.


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Dumbest idea ever
Last year those UK tabloids kept reporting that Johnny Depp had been confirmed as The Riddler in the new Batman movie. At the time there wasn't even a script ready for the new Batman movie. Needless to say the story was full of sh-t. As is this one.
The UK Sun reported today that Courtney Love has picked Robert Pattinson to play Kurt Cobain in the biopic. Supposedly Pattinson was stalking her, bombarding her with emails and phone calls, desperate to land the part, and eventually wore her down, even though Courtney was a little put off by his "manners". You see, right there they should have known this story was pure fiction.
But SO many outlets picked it up, declaring Pattinson the onscreen Cobain.
THANKS GOD the report has already been debunked by Spin. Love's manager laughed off the claims.
Can you imagine? Robert Pattinson playing Kurt Cobain? Him? If Cobain knew about this he would probably kill himself all over again. It's an incredibly insulting suggestion. While Pattinson can certainly grow as an actor, right now, from what he's shown, he and his Twi-association would be doing the material a devastating disservice.
The Cobain film is based on Charles R Cross's biography Heavier Than Heaven, considered not only the gold standard of Cobain biographies but on the list of definitive biographies, music industry or otherwise, period. It's exhaustively researched, beautifully written, impersonal but also incredibly moving, smutty and serious at the same time, and just as absorbing as fiction. I read it about 4 years ago, right after reading The Tender Bar by JR Moehringer, one of my favourite memoirs ever, because both were edited by the same person.
Heavier Than Heaven stands on its own even if you don't give a sh-t about Cobain or Nirvana. It's simply a great book and a comprehensive, unforgettable character study. If you haven't, read it and you'll know: any film adaptation deserves … a more imaginative casting decision.
Photos from Wenn.com


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Borussia Dortmund's Champions League hopes were dealt a blow by the confirmation that Mario Gotze will miss the final due to a thigh injury.
Kevin Grosskreutz is expected to take the 20-year-old's place in the XI, with Marco Reus shifting into the centre of the attacking trio behind Robert Lewandowski.
At the back, Lukasz Piszczek is fit to play, but will undergo thigh surgery in the summer, while Mats Hummels is expected to shake off a minor ankle injury to feature against the club that bred him.
Meanwhile, the only major question mark in the Bayern Munich ranks is as to whom will partner Dante at centre-back.
With Holger Badstuber missing since December, Daniel Van Buyten and Jerome Boateng have been rotated at the heart of defence, but the Belgian is the more likely to start the final.
Toni Kroos remains sidelined after picking up a muscle injury in the quarter-final first leg against Juventus, so Arjen Robben will continue on the right, with Thomas Muller lining up behind lone striker Mario Mandzukic, who should keep his place ahead of Mario Gomez.
- Borussia Dortmund have won the Champions League on one previous occasion, beating Juventus 3-1 to claim the trophy in 1997.
- Jurgen Klopp's side triumphed 5-2 against Bayern Munich last season in the DFB-Pokal final, with Robert Lewandowski (pictured, right) scoring a hat-trick.
- Defender Mats Hummels joined BVB from Bayern back in 2009 after a successful loan spell at Signal Iduna Park.
- Injured playmaker Mario Gotze has already agreed a deal which will see him move to Bayern at the season's end.
- Bayern Munich are seeking to win their fifth European Cup and join Liverpool as the joint-third most successful team in the competition's history, behind AC Milan and Real Madrid.
- The Bavarians are unbeaten against BVB in all four of the teams' meeting this season, drawing 1-1 twice in the Bundesliga, and beating their rivals 2-1 and 1-0 in the Supercup and Pokal respectively.
- The only previous all-German final in the history of European club competition was in the 1980 Uefa Cup final, when Eintracht Frankfurt beat Borussia Monchengladbach on away goals after recording a 3-3 draw over two legs.


