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Roofing Glossary
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Air Barrier: Materials used in building construction to limit or prevent the uncontrolled passage of air into and out of the structure.
Algae Discoloration: A type of roof discoloration caused by algae, also known as fungus growth.
Aluminum: A non-rusting malleable metal sometimes used for metal roofing and/or flashing.
American Method: The application of very large individual shingles with the long dimension parallel to the rake and applied with a 3/4-inch space between adjacent shingles.
Apron Flashing: A horizontal flashing installed where the top end of a roof slope meets a vertical projections, such as a c chimney or parapet wall. Usually metal.
Asphalt: A cementitious material (usually black or dark brown) in which the predominant constituents are bitumens found in a natural state or left as a residue after evaporating or otherwise processing crude oil or petroleum. Asphalt is usually refined to conform to the following roofing grade specifications:
Asphalt Shingle: A shingle manufactured by coating a reinforcing material like paper-felt or fiberglass mat with an asphalt based coating.
Asphalt Roofing Cement: Asphalt based cement used to bond roofing materials. Also called flashing cement or mastic, and should conform to ASTM D4586.
ASTM: American Society for Testing and Materials - a voluntary organization concerned with development of consensus standards, testing procedures and specifications.
Back Surfacing: Fine mineral material applied tot he back side of shingles to keep them from sticking.
Balanced System: A ventilation system where 50% of the required ventilating area is provided by vents located in the upper portion of the roof with the balance provided by under eave or soffit vents.
Barrel Vault: A building profile featuring a rounded profile to the roof on the short axis but with no angle change on a cut along the long axis.
Base Flashing: The portion of flashing attached to or resting upon the deck with the purpose of directing the flow of water onto the roof covering. Piles or strips of roof membrane material used to close off and/or seal a roof at the horizontal-to-vertical intersections, covers the edge of the field membrane and extends up the vertical surface.
Base Ply: The bottom or first ply in a built up or polymer-modified bitumen roof system when additional plies are to subsequently installed.
Base Sheet: An impregnated, saturated or coated felt placed as the first ply in some low-slope roof systems.
Batten: (1) Cap or cover; (2) in a metal roof, a metal closure set over, or covering the joint between adjacent metal panels. (3) In a steep sloped roof system a strip of wood or metal usually set in or over the structural deck that is used to elevate and/or attach a primary roof covering. (4) In a Single-ply membrane roof system, a narrow plastic or metal bar that is used to fasten or hold the roof membrane and/or base flashing in place.
Bitumen: (1) Class of amorphous black or dark-colored, (solid, semi-solid or viscous) cementitious substances, natural or manufactured and composed primarily of high-molecular-weight hydrocarbons, soluble in carbon disulfide. Found in asphalts, tars, pitches, and asphaltites; (2) a generic term used to denote any material composed principally of bitumen, typically asphalt or coal tar.
Blanket Insulation: Fiberglass or other compressible fibrous insulation.
Blisters: Bubbles that may appear on the surface of asphalt roofing after installation.
Blocking: (1) Section of wood built into a roof assembly and can be preservative-treated. Usually attached above the deck and below the membrane, or flashing. It is use to stiffen the deck around an opening and act as a stop for insulation, to support a curb or to serve as a nailer for attachment of the membrane and/or flashing; (2) Wood cross members installed between rafters or joists to provide support at cross-joints between deck panels.
Boot: (1) a covering made of flexible material that may be preformed to a particular shape, used to exclude dust, moisture, etc. from around a penetration; (2) A flexible material used to form a closure and sometimes installed at inside and outside corners.
Brands: Airborne burning embers released from a fire.
Bridging: A method of reroofing with metric-sized shingles.
Building Code: The minimum construction requirements established usually by national organizations and adopted in whole or in part by local governing authorities. Building codes control design, construction, quality of materials, use and occupancy, location and maintenance of buildings or structures within the area for which the code was adopted and assigned.
Built-up Roof (BUR): A continuous semi-flexible roof membrane consisting of multiple plies of saturated felts, coated felts, fabric or mats assembled in place with alternate layers of bitumen and surfaced with mineral aggregate, bituminous materials, a liquid-applied coating or a granule-surfaced cap sheet. A flat or low-slope roof consisting of multiple layers of asphalt and ply sheets.
Bundle: A package of shingles. There are 3, 4, or 5 bundles per square.
Butt Edge: The lower edge of the shingle tabs.
Cap Flashing: The portion of the flashing that is attached to a vertical surface to prevent water from migrating behind the base flashing.
Capping: A cover used at the top of a gap for weatherproofing.
Cap Sheet: A sheet, usually granule-surfaced, used as the top ply of some built-up or polymer-modified bitumen roof membranes and/or flashings.
Caulk, caulking: (1) The physical process of sealing a joint, or juncture with mastic or asphalt cement to help weatherproof and prevent leaks.
Chalk line: A line made on the roof by snapping a taut string or cord dusted with chalk. Used for alignment purposes.
Channel Flashing: In steep-sloped roof construction, a type of flashing used at roof-to-tall junctures and other roof-to-vertical plane intersections where an internal gutter is needed to handle runoff. Commonly used with profile tile.
Class "A": The highest fire-resistance rating for roofing as per ASTM E108. Indicates roofing is able to withstand severe exposure to fire originating from sources outside the building.
Class "B": Fire-resistance rating that indicates roofing materials are able to withstand moderate exposure to fire originating outside the building.
Class "C": Fire-resistance rating that indicates roofing materials are able to withstand light exposure to fire originating outside the building.
Cleat: A continuous metal strip, or angled piece, used to secure metal components.
Clerestory: (1) An upward extension of enclosed space created by carrying a setback vertical wall up and through the roof slope; (2) Two intersecting shed roofs on different planes.
Clip: A non continuous metal component or angle piece used to secure a metal panel to a substrate of two or metal components together.
Closed Cut Valley: A method of valley treatment in which the shingles from one side of the valley extend across the valley, while shingles from the other side are trimmed two inches from the valley centerline. The valley flashing is not exposed.
Coating: A fluid material applied in the field as a film to the roof surface to provide weather protection to the original roof substrate.
Cold-Applied: Designed for or capable of being applied without heating as contrasted to hot-applied. Cold-applied materials are furnished in liquid state, whereas hot-applied materials are furnished as solids that must be heated to liquefy before application.
Collar: Pre-formed flange placed over a vent pipe to seal the roof around the vent pipe opening. Also called a vent sleeve.
Concealed Nail Method: Application of roll roofing in which all nails are driven into the underlying course of roofing and covered by a cemented overlapping course. Nails are not exposed to the weather.
Condensation: The change of water from vapor to liquid when warm, moisture-laden air comes in contact with a cold surface.
Cool Roof: A roof system that uses products made of highly reflective and emissive materials for its top surface. Cool roof surfaces can remain at markedly lower temperatures when exposed to solar heat in service than surfaces of roofs constructed with traditional non-reflecting roofing products.
Coping: The covering piece on top of a wall exposed to the weather, usually made of metal, masonry or stone.
Cornice: The decorative horizontal molding or projected roof overhang.
Counter-Battens: Vertical wood or metal strips installed on steep-slope roofs over which horizontal battens are secured. The primary roof covering is attached or secured to these horizontal battens.
Counter -Flashing: That portion of the flashing attached to a vertical surface to help prevent water from migrating behind the base flashing.
Course: A row of shingles or roll roofing running the length of the roof.
Coverage: Amount of weather protection provided by the roofing material. Depends on number of layers of material between the exposed surface of the roofing and the deck (single coverage, double coverage, etc.).
Cover Board: An insulation board used over closed cell plastic foam insulation to prevent blistering when used in conjunction with hot bituminous membranes. Suitable cover-board insulations are glass-faced siliconized gypsum board, fiberglass board, perlite board, wood fiberboard or mineral fiberboard. Cover boards are also recommended between polyisocyanurate insulation and single-ply membranes to protect the polyisocynurate.
Cricket: A peaked saddle construction at the back of a chimney to help prevent accumulation of snow and ice to deflect water around the chimney.
Curb: A raised member used to support roof penetrations such as skylights, mechanical equipment, hatches, etc., above the level of the roof surface; a raised roof perimeter relatively low in height.
Cutout: The open portions of a strip shingle between the tabs.
Damper: An adjustable plate for controlling drafts.
Damp Proofing: Treatment of a surface or structure to resist the passage of water in the absence of hydrostatic pressure.
Deck: A structural component of the roof of a building. The deck must be capable of safely supporting the design dead and live loads, including the weight of the roof system, and the additional live loads required by the governing building codes and provide the substrate to which the roof or waterproofing system is applied. Decks are either noncombustible, (e.g., corrugated metal, concrete or gypsum) or combustible (e.g., wood plank or plywood).
Double Coverage: Application of asphalt roofing such that the lapped portion is at least two inches wider than the exposed portion, resulting in two layers of roofing material over the deck.
Downspout: A vertical pipe or conduit used to carry runoff water from a gutter away from the structure; also called a conductor or leader.
Drain: An outlet or other device used to collect and direct the flow of runoff water from a roof area.
Drip Edge: A non-corrosive, non-staining material used along the eaves and rakes to allow water run-off to drip clear of underling construction.
Drip Edge: A noncorrosive, non-staining material used along the eves and rakes to allow water runoff to drip clear of underlying construction.
Dutch-Lap Method: Application of very large individual shingles with the long dimension parallel to the eaves. Shingles are applied to overlap adjacent shingles in each course as well as the course below.
Eave: The part of the roof that meets or overhangs the walls of the building. The lowest edge that extends beyond the exterior wall.
Eaves Flashing: Additional layer of roofing material applied at the eaves to help prevent damage from water back up.
Edging Strips: Boards nailed along eaves and rakes after cutting back existing wood shingles to provide secure edges for reroofing with asphalt shingles.
Edge Venting: The practice of providing regularly spaced or continuously protected (louvered or otherwise shielded) openings along a roof edge or perimeter, used as part of a ventilation system to dissipate heat and moisture vapor.
Ell: An extension of a building at right angles to its length.
EPDM: Ethylene propylene diene M-class rubber, also called ethylene propylene diene terpolymer. A terypolymer of ethylene, propylene and diene with the residual unsaturated portion of the diene in the side chain to provide for vulcanization. It is a thermosetting synthetic elastomer. EPDM is the acronym for 'ethylene propylene diene M-class rubber', which is a name assigned to this material within the classification established in ASTM D1418.
