text:
For university students
Space-based Observatories
BEAGLE 2 A lander for the Mars Express mission (2003)
BEPICOLUMBO ESA's mission to Mercury (see also Messenger).
CASSINI Mission to Saturn; currently in cruise phase, scheduled to arrive 2004 July 1, when it will deploy the Huygens Titan lander.
CLEMENTINE `Faster, better, cheaper' lunar exploration (1994)
CLUSTER II Studying how the solar wind affects Earth.
CONTOUR The ill-fated Comet Nucleus Tour
DAWN Dawn's goal is to characterize the conditions and processes of the solar system's earliest epoch
DEEP IMPACT The first mission aiming to create a crater on a cometary body
GALILEO Journey to Jupiter (and its satellite system).
GENESIS NASA's Discovery mission for in-situ sampling of the solar wind
GIOTTO ESA mission to Comet Halley
HETE-2 High Energy Transient Explorer
HUYGENS Titan lander, part of the Cassini mission.
KEPLER "A search for habitable planets"
LUNAR PROSPECTOR Mapping the moon (1998 January--1999 July)
MAGELLAN Mission to Venus (1990-1994)
MARS EXPRESS ESA's mission to Mars (2003)
2001 MARS ODYSSEY NASA mission to map the amount and distribution of chemical elements and minerals that make up the Martian surface.
MARS SURVEYOR '98 Comprising Mars Climate Orbiter and Mars Polar LanderMARS GLOBAL SURVEYOR High-resolution surface mapping
MARS PATHFINDER Pictures from the Sagan Memorial Station (1997-1998).
MESSENGER NASA's MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry and Ranging mission.
NetLander 2007 The NetLander 2007 Mars mission will focus on investigations of the interior of the planet and the large-scale circulation of the atmosphere.
NOZOMI Nozomi (Planet-B) is the first Japanese Mars orbiter
NEAR The Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous
PIONEER The Pioneer spacecraft were among the first to explore the solar system
POLAR The Polar spacecraft was launched to obtain data from the polar region of geospace.
RHESSI The Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager
ROSETTA Rendezvous with a comet.
RXTE The Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer
SOHO The SOlar and Heliospheric Observatory
SOLAR-B Studying the solar origins of space weather and global change
SORCE The Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment
STARDUST Return of a sample of cometary material to Earth.
STEREO Two identically equipped spacecraft to provide revolutionary 3-D imaging of coronal mass ejections
TIMED To understand the influence of the Sun on Earth's atmosphere
TRACE Transition Region and Coronal Explorer: exploring the three-dimensional magnetic structures that emerge through the visible surface of the Sun.
ULYSSES Charting the solar wind.
VENUS EXPRESS ESA's first mission to Earth's nearest planetary neighbour
VOYAGER The 'greatest space adventurer', and groundbreaking planetary exploration mission
YOHKOH An observatory for studying X-rays and gamma-rays from the Sun. Climate orbiter failed to deploy [full story]
ASCA ASCA (Astro-D) was Japan's Advanced Satellite for Cosmology and Astrophysics
ASTRO-E2 Japanese X-ray astronomy satellite (Goddard web site; the original Astro-E was lost on launch).
BeppoSAX The BeppoSAX mission (Satellite per Astronomia X, "Beppo" in honor of Giuseppe Occhialini) is distinguished by its wide spectral coverage.
BOOMERAnG Balloon Observations Of Millimetric Extragalactic Radiation And Geophysics (a balloon-borne CMB experiment)
CGRO The Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory (1991-2000)
CHANDRA The Advanced X-ray Astronomy Facility, AXAF
CHIPS The Cosmic Hot Interstellar Plasma Spectrometer
COROT 'COnvection ROtation and planetary Transits' – designed to detect tiny changes in brightness from nearby stars.
DARWIN Infrared space interferometry, looking for signs of life on Earth-like planets.
EDDINGTON ESA's photometric planet-search mission [Cancelled]
EUVE The Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer mission
FIRST Renamed Herschel, this mission is designed to explore the mm and far-IR spectral regions.
FUSE The Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE) is NASA mission to observe in the far UV. Launched 1999 June, operated from John-Hopkins University Baltimore.
GAIA The next generation astrometry mission, a successor to Hipparcos
GALEX Galaxy Evolution Explorer – mapping the history of star formation in the universe.
HALCA Halca (Muses-B) is a Japanese satellte, and the first dedicated to Very Long Baseline Interferometry.
HERSCHEL Herschel (formerly known as FIRST) is designed to explore the mm and far-IR spectral regions.
HIPPARCOS An extremely successful astrometry mission
HST: the Hubble Space Telescope The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) is a NASA 2.4m UV/optical/near-IR telescope operated by the STScI in Baltimore. Information is also available from the European Coordinating Facility in Garching or UK Support Facility in Cambridge.
INTEGRAL Gamma-Ray Observatory
ISO: the Infrared Space Observatory The Infrared Space Observatory (ISO) was an ESA mission covering the mid to far IR. The WWW server is maintained in Villafranca Madrid.
IUE: the International Ultraviolet Explorer The IUE satellite was a joint project between NASA, ESA and PPARC and collected low and high dispersion spectroscopy in the range 1150-3200A, between Jan 1978 and Sep 1996, when it was terminated. There is an extensive archive maintained at STScI, while the UK Support includes details about the `IUE Newly Extracted Spectra' (INES) archive.
JWST: the James Webb Space Telescope NASA's next-generation Space Telescope (and formerly known as the NGST), which is being developed to replace the HST and to observe the distant universe.
KEPLER "A search for habitable planets"
LISA The Laser Interferometry Space Antenna, searching for gravitational waves.
MAP The Microwave Anisotropy Probe (see also PLANCK), renamed the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe.
MAXIMA The Millimeter Anisotropy eXperiment IMaging Array (balloon-borne)
ODIN A Swedish small satellite project for astronomical and atmospheric research
PLANCK Imaging the Cosmic Microwave Background (see also MAP and BOOMERANG).
ROSAT An X-ray/EUV satellite (1990-1999)
Spitzer Space Telescope The Spitzer Space Telescope (formerly know as SIRTF, the Space Infrared Telescope Facility), launched in 2003, observes the IR between 3 and 180 micron, with a 0.85m primary mirror, the largest IR telescope ever launched into space.
SOFIA A joint NASA-DLR observatory which will be mounted in a modified Boeing 747-SP to observe at infrared wavelengths above the bulk of the Earth's atmosphere (SOFIA stands for Stratospheric Observatory for IR astronomy).
Space VLBI Space Very Long Baseline Interferometry
SPIDR Spectroscopy and Photometry of the Intergalactic medium's Diffuse Radiation
STEP Satellite Test of the Equivalence Principle
SWAS The Submillimeter Wave Astronomy Satellite
Swift 'Catching gamma-ray bursts on the fly'
WIRE The Wide-field InfraRed Explorer
WMAP The Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe.
XMM-Newton A powerful observatory for X-ray astronomy, the X-ray Multi-Mirror (XMM-Newton) telescope, was launched in 1999 December ( UK XMM Guest Observer Support Facility.)
CHAMP CHAllenging Minisatellite Payload: a German small satellite mission for geoscientific and atmospheric research and applications.
CORIOLIS A 3-year meteorological science mission to demonstrate the viability of using polarimetry to measure ocean surface wind speed and direction from space
CRYOSAT A three-year radar altimetry mission
GFO Geosat Follow-On mission
GOCE The Gravity Field and Steady-State Ocean Circulation Mission
IMAGE Imager for Magnetopause-to-Aurora Global Exploration
Jason-1 The first follow-on to the TOPEX/Poseidon mission
POLAR The Polar spacecraft was launched to obtain data from the polar region of geospace.
TOPEX/Poseidon A joint venture between CNES and NASA to map ocean surface topography.
Please notify dead links, or suggestions for additional links, to www.ras.org.uk


text:
Livestock Price Insurance Providers: Map/Selection List for 2016
Selected companies are designated by USDA to provide livestock price insurance coverage through the Livestock Price Reinsurance Agreement. Select your state to access a list of companies that have agents who can help you design an insurance plan for your operation.
[Alabama] [Alaska] [Arizona] [Arkansas] [California] [Colorado] [Connecticut] [Delaware] [District of Columbia] [Florida] [Georgia] [Hawaii] [Idaho] [Illinois] [Indiana] [Iowa] [Kansas] [Kentucky] [Louisiana] [Maine] [Maryland] [Massachusetts] [Michigan] [Minnesota] [Mississippi] [Missouri] [Montana] [Nebraska] [Nevada] [New Hampshire] [New Jersey] [New Mexico] [New York] [North Carolina] [North Dakota] [Ohio] [Oklahoma] [Oregon] [Pennsylvania] [Puerto Rico] [Rhode Island] [South Carolina] [South Dakota] [Tennessee] [Texas] [Utah] [Vermont] [Virginia] [Washington] [West Virginia] [Wisconsin] [Wyoming]
Switch to the Crop Insurance listing for this year (if available), or go back to the main index for other years.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
1 UNF Dr, J.J. Daniel Hall
Building 1, Room 1301Jacksonville, FL 32224Phone: (904) 620-1707Fax: (904) 620-1711E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
Return to Top
Why don't employees do what they are supposed to do? Why aren't my employees getting the right results? How can I get my employees to work smarter? This seminar with help you find the answers to these questions and help you coach your employees to be successful.This course will teach you how to:
We often find ourselves in situations where the team process it the only way to accomplish a goal. This training focuses on strategies to create an atmosphere conducive to building and managing a team that will produce positive outcomes.
