text:
Bombus occidentalis
|Scope: Global
Language: English
|Scientific Name:
|Bombus occidentalis Greene, 1858
Common Name(s):
Bombus mckayi Ashmead, 1902
|Taxonomic Source(s):
|Greene, J.W. 1858. II. Descriptions of several new Hymenopterous insects from the north west coast of America. Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York 7: 11-12.
|Taxonomic Notes:
DNA evidence (divergence in COI-barcode sequences) supports Bombus occidentalis as a valid species, separate from B. terricola (Williams et al. 2012). COI-barcode divergence also suggests that B. occidentalis can be divided into northern (including Alaska, Yukon Territory, and northern British Columbia) and southern (including the western contiguous United States and southern British Columbia) populations, each of which have distinctive haplotype groups (Williams et al. 2012). These distinct haplotypes correspond with morphological differences; specifically, shorter pile (hair) has been noted in the southern populations and longer pile in the northern populations (Williams et al. 2012; Williams et al. 2014). Taxonomic work is in progress to formally distinguish two subspecies of B. occidentalis (C. Sheffield pers. comm. May 2013 in Jepsen and Foltz Jordan 2013).
|Red List Category & Criteria:
|Vulnerable A2be ver 3.1
|Year Published:
|Date Assessed:
|Hatfield, R., Jepsen, S., Thorp, R., Richardson, L., Colla, S. & Foltz Jordan, S.
|Ascher, J., Jha, S., Williams, P., Lozier, J., Cannings, S., Inouye, D., Yanega, D. & Woodard, H.
|Antweiler, G., Arduser, M., Ascher, J., Bartomeus, N., Beauchemin, A., Beckham, J., Cromartie, J., Day, L., Droege, S., Evans, E., Fiscus, D., Fraser, D., Gadallah, Z., Gall, L., Gardner, J., Gill, D., Golick, D., Heinrich, B., Hinds, P., Hines, H., Irwin, R., Jean, R., Klymko, J., Koch, J., MacPhail, V., Martineau, R., Martins, K., Matteson, K., McFarland, K., Milam, J., Moisan-DeSerres, J., Morrison, F., Ogden, J., Packer, L., Richardson, L., Savard, M., Scott, V., Scully, C., Sheffield, C., Sikes, D., Strange, J., Surrette, S., Thomas, C, Thompson, J., Veit, M., Wetherill, K., Williams, N., Williams, P., Winfree, R., Yanega, D. & Zahendra, S.
|Foltz Jordan, S., Hatfield, R., Colla, S., MacPhail, V. & Jepsen, S.
Historically broadly distributed in western North America, Bombus occidentalis has experienced serious declines in relative abundance, persistence, and range in recent years (Hatfield et al. 2014, Cameron et al. 2011a, Thorp 2008). The average decline value of 40.32% over the past decade (based on relative abundance, persistance, and range declines) suggests a Vulnerable Red List Category for this species (Hatfield et al. 2014). This finding, along with published reports of bumble bee decline and the assessors' best professional judgement, leads us to recommend this species for the Vulnerable Red List category at this time. The use of criterion A2b (where population reduction is suspected) can be justified by changes in relative abundance. Criterion A2e may be justified by the potential effects of pathogens or parasites on B. occidentalis populations (e.g., Cameron et al. 2011a).
|Range Description:
Bombus occidentalis occurs along the West Coast and Mountain West of North America, from Arizona, New Mexico and Mediterranean California, north through the Pacific Northwest and Tundra/Taiga region to Alaska. Eastward, the distribution stretches to the northwestern Great Plains and southern Saskatchewan. Elevations of known sites range from sea level to over 2,000 m asl (Williams et al. 2014). Formerly common throughout much of its range, populations from central California to southern British Columbia and west of the Sierra-Cascade Ranges have declined sharply since the late 1990s (Williams et al. 2014, Thorp 2008), and there has been significant range losses in these regions, particularly from lower elevation sites in California, western Oregon and western Washington (Thorp 2008, Hatfield et al. 2014).
This species was recently documented from Ontario, based on a record that was confirmed by mitochondrial DNA (BOLD analysis). Since this record is considered an introduction well-outside of the species' native range and the species' status in the area is unclear (Williams et al. 2014), we have listed Ontario as "Presence Uncertain" and "Introduced."
For a graph and map of relative abundance and range changes of this species over time, see the Supplementary Material.
|Countries occurrence:
Native:Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Northwest Territories, Saskatchewan, Yukon); United States (Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, South Dakota, Utah, Washington, Wyoming)
|Additional data:
|Range Map:
|Click here to open the map viewer and explore range.
Multiple studies indicate that B. occidentalis has declined, both range-wide and locally, especially in the southern and western portions of its range. Ongoing surveys targeting the IUCN Critically Endangered Bombus franklini in southern Oregon and northern California have revealed alarming declines not only in B. franklini but also in B. occidentalis (Thorp 2008, R. Thorp pers. comm. 2014). Both species comprised 11-12% of the records at the start of the study in 1998, but, in parallel, have exhibited precipitous declines in relative abundance in the years since (Thorp 2008). Specifically, Bombus franklini was not found in 2004 or 2005, one individual was seen in 2006, and the species has not been detected any year since. Bombus occidentalis was not detected during any surveys 2003 through 2007, and has been seen only in very low numbers (one to seven per year) each year from 2008 to 2014 (R. Thorp pers. comm. 2014).
In a study comparing current and historical distributions of eight bumble bee species in the United States using museum records and nationwide survey data, Cameron et al. (2011a) found that B. occidentalis has undergone a 28% range decline between recent (2007-2009) and historic (1900-1999) time periods. Despite B. occidentalis historically having among the broadest geographic ranges of any bumble bee species in North America, the 2007-2009 surveys detected the species only throughout the Intermountain West and Rocky Mountains; it was largely absent from the western portion of its range. The relative abundance of this species also significantly declined between the time periods examined, in both of the regions examined (Pacific West and Intermountain West) (Cameron et al. 2011a). It has experienced serious declines across most of its range in Oregon and Washington, while still occurring in relatively high abundance in northeastern Oregon (Rao et al. 2011). The species also remains common in some of the northern parts of its range, such as Alaska and the Yukon (Koch and Strange 2012, S. Cannings pers. comm. 2014).
We evaluated this species' spatial distribution range-wide over time using a measure of change in the extent of occurrence (EOO; see Figure 2 in the Supplementary Material) and a measure of change in persistence (analytical methods described in Hatfield et al. 2014). We also assessed changes in the species' relative abundance (see Figure 1 in the Supplementary Material), which we consider to be an index of abundance relevant to the taxon, as specified by the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria (IUCN 2012). For all three calculations we divided the database into historical (1805-2001, N=128,572) and current (2002-2012, N=74,682) records. This timeframe was chosen to meet the IUCN criteria stipulation that species decline must have been observed over the longer of three generations or 10 years. Average decline for this species was calculated by averaging the change in abundance, persistence, and EOO. We used these measures of change between the recent and historic time periods to estimate the population trend that has occurred in the past 10 years, and to inform the application of an IUCN category. This analysis yielded the following results (see also the graph in Supplementary Material of relative abundance and map of change in EOO over time):
This analysis indicates that across its entire range, this species has declined over 20% in both range and persistence, with particularly high (>70%) declines in relative abundance over the time period examined. Examination of long-term trends reveals that the species' relative abundance in the current decade is lower than any other decade. In the past decade, this species' relative abundance has declined from 0.035 to 0.018 (c. 50%; see Figure 1 in the Supplementary Material). If this species' long term relative abundance trend continues at the same rate, it will cross the x axis in 60-70 years (Hatfield et al. 2014). These results are consistent with findings from other studies, discussed above (e.g., Cameron et al. 2011, Thorp 2008). Overall, the species has declined dramatically in parts of its historic range, sometimes to the point of local extirpation. Where it remains detectable, we infer that it occurs at lower abundances than historically. Note that the EOO, Persistence and Relative Abundance measures are almost identical to that of B. terricola, a closely related species also with a Vulnerable IUCN Red List category.
For a graph and map of relative abundance and range changes of this species over time, see the Supplementary Material.
|Current Population Trend:
|Additional data:
|Habitat and Ecology:
Bumble bees are primitively eusocial insects that live in colonies made up of one queen, female workers and, near the end of the season, reproductive members of the colony (new queens, or gynes, and males). New colonies are initiated by solitary queens, generally in the early spring. This process includes locating a suitable nest site; collecting pollen and nectar from flowers; building a wax structure to store nectar; forming a mass of pollen to lay eggs on; and building a wax structure to enclose the eggs and pollen. Bombus occidentalis, like most other species of bumble bees, typically nests underground in abandoned rodent burrows or other cavities (Hobbs 1968, MacFarlane et al. 1994, Plath 1922, Thorp et al. 1983). Most reports of B. occidentalis nests are from underground cavities such as old squirrel or other animal nests and in open west-southwest slopes bordered by trees, although a few nests have been reported from above-ground locations such as in logs among railroad ties (Hobbs 1968, MacFarlane et al. 1994, Plath 1922, Thorp et al. 1983). Availability of nests sites for B. occidentalis may depend on rodent abundance (Evans et al. 2008). Nest tunnels have been reported to be up to 2.1 m long for this species and the nests may be lined with grass or bird feathers (MacFarlane et al. 1994).
Once the colony has been initiated by the queen and the first brood of female workers have grown, pupated and emerged as adults, the female workers take over all duties of foraging for pollen and nectar, colony defense and feeding larvae. The queen's only responsibility at this point is to lay eggs. Bombus occidentalis colonies can contain as many as 1,685 workers and produce up to 360 new queens; this colony size is considered large relative to many other species of bumble bees (MacFarlane et al. 1994). According to Thorp et al. (1983), the flight period for B. occidentalis queens in California is from early February to late November, peaking in late June and late September. The flight period for workers and males in California is from early April to early November; worker abundance peaks in early August, and male abundance peaks in early September (Thorp et al. 1983). In the late summer or fall, depending on the bumble bee species and elevation, colonies produce reproductive individuals (males and gynes), which leave the colony and mate. Males of this species patrol in circuits in search of mates (Williams et al. 2014). As winter approaches, the old queen, workers, and males die, while the gynes continue to forage for nectar, then find a suitable location (hibernacula), usually burrowed a few centimeters underground, in which to spend the winter. Very little is known about the hibernacula, or overwintering sites, utilized by B. occidentalis, although Hobbs (1968) reported B. occidentalis hibernacula that were two inches deep in a "steep west slope of the mound of earth." The closely related B. terrestris reportedly hibernates beneath trees (Hobbs 1968). The newly mated queens store sperm until they initiate a colony the following spring.Bumble bees, including B. occidentalis, are generalist foragers and have been reported visiting a wide variety of flowering plants. Bumble bees require plants that bloom and provide adequate nectar and pollen throughout the colony's life cycle, which is from early February to late November for B. occidentalis (although the actual dates likely vary by elevation). The amount of pollen available to foragers directly affects the number of new queens that a bumble bee colony can produce, and since queens are the only type of bumble bees that can form new colonies, pollen availability directly affects the future bumble bee population size (Burns 2004). Early spring and late fall are often periods with lower floral resources; the presence of flowering plants at these critical times is essential. Bombus occidentalis has a short tongue, and thus is best suited to forage at open flowers with short corollas. In addition to foraging at the open face of flowers, B. occidentalis is also known to engage in a behavior called 'nectar robbing' in which a hole is chewed in the base of flowers with long corollas to obtain nectar without actually facilitating plant pollination (Williams et al. 2014). Rangewide, example food plants of Bombus occidentalis include Ceanothus, Centaurea, Chrysothamnus, Cirsium, Geranium, Grindellia, Lupinus, Melilotus, Monardella, Rubus, Solidago, and Trifolium (Williams et al. 2014). In Oregon and Washington, the plant genera most commonly associated with B. occidentalis observations or collections include: Trifolium (20 observations), Cirsium (12), Rubus (7), Solidago (6), Epilobium (5), Spiraea (5), Tilia (5), Cicuta (4), Heracleum (3), and Plantago (3) (database supporting Williams et al. 2014). Similarly, in an analysis largely based on records from California, Thorp et al. (1983) reports that B. occidentalis records are primarily associated with plants in the Leguminosae (=Fabaceae), Compositae (=Asteraceae), Rhamnaceae, and Rosaceae families. Note that these floral associations do not necessarily represent B. occidentalis' preference for these plants over other flowering plants, but rather may represent the abundance of these flowers in the landscape.