Expansion Joint: A structural separation between two building elements that allows free movement between the elements without damage to the roof or waterproofing system.
Exposed Nail Method: Application of roll roofing in which all nails are driven into the cemented, overlapping course of roofing. Nails are exposed to the weather.
Exposure I Grade Plywood: Type of plywood approved by the American Plywood Association for exterior use.
Fascia: A flat board that runs along the eaves of a roof, typically capping the ends of the roof rafters to give the roof edge a more finished look and to provide a base for attaching gutters.
Fastener: Any of a wide variety of mechanical securement devices and assemblies, including nails, staples, screws, cleats, clips and bolts, that may be used to secure various components of a roof assembly.
Feathering Strips: Tapered wood filler strips placed along the butts of old wood shingles to create a level surface when reroofing over existing wood shingle roofs. Also called horsefeathers.
Felt: A fibrous material, saturated with asphalt and used as an underlayment or sheathing paper.
Fiberglass Mat: Blanket or rigid board insulation composed of glass fibers bound together, faced or unfaced, used to insulate roofs and walls.
Fire-retardant-treated (FRT) Plywood: Plywood that has been impregnated under pressure with mineral salts; in the event of fire, the burning wood and salts emit noncombustible gases and water vapor instead of the usual flammable vapors.
Flashing: Pieces of metal or roll roofing used to prevent seepage of water into a building around any intersection of projection in a roof such as vent pipes, chimneys, adjoining walls, dormers and valleys. Galvanized metal flashing should be minimum 26-gauge.
Free-tab Shingles: Shingles that do not contain factory applied strips or spots of self-sealing adhesive.
Gable: The upper portion of a sidewall that comes to a triangular point at the ridge of a sloping roof.
Gable Roof:: A type of roof containing a sloping plane on each side of a single ridge with a gable at each end.
Gambrel: A type of roof containing two sloping planes of different pitch on each side of the ridge. The lower plane has a steeper slope than the upper. Features a gable at each end.
Gauge: A metal thickness measurement; a smaller number indicates a thicker metal.
Glass Felt: Glass fibers bonded into a sheet with resin and suitable with resin and suitable for impregnation with asphalt in the manufacture of bituminous waterproofing, roof membranes and shingles.
Granules: Ceramic coated, colored crushed rock that is applied to the exposed surface of asphalt roofing products.
Gravel Stop: A flanged device, frequently metallic, designed to prevent loose aggregate from washing off the roof and to provide a continuous finished edge for the roofing.
Gutter: The trough that channels water from the eaves to the downspouts.
Gypsum Board Panels: Cementitious board stock with noncombustible core primarily comprised of gypsum that is commonly used as a barrier board, thermal barrier or cover board in a roof assembly.
Hand Tabbing: A method of spot-applying asphalt-based adhesive to shingles for securement and wind resistance, also called 'hand-sealing'.
Head Lap: Shortest distance from the butt edge of an overlapping shingle to the upper edge of a shingle in the second course below. The coverage portion of the top lap of strips shingles.
HEX Shingles : The inclined external angle formed by the intersection of two sloping roof planes. Runs from the ridge to the eaves.
Hip Roof: A type of roof containing sloping planes of the same pitch on each of four sides. Contains no gables.
Hip Shingles: Shingles used to cover the inclined external angle formed by the intersection of two sloping roof planes.
Ice Dam: Condition formed at the lower roof edge by the thawing and refreezing of melted show on the overhang. Can force water up and under shingles, damaging walls and causing leaks.
Insulation: Any of a variety of materials designed to reduce the flow of heat from or into a building.
Interlayment: A felt, metal or membrane sheet material used between courses of steep sloping roofing to improve the weather and water-shedding characteristics of the primary roof covering during times of wind-driven precipitation; typically used with wood shakes.
Interlocking Shingles: Individual shingles that mechanically fasten to each other to provide wind resistance.
Joist: Any of the small timbers, metal or wood beams arranged parallel to one another and spanning from wall to wall to support a floor, ceiling or roof of a building.
Kick-Out Flashing (diverter): A metal flashing detail installed at the eave end of a roof-to-wall transition designed to direct runoff away from the wall or wall cladding.
Laminated Shingles: Strip shingles containing more than one layer of tabs to create extra thickness. Also called architectural or dimensional shingles.
Lap: To cover the surface of one shingle or roll with another.
Lap Cement: An asphalt based cement used to adhere overlapping plies of roll roofing.
Lead: A soft, malleable, naturally weathering heavy metal; has low meeting point and a high coefficient of thermal expansion.
Low Slope Application: Method of installing asphalt shingles on roof slopes between two and four inches per foot.
Low-Slope Roof: A category of roofs that generally includes weatherproof membrane types of roof systems installed on slopes at/or less than 3:12.
Louver: A slanted opening for ventilation.
Mansard Roof: A roof built at two pitches, the steeper pitch commencing at the eaves and the flatter pitch finishing at the ridge.
Masonry: Construction, usually set in mortar, of natural building stone or manufactured units, such as brick, concrete block, adobe, glass block, tile, manufactured stone of gypsum block.
Masonry Primer: An asphalt-based primer used to prepare masonry surfaces for bonding with other asphalt products.
Membrane: A flexible or semi-flexible roof covering or waterproofing whose primary function is to exclude water.
Metal Flashing: See flashing; frequently used as through-wall, step-, cap- or counter flashing.
Metal Roof Panel: A sheet metal product having an installed weather exposure less than 3 square feet per sheet.
Mildew: A superficial growth produced on organic matter or living plants by fungi.
Mineral Stabilizers: Finely ground limestone, slate, traprock, or other inert materials added to asphalt coatings for durability and increased resistance to fire and weather elements.
Mineral Surfaced Roofing: Asphalt shingles and roll roofing that are covered with granules.
Mold: A surface growth of fungus on damp or decaying matter. The term has no taxonomic significance and is used only in a general sense of visible fungal growth on organic matter.
Nailer: Sometimes referred to as blocking; a piece of pieces of dimensional lumber and/or plywood secured to a structure deck or walls that provides a receiving medium for the fasteners used to attach membrane or flashing.
Natural Ventilation: A ventilation system utilizing ventilators installed in openings in the attic and properly positioned to take advantage of natural air flow to draw hot summer or moist winter air out and replace it with fresh outside air.
Nesting: A method of reroofing with new asphalt shingles over old shingles in which the top edge of the new shingle is butted against the bottom edge of the existing shingle tab.
Net Free Vent Area (NFVA): Area unobstructed by screens, louvers or other materials.
No-Cutout Shingles: Shingles consisting of a single, solid tab with no cutouts.
Non-Veneer Panel: Any wood based panel that does not contain veneer and carries and APA span rating, such as wafer board or oriented strand board.
Normal-Slope Application: Method of installing asphalt shingles on roof slopes between 4 inches and 21 inches per foot.
Open Valley: A pipe fitting that directs a downpipe from the gutter, under the eaves soffit and down a wall or the distance from the outlet back to the wall of the structure.
Organic Felt: An asphalt roofing base material manufactured from cellulose fibers.
Oriented Strand Board: A mat-formed panel product with oriented layers resulting in directional properties. OSB is comprised primarily of wood strands bonded with exterior adhesive formulations under heat and pressure. Design capacities are referenced to the primary and secondary structural axes, which typically correspond to the manufacturing machine and cross-machine directions, respectively. The primary direction is often referred to as the strength direction.
Overflow Drainage:: Component(s) in a roof or waterproofing system used to protect it against damage from a water load imposed by blocked or partially blocked primary drainage systems; e.g., overflow scupper, overflow interior drain.
Pallets: Wooden platforms used for storing and shipping bundles of shingles.
Parapet: A wall on the perimeter of a building that projects above the line of eaves.
Penetration: A projection through the roof, like a vent pipe, roof light or chimney.
Pitch: The angle at which a horizontal section of gutter is tilted in order to force water to flow toward a downspout. Also referred to as the 'gutter slope'.
Ply: The number of layers of roofing (e.g., one-ply, two-ply)
Plywood: A flat panel build up of sheets of wood called veneers, united under pressure by a bonding agent to create a panel with an adhesive bond between plies as strong or stronger than the wood.
Polyisocyanurate Foam: A cellular, unfaced, preformed rigid thermal insulation produced by the polymerization of polyisocyanates in the presence of polyhydroxyl compounds, catalysts, cell stabilizers, and blowing agents; classified in accordance with ASTM C591.
Polyisocyanurate Foam Board: A thermal insulation composed of polyisocyanurate foam with adhered facers; commonly called iso or isoboard; classified in accordance with ASTM C1289.
Polymer-modified Bitumen: A bitumen modified by including one or more polymers; composite sheets consisting of a polymer-modified bitumen, often reinforced with various types of mats or films and sometimes surfaced with films, foils or mineral granules.
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC): a synthetic thermoplastic polymer prepared from vinyl chloride. PVC can be compounded into flexible and rigid forms through the use of plasticizers , stabilizers, fillers and other modifiers. Rigid forms are used in pipes; flexible forms are used in the manufacture of sheeting and roof membrane materials.
Ponding: The excessive accumulation of water at low-lying areas on a roof that remains after 48 hours after precipitation under conditions conducive to drying.
Positive Drainage: The drainage condition in which consideration has been made during design for all loading deflections of the deck and additional roof slope has been provided to ensure drainage of the roof area within 48 hours of precipitation.
Primary Drainage: Drainage devices such as drains or scuppers, that provide for the direct removal of water from a waterproofing system.
Quick-Setting cement: An asphalt based cement used to adhere tabs or strip shingles to the course below. Also used to adhere roll roofing laps applied by the concealed nail method.
Racking: A method of asphalt shingle application also referred to as the 'straight-up method', whereby shingle courses are applied vertically up the roof rather than laterally or across and up; requires placing a part of a shingle under product already in place every other course, which may result in a less-than-recommended number of nails being used for fastening.
Rafter: The supporting frame member immediately beneath the deck, sloping from the ridge to the wall plate.
Raggle: A groove or slot often cut in a masonry wall or other vertical surface adjoining a roof for inserting an inset flashing compound such as a reglet.
Rake: The inclined edge of a sloped roof over a wall from the eave to the ridge.
Random-tab Shingle: Shingles on which tabs vary in size and exposure.
Receiver: A component in a two piece counter flashing that may be surface mounted to a wall, inset into a raggle or embedded behind cladding. It is used for ease of installation and future maintenance and repair or replacement.
Re-Cover: The process of installing an additional roof covering over a prepared existing roof covering without removing the existing roof covering.
Reglet: A sheet-metal receiver for the attachment of counter flashing. A reglet may be surface mounted, inset into a raggle or embedded behind cladding.
Release Tape: A plastic or paper strip that is applied to the back of self-sealing shingles. This strip prevents the shingles from sticking together in the bundles and need not be removed for application.
