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Eclipse/Workspace/Committer FAQ
- 1 Meta FAQ
- 2 Coding
- 3 Committing to CVS
- 4 Bugzilla
- 4.1 What is the Platform/Workspace bugs life cycle?
- 4.2 What bugs are currently opened against Platform/Workspace?
- 4.3 What target milestone should be used?
- 4.4 What comment should be used when fixing a bug?
- 4.5 The resolution LATER is deprecated. What should I use instead?
- 4.6 The resolution REMIND is deprecated. What should I use instead?
- 5 Release engineering
- 6 Misc
- 7 Links
Meta FAQ
Who is this FAQ for?
This FAQ is for the Platform workspace committers, and anyone who is willing to participate in the development of Platform workspace.
What is this FAQ about?
This FAQ is about the rules that Platform/Workspace committers follow when developing the Platform/Workspace component.
How do I contribute to this FAQ?
Simply edit this page. You will need to log in using your bugzilla username and password to gain access. If you don't have a Bugzilla account, you can create a new one.
What should I do after contributing to this FAQ?
For significant changes in development practice, you should send a message to firstname.lastname@example.com with the diff url (e.g. http://wiki.eclipse.org/index.php?title=Eclipse/Workspace/Committer_FAQ&diff=50788&oldid=50780) so that every Platform/Workspace committer is aware of the change.
Where is the Platform/Workspace code?
All the Platform/Workspace code is in the Eclipse CVS repository. The Platform/Workspace projects are:
- org.eclipse.compare.*
- org.eclipse.core.contenttype
- org.eclipse.core.filesystem
- org.eclipse.core.resources.*
- org.eclipse.team.*
How do I create a CVS repository connection?
The following information must be used to create a CVS repository connection:
- Connection type: extssh (or pserver if you are not yet a committer and don't have an Eclipse account)
- User: <your id> (or anonymous if you are not yet a committer and don't have an Eclipse account)
- Password: <your password>
- Host: dev.eclipse.org
- Repository path: /cvsroot/eclipse
- Use default port
What branch should I use?
- HEAD: used for the development of the upcoming release. For example, HEAD is currently used for the development of 3.5.
- R3_x_maintenance: used for the maintenance of a release. For example, R3_4_maintenance is currently used for the development of 3.4.2.
How should I format my code?
Each project has formatter options in the project-specific settings. So, just hit Ctrl+Shift+F.
What should I do to backport a fix?
When a bug is fixed in HEAD, it is sometimes interesting (or necessary) to backport the fix to the maintenance branch. This is typically only done for critical bugs, since milestone builds undergo less testing and stability is the most important factor for the maintenance stream. The fix needs first to be modified in order to be applied on top of the maintenance branch's code. It may be easy or tricky depending on how the patch's code area has been touched in the branch.
- Duplicate the bug, and mark the duplicate with the maintenance branch target milestone
- Release the fix in the maintenance branch, and tag with the org.eclipse.releng project from the same maintenance branch
Committing to CVS
What comment should I associate with a commit?
The comment of a commit should be of the form: <bug number and title> [optional comments]
What else should I do when I commit a change?
When you commit a change, you should:
- Mark the corresponding bug fixed. Trivial changes in HEAD don't need a bug report.
- Ensure the copyright statement is updated based on the source of the contribution. Mark the iplog+ flag in the bug report if applicable
- Run the test suites for the corresponding project (not necessary for trivial changes)
Can I release code during the milestone week?
- Initial answer is: NO
- The milestone stream has to stay clean until the milestone is declared. This enables us to fix a stop ship bug and contribute again without introducing any other changes.
- Once our team has signed off on a milestone candidate, we can reopen the stream for development
Can I release code during the build input?
- Again, the answer is: NO
- The build input is prepared between 6-10 PM EST on Monday prior to the regular Tuesday integration build. Please avoid making contributions during this time.
- If you release a change after this period, you need to perform a separate build contribution for your change.
What is the Platform/Workspace bugs life cycle?
Roughly, NEW bugs are untriaged bugs. This means they are bugs that we have not yet reproduced, or we don't yet believe they are actually bugs. Once we can reproduce a bug, or have other evidence to believe a bug is real, it is marked ASSIGNED. Bugs ASSIGNED to the inbox are bugs that we believe are valid, but haven't had time to address (this is a good place to look if you're interested in making a contribution). Bugs assigned to a committer/contributor are bugs that person plans to fix. Bugs are marked FIXED if there was actually a code change committed to resolve the problem. If the bug is no longer reproducible but no code change was made to address it, it can be marked INVALID or WORKSFORME. We rarely use the VERIFIED state because the vast majority of fixes are verified through an additional automated test (and are therefore verified every time there's a build).
What bugs are currently opened against Platform/Workspace?
What target milestone should be used?
A target milestone indicates a firm intention by a committer to fix a bug for a particular date. You should only set a milestone on bugs assigned to you, that you believe you can reasonably finish by that milestone. Of course this is not a guarantee, and milestones often end up slipping. Often for small bugs we only set the target milestone when marking the bug fixed. No bug should be marked FIXED without a target milestone.
What comment should be used when fixing a bug?
Describe the fix that was made and the tests that were written. This is a useful place to record any tricky issues with the fix, since the bug report will be linked to the revision in CVS, and a committer may come back to bugzilla years later to figure out the context for a change. You can also mention what stream the fix is in, although this can be inferred from the target milestone
The resolution LATER is deprecated. What should I use instead?
Bugs that we don't plan to fix used to be resolved as LATER. Since this resolution is deprecated, we shall now use the P5 priority for bugs that have some possibility to be fixed in the future, and WONTFIX for bugs we never intend to fix.
The resolution REMIND is deprecated. What should I use instead?
Bugs that needed more information used to be resolved as REMIND. Since this resolution is deprecated, we shall now use the INVALID resolution. When a bug is marked INVALID, you should indicate why it is INVALID and what information is missing from the bug.
Release engineering
How do I get the Core tools?
The core tools bundles have some interesting tools for diagnosing problems and doing performance analysis on the resource tree, listeners, etc. The best way to get the core tools is to check them out from CVS directly, and then build and install them. You need these bundles:
- org.eclipse.core.tools
- org.eclipse.core.tools.resources
- org.eclipse.core.resources.spysupport
There is more information on what's in the core tools on the core downloads page. The downloads are out of date, but the information on what's in the tools is still relevant.
An integration or maintenance build is red. Should I take it?
A red build doesn't mean that it is not usable. It just means that some tests failed. The impact of failing tests is often negligeable. E.g. if the releng tests are failing, it just means that there is a problem in the Javadoc. So you should always take the latest integration or maintenance build, unless someone posted on the platform-releng-dev mailing list that it is not usable.
What about contributions by non-committers?
The Eclipse project uses the Eclipse Foundation's Automatic IP Log system. There are three categories of interesting content for the IP log:
(1) "Small" contributions (patches) coming from non-committers. For this, we ask you to use the attachment flag "iplog+". Please remember to add this flag whenever you commit a patch from a non-committer.
(2) "Large" contributions (code > 250 lines, new feature work) coming from non-committers. For this, remember that it has to go through the proper IP review process with the Eclipse Foundation through IPZilla.
(3) Any new, updated (i.e. new versions being used), modified (i.e. we modify the code) or removed dependencies on third-party code, usually on bundles that reside in Orbit. This also has to go through the Eclipse Foundation IP review process.
"Non-committer", in this context, is defined as: anyone who is not a committer on the Eclipse project (Platform, JDT, PDE) at the time they make the contribution.


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December 07. 2012 12:52AM
With enrollment continuing to drop, Newfound school district plans ahead
By DAN SEUFERT
Union Leader Correspondent
BRISTOL - Due to dropping enrollments, the Newfound Area School District is studying the idea of converting to K-8 schools in district towns and eliminating the district's middle school.
At present, the district has kindergarten through fifth-grade students at the Bridgewater-Hebron Village School, the Bristol Elementary School and New Hampton Community School.
It operates a K-4 system at Danbury Elementary.
Danbury fifth-graders presently are taught at other elementary schools in the system.
Students in grades six to eight go to Newfound Middle School.
With significantly fewer students in the district, "taxpayers will say, 'Why do we need six buildings?' It's obvious that this and other options need to be looked at now," said Paul Migliore, the school board chairman.
District officials said over the past eight years, the district has lost an average of 30 to 40 students per year.
Migliore said the decline is likely due to residents moving to places where rents are lower.
If enrollments continue to drop, he said, a few years from now the district may be forced to take action without time for residents in the seven-town district to have any input.
"There is a continued trend in downward enrollments," he said. "We're looking at this as a study in how we can improve student outcomes now, while we have time for a corrective dialogue to take place."
- - - - - - - -
Dan Seufert may be reached at

subset: commoncrawl


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Tight lines. That's what Speaker David Ralston (R) 7th – Blue Ridge seeks to provide with his ethics bill – HB 142. The bill would require members of organizations, like Trout Unlimited, actively representing its mission for more than five days per year to register as lobbyists. The current registration fee is proposed to be reduced from $325 per year to $25 to cover the cost of providing a lobbyist badge. Registered lobbyists would be required to wear their badge and submit periodic reports of their activities. The registration and reporting requirements seem reasonable to Georgia Trout Unlimited. Other aspects of the bill trouble some Georgia Water Coalition partners by not imposing tighter restrictions on gifts and spending. House Bill 142 was modified by House Rules and set for a floor vote on Monday, February 25th.
Legislative Day 22 of 40 passed last week. Remember that Crossover Day, Legislative Day 30, is an important milestone when bills must have received a favorable floor vote in one chamber to proceed in the other chamber. Expect a 'hatch of legiglative activity'. We closed the week with 465 House Bills and 484 House Resolutions. In the Senate, 200 bills and 339 resolutions have been introduced.
HB 199 sponsored by Rep. Edward Lindsey (R) 54th– Atlanta was favorably referred from the House Environmental Quality Subcommittee of Natural Resources Tuesday, February 19th. The bill proposes Georgia Environmental Finance Authority's (GEFA) charter be expanded to include a favorable provision allowing GEFA to fund water conservation projects. Georgia Trout Unlimited views the bill as beneficial.
Filed by Rep. Tom Kirby (R) 114th– Loganville, HB 255 would have no GA EPD rules put into effect until after being approved by the General Assembly. The bill appears dead. The House Environmental Quality Subcommittee of Natural Resources held a hearing on Tuesday, February 19th but did not act. Georgia Trout Unlimited views the bill as unfavorable.
HB 381 is on a fast track. Filed by rep. Matt Hatchett (R) 150th – Dublin, the bill would allow for up to three GA DNR Board Members to sit on a GA DNR Foundation Board. A House Natural Resources Committee hearing is slated for Monday, Feb 25th. We'll monitor the bill and keep you advised.
See you on the stream.
Kevin McGrath is Georgia Trout Unlimited's Advocacy Chairman