The habitat for this species is described as open grassy areas, urban parks and gardens, chaparral and shrub areas, and mountain meadows (Williams et al. 2014). This species is host to the cuckoo bee Bombus suckleyi, based on a confirmed breeding record. It is likely that this species is also a host to B. bohemicus (=ashtoni), B. insularis, and B. flavidus (=fernaldi) (Williams et al. 2014).
|Generation Length (years):
|Use and Trade:
In the past, B. occidentalis was commercially reared for pollination of greenhouse tomatoes and other crops in North America. Commercial rearing of this species began in 1992, with two origins. Some colonies were produced in rearing facilities in California by a company which imported the technology for rearing bumble bees and applied it to rearing B. occidentalis locally in California. This same year, a distributor for a competitor which did not have rearing facilities in North America at the time was granted permits by the US Department of Agriculture – Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (USDA-APHIS) for a three year window of time (1992-1994) to export queens of B. occidentalis and B. impatiens to European rearing facilities for colony production. Following rearing, these colonies were then shipped back to the U.S. for commercial pollination. In 1997, commercial producers began experiencing problems with disease (Nosema) in the production of B. occidentalis (Flanders et al. 2003). Eventually, the availability of B. occidentalis became critically low, and western crop producers who had become dependent on pollination provided by this species began requesting that APHIS allow the shipment and use of B. impatiens in western states (Flanders et al. 2003). In 1998, the USDA-APHIS issued permits to allow B. impatiens to be used in the western U.S. However, within a few years, the USDA-APHIS stopped regulating the interstate movement of bumble bees altogether, citing their lack of regulatory authority. Bombus occidentalis is no longer bred and sold commercially and B. impatiens is used widely in the western U.S. (Xerces Society et al. 2010).
|Major Threat(s):
Populations of this declining species have been associated with higher levels of the microsporidian Nosema bombi and reduced genetic diversity relative to populations of co-occurring stable species (Cameron et al. 2011a, Cordes et al. 2012, Lozier et al. 2011). The major decline of the subgenus Bombus was first documented in B. occidentalis, as Nosema nearly wiped out commercial hives, leading to the cessation of commercial production of this species (Flanders et al. 2003). Wild populations crashed simultaneously and the closely related B. franklini has been pushed to the brink of extinction. However, Koch and Strange (2012) found high levels of infestation by Nosema in interior Alaska where this bumble bee was still quite common.
In addition to disease, this species is faced with numerous other stressors including habitat loss and alteration due to agricultural intensification, urban development, conifer encroachment (resulting from fire suppression), grazing, logging and climate change (reviewed in Jepsen and Foltz Jordan 2013, Evans et al. 2008). Modifications to bumble bee habitat from over grazing by livestock can be particularly harmful to bumble bees by removing floral resources, especially during the mid-summer period when flowers may already be scarce (reviewed in Hatfield et al. 2012). In addition, livestock may trample nesting and overwintering sites, or disrupt rodent populations, which can indirectly harm bumble bees. Indirect effects of logging (such as increased siltation in runoff) and recreation (such as off-road vehicle use) also have the potential to alter meadow ecosystems and disrupt B. occidentalis habitat. Additional habitat alterations, such as conifer encroachment resulting from fire suppression (Panzer 2002, Schultz and Crone 1998, Roland and Matter 2007), fire, agricultural intensification (Williams 1986, Carvell et al. 2006, Diekotter et al. 2006, Kosior et al. 2007, Goulson et al. 2008), urban development (Jha and Kremen 2012, Bhattacharya et al. 2003), and climate change (Memmott et al. 2007, Thomson 2010, Cameron et al. 2011b) may also threaten B. occidentalis.
Insecticides, which are designed to kill insects directly, and herbicides, which can remove floral resources, both pose serious threats to bumble bees. Of particular concern are neonicotinoids, a class of systemic insecticides whose toxins are extraordinarily persistent, are expressed in the nectar and pollen of plants (and therefore are actively collected by bumble bees), and exert both lethal and sublethal effects on bumble bees (Colla and Packer 2008, Whitehorn et al. 2012, Gill et al. 2012, Gill and Raine 2014, Laycock et al. 2013, reviewed in Hopwood et al. 2012).
Since B. occidentalis has recently undergone a dramatic decline in range and relative abundance, reduced genetic diversity and other genetic factors make this species especially vulnerable to extinction (reviewed in Zayed 2009), and may lead to increased pathogen susceptibility (Altizer et al. 2003, Whitehorn et al. 2009). Recent research indicates that populations of B. occidentalis have lower genetic diversity compared to populations of co-occurring stable species (Cameron et al. 2011a, Lozier et al. 2011).
|Conservation Actions:
Research Needs: Taxonomic work is in progress to formally distinguish two subspecies of B. occidentalis, the northern (including Alaska and northern British Columbia) and southern (including the western contiguous United States and southern British Columbia) populations, each of which have distinctive haplotype groups that correspond with morphological differences (reviewed in Jepsen and Foltz Jordan 2013). This work to describe two subspecies of B. occidentalis will have important conservation implications, since the northern subspecies, occurring primarily in Alaska and parts of British Columbia, appears to be abundant and stable, whereas the southern subspecies has undergone a dramatic decline. Once the subspecies are described, the southern subspecies will be considered more at risk than it was previously.
Since the prevailing theory on the decline and localized extirpation of B. occidentalis suggests pathogen transmission of Nosema bombi across wild populations, further work is needed to assess possible genetic differences in the strain of N. bombi associated with Alaskan B. occidentalis (Koch and Strange 2012), and/or genetic differences in the Alaskan B. occidentalis that may reduce N. bombi susceptibility. In the Alaskan study, B. occidentalis was arguably the most abundant bumble bee, despite it having the highest prevalence of N. bombi (Koch and Strange 2012).
Survey Needs: Once very common in the western United States and western Canada, B. occidentalis has recently undergone a dramatic decline in abundance and distribution, and is no longer present across much of the historic range. In order to better understand the causes and extent of this species' decline, as well as the conservation needs of remaining populations, additional comprehensive surveys of this species at historic and potential sites are needed throughout its range.
Management Needs: All known and potential sites of this species should be protected from practices, such as livestock grazing, and threats, such as conifer encroachment, that can interfere with the habitat requirements of this species (availability of nectar and pollen throughout the colony season and availability of underground nest sites and hibernacula).
|Hatfield, R., Jepsen, S., Thorp, R., Richardson, L., Colla, S. & Foltz Jordan, S. 2015. Bombus occidentalis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T44937492A46440201. . Downloaded on 25 September 2018.
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LEEDS, England – Scotland scored five second-half tries at Elland Road Sunday to overcome the USA Men's Eagles' halftime lead and win the Rugby World Cup 2015 Pool B matchup, 39-16.
Prop Titi Lamositele scored the Eagles' only try of the match and fly half AJ MacGinty kicked three penalties along with the conversion in the loss, which keeps the U.S. at the bottom of the Pool B table after two matches. Mike Tolkin's side will continue its World Cup campaign Wednesday, Oct. 7, against South Africa.
Following the tournament-opening loss to Samoa in Brighton last weekend, the Eagles had a week to recover and train for Sunday's match in Leeds, whereas Scotland had just four days after its first match against Japan.
The Eagles took the first lead of the match in the third minute after a sweeping attacking phase. The kick from the 10 was in the middle of the park for MacGinty, who put three points on the board to bring his tournament tally to 17 points from the boot.
While the U.S. used its set pieces as an advantage throughout the summer, scoring tries and kicking off attacks against the likes of Canada, Japan, and Samoa, infractions in the lineout cost points early. Phil Thiel, the only player added to the starting XV from the match at Brighton Community Stadium, was penalized in a fifth-minute lineout, and Scotland full back Stuart Hogg kicked a penalty goal after a penalty in the scrum to level the score at 3-3.
Thiel was again whistled for a penalty in a lineout in the ninth minute, from which the Eagles turned the tide on Scotland's scrum. The front row of Eric Fry, Lamositele, and Thiel drove the pack of the 12th-ranked Scots backwards to win possession, which was lost with a knock a phase later.
Scotland had the better of the attacking opportunities in the first 20 minutes of the first half, but could only add a 16th-minute penalty goal from Finn Russell before the halftime whistle. Hogg missed his second attempt at a three-pointer in the 19th minute as the Eagles succumbed to more penalties.
In the 20th minute, Samu Manoa tackled his opposite number with a purpose and drew penalty, giving the Eagles a five-meter lineout with MacGinty's kick to touch. Crash balls from the forward pack pushed close before Lamositele grabbed the ball to sneak over the line at the bottom of the breakdown. MacGinty converted the prop's second career try for the U.S.'s first lead at 10-6.
Hogg nearly redeemed himself for the missed penalty with a break through the gain line to the Eagles' 22. Faced with one defender, Hogg hurried his pass to Tim Visser, who was too flat to receive the ball cleanly.
Russell also went one for two on penalty goal attempts in the first half, missing a 34th-minute shot at goal. The fly half did not receive any consolation from the Eagles, however, as Taku Ngwenya knocked the ball loose from the Scot with a thunderous challenge minutes later.
Sensing some momentum after Scotland's missed opportunities, the U.S. confidently moved the ball in the dying minutes of the opening frame. The backs made the most of the their possession with contact-seeking runs passing the gain line, while the forwards showed an excellent work ethic to be in support of the crash balls.
With seconds remaining on the clock and inches separating the gain line from the try line, Scotland was penalized for offside. MacGinty extended the lead to 13-6 before the referee sent the teams into the locker rooms with the halftime whistle.
Hoping to keep its spot at the top of the table, Scotland came out of the break roaring. The Eagles were forced to clear the ball in the first minute of the second half after not finding a way out of their own half on foot, and a quick counterattack found Visser on the wing with an overlap. The winger's first try of the tournament was not converted by Russell, keeping the U.S.'s lead at 13-11.
Scotland applied more pressure in the attacking half of the field and scored a second try through Sean Maitland. Scotland took an 18-13 lead with Russell's conversion, but MacGinty cut into the new deficit with a penalty goal in the 51st minute to bring the score to 18-16.
Substitutions began for the Eagles after the first 10 minutes of the second half, but Scotland had taken a grip on the match. New props for the men wearing blue helped stabilize the Tier One nation's scrum, and Willem Nel did even more than that by diving for the post pad in the 53rd minute. The third try for Scotland was converted by first-choice captain and scrum half Greig Laidlaw to extend the lead to 25-16.
The Eagles saw one positive attack end with a knock, which was partly forced by the ill-placed referee as the U.S. entered Scotland's 22. The team took it in stride, however, and held off a Scotland attack meters from the line in the ensuing minutes. Eventually, the Eagles forced a turnover and set up a lineout, but it was overthrown back to Scottish hands.
"I can't explain the lack of execution in the lineouts," Tolkin said. "It had been a strength of ours. It has hurt us so far [at the World Cup]."
Unable to gain turnover ball before Scotland could do any more damage, the Eagles conceded a fourth try to substitute fly half Matt Scott in the 66th minute. Laidlaw's conversion to increase the lead to 32-16 was enough to somewhat seal the win, but the fourth try also gave Scotland the bonus point towards the Pool B standings.
The Eagles were left wanting inside Scotland's 22 on several occasions in the final 10 minutes as knock-ons and penalties ended any chance at doubling their point output. Duncan Weir capped the match with his team's fifth try in the final minute for a 39-16 final score.
"We did not execute basic parts of play at times and we did not always carry through with the game plan we laid out, so that hurt us – especially in the first half," Tolkin said. "Guys were making big hits and being aggressive, but, the fact is, if we keep having to play defense in our end it keeps increasing the pressure."
With two wins in its remaining Pool B matches – and varied results in the other matches – the U.S. could still earn a quarterfinals appearance and automatic qualification to Rugby World Cup 2019 in Tokyo. South Africa, next up for the Eagles, rebounded from a monumental loss to Japan with a heavy defeat of Samoa Saturday, moving to second in the pool on seven points.
The U.S. will have 10 days until the first match against South Africa since Rugby World Cup 2007. The noon ET kickoff Wednesday, Oct. 7, will be broadcast live on Universal Sports, with match updates provided by @USARugby on Twitter.
Men's Eagles | 16
Tries: Lamositele
Conversions: MacGinty
Penalties: MacGinty (3)
Scotland | 39
Tries: Visser, Maitland, Nel, Scott, Weir
Conversions: Russell, Laidlaw (3)
Penalties: Hogg, Russell
Men's Eagles | Rugby World Cup 2015
v. Samoa – L 25-16
v. Scotland – L 39-16
v. South Africa – Wednesday, Oct. 7 – noon ET
v. Japan – Sunday, Oct. 11 – 3 p.m. ET


