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All About Leaf Feeders
These pests chew, extract and sponge up the very material that's needed by trees to keep them vigorous and healthy
Insects feed on all parts of trees — roots, leaves, transport system, heartwood; each can be damaging in their own way. Keeping a handle on the most damaging of these is a key component of providing good tree care for your clients. A little research and a lot of effective communication goes a long way toward delivering a quality insect control program that does the job for the trees, puts money in your pocket and makes your customers happy.
Outcomes, results, consequences
Why focus attention on leaf feeders? In short, these critters are plant food-maker removers. They chew, extract and sponge up the very material that's needed by trees to keep them vigorous and healthy. If not controlled, they'll slowly cause a decline in a tree that, over time, can weaken it to the point that it may not recover.
The good news is that in most cases, an otherwise healthy tree can withstand one year's worth of defoliation and still recover. Two years of defoliation… maybe, but maybe not. Beyond that, it gets pretty dicey.
How does this occur? Because leaves are the primary creator of necessary plant nutrition, removal of or damage to them brings about a need for the use of stored carbohydrates in the stems and branches to produce a new set of leaves. If the feeding occurs in spring, the usual result is the growth of new leaves to replace the ones lost earlier. If the damage is in summer or fall, the result is a prevention of the food that would have been made if the leaves had remained on the tree for the full season.
Another reason to focus attention on leaf feeders: they're visual to the customer. Clients may not be able to see borer damage or stem girdling roots in the early stages, but they'll surely see beetles and sawflies.
Scouting and monitoring
Perhaps the best place to start with managing leaf feeders is with scouting. Most arborists in the field know what the desired tree is supposed to look like, whether it's a linden, crabapple, oak, hickory, spruce, Kentucky coffeetree, larch, pine, birch or persimmon. When a tree appears slightly different than what you're used to seeing, a red flag should be raised. Keep in mind that this could be due to an actual disease, insect damage or any number of abiotic causes. For example, the culprit could be compacted soils, deep planting, overwatering, root damage from trenching, previous topping procedures, inadequate infiltration of water on a slope or a nutrient deficiency.
To get a good handle on the initial symptoms of tree insect problems, it's wise to consult one of the many available references. For fear of leaving some of them out, the authors suggest typing "leaf-feeding insects on trees" into your favorite search engine (Yahoo Image Search, MSN Images and Google Images are examples).
Several good textbooks and mobile device apps are also available. It's best to start with the ones in your state — or at least your region — as some insects can appear differently from place to place. The sources that include color pictures of early and fullblown signs and symptoms tend to be the most helpful.
Observation of the initial symptoms of a leaf feeders' presence is of key importance to keeping them in check. When noticed early in the life cycle, before feeding damage is heavy, several options for control may be available. In some situations, the lower recommended rate of a control product can be utilized rather than the higher end of the range, which saves on money for materials as well as puts less insecticide or miticide into the environment and increases the chances for success.
Scouting involves observing differences in a tree's appearance. You can also investigate by taking a closer look using a hand lens. Factors to consider include recent cultural practices, weather events that took place in the area recently and making comparisons from a tree species one location in the neighborhood to another.
The overall process of inspection is called monitoring, which essentially is a series of individual scouting events. Monitoring usually involves consulting customer records to look for notes on outbreaks of insect and mite problems, their extent, when they occurred and any control measures that were taken.
In terms of scouting frequency, at a minimum, it's helpful to monitor before and after a pesticide application to confirm the presence of the feeder as well as to determine the effectiveness of the control attempt. Depending on weather conditions and product used, more frequent inspections can be necessary.
Treatment Methods
With relation to leaf feeders, each of the four treatment methods have positives and negatives:
Trunk injection
Pros: Direct product movement into the transport system of the tree and reduced potential for off target site movement of the active ingredients via slopes and drift.
Cons: Tree wounding and time for treatment depending on product choice.
Soil drench
Pros: Direct uptake, especially appropriate for smaller trees.
Cons: Potential for movement to water sources and damage to pets/children.
Basal spray
Pros: Translaminar movement into the xylem, good for smaller trees.
Cons: Certain products aren't appropriate for this treatment method; drift may be consequential in some landscapes.
