text:
Dictionary Definition
ship n : a vessel that carries passengers or freight
2 hire for work on a ship
4 travel by ship
User Contributed Dictionary
EtymologyFrom , from scip.
- /ʃɪp/
- /SIp/
- Rhymes: -ɪp
- A large, water-borne vessel, in contrast to a boat.
- (especially in combination) A vessel which travels through any medium other than across land, such as an airship or spaceship.
Usage notes
- The singular form |ship is often used without any article, producing such sentences as "In all, we spent three weeks aboard ship." and "Abandon ship!". (Similar patterns may be seen with many place nouns, such as camp, home, work, and school, but the details vary from noun to noun.)
Related terms
- battleship
- coffin ship
- merchant ship
- midship, midships
- mother ship
- sailing ship
- shipboard
- ship canal
- shipmate
- shipowner
- shipwreck
- shipshape
- shipyard
- sister ship
- tight ship
- starship
- spaceship
- airship
large water vessel
- Albanian: anije
- Arabic:
- Armenian: նավ (nav)
- Bosnian: brod, lađa
- Bulgarian: кораб, параход
- Chinese: 船 (chuán)
- Croatian: brod, lađa
- Czech: loď
- Danish: skib
- Dutch: schip
- Estonian: laev
- Finnish: laiva, alus
- French: vaisseau, bateau, navire
- German: Schiff
- Greek: καράβι, πλοίο, ναυς i obsolete
- Hawaiian: moku
- Hebrew: אונייה i in various spellings
- Hindi: पोत (pot), जहाज (jahāj), जहाज़ (jahāz)
- Hungarian: hajó
- Indonesian: kapal
- Italian: nave
- Japanese: 船 (fune)
- Korean: 배 (bae), 선박 (seonbak)
- Kurdish:
- Latin: navis
- Latvian: kuģis
- Lithuanian: laivas
- Macedonian: брод , лаѓа
- Malayalam: കപ്പല് (kappal), നൌക (nouka)
- Norwegian: skip
- Old English: scip, ceol, bat, naca, sundwudu
- Persian: (kešti), (jahāz)
- Polish: statek , okręt
- Portuguese: navio
- Russian: корабль (korábl'), судно (súdno)
- Scots: gailey
- Serbian:
- Slovene: ladja
- Spanish: barco, buque, nave
- Swedish: skepp , fartyg
- Telugu: ఓడ(ODa)నావ(nAva)
- Ukrainian: корабель (korabél')
- Urdu: (jahāz)
- Welsh: llong
- To send a parcel or container to a recipient (by any means of transport).
- To send by water-borne transport.
- To take in (water) over the sides of a vessel.
- We were shipping so much water I was sure we would capsize.
send a parcel or container
- Dutch: verschepen, verzenden, opsturen, uitleveren
- Finnish: toimittaa, lähettää
- French: poster, expédier
- German: verschicken, versenden
- Hungarian: szállít
- Italian: spedire
- Persian: ترابار كردن (taraabaar)
- Portuguese: mandar, enviar
- Spanish: mandar
- Swedish: skeppa, frakta
send by water-borne transport
- Dutch: verschepen
- Finnish: laivata
- German: verschiffen
- Portuguese: embarcar
See also
Extensive Definition
A ship /ʃɪp/ is a large vessel that floats on water. Ships are generally distinguished from boats based on size. Ships may be found on lakes, seas, and rivers and they allow for a variety of activities, such as the transport of persons or goods, fishing, entertainment, public safety, and warfare.
Ships and boats have developed alongside mankind. In major wars, and in day to day life, they have become an integral part of modern commercial and military systems. Fishing boats are used by millions of fishermen throughout the world. Military forces operate highly sophisticated vessels to transport and support forces ashore. Commercial vessels, nearly 35,000 in number, carried 7.4 billion tons of cargo in 2007.
These vessels were also key in history's great explorations and scientific and technological development. Navigators such as Zheng He spread inventions as the compass and gunpowder. On one hand, ships have been used for colonization and the slave trade. On the other, they also have served scientific, cultural, and humanitarian needs.
As Thor Heyerdahl demonstrated with his tiny boat the Kon-Tiki, it is possible to achieve great things with a simple log raft. From Mesolithic canoes to today's powerful nuclear-powered aircraft carriers, ships tell the history of man.
Nomenclaturedetail Glossary of nautical terms There is no universal rule to distinguish a ship from a boat. Usually, ships are larger than boats. A commonly used rule of thumb is that if one vessel can carry another, the larger of the two is a ship. As dinghies are common on sailing yachts as small as , this rule of thumb is not foolproof.
A number of large vessels are traditionally referred to as boats. Submarines are a prime example. Other types of large vessels which are traditionally called boats are the Great Lakes freighter, the riverboat, and the ferryboat. Though large enough to carry their own boats and heavy cargoes, these vessels are designed for operation on inland or protected coastal waters. However referring to ships as 'boats' is more an American tradition than that followed in 'British' style Merchant Navies.
Prehistory and antiquityThe history of boats parallels the human adventure. The first known boats date back to the Neolithic Period, about 10,000 years ago. These early vessels had limited function: they could move on water, but that was it. They were used mainly for hunting and fishing. The oldest dugout canoes found by archaeologists were often cut from coniferous tree logs, using simple stone tools
About 5,000 years ago, people living near Kongens Lyngby in Denmark invented the segregated hull, which allowed the size of boats to gradually be increased. Boats soon developed into keel boats similar to today's wooden pleasure craft.
At about the same time, the first navigators began to use animal skins or woven fabrics as sails. Affixed to the top of a pole set vertically in a boat, these sails gave early ships great range. This allowed man to explore widely, allowing, for example the settlement of Oceania about 3,000 years ago.
The ancient Egyptians were perfectly at ease building sailboats. A remarkable example of their shipbuilding skills was the Khufu ship, a vessel in length entombed at the foot of the Great Pyramid of Giza around 2,500 BC and found intact in 1954. According to Herodotus, the Egyptians made the first circumnavigation of Africa around 600 BC.
The Phoenicians and Greeks gradually mastered navigation at sea aboard triremes, exploring and colonizing the Mediterranean via ship. Around 340 BC, the Greek navigator Pytheas of Massalia ventured from Greece to Western Europe and the British Isles.
Before the introduction of the compass, celestial navigation was the main method for navigation at sea. In China, early versions of the magnetic compass were being developed and used in navigation between 1040 and 1117. The true mariner's compass, using a pivoting needle in a dry box, was invented in Europe no later than 1300.
Through the RenaissanceParallel to the development of warships, ships in service of marine fishery and trade also developed in the period between antiquity and the Renaissance. Still primarily a coastal endeavor, fishing is largely practiced by individuals with little other money using small boats.
Maritime trade was driven by the development of shipping companies with significant financial resources. Canal barges, towed by draft animals on an adjacent towpath, contended with the railway up to and past the early days of the industrial revolution. Flat-bottomed and flexible scow boats also became widely used for transporting small cargoes. Mercantile trade went hand-in-hand with exploration, which is self-financing by the commercial benefits of exploration.
During the first half of the eighteenth century, the French Navy began to develop a new type of vessel, featuring seventy-four guns. This type of ship became the backbone of all European fighter fleets. These ships were long and their construction required 2,800 oak trees and of rope; they carried a crew of about 800 sailors and soldiers.
The size of the world's fishing fleet is more difficult to estimate. The largest of these are counted as commercial vessels, but the smallest are legion. Fishing vessels can be found in most seaside villages in the world. In 1997, the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization identified 2.285 million fishing vessels worldwide. An estimated 132.2 million tonnes of fish and shellfish were produced in 2003. In 1990, 29 million fishermen were active in the world.
Types of shipShips are difficult to classify, mainly because there are so many criteria to base classification on. Classification systems exist that use criteria such as:
- The number of hulls, giving categories like monohull, catamaran, trimaran.
- The shape and size, giving categories like dinghy, keelboat, and icebreaker.
- The building materials used, giving steel, aluminum, wood, fiberglass, and plastic.
- The type of propulsion system used, giving human-propelled, mechanical, and sails.
- The epoch in which the vessel was used, triemes of Ancient Greece, Man ' o'wars eighteenth century).
- The geographic origin of the vessel, many vessels are associated with a particular region, such as the pinnace of Northern Europe, the gondolas of Venice, and the junks of China.