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Name: Elza
Salaspils, Latvia
Oct 14, 2013 7:56 AM CST
|Re-posting from Rose forum by @lovemyhouse suggestion
I've been keeping a pot with few mini roses on my urban (balcony) garden over summer, but now when the climate is turning colder and the first frosts have already fallen, I've moved it inside. My question is quite basic. What should I do with the plants? Should I let them be as they are or sould I cut them and keep in some dark/dry place? I know little this and that about field rose overwintering, but have no knowledge what so ever what to do with ones in a pot. Any advice would be highly appreciated. Thank you.
Wednesday has been canceled due to a scheduling error. 12:50 press return
Oct 14, 2013 9:30 AM CST
|Hi, Elza. to ATP.
Tough question. I wouldn't think any rose plant would be happy living inside a home for any extended period of time. Your winter conditions appear to be similar to mine, with the exception of snow cover days. If a particular rose plant were special enough to me that I would attempt to keep it over in an apartment-type setting I think I'd try to mimic the trenching style that's sometimes done (in-ground) with marginally hardy varieties. Perhaps bury it in a large, open tub to which drainage holes have been added and then leave the tub on the balcony and hope for the best? I know that I've had rose plants survive a winter this way, but they were in a sheltered area behind a garage that held snow nearly all winter long. Not knowing how your balcony fares in this respect would likely be my most critical question and concern.
Cottage Gardening
Newest Interest: Rock Gardens
Oct 14, 2013 9:33 AM CST
|I Elza, to ATP.
What are your winter temperatures like? I was wondering why you would bring the container indoors for winter?
I have one of the mini roses in a container and just left it outside over the winter. We get into the upper teens during winter, 16°F (-8.88889 C)
Name: Elza
Salaspils, Latvia
Oct 14, 2013 10:13 AM CST
|More upon general conditions in here:
Winters are quite long (decent one stars mostly in late November, early December and sometimes drags out till early April). Overall temperature to my guess would be between -10 C and -15 C but can get as low as -25 C (or even -30 C). Snow coverage on my 3rd floor balcony is mostly around 10 cm. I could be able to get good wind coverage there though.
At the moment the plant has been in for a weak or so and is starting to shed leaves, even though a single bud still tries to open up.
For the most par I'm just scared to do more harm by hasty, wrong actions.
Wednesday has been canceled due to a scheduling error. 12:50 press return
Oct 14, 2013 10:33 AM CST
|I agree with Chelle. It seems it would be best to place the container on the balcony and maybe wrap the container itself with something that would give some protection to the root zone. Then let the snow provide an over all blanket for further insulation.
Oct 14, 2013 10:37 AM CST
|Elza, Welcome to ATP. Sorry, I don't have any advice on your rose. I just especially wanted to welcome you when I saw your location. Both my parents were from Latvia and emigrated to the United States. So it is especially nice to see members from my heritage country!
Name: Elza
Salaspils, Latvia
Oct 14, 2013 11:21 AM CST
|Last question then. When (at what average day/night temperatures) should I huddle my plants for wintertime and can I bring them back out for now (this weeks forecast gives the lowest t being 4 C / night and the highest 11 C / day)? For a shame I can not give a specific breed since it was a gift.
Oh and greetings to you Rita. The world is small and we are everywhere ;) If you ever decide to visit, you are all welcome to contact me (and anyone else really as well). I can show you around our National Botanical Garden. It's not the biggest one, but we do have this and that quite interesting.
Wednesday has been canceled due to a scheduling error. 12:50 press return
Oct 14, 2013 11:29 AM CST
|Sure wish I could take you up on that offer Elza. What a wonderful tour that would be, and to learn about your country first hand.
I think I would put it out at the beginning of a new day. Once you have continually freezing weather I would wrap it.
Does anyone have more/better advice on this?
Name: Elza
Salaspils, Latvia
Oct 14, 2013 11:41 AM CST
|Thanks Lynn, I shall do just that (cause it indeed seems the most logical and healthy option).
Wednesday has been canceled due to a scheduling error. 12:50 press return
Oct 14, 2013 1:13 PM CST
|Elza, please keep us updated on your progress. Photos would be most welcome. Like one that shows it's condition before moving it outdoors. As it is coming out of dormancy in the spring. All photos would be welcome.
It is a learning tool for all of us.
Oct 14, 2013 1:22 PM CST
|If you can put them on a northern exposure that is best as the temps fluctuate the least. If you can get a few bags on leaves they make a good shelter. You are trying to keep the temps as even as possible.
Paul Smith Pleasant Grove, Utah
Name: Elza
Salaspils, Latvia
Oct 14, 2013 1:41 PM CST
|Well this is how it looks at the moment (after being stored indoors for about a week). It has shed around half of it's leaves, rest are ether yellowing or still keeping at dark green. Just after moving in the bud was firmly closed, but now it's on it's way to open. For a shame my only available outdoor storing place faces S/SE, but I should be able to give it a good shade. Actually tomorrow we (my colleges and I) are going to harvest some Sphagnum moss to be used after rose grafting session in February, so I could pick some for my own usage. I think it could work as well.
Wednesday has been canceled due to a scheduling error. 12:50 press return
Oct 14, 2013 3:27 PM CST
|I would think the moss would work also.
Great advice on the northern exposure Paul.
Oct 14, 2013 8:35 PM CST
|I answered Greyghost's question on the Rose Forum.
I see some very good advice above.
Here's my two cents
The thread "Overwintering mini rose" in Roses forum
I'd rather weed than dust ... the weeds stay gone longer.
Oct 14, 2013 9:24 PM CST
|Great information Lyn.
Oct 14, 2013 10:12 PM CST
|Thanks, Lynn.
I'd rather weed than dust ... the weeds stay gone longer.
Oct 15, 2013 8:20 AM CST
|You are so welcome Lyn.
Smiles back to you,
Oct 24, 2013 5:47 PM CST
|I garden in the Yukon. I do grow mini-roses in pots. I have successfully overwintered about 20 for a few winters by bringing them indoors once it turns cold enough to freeze soil. Once the leaves have fallen or are brown and dormancy is approaching I cover the pots with blankets and keep them as close to zero as possible until we get 6 hours daylight again.Roses need sunshine so our low light does not allow them to thrive.I keep the pots moist.I know your conditions are different to mine but this might help?
Oct 24, 2013 10:03 PM CST
|Veronica ........
Welcome to ATP.
Did you get your minis from Chill Out Roses ? Just curious. We may be growing several of the same plants.
I heat my home with wood, and even tho' I have a very good fireplace insert, the rooms further away from the source of heat are really quite cold. I could probably use your blanket method in those rooms quite effectively.
During the winter, my garage is just not conveniently located to use to store plants. It's on another level down the slope. I overwintered all of my container roses outside the first few years I lived here, but I am in a warmer zone and the way I did it kept the pots from freezing. Now, they are in the ground and I never even have any die back in this garden, so I don't worry about them.
Again, the cool temps and the lack of light is what makes it work.
I'd rather weed than dust ... the weeds stay gone longer.
Oct 24, 2013 10:31 PM CST
|Veronica, to ATP.
Great information for those growing in areas with really harsh winter weather.
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text: These pencils are made for the adventurous artist in your home! Ooly made this magic pencil set for every child who doesn't live life in the lines and who loves a good surprise! These five easy to hold hexagonal pencils have multiple colors in each individual pencil. As you write, each color will appear throughout your drawing, a total surprise! Perfect for making thank you cards, sketching scenes, and showing off your individual style!