Foliar spray:
Pros: Direct contact with pests in vulnerable life stage.
Cons: High potential for drift when wind speeds are greater than 5 to 8 mph.
Selling the program
In order to accomplish the true goals of scouting and monitoring, it's necessary to sell a program of some type to your customers. After all, waiting for a call from a client to complain that their tree has been damaged allows for tree damage by its very nature. Again, this may be satisfactory for healthy, vigorous trees, but for those that are struggling or have a common number of flaws, it runs short of ideal.
A more proactive approach is to presell a bi-weekly or monthly or seasonally timed inspection program. What do you want to include in the program? Start with the following:
- Documentation of the species;
- Condition of the tree;
- Any observed pests;
- Previous pest damage evidence;
- Previous treatments of property's trees
These programs are commonly referred to as plant health care programs, which are designed to keep the tree healthy and provide for its needs, whatever they may be — soil improvements, pest control, fertilization, pruning, traffic avoidance, replacement, short-term cabling or bracing and tree risk assessment.
A key difference between the two approaches is that the react style of tree care usually involves getting paid for the volume of product that can be sprayed or injected into a tree. The plant health care option hangs its hat on obtaining compensation for an arborist's training, experience and knowledge, as well as the control measures.
Some classic leaf feeders include:
Elm leaf beetles
- They feed on the foliage of European, American and Siberian elms.
- As an adult, they measure about 0.25 inches long and are yellowish-green with a black stripe on the outside of each wing cover.
- Larvae reach about 0.375 inches in length and are yellow with black spots and stripes.
- Overwinters as an adult, hiding in and around buildings or in leaf litter and bark crevices. As new spring foliage begins to expand, these overwintered adults will emerge and begin feeding. After this they mate and lay clusters of yellow eggs on the undersides of leaves.
- The eggs usually hatch in springs and the emerging larvae will feed and go through three larval stages of growth. The larval stage feeds by skeletonizing the underside of the leaf surface, creating a window pane effect at first and then a lacy leaf later. After feeding for a few weeks, the larvae pupate on the tree trunk and emerge as adults.
- Adult beetles may also feed on leaves, leaving behind characteristic shot-hole type damage. Heavily infested trees often prematurely lose their leaves.
Cankerworms and other caterpillars
- They feed on most species of deciduous trees and some shrubs, but elm and hackberry are their favorites.
- There are both spring and fall cankerworms and the difference lies in how they spend the winter. Fall cankerworms emerge as adults in fall (October typically), mate and lay eggs that overwinter. Spring cankerworms overwinter in the soil as a pupae and emerge as adults in the spring. Both species' eggs hatch in the spring and cause damage at the same time of year.
- It can be hard to tell the species apart, as both are grayish-brown and about 0.312 inches long. Females are wingless while males have greyish-brown wings, with an average wingspan of 1.125 inches.
- Wingless adults emerge in the spring, when they mate and climb a nearby tree to deposit eggs under flakes of bark on the trunk and branches.
- The larvae also look very similar, about 1 inch in length and yellowgreen to brownish to blackish.
- You can distinguish the two species by counting the number of prolegs on the back half of the abdomen; fall cankerworms have three pairs, spring cankerworms only two.
- Upon hatching, the caterpillars or "measuring worms" feed voraciously on the leaves, at times completely stripping the tree. Severe defoliation over a few consecutive years may weaken, but is unlikely to kill, the tree.
- After feeding, larvae enter the soil near infested trees to overwinter. There's only one generation per year.
- These occur on almost all species of woody ornamentals. They feed predominately on the undersides of leaves, but also are found on the tender shoots of plants.
- Most are green, but they can vary in color from pink to black.
- Aphids have needle-like mouthparts that help them to feed on plant sap. As they feed, they cause plant leaves to curl and their defecation is known as honeydew, a sticky liquid that can coat leaves, branches and even objects under the tree. Honeydew can also serve as a breeding ground for black sooty mold.
- The best time to control aphids is early in their life cycle, for three reasons. First, smaller aphids succumb to treatments more readily than older and larger ones. For greatest effectiveness, insecticidal sprays should be directed toward the undersides of the leaves.