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You are here: Home ‹ Board index ‹ Movie Discussion ‹ Upcoming Movies
Discuss other upcoming Jim Carrey movies (not confirmed/rumours).
Okay. I like the pictures of the new "chubby" Jim. But I'm still a little confused. Is Jim going to be in the 3 stooges movie or not?
Wait, i've got it, he's trying to bulk up to play the part of John Candy in a biopic based on the book Laughing On The Outside.
Wow this is super confusing! Jim like y'all said, should seriously clear this up! Maybe he will when his site launches. Idk WHY he is doing this! I mean if not for "Stooges" then y else??? That's the role he needed to gain weight for. Someone needs to tweet Jenny and ask her!
Hopefully Ellen will ask him about the Three Stooges when he goes on the show...
To God, every living being is beautiful... Except for you.
LOL......perhaps he's turning himself into the archtypal 'grandpa' in perparation for Xmas and Janes wee baby.....
lol.....a beardy Santa Jim's better than this one for sure........
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Built in 1987, Birmingham-Southern's soccer facility was officially named Preston Goldfarb Field at Berylson Soccer Park in the fall of 2013. The field was named in honor of long-time head coach Preston Goldfarb, who started the program in 1983 and built it from the ground up, as well as benefactor John Berylson, who donated $1 million to the college in 2013.
The park has served as the host field for numerous conference and regional soccer tournaments. In 1997 and 1998, BSC hosted the NAIA Men's Soccer National Championships, the first national championships held on the BSC campus. The facility was also honored with the opportunity to host the 2004 Big South Conference Men's Soccer Championships, as well as the 2011 Southern Collegiate Athletic Conference Men's Soccer Championship, the 2012 Southern Athletic Association Men's Soccer Championship, and the 2013 SAA Women's Soccer Championship.
In 1998, a press box facility, which houses restrooms and storage space, as well has space for media facilities, was added.
With a seating capacity of approximately 1,000, the field also offers spacious grassy areas for families or students to enjoy a match. "The Hillside" has become a popular viewing point for BSC students and fans.
The immaculate field is considered to be one of the finest in the region and has served as the model of several college fields across the nation.
Goldfarb Field at Berylson Park, however, is just the tip of the iceberg in terms of facilities available to the Panther players for training, fitness and development. The Athletic Weight Training Facilities are housed in Bill Battle Coliseum and Panther Stadium and feature state-of-the-art training equipment, as well as standard free weights.


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CANCUN, Mexico — In the end (and the sad realization always comes in the end), my five-day stay at an all-inclusive resort on the Caribbean was more than mind-clearing serenity; it was a frightening look into the human psyche.
The plentiful sun, warm breezes, azure sea and powder-white beach became incidental. My vacation brought to mind seventh-grade English class, in which I first read "Lord of the Flies." The lesson learned then: Without parameters, we devolve into chaos.
I blame everything on the all-you-can-eat policy.
In the glossy brochure, that part was the most alluring amenity. Secrets Maroma (secretsresorts.com), our all-inclusive resort a 45-minute drive south of Cancun, boasted nine themed restaurants, seven bars and 24-hour room service. But, really, gorgeous terrain aside, this could have been anywhere. The idea is you eat any food, drink any beverage, anytime, in any quantity. It's possible, and within your civic right, to dine at three restaurants in one night and order everything off the menu — after all, the hit to your credit card has cleared. So for the length of your stay, you enter a world where "no" doesn't exist in the vernacular. This is a dangerous precedent.
Day 1: After the flight, immigration, airport transfer and resort check-in, six hours have passed since we last inserted food in mouth. My wife and I hurtle toward the buffet like it's a Super Bowl end zone with 5 seconds left on the clock.
What happens next is too ugly for words. See it from my perspective: You arrive in a warm-weather paradise where it's all "yes, sir" and "it's a pleasure, ma'am." You're faint from starvation because your dear wife guilted you out of buying the Sausage McMuffin at the airport. And now, laid out before you, are pasta, sushi, pizza, quesadillas, cakes and tropical juices.
It doesn't matter that everything but the fruit, juices and Mexican hot foods taste just OK. It's that I can crowd my plate so densely and that, even with the soy sauce from the sushi sloshing over to the pineapples, I can scarf down cold, salty fruit so voraciously. I don't care. Post-meal doubling-over be damned; dinner is only three hours away.
Day 2: Eighty-five degrees and nary a cloud in the blue sky. We stake out two poolside chairs facing the sea, where parasailors glide through the air in the distance. Joao Gilberto strums his bossa nova guitar between my headphones.
A friendly staffer in a polo shirt asks if I care for anything. "Mango margarita, chips and guacamole, please." Thirty minutes later, the margarita glass empty, he asks if I want another. "A mojito this time." Thus begins a cycle of drinks on the half-hour, not because I crave another drink but because I can. These beverages won't turn me goofy anyway; even generously, I figure, there's a shot of alcohol — max — in each glass.
At noon, a gentleman appears poolside, pushing a cart with a round stainless steel pan 3 feet in diameter. "Would you like paella?"
Somebody pinch me. A poolside paella cart! Memories of the breakfast buffet are three hours fresh, but I'd never forgive myself if I turn this down. The rice is the color of sunflowers, suffused with the aroma of saffron, with chicken chunks, mussels and bell peppers throughout. The portion is enough to feed two.
About this time, a flock of seagulls begins circling overhead, trained to realize lunchtime for resort guests also means lunchtime for birds. This is an all-inclusive, after all. They perch atop the umbrella shades, screeching. I place my plate on a wicker stand for a moment, prompting one gull to see his opportunity. He dive-bombs under my shade and snatches a mussel shell from my paella. The bird immediately drops it to the ground, where half a dozen gulls fight for the errant grains of rice. The mussel snatcher bites at the other gulls that dare encroach.
For 10 seconds, I fume. How dare these stupid birds ruin my lunch. I wish I were wearing steel-tipped boots. Then comes the realization: I'm a visitor on Planet Yes. I flag down the paella cart and get another plate.
Day 3: During morning poolside yoga, the view from my "downward dog" position is eclipsed by an unfamiliar, flesh-colored curvature. Turns out it's my gut.
Day 4: Dinnertime arrives, but neither of us is hungry. The reason? An hour after lunch at the seafood grill, a billow of smoke had caught our attention. It was the poolside barbecue, and the chef was grilling chicken thighs, burgers and whole fillets of mahi mahi. My wife and I had paid $3,700, or $462.50 per person per day, for four nights. We felt obligated to get our money's worth. The built-in restraints of an accumulating tab didn't exist here, so rather than listening to our stomachs, we submitted to the lobe in the brain where irrationality rules.
After that grilled chicken guacamole sandwich (with a side of nachos and Buffalo wings), I waddle back to my room. The gorgeous setting — and this is a no-children resort! — belies any illusions of relaxation in the first three days. I feel miserable. It's entirely my fault. The combination of unlimited eating, drinking, lounging, other sedentary acts and "vacation brain" compel me to step on the bathroom scale. My God. I think the numbers must be inflated by the exchange rate. I have gained 12 pounds in four days.
Let's take it easy for dinner, my wife suggests.
Translation: At the Italian restaurant on our last night, we opt for three appetizers instead of four. Rather than a heavy cream sauce with my fettuccine, I go with pesto and the thinner strands of capellini. We split a dessert.
Day 5: There are three hours before the airport shuttle whisks us away from paradise. Even with my epiphany the previous day, rationality is tossed aside on this final morning with a mindset of "the hell with this, it's my last day." I begin working in dietary fiber, which by my interpretation means 10 strips of bacon and a quarter bowl of oatmeal.
On the plane ride home, I read a magazine story about some yokel who wins the lottery, then squanders it all and ends up broke a few years later. It's as if I am staring into a mirror. When prudence is discarded, when rules give way to lawlessness, when the word "no" doesn't register, we're no better than boys stuck on a free-for-all island.
In this analogy, I am Piggy.