- The manufacturer, series, or class.
Another way to categorize ships and boats is based on their use, as described by Paulet and Presles. This system includes military ships, commercial vessels, fishing boats, pleasure craft and competitive boats. In this section, ships are classified using the first four of those categories, and adding a section for lake and river boats, and one for vessels which fall outside these categories.
Commercial vesselsCommercial vessels or merchant ships can be divided into three broad categories: cargo ships, passenger ships, and special-purpose ships. Cargo ships transport dry and liquid cargo. Dry cargo can be transported in bulk by bulk carriers, packed directly onto a general cargo ship in break-bulk, packed in shipping containers as aboard a container ship, or driven aboard as in roll-on roll-off ships. Liquid cargo is generally carried in bulk aboard tankers, such as oil tankers, chemical tankers and LNG tankers.
Passenger ships range in size from small river ferries to giant cruise ships. This type of vessel includes ferries, which move passengers and vehicles on short trips; ocean liners, which carry passengers on one-way trips; and cruise ships, which typically transport passengers on round-trip voyages promoting leisure activities onboard and in the ports they visit.
Special-purpose vessels are not used for transport but are designed to perform other specific tasks. Examples include tugboats, pilot boats, rescue boats, cable ships, research vessels, survey vessels, and ice breakers.
Most commercial vessels have full hull-forms to maximize cargo capacity. Hulls are usually made of steel, although aluminum can be used on faster craft, and fiberglass on the smallest service vessels. Commercial vessels generally have a crew headed by a captain, with deck officers and marine engineers on larger vessels. Special-purpose vessels often have specialized crew if necessary, for example scientists aboard research vessels. Commercial vessels are typically powered by a single propeller driven by a diesel engine. Vessels which operate at the higher end of the speed spectrum may use pump-jet engines or sometimes gas turbine engines.
Military vesselsThere are many types of naval vessels currently and through history. Modern naval vessels can be broken down into three categories: warships, submarines, and support and auxiliary vessels.
Modern warships are generally divided into seven main categories, which are: aircraft carriers, cruisers, destroyers, frigates, corvettes, submarines and amphibious assault ships. Battleships encompass an eighth category, but are not in current service with any navy in the world.
Most military submarines are either attack submarines or ballistic submarines. Until World War Two, the primary role of the diesel/electric submarine was anti-ship warfare, inserting and removing covert agents and military forces, and intelligence-gathering. With the development of the homing torpedo, better sonar systems, and nuclear propulsion, submarines also became able to effectively hunt each other. The development of submarine-launched nuclear missiles and submarine-launched cruise missiles gave submarines a substantial and long-ranged ability to attack both land and sea targets with a variety of weapons ranging from cluster bombs to nuclear weapons.
Most navies also include many types of support and auxiliary vessels, such as minesweepers, patrol boats, offshore patrol vessels, replenishment ships , and hospital ships which are designated medical treatment facilities.
Naval vessels usually have fine hulls to maximize speed and maneuverability. They also usually have advanced electronics and communication systems, as well as weapons.
Fishing vesselsFishing vessels are a subset of commercial vessels, but generally small in size and often subject to different regulations and classification. They are distinguished by several criteria: the type of fish they catch, the fishing method used, geographical origin, and technical features such as rigging.
Commercial fishermen harvest many aquatic species, from tuna, cod, and salmon to shrimp, krill, lobster, clams, squid and crab, in various fisheries for these species.
Modern commercial fishermen use many methods. One is fishing by nets, such as purse seine, beach seine, lift nets, gillnets, or entangling nets. Another is trawling, including bottom trawl. Hooks and lines are used in methods like long-line fishing and hand-line fishing). Another method is the use of fishing trap.
Fishing boats are generally small, often little more than ) but up to for a large tuna or whaling ship. They feature holds large enough to keep a good-sized catch. The fish can then simply be stored on ice. Aboard a fish processing vessel, they can be made ready for market and sold more quickly once the ship makes port.
The simplest fishing boats have a small cabin with a saloon, a deck designed to accommodate fishing, and fishing equipment such as nets and lines. Trawlers have additional gear such as winches and arms. Other devices are used, such as a rear ramp on a stern-trawler, and a skiff on a tuna seiner.
Inland and coastal boatsMany types of boats and ships are designed for inland and coastal waterways. These are the vessels that trade upon the lakes, rivers and canals.
Barges are a prime example of inland vessels. Flat-bottomed boats built to transport heavy goods, most barges are not self-propelled and need to be moved by tugboats towing or towboats pushing them. Barges towed along canals by draft animals on an adjacent towpath contended with the railway in the early industrial revolution but were outcompeted in the carriage of high value items due to the higher speed, falling costs, and route flexibility of rail transport.
Riverboats and inland ferries are specially designed to carry passengers, cargo, or both in the challenging river environment. Rivers present special hazards to vessels. They usually have varying water flows that alternately lead to high speed water flows or protruding rock hazards. Changing siltation patterns may cause the sudden appearance of shoal waters, and often floating or sunken logs and trees (called snags) can endanger the hulls and propulsion of riverboats. Riverboats are generally of shallow draft, being broad of beam and rather square in plan, with a low freeboard and high topsides. Riverboats can survive with this type of configuration as they do not have to withstand the high winds or large waves that are seen on large lakes, seas, or oceans.
Lake freighters, also called lakers, are cargo vessels that ply the Great Lakes. The most well-known is the , the latest major vessel to be wrecked on the Lakes. These vessels are traditionally called boats, not ships. Visiting ocean-going vessels are called "salties." Due to their additional beam, very large salties are never seen inland of the Saint Lawrence Seaway. Because the largest of the Soo Locks is larger than any Seaway lock, salties that can pass through the Seaway may travel anywhere in the Great Lakes. Because of their deeper draft, salties may accept partial loads on the Great Lakes, "topping off" when they have exited the Seaway. Similarly, the largest lakers are confined to the Upper Lakes (Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie) because they are too large to use the Seaway locks, beginning at the Welland Canal that bypasses the Niagara River.
Since the freshwater lakes are less corrosive to ships than the salt water of the oceans, lakers tend to last much longer than ocean freighters. Lakers older than 50 years are not unusual, and account for more than half of the fleet. The St. Mary's Challenger, built in 1906 as the William P Snyder, is the oldest laker still working on the Lakes. Similarly, the E.M. Ford, built in 1898 as the Presque Isle, was sailing the lakes 98 years later in 1996. As of 2007 the Ford was still afloat as a stationary transfer vessel at a riverside cement silo in Saginaw, Michigan.
OtherThe wide variety of vessels at work on the earth's waters defy a simple classification scheme. A representative few that fail to fit into the above categories include:
- Historical boats, frequently used as museum ships, training ships, or as good-will ambassadors of a country abroad.
- Houseboats, floating structures used as dwellings.
- Scientific, technical, and industrial vessels such as mobile offshore drilling units, offshore wind farms, survey ships, and research vessels.
- Submarines, for underwater navigation and exploration
Architecturesee Naval architecture Some components exist in vessels of any size and purpose. Every vessel has a hull of sorts. Every vessel has some sort of propulsion, whether it's a pole, an ox, or a nuclear reactor. Most vessels have some sort of steering system. Other characteristics are common, but not as universal, such as compartments, holds, a superstructure, and equipment such as anchors and winches.
The hullFor a ship to float, its weight must be less than that of the water displaced by the ship's hull. There are many types of hulls, from logs lashed together to form a raft to the advanced hulls of America's Cup sailboats. A vessel may have a single hull (called a monohull design), two in the case of catamarans, or three in the case of trimarans. Vessels with more than three hulls are rare, but some experiments have been conducted with designs such as pentamarans. Multiple hulls are generally parallel to each other and connected by rigid arms.
Hulls have several elements. The bow is the foremost part of the hull. Many ships feature a bulbous bow. The keel is at the very bottom of the hull, extending the entire length of the ship. The rear part of the hull is known as the stern, and many hulls have a flat back known as a transom. Common hull appendages include propellers for propulsion, rudders for steering, and stabilizers to quell a ship's rolling motion. Other hull features can be related to the vessel's work, such as fishing gear and sonar domes.
Hulls are subject to various hydrostatic and hydrodynamic constraints. The key hydrostatic constraint is that it must be able to support the entire weight of the boat, and maintain stability even with often unevenly distributed weight. Hydrodynamic constraints include the ability to withstand shock waves, weather collisions and groundings.