Replacement: The process of removing the existing roof covering, repairing any damaged substrate and installing a new roof covering; also refereed to as 'tear-off and replacement'.
Reroofing: The process of recovering or replacing an existing roof cover. See replacement.
Ridge: The uppermost, horizontal external angle formed by the intersection of two sloping roof planes.
Ridge Board: A horizontal board in wood frame construction at the upper end of the common rafters to which the rafters are nailed.
Ridge Capping: A formed metal designed to weatherproof the junction at the apex of opposing roof slopes.
Ridge Course: The last or top course of roofing materials, such as tile, roll roofing, shingles, that cover the ridge and overlaps the intersecting field roofing.
Ridge Shingles: Shingles used to cover the horizontal external angle formed by the intersection of two sloping roof planes.
Riser: The vertical distance from the eaves line to the ridge.
Ridge Vent: A ventilator located at the ridge that allows the escape of warm and/or moist air from the attic area or rafter cavity.
Roll Roofing: Coated felts, either smooth or mineral surfaced that are manufactured in a roll form.
Roof Assembly: An assembly of interacting roof components including the roof deck, vapor retarder -if present, insulation and membrane or primary roof covering designed to weatherproof.
Roof Cement: A compound used to seal flashings, seal down shingles, and for other small waterproofing jobs.
Roof Curb: Raised frame used to mount mechanical units such as air conditioning units, exhaust fans, skylights, etc., on a roof.
Roof Mount: A method of installing the gutter attachment directly to the roof, i.e., a rod with a hidden bracket or a roof bar with a fascia bracket.
Roof Slope: The angle a roof surface makes with the horizontal, expressed as a ratio of the units of vertical rise to the units of horizontal length (sometimes referred to as runs).
Roof System: A system of interacting roof components. See Roof Assembly.
Roofing Tape: An asphalt saturated tape used with asphalt cements for flashing and patching asphalt roofing.
Run: A length of horizontal section of gutter.
Saddle: A small tapered/sloped roof area structure that helps to channel surface water to drains; frequently located in a valley. A saddle is often constructed like a small hip roof or pyramid with a diamond-shaped base.
Saddle Strap, Straps: Flat hangers that are nailed into the house to hold the downspouts in place.
Scupper: A drainage device in the form of an outlet through a wall, parapet wall or raised roof edge typically lined with a sheet-metal sleeve.
Seam: A joint formed by mating two separate sections of material. Seams can be made or sealed in a variety of ways, including adhesive bonding, hot-air welding, solvent welding, using adhesive tape and sealant.
Self-adhering Membrane: A membrane that can adhere to a substrate and to itself at overlaps without the use of an additional adhesive. The undersurface of a self-adhering membrane is protected by a release paper or film, which prevents the membrane from bonding to itself during shipping and handling.
Service Life: The period of time a building component or system will function successfully without replacement or excessive repair assuming reasonable or expected periodic maintenance is performed.
Shed Roof: A roof containing only one sloping plane. Has no hips, ridges, valleys or gables.
Shingle: A small unit of prepared roofing designed for installation with similar units in overlapping rows or courses on inclines normally exceeding 3:12 slope.
Single Ply Roofing: A roof system in which the principal roof covering is a single layer flexible thermoset or thermoplastic membrane.
Smooth Surfaced Roofing: Roll roofing that is covered with ground talc or mica instead of granules.
Snow Guard: A series of devices attached to a roof in a pattern that attempts to hold snow in place, thus preventing sudden snow or ice slides from the roof.
Soffit: The exposed undersurface of any exterior overhanging section of a roof eave.
Soffit Vent: A manufactured or custom built air inlet source located at the downslope eave or in the soffit of a roof assembly.
Soil Stack: A sanitation pipe that penetrates the roof; used to vent plumbing fixtures.
Specialty eaves Flashing Membrane: A self adhering water proofing shingle underlayment designed to protect against water infiltration due to ice dams or wind-driven rain.
Square: A unit used in measuring roof area equivalent to 100 square feet
Standing Seam: A type of seam between adjacent sheets of materials made by turning up the edges of two adjacent metal panels and then folding or interlocking them in a variety of ways.
Starter Course: The first layer of roofing, applied along a line adjacent to the downslope perimeter of the roof area; with steep slope water-shedding roof coverings, the starter course is covered by the first course.
Starter Sheet: Felt, ply sheet or membrane strip that is made or cut to a width narrower than the standard width of the roll material and used to start the shingling pattern at a roof edge.
Starter Strip: Roll roofing or shingle strips applied along the downslope eave line before the first course of roof covering and intended to fill spaces between cutouts and joints of the first course.
Steep-Slope Roofs: A category of roofing that generally includes water-shedding types of roof coverings installed on slopes exceeding 3:12.
Step Flashing: Individual pieces of sheet-metal material used to flash walls, around chimneys, dormers and such projections along the slope of a roof. Individual pieces are overlapped and stepped up the vertical surface.
Strip Shingles: Asphalt shingles that are manufactured in strips approximately three times as long as they are wide with or without cutouts.
Structural Panel: A metal roof panel designed to be applied over open framing rather than a continuous or closely spaced roof deck.
Substrate: The surface upon which a roofing or waterproofing membrane is applied.
Surfacing: The top layer or layers of a roof covering specified or designed to protect the underlying roofing from direct exposure to the weather.
Tab: The exposed portion of strip shingles defined by cutouts.
Telegraphing: A shingle distortion that may arise when a new roof is applied over an uneven surface.
Thermal Stress: The stress due to expansion and contraction that occurs due to changes in temperature.
Three-Tab Shingles: A single layer shingle having three tabs.
Thermal Resistance (R): The quantity determined by the temperature difference at steady state between two defined surfaces of a material or construction that induces a unit heat flow rate through a unit area. A thermal resistance (R) value applies to a specific thickness of a material or construction. Can be added, subtracted, multiplied and divided by mathematically appropriate methods.
Thermoplastic Olefin Membrane (TPO): A blend of polyproplene and ethylene-propylene polymers, colorant, flame retardants, ultraviolet radiation absorbers and other proprietary substances that may be blended with the TPO to achieve the desired physical properties. The membrane may or may not be reinforced.
Top Lap: That portion of the roofing covered by the succeeding course after installation.
UL: Underwriters Laboratories, LLC.
UL Label: Label displayed on packaging to indicate the listing for fire and/or wind resistance of asphalt roofing.
Undereave: Underside area of the overhang at the eave of the roof.
Underlayment: A layer of asphalt-saturated felt (sometimes referred to as tar paper) which is laid down on a bare deck before shingles are installed to provide additional protection for the deck.
Valley: The internal angle formed by the intersection of two sloping roof planes to provide water runoff.
Valley Boards: A gutter at the bottom intersection of two sloping roofs, also called valley flashing.
Valley Gutter: Timber or profiled metal laid under a valley gutter to support it.
Vapor Retarder: Any material used to prevent the passage of water vapor. Material which, when installed on the high-vapor-pressure (warm in the winter) side of a material, retards the passage of moisture vapor to the lower-pressure (cold in winter) side.
Vent: Any outlet for air that protrudes through the roof deck, such as a pipe or stack. Any device installed on the roof, gable or soffit for the purpose of ventilating the underside of the roof deck.
Ventilators: Devices that eject stale air and circulate fresh air (e.g., ridge, roof, gable, undereave, foundation or rafter vents and vented soffit panels.
Water-Shedding: The ability of individual, overlapping components to resist the passage of water without hydrostatic pressure.
Water-Shedding Roof System: A roof system that depends on gravity for quick drainage via water shedding to prevent water entry into or through the system.
Water and Ice dam Protection Membrane: A continuous membrane installed under steep-slope roofing materials in areas subject to ice damming or wind-driven rain that prohibits water that gets through roof covering from getting into the structure; ice-and water protection membranes classified by ASTM D1970 must also seal around fasteners.
Waterproofing: Treatment of a surface or structure to prevent the passage of water under hydrostatic pressure.
Wedge: Wedges are used behind fascia brackets to accommodate for an angled fascia or rafter tail. Wedges range from 7.5 degrees to 45 degrees.
Woven Valley: A method of valley construction in which shingles or roofing from both sides of the valley extend across the valley and are woven together by overlapping alternate courses as they are applied.
Zincalume: Steel sheeting that is protected against corrosion by an aluminum-zinc coating.
There is no doubt that a solid roofing system is necessary to the health of your home. While you can repair a roof, you can only do so for so long before it will need to be replaced, and the longer you wait, the more expense you can run into as the damage grows regardless of repairs.
Your roof can increase the value of your home, save you time and money, and protect you during inclimate weather.
Choosing Iossi for your roofing needs is a wise decision because roofing is a science, not an art and having a contractor who knows the area, the industry and the best practices will prevent you from having to redo your roof sooner than necessary.
When installing a new roof, there are factors to be aware of such as ventilation. Without proper ventilation your attic area will trap warm, moist air causing a host of problems like wood rot or fungus. Knowing how much ventilation is exactly enough, because too much ventilation can be as detrimental as to little, will make your home more energy efficient.
Selecting the right kind of shingles for your home, including its style and the environment will help assure you that you are protected during storms and in the heat of summer. With so many years of experience, Iossi is able to assess your homes current roof, and explain what would work best for you.
If your roof is not installed properly, you may find that you have wasted a lot of money as well as time. You want the right products, installed professionally to avoid running into problems a few years down the road.
Some signs that it is time to have your roof professionally done include:
A good roofing system can save you a lot of expense in the long run, and should last a long time.
If you are unsure of whether your roof needs to be updated, contact Iossi for a free quote.
Iossi is always glad to inspect your current roofing system and make recommendations based on their knowledge of the area and their experience with products that have worked well.
Roofs need to be maintained and inspected periodically. Foot traffic should be limited, since it can damage the surface and cause premature failure. Particularly harsh storms can create problems, however you should not climb onto your roof to inspect it, but should have a professional who can do the inspection without adding to or missing any possible damage.
Inspect your roof twice a year, keep your drains clear and debris off the roof. Address any issues like small punctures and sealant failures right away to avoid having them develop into larger problems.
If you are have questions or reasons to consider a new roof, including noticing that many of your neighbors are suddenly reroofing, since most homes in an area will have been built around the same time, then contact Iossi.
We put our customers first.
We earn our customers trust, it is part of what has kept us a successful business for so many years. We know the area and we offer products and services that have proven to provide excellent results.
4374 State Street
Bettendorf, Iowa 52722
Monday-Friday: 8-4
Other times available by appointment