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2013 Lexus IS review
* New Lexus IS driven in UK * Available with petrol and hybrid power * On sale now, priced from 26,495...
Diesel models dominate the executive car class, but the stylish new Lexus IS is designed to change that.
It isn't available with any diesel engines. Instead, buyers can choose between a 2.5-litre petrol V6 (badged IS250) and a IS300h petrol hybrid, which combines a four-cylinder 2.5-litre unit with an electric motor.
Standard equipment on both versions includes an automatic gearbox, climate and cruise controls, a digital DAB radio and keyless entry, plus the hybrid emits just 99g/km of CO2 less than any Audi A4, BMW 3 Series or Mercedes C-Class.
What's the 2013 Lexus IS like to drive?
All versions of the new IS get conventional springs and dampers as standard, but F Sport models have slightly sportier settings and can be specified with an optional adaptive damping system.
This adaptive set-up lets you switch between Normal and Sport+ modes, but the differences are subtle; in both, the suspension gives a pretty comfortable ride at all speeds, with relatively decent body control through corners.
In addition to the F Sport model, we tried cars with the softer, standard set-up, but these aren't that different. The steering is the only thing that's significantly worse, feeling numb around the straight-ahead, although in both cars the wheel weights up to provide some reassurance in corners, without ever offering the precision that you get in a 3 Series.
The IS's engines are a bigger concern, because they miss out on the strong mid-range torque of turbocharged four-cylinder petrol units and modern diesels. This makes them feel weedy unless you floor the accelerator, and while the V6 does at least sound good when you do this, the hybrid responds with an annoying drone.
It can also be hard to brake smoothly in both cars, due to a shortage of feel through the pedal. However, wind noise is always well contained, and the hybrid can run near-silently on electric-only power at town speeds.
What's the 2013 Lexus IS like inside?
Rear space was pretty limited in the old IS, but this new model has a longer wheelbase and slimmer front seatbacks. The result is you now get as much rear legroom as you do in a 3 Series and more than in an Audi A4 or Mercedes C-Class. Six-footers may still wish they had a bit more headroom, though.
Like its German rivals, the IS has a high transmission tunnel that makes life uncomfortable for a central rear passenger. However, there's lots of space and adjustment upfront, so drivers of most sizes should be comfortable.
The mouse-like Remote Touch interface in the high-spec cars we drove is more of a problem, because this controls all infotainment functions and is both fiddly and distracting to use on the move. Cheaper IS models get a simpler version of the system, but we weren't able to try this.
Perceived quality leaves a little to be desired; while everything seems to be solidly built, some of the plastics in the cabin don't feel especially premium.
Meanwhile, the IS's boot remains one of the smallest in the class, even though it's much bigger than its predecessor's and the rear seat backs now split and fold 60/40 to boost practicality on all but entry-level SE versions.
Should I buy one?
The 250 model is best avoided, because its engine is as inefficient as it is weak; even in its most frugal form, it averages 14.3mpg less than the 2.0-litre unit in the similarly priced BMW 320i automatic.
It's much easier to make a case for the IS300h, which sits between three and five company car tax bands lower than a 320d Efficient Dynamics, depending on the spec you choose.
If you're looking for the best all-rounder, the 3 Series remains the car to choose; it has a stronger engine, superior driving manners and a classier, more practical cabin. However, the IS's tiny running costs mean it is worth considering as a cheaper company alternative.
What Car? says
Audi A4
BMW 3 Series
Read the full Lexus IS review (current car)>>
Read the full Lexus IS review (current car) for parents at Mumsnet Cars >>
Specification IS250
Engine size 2.5-litre V6 petrol
Price 26,495-35,495
Power 204bhp
Torque 184lb ft
0-62mph 8.1 seconds
Top speed 140mph
Fuel economy 30.7-32.8mpg
CO2 emissions 199-213g/km
Specification IS300h
Engine size 2.5-litre petrol hybrid
Price 29,495-38,495
Power 217bhp
Torque na
0-62mph 8.3 seconds
Top speed 124mph
Fuel economy 60.1-65.7mpg
CO2 emissions 99-109g/km


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'Most important woman in last 100 years'
'Lifetime Achievement' winner sold million books from her garage
NEW YORK –"She is my heroine and my example … She truly is the mother of the modern conservative movement … I think she is the most important woman in the United States in the last 100 years."
That's how Minnesota congresswoman and former GOP presidential candidate Michele Bachmann describes WND's 2012 "Lifetime Achievement Award" recipient – Phyllis Schlafly.
A guiding light in the conservative movement for at least a half century, Schlafly's life-long interest in politics was kindled almost accidentally – that is, if one believes in accidents. Schlafly unfolded her amazing story during an interview with WND.
"During World War II, I worked my way through college at Washington University in St. Louis by working on the night shift testing .30 and .50 caliber ammunition for St. Louis Ordnance Plant, one of the largest ammunition manufacturers in the country at that time," she recalled in an interview with WND.
"Since I worked half the time 4 p.m. to midnight, and half the time midnight to 8 a.m., as a ballistics tester for an ammunition plant, I had to pick my class schedule to fit my work schedule. That's what led me into a political science major, and I've been hooked ever since."
What if everything you've been told about women in America is wrong? Get your autographed copy of "The Flipside of Feminism" by Suzanne Venker and Phyllis Schlafly.
After graduating Phi Beta Kappa from Washington University in St. Louis in 1944, Schlafly earned her master of arts degree in government from Harvard in 1945.
"From there, I worked for the brand new American Enterprise Institute when it was just a little four-room office on 9th Street in Washington," she recalled.
"Then I came home to St. Louis, I ran the campaign of Claude Bakewell, a Republican candidate for Congress in 1946, which was our biggest Republican year. Things were simpler then – I was the campaign manager, the scheduler, the speech writer – and he won."
"After I married Fred Schlafly in 1949, we moved to Alton, Ill., where he practiced law, and I became a full-time homemaker," she recalled. "I never had another job."
Get Phyllis Schlafly's "No Higher Power: Obama's War on Religious Freedom," co-authored with George Neumayr.
Again, as fate would have it, in Alton, politics once again pursued Schlafly.
"I had one child about one-and-a-half years old when the Republican Party came to my husband in Alton and asked him, as a prominent lawyer in town, if he wanted to run for Congress."
Fred Schlafly was not interested.
"My husband didn't want to run, but in the course of the evening's conversation, someone asked me if I wanted to run. They talked me into it, and so I decided to run. Then, when I won this hot primary, [it] became a big news event because I was running for Congress as a young woman with a young baby."
Although Schlafly lost the election, while the course of running, the Republican Party asked her to deliver the keynote speech at the state convention in Springfield, Ill.
"I remember it was not an air conditioned building," she said. "The speech turned out to be a sensation. After that speech, I started to get invitations to speak from all over the state."
From there, she volunteered for the Illinois Federation of Republican Women, an organization of 30,000 women, and was eventually elected president, serving in that office for five years.
In 1952, she attended the Republican National Convention in Chicago, where she supported the presidential candidacy of stalwart conservative Sen. Robert Taft.
"I watched the convention steal the election from Taft and give it to Dwight Eisenhower," she explained. "By the time we got to 1964, I had spoken to hundreds of organizations and been to all the conventions. We wanted grassroots Republicans to nominate the party's presidential candidate. We didn't want the kingmakers to do it."
"In 1964, the kingmakers' candidate was Nelson Rockefeller and our candidate was Barry Goldwater," she noted.
This prompted Schlafly in 1964 to write the book that propelled her onto the national political scene, the self-published sensation titled "A Choice, Not an Echo."
Grassroots conservatives in the Republican Party wanted a true choice, declared Schlafly, not an establishment party candidate who was just an echo of the Democrats' candidate.
"So, I made a financial plunge of ordering 25,000 books," she told WND. "I typed out a letter on my Underwood Standard typewriter, cut a stencil and went down to the basement to crank out 200 copies on my old-fashion mimeograph machine, and sent the letters to friends around the country. And I ended up selling 3 million copies out of my garage."
One million copies were sold in California alone, Schlafly said.
"In 1964, California's primary was in June, and it was the decisive primary that year. Republican Party officials in California told me that 'A Choice Not an Echo' was a major factor that year in Barry Goldwater winning the California primary."
Schlafly devised "a wonderful price schedule," whereby the price for one copy was 75 cents, but if the purchaser bought 100 copies, the price dropped to 30 cents, and for 1,000 books, the cost was only 20 cents each.
"The dedicated Goldwater supporters in California figured out it took 300 books to work a precinct. What made the book go was that it changed people. The precinct workers would go out and distribute the book and then when they came back to canvas the voters once again, Rockefeller supporters had changed to be Goldwater voters, and so did LBJ supporters. I still meet people frequently who tell me they read 'A Choice Not an Echo,' and that's when they came into the conservative movement."
In August 1967, Phyllis Schlafly created the volunteer Eagle organization that in 1975 was incorporated as Eagle Forum, and she began writing "The Phyllis Schlafly Report," a monthly newsletter she has written without interruption every month until the present – a publication now in its 46th year.
'The Equal Rights Amendment'
In February 1972, Schlafly wrote one issue of the "Schlafly Report" on the topic, "What's Wrong with Equal Rights for Women?"
This launched a national movement to defeat ratification of the proposed constitutional amendment called the Equal Rights Amendment, which once again propelled Schlafly to national prominence.
"By 1972, I had gained enough experience to know how to play politics," she told WND.
"Nobody gave us a chance. The ERA had big political momentum, the support of three presidents, and nearly 100 percent of the media. In its first year of national political debate, the amendment had been ratified by 30 of the 38 states needed to put ERA into the Constitution. The fight lasted 10 years, 1972 to 1982."
In the middle of her battle to defeat the ERA, Schlafly got her law degree at Washington University in St. Louis.
"I applied for law school at Washington University as a bet with one of my sons that we would both take the LSAT exams and whichever one passed would go to law school. My husband was a very successful lawyer, and I felt one of our children ought to go to law school."
Both passed, but Schlafly had never told her husband about the law school bet.
"One day at the dinner table, I announced that I had been accepted to start law school at Washington University that September, in 1975," she recalled. "Fred had a tantrum. He said, 'That's the craziest thing I ever heard. You are trying to defeat the ERA and you are traveling around the country to testify and give speeches. You don't have time for law school."
Schlafly wrote Washington Law School and declined the acceptance, only to find a couple of weeks later that her husband had changed his mind.
"So, I wrote to the dean of Washington Law School and they accepted me a second time," she explained. "So, in September 1975, I began attending law school full time."
A lot of time during Schlafly's law school years was spent in a telephone booth, she recalls, giving radio interviews and instructing Eagle Forum members around the country on fighting the ERA.
In 1978, Schlafly earned her J.D. from Washington University Law School in St. Louis, and she is currently admitted to the practice of law in Illinois, Missouri, the District of Columbia and before the United States Supreme Court.
At an amazing 88 years of age, Phyllis Schlafly continues to carry the conservative torch. She travels, gives speeches, heads Eagle Forum, hosts a weekly radio talk show, holds national events for college students, authors books and writes a weekly syndicated column featured on WND. Among her 20 books are "The Supremacists: The Tyranny of Judges and How To Stop It" and her latest, "No Higher Power: Obama's War on Religious Freedom."