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Serbian gay rally banned for 3rd straight year
Serbian gay rally banned for 3rd straight year
Sep. 27, 2013
BELGRADE, Serbia (AP) — Serbian authorities banned a gay pride march in Belgrade for a third consecutive year because of threats made by right-wing groups, officials said Friday.
Prime Minister Ivica Dacic said top security and state officials decided to ban Saturday's event because they feared a repeat of violence in 2010, when extremists attacked a gay pride march in the Serbian capital. That triggered daylong clashes with the police which injured more than 100 people.
Protesting the ban, about 100 gay pride activists marched past the downtown Serbian government headquarters late Friday. The march passed without incidents.
Gay pride marches in 2011 and 2012 were also banned. Serbia, which is seeking European Union membership, has pledged to respect human rights, and whether or not they allowed the march this year was regarded as a test of that vow.
In addition to banning the gay pride march, Dacic said the government was banning a gathering of right-wing groups that planned to attack the event. Authorities also rescheduled several soccer matches in Belgrade from Saturday to Sunday, because they are attended by hooligans aligned with extremists.
"We decided to ban the event because of serious security concerns," Dacic told state TV. "This is not a capitulation against the hooligans, but an attempt to prevent chaos on the streets of Belgrade."
Several right-wing groups, allied with similar anti-gay groups in Russia, have issued open threats against the gay marchers.
Patriarch Irinej, the head of Serbia's Christian Orthodox church, has spoken out against the gay pride march. He said such a "parade of shame" would cast a "moral shadow" on the conservative Balkan country.


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I published my first post on that site, "The Bikram Scandal and the Shadow Side of Yoga," yesterday. Hope you'll click over and join the conversation there.
Email subscribers to Think Body Electric please note: In order to keep receiving notifications of new blog posts, you'll need to go to the new blog spot and sign up there - the mailing list won't be automatically transferred. My apologies for the inconvenience.


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|October 16, 1999, 01:06 PM
Retired Screen Name
Join Date: November 17, 2000
Posts: 978
Do all parts interchange? If not, what doesn't? Are they exactly the same externally at least? (IOW, if my fiancee handles a Browning and likes the grip, am I safe to get a Hungarian FEG?)
"Its not criminals that go into schools and shoot children"
--Ann Pearston, British Gun Control apologist and moron
|October 16, 1999, 09:48 PM
Senior Member
Join Date: August 24, 1999
Posts: 174
Hello! I have done extensive customizing on FEG Hi-Powers, and found that MOST parts are fully interchangeable with the Brownings, although virtually ANY aftermarket parts will require some degree of fitting. If a Browning fits your girlfriend's hand well, so will the FEG. External dimensions of the FEG match Browning's virtually identically. I own 2 of these clones; one is a full-house custom, and the other is a lightly massaged carry gun. Both Novak, and Cylinder & Slide extended safeties fit, but require a bit of finesse to install. I prefer the C&S safety. Hogue rubber finger-groove grips drop right on, but if you want wood grip panels, some brands may require fitting. My Navidrex Dymondwood grips certainly did. If possible, try them in the store before you buy. The .285 in. rear sight dovetail dimensions match Brownings (I installed a Mec-Gar adjustable rear sight on my custom). Federal Arms barrels (among other brands) will drop in, but require a ton of chamber work to function reliably, as the FEG chambers are a bit oversized. The FEG's factory barrel provides quite acceptable accuracy, anyway. I just wanted a ported barrel on the custom, and don't regret the time it took me to get it to work well. At 15 yards it shoots 1 hole groups on my lucky days Internal parts look like they should interchange also, and I'm sure at some point I will install a C&S hammer/sear set. By the way, a trigger job for this gun is a MUST. My carry gun breaks cleanly at 4.5 pounds with the well-polished magazine disconnect safety in place. This clone is an excellent value, and quite reliable with all of the ammunition types I've tried (including hollow-point rounds); you won't regret your purchase. Good Luck & Take Care- Dakotan
|November 4, 2008, 04:07 PM
Junior Member
Join Date: November 4, 2008
Posts: 1
Feg Pjk 9hp
Dakotan, I Just Read Your Information On How Interchangeable The Parts For The Feg Pjk 9hp Are With Browning. I See You Have Customized Yours. I Am Looking For A Laser Grip To Install On My Feg, But Non Are Available. There Is A Laser Grip For The Browning Hi-power, Do You Think This Would Work?