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Some Concerns About Weekly Communion
January 26, 2017 | by: Dale Thiele | 0 Comments
Posted in: Pastoral Encouragement
The elders of Oak Hills have decided to transition our observance of the Lord's Supper from a monthly occurrence to a weekly occurrence. The ultimate reason behind this decision is our understanding of the meaning and significance of this meal. I used the Touchpoint articles in the past two weeks to unpack what Scripture and our doctrinal confession says about the significance of communion (you can read those here and here). It is a means of God's grace to feed us spiritually on Christ.
Let me use this space today to address some commonly expressed questions and concerns related to weekly communion. If you have a question in mind that is not addressed here, please do not hesitate to let us know. We will also allow for interaction at our congregational meeting this Sunday, January 29.
1. Weekly communion runs the risk of becoming mechanical or a vain routine. In other words, as the concern is sometimes expressed, observing communion weekly will make it less special or significant. I have to admit, because the human heart can be dulled by sin and laziness, this is a legitimate concern. It is not, however, in my estimation, an argument against observing communion on a weekly basis. It is a reminder and warning that we can take any of God's means of grace for granted. Scripture reading and study. Regular prayer time. The fellowship and worship gathering of the church. We can easily fall into a routine of "going through the motions" in any of these activities. The fault is not in the means of grace, but in us and our spiritual sleepiness. In fact, I personally want to receive weekly communion as an additional proclamation of God's grace for me in order to startle my sleepy heart all the more! Bottom line: whether we partake in communion weekly, monthly, or annually, we need to heed Paul's command in 1 Corinthians 11:28, "Let a person examine himself, then, and so eat of the bread and drink of the cup," every time in order to guard against this tendency.
2. Weekly communion runs the risk of exalting the sacrament to a salvific status. In other words, there is concern that weekly communion observance is too similar to Roman Catholic practice, and, therefore, would also incorporate Roman Catholic theology of communion. Abuse or misunderstanding of the sacrament, however, does not require us to avoid weekly observance. We can misunderstand communion whether we observe it weekly or monthly or quarterly or annually. That's why Oak Hills, as a member of the Presbyterian Church in America, follows a careful order of how to serve communion. Every time we serve communion we give instruction about the meaning and significance of the meal, in order to safeguard against misunderstandings and misuse. Observing communion weekly actually will give us more opportunity to teach the truth of communion.
3. Weekly communion detracts from the centrality of the Word of God for our faith. In other words, this concern is similar to the previous, that our faith and salvation will come to rest on a sacramental action instead of faith in the proclaimed gospel. "Faith comes from hearing, and hearing through the word of Christ" (Rom. 10:17). We have no intention, in this transition to weekly communion, to limit the role of preaching in our services. And, as mentioned above, with weekly communion we have the opportunity to explain how, in this meal, our faith is fed by the spiritual realities represented in the bread and cup. Communion is a proclamation of the gospel (1 Cor. 11:26) and so plays a role in feeding faith, not separate to or in competition with the word of God.
4. Weekly communion may be foreign to, or even offensive, to a visitor. We have visitors on a regular basis at Oak Hills and we pray that God would use us to introduce people to Christ and saving faith. So, we care about our visitors. There is much, however, in our services that may be "foreign" to one who doesn't have a church background (corporate prayers, responsive readings, preaching, even congregational singing). There have been churches in the modern era who have gone to great lengths to remove anything "churchy" from their services. We choose not to do this because we believe God calls us to certain forms of worship and is honored by these practices. So, we aim to do two things for our visitors on Sunday mornings: 1. Be thoughtful in our language as we walk through our order of worship. The bulletin redesign is helpful for this in giving us "space" to provide explanations for what we do. But we also want to speak from the stage with visitors in mind. 2. Encourage the warm welcome from every member of the church. We want to give visitors space and time to learn about worship of God. Your gracious welcome helps create that safe space to grow.
5. Weekly communion will only lengthen our services and weigh heavy on the children's ministry volunteers. We are indebted to those who serve us and our families by caring for our children while we worship. They help make known the astonishing grace of God. We want to be careful to not burn out our volunteers. We believe we can make some minor adjustments to our service (like starting on time at 10:30am) that will help with this transition. Also, if someone is serving our children downstairs on the first Sunday of a month, they will not have the chance to receive communion for two months. Throw in there a sick day or travel out of town, and some may miss communion for several months. Weekly communion service will be a blessing to those who volunteer with our children. Now, if you want a shorter service so that church doesn't get in the way of your Sunday afternoon activities, that's a different conversation….
The elders love Oak Hills and we want you to look to Christ as your all-sufficient salvation. We hope to proclaim this through the preaching of the Word and through the regular observance of communion. We pray that you find this a blessing to you and your faith.
- Pastor Dale