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Gary Pinkel appeals two pivotal plays against Missouri
Missouri is 0-for-2 in its last two football games. Coach Gary Pinkel is apparently 2-for-2 in his last two appeals to the SEC.
Pinkel told reporters on Monday that he appealed two close calls to the SEC that went against Missouri in a 9-6 loss to UGA on Saturday. He said the conference office told him that both calls were incorrect.
Pinkel says they appealed the non call on Hilton's punt interference and the call against Penton on PI. SEC said both calls were incorrect.
— Gabe DeArmond (@GabeDeArmond) October 19, 2015
The first occurred when Tigers' return man Cam Hilton fumbled a punt return at the Missouri 43 during the third quarter. The fumble was forced by UGA's Malcolm Mitchell. Pinkel believed the play should have been ruled a punt catch interference penalty.
The second play occurred in the fourth quarter when Missouri cornerback Aarion Penton was called for pass interference. The penalty was called just four plays before UGA's game-winning field goal. That gave the Bulldogs 15 yards and a field goal try from the Tigers' 24-yard line, which proved to be the winning score.
Although it doesn't do much for Missouri's loss record, the SEC reportedly agreed with Pinkel's assessment of both calls.
More reads:

subset: commoncrawl


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Assignment 2
The Advantages and Disadvantages of Studying English Online
by Amalia Normaningtyas
College of Language and Communication Science of Sultan Agung Islamic University (UNISSULA)
In this era, education is a great role in the life of people. Then, also studying English can be done at anytime and anywhere. As well by the way, we can search for anything related to studying English simply by going online. In addition to learn through the book as a guide, we also made easier with their studying through online even greater level of accuracy that is manually or through books. But, did not rule out the possibility that studying English through online can also be as long as there is a proper source. There are three advantages and disadvantages of studying English in a way of online.
First, to create a comfortable atmosphere for the students, not the intention for facilitate or make them reluctant to study thorugh the manual, but to make them comfortable and feel happy. As we know that it is not easy to study English, because it is made easy with the students when studying English through online. The students also have the chance to study in their own time and especially for free. This is considered a great way to study a variety of fields and to increase the level of self-motivation. So, if studying English through online will make the student more productive in studying English.
Second, through online learning does not see nationality and place of residence in order to get a diploma from a university anywhere in the world. The students and lecturer can communicate from a distance, of course at a time that is convenient for them. That would not be there who feel aggrieved with their English language studying through the online. So, education and equal opportunities for education irrespective of the place of life, health, and financial status.
Third, if the students need to research to improve their documents from the internet or libraries. In fact, most of the documents are written in English. Finally, learning English is really important to us in the modern world. These days if we don't know English, we won't have a job. So, they can easily complete their research that may be quite difficult, then studying English with online can be useful to them.
However, studying English online not only has the advantage but of course there must also disadvantages. People often assume that studying English online that makes them get the job done quickly and easily, but the addition to the reason of online studying has some disadvantages too should not be done.
First, only in a small group a person can develop properly. At school, students learn how to make friends, be patient, get rid of disappointment, and especially to compete. Competition between colleagues can be very stimulating and students will only benefit from it. So, studying English online can not offer human interaction.
Second, another disadvantage refers to the fact that online courses can not cope with thousands of students that try to join discussions. Also, online studying can be difficult, if it is meant for disciplines that involve practice. So, studying English online less than optimal when focused on the context of the discipline.
The last, one of the disadvantages with online courses is they are often more expensive than regular classes. Is it worth the cost to take the class? This is an individual question that often depends on the students taking the class. Because basically why studying English online is more expensive than courses with regular classes because if online studying more in need of Internet credit for doing so. So, if compared to studying through online courses with faster and tastier online because they do not need to require more energy for studying, just by any computer or gadget.
It can be concluded that online studying that there are advantages and disadvantages. The advantages of learning English online is to create a sense of comfort to the students and if you are comfortable will definitely want to study English productively. In addition, studying English through online can facilitate student and his professor, because they could do the studying anytime despite the distance between them so far. And also, if the students will do research and they need documents that exist only on the internet then it can help resolve the student's work. After that, in the English language studying online course also have shortcomings. First, online studying cannot offer human interaction. Secondly, in terms of discipline certainly less than optimal online studying compared to manual or looks like course. Last, online studying is more expensive than learning that looks like a course.


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Henry Clutterbuck, English physician
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"A wonderfully welcoming, family-run hotel with Eastern-chic décor, in the heart of Chania's atmospheric Turkish quarter"
With its sleek floors, black leather sofas and Madame Recamier loungers, the lobby is in striking contrast to the tangled alleys outside. A spiral staircase winds from here like a silver thread up to 8 rooms equipped with Balinese four-posters and luxurious drapes. Cross into the shady interior courtyard, with its mosaic tiles and deep stone well, and you're plunged back to Ottoman times. Or head up to the sunset-facing terrace and collapse in the giant hammock with a drink and a view of the city's rooftops - magically romantic at night.
- Relaxing with a book in the courtyard listening to Mass from the church next door - and doves cooing in the trees overhead
- Breakfast is exceptional, we loved the creamy Greek yoghurt drizzled with local honey and home-baked traditional Cretan pastries
- Exploring Chania's cobbled streets and covered market, all within walking distance of the hotel
- Brothers Yiannis and Nikos are incredibly welcoming and go out of their way to help
- Bathrooms are a little cramped and we've had reports that some look a little dated
- Noise from the street can filter through the shutters (especially in summer) - light sleepers should request courtyard-facing rooms
- It can be difficult to park; Yiannis promises - cross-his-heart-hope-to-die - that he'll find you space near the hotel
- The hotel often gets book up a long way in advance
Best time to go
Our top tips
- Boutique Hotel
- 8
- Breakfast only (walk to restaurants)
- Over 3s only
- Open all year
- Pool
- Spa Treatments
- WiFi
- Pet Friendly
- Disabled Access
- Beach Nearby
- Off-street Parking
- Restaurants Nearby
- Air Conditioning
- Guest Lounge
- Terrace
- Garden
- Gym
From the cool, dark lobby, a spiral staircase loops up to 8 capacious rooms - 4 with double beds and 4 with a double and a single - set square above each other over 2 floors. Basted in tones of beige and chocolate and bathed in a gentle refracted light cast by individually designed mosaic glass lampshades, these high ceilinged quarters are decked with heavy window drapes and flower-sprigged cushions. Balinese-style four-posters or black leather double beds float in a sea of lacy voile at the centre of each of these cocoons.
Bathrooms are cramped but functional enough, with plenty of hot water (but no overhead shower head attachment), so if you like to wallow as you wash, choose # 13, which has a small bath. If you hanker after peace, make sure you pick #13 or #14 giving onto the interior courtyard - these are also the best rooms if you like to pad straight from your room to breakfast without having to pass reception. Parents with older kids will want to book #22 and #24, which have ladders leading to single bed mezzanine sleeperies tucked high up beneath the honey-toned wooden rafters.
Features include:
- Air conditioning
- Central heating
- Internet access
- Minibar/fridge
- Phone
- Radio
- Safe box
- Satellite TV
- Toiletries
- WiFi
Splanzia is owned by a local family, so the copious breakfast, served by son Nikos, is spiced up with mum's home-baked melomakarona (spiced honey biscuits) and kalitsounia (crispy filo pastry pies oozing with mithizra goats cheese). You can eat in the lobby when the weather's bad, but the peaceful shaded courtyard is the best place in sunny weather. Bring a book and you can linger all morning, listening to mass chanted in the church next door and sipping excellent coffee.
There's no restaurant in the hotel, but a plethora of eateries nearby means that you will be spoilt for dining choices. If you're seeking something typical, duck out of the rear of the hotel and, in a cobbled square clustered around the minaret, half a dozen ouzeries serve a succulent selection of mezedes (tapas-style nibbles) with drinks.
For more ample nourishment check out The Well of the Turk, a historic building converted to an atmospheric restaurant, serving confit of lamb, cheescake with rosewater and other interesting takes on Mediterranean and Middle Eastern specialties. Down near the harbour, you'll find plenty of buzzing tavernas.
Features include:
- Bar
- Breakfast
- Minibar/fridge
- Restaurants nearby
- Explore the bustling town of Chania on your doorstep: its picturesque fishing harbour, its arsenali now converted into a gallery space, its lovely little archaeological museum with finds from Minoan, Roman & Hellenistic times, and its maritime museum where model ships sit side by side with a medley of objects dredged up from the sea
- Visit the Byzantine monasteries of Ayia Triada (beautiful Italianate architecture) and Gouvernetou (nearby hermit's chapel), both of them about 30 minutes' drive away; from Gouvernetou, a path leads down to the rocky shore - a perfect spot for secluded bathing
- Take a day trip to Knossos (about 2 hours drive each way), seat of the Minoan palace culture and legendary home of the labyrinth and Minotaur; stop off for a bite in one of Heraklion's excellent restaurants, and a tour of its imposing Venetian sea walls
- Trek through the world-famous Samaria gorge (along with the crowds; open May-Oct) or the Ayia Irini gorge (fewer crowds; open all year); both are a full day's hike, catching a boat and/or a bus back
- Sunbathe and swim from the sandy beach west of town; or, for truly idyllic beaches, drive 2 hours southwest to Elafonisi (try and get there before the afternoon crowds), or 1 hour west to Falassarna and Balos (the latter requires a short hike, or a boat from Kastelli)
- Crete is an incredibly diverse island, with lots to see and do. For more of our favourites, check out our destination guide
Activities on site or nearby include:
- Historical sites
- Museums / galleries
- Nightlife
- Scuba diving
- Shopping / markets
- Swimming
- Traditional cultures
Four of the rooms have a double and a single bed, and are fine for small families. Two of these have their single bed on a mezzanine level, so are great for those with older children. Cramped bathrooms and lack of space could be a problem for parents with younger children. Children are free if sharing their parents' bed.
Best for:
Children (4-12 years)
For more family-friendly places, see our Kids Collection