Older ships and pleasure craft often have or had wooden hulls. Steel is used for most commercial vessels. Aluminium is frequently used for fast vessels, and composite materials are often found in sailboats and pleasure craft. Some ships have been made with concrete hulls.
Propulsion systemsPropulsion systems for ships and boats vary from the simple paddle to the largest diesel engines in the world. These systems fall into three categories: human propulsion, sailing, and mechanical propulsion. Human propulsion includes the pole, still widely used in marshy areas, rowing which was used even on large galleys, and the pedals. In modern times, human propulsion is found mainly on small boats or as auxiliary propulsion on sailboats.
Propulsion by sail generally consists of a sail hoisted on an erect mast, supported by stays and spars and controlled by ropes. Sail systems were the dominant form of propulsion until the nineteenth century. They are now generally used for recreation and racing, although experimental sail systems, such as the turbosail and SkySails systems, have been used on larger modern vessels for fuel savings.
Mechanical propulsion systems generally consist of a motor or engine turning a propeller. Steam engines were first used for this purpose, but have mostly been replaced by two-stroke or four-stroke diesel engines, outboard motors, and gas turbine engines on faster ships. Electric motors have sometimes been used, such as on submarines. Nuclear reactors are often employed to propel warships and icebreakers.
There are many variations of propeller systems, including twin, contra-rotating, controllable-pitch, and nozzle-style propellers. Smaller vessels tend to have a single propeller. Aircraft carriers uses up to four propellers, supplemented with bow- and stern-thrusters. Power is transmitted from the engine to the propeller by way of a propeller shaft, which may or may not be connected to a gearbox.
Pre-mechanisationUntil the application of the steam engine to ships in the early 19th century, oars propelled galleys, or the wind propelled sailing ships. Before mechanisation, merchant ships always used sail, but as long as naval warfare depended on ships closing to ram or to fight hand-to-hand, galleys dominated in marine conflicts because of their maneuverability and speed. The Greek navies that fought in the Peloponnesian War used triremes, as did the Romans at the Battle of Actium. The use of large numbers of cannon from the 16th century meant that maneuverability took second place to broadside weight; this led to the dominance of the sail-powered warship.
Reciprocating steam enginesThe development of piston-engined steamships was a complex process. Early steamships were fueled by wood, later ones by coal or fuel oil. Early ships used stern or side paddle wheels, while later ones used screw propellers.
The first commercial success accrued to Robert Fulton's North River Steamboat (often called Clermont) in the US in 1807, followed in Europe by the 45-foot Comet of 1812. Steam propulsion progressed considerably over the rest of the 19th century. Notable developments included the steam surface condenser, which eliminated the use of sea water (salt water) in the ship's boilers. This permitted higher steam pressures, and thus the use of higher efficiency multiple expansion (compound) engines. As the means of transmitting the engine's power, paddle wheels gave way to more efficient screw propellers.
Steam turbinesSteam turbines were fueled by coal or, later, fuel oil or nuclear power. The marine steam turbine developed by Sir Charles Algernon Parsons raised the power to weight ratio. He achieved publicity by demonstrating it unofficially in the 100-foot Turbinia at the Spithead naval review in 1897. This facilitated a generation of high-speed liners in the first half of the 20th century and rendered the reciprocating steam engine obsolete, first in warships and later in merchant vessels.
In the early 20th century, heavy fuel oil came into more general use and began to replace coal as the fuel of choice in steamships. Its great advantages were convenience, reduced manning due to removing the need for trimmers and stokers, and reduced space needed for fuel bunkers.
In the second half of the 20th century, rising fuel costs almost led to the demise of the steam turbine. Most new ships since around 1960 have been built with diesel engines. The last major passenger ship built with steam turbines was the Fairsky, launched in 1984. Similarly, many steam ships were re-engined to improve fuel efficiency. One high profile example was the 1968 built Queen Elizabeth 2 which had her steam turbines replaced with a diesel-electric propulsion plant in 1986.
Most new-build ships with steam turbines are specialist vessels such as nuclear-powered vessels, and certain merchant vessels (notably Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) and coal carriers) where the cargo can be used as bunker fuel.
LNG carriersNew LNG carriers (a high growth area of shipping) continue to be built with steam turbines. The natural gas is stored in a liquid state in cryogenic vessels aboard these ships, and a small amount of 'boil off' gas is needed to maintain the pressure and temperature inside the vessels within operating limits. The 'boil off' gas provides the fuel for the ship's boilers, which provide steam for the turbines, the simplest way to deal with the gas. Technology to operate internal combustion engines (modified marine two-stroke diesel engines) on this gas has improved, however, so such engines are starting to appear in LNG carriers; with their greater thermal efficiency, less gas is burnt. Developments have also been made in the process of re-liquefying 'boil off' gas, letting it be returned to the cryogenic tanks. The financial returns on LNG are potentially greater than the cost of the marine-grade fuel oil burnt in conventional diesel engines, so the re-liquefaction process is starting to be used on diesel engine propelled LNG carriers. Another factor driving the change from turbines to diesel engines for LNG carriers is the shortage of steam turbine qualified seagoing engineers. With the lack of turbine powered ships in other shipping sectors, and the rapid rise in size of the worldwide LNG fleet, not enough have been trained to meet the demand. It may be that the days are numbered for marine steam turbine propulsion systems, even though all but sixteen of the orders for new LNG carriers at the end of 2004 were for steam turbine propelled ships.
Nuclear-powered steam turbinesIn these vessels, the reactor heats steam to drive the turbines. Partly due to concerns about safety and waste disposal, nuclear propulsion is rare except in specialist vessels. In large aircraft carriers, the space formerly used for ship's bunkerage could be used instead to bunker aviation fuel. In submarines, the ability to run submerged at high speed and in relative quiet for long periods holds obvious advantages. A few cruisers have also employed nuclear power; as of 2006, the only ones remaining in service are the Russian Kirov class. An example of a non-military ship with nuclear marine propulsion is the Arktika class icebreaker with 75,000 shaft horsepower. Commercial experiments such as the NS Savannah proved uneconomical compared with conventional propulsion.
Reciprocating diesel enginesAbout 99% of modern ships use diesel reciprocating engines. The rotating crankshaft can power the propeller directly for slow speed engines, via a gearbox for medium and high speed engines, or via an alternator and electric motor in diesel-electric vessels.
The reciprocating marine diesel engine first came into use in 1903 when the diesel electric rivertanker Vandal was put in service by Branobel. Diesel engines soon offered greater efficiency than the steam turbine, but for many years had an inferior power-to-space ratio.
Diesel engines today are broadly classified according to
- Their operating cycle: two-stroke or four-stroke
- Their construction: Crosshead, trunk, or opposed piston
- Their speed
- Slow speed: any engine with a maximum operating speed up to 300 revs/minute, although most large 2-stroke slow speed diesel engines operate below 120 revs/minute. Some very long stroke engines have a maximum speed of around 80 revs/minute. The largest, most powerful engines in the world are slow speed, two stroke, crosshead diesels.
- Medium speed: any engine with a maximum operating speed in the range 300-900 revs/minute. Many modern 4-stroke medium speed diesel engines have a maximum operating speed of around 500 rpm.
- High speed: any engine with a maximum operating speed above 900 revs/minute.
Most modern larger merchant ships use either slow speed, two stroke, crosshead engines, or medium speed, four stroke, trunk engines. Some smaller vessels may use high speed diesel engines.
The size of the different types of engines is an important factor in selecting what will be installed in a new ship. Slow speed two-stroke engines are much taller, but the area needed, length and width, is smaller than that needed for four-stroke medium speed diesel engines. As space higher up in passenger ships and ferries is at a premium, these ships tend to use multiple medium speed engines resulting in a longer, lower engine room than that needed for two-stroke diesel engines. Multiple engine installations also give redundancy in the event of mechanical failure of one or more engines and greater efficiency over a wider range of operating conditions.
As modern ships' propellers are at their most efficient at the operating speed of most slow speed diesel engines, ships with these engines do not generally need gearboxes. Usually such propulsion systems consist of either one or two propeller shafts each with its own direct drive engine. Ships propelled by medium or high speed diesel engines may have one or two (sometimes more) propellers, commonly with one or more engines driving each propeller shaft through a gearbox. Where more than one engine is geared to a single shaft, each engine will most likely drive through a clutch, allowing engines not being used to be disconnected from the gearbox while others keep running. This arrangement lets maintenance be carried out while under way, even far from port.
