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The Early Cretaceous is a critical interval in the early history of birds. Exceptional fossils indicate that important evolutionary novelties such as a pygostyle and a keeled sternum had already arisen in Early Cretaceous taxa, bridging much of the morphological gap between Archaeopteryx and crown birds. However, detailed features of basal bird evolution remain obscure because of both the small sample of fossil taxa previously considered and a lack of quantitative studies assessing rates of morphological evolution. Here we apply a recently available phylogenetic method and associated sensitivity tests to a large data matrix of morphological characters to quantify rates of morphological evolution in Early Cretaceous birds. Our results reveal that although rates were highly heterogeneous between different Early Cretaceous avian lineages, consistent patterns of significantly high or low rates were harder to pinpoint. Nevertheless, evidence for accelerated evolutionary rates is strongest at the point when Ornithuromorpha (the clade comprises all extant birds and descendants from their most recent common ancestors) split from Enantiornithes (a diverse clade that went extinct at the end-Cretaceous), consistent with the hypothesis that this key split opened up new niches and ultimately led to greater diversity for these two dominant clades of Mesozoic birds.
1. Introduction
The recent availability of larger phylogenetic datasets and numerical approaches that account for temporal variation in sampling have led to an explosion in quantitative approaches to exploring macroevolution in palaeontology [1–5]. Among these the dinosaur–bird transition has seen considerable attention. For example, recent comparative studies indicate that miniaturization along the lineage leading to birds was vital to their Mesozoic radiation and that birds evolved faster than other non-avian dinosaurs [4–7]. However, these studies focused on single continuous measures (limb proportions and body size), or contained limited numbers of Mesozoic avian taxa, insufficient for exploring detailed features of early bird evolution. Over the past three decades, our understanding of early avian evolution has been greatly advanced by discoveries from Mesozoic localities, particularly the Lower Cretaceous Jehol Biota [8–10]. These exquisitely preserved Early Cretaceous bird fossils have narrowed the large morphological gap between the iconic 'Urvogel' Archaeopteryx and living birds, and importantly indicate that many morphological features once considered unique to crown birds had already evolved in stem-group taxa only slightly younger than Archaeopteryx [8,11–13]. For instance, the long-bony tail characteristic of non-avian theropods (plesiomorphically retained in Archaeopteryx and Jeholornis) has been abbreviated and replaced by a pygostyle in Confuciusornithiformes and Sapeornithiformes [14–16]; derived features present in crown-group birds, e.g. the keeled sternum, fused compound bones, alula, and fan-shaped rectrices, are well established in Enantiornithes and Ornithuromorpha, which are the most successful clades of Mesozoic birds [12,17–20]. Enantiornithes and Ornithuromorpha can be easily distinguished from earlier diverging (basal) birds, but morphological disparities among their own Early Cretaceous members are relatively small [21,22]; therefore, it is likely that a burst of phenotypic innovation took place close to the origin of Enantiornithes and Ornithuromorpha, and facilitated their adaptive radiation. Such rapid morphological evolution is apparently followed by a deceleration in their subsequent Early Cretaceous history. However, the quantitative analysis of morphological tempo between primitive avian lineages has not previously been performed. Here we use phylogenetic methods and sensitivity tests to discern patterns of morphological evolutionary tempo within Early Cretaceous avian phylogeny for the first time.
2. Material and methods
(a) Phylogeny of Mesozoic birds
Phylogenetic analysis was carried out using the recently published comprehensive morphological characters of Mesozoic birds in Wang et al. [17]. Tree searches were performed in PAUP (v. 4.0b10, [23]), using the parsimony method and the settings of Wang et al. [17]. Four most parsimonious trees (MPTs) were recovered (electronic supplementary material, figure S1), a small enough number that all trees were subjected to subsequent rate tests to gauge phylogenetic uncertainty. The complete character description, matrix, and MPTs are provided in the electronic supplementary material.
(b) Phylogenetic time-scaling
Before rate analyses could proceed it was necessary to time-scale our trees as branch durations (along with completeness, see below) form the denominator in our rate equation. This first required establishing ages for terminal tips (taxa). However, the absolute duration of a Mesozoic avian species is rarely known with certainty, and in most cases only the geological age of the sediments from which the taxon was collected is known [24,25]. Therefore, the duration of the fossil species used here represents stratigraphic uncertainty rather than a true range. Ages for our taxa (given in the electronic supplementary material) were collected from the primary literature and are expressed as lower (first appearance datum, FAD) and upper (last appearance datum, LAD) bounds of the geologic stage(s) or epoch(s) to which the fossil-containing sediments can be referred. However, direct dates such as radioisotopic dating, were used where available, e.g. for the Huajiying, Yixian, and Jiufotang formations [26,27].
Traditionally, trees of fossil-only tips have been scaled using a 'conservative' approach where each internal node shares the same date as its oldest descendant, producing multiple zero-length branches, ZLBs [28,29]. This approach prevents rate calculation as it forces many denominators to be zero, effectively implying infinite rates. ZLBs may be removed by adding some constant, for example, applying the 'minimum branch length' (mbl) method in Laurin [29], which forces all branches to have a fixed minimum duration (here we used 1 Ma). Alternatively, the 'equal' method may be used, which iteratively removes ZLBs by allowing them an equal share of the duration of the first preceding (ancestral) positive length branch [28]. Here we applied both methods as a sensitivity test. The 'mbl' method was applied to the strict consensus tree (for visualization; figure 1) and each MPT (for rate analysis; figure 2) using the timePaleoPhy function in the R package paleotree [30]. Similarly, the 'equal' method was applied to each MPT using the DatePhylo function in the R package strap [31], using a 'root-length' (required for the base of the tree where there is no preceding positive length branch) of 2 Ma. In addition, a date randomization approach [32], comparable with that in [25], was also applied to incorporate the uncertainty involved in dating terminal taxa (i.e. the gap between an FAD and an LAD were correctly treated as uncertainties rather than ranges). Here we performed 100 replicates—a value that served as a compromise between computation time and a full delineation of dating uncertainty—of dating randomization, where taxa were assigned a numerical date drawn randomly from a uniform distribution bounded by its FAD and LAD.
In addition to the above sensitivity tests (four different MPTs, two different time-scaling methods, 100 different dating randomizations), we produced trees with Late Cretaceous taxa both included and excluded. In total, this amounts to 1 600 separate time-scaled phylogenetic hypotheses for Mesozoic birds, all of which were subjected to the same rate analysis protocol described below.
(c) Calculation of evolutionary rates
At its simplest our evolutionary rate calculation is the number of changes (along a branch or within a clade) over the duration of that branch (or the sum of all branches within a clade). Thus, high rates can be found for very low numbers of character changes (due to a short duration branch or branches), and conversely, low rates may be found where there are many character changes due to a long duration branch (or branches). The importance of branch duration is why we subjected our data to the multiple time-scaling approaches described above.
However, our rate equation really has two terms in its denominator, time and completeness. Because our morphological data are morphological characters, and character states frequently cannot be coded for all taxa (either due to incompleteness or inapplicability) accounting for missing data is of key importance. In practice, a branch's completeness corresponds to the number of characters for which states can be scored at both ends, and hence the number of characters for which a change could be observed [3]. A highly complete branch offers multiple opportunities to observe a change, and a highly incomplete branch few opportunities. Thus, without accounting for this difference we may, incorrectly, assign a higher rate to a more complete branch and a lower rate to a less complete branch even if the true pattern is homogeneous rates. Here, missing data are dealt with in two ways. Firstly, completeness is added to the denominator of our rate equation to account for this issue. Thus, per-branch and per-clade rates explicitly include completeness and are measured as changes per character per lineage million years. However, such raw rates should not (and here, are not) read as direct evidence for high or low rates. This is because when completeness is particularly low extreme values can become common, but we should not have confidence in their reality. As an example, if only one binary character can be observed along a branch then we either observe one change (the maximum possible number) or no changes (the minimum possible number). This can lead to an apparently very high rate in the first case, or an absolute minimum (zero) rate in the second case. However, in reality, a single character should give us no confidence in determining the significance of the high or low rate observed. Secondly, then, completeness is used in our statistical tests effectively as our sample size and helps avoid misinterpreting absolute rates.
In practice, our rate calculations require the input of three separate trees [32], with branch lengths reflecting: (i) number of character changes, (ii) completeness (number of opportunities to observe changes), and (iii) time. At this stage, we have only generated the trees with branch lengths relating to time. In an earlier protocol [32], the number of character changes was determined by outputting data directly from PAUP [23], using a parsimony algorithm to generate ancestral states, then simple counts of differences between the states at either end of a branch were performed. However, this was problematic as the algorithms used (accelerated transformation (ACCTRAN) and delayed transformation DELTRAN)) did not adequately deal with missing data, filling in values for every character at every internal node even for clades where all tips exhibited the missing state (?). This biased incomplete branches to appear to confidently exhibit low rates, when in reality confidence should have been lower and rates higher. It did, however, simplify the generation of the completeness tree, with all internal branches being considered 100% complete and all terminal branches as complete as the tip to which they lead. Another problem with filling missing states is that this is illogical for inapplicable characters, for example, estimating feather colour in a featherless taxon.
Ancestral states can better be captured by likelihood methods that employ branch lengths in their calculation [33,34], and offer more realistic models of evolution [35–37]. Such maximum-likelihood methods consider branch lengths (reflecting time) in ancestral state reconstruction in such a way as to make the character states observed in the terminal taxa most probable [33,38]. Here, we specifically applied the method of Yang et al. [36], as implemented in the rerootingMethod function in the R package phytools [39]. Once the ancestral states are reconstructed, using the above function where data are available (and collapsing ambiguities into polytomies) or simply placing question marks (missing values) where it is not, both the number of character changes along each branch and the completeness of each branch can be calculated.
(d) Significance tests for evolutionary rates
Because of the issue regarding completeness, we followed previous studies [5,32] in only asking whether rates are significantly high or low, rather than what their absolute values are (although these are shown in the electronic supplementary material). More specifically we ask, for every branch or clade in the tree, whether that branch or clade has a higher or lower rate of morphological evolution than the rest of the tree. We do this using the likelihood tests outlined in Lloyd et al. [32] and refer the interested reader there for a more complete description. In short, the algorithm models character change using a Poisson process (all changes are treated as independent) and then applies a likelihood ratio test (LRT) between two models, a single rate model (one rate occurs across the entire tree) versus a two rate model (the rate on the target branch, or within the target clade, is different to that for the rest of the tree). For each individual test (i.e. a specific branch or clade), the LRT returns a p-value that can then be compared with a user-defined α (here we use 0.01) to decide whether the result is significant (i.e. if the p-value falls below our α then the two rate model is preferred). Owing to the large number of tests being performed (every branch or every clade), a multiple comparison correction is required to avoid type I errors (false positives) and here the algorithm uses the Benjamini and Hochberg false discovery rate test [32].
An important additional bias to consider here is the difference between terminal and internal branches. Specifically, using current time-scaling methods (outlined above) internal branches are often found to be shorter than terminal branches, and consequently, tend to exhibit higher rates [5]. It is not yet clear why this is the case, or whether it might be a more general problem. However, in order to avoid results driven purely by this difference all significance calculations were repeated for either internal- or terminal-only branches. In other words, for an internal branch its rate was compared with only other internal branches, or for a clade either only the terminal or only the internal branches were included in its rate calculation and subsequent comparison. Note that in the latter case 'cherries' (clades containing only two terminal taxa) could not be tested as by definition they contain no internal branches.
As a final sensitivity test, we considered the inclusion or exclusion of Late Cretaceous fossil birds. These are known from fragmentary materials and their affinities have never been comprehensively explored in the context of a phylogenetic analysis. This can be demonstrated quantitatively by comparing the mean character completeness of the better known Late Cretaceous birds included here (43%) with that of our broader Early Cretaceous sample (50%; electronic supplementary material figure S2). We therefore restrict our main analyses to the Early Cretaceous by using the timeSliceTree function in the R package paleotree [30]. By applying a cut-off of 113 Ma (the top of the Albian), we effectively focus on the first 39 Ma of avian evolution (152 Ma–113 Ma). However, the 'removed' younger taxa were still considered in both the tree searches and time-scaling. They were also retained for a separate set of evolutionary rate tests to gauge whether their exclusion really affects our results.
All morphological rate analyses were performed in R (v. 3.2.3, [40]) using the DiscreteCharacterRate function in the R package Claddis [41]. All scripts and data files are available on Dryad.
3. Results
(a) Time-scaled Mesozoic avian phylogeny
The time-scaled phylogenetic tree suggests that the divergence between basal avian clades more derived than Archaeopteryx occurred at the Jurassic–Cretaceous boundary (figure 1), using the 'mbl' scaling method [29]. Applying the 'equal' method [28] instead pushes the same nodes back into the Late Jurassic, e.g. Pygostylia (150.4 Ma) and Ornithothoraces (145.5 Ma; electronic supplementary material, figure S3), much earlier than the oldest known record of either clade—the late Early Cretaceous (130.7 Ma) [17,19,41]. Thus, in this case, the 'mbl' method is more conservative, minimizing the amount of inferred missing history.
(b) Heterogeneous rates in Early Cretaceous birds
For all 1 600 trees examined, a null test for homogeneous rates across the whole phylogeny was confidently rejected (p < 10−43 for the 'mbl' trees and p < 10−54 for the 'equal' trees). Thus, individual branch and clade tests were warranted and results for the first MPT are shown in figure 2 ('mbl'; first MPT) and figure 3 ('equal'; first MPT), and full results on Dryad. Including Late Cretaceous birds necessarily lowers absolute rates, because it requires the inclusion of longer branches (figure 1). However, significance tests for branches and clades in the Early Cretaceous are not substantially altered by the inclusion of Late Cretaceous taxa (cf. figure 2, electronic supplementary material, figure S4, and figure 3, electronic supplementary material, figure S5; see Dryad for complete results), showing that our results are not biased by excluding the Late Cretaceous lineages.
Using both time-scaling methods, branches subtending primitive taxa, including the long-bony tailed Archaeopteryx, Jeholornis and the basalmost pygostylians Confuciusornithidae, consistently have non-significant rates (neither significantly higher nor lower than the average rate across the whole phylogeny) whether branches are treated together or separately as internals and terminals (figures 2 and 3; Dryad data). The branch subtending Sapeornis, the direct outgroup to Ornithothoraces, has significantly low rates where branches are treated together, but is non-significant when treated separately (figures 2 and 3; Dryad data).
When branches are compared using the 'mbl' method, significantly high rates dominate the branches subtending Ornithothoraces, Enantiornithes, Ornithuromorpha, and certain branches within these latter two groups (figure 2a). However, these high rates are severely diminished when internal and terminal branches are treated separately, with the majority of the branches having non-significant rates, in particular the branches subtending Enantiornithes and Ornithuromorpha (figure 2b). However, certain internal and terminal branches still retain significantly high rates over half of the dating replicates: the internal branch subtending Pengornithidae, and the terminal branches subtending Protopteryx, Piscivoravis, and Yanornis (figure 2b). Over half of the branches within the Hongshanornithidae have non-significant rates and the terminal branches subtending Hongshanornis, Parahongshanornis, and Tianyuornis tend to be dominated by significantly low rates (figure 2).
Branch likelihood tests using the 'equal' method produce essentially the same results, except for minor differences regarding the branch subtending Ornithothoraces (figure 3; Dryad data). Significantly high rates are found along the branch subtending Ornithothoraces using both the 'mbl' and 'equal' methods when branches are treated together (figure 3). Overall, this suggests a high rate of morphological change when Ornithothoraces diverged from Sapeornithiformes.
The clade likelihood tests indicate that high rates dominated early diverging clades, with later diverging clades having non-significant rates when using the 'mbl' time-scaling method (electronic supplementary material, figures S6 and S7; Dryad data); significantly high rates are more frequently observed using the 'equal' method (electronic supplementary material, figure S7; Dryad data). Within Enantiornithes, non-significant rates are commonly observed, and only certain derived clades have significantly high rates when the 'mbl' method is applied; whereas, approximately half of enantiornithine clades have significantly high rates using the 'equal' method. Pronounced rate variability is present within Ornithuromorpha using both the 'equal' and 'mbl' time-scaling methods: significantly low rates are discovered in all dating replicates within the Hongshanornithidae; by contrast, the sister clade to the Hongshanornithidae has significantly high rates over half of the dating replicates (electronic supplementary material, figures S6 and S7); overall, the Hongshanornithidae represent the earliest avian clade to consistently exhibit significantly slow rates. Enantiornithes are the most speciose group of Early Cretaceous birds [42], but significantly high rates are not widely distributed across this group: about half of enantiornithine clades have significantly high rates using the 'equal' method, and less than half using the 'mbl' method, which may explain why Early Cretaceous enantiornithines are generally uniform in morphology.
4. Discussion
Ornithuromorphs and enantiornithines were more taxonomically diverse than their Early Cretaceous contemporaries, e.g. Sapeornithiformes and Confuciusornithiformes [22,43], but how this difference arose is unknown. Several newly reported ornithuromorphs from the Jiufotang Formation, including Archaeorhynchus, Schizooura, and Bellulornis, have begun to close the morphological gap between Enantiornithes and Ornithuromorpha [44–46], suggesting rapid rates of speciation and morphological diversification during the course of their early history. This is supported by the presence of significantly high rates found at the base of Ornithothoraces (figures 2 and 3). In particular, significantly high rates along the branch subtending Ornithothoraces and the non-significant rates along the early diverging branches within Ornithuromorpha and Enantiornithes warrant further discussion. Such differences can be explained by (i) an early burst of morphological evolution consistent with an adaptive radiation among early Ornithothoraces; or alternatively (ii) is an artefact of the time-scaling method used (the duration of the branches subtending Ornithuromorpha and Enantiornithes were underestimated and caused inflated rates). We compared the results of our branch likelihood tests using both the 'mbl' and 'equal' methods to test these two explanations. The 'mbl' time-scaling method sets the ZLBs to a fixed minimum duration of (here) 1 Ma, and the 'equal' method iteratively removes ZLBs by allowing them to share duration equally with preceding non-zero length branches, making its effects less predictable. In this case ZLBs 'smoothed' by the 'mbl' method were shorter than those 'smoothed' by the 'equal' method (at least 50% shorter in our data). This resulted in higher absolute rates and a greater number of significantly high rates for the 'mbl' method. However, a simple prediction of lower rates across the tree for the 'equal' method is not borne out. Our branch likelihood test results show that significantly high rates (about half of the dating replicates) occur along early diverging branches within Ornithuromorpha when using the 'equal' method (figure 3 and Dryad data). However, instead of finding higher absolute rates, more significantly high rates, or a greater frequency (across dating replicates) of high rates using the 'mbl' method, non-significant rates were more common along the same branches (figure 2). Branch likelihood tests using both the 'mbl' and 'equal' methods produce essentially the same result for Enantiornithes. Therefore, the heterogeneous evolutionary rates between the branches subtending Ornithothoraces and early diverging branches within Ornithuromorpha and Enantiornithes are not likely to be biased by underestimation of branch length, and here the first explanation is considered more plausible. The transition from early rapid change to subsequent slower rates in the early history of Enantiornithes and Ornithuromorpha suggests a potential adaptive radiation (early burst) [47,48]. Morphological characters adaptive to arboreal (enantiornithines) and lake-shore habits (ornithuromorphs) facilitated early diverging members of both clades to invade new niches and thus further drive their morphological diversification [17,49]; however, as ecological niches became increasingly saturated, the rate of morphological change declined [50,51].
Recent comparative phylogenetic studies on body size and limb proportion changes across the dinosaur–bird transition reveal that reduced body size and the acquisition of novel features pertaining to flight have contributed to the sustained morphological and ecological radiation of birds [4,6,7,52]. Although these results came from large phylogenies containing many non-avian dinosaurs, significant shifts in limb proportions and body size in both Enantiornithes and Ornithuromorpha are suggested. In addition, these changes facilitated the occurrence of novel morphological features [4,7], which partially supports our result that high evolutionary rates occur at the base of Ornithothoraces. We divided the morphological characters into six anatomical subregions—skull, axial skeleton, pectoral girdle, forelimb, pelvis, and hindlimb, and then compared character changes during several major transitions, i.e. branches subtending Aves, Pygostylia, Ornithothoraces, Enantiornithes, and Ornithuromorpha. The result shows different patterns of morphological change during these transitions (figure 4). For instance, character changes relating to axial skeleton and forelimb peak along the branches subtending Aves and Pygostylia, whereas the pectoral girdle is more conservative in morphology during these transitions. When Ornithothoraces diverged from Sapeornithiformes, more than half of the morphological changes inferred occur in the pectoral girdle and forelimb, contributing to the refinement of their flight capability. Substantially different patterns of morphological modifications are observed between Enantiornithes and Ornithuromorpha: enantiornithines show numerous changes in their pectoral girdle and forelimb morphology, but their axial skeleton and pelvis are relatively conservative. By contrast, only a few character changes took place along the branch subtending Ornithuromorpha, and those modifications were more evenly distributed in those anatomical subregions. Collectively, our results shows that the pectoral girdle and forelimb morphology changes more than any other body parts, suggesting that aerodynamics played an important role in driving early avian evolution.
Overall, accelerated evolutionary rates occurred at the point when Ornithuromorpha split from Enantiornithes, in company with many synapomorphies evolved in each clade, e.g. elongated minor metacarpal, Y-shaped furcula, and straight scapula in Enantiornithes; keeled sternum, expanded proximal phalanx of major digit, modern-shaped pygostyle, and triosseal canal in Ornithuromorpha [8,12,17,18,53]. Such rapid evolutionary rates may have built an adaptive advantage that opened up new niches and ultimately led to greater diversity. This conclusion is supported both by our results and other studies, which indicate that Enantiornithes and Ornithuromorpha evolved rapidly to fill completely different ecological niches: enantiornithines are arboreal and ornithuromorphs are terrestrial [49,54–57]. In addition, sexual selection probably contributed considerably to the greater diversity of Ornithothoraces, given the complex feather morphologies present in this clade [58,59]. However, more data are needed, in particular for species younger than the Albian, to enrich our understanding of evolutionary patterns in Mesozoic birds.
Data accessibility
Electronic supplementary material is available online, and additional data are available in the Dryad repository: http://dx.doi.org/10.5061/dryad.c128h.
Authors' contributions
M.W. designed the study; G.T.L. wrote scripts in R; M.W and G.T.L. ran phylogenetic and rates analyses; M.W. and G.T.L. wrote the manuscript.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interesting.
M.W. was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41502002), the Youth Innovation Promotion Association (CAS, 2016073). G.T.L. was funded by Australian Research Council grant no. (DE140101879).
- Received January 30, 2016.
- Accepted March 10, 2016.
- © 2016 The Author(s)
Published by the Royal Society. All rights reserved.