The path to becoming an effective supervisor begins with an awareness of the difference between being responsible for one's own performance and being responsible for the coordinated work of others. Upon completion of this interactive workshop, participants will be able to:
This interactive workshop is designed as a follow-up to "Introduction to Supervision." It is also an opportunity for experienced supervisors to gain new insights into maintaining an environment in which tasks are accomplished and employees feel valued and encouraged. Upon completion of the workshop, participants will understand:
An organization is not truly successful until the employees are positively motivated to be productive, highly successful individuals. Motivating employees to meet the organization's productivity standards can often be a challenging task. Being that every person is different, one person may be motivated in a way totally different from another person.
Learning objectives:
Copyright © 2018 University of North Florida1 UNF Drive | Jacksonville, FL 32224 | Phone: (904) 620-1000
Contact |
Emergency |
Privacy |
Regulations |
DiversityConsumer Information |
Disability Accommodations
If you are experiencing difficulty accessing information on the site due to a disability, visit our website accessibility page.


text:
LeAnn Rimes & Eddie Cibrian: Jake's Baseball Game with Brandi Glanville!
LeAnn Rimes walks hand in hand with her husband Eddie Cibrian while watching his son Jake's baseball game on Sunday (March 3) in Agoura Hills, Calif.
The 39-year-old actor's ex-wife Brandi Glanville and their son Mason were also spotted attending the game.
PHOTOS: Check out the latest pics of LeAnn Rimes
The night before, LeAnn donned a Vancouver Canucks hockey jersey while performing to a sold out house at the Red Robinson Show Theatre in Vancouver, British Columbia.
35+ pictures inside of LeAnn Rimes and Eddie Cibrian attending Jake's baseball game…


text:
Polar M400 is a waterproof GPS running watch and daily fitness tracker. It can help you plan optimal training, break your records, and even find your way back from a run.
Pair your phone with M400 and get alerts for incoming calls, received messages and push notifications from social media apps to your wrist and stay in the know wherever you are.
See incoming calls and texts at a glance. Answer calls using your watch or decline them when training demands it.
Read messages conveniently on the M400's display even when your phone is not at hand.
M400 alerts you about the appointments on your calendar and makes sure you're always on time.
Receive push notifications from social media apps to your wrist and stay in the know wherever you are.
The M400 is a powerful running companion and daily motivator. 24/7 activity tracking records your every move, pushing you towards new heights. With GPS and the "Back to start" feature you can explore new running paths without worries.
Customise your M400 for the best results. Create tailored views for each sport profile and focus on what's important for you.
The M400 records all of your training data into Polar's exclusive Polar Flow service. You can view your progress online or using a mobile app. Detailed data helps you train systematically and keeps you motivated.
Surpass yourself with M400's individual training targets, Smart Coaching features and timers. The M400 knows when you've outdone yourself and lets you know it, too.
Shows you how your training affects your body and helps you compare the load of different sessions. Monitor your load continuously to recognize your personal limits and adjust training intensity and duration accordingly. Available on the Polar Flow web service. More ›
Shows you the time necessary for recovery before the next training session. Available on the Polar Flow web service. More ›
A five-minute test that measures aerobic fitness from your resting heart rate, heart rate variability and your background information. Complete the test regularly to see the progress you're making. More ›
Shows how your running performance is developing. More ›
Delivers motivating feedback immediately after training describing the effect of the session. More ›
Lets you know exactly how many calories you've burned based on your weight, height, age, gender, your individual maximum heart rate (HRmax) and how hard you're training. More ›
Shows how active you've been during the day and gives practical guidance for reaching your daily activity goal. More ›
Gives feedback on your daily, weekly and monthly activity, showing how your active choices help you stay healthy. More ›
Train for a running event with a personal and adaptive training plan in Polar Flow. Choose from four different targets, 5K, 10K, half marathon and marathon, and get a training plan that fits you and your goals. More ›
The M400's built-in GPS keeps track of your pace, distance and altitude. With the "Back to start" feature you can safely explore new routes.
The M400 tracks your steps, activity, sleep and calories 24/7, encouraging you to stay active every day.
Heart rate training is one of the most effective training methods. Take advantage of it by using a Polar H7 heart rate sensor.
Keep an eye on your running cadence to improve your running efficiency and avoid injuries.
Based on your long-term progress, Running Index analysis predicts your event finish times for 5K, 10K, half marathon and marathon runs.
Plan, sync and share your training using the exclusive Polar Flow online service and mobile application. All data is easily viewable.
Smart Notifications allow you to see notifications from your phone directly on the screen of your M400.
You can set your own individual training targets and follow your progress towards them using Polar Flow.
Measure your speed and distance while running or walking indoors – all from the movement of your wrist.
|11,5 mm
|Display size
|128 x 128 px high resolution display
Integrated GPS with AssistNow™ satellite prediction technology
Activity sensor
Manual and auto laps
Audio alerts
4 MB Flash memory
Rechargeable 190 mAh lithium polymer battery
Battery duration up to 8 hours of training time with GPS and Bluetooth Smart heart rate sensor
Standard micro USB cable for data sync with PC or Mac
Bluetooth Smart with mobile and sensors
Polar Flow web service compatibility with Mac OS X 10.6, OS X 10.7, OS X 10.8, or later, and PC Windows XP, Windows 7, Windows 8, or later
Polar Flow mobile app compatibility
Updatable software
UI languages English, Spanish, Portuguese, French, Danish, Dutch, Swedish, Norwegian, German, Italian, Finnish, Polish, Russian, Chinese, Japanese
The M400 has been positively received worldwide. Read what the experts are saying.
"The unit is a near perfect blend of activity tracker with GPS running watch, as well as daily wrist watch."
"The Polar M400 won't let you down, and the heart-strap bundle is a great all-round package."
"Like many of the fitness bands on the market, the Polar M400 tracks steps, distance, and sleep (along with calories), throughout your day using an accelerometer. However, it's also an excellent GPS running watch with it's idiot-proof performance breakdowns (smart coaching) and swift GPS lock plus a 'get me home' feature."
"The Polar M400 is a more affordable option built for data-crunching strenuous workouts."
"The feature-packed and waterproof Polar M400 offers a good set of features for beginners and advanced runners a like. It also provides feedback on your daily activities and sleep."
"The M400 has a very good GPS and intuitive interface making it a more than solid hybrid device, that combines a fitness tracker and running/cycling watch into a single lightweight smart-wearable."
Sync all your training details between M400 and the Polar Flow web service and app with Bluetooth Smart.
After training get a quick visual overview of your training and analyse your achievements in the Polar Flow app.
Polar has an entire ecosystem of excellent applications, services and accessories to help you get the most out of our products. Customise them to match your preferred look. Track your progress using the Polar Flow online service and app.
Follow your daily progress and get guidance that helps you meet your goals. Learn how your daily habits can improve your wellbeing.
Free online tool for your coach or personal trainer to easily follow your progress.
For live, accurate heart rate, use the Polar H7 Bluetooth® Smart heart rate sensor. If you're interested in improving your running technique and performance, go with the Stride sensor Bluetooth® Smart.
Keep tabs on your nutrition by connecting with the world's largest food, nutrition and calorie database.
Update your product to take advantage of the latest features and functionalities. Get support and user manuals.
Not the product for you? See below for other great options from Polar.
The Polar V800 is an advanced multisports GPS watch for serious sports enthusiasts and professional athletes who want to reach peak performance.
Tracks your daily activity at five intensity levels for 24 hours a day, seven days a week, and provides a complete picture of all of your activity. It counts your active time, daily burnt calories, steps, distance from steps and sleep.
It's based on the analyses of the frequency, intensity and regularity of your movements together with your physical information.
Intensity levels are:
You can also see how different activity intensities accumulate daily activity: the higher the intensity, the faster you'll reach your activity goal. Find more examples for low, medium and high intensity activities in Polar Flow app and web service.
We need physical activity to stay healthy. The Activity Goal helps and motivates you to stay active all day long. Your device tells you your daily Activity Goal and guides you on how to reach it. It's based on your personal details chosen level of activity and general health recommendations. The activity bar on your device fills up during the day based on the duration and intensity of your activity.
You can stay active at a moderate pace throughout the day or meet your goal faster with more intense activities. Your device helps you to reach your daily activity goal by giving practical guidance like ´walk for 50 minutes or jog for 20 minutes´. You can find more tips on how to reach your Activity Goal in the Polar Flow app and web service.
The foundation of Polar Activity Goal is in evidence-based physical activity guidelines which establish the minimal amount of physical activity needed to achieve important health benefits. The health benefits include healthy body weight, healthy bones, muscles and joints, psychological well-being, and reduced risk of certain diseases.