Gas turbinesMany warships built since the 1960s have used gas turbines for propulsion, as have a few passenger ships, like the jetfoil. Gas turbines are commonly used in combination with other types of engine. Most recently, the Queen Mary 2 has had gas turbines installed in addition to diesel engines. Due to their poor thermal efficiency at low power (cruising) output, it is common for ships using them to have diesel engines for cruising, with gas turbines reserved for when higher speeds are needed. Some warships and a few modern cruise ships have also used the steam turbines to improve the efficiency of their gas turbines in a combined cycle, where wasted heat from a gas turbine exhaust is utilized to boil water and create steam for driving a steam turbine. In such combined cycles, thermal efficiency can be the same or slightly greater than that of diesel engines alone; however, the grade of fuel needed for these gas turbines is far more costly than that needed for the diesel engines, so the running costs are still higher.
Steering systemsOn boats with simple propulsion systems, such as paddles, steering systems may not be necessary. In more advanced designs, such as boats propelled by engines or sails, a steering system becomes more necessary. The most common is a rudder, a submerged plane located at the rear of the hull. Rudders are rotated to generate a lateral force which turns the boat. Rudders can be rotated by a tiller, manual wheels, or electro-hydraulic systems. Autopilot systems combine mechanical rudders with navigation systems.
Some propulsion systems are inherently steering systems. Examples include the outboard motor, the bow thruster, and the Z-drive. Some sails, such as jibs and the mizzen sail on a ketch rig, are used more for steering than propulsion.
Holds, compartments, and the superstructureLarger boats and ships generally have multiple decks and compartments. Separate berthings and heads are found on sailboats over about . Fishing boats and cargo ships typically have one or more cargo holds. Most larger vessels have an engine room, a galley, and various compartments for work. Tanks are used to store fuel, engine oil, and fresh water. Ballast tanks are equipped to change a ship's trim and modify its stability.
Superstructures are found above the main deck. On sailboats, these are usually very low. On modern cargo ships, they are almost always located near the ship's stern. On passenger ships and warships, the superstructure generally extends far forward.
EquipmentShipboard equipment varies from ship to ship depending on such factors as the ship's era, design, area of operation, and purpose. Some types of equipment that are widely found include:
- Masts can be the home of antennas, navigation lights, radar transponders, fog signals, and similar devices often required by law.
- Ground tackle includes equipment such as mooring winches, windlasses, and anchors. Anchors are used to moor ships in shallow water. They are connected to the ship by a rope or chain. On larger vessels, the chain runs through a hawsepipe.
- Cargo equipment such as cranes and cargo booms are used to load and unload cargo and ship's stores.
- Safety equipment such as lifeboats, liferafts, fire extinguishers, and survival suits are carried aboard many vessels for emergency use.
Design considerations
HydrostaticsBoats and ships are kept on (or slightly above) the water in three ways:
- For most vessels, known as displacement vessels, the vessel's weight is offset by that of the water displaced by the hull.
- For planing ships and boats, such as the hydrofoil, the lift developed by the movement of the foil through the water increases with the vessel's speed, until the vessel is foilbourne.
- For non-displacement craft such as hovercraft and air-cushion vehicles, the vessel is suspended over the water by a cushion of high-pressure air it projects downwards against the surface of the water.
A vessel is in equilibrium when the upwards and downwards forces are of equal magnitude. As a vessel is lowered into the water its weight remains constant but the corresponding weight of water displaced by its hull increases. When the two forces are equal, the boat floats. If weight is evenly distributed throughout the vessel, it floats without trim or heel.
A vessel's stability is considered in both this hydrostatic sense as well as a hydrodynamic sense, when subjected to movement, rolling and pitching, and the action of waves and wind. Stability problems can lead to excessive pitching and rolling, and eventually capsizing and sinking.
HydrodynamicsThe advance of a vessel through water is resisted by the water. This resistance can be broken down into several components, the main ones being the friction of the water on the hull and wave making resistance. To reduce resistance and therefore increase the speed for a given power, it is necessary to reduce the wetted surface and use submerged hull shapes that produce low amplitude waves. To do so, high-speed vessels are often more slender, with fewer or smaller appendages. The friction of the water is also reduced by regular maintenance of the hull to remove the sea creatures and algae that accumulate there. Antifouling paint is commonly used to assist in this. Advanced designs such as the bulbous bow assist in decreasing wave resistance.
A simple way of considering wave-making resistance is to look at the hull in relation to its wake. At speeds lower than the wave propagation speed, the wave rapidly dissipates to the sides. As the hull approaches the wave propagation speed, however, the wake at the bow begins to build up faster than it can dissipate, and so it grows in amplitude. Since the water is not able to "get out of the way of the hull fast enough," the hull, in essence, has to climb over or push through the bow wave. This results in an exponential increase in resistance with increasing speed.
This hull speed is found by the formula:
\mbox \approx 1.34 \times \sqrt
Or, in metric units:
\mbox \approx 2.5 \times \sqrt
When the vessel exceeds a speed/length ratio of 0.94, it starts to outrun most of its bow wave, and the hull actually settles slightly in the water as it is now only supported by two wave peaks. As the vessel exceeds a speed/length ratio of 1.34, the hull speed, the wavelength is now longer than the hull, and the stern is no longer supported by the wake, causing the stern to squat, and the bow rise. The hull is now starting to climb its own bow wave, and resistance begins to increase at a very high rate. While it is possible to drive a displacement hull faster than a speed/length ratio of 1.34, it is prohibitively expensive to do so. Most large vessels operate at speed/length ratios well below that level, at speed/length ratios of under 1.0.
For large projects with adequate funding, hydrodynamic resistance can be tested experimentally in a hull testing pool or using tools of computational fluid dynamics.
Vessels are also subject to ocean surface waves and sea swell as well as effects of wind and weather. These movements can be stressful for passengers and equipment, and must be controlled if possible. The rolling movement can be controlled, to an extent, by ballasting or by devices such as fin stabilizers. Pitching movement is more difficult to limit and can be dangerous if the bow submerges in the waves, a phenomenon called pounding. Sometimes, ships must change course or speed to stop violent rolling or pitching.
LifecycleA ship will pass through several stages during its career. The first is usually an initial contract to build the ship, the details of which can vary widely based on relationships between the shipowners, operators, designers and the shipyard. Then, the design phase carried out by a naval architect. Then the ship is constructed in a shipyard. After construction, the vessel is launched and goes into service. Ships end their careers in a number of ways, ranging from shipwrecks to service as a museum ship to the scrapyard.
DesignA vessel's design starts with a specification, which a naval architect uses to create a project outline, assess required dimensions, and create a basic layout of spaces and a rough displacement. After this initial rough draft, the architect can create an initial hull design, a general profile and an initial overview of the ship's propulsion. At this stage, the designer can iterate on the ship's design, adding detail and refining the design at each stage.
The designer will typically produce an overall plan, a general specification describing the peculiarities of the vessel, and construction blueprints to be used at the building site. Designs for larger or more complex vessels may also include sail plans, electrical schematics, and plumbing and ventilation plans.
ConstructionShip construction takes place in a shipyard, and can last from a few months for a unit produced in series, to several years to reconstruct a wooden boat like the frigate Hermione, to more than 10 years for an aircraft carrier. Hull materials and vessel size play a large part in determining the method of construction. The hull of a mass-produced fiberglass sailboat is constructed from a mold, while the steel hull of a cargo ship is made from large sections welded together as they are built.
Generally, construction starts with the hull, and on vessels over about 30 meters, by the laying of the keel. This is done in a dry dock or on land. Once the hull is assembled and painted, it is launched. The last stages, such as raising the superstructure and adding equipment and accommodation, can be done after the vessel is afloat.
Once completed, the vessel is delivered to the customer. Ship launching is often a ceremony of some significance, and is usually when the vessel is formally named. A typical small rowboat can cost under US$100, $1,000 for a small speedboat, tens of thousands of dollars for a cruising sailboat, and about $2,000,000 for a Vendée Globe class sailboat. A trawler may cost $2.5 million, and a 1,000-person-capacity high-speed passenger ferry can cost in the neighborhood of $50 million. A ship's cost partly depends on its complexity: a small, general cargo ship will cost $20 million, a Panamax-sized bulk carrier around $35 million, a supertanker around $105 million and a large LNG carrier nearly $200 million. The most expensive ships generally are so due to the cost of embedded electronics: a Seawolf class submarine costs around $2 billion, and an aircraft carrier goes for about $3.5 billion.