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Follow RFF News on your cell phone. Text follow rff to 40404 you will receive txt messages with RFF News
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There is an article about him, at the following site. Apparently, he was on a show called Genuine Ken, The search for the Perfect Boyfriend. Humble, he is not!www.genuinken.com
Wow...what a piece of work. He keeps telling people he's in human resources, which makes him great at reading people, and then names off who he thinks is voting for and against him. Gets it wrong every freakin' time! The people who support him, he's convinced they are going to evict him...and those who are planning on evicting him, he thinks are going to keep him around. It's pathetically hilarious.
I havent found 1 exit interview of Keith.. by now he would have been on the CBS website and all over youtube.. but NADA!! maybe they are keeping them in sequester?? all the interviews taht he haas done have been soley Q & A's
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The president of Alberta's key engineering society has stepped down. Calgary's Jim Gilliland resigned in the wake of his firm being found guilty of endangering safety at a downtown Calgary strata complex. His company, Williams Engineering Canada, potentially faces sanctions from the society.
Man facing first-degree murder in swarming death of Lukas Strasser-Hird granted bail.
The city's public school board is surveying electors on whether they should hold a byelection to fill the vacancy created by the recent departure of a trustee who resigned to run at the provincial level.
A well-known Alberta conservationist has added another honour to his long list of achievements. Harvey Locke, one of the founders of the Yellowstone to Yukon Conservation Initiative, has received the Fred M. Packard International Parks Merit Award — one of the world's highest honours for conservation — for his work. It was presented at the World Parks Congress […]
A new report by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corp. says Calgary's housing market is at low risk currently with a moderate risk of overvaluation. "Overvaluation in Calgary reflects the combination of strong growth in house prices and modest gains in personal disposable income," said the CMHC's national House Price Analysis and Assessment, which was released on Monday.
How much the 2015-2018 budget will cost Calgarians, how it will affect snow removal and transit, and how long the budget debates will drag on.
With debate set to start Monday on a new four-year city budget, council progressives and conservatives alike warn it is more difficult than ever to hold the line on taxes while still maintaining city services.
Calgary fans are ecstatic the Stampeders have secured a spot in next Sunday's Grey Cup.
The first of three Elbow River pedestrian bridges destroyed in the June 2013 flood reopened to the public on Sunday.
Parents, teachers and lawyers are targeting the makers of a controversial smartphone app that allows its users to anonymously post often vicious and vulgar attacks against students. This week, a Calgary lawyer requested developers of Communet: Student Chats & Confessions to hand over internal records in a bid to identify one of its anonymous users […]
The Drop-In Centre is trying mightily to get community buy-in after spending $8 million on a northeast Calgary hotel with plans to turn it into affordable housing for people transitioning out of homeless shelters.
Demolition of the downtown Art Central building will begin this weekend, paving the way for a January start to construction of the $440-million Telus Sky tower. The 58-storey project at the corner of Centre Street and 7th Avenue S.W., is scheduled for completion by fall 2017. It's to include 750,000 square feet of mixed-use development. About 450,000 square feet […]
Stampeders, always a great regular-season team, have lost three of the last four Western finals
Calgarians who were trapped in their homes while residential streets were buried in snow last season may find some relief in budget proposals that would speed up plowing with millions in new spending. City staff has outlined three snow-clearing proposals that gradually increase the pace of plowing — clearing residential streets in four to six days — while boosting the price tag for taxpayers.
Joanne Hart Sweazy said there has to be clear instructions that staff are to call 911 immediately if there is a serious health concern of a patient and, if not, call HealthLink and talk directly to a trained nurse. "We are not trained medical professionals, so we need that guidance to be certain," Sweazy told provincial inquiry counsel Nancy Purdy.
The pace of new home construction in the Calgary region could reach a record level this year, but it's expected to slow down in 2015, according to Canada Mortgage and Housing Corp. And a continuing decline in oil prices could pose a downside risk for the city's housing market. The agency predicted Tuesday that total […]
Two brothers have been charged in the brutal attack of a teenage girl who told police she was held captive in a northeast home and sexually assaulted for hours before she managed to escape. Corey George Manyshots, 25, and Cody George Manyshots, 21, were each charged with sex assault, assault, kidnapping, robbery and uttering threats […]
Calgary has enough room in its rainy-day fund to spend $35.5 million to recover from the snowy-September disaster that damaged or destroyed half of the city's urban forest, council was told Monday.
Six months after city council first approved a year-long pilot project for cycle tracks in the Centre City, the designs for the upcoming bike network are now on display to the public.
City officials unveiled a new improved snow and ice removal strategy after last year's winter blast left residents trapped in their own homes.


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Andrew Patterson was appointed senior director, head of metals trading for Europe, the Middle East and Asia at Newedge, one of a series of executive appointments at the brokerage. In London, Andrew Foxley was named director, global head of metals ebrokerage. In New York, William Taylor is now senior director, head of metals trading, Americas. In Asia, Wendy Law joined the company as director, head of sales, Asia and Alan Burr was hired as director, head of trading, Asia.
Gerald Pavelich joined Barclaycard US as chief financial officer. Pavelich, who also will be a member of the company's CFO Operating Committee and U.S. Executive Committee, previously was CFO of CUNA Mutual Group. Peggy Maher also joined Barclaycard as chief marketing officer, after 25 years with American Express.
James Oosterbaan was named head of natural gas exchange (NGX), a subsidiary of TMX Group. Oosterbaan previously served as senior vice president of operation and commodity portfolio management at Capital Power Corp. He also is a director of the Canadian Chamber of Commerce.
Ghislaine Mattlinger was appointed group CFO of Newedge. Mattlinger, who will also join Newedge's executive committee, comes to the firm from Natixis, where she was CFO and a member of its executive committee. She has also held CFO positions at Poweo, PagesJaunes Groupe and Viel Tradition Group.
Timothy Utama joined the Singapore Exchange (SGX) as chief operations and technology officer. Utama previously was technology and operations director at PT bank Permata TBK. He also has held positions at Standard Chartered Bank, ANZ Bank and Bank of Trade (LippoBank).
Michael Milmoe was named senior vice president and alternative investment business development officer of US Bancorp Fund Services. Milmoe, who specializes in alternative asset structures, administration, custody services and fund technology, most recently served as the executive director of worldwide securities services at JP Morgan.
Raj Mahajan was named CEO of Allston Trading, replacing Carlton Jones, who is now the firm's chairman and president. Mahajan most recently was president of global trading at SunGard Data Systems Inc. He also will join Allston's board.
Andrew Bowden was named deputy director of the Securities and Exchange Commission's Office of Compliance Inspections and Examinations (OCIE). Bowden joined the agency in November 2011 as the national associate director for OCIE's Investment Adviser/Investment Company Examination Program.
Jerald David was appointed chief business development officer of OptionsCity Software. David previously was managing director and chief administrative officer of environmental commodities exchange GreenX. He also was a director or member of the management team at CME Group, New York Mercantile Exchange and Dubai Mercantile Exchange.
Don Steinbrugge, chairman of Agecroft Partners, was named to the Hedge Fund Association's (HFA) board of directors. HFA also appointed Joel Schwab, managing director of Hedge Fund Research, as its Midwest chapter director and Kislay Shah of McGladrey as director of its Connecticut chapter.


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Tribute to the 2013 Warrior Games
The 2013 Warrior Games presented by Deloitte featured 260 wounded, ill and injured service members and veterans from five U.S. teams (Army, Marine Corps, Navy/Coast Guard, Air Force and Special Operations) and the British Armed Forces team competing over six days at the U.S. Olympic Training Center and the U.S. Air Force Academy. In addition to Deloitte, the presenting sponsor, the fourth annual competition is also supported by the Department of Defense, Department of Veterans Affairs, USO, Fisher House Foundation, AT&T, BP, Budweiser, Semper Fi Fund and Daniels Fund. For complete coverage of the 2013 Warrior Games presented by Deloitte, visit TeamUSA.org/warriorgames.