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The NHL returned to Saskatoon Tuesday, but some fans didn't get the full experience they paid for after getting stuck in traffic outside Sasktel Centre.
Some of the over 13,000 people with tickets missed the opening faceoff between the Ottawa Senators and Toronto Maple Leafs.
Tony Meyer and his friends were caught in the gridlock and didn't get to their seats until the second period.
"I didn't love it, but I mean the first day of snow every year everyone in Saskatoon forgets how to drive, so I thought it had something to do with that."
Meyer wasn't alone. Dozens of fans took to twitter to vent about their frustration — some claimed they waited over two hours in traffic.
If we don't make it tell my mother/father I ❤ them! #yxe #preseasonNHL. 2 hrs now from #Broadway #Sasktelcenter #1stworldprobs #JaysOnRadio
— MWaldner (@MarcyWaldner) October 5, 2016
1 hour and 50 minutes from Nutana to Sasktel Centre. Should have driven to Regina instead. #yxe
— Ryan Banow (@rbanow) October 5, 2016
The congestion caught Sasktel Centre staff by surprise.
Folks in traffic… our ingress plan is the same as Rush games and Garth Brooks. No specific reason for the congestion.
— SaskTel Centre (@SaskTelCtr) October 5, 2016
Executive Director Scott Ford addressed the criticism following the game. He believes an accident, combined with the bad weather was to blame for the added congestion.
"You got to remember, we have two ways for traffic to get into the property, and if there is any kind of fender bender on the road it really puts us behind," he told 650 CKOM.
"We do our best. We know that it was slow getting in … but its not because of a lack of effort by Sasktel Centre."
Saskatoon Police said one minor accident was reported but the vehicles involved were moved off the roadway almost immediately and didn't impede traffic.
Although missing a portion of the game was frustrating, Meyer didn't let it ruin his night.
"Sometimes you have to load up Kesha in the old CD player and take your lumps as they come," he joked.
with files from JT Marshall