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About the Festival
Free Admission
Howard Alan Events is proud to include Asheville, North Carolina in our 2018 Summer Series again. This weekend art affair will feature a collection of national and regional artists specializing in hand-made works of art. There will be painters, potters, jewelers, glass blowers and much more. Asheville's historic Pack Square Park is the picturesque venue for the Downtown Asheville Festival of the Arts. This regional landmark has been a focal point since the city's creation in 1797, lying at the intersection of ancient trading paths. The beautiful public park has grown to 6.5 acres for events and visitors to relax while they enjoy all that Downtown Asheville has to offer.
Show is currently closed. Applications will be juried for wait list only.


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I broke my ankle (fibula) exactly one week ago and am STILL not in a hard cast. I was put in a boot the day of and told to follow up in a week. We went back early by a couple days because I was in unbearable pain and they put me in a soft/temporary cast. It happened at work so I have to wait for a worker's comp representative to set up an appointment with an orthopedic doc. So far I've heard NOTHING even though I've been calling them almost every day. Most of the clinic's here are booking appointments at least two weeks out, which means my ankle will be out of a cast for at least three weeks all together. Is this OK?? I don't understand why I'm having such a hard time getting a cast. I'm worried that it will heal wrong or take more time. Help!!!
How long after I break my ankle can I wait to get it casted?
- Asked
- 11 May 2016 by waiteforme3
- Topics
- fracture, bone, fibula
Responses (1)
An ankle sprain is an injury to the bands of ligaments that surround and connect the bones of the leg to the foot. The injury typically happens when you accidentally twist or turn your ankle in an awkward way. This can stretch or tear the ligaments that hold your ankle bones and joints together.Heel & Ankle Pain Treatment Options Available at DPMC
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Ikea is a home furnishing and organizing chain growing in popularity. In an effort to attract publicity, Ikea offered a $4,000 shopping spree for the first person to enter the new store at its grand opening. Roger Penguino won the contest, and earned the shopping spree by living in a tent outside of the store for seven days. That's brand loyalty! Penguino worked as a Mac Specialist with Apple Computer Inc. at the time, and first purchased a Karlanda sofa and Malm bed with the shopping spree.
Information from Bloomberg Businessweek's Ikea: How the Swedish Retailer became a global cult brand.


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Know more about this business than we do? Cool! Please submit any corrections or missing details you may have.Help us make it right
Be the first NOLA.com user to add photos or videos of Axis Vehicle Services
Axis Vehicle Services is located at 29000 S Frost Rd, Livingston, LA. This business specializes in Real Estate Inspection.


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Stephen W. Smith and his wife Gwen are the Co-Founders of a Christian ministry called, Potter's Inn. You can check out the ministry's web at http://www.pottersinn.com
Steve and Gwen have been married since 1980 and spent 32 years ministering together to the hearts of people around the world. Steve has pastored churches in Kentucky, North Carolina and the Netherlands. Steve studied at Lenoir Rhyne University, Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, Trinity Evangelical Divinity School, and Fuller Seminary. Gwen has a BS from the University of North Carolina and is a Registered Nurse. Gwen pursued studies at Denver Seminary where she fulfilled the 2 year program for Soul Care. She is a spiritual director.
Steve and Gwen lead retreats throughout the world for leaders in the marketplace as well as ministry. A focus for Steve and Gwen is their work with individuals and couples in "Soul Care Intensives"–a private retreat with leaders. Steve and Gwen speak focus much of their time and work with missionaries. Gwen is a TCK (Ethiopia) and together they lived overseas in Europe planting churches before the fall of Communism.
Steve and Gwen have four adult sons and two daughters through their son's marriages. Soon to be three!
Potter's Inn was founded in 2003. It is a 501 C3 and registered with the United States Internal Revenue Service. The ministry seeks donations from donors throughout the world.
Potter's Inn does five things:
- Guides retreats for people, churches and organizations.
- Provides care for the soul.
- Develops resources such as books, art and small group guides
- Operates our own retreat, Potter's Inn at Aspen Ridge
- Vocation Care: Helping people navigate the whitewater of work, calling and purpose!
Telephone: 719-264-8837


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Four people, including the interim incumbent, are seeking the 2 nd District seat on the St. Tammany Parish Council in the Oct. 14 special election to fill the seat of Councilman Dennis Sharp, who died in May.
The candidates are: David Fitzgerald, who was a friend of Sharp and was appointed to the post by the council; Joe Freeman Jr., a political newcomer who sought the interim appointment; Marvin Lawson, who previously ran for parish president; and Clark Taylor, who is also making his first run for elected office.
The winner of the race will fill the remainder of Sharp's term, which expires Jan. 13, 2020. The 2 nd District takes in a small portion of Covington and areas east and north of the city, including the Lee Road community.
Early voting starts on Saturday (Sept. 30).
Here is a look at the candidates.
David Fitzgerald
Fitzgerald, 64, a Republican, said he did not decide to run for the office until after being appointed as interim councilman , a job he admittedly accepted "with some skepticism.
"You hear about government and politics in somewhat of a negative light, speaking from the societal standpoint. Once I got there, the people I was working with seemed to be hard working, good people."
Fitzgerald, a Bogalusa native whose family's roots run deep in St. Tammany Parish, said he wants to serve as a liaison between citizens of the district and their parish government and help them with any problems they may have.
"This isn't a stepping stone to POTUS (president of the United States)," he said. "It's about giving back. I've lived a blessed life here in St. Tammany Parish. The reason people move here . . . I want to keep those reasons."
Fitzgerald, who lives north of Covington, cited drainage as the No. 1 concern on the minds of most of the citizens with whom he has come in contact. Many have complained about development causing drainage problems that never existed previously.
He said mistakes were made by the parish in the past regarding growth and drainage. "The good news is henceforth we're really trying to put in a lot of time planning new developments with drainage in mind," Fitzgerald said.
"I feel we need to have vision from someone who has seen the parish grow," said Fitzgerald. "As we look at that growth plan, we need to be extremely vigilant."
His platform includes ensuring tax dollars are put to the best possible use, responding quickly to constituents and maintaining personal integrity and forthrightness that the public office deserves.
Fitzgerald, who ran for the parish School Board in the late 1990s, teaches chemistry at the New Orleans Military and Maritime Academy in Algiers. He served in the Air Force as a pilot and is a retired pilot for American Airlines.
He holds a bachelor's degree from LSU and a master's in management from Webster University in St. Louis.
Joe Freeman Jr.
Freeman, 71, lives in the Abita Springs area and operates a small mobile home parts store called "Smokin' Joes" in Covington. He's a Democrat making his first run for elected office.
Freeman said he's long thought about running for office and decided to give it a shot when the seat opened.
"This is basically a learning process for me," said Freeman, a Navy veteran and former St. Tammany sheriff's deputy and Covington police officer. "I've never been involved in any political campaign. I'm grass roots.''
Freeman, a native of Hobbs, N.M., who has lived in the 2 nd District for 32 years, said some parts of the district need attention, such as roadside grass cutting and road repairs. Streets in the New Claiborne/Lonesome Pine areas as well as Arthur Road in the Covington area need repair, he said, and grass cutting is needed along roads in the Helenberg Road area south of the city.
Freeman says the population has outgrown the infrastructure, as evidenced by traffic-choked highways. Subdivisions are still being built, though the existing drainage system can't handle it, he said.
Moreover, Freeman, who is African-American, said the parish government needs diversity, noting there are only two women and one African-American on the 14-member Parish Council.
"From my perspective, St. Tammany Parish government needs new ideas, new vision and some diversity. The majority of the people on the Parish Council are like-minded people. If you don't have different ideas, different opinions and different views, then it's like a rubber-stamp council."
Freeman's platform includes keeping parish and district voters informed on what the government is doing, improving the relationship between citizens and government, and seeking to beautify sections of the parish that have been neglected.
"It's not so much about me so much as it is about the community and the district itself," he said.
Marvin Lawson
Lawson, who was born in 1953, lives near Abita Springs. He lists no political party.
The Abita Springs-area resident is a native of New Orleans and a 1973 graduate of St. Paul's School. He ran for St. Tammany Parish president in 2011, receiving 4 percent of the vote in a race won by current President Pat Brister.
Lawson could not be reached for an interview about his candidacy, but he filled out a questionnaire for NOLA.com | The Times-Picayune in which he said he was retired. Under employment history, he listed work at Atlas Construction, Equitable Shipyard, Bud's Nursery and Gats Masonry Products.
His platform includes eliminating the spending of taxpayer dollars on non-essential programs; cleaning up litter, which would encourage tourism; spending more on drainage improvements; developing a transportation program to increase connectivity and reduce traffic congestion; improving salaries for public works crews; and eliminating individual sewage treatment systems and replacing them with community systems to improve water quality in rivers.
Clark Taylor
Taylor, 59, of the Covington area, is a business owner with a diverse background, having held a variety of jobs: offshore laborer, bartender, comedian, screenwriter, children's author and restaurant manager.
A member of the Independent party, Taylor is the owner operator of Junction Productions Inc. and Tin-Ups LLC, which creates and sells wall decor and tin signs.
The New Orleans native said he decided to run for office after seeing a political sign for a candidate running for state representative. A look at the Oct. 14 ballot revealed a council seat up for grabs in his district.
"I saw it as the perfect opportunity. So I jumped in."
Taylor, who said he plans to ride his bicycle on every street in the district, said drainage is foremost in voters' minds. "No matter who I talked to, it was drainage."
Taylor said he would push to create a more responsive public works department and seek better planning of developments to ensure drainage is not adversely affected.
Some voters he has talked to say they can't get their ditches cleaned, Taylor said. One of his neighbors has been waiting for years, while a block away, the ditches are clean, he said.
Taylor is a proponent of more transparency and citizen involvement in government. "With the political climate we're in now, a lot of people have withdrawn from the process. Apathy has become a big part. This is a time where we need to get involved."
Taylor's platform also includes improving internet infrastructure and using social media to connect to voters; helping small businesses thrive; improving civic engagement; changing the emphasis from incarceration to treatment for drug offenders.
Taylor, a graduate of Covington High School, has a bachelor's degree in English and a master's in history, both from San Francisco State University.