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ESPN Radio 560 WEBC Providing Coverage of Boys Hockey Section Playoffs as Multiple Twin Ports Area Teams Make a Run for the State Tournament
Five Duluth area teams remain in the race for a Minnesota Boys Hockey Tournament bid, including Hermantown, Duluth Denfeld, Cloquet-Esko-Carlton, Duluth Marshall, and Duluth East. All five of these teams will be in action Saturday, and ESPN 560 WEBC will have coverage of some of the action.
Both of the Section 7AA playoff games will be carried live from Amsoil Arena on ESPN 560 WEBC AM and on our website (listen here). The first game of the doubleheader will feature two Twin Ports area teams with section ranked #1 Duluth East Greyhounds taking on the #4 ranked Cloquet-Esko-Carlton Lumberjacks at noon.
Game 1 - #1 Duluth East vs. #4 Cloquet-Esko-Carlton
12:00 pm - Amsoil Arena
The Greyhounds earned their #1 section seeding with a 21-4 season record powered by offensive production from team leaders Jack Forbort, Alex Toscano, Ryan Lundgren, and Miers Moore. In East's first game of this year's section playoffs, the Greyhounds skated to a 15-0 victory over St. Michael-Albertville. Goaltender Matt Borgen protected the shutout for East, while Ryan Lundgren led the team with 4 goals. The Greyhounds are looking forward to their fifth straight state tournament appearance this season.
The Lumberjacks, with a 15-8-2 regular season record, advanced over Forest Lake in a 6-2 win on Tuesday. CEC looks to rely on on the offensive power of the Michaud duo of Westin and Beau, and Karson Kuhlman to earn their first trip to state since 2008.
The winner of the Duluth East-CEC game goes on to play the winner of game 2 of the Section 7AA tournament on Thursday, February 28 at Amsoil Arena.
Game 2 - #2 Grand Rapids vs. #3 Elk River
2:00 pm - Amsoil Arena
The second game of the doubleheader features the section ranked #3 Elk River Elks taking on the #2 Grand Rapids Thunderhawks. Grand Rapids enters the game at 18-4-3 after a section quarterfinal battle, winning 6-2 over St. Francis. The last time the Thunderhawks made an appearance at the state tournament was in 2007.
Other Twin Ports Teams Contending for a State Tournament Appearance
In the Section 5A semifinals, the #1 Hermantown Hawks welcome the #4 Rogers Royals to Hermantown Arena on Saturday, with the puck dropping at 7 pm. The Hawks steamed past the Proctor Rails in a 10-0 section quarterfinal victory on Thursday. The Hawks will face the winner of the Princeton-St. Cloud Cathedral game happening in St. Cloud.
Hermantown advancing into the state tournament this year would make it the team's fourth straight appearance on the big stage. The Hawks made it to the Class A Championship in each of their last three tournament appearances. Hopes are high that they can break the chain of heartbreaks after a 2-1 loss to Breck in 2010 and a pair of losses to St. Thomas Academy falling 5-4 in 2011 and last year losing to the Cadets 5-1.
Two Twin Ports teams are still contending in Section 7A. The #1 Duluth Denfeld Hunters take on #5 International Falls in Hibbing at 1 pm Saturday. The #2 Duluth Marshall Hilltoppers are also in action on the range, taking on #3 Hibbing in Grand Rapids at 7:30 pm Saturday.
Denfeld's run into the section playoffs brings them closer to their first state tournament appearance since 1989. The team has struggled for playoff success for many years, but fans of the Hunters look at games like the 5-4 win over Duluth East in January breaking a series losing streak between East and Denfeld as a good omen for the team and the season. A win over International Falls on Saturday could bring a crosstown section championship into play, as Duluth Marshall and Hibbing will battle for a chance to play the winner of this game.
Unlike Denfeld, the Duluth Marshall squad aren't strangers to the state tournament in recent years. The Hilltoppers made appearances in 2008 and 2012, most recently falling to Little Falls in the Class A consolation round last year after a first round shutout loss to Breck. They take on Hibbing in Grand Rapids at 7:30 pm on Saturday. If both Marshall and Denfeld win, fans can look forward to the crosstown battle on the ice at Amsoil Arena Wednesday night, February 27 at 7:30.


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text: With what we have to work with....its looking more and more of a longshot to preform a TWL Leagues right now given the current squads and population. My personal opinion is that I do not want to tarnish what TWL means to myself and or other competitors. So with that being said....Give some feedback and income on to what you guys are feeling....because at the end of the day the population of this game should dictate what we play. Without you guys playing everyday and trolling we wouldn't have this game....SO feel free to chime in and voice your concerns or opinions...or hell even ideas. You can always reach me in game if you don't want to post here. MTGA (Make TrenchWars Great Again)


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A lot goes on behind-the-scenes at Toronto Pearson where we welcome more than 44 million passengers a year. We are pleased to be able to show you some of what happens at the airport, from inside the fence.
Please choose a tour date from the available options, or you can put your name on our waiting list.
Are there ID requirements or an age limit to attend the bus tour?
- EACH PERSON—children included—MUST PROVIDE GOVERNMENT-ISSUED IDENTIFICATION WITH A PHOTO to enter the airfield. A non-expired, government-issued photo ID can be a passport, driver's license, health card, permanent resident card, or a Nexus card.
- EACH SEAT IS LIMITED TO THOSE AGED 10 and older and must have a reservation.
Where do I meet the tour?
The GTAA Administration Building is located at 3111 Convair Drive—at the corner of Renforth Drive and Convair Drive. There is free parking available at the Administration Building.
There will be a security check or two so please limit what you bring with you to expedite the process.
Can I bring other people along?
No. Only those with booked tickets and valid identification are able to attend.
What is the cancellation policy?
If you are unable to attend the tour please call 416-776-TOUR (8687) or email email@example.com so that someone else may take the seat. The busses have limited seats.
Can I take photos on the tour?
Yes, please! We also you encourage you to post on social media. You can tag us @TorontoPearson.


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Ryan White and Latinx AIDS Awareness Day
Latinos, who comprise 17% of the U.S. population, bear a disproportionate HIV/AIDS burden. In 2014, Latinos represented 24 percent of new HIV diagnoses. Latino men who have sex with men (MSM) represent the majority of Latino HIV and AIDS cases (84%). Overall, Latino HIV cases declined from 2005 to 2014 but increased among Latino MSM.
Ryan White Living History (José: Mucho Orgullo)
Ryan White and Latinos
According to the 2015 HRSA client level data report, 22.7% of Ryan White HIV/AIDS Program (RWHAP) clients were Hispanic/Latino.
- Among Hispanic/Latino male clients, 61.9% had HIV infection attributed to male-to-male sexual contact, 25.8% to heterosexual contact, and 8.2% to injection drug use
- Among Hispanic/Latina female clients, 85.4% had HIV infection attributed to heterosexual contact, 8.7% to injection drug use, and 4.4% to perinatal infection
- Among Hispanic/Latino transgender clients, 92.7% had infection attributed to sexual contact, 5.0% to sexual contact and injection drug use, and 1.7% to injection drug use
Ryan White Makes a Difference
Most RWHAP clients achieve positive HIV health outcomes in terms of retention in HIV medical care and viral suppression.
Among Hispanic/Latino RWHAP clients:
- Hispanic/Latino men had a viral suppression rate (85.9%) that was higher than the national RWHAP average (83.4%) but rates lagged for younger men and those with unstable housing. The retention in care average (82.4%) was comparable to the national RWHAP average (80.6%)
- Latinas had a higher retention in care percentage (86.6%) than the national RWHAP average (80.6%) while viral suppression (85.2%) was relatively consistent with the national RWHAP average (83.4%)
TA and Training Resources
Access TA and training resources for Latino populations on the TARGET Center's cultural competency topic page. Below are highlights.
HIV Care Delivery
- Innovative Approaches to Engaging Hard-to-Reach Populations
- EMPODERATE: A Model for Addressing Social Determinants of Health Among LGBTQ Latinx Young Adult
- Latinos: AETC National Coordinating Resource Center (Clinician Resources)
- BESAFE: A Cultural Competency Model for Latinos
- SPNS Initiative: Culturally Appropriate Interventions of Outreach, Access and Retention among Latino(a) Populations
Accessing ACA Health Coverage
See various Library resources related to health care reform in our Enrolling and Accessing ACA Health Coverage collection.
Part of Collection
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Source:Topic Areas:Key Populations, Cultural Competency, Health Literacy, People Living with HIV & Community Involvement, Stigma/Legal, Ryan White HIV/AIDS Program & Parts, Part A - Hard Hit Urban Areas, Part A - Planning Councils, Part B - States/Territories, Part C - Community-Based Early Intervention, Part D - Women, Infants, Children, Youth, Part F - Dental Programs, Part F - HIV/AIDS Clinical Training, Part F - SPNS Models of Care


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Although some were violent, last year's protests in Brazil did not prompt regional or international institutions or groups of foreign ministers to call upon Brasilia to make this or that political reform. Sure, the markets asked their usual questions, and uncertainty about the World Cup -- always an issue -- became more acute. But unlike Venezuela, Brazil's essential democratic bona fides were never fundamentally questioned, even if the government's accountability to Brazilian citizens remains front and center in this election year.
Venezuela's protests and the government's response are vulnerable to calls for international scrutiny precisely because for years now, polarization has been part of both Chavista and opposition strategy. Under those circumstances, participation by outside actors in conflict resolution there can hardly be equated with bald intervention.
Unasur's meeting today in Chile, a country where protests and democracy seem to coexist quite productively, will tell us a lot about how far South Americans are or are not willing to go in talking to one another about matters traditionally considered to be sovereign. We already saw last week at the OAS a virtual consensus that the Maduro government deserves the benefit of the doubt. So perhaps there's no surprise coming in Santiago.
But hopefully Unasur will also have something to say about the legitimate and illegitimate use of force by governments against their own populations. Joe Biden will have left Chile by the time the region's foreign ministers convene. His absence, like the absence of Washington from most South American regional diplomacy, should signal space for a discussion that is not clouded by the suggestion that conflict in Venezuela is an American plot. The death of a Chilean resident of Caracas may help move the conversation away from such distractions.
History makes these assumptions very easy in Latin America, of course. The global context weighs heavily as well: a cursory scan of editorial opinion in the Latin American press suggests it is tempting (albeit confusing and unhelpful) to look to Putin's Crimea strategy and to the American and European play in Kiev, for narrative references of hegemony and resistance. (Or both, depending upon your perspective.) There are many differences between Venezuela and Ukraine, but the most striking is precisely how little influence international actors seem to have with Caracas.
I applaud the rise of regional institutions that are no longer dominated by Washington, especially if they offer more than the usual "bla bla" summitry. The United States does not benefit from being seen as either the cause of or cure for every malady in the region. I get that neither Brazil nor any other country in the region has an interest in taking on such burdens. But I cringe imagining yet another Washington Post editorial bemoaning the failure of leadership emanating from any capital, whether Washington or Brasilia.
This article was originally published in Portuguese in Folha de São Paulo. It is originally available here.