subset: commoncrawl


text:
The references below are listed in chronological order. This bibliography is updated as of 1st June 2018 and will be further updated on a regular basis. It currently contains around 900 references. As it is a work in progress, please feel free to suggest additional references. Around 200 publicly available publications are directly accessible from the bibliography.
French Arbitration Law and Practice: A Dynamic Civil Law Approach to International Arbitration Chapter 1: A Brief Survey of the History of Arbitration in France Chapter 8: Challenge of Arbitral Awards in French Cours d'Appel / Kluwer Law International, 3 (2009) - 2009
|Jean-Louis Delvolvé ; Gerald H. Pointon ; Jean Rouche
|Kluwer Law International, 3 (2009)
|B. Articles on the recognition and enforcement of arbitral awards in specific countries and regions (including book chapters)
|Worldcat : 938834915


text:
I was watching CNN this morning, like I always do, when a rather disturbing story was told. It seems that an off duty Baltimore officer shot and killed a Marine who has served two tours in Iraq. Of course that got my attention so I did a little digging further online to find out what went down, as we know it so far.
These are the statements coming out at this point. The officer claims the Marine made advances toward the woman he was with. He continues by saying there was a verbal altercation which became physical. That's when he pulled out his service weapon and apparently discharged it 13 times hitting the Marine 6 of those. Yes, I said 13.
Now the Marine's sister claims there was no physical contact at all between any of them. She says her brother's arms were up to show he was not armed and he was trying to get the officer to calm down. His sister then said the officer started shooting and her brother died shortly after that.
I have to preface this with the fact that we don't have all the facts. Only the statements of those involved and they can sometimes be tainted because of inherent bias for the people involved. Suffice it to say, there is still much to be learned about this incident.
We do know that an off duty officer decided to go to a nightclub where he presumably would be doing at least a minimal amount of drinking. WHAT WAS HE THINKING? He is a 15 year veteran of the force who should have a clue about the possible side effects of mixing alcohol with a gun. It isn't like he was a regular citizen who has never been in a fight and might have no idea how that combination could cause such an altercation. We are talking about someone who is supposed to know and pay attention to these types of situations so we can depend on them to protect us. He has also been reprimanded for shooting another man in the foot while off duty at another establishment in 2005. He was under the influence at that time also.
How are we supposed to depend on our sworn officers when they cannot police themselves? I did not know we had to defend ourselves from the police department. And they are worried about gun laws? I think they should be concerned about off duty officers carrying their weapons and drinking. The last time I knew, alcohol affected police officers the same way it does you and me. It messes with our normal thought processes. I hope he doesn't get away with it this time.