Includes the cumulative time you spend on your feet and on the move. In other words, low, medium and high intensity activities are considered Active Time. To get more active time, avoid sitting or break it up regularly with short walks.
Research has shown that both the reduced time spent inactive and breaks in inactivity have health associations. Replacing two hours of sitting per day by low intensity activity consumes calories equivalent to brisk walking for 30 minutes.
You can see the time spent on different intensity levels in the Polar Flow app and web service.
Your device counts your steps and the distance you walk during the day. Your steps are estimated based on the frequency, intensity and regularity of your wrist movements.
Stores all your daily physical activity. You can easily follow your daily and long-term physical activity in Polar Flow app and web service. The total active time is the cumulative time of body movements that are good for your body and health.
You will find detailed information in the Polar Flow app and web service, like time spent at different activity intensity levels, average of daily goal completion, calories burned and steps taken, amount of inactivity alerts and sleep time and quality.
Tracks all your active choices during the day and shows how they help you stay healthy. Strong scientific evidence exists on the numerous benefits of physical activity. Activity benefits include, e.g. heart health, muscle and bone health, stress reduction and sleep quality.
The Activity Benefit rewards you by giving you daily, weekly and monthly feedback, because the more regularly you move, the greater the health benefits. You can check up on how you're doing either from the Polar Flow app or web service.
Reminds you to get up and avoid sitting and standing still for too long – even on those days when you gain enough daily activity. Being inactive has a negative impact on your blood circulation, metabolism and energy expenditure.
After 55 minutes of being inactive your device gives you an Inactivity Alert which reminds you to add active breaks to your daily routines. If you continue being inactive for more than one hour, you will see an inactivity stamp in your daily activity data.
You won't get any Inactivity alerts during night time.
Your training computer automatically tracks the duration of your sleep and shows in the Polar Flow app and web service how restful your sleep has been.
Most adults do very well with eight hours of sleep, but sleep needs may vary from about six to nine hours. Your sleep needs are affected by several factors like individual characteristics, training load, mental stress, body's condition and possible sleep debt.
By following your sleeping patterns you can see if they're affected by any changes in your daily life and find the right balance of rest, daily activity and training.
An assessment of sleep quality relies on your wrist movements. The periods when you sleep peacefully and don't move a lot are calculated as restful sleep. The periods when you move and change your position are calculated as restless sleep.
Train for a running event with a personalized and adaptive running plan in Polar Flow. Choose one of four events, 5K, 10K, half marathon and marathon, and get a comprehensive training plan that fits you and your goals.
Depending on your choices and activity levels, you will receive a personal running program that can range from 9 to 15 weeks in length. Running Program also offers a base-building phase that can work for months before the start of the actual running plan.
Running Program gives you easy-to-follow instructions, motivational guidance and supportive exercises with video instructions that take the guesswork out of training.
During individual training sessions, compatible Polar products guide you in real-time. You can see your target heart rate zone and target duration and adjust your training for optimal results.
Running cadence is the number of steps you take per minute, divided by two. Running cadence from the wrist is measured by the accelerometer in the wrist unit so there is no need for any extra equipment, such as footpods.
Paying attention to running cadence helps you improve your running efficiency and avoid injuries. A low cadence, for example, could mean that you're overstriding and putting undue stress on your body.
Heart rate (HR) is an excellent measure of exercise and your training intensity. In the human body heart rate is regulated to match the demands of the body and the environment. When exercise intensity increases, heart rate also increases to match the increased rate of energy expenditure and oxygen uptake.
Heart rate can be expressed as the absolute number of beats per minute (bpm) or as a percentage of your maximum heart rate (% HRmax) or heart rate reserve (% HRR). Absolute heart rate during training is not very informative on its own, but when it's expressed and interpreted in relation to HRmax or HRR it determines individual exercise intensity.
Your heart rate value in beats per minute (e.g. 125 bpm) is individual and cannot be compared to another person's value. A percentage of your maximum heart rate value on the other hand is comparable. For instance your friend may have a higher heart rate value in bpm, but the percentage of your individual HRmax can be the same. This means that you have the same relative training intensity.
Maximum heart rate (HRmax) is the highest number of heart beats per minute (bpm) during physical exertion. HRmax is individual and may somewhat decrease as you age. It sets the individual reference value for your training intensity and is used in the calculation of the default heart rate zones and many Polar Smart Coaching features.
An age-based HRmax is a rough estimate of your maximum heart rate, and it is used as default in most Polar training computers. The most reliable and safest way to determine your HRmax is to have it measured in a maximal laboratory test.
Provide an easy way to adjust and monitor the intensity of your training. By using hear rate zones you can also follow heart rate-based training programs. The default zones are based on your HRmax.
Different training intensities have different training benefits, for instance light intensity enhances basic aerobic endurance and hard intensity improves your body's ability to sustain high intensity exercise and your maximal oxygen uptake.
The default heart rate zones are divided into five intensity zones based on the percentage of your maximum heart rate:
You can define the zone limits yourself as you want. More detailed information about this can be found in the Polar Flow web service.
Provide an easy way to choose and monitor the intensity of your training based on speed or pace. Speed/pace zones help you vary your training by using different intensities for optimal effects. Speed/pace will be affected for instance by uphill, which usually reduce your pace but increase your heart rate and exercise intensity.
Speed/Pace zones work just like heart rate zones even if speed/pace reacts to change instantly whereas heart rate takes a few moments to reach the new intensity level. There are five zones, and you can use the default ones, but we recommend you to define your own. You can also create training targets based on the zones, and receive guidance on your training computer during training.
Speed/Pace zones are supported in running, cycling, rowing and canoeing sports.
More detailed information about this can be found in the Polar Flow web service.
Keeps you training at certain intensity. With ZoneLock you can target and lock a specific training zone during your training session. When you are out of the preset heart rate/speed/pace or power zones, the training computer will give a visual and audio alarm.
A moving symbol in zone display in your training computer showing whether you are inside the pre-set or desired target zone. This feature helps you to reach the desired intensity/pace/speed targets.
Estimates your aerobic fitness at rest without any exertion in just five minutes. The result, Polar OwnIndex, evaluates your maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and tells on what aerobic fitness level you are compared with people of the same age and gender.
The test is based on resting heart rate, heart rate variability, gender, age, height, body weight and your self-assessment of the level of long-term physical activity. You can compare your value to the population norms, the average values of people of the same age and gender.
Polar Fitness Test can motivate you to start, maintain or increase physical exercise.
To be able to follow the progress, the test should always be carried out under the same conditions, meaning at the same time of day, in a peaceful environment, and following a light training day or a day of rest.
Your Running Index score is calculated automatically after every run. It is based on a combination of HRmax and HRrest as well as your heart rate, speed and altitude (available on Polar V800) during each training session.
You will get an estimate of your running performance (maximal aerobic running performance as a theoretical VO2max value in ml/min/kg). A higher reading indicates that you have better cardiorespiratory/aerobic fitness.
The Running Index gives you information about your performance level, which is a sum of both aerobic fitness and running economy. Improvement means that running at a given pace requires less effort, or that your pace is faster at a given level of exertion.
Temporary factors, such as weather conditions, heat or stress, can affect your Running Index. That's why we recommend you follow long-term trends instead of daily fluctuations.
In the Polar Flow web service, you can see your long-term average and your estimated finishing times for 5K, 10K, half marathon and marathon runs.
Calculates the number of calories burned based on your individual data: your weight, height, age, gender, HRmax, HRrest, VO2max, and the intensity of your training/activity.
Heart rate-based calorie calculation is used when heart rate is measured, and it measures burned calories the most accurately also in conditions like cycling or lifting weights. Activity-based calorie calculation is used in training computers and activity trackers, when heart rate is not available.
You can see the cumulative energy expenditure (in kilocalories, kcal) during exercise and total kilocalories of the session after exercise. You can also follow your total daily calories.
Helps you to understand how each training session benefits your fitness. It also gives you motivating feedback immediately after exercise. With the Training Benefit feature, you can make your training more varied by altering your training intensity and duration.
The Training Benefit feedback is based on exercise intensity and duration. It reads into how much time you spend and how many calories you burn in each intensity zone. You get a quick overview after each session and for more detailed feedback, you can either check your training file from your training computer or later in the Polar Flow app or web service.
Training Load shows you how strenuous you training session was and helps you compare the load of different workouts. For example, you can compare the load of a long low intensity cycling session to that of a short high intensity running session.
Training Load is based on the intensity and duration of a training session. The intensity of a session is measured mainly by using your heart rate. The calculation is further affected by your personal information, such as age, sex, weight, VO2max and training history.
Your aerobic and anaerobic threshold values are used in the calculation. In addition, the sport you are doing is taken into account via a sport specific factor, which improves the calculation accuracy.
Available in Polar Flow.
in Flow web service
Recovery Status helps you to find balance between training and rest and estimates how much training load you can tolerate. It keeps track of your cumulative load – that is, the intensity, volume and frequency of your training as well as your daily activity measured by a Polar wrist unit. Recovery Status takes your training background into account and estimates your current and future level of physical strain.