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Liam Payne Reveals the Reasons Why Zayn Malik Quit One Direction
Since Zayn Malik left One Direction a few months ago, fans have wanted answers about the reasoning behind his decision – and now former band mate Liam Payne is speaking out.
"I mean you know, he had to do what he had to do really, for himself," Liam said on Wednesday (May 20) on Capital FM radio. "It's like any other job really; sometimes you have to move on because you're not enjoying what you're doing as much." He also added "of course," when asked if he missed his friend.
"He wanted to go and spend some time with his family and missus," Liam added. "We're just going to carry on doing what we're doing… We wish him [Zayn] all the best with whatever he goes into and stuff. We'll just have to see what happens."


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GBA Video Shrek Gameboy Advanced
Out of Stock
List Price: $29.99
Estimated Price: $11.00
30 Day Money Back Guarantee
Other Customers Bought These InStock Items
Tony Hawk 2
Golden Sun
Namco Museum
Pac-Man Collection
GBA Video Shrek Description
This GBA Video release makes Dreamworks' blockbuster animated motion picture available to watch on your portable game machine.
GBA Video Shrek Product Details
Rating: Everyone
Publisher: Majesco
Region: US and North America (NTSC)
Frequently Asked Questions
What payment types does JJGames.com accept?
JJGames.com accepts payments via credit card, Bitcoin and PayPal.
How much does shipping cost?
USA: Shipping is free for all shipments within the USA if you choose economy shipping.
The cost for faster delivery methods is based upon the weight of the items in your order.
Canada: Shipping is $2.25 if the order is less than 2 pounds (1 kg). Orders over 2 pounds are billed based upon the weight of the items in the order.
International: Shipping is a flat $3 if the order weights less than 2 pounds (1 kg). The cost of shipping orders over 2 pounds is based upon the weight of the items in your order.
All customs and taxes are the responsibility of the buyer. They are not included in the cost of shipping on our site.
What is the free shipping policy?
Shipping is free for all shipments within the USA if you choose economy shipping.
Can I Return My Order After Placing It?
We offer a 100% money back guarantee. You can return any item within 30 Days of purchase. Visit our Quality Guarantee page for more information.


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Tanzania, Africa (PRWEB) September 07, 2016
Lynn Gissing, founder of Light in Africa, a NGO (Non-Government Organization) children's home that provides fundamental care for vulnerable children in the Kilimanjaro and Manyara regions of Africa, will be embarking on an epic journey across central Tanzania, the largest country in East Africa, traveling 3400 klm, starting on September 23, 2016. Gissing, also known as Mama Lynn will retrace the steps of the Welshman Henry Morton Stanley, who traveled this dangerous ivory and slave route in search of the British Explorer Dr. David Livingstone. Dr. Livingstone set out in August of 1865 on a planned two-year expedition to find the source of the Nile River – he also wanted to help eradicate the slave trade, which was devastating Africa's people; however, six years later, Stanley lead an expedition into the African wilderness, finding Livingstone living among the villagers in Ujiji and uttered those famous words, "Dr. Livingstone, I presume?" Mama Lynn will retrace these steps to raise awareness and funding for Light in Africa Children's Homes.
After leaving Light in Africa Children's Homes - based at Tudor Village, Boma n'gombe, Kilimanjaro Region, Mama Lynn will travel three days to the starting point at Bagamoya. The travel route will take her to Bagamoyo to Morogoro, then onto Dodoma, Singida, Tabora, Kigoma, and finally the rough road to Ujijii on the shores of Lake Tanganyika. Visits to interesting places and museums of these explorations will be a part of the long journey. Ujiji is drenched in the history and sadness of slavery and has many interesting sites and artifacts which tell its poignant tale. The trip will take in some 3400 klm of Tanzanian countryside and on completion, highlight the needs of Light in Africa and encourage followers to support Mama Lynn in her work.
What makes this trip interesting is that Stanley's expedition took 8 months to complete on foot, Mama Lynn is hoping to be able to complete the same journey in 6 weeks, travelling by Tuk Tuk (Bajaji), a three wheeled motorized vehicle. Her trip will encompass long stretches of challenging dirt roads, road work diversions and areas where no gasoline/petrol is available.
Travelling in the TukTuk with Mama Lynn will be her constant companion 'Lassie' a mixed breed rescued dog. In the service vehicle will be staff members. Those who would like to sponsor her trip and travel with her are welcome. For those who are interested in the history of Africa and its impact on the world at large, this should be a trip of a lifetime. Details can be obtained from Mama Lynn via email at mamalynn228(at)gmail(dot)com
Estimated time of arrival in Ujiji is between October 17th- 23rd with arrival back at Light in Africa on November 3rd.
Mama Lynn will be keeping a journal/blog of her expedition; those who wish to follow Mama Lynn can do so at: http://www.lightinafrica.org and on You Tube https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCiYh9HIFSug_nErU5L-UMag and http://www.youtube.com/channel/UCf10RiaqA9sow7d8VGq6EgQ.
For more information and donation opportunities to Light in Africa, please visit http://www.lightinafrica.org
Tanzania is home to roughly 2.5 million orphaned children. Over the last sixteen years, Light in Africa Children's Home has provided basic fundamental care for some of the most vulnerable of children in the area. Welcoming the children into their homes. Children with severe disabilities, 53 children carrying the HIV/+ virus which relates to 'high' medical treatment cost's each month which is escalating, as well as physically and mentally abused children. Mama Lynn has written a book called A LIGHT IN AFRICA which is available off her website or through Amazon which details the success and challenges over the time she has spent in Africa.
For media inquiries and interviews, please contact Kelly Bennett of Bennett Unlimited PR (949) 463-6383 or kelly(at)bpunlimited(dot)com.
More information about Light in Africa visit http://www.lightinafrica.org. Follow Light in Africa on Facebook at: http://www.facebook.com/thelightinafrica, and http://www.facebook.com/mamalynngissing.


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As the saying goes,"Water is Life'; to be deprived of it can mean disrupting a lot of the day-to-day systems, be it business or at home. This only means every house ought to having a sound plumbing system. The same applies to commercial setups as well. However, even with the most sophisticated plumbing system, you are bound to need an emergency plumber every once in a while.
Ranging from installation mistakes, the need of system upgrades, and depreciation of house value and quality, there are varied reasons why the expertise of an emergency plumber may be necessary.
If you should need bathroom renovations Melbourne services or a bit of work done on your kitchen sinks, Rigit Plumbing might be the company to call on. This is a renowned plumbing company in Melbourne that boasts of 10 years experience in the industry. Focusing on both renovations and installation of new components on the entire system, the company is committed to help you cut down your costs as much as is possible.
When should you consider plumbing renovations for your house?
The scope of any plumbing renovation is determined by a particular property's needs. Hence, you might decide to strip down the entire bathroom design and create something new from scratch. Other times, you might simply need a section of your gas plumbing system remodelled to improve overall efficiency.
The following situations, however, should propel you to do a large-scope remodelling of the affected plumbing component:
Ø Persistent leaks which cause discolorations of your walls.
At the sight of a leak which may produce moisture on walls, you need to call for the immediate services of an emergency plumbing Melbourne can provide. However, if a repair only gives temporary reprieve, it might be time to do an overall assessment of all the pipes and fixtures that make up the plumbing system.
Ø Aging of the plumbing system.
It is always necessary to know the age of your house because it certainly affects the efficacy of your plumbing system. If sinks are becoming rusty, imagine what could be happening to the pipes hidden underneath the walls!
You do not have to wait for the damage to go full-blown; if you suspect that the system has seen better times and the few leaks and clogs make it far from ideal, there might be a need to overhaul it entirely. That's why take time to examine your system's condition and probably consult a professional as well.
Ø Unexplained gas leaks which could be very dangerous.
That whiff of gas you have ignored twice could cost you your life, your property or both. If you are not too sure of the condition of your gas plumbing system, it would be better to call on experts to install a new one for your peace of mind.
Gas heater service Melbourne chosen professionals ought to be meticulous and well experienced for obvious reasons.
Ø You no longer love the feel and look of your fixtures.
Your plumbing system is not only meant to deliver water and channel away wastes; you also should enjoy the use of its components! Fixtures like sinks, bathtubs and toilet seats ought to be comfortable and stylish.
If this is not the case, you could opt to entirely strip the current ones and adopt a whole new design! Try to look at Right Plumbing from Melbourne for large scale plumbing needs. They are one of the most efficient services in the region, especially when you need to hire an emergency plumber right away.
For further knowledge, just visit http://www.rigitplumbing.com.au.