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The cost of college is a major issue in today's youth. This year's political candidates have brought up this issue a few times, but only Bernie Sanders viewed it as a top priority issue in today's society. Some say the cost of college is much too high, and inhibits many kids and graduates from getting the education they feel they need. On the other hand, some say that college isn't for everybody, and that only those who put in extreme amounts of work to stand out from their peers deserve financial aid. New York times provides an interesting view on the situation, and it helps us understand how the expense of college is so much different than it has been in the past. They said
"In 1974, the median American family earned just under $13,000 a year. A new home could be had for $36,000, an average new car for $4,400. Attending a four-year private college cost around $2,000 a year: affordable, with some scrimping, to even median earners. As for public university, it was a bargain at $510 a year. To put these figures in current dollars, we're talking about median family income of $62,000, a house for $174,000 and a sticker price of $21,300 for the car, $10,300 for the private university and $2,500 for the public one."
Now the median family income is $64,000, nearly the same as it was in 1974. Median house prices have raised by two thirds however, and the car prices held steady. But the big hitter is the raise of the price of college. "Tuition at a private university is now roughly three times as expensive as it was in 1974, costing an average of $31,000 a year; public tuition, at $9,000, has risen by nearly four times" (NY Times). This obviously is a massive jump, and it draws out the question, is higher education really worth it in today's economy?
Tags: Bernie College Debt Money Politics
Cost of College: Is it Worth it? by Jack is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.


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Sinn 910 Anniversary Rattrapante automatic chronograph in stainless steel. The case is 41.5mm. White dial displays Hours, Minutes, Seconds, Chronograph seconds, Split seconds, double scale for measuring units per hour. Stainless steel bracelet. Calibre 7750 Rattrapante. Watch comes with box, papers, original never used leather strap, loupe, spare link, tools.
The reference number is:
The Manfredi Item# is:
$ 4,000
Please make us an offer; we would love to find a new home for this timepiece.
This timepiece is here on consignment; no offer will be neglected.
All our vintage timepieces come with a one-year warranty from Manfredi.
We are authorized dealers for over 30 of the world's finest brands.
For more information please call Tom Ammon.
I can be reached at (203) 622-1414 or email me, firstname.lastname@example.com and know that I look forward to hearing from you!
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Monday, September 19, 2011
Europe Helps Oil & Russian Ruble
Crude oil jumped 1.4 percent to $90.02 per barrel in New York, rebounding for the previous drop to $88.01 per barrel. Crude is the major source of Russia's export revenue. Futures on Brent crude oil rose 2.4 percent to $115.06 per barrel in London. Traders trimmed their bets that the ruble will weaken further.
USD/RUB fell from 30.4465 to 30.4160 today as of 17:39 GMT. The daily low was 30.2345 and the daily high was 30.5719.
If you have any questions, comments or opinions regarding the Russian Ruble, feel free to post them using the commentary form below.
Labels: Russian Ruble
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The PDF-Analyzer is a tool extracting all attributes from pdf files. You can use it from the explorer contextmenu and 'stand alone' as a 'PDF Browser', too. You can see all attributes/properties of a selected pdf file. That reaches from the document informations e.g. titles, topic affiliation and...
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The City's Engagement and Communication Process with Citizens
August 3, 2017
Over the next ten weeks of the campaign, I will be discussing the issues facing Ward 11 residents. The first topic I want to dive into is how we can start improving The City's Engagement and Communication Process with Citizens.
One of the reasons I decided to run for Councillor in Ward 11 was because of the concerns I have with the City of Calgary's current engagement process. Over the past several years, many friends, family members, and residents of Ward 11 have expressed their concerns and frustrations with how the the City is sharing information and getting feedback from residents. In many cases, people tell me that they feel they were never properly informed of upcoming decisions or that the outcome of the engagement sessions were all but decided by the time the City came to the community for input.
Our Issues:
- The City spends a significant amount of money on engagement and communication strategies, without the ability to quantify the results of these practices.
- Residents tell me that they feel that the City does not listen or respect their input or concerns related to projects and services.
- When people don't feel they are properly engaged on topics, they feel isolated and not heard on key issues.
My Strategies:
- Engage Earlier – Involvement should occur at the beginning and strategic stages of planning, not at the end, when you do not get a strong say in what is happening. City administration should be required to engage with communities at earlier stages of the process. As your councillor I will provide regular updates regarding major projects in the ward.
- Ensure Policy Best Practices and Compliance – The Engage Policy CS009 is already in place to govern the actions of the administration related to the engagement process. We need to ensure that these frameworks are being followed by city officials and that we are always improving upon processes. We should look to and reflect on best practices across other municipalities, and use those ideas to improve our own process.
- Leveraging Technology – There are a significant number of technologies and platforms, that can offer a more effective form of communication between us and the City. We need to look at updating the Engage web site to improve conversation and feedback.
Ward 11 Outcomes:
As Councillor for Ward 11, one of the tasks I will look into is improving the guidelines set out in the City's Engage Policy CS009. The current policy and framework is open ended about the administration's ability to decide when the engagement process occurs. A certain amount of flexibility makes sense to ensure that the policy can be applied to the variety of services and projects the City offers. It is important the rules relating to the stage at which the City talks with you must be better outlined and defined to ensure it occurs early on in any project process.
I will also start looking into the current online tools for engaging with you. There are two web sites that the city is currently using (and testing) to get citizen feedback – The Calgary Engage web site and Civic Innovation YYC. The current Engage web site is a good start, but when you drill down to a specific topic, you cannot log a comment or leave a message. Also we need to make sure that the data collected from the web sites is used effectively. We need to know: Are the web sites being used? How is city officials or staff using these tools? And are your comments and ideas reaching the administrators in charge of these areas?
The other item I will address is the engagement event process. In particular, city council needs to have an honest look as to whether or not these events are the proper way to reach you. The reach of engagement events has fallen due to changes in how we all communicate. The current event process makes it difficult for those with other commitments and cannot attend to have meaningful impact. Citizen impact should not be determined by your availability to attend meetings – all opinions deserve to be heard and respected. We need to look at the event process and see how we can improve this for your busy lifestyle.


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I'm very impressed with what this powder can do for being so affordable, it only retails for €3.49-. I get a bit oily throughout the day but a blotting paper or a little touch up is all that's needed. I'm so happy I found a cheaper solution to my H&M Beauty Immaculate Compact Foundation, I recently dropped the compact and I just can't see myself spending the money again. Miss Sporty has my back for now and I'm loving it.
Q: What's your favorite powder? Is it low budget or high end? Have you ever tried makeup from NYC or Miss Sporty? Be sure to let me know in the comments!


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This week the sun will push away the rain clouds and boost the temperature up to 90 degrees in New Braunfels. Thunderstorms have increased river flows and the weather will be perfect for tubing on the Guadalupe and Comal rivers, just minutes away from our park.
There are plenty of tubing outfitters along the rivers, and most offer coupons or discounted group rates. Rockin' R River Rides has a 20% coupon from Sunday to Friday and 10% off on the weekend. Texas tubes has a $1 off coupon and other places such as River Sports and Tube Haus offer $2 off coupons for weekdays and $1 for weekends.
Don't wait until late summer to plan your tubing trip! The end of spring into the beginning of summer is the perfect time to float the fast flowing river in temperatures just hot enough for the cold water. We're located only 3 miles from tubing so plan your stay with us today. Learn about all the nearby attractions on our website.Tags: Hill Country RV Resort & Cottage Rentals, lodging in new braunfels, new braunfels coupons, new braunfels vacation, River sports, rockin r tubes, Texas tubes, tube haus, tubing, tubing coupon, tubing new braunfels tx


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Getting pore-breathing the way I want it is proving more difficult than I thought. In contrast to the last session, this time I was unable to align my focus and breath location. I paid attention and it seemed that my visualization tended to shift more than my focus of breath. It's almost as if my mind and body are being pulled in two different directions. I think instead of working on NLP and anchors I'm going to continue with pore-breathing for the rest of the time. My plan is to allow my visualization to vary spontaneously and try to more the focus on my breath to follow. When this is done, even if it takes longer than the rest of the 30 days, I'll work on the opposite. Letting my body focus vary spontaneously and moving my visualization there. Finally I'll work on controlling them both together.
Meditation Challenge: Day 22(An Individual Blog Post)
JoshcloseAuthor: Josh
Name: Josh Roberts
Email: email@example.com
About: See Authors Posts (34) by | Jun 25, 2015 | 30 Day Meditation & Breathwork Challenge 2015 | 0 comments