Too much training in relation to time for recovery may lead to fatigue and decrease in performance. On the other hand, with too little training within a time frame, you may not take advantage of your whole capacity. By keeping an eye on your recovery status you can plan your training so that you avoid over- and undertraining.
The four Recovery Status levels are:
You can see your Recovery Status in the Polar Flow web service. V800 users can see their Recovery Status also on the V800's display.
in Flow web service
Directs you to your starting point in the shortest distance possible (straight line distance), as well as shows the distance to your starting point.
Distance (km, mi) can be set and measured in several ways. Training distance tells you the distance traveled during a training session. Lap distance tells you the distance of one lap.
Allows you to identify your current altitude and to determine altitude-related conditions. Your current altitude is shown as meters/feet and ascended and descended meters/feet. Altitude is measured either with GPS or an atmospheric air pressure sensor (V800, V650, M450, M460).
Allows you to choose the sport relevant for your training from over a hundred Polar sports with sport-specific reports. You can get the most valuable information for you from your chosen sport.
All sport profiles are based on certain logic and the most common (endurance) sports are enhanced with Polar-specific multipliers affecting calorie and training load calculation.
You can choose and adjust your own favorite sports and define specific settings for each one in Polar Flow. In more advanced training computers you can get tailored views during your training and choose what data you want to follow during training, for instance heart rate or just speed and distance.
You can tailor your training views to fit your needs. Customize your training views in the sport profiles settings in Polar Flow.
Built-in GPS provides accurate speed and distance measurement for a range of outdoor sports, and allows you to see your route on the map in the Polar Flow app and web service after your session.
Provides a fast GPS satellite fix. A-GPS data tells your wrist device the predicted positions of the GPS satellites and makes it possible to get signals from them within seconds, even under difficult signal conditions.
The A-GPS data file is valid for up to 13 days on your training computer. To ensure a faster fix time, make sure to sync your training computer with Polar Flow app or FlowSync on a regular basis.
Estimates your end time based on your current speed and a pre-set target distance.
See your speed/pace on your device during your workout and in Flow afterwards. You can also set a target based on your speed/pace training zones. You can view your current, average and maximum speed/pace.
You can create training targets in Polar Flow and save them to your training diary or as favorites for later use. Sync your targets to your training device. You can set phased targets with heart rate or speed/pace guidance to create an interval workout or add simple training targets, such as 'burn 700 kcal cycling' or 'run 30 minutes'.
Your device will guide you throughout your training. You will get an alert on your device when you need to slow down or speed up to make sure your training goes as targeted.
After the training session you can analyze your result and compare it with your target in Polar Flow.
Stores your recent training files. Memory capacity and number of stored training files varies according to training computer and what and how much data is included in files (e.g. heart rate, GPS). Certain languages also affect the memory capacity.
Allows you to easily follow up on your past training and activity as well as your planned training sessions four weeks ahead and back in time. Information shown includes: training plans, individual training results, tests.
In Polar Flow web service you can follow your diary in a daily, weekly or monthly view.
Allows you to do interval training and helps you to know when it's time to switch from a harder to a lighter period and vice versa. You can set two timers for any interval workout, based on distance or time, and repeat then as many time as you want.
Allows you to take laps on the go whenever you want.
Set your automatic laps in the Polar Flow web service based on a certain time frequency or distance.
Tracks your personal bests like calories, distance or speed/pace during the exercise, and notifies you after a training session when you have broken your record.
When Autostop/start is on, your training computer automatically starts and stops the recording as you start or stop moving during training.
Measures your running cadence by counting how many steps you take in a minute. The sensor measures your current, average and maximum cadence values. You can see your cadence on your wrist unit during your run and in the Polar Flow app and web service afterwards.
Cadence can be calculated as the total number of steps you take or as the number of steps one foot takes in a minute. In Polar products, cadence is calculated as the number of times one foot hits the ground. If you want to know the total number of steps you take in a minute, multiply the cadence value from your Polar device by two.
Measures distance for a training session and gives you lap, trip and total distance values.
You can see the distance in your training computer during your cycling session and in the Polar Flow app and web service afterwards.
Gives accurate and highly responsive average stride length measurements for improving your running technique and efficiency.
You can see the average stride length in your training computer during your training session and in the Polar Flow app and web service afterwards.
Measures your speed/pace wirelessly and accurately and gives you current, average and maximum speed/pace values.
You can see the speed/pace in your training computer during your training session and in Flow app and web service afterwards.
Weight: 56g
Resolution: 128X128
micro USB
Connects your Polar device and possible sensors to each other and enables you to sync your data via mobile. It is a standardized, wireless communication technology that is optimized for low power consumption and based on an open platform.
Once paired, the Bluetooth Smart sensor is automatically locked to transmit data to your training computer. The training computer picks up your data from your transmitter only.
Allows you to stay up to date when wearing your training computer in your everyday life. You will receive alerts from incoming calls, messages and push notifications from social media apps and see them on the display of your training computer.
During training you can see who's calling and decide if you want to pick up or keep on enjoying your workout.
You can define which notifications you wish to receive in your phone's settings or turn off notifications altogether from your training computer.
Keeps the buttons of your training computer safety locked avoiding any undesired accidental presses.
Allows you to update the software to the latest version with a USB.
Offers an easy way to follow your training, activity and progress in the Polar Flow web service. You can see your data in a daily, monthly or weekly view.
The Diary data includes e.g. completed training sessions and plans, test results and your daily activity.
See how your running performance is developing. Based on your long-term progress, Running Index analysis predicts your event finish times for 5K, 10K, half marathon and marathon runs.
Gives you a map view of your training route in the Polar Flow web service when GPS used. On the map you can examine your training data in further detail.
Creates a video presenting your previous training routes and allows you to see the highlights of the session. The video is available in the Polar Flow web service and you can share it with your friends and contacts in the Polar Flow community.
Allows you to see and discover public training sessions that other users have shared by browsing the map in the Polar Flow web service.
Be a part of the Polar training community and meet other Polar trainers there. You can share your own achieves, like training sessions or activity summaries or you can follow and comment other trainers´ training session or activity summary.
Gives you an instant, visual summary of one training session or your activity in the Polar Flow app. You can follow your activity in daily, weekly or monthly view.
Allows you to easily analyze every detail of your training and long-term physical activity in the Flow web service. You can also get a deeper insight into your training analyses, for example compare your heart rate against speed, view detailed lap information or analyze your performance related to the route.
Besides the many details you get about your physical activity and all the health benefits that come with it, you can also get practical guidance how to reach your Activity Goal and see your inactive periods.
Create detailed training targets in the Flow web service. You can save them to your training diary or as favorites for later use and sync them to your training computer.
You can set for example calorie, time or distance based targets or phased heart rate or speed/pace based targets. With your training targets you can ensure that you gain the desired training effect.
During training you can easily follow the guidance on your training computer and get notification with relevant information on the display with audio or vibration alert.
After your training session you can make a deeper analysis in the Polar Flow web service how you succeeded compared to your target
Allows you to choose the sport relevant for your training from over a hundred Polar sports with sport-specific reports. You can get the most valuable information for you from your chosen sport.
All sport profiles are based on certain logic and the most common (endurance) sports are enhanced with Polar-specific multipliers affecting calorie and training load calculation.
You can choose and adjust your own favorite sports and define specific settings for each one in Polar Flow. In more advanced training computers you can get tailored views during your training and choose what data you want to follow during training, for instance heart rate or just speed and distance.
Offers you a practical tool to follow your development with reports and graphs over longer periods. In Week, Month and Year reports you can choose the sport you want to include to the report. In Custom period you can choose both the period and the sport.
Compatible with PC Windows XP, Windows 7, Windows 8, and later
Compatible with Mac OS X 10.6, OS X 10.7, OS X 10.8, and later
Compatible with Polar Flow web service
Compatible with Polar Flow mobile app via Bluetooth Smart
Allows you to manually export data of your training session to third party apps and services as TCX, GPX or CSV files. You can also zip the files for faster download.
E.g. you can export a specific route in GPX format or a training session including key training data like route, heart rate, calories and cadence in TCX format.
You can transfer the training results and fitness test results from polarpersonaltrainer.com to Polar Flow with the following Polar products: RCX3, RCX5, RC3 GPS, CS500, CS500+, RS300X, RS800CX, CS600X, FT80, FT60, FT40 and FT7. It's possible to transfer either a single training or fitness test result or up to 25 results at a time.
Log into Polar Flow with your polarpersonaltrainer.com username and password. The training and fitness test results are transferred from your polarpersonaltrainer.com account to the corresponding account in Polar Flow (the account with the same username and password). Note that you can't choose the account you transfer the results to.
Offers an easy way to connect your Polar training device with 3rd party services.
Your training and daily activity details are automatically sent and available to be used in the services where you allow it. Now you can be connected for example with Strava, TrainingPeaks, Apple Health Kit, Google Fit, MyFitnessPal and MapMyFitness,
Polar is actively developing new 3rd party compatible services and will update the information constantly.