- There are several options for aphid control, ranging from organic products like neem, insecticidal soaps, horticultural oils and synthetic insecticides such as permethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin or cyfluthrin.
- Because aphids have a relatively short life cycle and can regenerate quickly, multiple treatments may be necessary for acceptable control.
Spider mites
- Although not technically an insect, (insects have six legs and three body parts, while adult mites have eight legs and two body parts) they're the prototypical sap suckers.
- Under cool and moist springtime conditions, Spruce spider mites multiply rapidly on conifers such as spruce, juniper and others. Damage isn't usually noticed until the weather becomes hot and dry later in the summer. As the summer progresses, two-spotted spider mites can become a problem on essentially all landscape ornamentals.
- Mites can be detected in two ways: First, use a 10-times hand lens to look for moving critters on the underside of a broadleaf tree leaf or on the new growth of a conifer. The body and legs of motionless mites should be clearly visible, while moving mites in motion may simply appear as moving dots. Second, place a white sheet of notebook paper under a branch or group of leaves and rap them with a small stick. If mites are present, they'll fall onto the paper where they can be easily seen.
- If one or two mites are found on a leaf, immediate treatment is usually not necessary. But continue to monitor the tree for any changes in the mite population. If more than six to 10 mites appear on the sheet of paper, consider a treatment with a miticide such as bifenthrin (Talstar).
- While sap-sucking insects may have a common method of feeding, keep in mind that each should be considered individually when it comes to selecting the most appropriate control strategies.
Japanese beetles
- These are invasive scarab beetles that, as adults, feed on over 400 different kinds of plants. Preferred hosts include lindens, birches, roses and grapes.
- They're found in most of the Eastern and Midwestern states.
- Adults have sharp, chewing mouthparts that skeletonize leaves, eating the green tissue and leaving behind only the veins of the leaf, shred flowers and can hollow out fruit.
- Control of adults that feed on trees begins before you see the first beetle. Most adults emerge between June and August — if a tree is to be preventatively protected, a systemic application of imidacloprid should be applied to the soil at the base of the tree in April or May to allow the tree to absorb the treatment. (You can't treat linden trees with any neonicotinoid insecticide.)
- If you're treating for already-present adults, bifenthrin, carbaryl and cyfluthrin all provide two to four weeks of residual protection. Chlorantraniliprole also offers four weeks of protection, with minimal effects on nontarget organisms such as pollinators.
- Organic products like neem and pyola protect leaves and need to be reapplied every three to seven days, depending on the weather and pest pressure.
- These are common pests of evergreens, junipers and occasionally deciduous trees and shrubs.
- The case or bag that provides a home for the bagworm caterpillar — which gives the insect its name — is constructed of silk and fragments of leaves or needles.
- Bagworms overwinter as eggs within the bags. In the spring, during the first or second week of June, tiny larvae hatch from eggs and immediately begin construction of small protective bags.
- Caterpillars feed from within their bags and move along the branch in search of food. Applying Bt in June, when the larvae are small, is the best control strategy.
(by JOHN C. FECH JONATHAN LARSON )
Courtesy of Tree Services Magazine: http://www.treeservicesmagazine.com)
Friction Management 101
How to use the force of friction to your advantage in tree climbing operations.
The force of friction plays a major role in almost every aspect of tree care professionals' daily work activities. All of the hitches and knots that are so vital to climbing arborists for attaching or securing themselves and other objects to lines and cordage rely on some degree of friction to stay tied in place. Friction works to a tree crew's advantage when carrying out rigging operations when they use the friction generated by a lowering device or tree wraps to lower wood and branches under control. Yet, a similar form of friction to the one that allows these experts to lower huge loads safely and securely can be inefficient when attempting to ascend into the tree.
This would be friction present at the tie-in point (TIP). Conventional and traditional climbing involves simply running the climbing line over a branch or around the trunk in the desired location for the TIP; and though this practice may seem to be simple and easy, the friction generated by the rope on bark/wood contact takes quite a toll on the user, the climbing line and the tree. There are a variety of commercially available friction-reduction devices that can be used to better manage this friction at the TIP, and also a myriad of ways that climbing arborists can create their own out of appropriately rated slings, carabiners and pulleys once they understand the advantages of reduced friction aloft.