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I don't have specific dates for these trips, but we've been to Tanglewood PLENTY over the last few years. We get good use out of our annual pass. Very thankful to live so close to such a great park!
Wednesday, March 6, 2013
#80: Visit Tanglewood (15/15)
Posted by Becky at 7:45 PM
Labels: 80
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Pacific Shore Holdings launch therapeutic, plush heating/cooling toys for kids
CHATSWORTH, Calif. — Pacific Shore Holdings, Inc., introduced the new Thermal-Aid Zoo animal "Mini's". The Thermal-Aid Zoo animals are a 100% natural therapeutic, heating/cooling plush animals specifically designed for kids, to reduce swelling, ease pain and give kids of all ages a "huggable" pal year round, the company stated. The Mini's are smaller versions of the original Thermal-Aid Zoo animal, which the company founder Matthew Mills calls the "next big collectable."
The new Mini's are one-fifth the size of the original Zoo Animals The new Thermal Aid Zoo Mini's are making their debut in Las Vegas at the National Association of Chain Drug Stores Expo on August 10th through August 13th just in time in time for the upcoming holiday gift-giving season.
"We are planning a roll out of several different animals over the next three years", states Mills. These zoo animals, when cooled in the freezer or heated in a microwave are designed to reduce swelling or fevers, and relieve growing pains. Filled with patented all-natural corn, and created to hold temperatures evenly for long periods of time. The original Thermal-Aid Zoo animals names are, Jo Jo Monkey, Tiny Elephant, Ollie Koala, Happy Hippo, Baxter Rabbit, Bella Bear and Buckley Bear, along with the new line of Thermal-Aid Zoo Mini's. You can enter to win and follow the new Thermal-Aid Mini's on Facebook.
The real success story behind Thermal-Aid is what mothers are saying about this unique kid's product line. The blogger that simply calls herself "Mama" writes this about her 2-year-old son, Landon: "His molars have been coming in this last month and they're absolutely horrible. He's always been really good with teething – no fussing, fevers or sweats, really no symptoms except drooling. This time though, he's having a terrible time, constantly feverish. I've found that a cold Thermal-Aid Zoo animal really helps with his sweats and fever. Many times he's fought sleep until I give him his Zoo Animal. It's nice to know that there is something that soothes Landon, when it's not always possible for me to do it. Also, it fits perfectly in our freezer, next to the Popsicles!" The Thermal Aid Zoo animals retail for $14.95 and the Mini's will be available soon to consumers at $7.99.
Thermal-Aid Zoo products can be found at a retailer near you or at costco.com and thermal-aid.com.
Cardinal Health donates more than $625,000 in scholarships to pharmacy schools
SEATTLE — As part of its continued commitment to supporting future pharmacists, Cardinal Health today announced that six pharmacy schools across the country will receive more than $625,000 in funding through the Cardinal Health Pharmacy Scholarship Program. The company has donated nearly $2.2 million to more than 20 universities through this program since its launch in June 2011.
The six schools that were selected to participate in this year's Cardinal Health Pharmacy Scholarship Program were selected based on their commitment to advancing the independent pharmacy profession. These schools offer curricula focused on operating an independent pharmacy; support student-run chapters of the National Community Pharmacists Association; endorse internship and co-op programs with local independent retail pharmacies; and demonstrate high post-graduate placement rates in community pharmacy settings.
"Cardinal Health is dedicated to supporting the essential role community pharmacists play in delivering superior care to patients every day," said Mike Kaufmann, chief executive officer of Cardinal Health's pharmaceutical segment. "These universities are leaders in developing the future of independent pharmacy, and we're proud to support the growth and education of their best and brightest students."
The six schools that received pharmacy scholarship funding from the Cardinal Health Pharmacy Scholarship Program in 2013 include:
- Chicago State College of Pharmacy (Chicago, Ill.)
- Drake University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences (Des Moines, Iowa)
- Nova Southeastern University College of Pharmacy (Puerto Rico)
- The Ohio State University College of Pharmacy (Columbus, Ohio)
- The South Carolina College of Pharmacy (Columbia, S.C.)
- The University of Colorado Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences (Aurora, Colo.)
Currently, Cardinal Health is hosting its 2013 Retail Business Conference in Seattle. To read more about new company initiatives and its plans for community pharmacy, click here.
Live from the 2013 Cardinal Health Retail Business Conference
Landing page for Cardinal Health RBC 2013 for carousel.


text: Ohmygoodfriend'spajamas. Sometimes I surprise myself with supremely superb dishes. I wish I were still hungry, just so I could eat another one of these vegan mini-pasties. When I was in England, my kind English pal introduced me to English pasties. Pasties are a sort of smaller calzone filled with beef, potato and onion, although there … Continue reading


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Holiday party season is in full swing, and we're jazzed with all the opportunities to put together fun new combos of clothes and accessories. When strategizing this holiday party outfit, Annie had a few simple rules: the look had to be easy and pared down, it needed a festive pop of color, it had to include a bit of sparkle, and one of Annie's wispy wool scarves should top it all off.
Voilà—the perfect holiday party outfit. Featuring a sleek black turtleneck, a shimmery pleated skirt that has great movement, an electric blue peplum jacket, and some seriously rockin' studded-strap stilettos, this ensemble is a swingy-cool way to make an entrance. Add on Annie's Charmed snakeskin-print scarf, and you've got a bit of edge, some lightweight warmth, and a contrasting texture that makes the outfit infinitely more sophisticated.
We're ready to go. What are you wearing this holiday party season?
- Arrowhead ring with clear quartz
- Anthropologie Valdorcia calf hair clutch
- Michael Kors Metallic Foil Pleated skirt
- Jimmy Choo black lace & leather gloves
- Givenchy Crystal Star earrings with pendant
- Jo Malone Wild Fig & Cassis perfume
- River Island Blue collarless peplum jacket
- Donna Karan Stretch-jersey turtleneck top
- L.A.M.B black textured leather 'Fernley' studded strap sandals
- Jane Iredale PureGloss lip gloss in Crabapple
- Pine Cone Hill Charmed scarf


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Piano Moving, Piano Disposal, Disposals,Collections, Piano Movers, Piano Mover, Piano Removals, Removal Services, Second Hand Pianos for sale in Kent, Used Pianos near me, Piano Tuners, Piano Tuning, Piano Tuner, Piano Workshop Repairs and Restoration, Piano Warehouse,
Kent Upright Piano Movers understand that Piano's are highly prized and expensive instruments. Their size and weight means that enormous care and attention is needed when moving them. It is not a job for amateurs. we have the experience and expertise necessary to move your piano safely to it's new home. Piano's are moved using our own specialist piano removal equipment. Your instrument will be carefully wrapped and protected, after any dismantling, before it's moved from it's current location. Our recent feed back shows we have satisfied customers across the UK .We have a friendly team and our vehicles are fully insured with Intransit insurance. We can also collect and deliver your Ebay purchase,
Please try our Piano Removals instant quote
Our recent removals include clients in Tonbridge,Tunbridge Wells, Maidstone, Rochester, Gillingham, Hadlow, Chatham, Canterbury, Sevenoaks, Snodland and many more Kent and Medway towns, we also service Dartford,Bromley,Orpington, Sidcup,Sussex Surrey Hawkhurst,Frant,Cranbrook, and London.we are located in Tonbridge Kent TN10. Islington N1 London, Harringay, Stratford, Cazenove, Marylebone, Noel Park, Brent Cross, White City, Shepards Bush, Ilford, Barking
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Steinway comes to Tonbridge
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It was a privilege to be able to help re-house this fantastic iconic piano.
Rare Prototype Steinway
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Steinway Moves to Battle
Resto Steinway - Moves Room
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Zee Entertainment Sells Ten Sports to Sony Pictures
Yesterday, 31st August 2016, Zee Entertainment Enterprises Limited (ZEEL) announced the sale of its sports network Ten Sports to Sony Pictures Network (SPN) for Rs. 2,600 crore.
TEN Sports' network includes TEN 1, TEN 1 HD, TEN 2, TEN 3, TEN Golf HD, TEN Cricket and TEN Sports. Ten Sports network runs these channels across India, the Maldives, Singapore, Hong Kong, Middle East and the Caribbean.
Yesterday, ZEEL said that the board of directors of the company had permitted the sale and transfer of Zee's sports broadcasting business to Sony Pictures Network. Recently the Ten Sports network is held by two ZEEL companies – Taj Television Ltd, Mauritius and Taj Television (India) Pvt. Ltd.
Managing director of ZEEL, Punit Goenka said that, "This is a landmark deal for Zee Entertainment." He also added that, "The sale was a step to a strategic shuffle of its portfolio of channels as the broadcaster pursues to increase its general entertainment business."
Goenka said that the company will be focusing on its general entertainment business, specially in the regional space. And also added that Zee Entertainment will be launching a Telegu movie channel in September.
Completion of the acquisition is quiet subject to regulatory approvals. And the transaction is expected to close in four to five months.
Chief Executive of Sony Pictures Network India, N.P.Singh said that the acquisition will support Sony's sports offering. He also said that, "The acquisition of TEN sports network will support Sony Picture Networks offering for spectators of cricket, football and fight sports, complementing our existing portfolio of international and domestic sporting properties."
Sony Pictures Network already contains exclusive broadcast rights to one of the toughest cricket properties in India—the Indian Premier League (IPL). The acquisition of TEN Sports will also give it access to matches which is held by the cricket boards of South Africa, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, West Indies and Zimbabwe.
Also Ten Sports has the rights to World Brawling Entertainment matches that include football (UEFA Champions League, UEFA Europa League, French League, English Football League Cup), tennis (WTA Events, ATP events), golf (European Tour, Asian Tour, Ryder Cup, US PGA Championship, LPGA Tour, Professional Golf Tour of India and Golf Channel Block), athletics (Asian Games, Commonwealth Games), motor sports (Moto GP) and cycling (Tour de France) events.
For the year 2015-16, Zee's sports network broadcasting business donated Rs.631 crore, about 10.79% of the combined profit of the company. The business recorded a loss of Rs.37.2 crore in 2015-16.
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Welcome to the Maverick Battalion, Army ROTC, at Minnesota State University Mankato. The photos above represent events in the Maverick Battalion. Our classes are held in Wiecking Center on the campus of Minnesota State University Mankato. Through a partnership with MNSU, students enrolled at Gustavus Adolphus College and Bethany Lutheran College may take military science classes by enrolling there and attending at MNSU.
Why ROTC?
Because it is the world's premier leadership course.
The honor of being an Army Commissioned officer.
All contracted Cadets receive a $300-$500 a month living allowance.
Adventure Training is one of the pillars of the profession.
Building lifelong friendships and belonging to a team.
Army careers and experience readily translate into experience for the civilian job market.