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Easter Rap enjoy...
Computers do not have problems, they have users.
Isnt it a bit eraly for easter,w estill got like 14 days or w/e !?
StreetsCrack.com Join The Best Music Social Network Online. Music downloads, promotions, forums, profile, games etc...
True, but some do not view the forums daily, so I posted it a bit early.
True, but some do not view the forums daily
Sinners i say, SINNERS !~
Originally posted here by ©opy®ight
Sinners i say, SINNERS !~
/me runs off to repent
Just go and make sure that your mom irons your little catholic boy's alterboy vestments (I don't know if you ever got caught up in that...........Easter was a real pain!)
Actually you can do ours and the Greek Orthodox ones in a straight hit, because we are always a week apart.
Seville for the RC, and Galaxidi for the Greek one..............I am surprised that my liver and kidneys still function
Happy pasqua all
LOL nihil. They're all ready for me. All i need for easter is alcohol, and 3 of my friends have their birthdays around easter so that won't be a problem
Forum Rules


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Gavin Lucas. An Archaeology of Colonial Identity: Power and Material Culture in the Dwars Valley, South Africa. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum, 2004. x + 223 pp. $125.00 (cloth), ISBN 978-0-306-48537-4; $39.95 (paper), ISBN 978-0-306-48538-1.
Reviewed by Yvonne Brink (Department of Archaeology, University of Cape Town)
Published on H-SAfrica (June, 2007)
Gavin Lucas begins this book by remarking that many ceramic shards found in Iceland, where he now works, are of the same Chinese porcelain as those found at the Cape, in Australia, the Americas, and the islands of the East. He sees this as a sign that globalization is not something that arrived with the advent of the new millennium, but a process that began with the voyages of discovery from the fifteenth century onwards. Globalization, then, along with its connections to colonialism and the rise of European capitalism, is a theme running through the book.
Lucas shows how matters important to the wider world both impacted and were influenced by events around an obscure river valley in a small Dutch colony at the southern tip of Africa. Ultimately, Lucas suggests that it is here, at the Cape, which he rather poetically and not at all irrelevantly calls a space between, that European capitalism really originated. The book is about his attempts to substantiate these ideas with reports on his work in the Dwars River valley in the district of Drakenstein, South Africa. Through archeological excavation, archival research, and oral histories (obtained from the descendants of freed slaves who lived there in the nineteenth century), he is able to slot themes such as colonialism and consumption in with the main theme of global capitalism. Lucas sees the construction and articulation of colonial identity as "the unifying force which binds them together" (p. 2).
The book is to be welcomed, first for the mere fact of its being a study in historical archeology, of which, in spite of a recent increase in number, we still have too few. Second, because he gives his arguments a firm theoretical base, although I feel that the chapter on theory could have come at the beginning rather than at the end.
The opening chapter sets out the author's way of working, and here there is much to be admired. First, Lucas is clearly appreciative of the inherent intertextual nature of writing, including his own, which he admits is heavily dependent on the work of others and is therefore as much an act of retelling as an originary event. But he is also aware that intertextuality permeates all texts and this enables him to look critically at archival and oral source material--something not always taken seriously in archeological studies. He studies what he calls his "visual archive"--sketches, paintings, photographs, and cartography--with the same critical eye as written and oral sources before effecting a match between image and text. Third, he sees his sources as produced in a particular context and tied in to the prevailing discourses of the time they were produced. There is a hint here that issues of language are important to Lucas, and I would have liked a more profound theoretical exploration of this idea. Central to his work is the belief that, in the structuring of identity, material culture is not simply a veneer but is "deeply and fundamentally constitutive" of it (p. 8); yet he also speaks of material culture as "discourse/materiality," rather than taking an older Marxist view which sees culture as discourse and nature as materiality. For Lucas, the construction of subjectivities is both discursive and material (pp. 187-188), and with this I wholeheartedly concur. Finally, he suggests that identity is inextricably linked with power, and material culture is a means of articulating power.
Using the excavated cargo of the wrecked East Indiaman Geldermalsen to exemplify the kinds of goods traded with the East, Lucas sees it as summing up the nature of European activity in the Indian Ocean during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, with the Cape becoming an ever more important stopover. It is not until the last chapter, after examining connections between Europe, South Africa, and Asia in terms of the movements of objects and people, that he explains his belief that capitalism emanated not from Europe, but from "an ambiguous in-between space created through European and Asian interaction" (p. 188). The question he asks is how this Cape, this in-between space, this halfway station and its architecture contributed to the understanding of the processes of global capitalism. The answer is that it is precisely because it was a halfway station that it enabled Euro-Asian trade to be instituted and to flourish. The desire of Cape people for the exotic, Eastern goods that they could exploit for articulating status and identity in a sense prefigured the modern consumer culture. The Cape thus played a significant role in the development of European capitalism and the transition from mercantilism to industrialism.
He also views the discovery of diamonds and gold in South Africa, during the nineteenth century, from the space-between perspective. For Lucas the development of colonial multinational mining companies contradicts ideas that capitalism emerged from Europe. His perspective emphasizes the importance of colonial space in the process. He sees the dispersed nature of multinationals, largely due to modern airfreight and the Internet, as meaning that companies are no longer defined by national boundaries and many are relocating "back into the space of former colonies" (p. 192). Readers will have to decide for themselves whether the arguments are convincing enough to warrant a possible change in mindset, but here there is certainly food for thought.
The Dutch East India Company (VOC) was no international giant, but in its own way, it enjoyed global mercantile importance. Lucas sees the placing of its monogram on almost everything it owned--from buildings to plates and glassware--as an attestation of corporate identity and as symbolic of the eye the Company kept on everything that went on at the Cape. As an example of the way the VOC exerted control, even over free enterprise undertakings, Lucas uses mining activities on the slopes of the Simonsberg in the Dwars River valley. Although the mine operated during the 1740s as a private concern with twenty-two shareholders, the three top directors were important VOC officials. Based, as it was, on a story (a mythical one as it turned out) told by a somewhat unsavory ex-VOC serviceman of a rich ore deposit in the region, it is not surprising that the project folded. The VOC participated in the gamble because of a desperate need for silver to pay for its trade goods. Lucas therefore sees this seemingly minor undertaking as an important link between the Cape settlement and the global trade network. The story of the mine is well told and epitomizes one of the strengths of the book: the author's ability to make what could easily have been presented as dry, historical data come alive by engaging with characters on the periphery of traditional history.
Archeological work at the mine, where two sites were identified, appears to have been minimal, consisting of a survey of the remains of nine buildings, excavation of what is considered to have been the main house on Site One, and a pick-up collection around the laborers' quarters on Site Two. Although there is a diagram of the sites showing the layout of the structures and their floor plans, there is no indication of exactly where the archaeological work was conducted, and there are no illustrations of this work. Comparing the sites at the Goede Verwachting mine and excavations at the Company outpost of Paradise in Newlands, Cape Town, Lucas finds "close similarities" in both the layout and the form of the buildings (p. 55). While one could agree as far as the layout is concerned, there is a glaring difference between the floor plans of the two main houses. The rectangular buildings of the earlier phases appear to be more or less the same, but later additions do away with the similarity. At Paradise, the traditional Cape Dutch pattern was followed with extensions added to the rear, thus preserving the important frontal symmetry. At Goede Verwachting, the symmetry of the facade was devastated when a large chunk of the stoep was cut off, to build on of a strong room at the front of the house. There could hardly have been close resemblance between the final phases of the Paradise and Goede Verwachting dwellings, and this major difference should be foregrounded and discussed rather than smoothed over for the sake of continuity.
Lack of discussion of a thorny issue is also a problem with part of the third chapter, where Lucas deals with contact between settlers and indigenous Khoisan people. Confronted with the question of whether there really were two separate indigenous groups--Khoi herders ("Hottentots") and San or Soaqua hunter-gatherers ("Bushmen")--Lucas laments the lack of archeological research covering the contact period and explains that he is forced to rely on historical studies. These he accepts rather too uncritically. What he calls "some ambiguity" (p. 69) about the indigenous groups is, in fact, a matter of serious and ongoing archaeological debate. The opinions of prehistorians Andrew Smith and John Parkington, based on their thorough archaeological research, as well as the counter-arguments of others such as Karim Sadr have a very definite bearing on historians' notions of the fluidity of relations between the groups. Smith and Parkington are not convinced that the interchange between hunter-gatherer and herder lifeways was as uncomplicated a process as some historians make it seem. The existence of the debate, at least, needs to be brought to the attention of readers.
The rest of this chapter is an overview of changing patterns of landownership in the Dwars River valley, showing how differentiation developed within the settler community and how this manifested itself in material culture. Again, Lucas tells a delightful story, this time of the two farming families, De Villiers and Van As. The former were Huguenot settlers, the latter of mixed Dutch/slave descent. The Van As family disappeared from the scene after becoming particularly large landowners, leaving the De Villierses to exemplify the history frequently occurring at the Cape: development from lowly beginnings as cereal farmers and livestock owners to wealthy, slave-owning wine-producers. It is an absorbing story, well told, about people, places, and the things they owned and used. The werf and buildings of the De Villiers farm are the focus of Lucas's archeological work.
Two of the standing buildings are dated from 1821 and 1832, and Lucas sees them as representing the zenith of the owners' aspirations in material consumption. We are given a diagram of the werf in the nineteenth century, and a separate eighteenth-century reconstruction. The precise locations of Lucas's archeological efforts are not, however, drawn into the site maps. This, as well as the separation of the diagrams, makes it difficult to envisage exactly what Lucas did, especially as the verbal description is somewhat confusing. We do not know how many test pits he dug or where they were dug. There are no illustrations of the archeological work--not even a photograph of an excavation or a section drawing of a test pit. There is little that we have come to expect in a work that calls itself "An Archaeology." While Lucas laments the lack of archeological work on which to base his own, I cannot help feeling that if he had made more of his own archeological work and been more meticulous in presenting it, this book would have gone considerably further in rectifying this lacuna. A follow-up study giving more archeological detail might be welcome.
Having first described an eighteenth-century gentrification process at Goede Hoop, in keeping with that of other studies, Lucas takes the progression through to include British influence in the nineteenth century. Two late nineteenth-century buildings reflect the trend. One of these is very small and he suggests this was a "retreat." The other is a dwelling clearly reflecting British influence, but with retention of the idea of the old Cape Dutch voorhuis in a very large dining/sitting room behind a narrow "English" entrance hall. What I find particularly interesting about this building is that it gives a hint of the possible complexity involved in what, no doubt, must have been a gradual dissipation of the symbolism tied up in the Cape Dutch building tradition accumulated during almost 150 years of VOC rule. This is a topic awaiting in-depth research. British influence included values: for example, new ideas about respectability and the separation of work from home. The already evident differentiation between poor and wealthy was extended to include gender and class, as separation between male and female spheres of activity became more marked.