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JERUSALEM (AP) — Israel's Labor Party will be fielding a large number of former journalists in the country's upcoming parliamentary elections.
Six former journalists, including party chairwoman Shelly Yachimovich, figure among the top 25 labor candidates who will be running in the Jan. 22 parliamentary race. The party held its primary on Thursday and released the list of candidates on Friday.
Many of the former journalists in Labor's ranks are social activists who think the government should be doing more to help the middle and lower classes. Yachimovich, a former TV and radio commentator, has revitalized the flagging party, which led Israel to independence in 1948, by refocusing its emphasis on the country's social and economic problems.
Several leaders of last year's grass-roots social protests, which drew hundreds of thousands of Israelis into the streets, were also voted into top positions on the Labor slate.
Polls showing Labor winning about 19 of parliament's 120 seats, compared to the party's current eight. That would make it the second-largest party after the Likud Beiteinu list headed by Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu.
Labor is not alone in drawing journalists to its ranks. Popular prime-time TV personality Yair Lapid quit his job this year as a television newsmagazine anchor to form his own political party, Yesh Atid. Another high-profile commentator, Ofer Shelach, has joined his party.
Israel's parliament currently has 11 former media people in its ranks.
Analysts say the recent surge of journalists-turned-politicians reflects in part a desire for new blood in a political scene long dominated by the same faces. Their social activism comes as a refreshing change from the corruption scandals that have tainted a swelling list of politicians.
At the same time, the media stars have the advantage of being both new and familiar.
Others, however, have questioned whether the phenomenon isn't hurting news coverage by compromising its professional bedrock, impartiality.


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Valentines Nightclub
Welcome to Photo Enrichments. You can right-click to save a copy of a picture for yourself, or click on the blue "Buy" button to order color prints in various sizes of any of our images. Be sure to leave your comments under your favorite photos. Do you have any questions? Please e-mail John Miller at firstname.lastname@example.com. Thank you for visiting our website and check back often. Photos and other contents of this page © Saturday, May 1, 2015 by Photo Enrichments. Persons appearing in the photo(s) that appear(s) above may make a copy for personal use. Requests for permission to use a photo should be sent to firstname.lastname@example.com. This Week In Tampa is a website belonging to Photo Enrichments.Read More


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COBB Tunning 612X22 Staged Power Packages 02-05 Subaru Impreza WRX
This is where to start your quest for additional power and response from the WRX. Included in the Stage 1 Kit is the highly regarded AccessPORT which is used to reprogram the factory engine computer, unlocking an additional 33 HP (power) and 43 lb-ft (torque) from a WRX and increases boost to approximately 14.7psi.
The Stage 2 Kit continues where the Stage 1 Kit leaves off. Included with Stage 2 is the AccessPORT, as well as the complete COBB Tuning Turbo Back Exhuast. Starting off the COBB Turbo Back system is the COBB Downpipe. The CAD designed bellmouth of the COBB downpipe makes sure the airflow is smooth and efficiant. The system finishes with the modest tip of the Cat Back section that sits completely flush with the bumper. With a subtle, but deep exhaust note, the COBB exhaust achieves the highest performance while still retaining a stock like appearance.


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Austin Petersen is the Director of Production at FreedomWorks, as well as the CEO of Stonegait Pictures, LLC.
Formerly an Associate Producer for Judge Andrew Napolitano's show, Freedom Watch, on the Fox Business Network, Austin built Judge Napolitano's social networks with over 200,000 fans and millions of clicks a month.