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does the Niles library still carry the newsletter by Mark Skousen, Forecasts and Strategies?
Last Updated: Mar 17, 2014 | 2 Views
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The Niles Public Library no longer subscribes to this newsletter. According to the World Catalog one Illinois library does have a current subscription - that's the Cicero Public Librayry. Their address is 5225 W Cermak Rd, Cicero, IL 60804. The phone number is (708) 652-8084.
Here is a list of their current holdings:


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Daily News Archive
Daily News Subscription
Black-Type Beckons Alizee
Group-placed Godolphin filly Alizee (Sepoy-Essaouira, by Exceed and Excel) shed her maiden status with a narrow but decisive first-up win in The Everest Is Coming Handicap (1200m) at Warwick Farm yesterday. The 3YO, who is a half-sister to Gr1 Golden Rose winner and Darley freshman sire Astern (Medaglia d'Oro), is now likely to be aimed at the Princess Series in Sydney during the spring. "I loved how she produced that performance off just the one trial," Godolphin trainer James Cummings told Sky Racing. "There is clearly improvement in her. I think she is ready to go bang now that she is three." Cummings added: "We have black-type aspirations for her in the spring. The Princess Series could be a nice target for her." The Princess Series comprises the Gr2 Furious Stakes (1200m) at Randwick on 2 September, the Gr2 Tea Rose Stakes (1400m) at Randwick on 16 September, and the Gr1 Flight Stakes (1600m) at Randwick on 30 September. A homebred for Darley, Alizee is by former champion juvenile Sepoy and is the fourth foal to race from the Exceed And Excel mare Essaouira, dam also of Astern and fellow Godolphin galloper and stakes-placed 4YO Mogador (Lonhro). Essaouira, herself, is out of the Gr2 Magic Night Stakes winner Alizes (Rory's Jester) from the brilliant Gr1-winning sprinting mare La Baraka (Euclase), a daughter of champion filly Triscay (Marscay). Triscay won 13 stakes races, five of which were at Gr1 level, including the Australian Oaks and Australian Guineas.


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Bella Hadid was one of the models who sashayed down the runway at the Alexandre Vauthier show at Haute Couture Fashion Week in Paris on Tuesday evening. The model who has no qualms wearing the most daring fashion items slipped into two very risque outfits for her walk down the runway.
The 20-year-old's first look was a silvery/grey metallic gown with a plunging neckline that showed her cleavage and abs. She wore no bra beneath the dress. It also featured a crotch-high split that threatened to bare her lady parts. The brunette mostly had to hold the slit together to avoid a wardrobe malfunction. After walking down the runway in the first outfit, she went for a change of attire and the second was even more daring than the first.
Her second look was a sheer top paired with high-waisted trousers. She complemented the look with a military hat that had a netted veil, then finished off with a pair of boots and a leather tummy belt. Just like in the first instance, she wore no bra and the sheer dress did nothing to hide her perky breasts.
More photos below…


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And I am referring to flylady.net for packing tips!
Our move in date is the 7th, but our move out date from our current apartment is not until the 26th… As long as I don't procrastinate, I should have plenty of time to do this right. Have I mentioned that I HATE MOVING? But I am so glad to have a fresh start in a new place. This is my game plan (x = done, s = started):
X Establish layout for new house and label rooms by color
X Choose paint colors for rooms
S Make a "packing supplies" basket so they don't get packed away
S Purge and pack up stuff we don't use daily (and mark with coordinating colored markers by location in new house): x books, x stockpile of smelly stuff, x DVD's (not Cohen's!), CD's, any kitchen stuff we don't use daily, plates, glasses, silverware (except for set for 4), knickknacks, art, craft stuff, x Christmas stuff (yeah still haven't put it all away)
S Establish my temporary kitchen supplies (1 pot, 1 pan, 1 glass dish, mixing bowl, crock pot, microwave, coffee pot, good knife with cover, measuring cup and spoons,cutting board, spatula, whisk, wooden spoon, tongs, pot holders, dish towel, dish soap and scrubber, salt, seasoned salt, garlic powder, dried onions, parsley, coffee, and sugar, a few storage containers, paper towels, garbage bags)
S Make a box of easy to prep food supplies (peanut butter, jelly, tuna, crackers, jar of pickles, mac and cheese, cereal, pasta and jar sauce)
X Make a box of cleaning supplies to take to new house (clorox wipes, broom, dustpan, mop, vacuum, paper towels, toilet paper, gloves, scrubbers, windex, pledge, 409, caulk, tilex, screwdrivers, drill, molly brackets, utility knife, hammer, nails, paint brushes,tarps, masking tape, garbage bags, scissors)
Set aside clothes, linens, and toiletries we need until we are unpacked (also: laptop, phone chargers, hair dryer and flat iron)
S Purge and pack x pantry, x storage ware, linens, clothes, toys, bathroom supplies
Take down shelves and un-mount bookshelves from walls (tape all mounting hardware to the shelves in a plastic baggie!!!)
Charge drill
X On lease signing day (7th), scrub down house!
X Put toilet paper in bathroom and paper towels in each room
X Make sure utilities are in our name
Have internet hooked up
Get estimate on carpet?
S Paint
Have new carpet installed?
Line kitchen, pantry, and bathroom shelves
Install child proof locks
Move furniture
Set up and make beds first!
Set up Cohen's changing table and some toys for him
Set up TV and DVD player for Cohen
Move boxes
Pack fridge and freezer food
Move freezer
Unpack freezer and fridge food
Move cat (set up litter box and food dishes on porch)
Take cleaning supplies to apartment
Deep clean apartment
Unpack one room at a time in this order: Porch, Kitchen/Dining room, Laundry room/pantry,Cohen's room, Bathroom, Our Bedroom, Den, Living room (keep a goodwill bin and trash can at hand to further purge)


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WaterFlow 1.0
WaterFlow 1.0 Hydraulic Application...
Flow by Pdasi is an application to support you in the hydraulic field. It supports you to develop flows and geometry in open channels, the energy heads in a pipe, the Reynolds number, hydraulic jump and more. This is the perfect support for engineers and students on field, desk and studies. Give it a try and enjoy this application. These are some of the main features: Energy heads in pipes. Hydraulic Jump in channels. Geometry in open channels Reynolds number Fuatures in Palm: Hi-Res Color-Enable Installer OS 5.
What is new in official WaterFlow 1.0 software version? - Unable to resolve 1.0 news. What is expected in the future? Newly-made WaterFlow 1.1 be downloaded from current page, we also looking forward to unconfirmed 1.2 release build. You may download directly, estimated download time by ISDN or CDMA [~128 kbit/s] is 0:00:40. Just write the reviews of the WaterFlow. Buy WaterFlow safely through the one software industry's premier registration commerce providers. System requirements are unspecified. No guide or WaterFlow tutorial available. The following languages are supported by WaterFlow: English, German, Spanish.