text:
skip to main
skip to sidebar
We have been married since June 2002, but have been together since June of '97. We have a dog, Rustee, who is spoiled rotten. We don't have any kids yet, but have been trying since '06. (Read about our infertility struggles in the posts on the right) Although it's been a hard road, we can see God's hand in everything. We have faith that He will bless us with more than we can even imagine! Get to know us below:
View my complete profile
Meet Kristina
I am an LPC and work for a private Christian agancy in Dallas where I do mostly play therapy & marriage counseling. I graduated from ACU, but went to both ACU and Harding Univ. I taught 1st and 3rd grades for 6 years while I worked on a double Master's degree. I enjoy spending time with friends, shopping, & shoes (much to Ben's dismay)!!! The past 4 years have been tough, but we are looking forward to the future!!!
Meet Ben
Ben is a Civil Engineer & the smartest person I know! He graduated from Texas Tech in 2003 with many honors (including top engineering student). He loves all things sports...especially basketball...and even more specifically, University of Kentucky basketball. He may take a while to warm up, but he DOES talk alot, just quietly...if you know him, you know that you have to listen because when he speaks it's either going to be profound/wise or sarcastic/funny.
Meet Rustee
Rustee Blue is our first child. He is a 6 year old malteese and we just love him to pieces! He is Mr. Personality with a dash of attitude! He loves peanut butter and cheese. He is a "daddy's boy" and loves to run and play with Ben but loves to cuddle with Kristina and runs to his mommy when he's scared or sick. He hates loud things and things that smell...hopefully he will adjust well when we have babies :{
Blog Archive
Blog Archive
December 2015 (1)
October 2014 (1)
January 2014 (1)
December 2013 (1)
November 2013 (1)
October 2013 (4)
September 2013 (4)
May 2013 (5)
March 2013 (8)
December 2012 (3)
November 2012 (1)
October 2012 (2)
July 2012 (1)
June 2012 (2)
May 2012 (2)
April 2012 (2)
January 2012 (3)
November 2011 (2)
October 2011 (3)
September 2011 (1)
August 2011 (2)
July 2011 (2)
June 2011 (2)
May 2011 (1)
April 2011 (6)
March 2011 (2)
February 2011 (2)
January 2011 (7)
December 2010 (4)
November 2010 (5)
October 2010 (8)
September 2010 (3)
August 2010 (10)
July 2010 (11)
June 2010 (15)
May 2010 (4)
April 2010 (7)
March 2010 (14)
February 2010 (10)
January 2010 (12)
December 2009 (12)
November 2009 (7)
October 2009 (11)
September 2009 (14)
August 2009 (10)
July 2009 (7)
June 2009 (7)
May 2009 (7)
April 2009 (9)
March 2009 (8)
February 2009 (11)
January 2009 (6)
December 2008 (6)
November 2008 (5)
December 2000 (1)
Blog lovingly designed by
Digital elements created by
Megan Turnidge
Wednesday, March 17, 2010
Wordless Wednesday (part I)
The art of seduction
Posted by
No comments:
Post a Comment
Newer Post
Older Post
Subscribe to:
Post Comments (Atom)
Grab a button!
The road we traveled part 1
The road we traveled part 2
The road we traveled part 3
I make hairbows and many other things! Check out KK's bow-tique!
A Year of Slow Cooking
Be Thou a Knight
Big Mama
Bring The Rain
Dwelling in the Land
Kelly's Korner
Pioneer Woman
Steece's Pieces
The Averitt Fam
The Gerwer Quads
The Pifer's Journey Through Infertility
Walk with me by faith
WordCandy Vinyl
Friends and Family that blog (and I read):
Living to Love...
The Phillips Family
The Adventures of Glade and Addison
Moore Memories
a little bit of Resneder life
Picker's Post
Praise you in this Storm
Patterson Party of Five
The Joy in Loving
little women
Keggy Dank Dishes All
Farrell Follies
abby's road
The Barnard Family
The Bryan Bunch
Drum roll please...
The Ossmans
The Willoughby Family Blog
Malo Ga Kujilana
the johnsons' junkdrawer
We support 2 little girls; one in India and one in Togo; click here to find out how you can, too!


text:
Select Search
World Factbook
Roget's Int'l Thesaurus
Bartlett's Quotations
Respectfully Quoted
Fowler's King's English
Strunk's Style
Mencken's Language
Cambridge History
The King James Bible
Oxford Shakespeare
Gray's Anatomy
Farmer's Cookbook
Post's Etiquette
Brewer's Phrase & Fable
Bulfinch's Mythology
Frazer's Golden Bough
All Verse
Dickinson, E.
Eliot, T.S.
Frost, R.
Hopkins, G.M.
Keats, J.
Lawrence, D.H.
Masters, E.L.
Sandburg, C.
Sassoon, S.
Whitman, W.
Wordsworth, W.
Yeats, W.B.
All Nonfiction
Harvard Classics
American Essays
Einstein's Relativity
Grant, U.S.
Roosevelt, T.
Wells's History
Presidential Inaugurals
All Fiction
Shelf of Fiction
Ghost Stories
Short Stories
Shaw, G.B.
Stein, G.
Stevenson, R.L.
Wells, H.G.
Cambridge History
Colonial and Revolutionary Literature; Early National Literature, Part I
The Puritan Divines, 16201720
> The Emigrants: the Theocratic GroupJohn Cotton, Nathaniel Ward, John Eliot; the Democratic GroupRoger Williams, Thomas Hooker
Early New England Congregationalism a Compromise between Aristocracy and Democracy
The Second Generation: the Theocratic Groupthe Mathers; the DemocratsJohn Wise
The Cambridge History of English and American Literature in 18 Volumes
VOLUME XV. Colonial and Revolutionary Literature; Early National Literature, Part I.
The Puritan Divines, 16201720
§ 5. The Emigrants: the Theocratic GroupJohn Cotton, Nathaniel Ward, John Eliot; the Democratic GroupRoger Williams, Thomas Hooker.
Out of this fundamental inconsistency sprang a large part of the literature with which we are concerned in the present chapter. The ministers, as the spokesmen of New England, soon found themselves embroiled in controversy. During the first ten years or more the controversy lay between New England and old England Puritans, and the burden upon the former was to prove to the satisfaction of English Presbyterianism that the Congregational way was not democratic Separatism, with its low stigma of Brownism, but aristocratic Presbyterianism. During the later years, when Presbyterianism had been definitely overthrown in England, the controversy lay between the theocratic hierarchywhich after the year 1637 was the dominant powerand the dissenting democracy; the former seeking to Presbyterianize the church away from its primitive Congregationalism, the latter seeking to maintain the purity of the Plymouth ideal. In dealing with the several ministers, therefore, we shall divide them into the emigrant generation and the native generations, and set the aristocratic Presbyterians over against the democratic Congregationalists, endeavouring to understand the chief points at issue between them.
The most authoritative representative of the ideals of the middle period of Puritanismits aristocratic conservatism in the guise of theocratic politieswas the celebrated John Cotton, first Teacher to the church at Boston. Of good family and sound university training, he was both a notable theologian and a courteous gentleman. Twelve hours in a day he commonly studied, and would call that a scholars day, his grandson reported of him; and his learned eloquence was universally admired by a generation devoted to solid argumentative discourse. When he ascended the pulpit on Sundays and lecture days, he carried thither not only the wisdom of his beloved master Calvin but the whole Puritan theology to buttress his theses. Good men were drawn to him irresistibly by his sweetness of temper, and evil men were overawed by his venerable aspect. For all his severe learning he was a lovable man, with white hair framing a face that must have been nobly chiselled, gentle-voiced, courteous, tactful, by nature a tolerant man, than whom none did more placidly bear a dissentient, or more gladly discover a friend in an antagonist. If his tactful bending before opposition, or his fondness for intellectual subtleties, drew from his grandson the appellation a most excellent casuist. we must not therefore conclude that he served the cause of truth less devotedly than the cause of party.
For in his mildly persistent way John Cotton was a revolutionist. A noble ideal haunted his thought, as Utopian as any in the long roll of Utopian dreamsthe ideal of a Christian theocracy which should supersede the unchristian government which Englishmen had lived under hitherto. A devout scripturist, he accepted the Hebrew Bible as the final word of God, not to be played fast and loose with but to be received as a rule of universal application, perfect to the last word and least injunction. The sufficiency of the Scriptures to social needs was an axiom in his philosophy; the more any law smells of man the more unprofitable, he asserted in his proposed draft of laws; and at another time he exclaimed,
Scripturae plenitudinem adoro.
He chose exile and the leaving of his beautiful English church rather than yield to what he regarded as the unscriptural practices of Laud, and now that he was come to a new land where a fresh beginning was to be made, was it not his Christian duty to endeavour after a
as near as might be, to that which was the glory of Israel, the peculiar people? The old common law must be superseded by the Mosaic dispensation, the priest must be set above the magistrate, the citizen of the commonwealth must become the subject of Jehovah, the sovereignty of the state must yield to the sovereignty of God.