Austin grew up on a farm in the Midwest of the United States in a town called Peculiar, Missouri. Graduating from Missouri State University with a degree in the Fine Arts, he moved to New York City after graduation to a pursue a career in media. After three years of working in the entertainment business, Austin became engaged in politics during the 2008 Presidential election cycle and moved to Washington, DC to accept a job at the Libertarian National Committee.
Austin pursued limited government solutions to national problems by fielding candidates for public office working for the Libertarian National Committee for a year. With a focus on building grassroots movements nationally, Austin used his previous experience in the entertainment business to produce activism politically in support of Presidential Candidate Ron Paul. Through social media and a newly developed internship program, he effectively doubled the size and scope of the activism portion of the Libertarian Party from 2008-2009 even serving on the Presidential campaign for Bob Barr, former House Representative from the State of Georgia.
After a successful run in third party politics, he was asked to join the Atlas Economic Research Foundation in 2009 as the New Media Program Manager and Video Producer. Atlas is a free market think tank whose purpose is to facilitate the spread of libertarian ideas by supporting other think tanks all around the world. At Atlas, Austin built a high definition video and photo production studio, produced several video and photoshoots, ran campaign operations, and helped coordinate events. After his time with Atlas he joined the Fox Business Network in 2010 and returned to New York City to work at Fox. After an excellent two year run, Freedom Watch was cancelled and Austin returned to Washington, DC to continue the fight for limited government.


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How to Use the Images
Questions for Photo 3
1. How do the items in this room reflect Penniman's career as a whaling captain?
2. What items can you identify that might be considered foreign or exotic? Where might some of these items have come from?
3. What kind of souvenirs do you bring home from your trips and why?
* The photo on this screen has a resolution of 72 dots per inch (dpi), and therefore will print poorly. You can obtain a larger version of Photo 3, but be aware that the file will take as much as 25 seconds to load with a 28.8K modem.


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ASV - American Standard Version-The American Standard Version (ASV) for your Symbian UiQ device from Olive Tree Bible Software.
ABOUT THE VERSION: The ASV, first published in 1901, was produced originally as a revision to the Revised Version of the original KJV. The American Standard Version is considered to be very accurate.
INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONS: Download the zip file to the Desktop of your computer and extract the files to your Desktop. Next, double click on BibleReader.sis. If the software for your phone is installed on your computer, it will take you through the steps to install the application. Using your phone's PC Desktop program, create a folder named Bible (with a capital B) on your memory card. Copy and paste the Bible-ASV.pdb file from your Desktop into the Bible folder you created. To open the BibleReader, select it from your phone's application screen.
· Verse Chooser - allows easy verse navigation.
· Search for words or phrases, excellent options.
· Split Screens - display up to three versions of the Bible simultaneously.
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· Customizable! Select the font, color, and background you like.
· Free application updates
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· Over 80 Bible versions and study tools are available from Olive Tree Bible Software.
ASV - American Standard Version-The American Standard Version (ASV) for your Symbian UiQ device from Olive Tree Bible Software.


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Urinary Incontinence - Female
Urinary incontinence is the loss of voluntary bladder control that can cause leakage of urine. It can be temporary or last for a long time.
There are four types of long term or permanent incontinence:
- Stress incontinence—most common type. Leakage occurs when there is extra pressure on the bladder. Triggers may include laughing, sneezing, lifting heavy objects, or exercise.
- Urge incontinence—known as overactive bladder, a loss of bladder control following a strong urge to urinate. The bladder is unable to hold urine long enough to make it to a restroom.
- Overflow incontinence—the bladder will not empty, so urine builds up and the bladder overflows
- Functional incontinence—there is normal bladder control, but the toilet can't be reached in time
People may have just one or a combination of these types.
Incontinence has several different causes. The cause could also be unclear.
Temporary incontinence can be caused by:
- Medication
- Constipation
- Infection
- Muscle weakness
- Restricted mobility
- Obesity
- Endocrinological disorders such as diabetes
|Muscles Involved in Incontinence in Women
|Copyright © Nucleus Medical Media, Inc.