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Length: 03:21, Size: 3.07 MB
I was playing around a bit with VST instruments (in other words, software synthesizers) and came up with this little thing. It's a rather guitar-oriented, progressive rock song that features a nice tabla throughout. Musically there's a lot of weird stuff going on in the C parts of the song. Enjoy!


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By Gary email@example.com Herald-JournalPublished: Wednesday, December 9, 2009
No multi-million-dollar contracts. No lucrative endorsement deals. No international fame.For a dozen rats in Alliston Reid's behavior analysis psychology class at Wofford College, it was all about the love of the game.And treats, of course.While Benjamin Johnson Arena may have been rockin' Monday night for the men's basketball conference home opener against Appalachian State, a packed McMillan Theater next door had its own electricity earlier in the day with the thoroughly unique "Hoop-Rat Classic."Throughout this semester, Reid's students in the freshman introductory course have been working in teams of two to individually train each of the 12 rats to compete one-on-one in a 2-by-1-foot makeshift hoops court created to scale by Reid.To score, the rats pick up a small ceramic ball with their paws or -- in the case of the advanced ones -- their teeth, and dunk it through a basket. The incentive is a tasty food pellet; the psychological basis is classic positive reinforcement."The reason (for doing this) is, first, it's fun for the students, and second, the series of behaviors is the exact same techniques you would use to train children as parents, or if you're a coach training athletes," said Reid, who added the rats also enjoyed and looked forward to playing. "The behavioral principles for learning are exactly the same."After weeding out five of the weaker "players" last week, the top seven advanced to Monday's single-elimination tournament, where some displayed Michael Jordan-esque efficiency."We were pretty amazed by it," said student Tarah Taylor, from Orange County, Calif. "We didn't think the rats would perform as well as they did. It's been a fun experience for us and we learned a lot."This was the second time Reid has conducted the experiment. The first was 2002, and back then, it garnered national media attention. Reid tried it again this spring with his new behavior analysis course, but the rats weren't quite ready for prime time."(It's a) chain of many, many, many different behaviors that the rat has to learn," Reid said, "and almost none of them are natural for a rat."Reid said this semester he provided more structure to his students to help them take the rats through the 50 different steps required to turn them into furry Kobe Bryants. The students worked seven days a week with the rats, and even became emotionally attached to them.The winner was Pandora, a slender albino trained by Kaitlyn Rebollar and Glenn Hope, who plans to purchase an elaborate, seven-story rat cage from the Internet and adopt the girl after next semester. According to Rebollar, the rat never once bit her through all the coaching."I've really enjoyed this," she said as Pandora scurried along her outstretched arm. "I consider her a personal pet and friend from spending so much time training her."


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Living with your boyfriend or girlfriend isn't quite a marriage, but it's not simply dating either. Moving in together is a big step in any relationship. Not only do you share your space, you also share a big part of yourself.
It's nerve-racking, yes, but it's something you can prepare yourself for. Here are some tips to help you get ready for moving in with your boyfriend or girlfriend.
Getting Ready to Move in With Your Significant Other
- Clear the air about each other's expectations: This means discuss everything that may affect the relationship: how expenses are to be divided, individual spending habits, chores/responsibilities, habits, preferences and quirks, to name a few important topics.
- Look for a space that meets both your needs as a couple and individuals: If one of you needs a dedicated office space and another needs lots of windows for natural sunlight, make sure you find something that fits those needs and offers enough living space for you both.
- Do some ''moving in'' cleaning: Your space is going to be reduced so to avoid any problems make sure to only take what you really want and need to your new place. It's time to say goodbye to that cute dress you haven't worn since college but just can't seem to let go.
- Establish ''couple time'' and ''me time'': Your relationship always will need proper investment so make sure you set out time for it. It might seem like you don't because you see each other so much more now but remember that being a couple is more than simply seeing each other. You're still dating each other, so DATE! You also need to invest time in yourself. You are your own individual and have your own hobbies, tastes, and activities. It's only fair to yourself and your relationship to continue being yourself. By doing both, you'll keep initial attraction you felt for each other alive
- Have an emergency breakup plan: Part of the worry of moving in together comes from the big ''what if we break up'' question, and the best way to get rid of that worry is to tackle the question head-on. You don't want to end up in an awkward living situation after a breakup so make sure you come up with a solid plan.
- Enjoy it! Moving in together is a serious matter but it is quite fun! You live with the person you adore. Relish the movie binges, late-night chats over wine and couples costumes on Halloween.
If you feel prepared to take the big step, take a look at the multiple properties Heers Management has to offer. One might just have the perfect space for you and your plus-one.


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Our CNMs offer you the birthing experience you want with a choice of low-intervention birth options and holistic modalities.
Join other moms-to-be with similar due dates to for this facilitated pregnancy education and discussion group while receiving prenatal care.
Learn relaxation techniques to help you manage childbirth with feelings of calm and comfort.


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California Highway Patrol responded to a call early the other morning - a 25-year old Fontana man was found on the road and a few minutes later he was hit by a vehicle and injured.
Apparently he had been involved in an earlier vehicle accident and had walked away from his vehicle. He was still on the road when a second vehicle hit him at a speed of between 75 and 100 mph.
Paramedics took him to a local hospital with major injuries. I hope he contacts an experienced San Bernardino Personal Injury attorney who will investigate the accident for him and determine if he is entitled to compensation for his injuries and expenses.


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The programme of Research Networks is designed to create and/or to consolidate collaborative partnerships over a two year period. 'Partnerships' may be defined in a range of ways, and may involve collaboration between colleagues in different disciplines (which may extend into areas beyond the arts and humanities), in different HEIs, and / or in HEIs and Scottish Cultural Institutions.
A Network award may support administration costs connected to the project; cover related travel expenses to archives, libraries, performances, exhibitions, conferences etc., by the participants; facilitate meetings of collaborators; and promote a range of outputs, for both academic and popular audiences, as appropriate to the subject of enquiry. The maximum award will be £20,000 per Network, over two years.
The award may be used to expand the activities of existing Research Workshops, or to initiate new projects, although evidence of previous successful collaborative work amongst the participants will be an advantage.
As the Network award is for two years, applicants should provide a clear strategic plan for the progress of the project over the period of the award, indicating key 'milestones' in the programme, as well as an indication as to how the collaboration might be progressed and supported in the future. A Network award may be seen as a key step in the formulation of a major research proposal, if that is considered appropriate.
Applications for this scheme are currently closed.
|Further Particulars