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Discounted tickets are available now!
New York Professional Events List
RecruitCon Road Trip | Strategies to Land Your Purple Squirrel Candidate
Link to Website
RecruitCon Road Trip | Strategies to Land Your Purple Squirrel Candidate
East Road Trip: Thursday, October 19, 2017 | Boston, MA
SEMINAR SNAPSHOT: RecruitCon is hitting the road, and here's your chance to get a piece of the superior programming! RecruitCon Road Trip | Strategies to Land Your Purple Squirrel Candidate is your region's premier daylong experience to help recruiting and HR professionals conquer today's biggest talent acquisition challenges. In just one-day, you'll get concrete tips strengthen your candidate pool and land rock star talent.
Industry experts, including vice presidents of recruitment and talent acquisition and sourcing technologists, converge on your city to reveal their best-kept recruiting secrets. During this full day of powerful case studies and hands-on workshops, you'll learn:
- The hottest tips and tricks for finding ideal candidates and reducing time-to-fill
- Brand messaging blueprints to help you emerge as a coveted place to work in today's competitive job market
- Tactical response strategies to neutralize reputation-damaging reviews on feedback websites
- A secret sauce for writing job postings that pull in high-performers
- Audit outlines for assessing your website and application processes so you're not scaring off your purple squirrels
- Formulas to prove the ROI of your efforts
- Tips to leverage your powers of persuasive to supercharge your candidate response
A leading brand will kick off the event with an inspiring talk on the techniques they're using to build and maintain their impressive roster of talent. And, you'll have plenty of time to network during registration, our intensive workshops, lunchtime panel discussion, and Happy Hour Hack!
EAST Road Trip Speakers: Boston
Elena Valentine
Skill Scout Inc.
Elena Valentine, CEO of Skill Scout, is passionate about bringing company and candidates' stories to life as a way to make meaningful hiring connections. She believes that empathy is the foundation for change. And, that clear communication and storytelling is key to making that change stick. With Skill Scout, Ms. Valentine and her co-founder Abby Cheesman are particularly passionate about highlighting industries like manufacturing while simultaneously surfacing the talent of quality candidates often overlooked.
Ryan Quinn
National Government Services Team Lead
Eliassen Group
Ryan Quinn is the National Government Services Team Lead at Eliassen Group in Reading Massachusetts. As a National Team Lead he is responsible for a team of 4, which supports Eliassen Government Services cleared job requirements; recruiting for IT professionals with Secret and Top Secret clearances. Sourcing for both State and Federal clients, he recruits on openings from New England to D.C., Florida, and California and everywhere in between. He is excited to share some of his tips and tricks in sourcing, as well as learn from others overcoming sourcing challenges.
East Agenda - Boston - October 19
Registration & Breakfast
7:00 a.m. – 8:00 a.m.
The State of Talent Acquisition: How New Macro Trends Will Impact Your Success
8:00 a.m. – 8:15 a.m.
Get a high-level view of the state of talent acquisition as our editors share some of the latest developments impacting how recruiters must adapt to attract today's coveted candidates in what's fast-become a jobseeker's market.
Kick-Off Keynote: Why This Company Is a Talent Magnet—and How Your Company Can Be One, Too
8:15 a.m. – 9:00 a.m.
Get an exclusive look inside the robust and highly successful recruiting practices at one of the area's most sought-after companies that candidates are clamoring to work for. Hear directly from their head of talent acquisition on what powers their recruiting engine to achieve consistent success in reducing time-to-fill and maintaining stable of attractive candidates.
Digital Damage Control: How to Neutralize Negative Reviews on Glassdoor, Yelp, and Other Online Sites
9:10 a.m. – 10:10 a.m.
One negative comment about your company, its hiring managers, its culture, its workspace, etc. could cause qualified candidates to pass on your organization and join a competitor instead. While you can't control what's posted online about your company, you can take charge with actionable plans to eviscerate the impact that negative reviews have on your recruitment efforts. This session will show you how. And, if you're new to employer review platforms, our presenter will give you 5 tips for setting up employer profiles on Glassdoor, Vault, Indeed, and other sites!
Snacks & Networking Break
10:10 a.m.– 10:30 a.m.
Is Your Company Website Killing Your Recruiting Game? How to Tell and What You Can Do to Fix It
10:30 a.m. – 11:30 a.m.
When candidates visit your company website, do they stay long enough to learn about your business and assess how their talents might fit within your mission? Or, do they get frustrated and bounce—whether before or during the application phase? If your website—and its mobile configuration—aren't consumer-friendly, your recruiting efforts will be dead in the water. This session will provide real-life examples illustrating the types of fixes for desktop and mobile versions that can take your company website from drab to fab.
Unpacking the Most Effective Job Postings for Talent Attraction: What Works and What Hurts
11:40 a.m. – 12:40 p.m.
Led by: Elena Valentine, Skill Scout Inc.
Which companies' job postings really rock? And, which businesses are rolling over to the competition because their advertisements miss the mark? This session will use field-proven examples of exceptional job postings to teach you what works and why, so you'll know which job posting drafting mistakes to avoid and which to adopt to seize the coveted candidate pool's attention.
Power Lunch: Panel Discussion (Visit URL to vote on which topics you want covered)
12:45 p.m. – 1:45 p.m.
In the weeks ahead of RecruitCon Road Trip, recruiting pros will vote on additional topic(s) to discuss. Then, we'll design a moderated panel discussion around the poll-winning issues. Take the poll here to customize the event to meet your business needs!
How to Make Recruiting Technology Your Ally in the War for Talent
2:00 p.m. – 3:00 p.m.
How far can you trust technology to do your job? This session will cover everything from automated application systems and video interviews to using artificial intelligence programs to evaluate your job applicants. You'll leave this session with a clear view of what technology can do for you and what it can't, plus recommendations for tech that will work for your particular situation.
Networking Break
3:00 p.m. – 3:15 p.m.
Perfecting Your Candidate Communication Strategy: Influencing Skills to Maximize Your Recruitment Efforts
3:15 p.m. – 4:15 p.m.
HRCI business credit pending
Are your communications with prospective and current candidates strategically influencing them to stay in your talent pipeline? In today's competitive race for talent, recruiters and HR must learn to think like marketers and build out a comprehensive strategy that's designed to influence prospective candidates to respond to your call to action. This session will cover how to craft a strategic communications plan for reaching and positively influencing prospective candidates using your employment brand and other factors. You'll also learn metrics for measuring the success of recruitment communication strategies you use to connect with candidates.
Happy Hour Hack: Mix, Mingle, and Tackle Your Most Pressing Technical Recruiting Challenges with Top Sourcing Pros
4:15 p.m. – 6:00 p.m.
Get up close and personal with some of the country's top sourcing pros who will reveal their best-kept secrets for overcoming your specific sourcing challenges. Grab a drink and some snacks and head to a hi-top table in the Candidate Attraction Lounge where our sourcing pros will walk you through how to divide and conquer sourcing challenges using the latest technology that applies to LinkedIn, Facebook, career sites, and more!
You'll get valuable tips from:
- Ryan Quinn of Eliassen Group who will teach you tricks for mastering CareerBuilder –National Searches, "related keywords," and ClearanceJobs searches
- Call our call center at the number below or email marilyn.turner(a) nyeventslist.com for registrations or additional information about this event!
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Brand Label: Aden Anais
ITEM MOVED TO ARCHIVE: On September 25, 2017 1:53 pm, Fashion Stylist Online noted this item may be out of stock at NORDSTROM because it was not referenced in their latest online catalog. If this item is out of stock at NORDSTROM, you may be able to find similar fashions sold there or elsewhere on our Aden Anais Designer Brand Directory.
Available for Purchase Online at NORDSTROM for $32.00Pin It
Delicate quilting cover a softly dotted romper made from soft, stretchy cotton knit. Color(s): moon dot, up. Brand: ADEN + ANAIS. Style Name: Aden + Anais Quilted Romper (Baby Boys). Style Number: 5426850. Available in stores.
Shop other brand label items from Aden Anais on FashionStylist.com.
This item was published for sale online by NORDSTROM on September 25, 2017 12:02 pm and last updated by us September 25, 2017 1:53 pm.
Editor Picks: So 70's Clothing Inspiration
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Adam Lippes Pencil Skirt W Fringe Hem Black
Burberry Prorsum Patchwork Blanket Fringe Poncho
Valentino Crochet Mitered Stripe Poncho Sorbet
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Aden Anais Azure Bamboo Swaddle 3 Pack Accessory
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Aden Anais Jungle Jam Monkey Dream Blanket Accessory
- $22.00
Aden Anais Prince Charming Burpy Bib Accessory
- $20.00
Aden Anais Princess Posie Snap Bibs 3 Pack Accessory
- $50.00
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Aden Anais Super Star Scout Swaddle 4 Pack Accessory
- $20.00
Aden Anais Prince Charming Snap Bibs 3 Pack Accessory
New promo codes and links offering limited time promotions, sales coupons, and special offers on Aden Anais designer fashions and accessories will be posted on each designer label apparel page. For the latest up to date information on this Aden Anais Infant Boys Quilted Romper 9 12m Grey | Clothing fashion item, including product specifications, ordering options, pricing, shipping details, high resolution pictures, shopper comments, and other sales media, visit the NORDSTROM Online Store.


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November 08, 2017 at 11:59 AM
By JLogan
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my name is Josh and I´m new in this community. Thank you for adding me. I´m a passionate golfer in the a href= "www.golfadvisor.com/.../top-golf-destinations-in-canada-14297.htmCanadian Rockies/a, Alberta for many years.
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During the next three months budding photographers have the opportunity to capture special moments within Addo Elephant National Park, one of the top tourist destinations in the Eastern Cape, and stand a chance to win big prizes.
This is the 3rd year that Katz Camera World has collaborated with SANParks Honorary Rangers: Addo region to host this competition.
Weekend Post and Katz Camera World, together with the SANParks Honorary Rangers: Addo Region, will be giving away more than R50 000 in the Canon/"MyAddo" Photographic Competition.
The aim of the competition is not only to raise awareness about the bio-diversity within the Addo Elephant National Park, but also to raise funds for research and conservation initiatives within the park. Last year the competition raised just over R16 000.
All you have to do to enter is take a photograph of a nature scene in the Addo Elephant National Park. Photographers must indicate where in the park the photo was taken.
There are two categories in which to enter: One for serious photographers using SLR cameras and an open category for those with point-and-shoot cameras. Prizes will be awarded to the top three photographs in each section. First prize: Canon gift vouchers to the value of R30 000; 2nd prize: 2 nights stay at Matyholweni Camp in Addo Elephant National Park; 3rd prize: 2 nights stay at a mountain cottage at Mountain Zebra National Park.
Lucky draw prizes will be drawn on the day of prize giving, which will be in March 2013 and everyone who entered will have the opportunity to win either an accommodation prize from Addo Palace, http://www.addopalace.co.za" onclick="window.open(this.href);return false;, Crews Inn B&B, http://www.crewsinnbnb.co.za" onclick="window.open(this.href);return false; and food vouchers from Sasol Summerstrand.
The entry fee is R40 for adults and R20 for scholars and includes an A4 print by Katz. Proceeds will be donated to SANParks Honorary Rangers Addo Region.
Entries are unlimited. The closing date is 28 February 2013. Entry forms are available on the Katz website: http://www.katz.co.za" onclick="window.open(this.href);return false; under competitions.
For more information visit http://www.sanparksvolunteers.org/addo-region" onclick="window.open(this.href);return false;
MyAddo Photographic Competition 2012
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text: 27 Paul Breeze Ice Hockey Review 2015-16 Sep Earlybird offer extended! The perfect gift for any NIHL ice hockey player or fan! Covers all teams from the 2015/16 season NIHL North & South Divisions 1 and 2 – with details of league, cup and play off competitions – packed with great photos throughout and with lots of fascinating interviews and features. The book features the Altrincham Aces. Order info and more details here:


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Toby Coleman
Toby has been working his way through the comedy rooms of Sydney for the last 5 years. He has amused and delighted audiences around the inner city hotels, comedy rooms and several comedy festivals.
In 2009, his show at 'the World's Funniest Island' was standing room only and the '2010 Cracker Comedy Festival' his show was voted in the top ten.
His material is a mix of high brow and low brow, with some general observations on life, stupidity and the incredible. His warm, affable style makes him a delightful act and a natural host.