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Submitted by St Athanasius Episcopal Church, Echo Park
Please sign up, or just come around 7:45 to 840 Echo Park Ave 90026 Thurs eve Jan 26. We need help with Silverlake. Drive to a limited area with one or two helpers in a car/ write down homeless encampments you see and return info to us. Simple. Realistic time frame 8 – 11:30 PM. It's one night in your life but could mean many nights of assistance for the homeless. Questions? Call Sally at 818-626-0952
To sign up online: HTTP://WWW.THEYCOUNTWILLYOU.ORG/840ECHOPARK?RECRUITER_ID=28011
Bulletin Board is a place where Eastsider readers can post announcements. Click here to submit your Bulletin Board notice.


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Tag Search: transport
Displaying 2 of 2 Results
15 ways to entertain yourself on a long-haul flight
When you're preparing for that long-awaited holiday, the last thing on your mind is the flight. But when travelli...
By Becky / May 30, 2017
From skytrains to streetcars: Canadian transport the fun way
Canada isn't just renowned for its countryside. It has some of the most exciting cities in North America, too. Mo...
By Becky / November 9, 2016


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While talking about recycling we just consider the end result. The end results show no disadvantage of recycling and therefore w raise the slogan 'Reduce, Reuse, Recycle'. This triple R strategy shows a dream of healthy environment and future prospects help to survive the coming generation with enough reservoirs. Now let see the picture from different angle.
Social Issue
Recycling is a complete procedure comprises of collecting, sorting, pulping / boiling /, aeration, chemical treatment, bio treatment. All these phases required labor to keep the recycling process in continue form. Where does this labor come from? If we look around us the people busy in recycling business are from the lower strata and this decrease their social respect.
Energy consume / Energy Waste
Recycling plants are mostly situated outside the town for hygiene purpose. To transport the waste material different carriages are used. If this transportation is done engine vehicle instead of a cart, it emits a lot of carbon which in return become the cause of global warming. The advantage in recycling the waste is equaled by wasting the energy in this transportation.
Health Crisis
Labour involves in recycling is directly expose to the health crisis. They are more positive agents to let dwell the germs. This spread viral infection in the residential area. Most of the time waste comes from food items and solid waste which help to grow germs speedily. During collecting and sorting process labor is caught by infection which can become the reason of death.
Chemical Treatment
Recycling of the items like water, plastic, metal, paper and glass require chemical mixing to process in new shape. These chemicals are having bleached and most of the time toxic characteristics. These chemical treatments in the recycling are it bigger disadvantage because it can cause skin irritation problems and occasionally burning starts on the skin.
A common gas produces on the waste heap is that of methane. Methane is a colorless, odorless gas known as marsh gas. The disadvantage of recycling is that methane suffocates the place which labor has to visit. Methane can endanger healthy life and cause diseases like asthma.
Low Esteem
Recycling has this major disadvantage as the products make as a result of recycling are considered low esteem. General public has not good concept about the recycled thing. They consider it something low quality, less beneficial and barely approved by them.For example, recycle water, as it is non potable, even if it is seen using for irrigating lands is not considered good crop. Recycle plastic is not as attractive as the fresh one.
Low Quality Production
It is for sure that recycled items are low quality items. It is due to their second hand nature. Recycled items are made by previously used items so are less hygienic and less reliable. They are not as durable as newer items. They have not fresh, glossy look which the fresh items have.
Cost Issue
A visible and admitted disadvantage of recycling is that it raises cost issues. Although recycled items are sometimes looks very attractive and trendy yet they lost their value when considered as manufacturing point of view. They are reclaimed things from the previously used material which is considered as waster therefore they cannot be high valued in any case.
Recycling sometimes require shuffling and washing of the waste materials which causes a sort of abhorrence. We do not feel easy to put hand in the waste as it has many negative aspects. We abhorred to even looking at the waste what if we have to sort and wash the recyclable waste from heap.


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Car Hire in Italy to Meet Your Needs
Italy is a country that's just begging to be explored. With so much to attract travellers it's no wonder that it's a top tourist destination, and more and more people are catching onto the idea of car hire to explore this wonderful country at its best.
No matter where you're travelling to, you'll be able to use car hire in Italy to make the most of it. You can use it to travel from city to city if you're after a spot of culture, or if you want to see the wonderful scenery of Tuscany (or anywhere else in fact) you can use you rental car to see it in the best possible way.
By opting for car rental you don't have to worry about public transportation to get you where you need to be. You have the kind of freedom that can let you totally relax and escape from it all, letting you explore the area as and when you want to. You can go on your own sightseeing tours and excursions, and that can make the whole thing even more enjoyable.
Luckily, finding car hire in Italy shouldn't be too much of a problem either. Or at least it won't be if you come to us here at Leisurecars.com. Because we work with the best independent and chain car rental companies in Italy (and beyond) we're able to provide you the best prices possible, and with excellent customer service you can be sure that you're getting the best.
So, for car hire in Italy to completely meet your needs, you know where to come. We'll even be able to give you cheap car hire to accommodate all budgets, so make sure to check us out.


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You know how sometimes you look forward to something for so long and hype it up so much in your head that when it actually happens it's kind of disappointing? Yeah... that wasn't the case for Ziggy's. A wee while ago I was offered the chance to come in and try out their menu but because I was stupidly busy at the end of last year and the start of this one I had to put it off for a while. Yesterday I braved the snow and finally headed up to St. Andrews - a beautiful place you should definitely visit if you're in Scotland - to catch up with one of my best friends, Sarah, and eat some damn good food.
Ziggy's has been serving up delights to the people of St. Andrews since 1983 and is one of the longest surviving privately owned establishments in the town. Decorated with a variety of classic rock memorabilia, many pieces of which have been either donated or gifted by other rock enthusiasts, Ziggy's is the place to go for good food and a superbly friendly atmosphere.
I had decided to drive up to St. Andrews from Glasgow so the cocktails were sadly off the table for me, however my Oreo milkshake pretty much made up for that. When I make myself Oreo milkshakes at home I can be pretty generous with the ice cream so usually when I have them elsewhere I find them a bit watery and just generally lacking, however this one definitely was not. I could drink them by the gallon! I wish I had one right now.
To start I decided to have potato skins with bacon & cheese, which were seriously incredible. They were crispy but soft, with the perfect amount of filling and a serving of sour cream on the side - just the way I like them! The portion size was pretty massive, much like it was for Sarah's delicious cheesy garlic bread (and everything else) so I struggled to finish the last few bites.
When looking at the drool-inducing menu for Ziggy's I knew I'd have to have a burger - and boy am I glad I did! Sarah & I both went for burgers; mine with cheese & pineapple and Sarah's with cheese & bacon. They arrived with a generous helping of chips on the side, just for good measure. I eat a lot of burgers so I know what I like, and I definitely liked this. The 6oz burger was served beautifully cooked with plenty of toppings on a lovely soft roll. After our massive starters we both struggled to finish these, but I was determined to eat as much as possible. I'm already planning a return trip to Ziggy's and next time I will definitely finish it. I'm going to eat loads in the meantime to practice...
After a bit of a breather we took one for the team and ordered desserts too - it was all for you guys, honestly. The "Chocolate Thunder" had caught my eye from the very first time I saw the menu so I knew in an instant that it was the one for me. Think gooey chocolate brownies piled high, topped with hot chocolate fudge sauce, whipped cream and more brownie chunks... with chocolate ice cream on the side. How could I not?! Sarah chose the cheesecake of the day which was Chocolate Chip Cookie Dough and looked so good. Our desserts were definitely winners!
On the whole our experience at Ziggy's was fantastic, with beautiful food served by super friendly staff. The portions were absolutely huge and we left feeling veeeeeery full - exactly how I like to leave a restaurant! I'll definitely be returning next time I'm in St. Andrews, I need to finish one of the burgers.
You can find Ziggy's at 6 Murray Place in St. Andrews. To check out their menu & more head to the website here.
This meal was complimentary.