text:
Question about Philips 32FD9954 32 in. HD-Ready Plasma Television
A red light is blinking on our plasma phillips tv. 3 short and one long..like morse code. lol. Cant get the tv to turn on at all. How do i fix this?
Posted by Rini56 on
a red light blinkig on our plasma 42fd9954/17s cant get the tv to turrn on at all.how do i fix this?
42df9954/17s red light blinkig.
have a phillips 42in plasma with same red light blinking problem.
Same problem
Hey folks, we bougth a 42 inch Phillips Plasma tv in 2004. Very nice quality picture, but about 3 years ago the blinking red light started. Has worked intermediately since then. Sometimes it works, others times no. Very frustrating.
Six months ago, went out completely and after a month of trying just about everything, decided to replace it with an LG LCD tv that we bought in 06. The picture on the LCD is not as nice as the plasma. As I was unplugging and moving cords, I realized that the LG had a much heavier duty power cord than the Plasma. Tried the Plasma one more time (including plugging and unplugging, different outlets, etc), and still blinking. Took the cord off the LG, plugged into the Plasma and it worked. No problem since.
So, at a minimum try switching out the power cord or buy a newer more heavy duty cord first. You can always return the cord if it does not solve the problem. Shame to throw away a 3K tv over a powercord. If this is really the problem, shame on Phillips for cheaping out.
32" plasma Monitor32FD9954
My one take too long to turn on, relay/green light on and off for hours before it can start, I use a hair dryer to heat it up everytime, aim at the center from top, then it turn on very faster, no need to service
Posted on Oct 07, 2008
The blinking light is a POST (power-on self-test) diagnostic code indicating a serious problem preventing the TV from completing it's start-up. You may get the POST codes from your user documentation or sometimes the Mfrs website.
Posted on Mar 31, 2008
SOURCE: I have freestanding Series 8 dishwasher. Lately during the filling cycle water hammer is occurring. How can this be resolved
Hi there,
Save hours of searching online or wasting money on unnecessary repairs by talking to a 6YA Expert who can help you resolve this issue over the phone in a minute or two.
Best thing about this new service is that you are never placed on hold and get to talk to real repairmen in the US.
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Good luck!
Posted on Jan 02, 2017
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text:
Holiday apartment - Dubrovnik, Croatia
- Bedlinen incl. towel
- Final cleaning
- Security Package
With this holiday cottage it is possible to arrive on all days of the week, not just Saturday, which is our usual arrival and departure day. You can thereby also decide on the length of your stay, as long as the house is also part of our 'short break' offer. The optional arrival offer applies in season E & F.This concept is only available during the following periods:
- To Sat. 12. Jan 2019
This holiday cottage can be rented for 3, 4, or 5 days at reduced price. The discount when booking 3 nights is 30%, for 4 nights 20%, and when booking 5 nights you get 10% off the usual weekly price. The short break offer applies in season E & F, and cannot be booked until 28 days before arrival.This concept is only available during the following periods:
- To Sat. 12. Jan 2019
With this holiday home, all the usual expenses are included in the price, so it is both easier and cheaper to go on holiday. 'All inclusive' means that: - Bedsheets and towels are included When renting a holiday for more than a week, the bedlinens will be replaced once a week. - Final cleaning incl. - Electricity, water, and heating incl. - Tourist tax incl.
Holiday homes marked with this symbol have an internet connection. The internet connection can be limited to a certain number of GB, or may be a paid connection. In the house description you can see which type of connection is offered (wireless, using a LAN cable or a USB etc.)
These holiday homes have quality garden furniture, so you can really enjoy the terrace or balcony. These houses have newer garden furniture from wood, aluminium, iron, wicker, or plastic. In case of iron or plastic furniture, there will usually be good quality cushions. The amount of garden chairs matches the allowed number of people for the holiday home. The houses will usually also have a barbecue, and at least at least one parasol pr. table. - Depending one the size of the house, there will also be sunchairs (does not apply to houses in Norway and Sweden): - Holiday homes for 2-5: 2 sunchairs - Holiday homes for 6-7: 3 sunchairs - Holiday homes for 8-9: 4 sunchairs - Holiday homes for more than 10 occupants: 5-6 sunchairs
This symbol marks a holiday home with a especially impressive and beautiful view across ocean, bay, lake, dunes, or landscape from the holiday home and its terrace/ Balcony. In most cases, the house description will inform you which type of view the house has.
Ïn holiday homes marked with this symbol you are not allowed to bring your pets. Please note, that these houses are not necessarily allergy free, as the owners can have had their own pet on the property.
- 47m2
- 4
- 2
- 0
House description
This two-bedroom holiday apartment is situated on the Lapad coast, in the first row to the sea, from where there is a view on the whole bay and the moored boats. The apartments is located on a fenced plot adorned with beautiful lawn and plenty of Mediterranean greenery. It is perfect for a family with children as it is located near the popular beach Copacabana and it is possible to reach all the important tourist destinations on foot. Visit also the old town of Dubrovnik with cultural attractions and entertainement . The kind house owner is at guests' disposal during their stay. Parking is on the plot in front of the apartment.
- Apartment
- 47m2
- Building material: Stone
- 4
- 1910
- 2007
- 270m2
- 2 View all roomsHide all roomsBedroom (2 persons)1 x Double bedBedroom (2 persons)2 x Single bed
- 2 View all roomsHide all roomsBathroomWC: Hot and cold water, ShowerBathroomWC: Hot and cold water, Shower
- 1st floor
- All year round insulated
- Electric heating
- Consumption costs incl.
- Air conditioning cold/hot
- Shared garden furniture
- Parking on the site (2 spaces)
- Shared barbecue
- Kitchen: Hot and cold water
- Electric cooktop (2 hobs)
- Refrigerator
- Deep freeze (30 l)
- Coffee brewer
- Shared washing machine
- Satellite
- Hi-Fi system/CD player
- Located near road
- Owner lives in same building
- Wireless internet
- 1st floor
- 2nd floor
- Activity room
- Balcony
- Basement
- Bedroom
- Carport
- Door
- Fitness
- Ground floor
- Kitchen
- Living room
- North
- Not Available
- Sauna / steam bath
- Staircase
- Swimming pool
- Terrace
- Toilet / Bathroom
- Whirlpool
- Distance nearest habitation:10 m
- Distance shopping:150 m
- Other waters or swimming poss.:500 m
- Distance restaurant:50 m
- Distance nearest city:2 km
- Distance water:200 m


text:
I can not remember the exact size of this donut, my guess is 40mm.
I have started to tat around the donut. 11/0 Delicas. The cord is Tex70 C-Lon Micro Nylon Cord. This necklace was finger tatted. It is much easier to add beads as needed, instead of chasing beads on a fully loaded shuttle. Plus, I do not necessarily like figuring out the bead count prior to tatting. I find it a hindrance from going forward with a pattern if I am constantly counting, chasing beads.
These are probably grade D Sodalite Heart Beads.
Beading the other side to keep the tatting/beading on the donut.
Cutting Edge TAT-Bead Necklace
TATBiT's Sodalite Donut Double-Sided Tatted Necklace 2012 "Very Cutting Edge" Video Link
TATBiT's Sodalite Donut Double-Sided Tatted Necklace 2012 "Very Cutting Edge" Video Link
The fan is on full blast and it sounds like the hydroponics is on too. The fan is not causing the banding on the video but the light bulb. I was lucky if I could keep the tatting in the frame.
All Rights Reserved.
©2010, 2012 by Teri Dusenbury.
©2010, 2012 by Teri Dusenbury.
Happy Tatting!


text:
Hello fans and fellow Taste Buds! I have really been anticipating my attempt at making this dish since the birth of our blog. My first time trying this spicy treat was actually just a few years ago at an Indian restaurant called the Punjabi Dhaba in a small town near my home. The chicken tikka masala I had there was so impressionable on me that immediately upon trying it I had made up my mind that it was among my all time favorite dishes! I hope some of you will have an equally enjoyable experience with this.
The origin of chicken tikka masala is disputed with some believing it came from the Punjab region of India, while others claim it was the creation of a chef in an Indian restaurant in Glasgow, Scotland several decades years ago. Its similarity to butter chicken gives rise to some of the ambiguity of its beginnings. Tikka literally means "small chunks" and masala is a "mixture of spices." The chicken goes well with this curry masala, but I have had it with lamb tikka as well with similarly delectable results. I have also heard of other versions made with tofu and paneer (an Indian cheese), but I have not had a chance to try those for myself.
I have had this dish several times in restaurants now and have been trying to decipher the mixture of flavors on my palate. From this and a little internet research, I give you the following recipe to work with for the next challenge. So off to your kitchens everyone and please enjoy!
- 1 lb of chicken breast (cut into bite-sized chunks)
- 6 meat skewers
- 1 cup plain yogurt
- juice from 1/2 a lemon
- 2 teaspoons cumin
- 1 tsp ground red pepper
- 2 tsp black pepper
- 1 1/4 tsp cinnamon
- 1/2 tsp salt
- 1 Tbsp fresh ginger (finely minced)
- 1 Tbsp ghee or unsalted butter
- 3 cloves garlic (finely minced)
- 1 small jalapeño pepper (minced)
- 2 tsp ground coriander
- 1 tsp ground cumin
- 1 tsp paprika
- 1 tsp garam masala
- salt to taste
- 1 can tomato sauce (8 ounces)
- 1 large tomato (finely chopped)
- 1 cup heavy cream
- 1/4 cup chopped parsley (to garnish)
Mix all of the ingredients for the marinade in a large bowl. Add the chicken pieces and mix until the chicken is nicely coated. Cover and refrigerate for about 2-3 hours.
Thread the chicken pieces onto the skewers and discard the leftover marinade. Grill the chicken evenly on both sides, until juices run clear (about 8 minutes total). Alternatively you can broil the chicken pieces in the oven, but I recommend grilling it over an open flame for the best flavor.
To prepare the sauce, heat a large skillet to medium heat and melt the ghee/butter. Sauté the garlic and chopped jalapeño until fragrant, then add all the spices. Sauté for a few minutes until the mixture turns into a paste.
Pour in the tomato sauce and chopped tomato, stirring constantly. Simmer uncovered for about 10 minutes on low heat until the sauces begins to thicken, then add the grilled chicken pieces and cream. Simmer for another 5-10 minutes, until the sauce heats through and is of desired thickness. Garnish with fresh parsley and serve with steamed rice, naan, or roti.