Stress incontinence is an accidental loss of urine during physical activity or coughing, sneezing, and laughing. It may be caused by:
- Weakening of muscles that suspend the bladder
- Weakening of muscles that control urine flow
- Obesity
Urge incontinence is the accidental loss of urine when the bladder spasms for no reason. It may be caused or worsened by:
- Urinary tract infection
- Diabetes type 1 and type 2
- Bladder irritation such as a stone or a tumor
- Drugs such as hypnotics or diuretics
- Caffeine
- Alcohol
Nerve damage due to:
- Spinal cord injury
- Stroke
- Multiple sclerosis
- Parkinson's disease
- Constipation
- Excessive fluid intake
Overflow incontinence is leaking of urine due to overfilling up and overflowing from bladder. It may be caused or worsened by:
- A bladder that is blocked, such as by a scar in the urethra
- Fecal impaction
- Drugs such as antidepressants, hypnotics, antipsychotics, antihistamines, or calcium channel blockers
- Vitamin B12 deficiency
- Weak bladder muscles
Nerve damage due to:
- Surgery
- Diabetes
- Spinal cord injuries
- Other factors
Functional incontinence may be caused by:
- Medical conditions that make it difficult to move like severe arthritis
- Drugs that cause confusion or sedation
Some incontinence may be caused by a fistula. A fistula is an abnormal opening between the bladder and another nearby structure. The fistula can make it difficult for the bladder to act as it should.
Risk Factors
Urinary incontinence is more common in women age 65 years or older.
Factors that may increase the risk of urinary incontinence include:
- Childbirth—History of multiple pregnancies or vaginal deliveries
- Urinary tract infection
- Obesity
- Chronic lung disease
- Urethritis
- Previous hysterectomy or urethral surgery
- Pelvic organ prolapse
- Depression
- Dementia, including Alzheimer's disease
- Menopause
- Diabetes
- Stroke
- Multiple sclerosis
- Spinal cord injury or disease
- Use of certain substances such as caffeine or alcohol
- Use of certain medications, such as cholinergic agents or alpha-agonists
You will be asked about your symptoms and medical history. You will be asked how often you empty your bladder and patterns of urine leakage. A physical exam will be done to look for any physical causes, such as blockages or nerve problems. You may be referred to a specialist.
Your bodily fluids will be tested. This can be done with:
- Blood tests
- Urine tests
The flow of your urine will be assessed. This can be done with:
- Stress test
- Urodynamic tests
Your bodily structures may need to be viewed. This can be done with:
- Ultrasound
- Cystoscopy
Treatments are based on the cause of the urinary incontinence.
Temporary incontinence may be relieved by managing the conditions associated with the incontinence.
Weight loss may help reduce the number of episodes due to stress or urge incontinence in people who are overweight or obese. Talk to your doctor about a weight loss program that is right for you.
Stress Incontinence
Initial treatment relies on behavior changes and strengthening pelvic floor muscles. Behavior changes include:
- Limiting the amount of fluids consumed throughout the day
- Decreasing caffeine—caffeine has been linked to worsening of urinary incontinence
- Planning frequent bathroom trips throughout the day to prevent accidents
Methods to increase strength in the pelvic floor muscles include:
- Kegel exercises —focuses on muscles that hold the bladder in place and those that control urine flow
- Painless electrical stimulation—may strengthen the muscles more quickly; helpful for stress incontinence
- Pelvic floor exercises using cone-shaped weights that are placed in the vagina
- Biofeedback—a device signals how strong you are at contracting your muscles during exercise
Surgical procedures may be done for incontinence that is not responding to these treatments. Surgical options include:
- Placement of strips of material or sutures to support structures in the area and relieve pressure on the urethra. There are several different types of surgery, but a common option, called a urethral suspension , uses mesh to help support the urethra.
- Collagen injection into the wall of the urethra. This substance bulks up the wall of the urethra to help stop leaks.