It was a frankly aristocratic world in which John Cotton was bred, and if he disliked the plebeian ways of the Plymouth democracy equally with the Brownist tendencies of Plymouth Congregationalism, it was because they smacked too much of popular sovereignty to please him. And when he found himself confronted by signs of democratic unrest in Boston his course of action seemed to him clear. The desire for liberty he regarded as the sinful prompting of the natural man, a godless denial of the righteous authority of the divinely appointed rulers. If democracy were indeed a Christian form of government, was it not strange that divine wisdom should have overlooked so significant a fact? In all the history of the chosen people nowhere did God designate the democratic as the perfect type, but the theocratic; was He now to be set right by sinful men who courted popularity by stirring the dirt in the bottom of depraved hearts? To a scripturist the logic of his argument was convincing:
It is better that the commonwealth be fashioned to the setting forth of Gods house, which is his church: than to accomodate the church frame to the civill state. Democracy, I do not conceyve that ever God did ordeyne as a fit government eyther for church or commonwealth. If the people be governors, who shall be governed? As for monarchy, and aristocracy, they are both of them clearely approoved, and directed in scripture, yet so as referreth the soveraigntie to himselfe, and setteth up Theocracy in both, as the best forme of government in the commonwealth, as well as in the church.
Holding to such views, the duty devolving upon him was plainto check in every way the drift towards a more democratic organization, and to prove to old-world critics that the evil reports of the growing Brownism in New England, which were spreading among the English Presbyterians, were without foundation. The first he sought to accomplish by the strengthening of the theocratic principle in practice, busying himself in a thousand practical ways to induce the people to accept the patriarchal rulership of the ministers and elders, in accordance with the law of Moses, his Judicials; the second he sought to accomplish by proving, under sound scriptural authority, the orthodoxy of the New England way. His chief effort in this latter field was his celebrated work,
The Way of the Congregational Churches Cleared;
a treatise crammed, in the opinion of an admirer, with most practical Soul-searching, Soul-saving, and Soul-solacing Divinitie, not Magisterially laid down, but friendly debated by Scripture, and argumentatively disputed out to the utmost inch of ground. The partisan purpose of the book was to prove that Congregationalism, as practised in New England, was nearer akin to aristocratic Presbyterianism than to democratic Brownism; and of this purpose he speaks frankly:
Neither is it the Scope of my whole Book, to give the people a share in the Government of the Church . Nay further, there be that blame the Book for the other Extreme, That it placeth the Government of the Church not at all in the hands of the People, but of the Presbyterie.
Out of this same theocratic root sprang the well-known dispute with Roger Williams concerning toleration. Not freedom to follow the ways of sin, but freedom to follow the law of Godthis was Cottons restriction upon the natural liberties of the subject of Jehovah. There must be freedom of conscience if it be under no error, but not otherwise; for if freedom be permitted to all sinful errors, how shall the will of God prevail on earth? In this matter of toleration of conscience, it is clear enough today that the eyes of the great theocrat, so
piercing and heavenly
(in other and precious Truths of God)as Roger Williams acknowledgedwere for the moment sadly over-clouded and bloud-shotten. But for this the age rather than the man was to blame. It was no fault of John Cottons that he was the product of a generation still resting under the shadow of absolutism, unable to comprehend the more democratic philosophy of the generation of Roger Williams. He reasoned according to his light; and if he was convinced that the light which shone to him was a divine torch, he proved himself thereby a sound Puritan if not a good Christian.
The native sweetness and humanity of Cottons character, despite his rigid theocratic principles, comes out pleasantly when the great preacher is set over against the caustic lawyerminister and wit, Nathaniel Ward of Ipswich, author of the strange little book,
The Simple Cobbler of Aggawam,
and chief compiler of the celebrated
Body of Liberties.
Born nearly two-score years before Roger Williams, he was well advanced in his sixties when he set foot in the new world, and upwards of seventy when he wrote the
Simple Cobbler.
More completely than any of his emigrant brethren he belonged to the late Renaissance world, which lingered on into the reigns of James and Charles, zealously cultivating its quaint garden of letters, coddling its odd phrases, and caring more for clever conceits than for solid thought. Faithful disciple of Calvin though he was, there was in him a rich sap of mind, which, fermented by long observation and much travel, made him the raciest of wits, and doubtless the most delightful of companions over a respectable Puritan bottle. I have only Two Comforts to Live upon, Increase Mather reported him as saying; The one is in the Perfections of Christ; The other is in The Imperfections of all Christians.
It is the caustic criticism of female fashions, and the sharp attack upon all tolerationists who would hang Gods Bible at the Devils girdle, that have caught the attention of later readers of the
Simple Cobbler;
but it was as a subtile statesman that Ward impressed himself upon his own generation, and it is certainly the political philosophy which gives significance to his brilliant essay. Trained in the law before he forsook it for the ministry, he had thought seriously upon political questions, and his conclusions hit to a nicety the principles which the moderate Presbyterians in Parliament were developing to offset the Stuart encroachments. The insufficiency of the old checks and balances to withstand the stress of partisanship was daily becoming more evident as the struggle went forward. There must be an overhauling of the fundamental law; the neutral zones must be charted and the several rights and privileges exactly delimited. What was needed was a written constitution. Hitherto God hath taken order, that ill Prerogatives, gotten by the Sword, should in time be fetcht home by the Dagger, if nothing else will doe it: Yet I trust there is both day and means to intervent this bargaine. To preserve a just balance between rival interests, and to bring all parties to a realization of their responsibility to God, were the difficult problems with which Wards crotchety lucubrations mainly concern themselves.
Authority must have power to make and keep people honest; People, honesty to obey Authority; both, a joynt-Councell to keep both safe. Moral Lawes, Royall Prerogatives, Popular Liberties, are not of Mans making or giving, but Gods: Man is but to measure them out by Gods Rule: which if mans wisdome cannot reach, Mans experience must mend: And these Essentials, must not be Ephorized or Tribuned by one or a few Mens discretion, but lineally sanctioned by Supreame Councels.
In pro-re-nascent
occurrences, which cannot be foreseen; Diets, Parliaments, Senates, or accountable Commissions, must have power to consult and execute against intersilient dangers and flagitious crimes prohibited by the light of Nature: Yet it were good if States would let People know so much beforehand, by some safe woven
that grosse Delinquents may tell no tales of Anchors and Buoyes, nor palliate their presumptions with pretense of ignorance. I know no difference in these Essentials, between Monarchies, Aristocracies, or Democracies .
He is a good King that undoes not his Subjects by any one of his unlimited Prerogatives: and they are a good People, that undoe not their Prince, by any one of their unbounded Liberties, be they the very least. I am sure either may, and I am sure neither would be trusted, how good soever. Stories tell us in effect, though not in termes, that over-risen Kings, have been the next evills to the world, unto fallen Angels; and that over-franchised people, are devills with smooth snaffles in their mouthes I have a long while thought it very possible, in a time of Peace for disert Statesmen, to cut an exquisite thred between Kings Prerogatives, and Subjects Liberties of all sorts, so as
might have his due and People their share, without such sharpe disputes. Good Casuists would case it, and case it, part it, and part it; now it, and then it, punctually.
Nathaniel Ward was no democrat and therefore no Congregationalist. For Church work, I am neither Presbyterian, nor plebsbyterian, but an Interpendent, he said of himself. But his Interpendency was only an individualistic twist of Presbyterianism. For the new radicals who were rising out of the turmoil of revolution, he had only contempt; and for their new-fangled notion of toleration, and talk of popular liberties, he felt the righteous indignation of the conservative who desires no altering of the fundamental arrangements of society. Only the Word of God could justify change; and so when he was commissioned to write a body of liberties for the new commonwealth, he presented as harsh and rigid a code as the sternest theocrat could have wished, a strange compound of the brutalities of the old common law and the severities of the Mosaic rule. He was too old a man to fit into the new waysa fact which he recognized by returning to England to die, leaving behind him as a warning to Congregationalism the pithy quatrain:
The upper world shall Rule,
While Stars will run their race:
The nether world obey,
While People keep their place.
The more one reads in the literature of early New England the more one feels oneself in the company of men who were led by visions, and fed upon Utopian dreams. It was a day and a world of idealists, and of this number was John Eliot, saintly apostle to the Indians, who, in the midst of his missionary dreams and the arduous labours of supplying the bread of life to his native converts, found time to fashion his brick for the erection of that temple which the Puritans of the Protectorate were dreaming of. The idols had been broken under the hammer of Cromwell; the malevolent powers that so long had held sway at last were brought low; it remained now only for the people of God to enter into a solemn covenant to establish a commonwealth after the true divine model. That no mistake should be made in so important a matter, John Eliot sent out of the American wilderness the plan of a Christian Utopia, sanctioned by Mosaic example and buttressed at every point by chapter and verse, which he urged upon the people of England as a suitable guide to their feet.
Naked theocracy is nowhere more uncompromisingly delineated than in the pages of
The Christian Commonwealth.