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Love can be a fleeting moment of deepest joy, or the journey of a lifetime.
Here's a collection of love poems from all stages of the journey, some illustrated by the author's photography and artwork.
The pieces range from finding and nurturing love, creating romance, through riding out the storms of a relationship...
Love hurts and heals, it can be painful, but worth it.
Dave Preston is an accomplished writer and musician, the author of several non-fiction books (see All is Bright: A Yorkshire Lad's Christmas, on the Recommended Books page).
These poems were written for his wife, Lesley. They will celebrate their 34th anniversary in 2013.
Check Dave's books at GoodReads.
From the author of Where the Butterflies Go and
Heather Grace Stewart is one of my favorite poets, and her poetry collections only get better over time. Her latest, Three Spaces, is proof [...] Add it to your space. You won't be disappointed. (Elisa Lorello, best-selling author)
Heather Grace Stewart brings tenderness to the page addressing modern-day reality, gracefully and unconventionally, yet heart-felt." (Michelle Casto, Author)
Available at Barnes & Noble and Amazon
Little Sun Worshipper
Little sun worshipper
Fran Pennock Shaw is author of a this delightful book of original poems and punchlines about the cute things cats do. The palm-sized gift book also contains 70 whimsical photos of kittens by Italian photographer Silvia Lualdi.
Shaw's humorous and affectionate insights describe the "adorable, un-ignorable cat." A kitten outside a telephone booth asks: "Can you hear me, meow?" A golden kittten in reflected sunlight inspired the poem, Little Sun Worshipper (at left).
Shaw, a Lancaster Newspapers correspondent and former reporter, is a freelance magazine writer on companion animal topics. She contributed to Cats Do It Better Than People, an anthology by Adams Media, and to Symptom Solver For Dogs and Cats, a pet health book published by Rodale Press.
Shaw has won numerous writing awards from the international Cat Writers' Association Inc. (CWA) and the Dog Writers' Association of America, and is a past president and treasurer of CWA.
Lauren Merryfield brings her love of cats to light in haiku, bringing both tears and laughter as well as comments like, "Oh! I understand!" She describes many touching situations, including how a totally blind woman honors her cats. 182 pages; available from Amazon or from the author at www.catliness.com.
Lauren's website is designed for cat loving business people, who will find interesting cat information and pet business opportunities there. Winner of a Golden Whiskers web award, it is linked to www.meowwho.com, an all-inclusive cat-related directory with 3625 listings.
kitty in the tub
I know you apart
Fur against my neck
Whistle for Jellyfish
a delightful new collection by the Field Stone Poets
Led by Sylvia Adams, the other poets include Brock Currie, Gill Foss, Glenn Kletke, Barbara Myers, and Margaret Malloch Zielinksi.
Read more about both Sylvia and Gill below, where we feature their individual books.
Whistle for Jellyfish is published by Bookland Press, and is available at book stores and on Amazon.
Gillian Foss is an award-winning poet whose work has been published in the Alberta Poetry Yearbook and several anthologies, including those from Ottawa's Field Stone Poets. Her chapbook, Windows in Time, contains poems of various lengths and in unusual forms (ghazal, sestina), all with images of water. The title poem, A Window in Time, uses repetition to great effect, evoking memories as mirrors. Windows in Time is available privately from her for $10 (which includes postage). (gillfoss @ magma.ca)
Gill's latest book is called Fleeting Moments, and you can see the cover and read about it HERE. It's also available from her for $8 (plus postage & handling).
Sylvia Adams is an Ottawa novelist and poet whose novel, This Weather of Hangmen, is based on a true crime story. Her award-winning poetry includes Mondrian's Elephant, and Sleeping on the Moon, which was a runner-up for the Scott-Lampman Award in 2007. An instructor/facilitator for two Ottawa poetry groups, she edits their chapbook anthologies and in January-February 2007 taught a poetry workshop in Chile. http://sylviaadams.ca/
Mike Heenan's Selected Poetry: Urban Affairs & Country Matters (North Grenville News Press), ranges though the poet's "significant reactions to reality" from the quiet hamlet of MacLaren's Landing on the Ottawa River to the bustle of "Criminal Corners" in the heart of Bytown/Ottawa and the early days of the Rideau Canal. His first volume, Landing Sites, a collection of satirical poems and editorials from The Carp Valley Press, was published by Bisson in 1979. Copies of his new "Selected" ($10.00) are available from the author (613-230-4640).
A selection from Brick Books: (www.brickbooks.ca)
Two Hemispheres by Nadine McInnis
ASeason of Mourning by Frances Itani
Riffs by Dennis Lee
Poems Only a Dog Could Love by John B. Lee
Marrying the Sea by Janice Kulyk Keefer
Hologram: A Book of Glosas by P.K. Page
Calm Jazz Sea by Mike Barnes
The Burning Alphabet by Barry Dempster
Little Horse, by Susan Downe


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CSS Sprites:CSS sprites are a way to reduce the number of images by combining several images into one. This technique is useful in reducing the all images load time.
Regular Expression - Regular Expression - Regular expressions are a way to describe a set of strings based on common characteristics shared by each string in the set. They can be used to search, edit, or manipulate text and data. In java regular expression evaluation engine's evaluation process can be tweaked in any of three possible flavors using quantifiers ie Greedy, Reluctant & Possessive


text: I'm looking into getting a little test webserver running at home, on maybe a PowerMac G3. Should be fine running it, it's a good machine. But the only monitor I have in the house is a sparkly new 20" Cinema Display. Will the two work together? There are multiple connectors with the CD (I think one was VGA to someting) Thanks for the info in advance.