Urge Incontinence
Initial treatment depends on behavior changes and strengthening pelvic floor muscles. Behavior changes include:
- Drinking less fluid throughout the day
- Avoiding caffeine and alcohol
- Avoiding drinking at bedtime
- Keeping a log of your urination schedule and accidents.
Kegel exercises can help strengthen pelvic floor muscles and relieve some symptoms.
Medications may be recommended. Anticholinergics are the most common medication. They can relax the muscles of the bladder. Other medications may be used in combination to help manage symptoms, such as botulinum toxin injections.
Nerve stimulation may be used if urge incontinence does not respond to behavior modification or medication. A device will send pulses to the nerves that control the bladder. This has been shown to help stimulate bladder control. In some cases, the device is implanted in the back.
Overflow Incontinence
Treatment for overflow incontinence is to allow the bladder to completely empty. If a blockage is causing the problems, surgery may be needed to open the urine pathways.
Other causes of overflow incontinence may require the use of a tube called a catheter to allow urine to drain from the bladder. People can use certain catheters at home.
Other Management Steps
Absorbent pads or diapers can be used to manage urinary leakage. Plugs and patches can also be used to help hold urine in place.
A supportive device called a pessary may also be used. Pessaries are devices that raise the uterus or the prolapsed bladder. It can decrease pressure on the bladder.
Incontinence is a symptom of many other conditions. There are several ways to prevent incontinence:
- If advised by your doctor, do exercises to strengthen your pelvic floor muscles, such as Kegel exercises. This is especially important if you are pregnant.
- Reduce your intake of substances that lead to incontinence such as caffeine, alcohol, and certain drugs.
- Lose weight, if needed.
- Eat a healthy diet to avoid constipation.
This content is reviewed regularly and is updated when new and relevant evidence is made available. This information is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with questions regarding a medical condition.
Edits to original content made by Denver Health.
Copyright © EBSCO Information Services
All rights reserved.
a (Incontinence, Urinary; Incontinence, Stress; Incontinence, Urge; Incontinence, Overflow; Incontinence, Functional; Stress Incontinence; Urge Incontinence; Overflow Incontinence; Functional Incontinence; Overactive Bladder)
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases http://www.niddk.nih.gov
Urology Care Foundation http://www.urologyhealth.org
Health Canada http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca
Women's Health Matters http://www.womenshealthmatters.ca
Corcos J, Gajewski J, et al. Canadian Urological Association guidelines on urinary incontinence. Can J Urol. 2006;13:3127-3138.
Incontinence. Urology Care Foundation website. Available at: http://www.urologyhealth.org/urology/index.cfm?article=143. Updated March 2013. Accessed October 28, 2014.
Norton P, Brubaker L. Urinary incontinence in women. Lancet. 2006;367:57-67.
Overactive bladder. Urology Care Foundation website. Available at: http://www.urologyhealth.org/urology/index.cfm?article=112. Updated March 2013. Accessed October 28, 2014.
Sobhgol SS, Charandabee SM. Related factors of urge, stress, mixed urinary incontinence, and overactive bladder in reproductive age women in Tabriz, Iran: a cross-sectional study. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dys Function. 2008;19(3):367-373.
Urinary incontinence. Family Doctor—American Academy of Family Physicians. Available at: http://familydoctor.org/familydoctor/en/diseases-conditions/urinary-incontinence.html. Updated April 2014. Accessed October 28, 2014.
Urinary incontinence in women. EBSCO DynaMed Plus website. Available at: http://www.dynamed.com/topics/dmp~AN~T900573/Urinary-incontinence-in-women . Updated August 15, 2016. Accessed September 12, 2016.
Urinary incontinence in women. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases website. Available at: http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/kudiseases/pubs/uiwomen. Updated September 18, 2013. Accessed October 28, 2014.
Wein AJ, Rackley RR. Overactive bladder: a better understanding of pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management. J Urol. 2006;175:S5-10.