text:
"Johannes Vonderpuff" to Thomas Jefferson, 1 October 1814
From "Johannes Vonderpuff"
Missouri, October 1, 1814.
Dear Sir—
I have a library of books which I should be glad to sell. It consists of about 5000 volumes, selected with care and caution. Various projects had occured to me to effect this object, but none has appeared free of objection. One feels awkwardly1 to be hawking his commodities about streets, and to send such a quantity of books to auction and hire a master of the arts, which there succeed to puff them off with the prevalent common-place slang, seems not quite consistent with those delicate feelings which should govern high-minded men. At the same time, the object is interesting, and if an old man can turn his old books into cash, just as he has done with them and the world, at a good price, and especially if a great portion of them were presents to him, (which, inter nos, you know is the fact with yours and mine), it would be quite a handsome speculation, and save his executors much trouble.
Observing that you have, in one of your lucky moments, (and I never knew a man who has had more such moments) hit upon a project entirely new, and seeing that it is very popular, I wish to know if you cannot, in a second application to Congress, through some republican friend, aid me.
My grand father, my father and my self, have employed much time in the last century and in this, in making the collection, so that it may be considered as the acquisition of nearly one hundred years labour. Many of my books are rare, most of them elegant and all inestimable.
A considerable part of the works are in the Sanscrit, Coptic, Celtic and Arabic tongues. These can be translated, if it is thought proper, at little expence, though I should prefer that they should remain as written, and would respectfully recommend that Congress should immediately employ a competent number of Professors to teach the members of that honorable body those languages. I am aware that there is not now so much "surplus revenue" as there was under your glorious administration (owing2 to the war which the "vandalism" of Great Britain has produced,) yet stock may be created sufficient for their salaries and contingent funds. I hope I shall not be tho't, by this, to wish to see the "undefined field of contingencies" opened again, if they have ever been closed.
My grand father was a dutch merchant, and spent all his time, while resident in Amsterdam, except what was employed in smoaking, in the "principal book marts," laying aside all the works of genius and taste which that country produced. The treatises there obtained are chiefly devoted to music, painting and poetry. My father and I have passed much time in both the Indies, and have occasionally visited almost all the enlightened parts of each. Our intercourse was not confined to those regions, but has been extended from Kamschatka to Buenos Ayres. A propensity for curious books, in every science, being incident to the family, it will not be thought vain in me to declare that this library is exceeded only by yours.
Being now nearly eighty years of age, and having no children, to whom my estate can descend, and not finding much time for reading, I should be much pleased to turn these books into cash. A few of them however, I wish to retain for my own use after they shall be sold, taking care to see, after I am dead, that they be safely transmitted to Washington. Those of this description are Vanderhuyden's poetical works, in 16 volumes, with notes, critical and explanatory, by Mynheer Van Tromp, dedicated to Admiral Ruyter, who went up the English channel, as mentioned in your letter. Also, a new edition, greatly enlarged, of Robinson Crusoe, in 7 volumes, bound in calf, containing full length portraits of that great traveller and his man Friday, with exact drawings of their working tools and other implements, with facsimiles of their handwriting.3 Also, the whole works of Thomas Paine, your old friend, "who has already received his reward in the thankfulness of nations," consisting of his invaluable discoveries in moral, political and theological science. Those copies, (I believe I have only thirty different editions) with those included in your proposals, and the various editions of Hobbes and Spinosa, those learned and virtuous men, will be sufficient, in that peculiarly charming part of theology, for the Congressional library.
As to the price, I shall leave it entirely to the liberality of congress, not wishing to be my own judge, and believing, inter nos, that by thus reposing on their generosity, the books will sell at from 50 to 100 per cent, higher than in any other conceivable mode.
To promote the bargain, I wish you to suggest, at the outset of your letter, that I hate, abhor and detest with all my soul, strength and understanding, the whole British nation; that I consider every Englishman, except those who have been naturalized, here (and them, I sincerely love) a thief, liar, poltroon, robber, murderer, assassin, traitor, and that every man, woman and child ought to be hung, imbowelled, impaled, or broken on a wheel. In fine, that the character of that people is justly pourtrayed in a late Washington City Gazette, a paper which is second only to the National Intelligencer, and Binns's Democratic Press, for truth and wisdom; I am aware that such an introduction to a letter, proposing, merely to sell books is rather unusual, but I see you have resorted to it, and I think very wisely. People are to be treated according to their prejudices and partialities, and I have witnessed your success with them, by those means, in your splendid career from your inaugural address, through dry docks, gun boats, and salt mountains down to that most august measure, the Embargo.
I intended to have furnished you with an elegant catalogue of my library, that it might have been open to inspection; but am now wholly occupied in furnishing a drawing of the Capitol and President's House, while on fire, with Mr. M. mounted on a fleet charger, and in full speed flying to a place of safety, from the "vandalism" of the enemy, and capt. Jones, with a boatswain's whistle, calling all hands to burn the Navy Yard, and the frigate on the stocks to prevent them from being carried away by the Cossacks.
I will however, mention a few of the great number of books, and give you a sketch of the character of the whole.
There are entire sets of the works of all the atheistical writers in every age and nation and tongue, superbly bound and lettered. Forty different editions of the Bible, thirty nine of which are in the Arabic, and one in the Hebrew Idiom; these are as good as when they came from the hands of the book binder. A very learned treatise in ten volumes quarto, on the nature, properties, and uses of the animal called tad-pole, stiled vulgarly, Polly-wangs, with an appendix in three volumes; on the toad of Caffrania. The whole of these, I have caused to be translated into six different languages. There is also an elaborate and voluminous account of the terrapin, some times called mud-turtle, written by the author of sundry ingenious disquisitions on gun boats and dry docks, in modern French—An essay on "free trade and sailors' rights," by a citizen of Algiers, bound in morocco with a copious appendix on allegiance. In this will be found a great part of the instructions given to the American ministers at Petersburgh and at Ghent. It is embellished with striking likenesses of John Henry and the Duke de Crillon. Also, a new edition in seven volumes folio, on the Russian climate, and its effect on Frenchmen, French horses and American politics, with very learned notes by his Excellency Jonathan Russell, late charge de affaires at the Court of St. James, now minister Plenipotentiary at London, Envoy Extraordinary at Gottenburgh and Ghent, otherwise called Jonathan Russell, Esq. of Providence, Trader.—This book is dedicated to Napoleon Bonaparte living at Elba, it went thro' six editions at Ghent in 4 months. A treatise on Treasury notes, Banks and paper money, bound in calf, with a splendid title page, by Jacob Barker, superintendant general of the Finances of the United States and first Lord of the Treasury. A work of great worth, written in Persian, on the grass hopper of the east, delineating, with entire accuracy, the size of his legs in different regions of that extensive country, with a copious appendix containing the whole learning on the subject of that highly curious animal called the weasel.
A complete system of Ornithology, giving an account of every flying creature, from the insect of a day to the whip poor-will, the night hawk and the crane, in blank verse, by Inchiquin, translated from the Italian into the Sclavonic, by a learned foreigner, comprized in 13 volumes folio.
Of the whole collection, I take the liberty of saying, that it has been made with a particular view to the promotion of genuine republicanism, and the true orthodoxy in matters of faith of regenerated France, as set forth by those great Apostles, Diderot,4 De Lambre, Paine and Godwin. The books are in excellent order, many of them truly elegant. Not a syllable could be taken from them without prejudice to the rest, as all the arts and sciences have a certain natural connection. I cannot consent to see my library gerry-mandered, for though such procedures are proper to promote democracy, which you know is the "chief end of man," yet they are not admissible in cases like the present. I must sell the whole or none. Ten waggons would carry the whole from my residence, which is only 200 miles up the Missouri, in the vicinity of our red brethren, the allies of England, to Washington, in a short space of time.
If it should be objected, that four-fifths of this library are in foreign languages, and of course, unintelligible by nine-tenths of the members of congress, I would reply that such an objection can come only from short-sighted men. The enlightened philosopher looks to the present war, which we have so wisely and righteously waged, as terminating not only in the everlasting establishment upon an eternal basis of "free trade and sailors' rights," (and if it should not so issue, we can make another war at any time) but also in the conquest of immeasurable regions to the north west and south, and to the day when the representatives of this country, will be composed "of all people, nations & languages under the whole Heavens." Accept the assurances of my high consideration.
Johannes Vonderpuff.
Printed in the Georgetown Federal Republican, 18 Oct. 1814; at head of text: "TO THOMAS JEFFERSON, ESQ. Late President of the United States"; dateline at foot of text.
The pseudonymous Vonderpuff's satirical communication was probably created solely for journalistic purposes. It is not recorded in SJL and may never have been seen by TJ. The piece is framed as a direct response to TJ's much-publicized second letter to Samuel H. Smith of 21 Sept. 1814, wherein the ex-president comments on British vandalism, mentions his search for titles in all the "principal book marts" of Europe, expresses the desire that he be allowed to retain a portion of his library even after its sale, refers to Dutch admiral Michiel Adriaanszoon de Ruyter's 1667 voyage up the Thames River, requests that Congress set the price for the books, and insists that his library be purchased in toto or not at all.
TJ remarks on the undefined field of contingencies in his 8 Dec. 1801 annual message to Congress (PTJ description begins Julian P. Boyd, Charles T. Cullen, John Catanzariti, Barbara B. Oberg, and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, 1950– , 37 vols. description ends , 36:52–67, quote on p. 61). Vonderpuff's revelation that he had no children, to whom my estate can descend, is perhaps an allusion to TJ's reputed children by his slave Sally Hemings. mynheer is a Dutch title of respect meaning "Sir" or "Mr." TJ included a variant of the phrase who has already received his reward in the thankfulness of nations in his letter to Thomas Paine of 18 Mar. 1801 (PTJ description begins Julian P. Boyd, Charles T. Cullen, John Catanzariti, Barbara B. Oberg, and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, 1950– , 37 vols. description ends , 33:358–9). His first inaugural address is printed in PTJ description begins Julian P. Boyd, Charles T. Cullen, John Catanzariti, Barbara B. Oberg, and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, 1950– , 37 vols. description ends , 33:134–52.
The reference to salt mountains is explained in note to TJ to Benjamin Waterhouse, 9 Mar. 1813. mr. m. was President James Madison, while capt. jones was Secretary of the Navy William Jones. Kaffraria (caffrania) is in the present-day Republic of South Africa. The popular slogan free trade and sailors' rights was often used by those supporting the war against Great Britain (Malcomson, Historical Dictionary description begins Robert Malcomson, Historical Dictionary of the War of 1812, 2006 description ends , 194).
The russian climate helped defeat Napoleon's Grande Armée in 1812 (David G. Chandler, The Campaigns of Napoleon [1966], 858–9). Following his fall from power in April 1814, Napoleon was exiled to the Mediterranean island of elba (Felix Markham, Napoleon [1963], 217). The question "What is the chief end of man?" had long been a part of the standard Anglican catechism (The Humble Advice Of the Assembly of Divines, Now by Authority of Parliament sitting at Westminster, Concerning A Larger Catechism [London, 1647], 3; The Shorter Catcehism, composed by the Assembly of Divines at Westminster [Philadelphia, 1814], 11). of all people, nations & languages under the whole heavens combines phrases found in various books of the Bible (see, for instance, Genesis 7.19, Daniel 7.14, 27, Revelation 10.11).
1. Printed text: "aukwardly."
2. Printed text: "owning."
3. Printed text: "hands writing."
4. Printed text: "Diduot."
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