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Bad Eating Habits that we are Guilty of that Needs Changing
Most of us are unaware that what we do after we eat a meal can greatly affect us and how our body consumes what we just ingested. Some of us might even be totally unaware that the activities we do after we eat is bad for our body. In order to properly give our digestive system a functioning moment for it to do its job, we need to be aware of the possible things we do that can hinder it from digesting our food properly.
There is nothing worse that to have your meal become undigested and wasted of its possible nutritional sources. So knowing how to properly compensate ourselves after eating is essential and valuable. Let us delve into this matter more and focus on the possible bad habits that we need to avoid after we have consumed our meals.
After Meals Bad Habit Breakdown
Since most of us are essentially unaware that there are certain "bad activities" that we do after eating, we owe it to ourselves to know them. By figuring out these nasty habits, we can now either stop it completely or if not, alter it to a healthier and more acceptable way.
As I can clearly see it, there are three major regions in our daily lives that have certain activities which can alter our food digestion. By pinpointing out these actions, we can further solve this problem in a holistic manner. This holistic route is the best possible solution that anyone of us can take. Not only will we solve the problem but we also can make ourselves become healthier during the whole process.
Your Daily After Meals Routine
This so called "after meal routine" includes what you do and your plan of activities DIRECTLY AFTER each meal you take. This can either be what you do on a daily, occasional or even "on a whim" type of instance. Here are the four major bad habits that we need to be aware of.
Start applying the "No Swimming after eating" policy
Now before you go and say "I don't always swim each time I eat so why is this here?!" listen to me for a bit. Ever wonder why this rule is given and being reminded countless of times? This same reason also applies to what we do after we eat each day.
If you are a fan of "taking a shower right after eating" then that is one bad habit that you need to stop. Like swimming, taking a bath forces our bodies to use up more of its blood supply in order to regulate our body temperature. The problem here now is that our digestive system also needs an ample amount of blood supply in order to function properly.
If we shower after eating, it will cut down the blood supply from our stomach to our skin because of our brain's biological signal to address the more "needed" issue which is body temperature regulation. This will result in slower digestion and an even weaker digestive system.
Remedy: If showering is unavoidable for you, there is a quick fix for this dilemma. ALSO similar to the "no swimming after eating" rule, wait for an hour or so before you shower. This will allow you digestive system to have its fare share of blood supply in order to do its job properly.
You Snooze, You Lose
Nothing is more relaxing and tempting than to take a quick nap or catch a few hours of Z's after a full, hearty and delicious meal. Let's face it, all of us are guilty of this. But this "guilty pleasure" must alarm our "guilty conscience" because this is another bad habit that we need to stop.
There are three major reasons why we should avoid sleeping right after meals. First is that it makes our digestive system loose its full capacity to operate. This is because of the fact that our muscles tend to relax when we sleep, including our digestive ones as well.
Another reason is that it causes the acids from our stomach to rise up to our esophagus. This is commonly known as acid reflux. When this happens, it can damage our esophageal lining by slowly burning it. Things get worse if you sleep directly after you have consumed your evening meal. Because all throughout the night, your stomach and esophagus will have this burning sensation. This can lead to having a feeling of bloatedness, stomach pain and can even be the cause of your irregular sleeping pattern.
The last effect can be felt on your diaphragm. Sleeping on a full stomach adds additional weight to your diaphragm. This may result to either snoring or even sleep apnea.
Remedy: The best way to avoid sleepiness after eating is to distract yourself from it. Do light activities like reading, watching television or anything that can rake your mind from sleeping. If you really need to sleep (like in the evening), you can do so. But just make sure that you wait for a good one to two hours after eating before "hitting the sac".
S-NO- king
Let's face it, smoking is extremely dangerous to our health. But for the sake of understanding how it will affect our digestion, here is a quick rundown. There are numerous health hazard from smoking but here are three major issues that you can get from smoking after eating.
First is that the nicotine content of a cigarette tends to bind with oxygen in our body. Digesting food also needs a good amount of oxygen to function properly. By smoking, we are further depriving our digestive system of its oxygen fuel making our food digestion slower and less absorbent of nutrients.
The second issue is that smoking lets our body absorb more carcinogens. In fact, there is a study that smoking one stick of cigarette after eating is equivalent to ten stick in just one go.
Finally, smoking is another enhancer of acids in our stomach. Puffing a cigarette can increase our chances of having acid reflux episodes or even worsening it.
Activities You Do During or After You Eat
This time around, let us focus on the things you do "out of your routine" that can also aggravate your digestive issues. It can either be during eating or after eating. Here are two primary examples of activities that needs a makeover.
Change Your Clothes
Who would have known that what you wear while you eat can make an impact on how your body digest its food? If you like tight fitting clothes while you eat, well now is the time to do a wardrobe change for the better.
Wearing tight fitting clothes add additional pressure to your stomach, abdomen and even your diaphragm. Constricting clothes like these tend to decrease digestive mobility and can even cause heart burn because of acid reflux.
Remedy: Wear comfortable and loose clothes when you eat and even afterwards. If you are to eat outside and changing clothes is impossible then change immediately once you get home.
Don't "Move Around" Too Much
Other people have that particular thinking that "exercising or walking after meals can burn fats faster". What they fail to realize is that exercising or walking right after meals can be a health hazard. It is even more worrisome if done at night time.
The main reasons why this is a habit that needs to stop is firstly because exercising increases the need of blood supply. This activity will once again deprive the digestive system its needed blood supply. Second is that exercising increases your body temperature. Like what was previously explained, an increase in body temperature means an increase in blood supply as well.
Third reason is that exercising releases the hormone melatonin which is our "hormone of sleep". This is a double, no make that triple edged sword if you ask me. Because after exercising, you tend to take a bath and fall asleep. You will basically hit three bad habit all at the same time.
Finally, that rigorous activity will cause the food you eat to irritate your digestive tract. It will cause stomach pain, acid reflux, cramping, loose stool, nausea and even vomiting.
Remedy: If you really want to exercise, do it in a light manner. You can do walking as your exercise two hours after meals.
Post Meal Eating and Drinking
What we consume after we had our meal can also affect our digestion. So we must be vigilant as to what we eat and drink. Here are some examples of food and beverages that we thought was safe but in reality is actually a hindrance to our digestion.
Hot Beverage NO-NO's
Another guilty pleasure that most of us are unaware of is drinking hot coffee or tea after a full meal. Originally, drinking these type of beverages is meant to decrease the chances of bloatedness and acid reflux. Even though these are correct, the con's outweighs the pro's this time around.
In reality, these drinks releases tannic acid and polyphenols which prevents the absorption of iron into the body. This will induce possible iron deficiency and anemia if not stopped. In addition, its acids causes protein contents of our meals to harden which can make digestion even harder to accomplish.
Remedy: Try to make at least an hour gap before drinking these hot drinks. If inevitable, use green tea for you beverage.
Cold Water Caution
Let us simply put it this way. When we drink cold water, it clumps up the food we just ingested into our stomach. Having clumped food will cause slower and harder digestive process.
Remedy: Drink lukewarm water throughout your meal. If you want to drink cold beverages, do so after an hour of your meal.
Skip on Fruit Desserts
Eating fruits anytime of the day is not applicable all the time. One of these instances incudes eating fruits after meals. The reason is because there are two particular function that fruits are known for when digested.
One is that fruits need a special enzyme in order to be fully digested. When eaten after meals, fruits are the longest to be fully digested to the point that it sometimes stays in our gut and is not digested at all.
Another is that the simple sugar from the fruits we eat takes a longer time for our body to digest. So if we eat it after meals there is a big possibility that the simple sugar won't be digested by our body.
Remedy: Eat fruits during the morning and in an empty stomach. Because fruits are quickly and best digested that way.
You can help yourself when it comes to proper food digestion and absorption. Just by simply changing your bad habits that we sometimes are unaware of, we can make a big difference. We just need to start now and strive to stay in that healthy routine as much as possible until it becomes our daily habit.


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www.freetabz.com – Ten's of Thousands of TABS | Video Lessons | Beginner Tabs and much more all free! This is a video tutorial demonstrating slow and fast how to play the full song to For Whom the Bell Tolls by Metallica. The tab shown on the video can be found here: www.freetabz.com Don't forget to comment, rate, and subscribe, Thanks! Equipment Used: Jackson RR5 Ivory, ESP LTD KH-202 (Kirk Hammett Signature), Amp/Interface: Line 6 Studio UX2 Strings: DR 9's
Video Rating: 4 / 5
more blues lessons www.guitarjamz.com
Video Rating: 4 / 5


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In 2009 Toby, a seasoned Africa and Australia specialist, saw an opportunity within the market and set up Exceptional Travel. Utilising his skills and understanding of the client experience, incorporating a philosophy and ethos developed over his time in the industry, his vision for Exceptional Travel was that of a personal and boutique company with the ability to think outside the box and dedicate efforts to not only meeting, but exceeding guests' expectations.
Having sourced some of the most knowledgeable experts in the industry, the senior management team boasts over 30 years' practice with four of the UK's leading and elite operators. We've taken the best of our experience and combined it with our own personal values and knowledge to expand upon and better the industry ideal.
Today the team's expertise encompasses Africa, Australasia, Arabia, Asia, Latin America, the Indian Subcontinent and the Indian Ocean. But it doesn't stop there, should we receive requests for assistance outside these areas our excellent network of suppliers and 'fixers' worldwide are on hand, enabling us to provide a complete, worldwide travel service to all of our guests.
To meet the team please click here.


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A healthy diet doesn't mean surviving solely on hen seed, rabbit meals and carrot juice! It is widespread for people with most cancers to lack power enough that they feel too drained to eat, let alone attempt to find the power to prepare healthy meals themselves. Advice on a nutritious diet for infants and kids is just like that for adults, however the next components are additionally vital. But what I love most about summer fruits (much more than their nice taste) is understanding that I am encouraging my household to eat contemporary, organic, unprocessed foods. Allow me to introduce to you an easier method of eating a healthy breakfast on-the-go. You ought to incorporate a serving or two of veggies with each meal and every snack.
ICN2 adopted the Rome Declaration on Nutrition (14) and the Framework for Action (15), which recommends a set of coverage options and techniques to promote diversified, protected and wholesome diets in any respect levels of life. We're a do-it-yourself food household, and our youngest grandchild eats largely natural meals prepared by her mom.. and saved in glass jars that after held baby shower treats. Even this sort of weight loss program can lead to an imbalance within the system of a thyroid kind.
Try over-the-counter water pills Water drugs may also help flush out all unnecessary fluids which can cause physique bloat and puffiness. The greatest technique to embody wholesome fat in your food plan is to replace saturated fats that you may presently be eating (comparable to butter and cream) with a healthier, unsaturated fats choice (corresponding to polyunsaturated margarine or olive oil).
When children pick out the meals themselves, they will be even more excited to try out new recipes, and you will feel nice figuring out that they are eating nutritious meals. A waist circumference of greater than 35 inches for a women and 40 inches for a person reveals that you're in danger for inflammation related illnesses. And if anyone is in search of meal plans This is one in every of my favorite health & health websites.
Now that you know the way – and why – to make whole wheat crust, let's check out some recipes that will tantalize your style buds and perhaps even whittle your waistline. Eggs and Mayonnaise: This is among the best low carbohydrate weight-reduction plan recipes and very fashionable amongst healthy snacks that allow you to shed extra pounds. Stick to the identical proportions of the different meals on your plate but select lower-calorie foods from every section. Love your recipes and your rationalization about what Stevia is. I will certainly attempt it. Fruits and greens should be part of every meal and your first alternative for a snack—intention for a minimum of five parts every day.


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