Repair and conversionMost ocean-going cargo ships have a life expectancy of between 20 and 30 years. A sailboat made of plywood or fiberglass can last between 30 and 40 years. Solid wooden ships can last much longer but require regular maintenance. Carefully maintained steel-hulled yachts can have a lifespan of over 100 years.
As ships age, forces such as corrosion, osmosis, and rotting compromise hull strength, and a vessel becomes too dangerous to sail. At this point, it can be scuttled at sea or scrapped by shipbreakers. Ships can also be used as museum ships, or expended to construct breakwaters or artificial reefs.
Many ships do not make it to the scrapyard, and are lost in fires, collisions, grounding, or sinking at sea.
Measuring shipsOne can measure ships in terms of overall length, length of the ship at the waterline, beam (breadth), depth (distance between the crown of the weather deck and the top of the keelson), draft (distance between the highest waterline and the bottom of the ship) and tonnage. A number of different tonnage definitions exist and are used when describing merchant ships for the purpose of tolls, taxation, etc.
In Britain until Samuel Plimsoll's Merchant Shipping Act of 1876, ship-owners could load their vessels until their decks were almost awash, resulting in a dangerously unstable condition. Anyone who signed on to such a ship for a voyage and, upon realizing the danger, chose to leave the ship, could end up in jail.
Samuel Plimsoll, a Member of Parliament, realised the problem and engaged some engineers to derive a fairly simple formula to determine the position of a line on the side of any specific ship's hull which, when it reached the surface of the water during loading of cargo, meant the ship had reached its maximum safe loading level. To this day, that mark, called the "Plimsoll Line", exists on ships' sides, and consists of a circle with a horizontal line through the centre. On the Great Lakes of North America the circle is replaced with a diamond. Because different types of water (summer, fresh, tropical fresh, winter north Atlantic) have different densities, subsequent regulations required painting a group of lines forward of the Plimsoll mark to indicate the safe depth (or freeboard above the surface) to which a specific ship could load in water of various densities. Hence the "ladder" of lines seen forward of the Plimsoll mark to this day. This is called the "freeboard mark" or "load line mark" in the marine industry.
Ship pollutionShip pollution is the pollution of air and water by shipping. It is a problem that has been accelerating as trade has become increasingly globalized, posing an increasing threat to the world's oceans and waterways as globalization continues. It is expected that, "…shipping traffic to and from the USA is projected to double by 2020." Because of increased traffic in ocean ports, pollution from ships also directly affects coastal areas. The pollution produced affects biodiversity, climate, food, and human health. However, the degree to which humans are polluting and how it affects the world is highly debated and has been a hot international topic for the past 30 years.
Oil spillsOil spills have devastating effects on the environment. Crude oil contains polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) which are very difficult to clean up, and last for years in the sediment and marine environment. Marine species constantly exposed to PAHs can exhibit developmental problems, susceptibility to disease, and abnormal reproductive cycles. By the sheer amount of oil carried, modern oil tankers must be considered something of a threat to the environment. An oil tanker can carry of crude oil, or 62,000,000 gallons. This is more than six times the amount spilled in the widely known Exxon Valdez incident. In this spill, the ship ran aground and dumped 10.8 million gallons of oil into the ocean in March of 1989. Despite efforts of scientists, managers, and volunteers, over 400,000 seabirds, about 1,000 sea otters, and immense numbers of fish were killed. According to this study, most spills result from routine operations such as loading cargo, discharging cargo, and taking on fuel oil.
Ballast waterWhen a large vessel such as a container ship or an oil tanker unloads cargo, sea-water is pumped into compartments in the hull to help stabilize and balance the ship. During loading, this ballast water is pumped out from these compartments.
One of the problems with ballast water transfer is the transport of harmful organisms. Meinesz believes that one of the worst cases of a single invasive species causing harm to an ecosystem can be attributed to a seemingly harmless jellyfish. Mnemiopsis leidyi, a species of comb jellyfish that inhabits estuaries from the United States to the Valdés peninsula in Argentina along the Atlantic coast, has caused notable damage in the Black Sea. It was first introduced in 1982, and thought to have been transported to the Black Sea in a ship's ballast water. The population of the jellyfish shot up exponentially and, by 1988, it was wreaking havoc upon the local fishing industry. "The anchovy catch fell from 204,000 tons in 1984 to 200 tons in 1993; sprat from 24,600 tons in 1984 to 12,000 tons in 1993; horse mackerel from 4,000 tons in 1984 to zero in 1993."
Ballast and bilge discharge from ships can also spread human pathogens and other harmful diseases and toxins potentially causing health issues for humans and marine life alike. Discharges into coastal waters, along with other sources of marine pollution, have the potential to be toxic to marine plants, animals, and microorganisms, causing alterations such as changes in growth, disruption of hormone cycles, birth defects, suppression of the immune system, and disorders resulting in cancer, tumors, and genetic abnormalities or even death. "By 2010, up to 40% of air pollution over land could come from ships." Sulfur in the air creates acid rain which damages crops and buildings. When inhaled sulfur is known to cause respiratory problems and increase the risk of a heart attack.
See also
Model ships
- The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2006
- Stability and Trim for the Ship's Officer
- American Merchant Seaman's Manual
- Tanker operations: a handbook for the person-in-charge (PIC)
- Sailing ship to supertanker: the hundred-year story of British Esso and its ships
- Merchant Marine Officers' Handbook
- Review of Maritime Transport, 2006
- Review of Maritime Transport, 2007
- Maritime economics
External links
ship in Contenese: 船
ship in Arabic: سفينة
ship in Guarani: Ygarata
ship in Azerbaijani: Gəmi
ship in Bengali: জাহাজ
ship in Bulgarian: Кораб
ship in Catalan: Vaixell
ship in Czech: Loď
ship in Welsh: Llong
ship in Danish: Skib
ship in German: Schiff
ship in Estonian: Laev
ship in Modern Greek (1453-): Πλοίο
ship in Spanish: Barco
ship in Esperanto: Ŝipo
ship in Basque: Itsasontzi
ship in Persian: کشتی (شناور)
ship in French: Navire
ship in Galician: Barco
ship in Classical Chinese: 船舶
ship in Korean: 배 (탈것)
ship in Hindi: जलयान
ship in Croatian: Brod
ship in Ido: Navo
ship in Indonesian: Kapal
ship in Icelandic: Skip
ship in Italian: Nave
ship in Hebrew: ספינה
ship in Javanese: Baita
ship in Georgian: გემი
ship in Latin: Navis
ship in Latvian: Kuģis
ship in Luxembourgish: Schëff
ship in Lithuanian: Laivas
ship in Hungarian: Hajó
ship in Malay (macrolanguage): Kapal
ship in Dutch: Schip (transportmiddel)
ship in Japanese: 船
ship in Norwegian: Skip
ship in Uzbek: Kema
ship in Low German: Schipp
ship in Polish: Statek wodny
ship in Portuguese: Navio
ship in Romanian: Navă
ship in Quechua: Hatun wamp'u
ship in Russian: Судно
ship in Simple English: Ship
ship in Slovak: Loď
ship in Slovenian: Ladja
ship in Serbian: Брод
ship in Finnish: Laiva
ship in Swedish: Fartyg
ship in Tamil: கப்பல்
ship in Turkish: Gemi
ship in Ukrainian: Корабель
ship in Yiddish: שיף
ship in Chinese: 船
Synonyms, Antonyms and Related Words
Graf Zeppelin, address, aeroplane, aerostat, air-express, aircraft, airfreight, airmail, airplane, airship, argosy, ark, avion, back, bag, balance rudder, ballonet, balloon, barge, barrel, bathyscaphe, batten, beak, beakhead, beam, bilge keelson, bitt, blimp, board, boat, bollard, bollard timber, bottle, bow, box, bracket plate, bridge, bulkhead, bulwarks, burden, bus, cam cleat, can, capstan, caravel, cargo ship, carling, carry, cart, casemate, cathead, ceiling, centerboard, cleat, coach, coast guard cutter, coaster, collier, companion, companionway, conning tower, consign, counter, crate, cutter, cutwater, daggerboard, davit, deadwood, deliver, depart, derelict, direct, dirigible, dirigible balloon, dislocate, dispatch, disturb, dray, dredge, drop a letter, embark, entrance, expedite, export, express, fantail, ferry, figurehead, fill, fishing boat, float, flying machine, forefoot, foresheets, foretop, forward, frame, freeboard, freight, freighter, futtock, gangplank, gangway, garboard strake, gasbag, get out, gudgeon, gunnel, gunwale, hatch, hatchway, haul, hawse, hawse timber, hawsehole, hawsepiece, hawsepipe, head, heap, heap up, heavier-than-air craft, heel, hydrofoil, icebreaker, island, keel, keel and keelson, keelson, kevel, kite, knee, lade, larboard, lash, leave, lee, lee side, leeward, lighter, lighter-than-air craft, lightship, liner, load, mail, maintop, mass, merchant ship, merchantman, mizzentop, move, nose, ocean liner, oiler, pack, pack away, packet, packet boat, paddle steamer, paddle wheel, picket ship, pile, pintle, plane, planking, pocket, poop, port, porthole, portside, post, propeller, prow, pulpit, quit, raft, rail, refrigeration ship, remit, remove, revenue cutter, rib, rigid airship, rotor, rotor ship, route, rubrail, rudder, rudderpost, rudderstock, run, sack, scram, screw steamer, scupper, scuttle, scuttlebutt, self-propelled barge, semirigid airship, send, send away, send forth, send off, set sail, shaft tunnel, sheave hole, sheer strake, sheets, shelf, shelfpiece, shift, ship out, side-wheeler, skeg, slaver, sled, sledge, snorkel, spar-decker, stack, stanchion, starboard, steam schooner, steam yacht, steamer, stem, stern, stern-wheeler, store, storeship, stow, strake, superstructure, tail end, take off, tanker, tender, tiller, tramp steamer, transfer, transmit, transom, transport, trawler, truck, turbine, van, vessel, wagon, waterline, waterway, weather, weather ship, weather side, weatherboard, whaler, wheel, wheelbarrow, winch, windlass, windward, zeppelin


text:
Our sites
College-Montrose Children's Place directly operates programs. We also partner with other community providers to deliver programs and services.