2/5/2009 DynaMed's Systematic Literature Surveillance http://www.ebscohost.com/dynamed: Subak L, Wing R, Smith West D, et al. Weight loss to treat urinary incontinence in overweight and obese women. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:481-490.
1/11/2010 DynaMed's Systematic Literature Surveillance http://www.ebscohost.com/dynamed: AHRQ evidence report on treatment for overactive bladder in women 2009. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality website. Available at: http://www.ahrq.gov/research/findings/evidence-based-reports/bladder-evidence-report.pdf. Published August 2009. Accessed October 28, 2014.
3/5/2010 DynaMed's Systematic Literature Surveillance http://www.ebscohost.com/dynamed: Vardy MD, Mitcheson HD, Samuels TA, et al. Effects of solifenacin on overactive bladder symptoms, symptom bother and other patient-reported outcomes: results from VIBRANT—a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Int J Clin Pract. 2009;63(12):1702-1714.
12/3/2010 DynaMed's Systematic Literature Surveillance http://www.ebscohost.com/dynamed: Cardozo L, Khullar V, Wang JT, Guan Z, Sand PK. Fesoterodine in patients with overactive bladder syndrome: can the severity of baseline urgency urinary incontinence predict dosing requirement? BJU Int. 2010;106(6):816-821.
12/13/2010 DynaMed's Systematic Literature Surveillance http://www.ebscohost.com/dynamed: University of Texas at Austin, School of Nursing, Family Nurse Practitioner Program. Recommendations for the management of urge urinary incontinence in women. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality website. Available at: http://www.guideline.gov/content.aspx?id=16322. Published May 2010. Accessed October 28, 2014.
3/5/2013 DynaMed's Systematic Literature Surveillance http://www.ebscohost.com/dynamed: Boyle R, Hay-Smith EJ, Cody JD, et al. Pelvic floor muscle training for prevention and treatment of urinary and faecal incontinence in antenatal and postnatal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Oct 17;10:CD007471.
4/29/2014 DynaMed's Systematic Literature Surveillance http://www.ebscohost.com/dynamed: Chang SR, Chen KH. Association of mode of delivery with urinary incontinence and changes in urinary incontinence over the first year postpartum. Obstet Gynecol. 2014;123(3):568-577.
7/28/2014 DynaMed's Systematic Literature Surveillance http://www.ebscohost.com/dynamed: Mangera A, Apostolidis A, et al. An updated systematic review and statistical comparison of standardised mean outcomes for the use of botulinum toxin in the management of lower urinary tract disorders. Eur Urol. 2014;65(5):981-990.


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SPE Vacuum Manifolds accommodate either 12 or 24 cartridges; 1, 3, 6, 15 and 25 mL columns can be used. Manifolds are equipped with a vacuum port to connect a standard laboratory vacuum pump. Vacuum pulls the sample through the stationary phase, metered by the stopcocks, to control the speed of the extraction process and the sample flow. Waste and wash solvents are discarded and analytes are collected in sample tubes below the manifold completing the extraction.
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I understand MAGMA algorithms are hybrid CPU + GPU. I have a realtime application in computer vision which needs to solve an Ax=b (A is 6x6 symmetric positive definite in double precision) linear system multiple times per frame at 30fps. The application is running mostly on the GPU at the moment but the solution of this linear system is performed on the CPU with Eigen, involving hundreds of GPU -> CPU -> GPU memory copies every second.
I would like to see what the performance of the application would be like if I could solve the linear system exclusively on the GPU (and completely eliminate GPU - CPU memory copies) even if the solution to the individual linear systems exclusively on the GPU are much slower than on the CPU it might be made up for by eliminating the CPU-GPU memory copies and kernel launches etc.
If MAGMA can't help here, do you have any ideas of another implementation that might or ideas how to go about custom coding it using lower level libraries (CUBLAS maybe?) for the 6x6 case? As you can probably tell I'm not an expert on Linear Algebra so if I haven't been clear enough please let me know.
Best Regards,