At the base of Eliots political thinking were the two germinal conceptions which animated his theocratic brethren generally: the conception that Christ is King of Kings, before whom all earthly authority must bow, and the conception that the Scriptures alone contain the law of God. There is undoubtedly a forme of civil Government instituted by God himself in the holy Scriptures . We should derogate from the sufficiency and perfection of the Scriptures, if we should deny it. From these main premises he deduced a system that is altogether remarkable for its thorough-going simplicity. Since the law has been declared once for all, perfect and complete, there is no need for a legislative branch of government; and since Christ is the sole overlord and king, there is no need for an earthly head of the state; it remains only to provide a competent magisterial system to hear causes and adjudicate differences. Society is concerned wholly with duties and not at all with rights; government therefore begins and ends with the magistrate. In order to secure an adequate magistracy, Eliot proposed to divide society into groups of tens, fifties, hundreds, and thousands, each of which should choose its rulers, who in turn should choose their representatives in the higher councils; and so there was evolved an ascending series of magistrates until the supreme council of the nation was reached, the decisions of which should be final.
The duties of all the Rulers of the civil part of the Kingdom of Christ, are as followeth to govern the people in the orderly and seasonable practice of all the Commanders of God, in actions liable to Political observations, whether of piety and love to God, or of justice, and love to man with peace.
Far removed as
The Christian Commonwealth
was from the saner thought of the Army democrats, it is the logical culmination of all theocratic dreams. The ideal of social unity, of relentless conformity, according to which the rebel is a social outlaw to be silenced at any cost, dominates this Christian Utopia as mercilessly as it dominated the policy of Laud. In setting up King Jesus for King Charles, there was to be no easing of the yoke upon the rebellious spirit; and in binding society upon the letter of the Scripture there was to be no room for the democratic aspirations of the leveller. Curious as this little work istestifying rather to the sincerity of Eliots Hebraism than to his political intelligence or to his knowledge of menit is characteristic of the man who consecrated his life to the dream of an Indian mission. How little disturbed he was by the perversities and limitations of facts, is revealed anew in the polity which he laid down for his Indian converts:
And this VOW I did solemnly make unto the Lord concerning them; that they being a people without any forme of Government, and now to chuse; I would endeavour with all my might, to bring them to embrace such Government, both civil and Ecclesiastical, as the Lord hath commanded in the holy Scriptures; and to deduce all their Lawes from the holy Scriptures, that so they may be the Lords people, ruled by him alone in all things.
Which vow, considering the state of the Indian tribes to whom it was to apply, may serve to throw light upon the causes of the scant success of the Saints in dealing with the Indians.
Despite the logic of the theocrats, unanimity of opinion among the Saints was sadly lacking; and the peace of the new Canaan was troubled and the patience of the leaders sorely tried by pious malcontents, who were not content that God should rule through John Cotton, but themselves desired to be the Lords vicegerents. The democrats were constantly prodding the ruling coterie of gentlemen; and the democratic conception of a commonwealth of free citizens intruded more and more upon the earlier conception of a kingdom of God. Capable leaders of the new radicalism were not lacking; and if we would comprehend the dissension and heart-burnings of those early times, we must set the figures of Roger Williams and Thomas Hooker over against John Cotton and the theocrats.
Roger Williams, advocate of toleration, was the most tempestuous soul thrown upon the American shores by the revolution then griping England, the embodiment and spokesman of the new radical hopes. He was an arch-rebel in a rebellious generation, the intellectual barometer of a world of stormy speculation and great endeavour. A generation younger than the Boston leaders, he came to maturity at the beginning of the wave of radicalism that was to sweep England into civil war. Older ties of class and custom he put aside easily, to make room for the new theories then agitating young Englishmen; and these new theories he advocated with an importunity disconcerting to practical men more given to weighing times and occasions. The kernel of his radicalism was the ideal of a democratic church in a democratic society. The more closely we scrutinize the thought of the great Separatist, the more clearly we perceive that the master principle of his career was Christianthe desire to embody in his life the social as well as the spiritual teachings of Christ. He put aside tradition and went back to the foundation and original of the gospel, discovering anew the profoundly revolutionary conceptions that underlie the philosophy of Jesus. He learned to conceive of men literally as the children of God and brothers in Christ, and out of this primary conception he developed his democratic philosophy. It was to set up no Hebraic absolutism that he came to America; it was to establish a free commonwealth of Christ in which the lowest and meanest of Gods children should share equally with the greatest. But before there could be a free commonwealth there must lie upon the conscience of the individual Christian; and so Roger Williams threw himself into the work of spreading the propaganda of Separatism. Not only did he protest in New England against the tyranny of the magistrates, but he flung at the heads of all enemies of freedom the notable book on toleration in which he struck at the root of the matter by arguing that conscience be permitted (though erroneous) to be free.
In an earlier age he would have become a disciple of St.Francis; but in the days when the religious movement was passing over into a political movement, when it was being talked openly that both in church and state the Originall of all free Power and Government lies in the people, he threw in his lot with the levellers to further the democratic movement. As early as 1644 he had formulated his main principles:
From this
I infer that the
Soveraigne, originall,
foundation of civill power
lies in the
And if so, that a People may erect and establish what
seemes to them most meete for their
civill condition:
It is evident that such
as are by them erected and established, have no more
nor for no longer time, then the
civill power
or people consenting and agreeing shall betrust them with. This is cleere not only in
but in the experience of all
where the people are not deprived of their
naturall freedome
by the power of
Clearly the radical times, his own experience, and his discussions with Sir Harry Vane had carried Roger Williams far into the field of political speculation, and confirmed his prepossessions of broader political rights for the common people from whom he had sprung. In all his later thinking there stood sharply before his mind the figure of the individual citizen, endowed with certain inalienable rights, a free member of a free commonwealth; and it was this profoundly modern conception which he transported to the wilderness of Rhode Island, providing there a fit sanctuary for the ark of the democratic covenant which was soon to be roughly handled by the tory reaction of Restoration England.
A courageous and unselfish thinker was this old-time Separatist and democrat. The friendliest of souls, time has brought him the friends which his restless intellect drove from him in his own day. However hopelessly we may lose ourselves in the tangle of his writings, confused by the luxuriance of his Hebraic tropes, we can plainly discern the man, the most charitable, the most open-minded, the most modern, amongst the notable company of Puritan emigrantsthe sincerest Christian among many who sincerely desired to be Christians. His own words most adequately characterize him:
Liberavi animam meam:
I have not hid within my
belief. Naturally such a man could not get on with the Presbyterian leaders of Boston Bay; the social philosophies which divided them were fundamentally hostile; and the fate which Roger Williams suffered was prophetic of the lot that awaited later zealots in the democratic causeto be outcast and excommunicate from respectable society.
A man of far different mettle was old Thomas Hooker of Hartford. The sternest autocrat of them all, a leader worthy to measure swords with the redoubtable Hugh Peters himself, a man of mighty vigour and fervour of spirit who, to further his Masters work, would put a king in his pocket, he would seem to be the very stuff out of which to fashion a dictator for the snug Presbyterian Utopia. Nevertheless there was some hidden bias in the old Puritans nature that warped him away from Presbyterianism, and made him the advocate of a democratic Congregationalism. The great schism which rent the early theocracy, carrying off three congregations into the Connecticut wilderness, was an early witness to the antagonisms which lurked in the ambitions of diverse-minded enthusiasts. The seceders had other notions of church organization, it appears, than those held by the dominant group; but they were moderates, who believed that everything should be done decently and in order, and instead of setting up a clamour and bringing confusion upon Gods work, they withdrew quietly under the leadership of Thomas Hooker and set up their new church at Hartford.
Concerning the grave and juditious Hooker surprisingly little is known, notwithstanding the work that he did and the influence that he wielded during a masterful life. He was a man evidently regardless of fame, who took small pains to publish his virtues to the ears of posterity; nevertheless it is clear that he was a better democrat than the Boston leadersthe father of New England Congregationalism as it later came to be when the Presbyterian tendency was finally checked. For his pronounced democratic sympathies some ground may be discovered in his humble origin. He was sprung of a plain yeoman family, got his education by the aid of scholarships, married a waiting-woman to the wife of his patron, and lived plainly, untroubled by social ambitions. He was a self-made man who had risen by virtue of strength of character and disdained to be a climber. He was evidently one of the greatest preachers of his time in either England, and he had early been marked by Lauds spies as one of the peoples creatures who blew the bellows of their sedition. He drew young men to himamong others John Eliot; and even though he should be silenced, his influence would remain. His genius will still haunte all the pulpits in ye country, where any of his scholars may be admitted to preach, one of the sycophants reported of him. Such a man must be reckoned with; and when in New England he found the ways too autocratic to suit him, he threw himself into the work of quickening the democratic unrest. After Mr. Hookers coming over, said Hubbard, it was observed that many of the freemen grew to be very jealous of their liberties.