CMCP Administration Office
180 Shaw St., lower level
Artscape Youngplace,
Toronto, Ontario M6J 2W5.
Phone 416-532-8100
Email: email@example.com
Office is open Monday to Friday 9 am to 5 pm
To explore volunteering at CMCP please contact Filomena at 416-532-9485 x 229 or email at email@example.com
All CMCP and Trinity-Spadina OEYC Sites (Map)
CMCP Directly Operated Program Sites
Main Site
180 Shaw St., lower level 2
Artscape Youngplace,
Toronto, Ontario M6J 2W5.
Phone 416-532-8100
Use the Shaw entrance only. The Argyle door is an exit for our program and will remain locked at all times.
Program Calendar
St. Helen's Children's Place
Mary McCormick Recreation Centre
66 Sheridan Avenue Telephone: 416-533-2829
Drop-in hours: Monday to Thursday 9 am – 3 pm
Program Calendar
Gooch Family Resource Program
3735 Dundas Street West Telephone: 416-358-0031
Drop-in hours: Wednesday,Thursday 9:00am-3:00pm
Program Calendar
Lambton Park Community School
50 Bernice Crescent Telephone: 416-358-0031
Drop-in hours: Tuesday 9 am – 3 pm
Our Partners in the Trinity Spadina Riding
Cecil Community Centre
58 Cecil Street Telephone: 416-392-1090
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Waterfront Neighbourhood Centre
627 Queen's Quay West Telephone: 416-392-1509
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
St. Alban's Boys' and Girls' Club
843 Palmerston Avenue Telephone: 416-534-8461
Toronto Cross Cultural Services Association
222 Spadina Ave (inside Chinatown centre)
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Diana By Xehar Ruffled Bell Bottom Pants
Drop it like it's hot when you step out in this Diana Ruffled Bell Bottom Pants. Featuring a lightweight and comfortable fabric, an elastic waistband and an open flared bell bottoms. Style it with a chic and sexy illusion mesh crop top, a platform stiletto heels, a minimal metallic tone accessories and a mini shoulder bag for a night out of fun. Chic & Trendy. Get all the latest fashion trends when you shop at Xehar today. While supplies last!
*Diana is wearing a 2XL in this picture
- Style: Casual
- Color: Black
- Size: 1XL, 2XL, 3XL
- Measurements are as followed: (1XL) HPS 45″ Waist 17″ Inseam 32″ (2XL) HPS 46″ Waist 18″ Inseam 33″ (3XL) HPS 47″ Waist 19″ Inseam 34″
- Material: 96% Polyester 4% Spandex
- Made in USA


text:
Frances Bula
The Globe and Mail
The developer of a key piece of property along Vancouver's False Creek waterfront says he wants it to be a contribution to the city – and that means he won't be selling any of the 1,400 units overseas.
"We're thinking more how to do it for the community," said Oei Hong Leong, who has owned the former Expo 86 site around Plaza of Nations since 1989 through a company called Canadian Metropolitan Properties. He has made most of his money through other commercial ventures, not development. "We have no marketing office overseas. The only market is Vancouver."
He was in Vancouver on a visit from his Singapore home, although he owns a house in Vancouver as well.
Mr. Oei, a Singapore billionaire who is considered one of Southeast Asia's richest men, said he also wants to give back to the community in Northeast False Creek by building a museum that could display some of the 50,000 Buddhist artifacts that he has collected.
And, in keeping with his image of Vancouver, he wants the development to be like a garden.
When he first came to Vancouver, he says was struck by what a green city it was.
In fact, Singapore's prime minister, who also visited the city the year after Expo and encouraged Mr. Oei to buy property here, was so impressed by that aspect that he pushed to have Singapore emulate the "garden city" feel of Vancouver.
As a result, the development, which sits on the waterfront near BC Place, will be called Expo Gardens and its design focuses heavily on terraced buildings with gardens and green spaces at every level.
Architect James Cheng, who has been working for years on the project, has produced a conceptual model that shows buildings that frame a view of BC Place and that step down to the ground. There will also be some bridges between buildings and several roof gardens.
"It just turned out that Mr. Oei's vision from the beginning was to do a series of gardens," Mr. Cheng said. That's why we do the terracing, because every terrace can have a garden on it. We want multiple levels so the public can have different perspectives."
The current design also envisions building a new island in False Creek, called Habitat Island.
Mr. Oei's portion of the new Northeast False Creek neighbourhood will also include a novel community amenity that was worked out a few years ago with local residents and the Aquilini company.
That will be a community centre and skating rink that the Vancouver Canucks hockey team, owned by the Aquilinis, can use as a practice facility during the day.
The Aquilinis and Mr. Oei have committed that the centre's operating costs will be covered by them, not the park board, which gives the area a new community centre and part-time rink for free.
The Canadian Metropolitan property is part of a much larger area that city planners are currently mapping out as a new downtown neighbourhood.
The company that did much of the original development of the old Expo lands, Concord Pacific, owns a larger piece of property to the east, while the B.C. agency PavCo, which operates BC Place, owns a small area large enough for one tower near the stadium.
The city is just starting to go through a process to establish a plan for the area, which will, if approved by council, result in the removal of the two viaducts that now run across Concord and city land.
That will then clear the way for a large park and city-developed housing on the land where the viaducts now come down east of Main. The city is envisioning 10,000 new residents in the area over all.
Planners have also said they want to make the waterfront in the area a destination with a lot of restaurants and shops, unlike much of the rest of Vancouver's waterfront, which is dominated by pedestrian and bike pathways on the seawall and no commercial activities.
© Copyright 2017 The Globe and Mail Inc.


text:
Lee Jubas AIA
architecture and planning
818 S Broadway Suite 1000
Los Angeles, CA 90014
tel 310-502-1449
fax 213-629-1396
Duplex Addition and Remodel
Santa Monica, CA
Zone: Residential
Phase: Completed
Within the limited site size and height restrictions common to all developments, I created the illusion of greater space by emphasizing the vertical component of a volume. Just as one would do in any city plan where real estate is limited both in available land and land costs, the trick is to go up. So in this rear unit of a two unit duplex in Santa Monica, I created colorful and bright, high spaces for a family of 3 soon to be a family of 4. Even the childrens bedrooms have loft spaces with ladders to maximize useable space.