As a lead into a chapter on slavery, Lucas attributes all Cape prosperity to the fact that slave labor was readily available. If the suggestion is that the Cape could not have achieved what other colonies achieved without slaves, I foresee debate resulting from this issue. Overall Lucas's overview of slavery at the Cape marks a high point in the book. I do have problems, though, with the way he lightly speaks of "Creole" slaves and blithely accepts the opinion that Afrikaans was a creole language "developed as a language between slaves" (p. 122). Perhaps more reading is required here. The origin of Afrikaans has been, for many years, the topic of in-depth research by scholars of international repute both in South Africa and in the Netherlands. The result is a great deal of debate and a variety of opinions--most of which do not accept the creole hypothesis. The idea that Afrikaans is a creole language has also been tested and rejected by academics whose speciality is creole and pidgin languages wherever in the world they occur. I suggest Lucas familiarize himself with this work.
Lucas mentions several valid reasons for the difficulties archeologists experience in identifying a Cape slave signature in the historical record. The most important is the fact that separate living space for slaves, such as the slave quarters on American plantations, were rare at the Cape, so there are very few locations where archaeologists can expect to find "slave deposits." Lucas has little to say about slave resistance besides mentioning that opportunities for resistance were limited. Here, again, I feel he could have relied less on the work of historians (such as Robert Shell and Kirsten McKenzie) and more on archeological work, for example, Martin Hall's elegant and sophisticated use of James Scott's concept of "hidden transcripts" for understanding slave resistance.[1] One begins to ask the niggling question of whether this kind of work is not fuel for the fires of critics of historical archeology who look upon it as merely a "handmaiden to history."
Nevertheless, there is much that is positive in the chapter on slaves. For instance, instead of simply looking at their lot after arrival at the Cape, Lucas looks back to their lives before European enslavement; that is, he examines slavery at its African and, to a lesser extent, Asian sources. This side of the story is not often told--perhaps because it is a story not a lot of people want to hear. Here we do have discussion of debates ensuing from the meager research undertaken thus far. An important issue is whether there is justification for seeing indigenous African slavery as absorptionist (slaves are assimilated into the owner's household and culture), whereas European slavery is the greater evil because it is capitalist (slaves are commodified). His overall (and probably correct) conclusion is that European slavery was worse because it acted as a spur to indigenous slavery in that it brought additional wealth, status, and power to the chiefs, thus breaking down an existing ethics of African slavery.
Returning to the archeology of the Goede Hoop farm, Lucas compares the building he has interpreted as a nineteenth-century slave lodge to the very early eighteenth-century lodge excavated by Anne Markell at the governor's farm Vergelegen. Once more, he sees similarity in the layout, describing the slave lodge at Goede Hoop as situated behind the main house, "squeezed out of sight ... along with the garbage" (p. 139). Similarity is again debatable. I do not see the Vergelegen lodge as "squeezed behind the main house." I am also not convinced that the Goede Hoop building was for slave accommodation. The building is only about one meter shorter than the one at Vergelegen, where there were over one hundred slaves. Goede Hoop would have had vastly fewer slaves, although we are not told how many. A 1736 probate inventory of the wife of Abraham de Villiers lists seven male slaves and one female (p. 93). Lucas notes that generally "slaves lived in small groups of less than ten on individual farms. Only 1 percent of slave owners had more than fifty in the mid-eighteenth century" (pp. 125-126). There is no argument for Goede Hoop falling within the 1 percent, although Lucas does point out that more slaves would have been purchased with the increasing wine production during the nineteenth century. I believe that more research is necessary before the building can unequivocally be interpreted as exclusively a slave lodge.
What I can agree with is that slaves would have perceived the landscape differently from the gentry. For the latter the landscape would, as Lucas says, have been constituted as a material inscription of family relations and alliances--a landscape of property and status articulated through kinship. Slaves, on the other hand, would have been much more aware of the fragmentation of the landscape into plots and farms with spaces between and land outside of private ownership. Lucas sees these as spaces into which they could at times escape the power network which held them constantly captive and where they could, perhaps, fashion a sense of identity different to that prescribed by the owners. Lucas argues intriguingly that the derelict mine, and its abandoned buildings, would have had even more to offer than the natural bush for temporarily escaping control and exploring an alternate sense of identity.
The last part of the slavery chapter is devoted to the post-emancipation period, taking the story through into the twentieth century. Largely, it is the story of the founding and flourishing of the Pniel Mission Station under the auspices of the Apostolic Union. It is a fascinating tale, pieced together more than adequately from the source material, including interviews with present day residents. As opposed to the leading, land-owning De Villierses, we are introduced to the Cysters family who, in their own way, attained a status position in the village and hold it to this day. Interestingly, Lucas informs us that the Cysters's house is somewhat different than the rest and resembles the Cape Dutch style more closely than do the others. This section marks another high point in the book, not least because it devotes most attention to the material culture. We are offered a reasonably comprehensive general overview of house styles with diagrams indicating changes through time. There is also a closer scrutiny of one individual werf.
Most Pniel residents are descendants of slaves, or connected to slavery in some other way. One particularly interesting observation is that in earlier years, they were loath to admit to their slave connections, but this has changed. They now reminisce more freely and retell stories told by grandparents and other older people. It is possible that Pniel's incorporation into UNESCO plans for preserving the slave heritage and the establishing of a slave route for tourists is playing an important part in this change. But the village itself has played a major role too. From the beginning, it allowed freed slaves to experience family life differently, since they could bring up their children in their own way in their own homes without interference from owners. They could keep livestock and grow crops in their own gardens. Many continued to work for the farmers, assuaging the latter's concerns about labor shortages after emancipation, but now they were paid, worked on a day-to-day basis, and were free to leave if they so chose.
As Pniel flourished and grew, so too did developments in the land-owning section of the valley. Farming on an industrial scale began in earnest when large farms purchased by C. J. Rhodes were taken over and extended by two successive giant corporations. The second, Anglo-American, is still operative in the valley landscape, now transformed by encroaching capitalism. Today company executives occupy old Cape Dutch country manor houses once dwelt in by local farmers.
The chapter ends with Lucas's views of the beginnings of Apartheid under the British. It was during British rule that the seeds for the policies of Apartheid were sewn as they were an extension and adaptation of pre-existing strategies written into the 1910 constitution of the Union of South Africa. Similarly, the early segregationist laws of 1913 and 1923 are seen as tied to British imperialist ideals. It was against this background that Pniel was later designated a "rural Colored area," in the midst of agricultural land designated "white" (p. 173). Here, too, Lucas offers us food for thought.
The final chapter contains a theoretical discussion and introduces stimulating new ideas. Lucas shows how landowners grown wealthy through agricultural production, in which slaves played an enabling role, forged a high-status class of landed gentry. Largely through architecture and cultivated land, this superior identity was put on display so that landowners could be seen to be an elite. Underclass laborers, who had no wealth to display, built a different identity based on their affiliation to the church and its high moral values, on their freedom (albeit as laborers), and, later, on a certain pride in their slave heritage and the fact that they survived and overcame the demeaning difficulties of the past to emerge as worthy human beings. Ironically, it is the very slave heritage that they now seem keen to display through participation in the Slave Route Project, through genealogical research, and through writing and recounting memories from the past.
In the theoretical discussion, Lucas returns to the question of globalization and summarizes the way in which events in the insignificant little valley tied in with the larger themes of colonialism and capitalism. He explains how studying such small places can contribute to "a global historical archaeology" (p. 178). While critical of some earlier forms of Marxism, he nevertheless still takes a predominantly Marxist stance as he discusses the intricately interwoven web of relations between race, class, and gender. These are big issues, which Lucas tackles boldly, leading the reader on to re-confront some of the controversies surrounding these matters in a global as well as a local context.
As though saving the best for last, the final few pages offer us a gem of material culture studies. Wanting to keep the newly discovered mineral wealth of the Transvaal in British hands, British forces embarked on a failed raid that triggered the Anglo-Boer Wars at the end of the nineteenth century. It is against this background that Lucas tells the engaging story of a republican coin that a soldier relative brought back to England and which was subsequently framed, thus gaining the status of a badge. While contemplating the badge, Lucas explains how mass production of "small things" reminiscent of the buttons, broken bits of pottery, and food remains studied by James Deetz, can give us insight into past lifeways.[2] For Lucas it is postcards; cigarette and other collectible cards; and a whole variety of everyday objects decorated with emblems that became bound up with ideas of colonialism, "empire," and what it meant to be British. The ideology embodied in material things was extended to cover almost all walks of mundane life and to include the whole British value system as well, so that ideals such as the respectability of the clean British home became part of it. For me, Lucas is at his most eloquent here, as he offers readers this clear and concise illustration of the close connection between values, identity, and material culture.
The book, then, has its ups and downs. Besides ending on a high note, it is dotted with provocative ideas requiring careful reflection. It is certainly worth reading, provided one can overlook the rather skimpy archaeology, too much uncritical reliance on the opinions of others regarding important issues still under debate, an over-reliance on historical as opposed to archaeological information, the nuisance of not having a list of illustrations, and shoddy editing. Astonishingly, the first sentence reads: "This book is the based on the work of many people" (p. vii). After reaching thirty-six errors, I gave up counting. Several names are occasionally spelt incorrectly, but "Meerrust" is always printed "Meerust." We find "Henrdrik" for "Hendrik" (p. 29), "Shrire" for "Schrire" (p. 69), and "Kelson" for "Kelso" (p. 215). The rest comprise a variety of types of errors too numerous to mention. As far as apostrophes are concerned, I get the impression that they were randomly added as an afterthought--just to have some. This is unfortunate and simply not good enough for an expensive book in a prestigious series.
[1]. Robert Shell, Children of Bondage: A Social History of the Cape of Good Hope, 1652-1838 (Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press, 1994); Kirsten McKenzie, The Making of an English Slave Owner: Samuel Eusebius Hudson at the Cape of Good Hope 1796-1807 (Cape Town: University of Cape Town Press in association with Centre for African Studies, 1993); James C. Scott, Domination and the Arts of Resistance: Hidden Transcripts (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990); and Martin Hall, Archaeology and the Modern World: Colonial Transcripts in South Africa and the Chesapeake (London: Routledge, 2000).
[2]. James Deetz, In Small Things Forgotten: The Archaeology of Early American Life (New York: Anchor Books, 1977).
If there is additional discussion of this review, you may access it through the network, at: https://networks.h-net.org/h-safrica.
Yvonne Brink. Review of Lucas, Gavin, An Archaeology of Colonial Identity: Power and Material Culture in the Dwars Valley, South Africa.
H-SAfrica, H-Net Reviews.
June, 2007.
URL: http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=13285
Copyright © 2007 by H-Net, all rights reserved. H-Net permits the redistribution and reprinting of this work for nonprofit, educational purposes, with full and accurate attribution to the author, web location, date of publication, originating list, and H-Net: Humanities & Social Sciences Online. For any other proposed use, contact the Reviews editorial staff at firstname.lastname@example.com.