He was more concerned with experimental religion than with theology, more the pastor than the teacher. Nevertheless, when the Massachusetts leaders were troubled by attacks of old-world Presbyterians directed against the New-England way, they drafted Hooker to write a defence. This was the origin of his
Survey of the Summe of Church Discipline,
a knotty book vigorous in thought and phrase, the most important contribution of New England Congregationalism to the great disputes of the time. The old champion went straight to the heart of the matter, seizing upon the political principles involved:
But whether all Ecclesiasticall power be rightly taken in to the Presbytery alone: Or that the people of the Particular Churches should come in for a share This is left as the subject of the inquiry of this age, and that which occasions great thought of heart of all hands: Great thoughts of hearts in the Presbytery, as being very loth to part with that so chief priviledge, and of which they have taken possession so many years. Great thoughts of heart amongst the churches, how they may clear their right, and claim it in such pious sobriety and moderation, as becomes the Saints: being unwilling to loose their cause and comfort, meerly upon a nihil dicit: or forever to be deprived of so precious a legacy, as they conceive this is, though it hath been withheld from them, by the tyranny of the Pope, and prescription of times. Nor can they conceive it lesse, then a heedlesse betraying of their speciall liberties by a carelesse silence, when the course of providence, as the juncture of things now present themselves, allows them a writt Ad meliusinquirendum . These are the times when people shall be fitted for such priviledges, fit I say to obtain them, and fit to use them . And whereas it hath been charged upon the people, that through their ignorance and unskilfulnesse, they are not able to wield such priviledges, and therefore not fit to share in any such power, The Lord hath promised: To take away the vail from all faces in the mountain, the weak shall be as David, and David as an Angel of God.
If the Presbyterianizing party found the path they were treading thorny and rough, it was due in no small part to Thomas Hooker, who liberally bestrewed their path with impediments. Hebraist and theocrat though he professed to be, his Hebraic theocracy was grounded upon the people, and pointed straight towards the sovereignty of the individual congregation. The Lord hath promised to take away the vail from all faces in the mountainand if the veil be removed and the people see, shall not the people judge concerning their own causes? In this faith Thomas Hooker lived and laboured, thereby proving his right to be numbered among the stewards of our American democracy.
Note 1
. Letter to Lord Say and Sele, Hutchinson, Hist.of Mass. Bay Colony, vol.I, p.497
Note 2
. Part II, p. 15.
Note 3
. Narr.Club Pub., III., 249.
Note 4
. Introd.
Early New England Congregationalism a Compromise between Aristocracy and Democracy
The Second Generation: the Theocratic Groupthe Mathers; the DemocratsJohn Wise
· [
Top 150
] ·
World Lit


text:
LONDON (AP) — Posters, set models and Daniel Craig's swim trunks are among items up for grabs in an auction of memorabilia from the James Bond movies.
Christie's auction house is selling the items to coincide with the 50th birthday of the spy movie series. The first Bond film, "Dr. No," was released on Oct. 5, 1962.
The most expensive is an Aston Martin that was driven by Craig in "Quantum of Solace." It is valued at 100,000 to 150,000 pounds ($160,000-$230,000).
Forty lots are being sold in an online auction with bidding open Friday to Oct. 8. Ten more items will go under the hammer at Christie's on Oct. 5, designated Global James Bond Day by the movies' producers.
Proceeds will go to several charities, including the U.N. children's fund, UNICEF.
Online: http://www.christies.com/bond


text:
FREEHOLD, N.J. (AP) — A former elementary school teacher and mother is a manipulative narcissist who convinced her own father to murder her ex-husband, a judge said Thursday in sentencing the New Jersey woman and both her parents to prison in what he called "an American family tragedy."
In a proceeding replete with gruesome pictures of Stephen Moore's body and sometimes rambling statements from the three defendants, Kathleen Dorsett and her parents were sentenced to a combined 110 years in prison for Moore's 2010 death.
She and parents Thomas and Lesley Dorsett had previously pleaded guilty to charges in Moore's death, and she and her mother also entered guilty pleas to conspiring to murder Moore's mother to keep her from testifying against them and to stop her from gaining custody of Kathleen Dorsett's daughter.
The plot grew out of the couple's failed marriage and an acrimonious divorce that led to a custody battle over their 20-month-old daughter Elizabeth, prosecutors say.
When Stephen Moore returned their daughter to her mother's house Aug. 16, 2010, authorities say, Kathleen Dorsett lured him to the back of the residence where her father leaped from behind bushes and smashed his head with a heavy metal object. He then choked Moore with a rope before dumping his body in the trunk of Moore's mother's car, prosecutors say.
Kathleen Dorsett was sentenced to a total of 58 years for convictions on charges of murder, disturbing human remains and attempted murder. Lesley Dorsett received a seven-year sentence for a conspiracy conviction; authorities say she paid $1,000 to a police informant to kill Evlyn Moore.
Thomas Dorsett was sentenced to 45 years, including 15 years for his arson-for-hire conviction. Prosecutors say Dorsett paid a man to burn Evlyn Moore's car with her dead son in the trunk but ended up doing it himself.
Assistant Monmouth County Prosecutor Marc LeMieux displayed pictures of Moore's charred body inside the car's trunk that drew gasps from the packed gallery. He also read a statement from Evlyn Moore in which she called the Dorsetts "cold-blooded killers" to whom she "has nothing to say." She wrote that Elizabeth, now 4, is a happy child but will never know her father and mother.
"How does she tell her friends? When she falls in love, how does she tell her future partner?" Moore wrote.
Outside court, she said she was pleased with the sentences, saying, "It couldn't have gone any better."
During the proceeding, Kathleen Dorsett directed a brief statement to state Superior Court Judge Anthony Mellaci Jr. and to the cameras in the courtroom.
"I'm so deeply sorry for all the pain I've caused to Stephen's family and all the lives I've destroyed," she said.
Though she denied the plot was over custody, Mellaci said "that's exactly what this was over — control."
"This is a narcissistic individual. Her crocodile tears get turned on and off seemingly at will," the judge said. "This is really an American family tragedy on so many levels, and the responsibility for it falls mainly on this defendant's feet."
Thomas Dorsett, who ran a refrigeration business, gave a nearly 30-minute statement in which his voice cracked frequently.
"I don't have the words to say how sorry I am," he said. "Maybe that's not even the right word. I know I lost my mind that day, and now I've lost my Elizabeth."
LeMieux poked holes in Dorsett's description of himself as a kind and caring man, pointing out that investigators interviewed co-workers and friends who said he referred to Moore as "the monkey" and vowed to kill him.


text:
Featured News - Current News - Archived News - News Categories
The next Wheatfield Business Association social is scheduled Monday, Sept. 16, at the Walmore Inn, Lockport and Walmore roads.
The board meets at 6:30 p.m., a social for general members is 7:30 p.m., and the general meeting begins at 8 p.m.
Members will discuss a meat raffle to support the WBA scholarship program and the upcoming schedule.
For further information, contact Secretary Danny Maerten at 716-731-3696.


text:
I was very lucky to be with my very own family of rioters this past weekend in Chicago-- my dad and sister! This blog is just to say Thanks! We had a great time sharing cacao at Whole Foods Lincoln Park and Fox & Obel in Downtown Chicago.
Whole Foods Lincoln Park is a great store in one of Chicago's very liveable downtown neighborhoods. Fox & Obel is just 5 years old and is near the Navy Pier. It has a great atmosphere and wonderful specialty food everywhere. Have you been there....let me know.


text:
BERLIN (AP) — German investor confidence in Europe's largest economy slipped unexpectedly this month over worries that growth will cool over the next six months, a survey showed Tuesday.
The ZEW institute said its monthly confidence index fell to minus 15.7 points in November from minus 11.5 last month. Economists had expected a third straight monthly increase, albeit only a small one.
A negative figure means the investors surveyed are, on average, pessimistic about the economy's outlook for the next half year, while a positive number denotes optimism.
ZEW said that this month's drop, which keeps the index below the historical average of plus 23.3 points, may be due to recent disappointing indicators such as poor industrial orders.
Official figures on Thursday are expected to show that Germany's economy grew in the third quarter, though only modestly. Many economists think it may slacken further over the winter months.
Germany enjoyed robust growth over the past two years but the debt crisis that has pushed several European countries into recession is hitting confidence as well as exports.
"Prevailing recessionary developments in the eurozone impact the German economy via foreign trade and a lack of confidence," ZEW head Wolfgang Franz said. "This is likely to be a burden for economic growth in Germany during the next six months."
The ZEW, or Center for European Economic Research, surveyed 263 analysts between Oct. 29 and Nov. 12.
The German government's panel of independent economic advisers last week forecast that the economy will grow by only 0.8 percent this year and next.
More than half of Germany's exports, a traditional strength of its economy, go to other countries in the 27-nation European Union — but its export performance has been kept buoyant so far by strong demand from Asia, Russia, the United States and elsewhere, which more than offset falling sales to southern European strugglers.
The country's main exporters association, the BGA, predicted Tuesday that total German exports will climb 4 percent this year to a little over €1.1 trillion ($1.4 trillion). Imports, it said, will rise 3 percent to €929 million.
BGA head Anton Boerner said world trade should pick up speed next year so long as protectionist measures in various parts of the world don't get in the way. The group forecast that, as a result, German exports could grow another 5 percent in 2013.