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Burn (Japanese: やけど Burn) is one of the five major Status ailments in the Pokémon games.
Generally, if a Pokémon is burned, it will lose a set amount of HP every turn.
The burn status is evidently associated closely with the Fire type, since most moves which can burn belong to this type, Pokémon of this type are immune to burns.
In general, a burned Pokémon will lose 1/8 of its total HP every turn, and its damage dealt with a Physical move will be halved.


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Meal time is offered 3 times daily with 2 snacks in addition. During dinner and breakfast time, kids are developing team work, learning appropriate conversation making and developing table manners. Northwest Children's Home Food Services provides special meals for children with specific dietary needs.
The kitchen abides by state and federal regulations (National School Lunch Program) for meals and snacks served to the residents and Ed Center for breakfast and lunch. Northwest Children's Home dinners are homemade and cooks are constantly looking for recipes that kids love. Special holiday meals such as corned beef, cabbage, red potatoes and green rolls for St. Patty's Day are favorites. Big holiday buffet meals for Christmas and Thanksgiving are prepared annually.


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Roman statue of Asclepius
C003/6789 Rights Managed
530 pixels on longest edge, unwatermarked
Request/Download high-res file
Uncompressed file size: 50.7MB
Downloadable file size: 1.7MB
Please login to use the price calculator
Credit: SHEILA TERRY/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
Release details: Model release not required. Property release not required.
Keywords: 6th century bc, adult, ancient greece, ancient rome, animal, antiquity, apollo, art, art history, artwork, asclepius, asklepios, carved, caucasian, classical, colour, culture, doctor, epidaurus, europe, european, god, greek, healthcare, historical, history, human, italian, italy, legend, legendary, male, man, marble, medical, medicine, museum, mythical, mythological, mythology, naples, national archaeological museum, pattern, people, person, physician, portrait, portraits, religion, religious, reptile, roman, sanatoria, sculpture, serpent, snake, staff, statue, stone, surgeon, surgery, surname a, toga, veiovis, white
Licence fees: A licence fee will be charged for any media (low or high resolution) used in your project.


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Flu Home > Pandemic
According to the World Health Organization, an illness can be called a pandemic only under certain conditions. For example, it must be a new disease that emerges; it must cause serious illness in humans; and it must spread easily and quickly from person to person. Serious illnesses that affect large numbers of people but are not contagious (such as cancer) do not meet this description.
A pandemic is an infectious disease affecting the majority of the population of a large region. When people think of a pandemic, they may think of previous flu pandemics, such as the 1918 flu (also known as "Spanish flu") or the Hong Kong flu of 1968-1969. It can also be defined as an infectious disease that is an epidemic at the same time in many parts of the world.
What Makes Something a Pandemic?
According to the World Health Organization, a pandemic can start when three conditions have been met. The three conditions are:
- The emergence of a disease new to the population
- The agent infects humans, causing serious illness
- The agent spreads easily and sustainably among humans.
A disease or condition is not a pandemic specifically because it kills a large number of people. For example, cancer is responsible for a large number of deaths. But the deaths and disabilities due to cancer are not considered a pandemic because the condition is not infectious.
(Click Pandemic Flu for more information about a specific pandemic.)


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I don't even listen to people anymore. I just smile and nod and say "oh for real? that's crazy."
women be like "that's not a good photo of me" and I be like "that's what you look like".
Why take away confederate flags? Now I gotta wait for someone to call me nigger before I conclude they're racist.


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A full service boutique in the Heart of the Miracle Mile
The Hair Parlor on 8th is a full service salon for men and women, providing professional color services, hair cuts, and extensions. They also offer specialty treatments such as Keratin, conditioning, and The Brazilian Blow Out. Come let the Hair Parlor on 8th take care of your hair care needs.
Free Deep Conditioning Service accompanied by your first service.
Go Metro:
The Hair Parlor on 8th is located at 5307 W 8th St., Los Angeles, California 90036. For your best route, use Trip Planner.
More Information:
Phone: 323.420.5307
Email: email@example.com | Website | Facebook | Instagram
5307 W 8th St. Los Angeles, CA
View All Eat, Shop, Play - Wilshire
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Progress in Education, Inc. will host its 4th Annual Fundraising Gala in Charlotte, North Carolina. The gala will be held at the Crowne Plaza Hotel located at 5700 Westpark Drive, Charlotte, NC 28217 on Saturday, September 23rd, 2016.
This year's Gala will feature a silent auction, speakers, cultural infotainment, dinner and dance. For the fourth year in a row, we are excited to host this event in the Queen's city and we look forward another stellar event.


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Lighten Our Darkness
Lighten Our Darkness Oh Lord We Beseech Thee
Time and time again
You return in memory.
Images of childhood Sundays.
Young Endeavour,
And songs.
From ages past
And to come,
Ring refrains
Stored deep in mind's forgotten vaults.
From catechism, creed, doxology,
Small snatches that rekindle faith.
Warm reminders of
Words long treasured.
Symbols of the unknowing.
Meaning we cannot explain.
ThankYou for these gifts:
The memories of generations.
Ours, theirs, and those to come.
Let them remain in us
And we in You.
~ Lee Parker
A reflection on The Memory of God, A Minster lecture delivered at York Minster, delivered May 2003 by The Rt Revd Lord Habgood, former Archbishop of York.


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PAINTON, MO (AP) - Three people are hurt after the vehicle they were in overturned during a police chase in southeast Missouri.
The Southeast Missourian reports that a Missouri State Highway Patrol trooper tried to pull over a Chevrolet Cavalier for a registration violation Sunday afternoon and the driver fled. A short time later police laid spike strips across Highway O near Painton, Mo. After the Cavalier crossed the spike strips it ran off the road, struck a culvert and overturned.
The 39-year-old driver and 16- and 18-year-old passengers were all hurt. Patrol trooper Clark Parrott says charges are still pending because the investigation continues.
Information from: Southeast Missourian, http://www.semissourian.com
Copyright 2013 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


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Luis Colon ran for 122 yards, including a 65-yard touchdown run in the fourth quarter, as New Britain defeated Newington 12-3 in a CCC Division I game at Veterans Memorial Stadium in New Britain.
Matt Martinez caught a 20-yard touchdown pass from Larry Garcia in the first quarter for the Golden Hurricanes (1-0).
Christian Beaufort scored the only points for the Indians (0-1) on a 27-yard field goal in the second quarter.


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2-Pieces MTM Suit 360-480 EUR
Vest 110-150 EUR
The price variability results come from the selection of materials. A selection of cotton, wool, polyester fabrics, and Kashmir samples of the fabrics can be seen at our Studio.
All orders will be completed according to the measurements and special order. The ordered goods can't be returned, as ordered, the product is made, the contracting authority and taking into account the personal needs or in accordance with the conditions set out by the contracting authority (VÕS, § 53 LG 4 p 3).


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Archive for the 'Press' Category
From Mobile Commerce Daily By Lauren Johnson February 10, 2014 1800Flowers' mobile site Online retailers including 1800Flowers and ProFlowers are leveraging Valentine's Day to turn one-time flower shoppers into loyal shoppers. Compared to other verticals, online florists and gift companies are in a unique spot with mobile because of the amount of data and information that
Amazon and seven other retailers failed to optimize their Black Friday and Cyber Monday emails for mobile, missing a key opportunity, according to a new report from LightningBuy. LightningBuy's Mobile Email Scorecard found that only 35 percent of 60 of the largest Internet retailers sent mobile-optimized emails promoting Black Friday and Cyber Monday deals.
Consumers receive all kinds of messages on their smartphones, including e-mails, text messages, app, push notifications and mobile wallet messages. Most top e-retailers, however, failed to optimize their marketing e-mails for the recent holiday weekend, missing out on potential sales, one vendor finds. On the other hand, retailers that offer mobile-specific messages such as push notifications and
Kmart, Home Depot, Nordstrom, and OfficeMax will prevail in inboxes; Amazon and Bergdorf's will falter, a study claims. With Adobe reporting that mobile purchases on CyberMonday were up 80% over last year, this surely will be a merry mobile holiday season for retailers—but not for those that haven't optimized their emails for mobile viewing, according to mobile


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+HYBRID is the perfect blend between Music and Talk. Full, rich sound without the isolating feel of silicon plugs.
- Sound quality optimized for speech and music
- Designed for maximum comfort
- Microphone and remote compatible with most devices (Android, iOS, Windows etc)
- Flat cable for tangle-free experience
We suggest you to change it or upgrade to a higher version. Please contact us to firstname.lastname@example.com if you are seeing this message with a recent browser version.


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Create lyrics explanationSelect some words and click "Explain" button. Then type your knowledge, add image or YouTube video till "Good-o-meter" shows "Cool" or "Awesome!". Publish your explanation with "Explain" button. Get karma points!
Government Issue – Twisted Views lyrics
Your eyes are seeing your way
Words I say they get changed
Every time that I say something
It comes out your own way
Joking Joking it's a funny game
Tell me why no one laughing
Laughing laughing I'm the only one Twisted views twisted views
It doesn't have to be this way
It doesn't have to be so cruel
You can be happy for a change
It's up to you to make the rules
Lyrics taken from http://www.lyricsmode.com/lyrics/g/government_issue/twisted_views.html