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Seriously, you can set your calendar by posts about the tech bubble. Time machine back to April 2011 and you can watch the press about last year's tech bubble, which I dubbed a "blubble":
If you're an early stage venture capitalist or angel investor there is no time like the present to declare a bubble, say valuations are out of control and predict the demise of the tech industry in the very near future. Since they're in the business of buying low and selling high, any angle that suggests that the buy price should be even lower sounds great to them.
If there's any evidence of said bubble all the press will eat it up.
This time it's the press wringing their hands over the Instagram acquisition by Facebook. Nick Bilton at the NY Times even gets a Stanford business school professor to weigh in:
Professor Pfeffer said that through "the hideous recession" that America has suffered in the last several years, the Valley has applied increasingly incoherent valuations to companies.
"This is 1999 all over again, but this time, it's gotten worse," he said, referring to the last technology bubble to burst. "We're back to companies throwing around funny money. The economic values don't add up."
He added: "These companies are simply being founded to be bought. With the exception of a select few, Silicon Valley has spawned no real companies over the past decade. Even now, as the value of eyeballs has gone down, people are buying concepts, not companies."
I totally agree that whatever is happening right now is exactly like the late 90s, except not really at all. In my post a year ago and in my post next year, I'm sure, I wrote about how different things are. It's all about public company valuations. P/E ratios in the 90's were out of control. Today they're extremely reasonable. From Chris Dixon:
Public tech companies: Anyone with a basic understanding of finance would have trouble arguing many large public tech companies are trading at "bubble valuations" – e.g. Apple (14 P/E), Google (18 P/E), eBay (16 P/E), Yahoo (17 P/E). You could certainly debate other public tech stock valuations (there are a number of companies that recently IPOd that many reasonable people think are overvalued), but on a market-cap weighted average the tech sector is trading at a very reasonable 17 P/E.
In 2000 the world was driven by greed. No one bought into the valuations but they didn't want to be the only guy on their block who didn't make millions in the stock market. Today valuations are driven largely by profits.
Facebook's acquisition of Instagram was driven by fear, not greed. It's no different than when Yahoo tried to buy Facebook for a billion dollars seven years ago.
It's about taking a competitor out at the knees before they have time to actually be a competitor.
That's not a bubble. It's just smart.
So when Bilton says directly "When this next bubble pops — and it will pop" and gets a source to say "This is 1999 all over again, but this time, it's gotten worse," I just shake my head.
Tune in again in April 2013 for the next installment of the blubble.


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In a race for the Town of Hempstead's 6th Council District seat, the Herald endorses Republican incumbent Gary Hudes.
Hudes, of Levittown, was elected in 2000, and has worked tirelessly to respond to the needs of his constituents. He says he believes in a hands-on approach to government, personally visiting residents to answer their complaints rather than talking on the phone. It's an approach we have witnessed, and which we greatly admire.
Hudes's Democratic challenger, Diane Madden, from East Meadow, has spent the majority of the last decade advocating for animal rights. Her efforts have led to reforms in the town animal shelter, a facility that has been the target of withering criticism in the past. Madden's ideas include more transparency in town government and a strict review of its finances. We admire her efforts and dedication, but we don't believe that means she could handle all of the responsibilities that are required of town council members.
Hudes has a very sharp business mind, and we believe that's exactly what the district needs right now. He has already overseen successful downtown revitalizations in North Bellmore and Levittown, is a dedicated advocate of recycling and spends countless hours in schools, inviting students to get involved in local government.
Hudes says he got into politics because he loves helping people, and that he enjoys being "at the bottom of the totem pole," where he can spend more time speaking directly with his constituents. We believe him, and that's why he has earned our enthusiastic endorsement.


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Most people know whether their bodies tend to store fat around their waists (forming an apple shape) or lower down around their hips, thighs and buttocks (forming a pear shape in women). But, did you know that where you store fat might be an indicator of our health and risk of future disease?
Most people know whether their bodies tend to store fat around their waists (forming an apple shape) or lower down around their hips, thighs and buttocks (forming a pear shape in women). But, did you know that where you store fat might be an indicator of our health and risk of future disease?
"Apples" tend to store fat in the belly. This deep visceral fat is considered to be more harmful because it is around our internal organs and is thought to release hormones than impair insulin receptors and creates chronic inflammation. Apples have higher levels of cortisol, a stress hormone that triggers belly fat storage. Belly fat is linked to a higher risk for heart disease, diabetes and some cancers.
"Pears" store their extra fat under the skin on the hips, thighs and bottom. Health problems related to this type of fat storage aren't usually life-threatening, but include things like cellulite, osteoporosis and varicose veins.
If you aren't sure what shape you favor, an easy way to tell is by taking your waist and hip measurements. Measure your waist at the smallest part or about an inch above the belly button. Then take a measurement at your widest part — either at the hips or at your thighs. Divide the waist measurement by the hip measurement. If that number is less than 0.8, then you are a pear; greater than 0.8 makes you an apple.
The good news about being an apple is that you can lose weight easier and quicker than a pear shape. There are some specific diet and exercise tips that can help apples shed some inches off their waist and thus improve overall health. Just getting your waist size down to less than 35 inches for women or 40 inches for men significantly can reduce your risk for disease. If you are an apple, you should follow these tips.
Choose complex carbohydrates. High-fiber foods are your friendly carbs and should make up about half of your daily calories. Examples include: wild and brown rice, whole grains, dark breads, buckwheat, quinoa, oatmeal, vegetables (but limit starchy ones like corn and potatoes), and fruits (limit extra sweet fruits like bananas, grapes and pineapple). Carbs should make up about 40 percent of your diet, or about 600 calories on a 1,500 calorie diet.
Choose healthy fats and quality proteins. Examples include: lean beef, skinless poultry, fish, seafood, eggs, beans, and low-fat dairy. Use olive oil or flaxseed oil and incorporate avocados, nuts and seeds into your diet to help fight inflammation.
Avoid refined carbohydrates. Stay away from sweets, including fruit juices, soda, sugars, candy, and ice cream. Avoid baked products that contain white flour like cookies, cakes, white breads, pastas and crackers.
Skipping meals, especially breakfast, is particularly detrimental to apple shapes because this causes fluctuating blood sugars that can create insulin-resistance and trigger fat storage.
Almost daily exercise is needed to help the apple shape lose weight. Alternate strength or resistance training with at least 45 minutes of cardio (running, biking, swimming) to get in six days of exercise every week. Apples tend to lack motivation to exercise and tend to get bored with it easily, so mix it up to keep it fun. Interval training can help burn more fat—exercise at a moderate intensity for 2-5 minutes, then crank it up for 30 seconds to a minute and repeat.
Now, what about the pears? People with pear-shaped bodies have higher levels of estrogen. This makes your metabolic rate lower and thus harder to lose weight. Fat stored in the thighs, hips, and butt is always the last to give up. Women approaching menopause often find that their pear shape is turning into an apple. This is due to decreasing estrogen levels. Following are diet and exercise tips for the pears.
Eat minimal fat. Stick to only the healthy fats and limit all fats. Use flaxseed oil or low-fat dressings for salads, and don't over indulge on high-calorie, fatty foods like nuts and avocados. Avoid animal fats like fatty meats, butter, cream, full-fat milks, yogurts and cheeses. Fat is easily stored with minimal energy expended by our body. Carbs and protein use a little more energy to be stored as fat.
Stay away from salty foods, like deli meats, pickles, chips and processed foods.
Choose calcium-rich foods daily. Pears are at a higher risk for osteoporosis, so make sure you are getting enough calcium and vitamin D.
You should do strength training three times a week to keep your bones strong, increase your metabolic rate and tone your body. Work on sculpting and toning your upper body to balance out the lower half.
You need about 30 minutes of medium intensity aerobics three times a week, preferably early in the morning to boost your metabolism. Favor workouts that put more pressure on your bones, like walking, dancing or biking.
Remember that losing weight will make you a smaller pear, but you will still have the same basic body type.
Anita Marlay, R.D., L.D., is a dietitian in the cardiac rehab department at Lake Regional Health System in Osage Beach, Mo.