Looking Up the Stairs
I wanted to allow natural light to wash every available space. Light is everything. Even this simple three foot wide oakwood stairway would feel wider and and more grande with the right amount of the exterior brought in.
From the Kitchen
I enlisted the skills of the general contractor to cast in place all the kitchen countertops. We did this on a fairly limited budget and thus did not go through the current list of architect – design build firms that specialize in this process. Creating a custom mold, with special concrete add-mixtures and surface preparations could easily surpass the cost of even the rarest of natural stone surfaces. We achieved a smooth, glossy charcoal grey concrete surface which is both durable and, in it's plasticity, very beautiful for the palette of kitchen textures.


text:
Origami Bento Box Lunch Kit - 005048
Item #: 005048
This kit contains pre-printed origami papers to reproduce everything as pictured on the front cover. Advanced beginner skill level suggested. Text in Japanese.
- Pre-printed papers
- Instructions to fold everything on cover
- Intermediate skill level suggested
- Text in Japanese


text:
Online giving provides a safe, convenient way for you to make a contribution to Calvin Christian School, while it streamlines gift processing for the school. You can donate using a credit/debit card or by authorizing an electronic funds transfer from your checking or savings account.
After completing this form and clicking "Submit," you will be taken to a payment form. If you are making a pledge for later payment, please click here rather completing this form.


text:
Our heroes took a trip to Coruscant in search of a Force Sensitive child only to run into a vicious gang of criminals known as the Rancors…
Star Wars
Chapter IV: Little Orphan An-Nee
After weeks of struggling with his own madness, I think Sul'Ree has finally found himself. His insanity was strong enough that it formed its own dark side "spirit." By helping him face his own fears not only did he overcome his weakness, but I feel I learn something of the Force as well.
Which is good, because now we can trust him to watch the Enclave when we head elsewhere. Also, another able body to protect against the raider threat will be welcome.
I have a bad feelng something dark is coming… if it isn't already here.
Something has occurred to me.
Jedi suck at fighting.
Don't get me wrong: they have wisdom, serenity, and knowledge. Some of them are alright in a duel, or capable in a small skirmish. But on the whole, Jedi cannot fight battles or wars.
Small wonder so many of them died during the Clone Wars, even before Order 66.
But I grew up on stories of Jedi Generals and Lords, masters of combat and warfare! Where did these stories come from, if not from the modern Jedi?
They are going to doom that child with their passivity…
Perhaps I have been too influenced by the Dark Side. Defeating that Rancor was exhilarating, the best fight I've had in some time… and it brought about an imbalance within myself.
I shall have to meditate, and correct this. It doesn't make what I said about the Jedi any less valid, though.


text:
Aurora Lighting 5-Light Incandescent Chandelier - Polished Steel (STL-LTR413608)
Item #: 901-2231644ECM
Model #: STL-LTR413608
Brand: Aurora
Not yet rated.Be the first to Write a Review!
$125.99 Each
Help with furniture delivery, assembly,...Read more + Read less -
protection plans and more.
Plus, you've got choices! You'll find options for those DIYers on a budget, those that want us to do all the work and everyone in-between. Want all the details? Get them right here.
Indulge your practical side with the superior craftsmanship of this fixture. Installation is truly painless with step by step instructions, perfect for any do-it-yourself project. With low upkeep requirements, the Wilborg Collection is a great addition to any space. Bestowing a plethora of inviting color, the 5-light chandelier from the Wilborg Collection is an excellently crafted fixture that shines brilliantly in any contemporary flair. With an extraordinary polished steel finish and white glass, the chandelier illustrates picture-perfect hues that will impress guests and easily bequeaths constant joy.
- Compatible with any medium base, LED, halogen, CFL, or incandescent bulbs, 100 watts or less
- Dimensions: 15" H x 21" W x 13" L
- Features white fabric shade
- Must be hardwired
- 1 year limited warranty
- Compatible with any medium base, LED, halogen, CFL, or incandecent bulbs, 100 watts or less
|Brand : Aurora
|Weight : 12.32 lbs. per Each


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The Advanced Power Botnetis a fake application that sneaks in the windows based computers secretly, and remain resident for a longer period if not removed effectively. In order to avoid any kind of detection, it immediately disables the security tools installed on the system, and deny your access to download additional security programs. This malicious application uses the corrupt external storage devices to enter in the system. The Advanced Power Botnet hides itself wisely, and it is not possible for the normal antivirus program to remove or even detect this infection. This is en extremely serious threat for the data privacy as well as system resources after damaging the important system files. This malicious application is used to track your online activity, and control your web surfing. It is also used by the cyber criminals to make money through illegal ways. After changing the security settings it also invites the additional parasites to the system.
Removal of Advanced Power Botnet
As soon as it is confirmed that your system becomes the victim of the Advanced Power Botnet, you have to start thinking about how to remove this virus. You can remove this infection manually as well as automatically, however, you have to remember that the manual removal process is very difficult for the basic level users.
Change the Mode of Operation from Normal to Safe Mode
The manual removal can be started once the safe mode is accessed on the system. Reboot the machine to terminate the normal mode, and use the F8 key repeatedly to see the list of options while the system is restarted. Choose the safe mode option from the menu, and press the Enter key to open the system in the safe mode.
End the Malicious Processes
You have to open the windows task manager with the help of Ctrl+Alt+Delete keys while remaining in the safe mode. Once the task manager is accessed, click on the Processes tab where you have to locate as well as remove the following processes associated with the Advanced Power Botnet virus, and close the windows task manager:-
- %AppData%\[RANDOM CHARACTERS]\[RANDOM CHARACTERS].ex
Remove the Associated Data
Access the system files folder, and delete the following malicious files associated with the Advanced Power Botnet:-
- %Desktopdir%\Advanced Power Botnet.lnk
- %Programs%\Advanced Power Botnet\Advanced Power Botnet.lnk
Reverse the Modification in the Windows Registry
You are also required to reverse the modifications in the windows registry. Open the registry editor by executing the Regedit command through Run option available in the start menu. Delete the following suspicious entries associated with the Advanced Power Botnet virus before closing the registry editor:-
- HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Uninstall\Advanced Power Botnet\DisplayIcon %AppData%\[RANDOM CHARACTERS]\[RANDOM CHARACTERS].exe,0
- HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Uninstall\Advanced Power Botnet
- HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Uninstall\Advanced Power Botnet\UninstallString "%AppData%[RANDOM CHARACTERS][RANDOM CHARACTERS].exe" -u
- HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\RunOnce\[RANDOM CHARACTERS] %AppData%\[RANDOM CHARACTERS]\[RANDOM CHARACTERS].exe
- HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Uninstall\Advanced Power Botnet\ShortcutPath "%AppData%\[RANDOM CHARACTERS]\[RANDOM CHARACTERS].exe" -u
- HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Uninstall\Advanced Power Botnet\DisplayName Advanced Power Botnet
Restart the PC in the normal mode, and run a complete system scan after updating your existing antivirus software to remove the infections caused by this virus.


text:
Thursday, February 28, 2013
Scalloped Potatoes Recipe
4 comments:
Dropping by from the Hop! Hop on over and follow me back @ http://wildwonderfulgingerssnaps.blogspot.com !-Ginger, your newest follower!ReplyDeleteReplies
Thanks for coming by and following. New follower of yours as well :)Delete
I just pinned your recipe on Pinterest. I'll have to give it a try sometime. I am new follower from the thumping thursday blog hop. I'd love for you to check my blog out when you get the chance.ReplyDelete
Heather from Mommy Only Has 2 HandsReplies
Thank you :) AND thank you for coming by and following. I am your newest follower as well. I love your blog name as well.. Totally the reason I only want two kids :) I dont have enough hands for more! lolDelete
Thank you for stopping by. I LOVE comments.. Who wouldn't? I read all your comments and will do my best to reply to them all.. Can't wait to hear from you.


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Full time
4 -8 years
1- Prepare form (1,2,6) for each employees.
2- Follow up the social insurance Check (social insurance – health insurance - Emergency aid first month).
3- Prepare report for the work permits and accommodation.
4- Follow up the investigation for the company employees.
5- Send email to premier specialist to prepare the job offer.
6- Send report of the signing contracts schedules with the new temporary employees.
7- Send emails to the concerning person at the company to add or delete any of the temporary employees from resignations, hiring or overtime hours.
8- Review the monthly payroll and correct any errors to send emails to the company Manager.
9- Follow up opening accounts for the employees.
10- Follow up receiving bills from the company with the finance department.
11- Follow up the bills of the health insurance company and review it.
12- Follow up Cairo Specialist Hospital bills.
13- Follow up Al Borg lab bills.
14- Follow up Payroll bills.
15- Send the new hire to the medical insurance Company.
16- Send the resignations to the medical insurance Company.
Candidate information:
27 -37 years
English | Excellent
Benefits & allowances:


text:
Entries from March 2011
(this page)
Big Butt White Girls Video
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Posted on Friday, March 25. 2011 in
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Posted on Saturday, March 19. 2011 in
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Petroleum vs Renewable Energy Alternatives
Petroleum has been a mainstay of the United State's economy for almost a century. However, oil has now been recognized as a strong catalyst for global warming, it is becoming scarce and therefore, an expensive necessity to America's economy. In the recent years many universities and scientists have looked for alternatives to oil in the form of renewable energies. These renewable energy sources would be cheaper in the long run, more efficient and environmentally clean. America as a whole must look into these new forms of renewable energy to determine if they are a practical alternative to the use of petroleum as an energy source. If we do not try to find a clean and efficient alternative to fossil fuels, I am concerned for the future of our world.
Background Information
Petroleum oil (a type of fossil fuel) has been extracted since the early 1650's in Europe to make kerosene for use in heat and lighting. Not until 1858 in Ontario was oil discovered by James Miller Williams to be useful as an energy source for machinery. Drilling his first well in 1860, North America's first oil corporation, The Canada Oil Company, was formed [1]. Petroleum has been, for over a century, the world's primary source of energy for all manners of living. It is used in various ways such as fuel for energy, the making of plastics and the production of lubricating oils. The petroleum industry is one of, if not the largest industry in the world, and plays a strong part in modern politics. However, it seems that we are on the path to an impending oil crisis. Critics predict that by 2020 we will have insufficient oil for the growing population and by 2050 we will have a worldwide crisis, as shown in the graph below: Figure 1 [2]
"Oil Peak" Shows the projected amounts of oil that the world will have available to it through the year 2050.
If this information comes true and there is an insufficient amount of oil in the near future, it would lead to...
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Here are a collection of fun toddler activities, crafts, and books related to autumn.
Songs to Sing / Rhymes to Say
Apple Tree
[Miming gestures here; video here]
Way up high in the apple tree.
Two little apples smiled down at me.
I shook that tree just as hard as I could.
Down came the apples
and mmm they were good.
5 Little Pumpkins
Five little pumpkins sitting on a gate.
The first one says, "Oh, my. It's getting late!"
The second one says, "There are witches in the air!"
The third one says, "But I don't care."
The fourth one says, "Let's run & run & run."
The fifth one says, "We're ready for some fun!"
Ooooooooooo went the wind, and OUT went the light,
and five little pumpkins rolled out of sight.
Homemade Toys to Make:
Play-dough: There are LOTS of recipes for Play-dough available online. Here's one I like: Mix 1 1/2 cups water and 1/2 cup salt. Heat to almost boiling. Remove from the heat and add 2 TBS. vegetable oil, 2 TBS alum*, food coloring. Cool & knead in 2 – 3 cups of flour.
* You can find alum in the spices section of the grocery store. Or you can substitute cream of tartar.
Felt Tree: Cut a tree, leaves & apples from felt. Let your child stick them to a felt board.
Games to Play:
Sticky spider web. Use painter's tape / masking tape to make a spider's web across the doorway. Your child can stick things to the tape, or throw things at the tape and see if they stick. Try cotton balls or wadded up newspaper or whatever small lightweight things you have handy. Source
Leaf Hunt. Go for a walk and collect fall leaves. Talk about the different colors and the different shapes, count how many points they have, compare small to large, and notice smooth edges versus serrated edges. Point out which tree each leaf fell from.
Crafts to Do:
Leaf Suncatchers. (See photo at top of page.) Take the prettiest leaves from your leaf hunt, and sandwich them between two layers of clear contact paper. Frame (if desired) with a paper plate rim or construction paper, and hang in the window. Source
Sticky Apple Tree. Cut out a tree shape from brown paper for the trunk and green contact paper for the leaves. But face the sticky side of the contact paper out from the wall. Cut out red apple shapes from paper (or use red pom-poms), and let your child stick them to the tree, take them off the tree, and stick on again. Inspiration
Apple prints. Put some paint on a tray. Cut an apple in half. Show your child how to make prints by dipping the apple in the paint, then pressing it on to a paper. Source
Pumpkin finger puppets. Make finger puppets to go with the five little pumpkins rhyme. You could make them with playdough or felt or mini post-it-notes stuck to your fingers.
Books to Read:
- Owl Babies by Martin Waddell. One of our favorites!! A sweet story about three baby owls who are worried when mama goes hunting. But of course mama comes back!
- Five Little Pumpkins (Harper Growing Tree) by Dan Yaccarino.
- Apples and Pumpkinsby Anne Rockwell. Simple book that features fall themes like apple picking, jack-o-lantern carving, and trick or treat.
- Apple Farmer Annieby Monica Wellington. For kids 4 and up. Talks about apple picking, counting, sorting, baking, and selling at a farmer's market.
- The Very Busy Spider by Eric Carle. Lots of farm animal noises & repetitive lines for kids to join in on.
- The Itsy Bitsy Spider by Iza Trapani. Builds on the classic and familiar song as the spider goes on further adventures around a house
Printable handout of these fall activities here.
More ideas (and source citations) for this topic at: http://www.pinterest.com/bcparented
More "Fun with Toddlers" collections of themed activities can be found by clicking on "Fun with Toddlers" in the sidebar on the right.
photo at top of page from: http://artfulparent.com/2011/09/fall-nature-suncatchers.html
For my full collection of theme-based "Fun with Toddlers", click on "Fun with Toddlers series" in the right hand side bar. Or if you would like them in printable handout form to share with students, click here.


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Anne G.
You could say I was destined to come to Saint Ben's from birth. My dad graduated from Saint John's in 1986, and my mom graduated from Saint Ben's in 1987, and I have had numerous aunts, uncles, and cousins, as well as my sister ('14) graduate from CSB and SJU. When I started looking at where I wanted to continue my education after high school, Saint Ben's was at the top of the list, and it ended up being the only place I toured. Although I did apply a few other places, Saint Ben's was the only place I seriously considered, and I have loved every minute of my time here. Even though there have been some difficult moments, the loving community of Bennies and Johnnies has provided me with all the love and support I could have ever needed. This place has helped me grow more than I could have possibly imagined, and graduation day is going to be incredibly bittersweet because it means leaving the place that I have come to call home.
The opportunities Saint Ben's has provided me have been so valuable. I am majoring in English with minors in Global Business Leadership and computer science. The liberal arts education has allowed me to pursue a variety of interests which will help me in my future goal of attending graduate school for library science. I am a member of the Blazer cross country and track and field teams, and I am currently serving as the cross country team representative on the Student-Athlete Advisory Committee. Being a student athlete has helped me with time management and pushing myself to be the best I can be. In the spring of 2015, I spent a semester studying abroad in Cork, Ireland, which was an unforgettable and irreplaceable experience. I learned so much about what is truly important in life and who I am and who I want to become as a person. I am now a study abroad ambassador along with being a student ambassador for CSB/SJU.
This past summer, I interned at the Hill Museum and Manuscript Library at Saint John's University. This internship was open exclusively to Bennies and was made possible by a generous donor. I was able to connect with a number of different organizations on campus through this job, and the experience I gained will be something I will continually use in the future. Currently, I work for the Literary Arts Institute as my work study job, which is helping to make Saint Ben's more affordable for me. I am also gaining skills that I will be able to utilize in any job I may hold in the future.
Thinking back on my time at Saint Ben's makes me wish that I could start over again as a first year so that I can experience it all again, but I know I will always have wonderful memories of my time spent here. The friends I have made and the growth I have experienced will be with me for the rest of my life, and I know that going to school at Saint Ben's was the best choice I have ever made. Once a Bennie, always a Bennie!
Anne G. '16 | Bloomington, Minn.


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