Cambium saver
The cambium saver is simply a sewn leather tube shaped in a curve. The climbing line passes through it, reducing the amount of friction the climber has to work against while also protecting both rope and bark from excessive wear and heat due to mutual contact. Once the desired TIP is attained with the throwline, the end of the climbing line, with the cambium saver already installed on it, is pulled up into the TIP. A slipknot beneath the device keeps it in place on the rope and allows the user to release it from the ground, installing the cambium saver over or around the desired TIP. Removal is easily accomplished by tying an overhand knot in the climbing line, pulling it up to the device and simply pulling it out to remove it.
Friction saver
The friction saver, manufactured by Buckingham Manufacturing, consists of a large and small ring at opposite ends of a webbing strap. The climber's rope passes through the rings after installation, reducing friction while still protecting the tree and rope from contact with each other. The installation of a small Prusik cord on the device also allows it to be used in a choking fashion when spur climbing or when no branch attachment point is present at the desired TIP, though the choking feature cannot be installed from the ground.
Rope guide
This device, developed and manufactured by Advanced Ropeclimbing Technology (ART), employs both a camming system to allow it to be choked against the tree or let out to the desired length, and a smooth and fluid pulley that the climbing line passes through. The design of the device prevents excessive contact between rope and tree. Although the rope guide can be installed from the ground with some imagination, it is not as simple a process as some of the other devices discussed here; and is most commonly carried aloft while footlocking to be installed by hand once the desired TIP has been reached. The device can be removed from the ground either by a second line installed when aloft or through the use of a Double Snapper, also from ART, for remote retrieval.
A rope guide installed at the desired TIP with the climbing line running over the smooth pulley. Photo: Michael (House) Tain
The fimblSAVER by Teufelberger is a ring-and-ring friction saver with a 17-cm-wide surface to help prevent damage to tree bark. The two stainless steel thimbles allow the climbing rope to run smoothly during canopy work. The 10-cm-long and tapering longitudinal seam makes it easy for the user to pull the cambium saver off. The fimblSAVER can be set and retrieved from the ground and includes a retrieval ball.
BuckBlocks or MagBloc
BuckBlocks, also from Buckingham Manufacturing, provide the capability to climb out of an actual block at the TIP, improving the rope's bend radius and reducing friction immensely, while still being easily installed and removed from the ground through the use of a throwline. The rope, once installed, runs through a rope channel across the two rotating sheaves, while the separate halves of the device are held securely together by rare earth magnets. The amount of friction reduction, due to the two rotating sheaves, is greater than either the cambium or friction saver, while still protecting both the tree and rope from contact and associated wear.
DIY devices
Climbing arborists who wish to create their own friction management device rather than purchase one are only limited by their imagination, and the always important breaking strength standards for personal support. Any variety of straps, slings, spliced-rope tools, connecting links and pulleys can be combined to reduce friction at the TIP; and with some time or thought, allow for easy installation and retrieval from the ground.
Managing friction effectively at the TIP will not only help climbing arborists work more safely and efficiently, but also increase the lifespan of their ropes while reducing heat and friction damage to the trees they are there to care for. Although this brief introduction cannot fully encompass the various advantages and disadvantages of specific friction management devices, it does provide a glimpse into the possibilities and an introduction to their use.
(Courtesy of Tree Services Magazine: http://www.treeservicesmagazine.com)
Chainsaw Safety: Understanding Rotational Kickback
For many arborists, a chain saw is an everyday tool. With such regular, frequent use, it can be easy to slip into complacency. Knowing and understanding chain saw kickback can help prevent accidents or injury. (By Kevin Myers)
No matter how long you've been in the tree care industry, remembering and following safety best management practices in your day-to-day work can be one of the most important things you accomplish each and every day. For many who are involved in the tree care industry, there's an inherent element of risk – but we can mitigate that risk by staying on top of established safety guidelines. For those who regularly work with chain saws, kickback is potentially one of the most dangerous and devastating safety hazards we may encounter.
The sudden, unexpected and forceful movement – kick – of an operating chain saw can cause serious injury to an unprepared operator. And it can happen to even the most skilled chain saw user. None of this is new – kickback is widely understood and just about every regular chain saw user is aware of it. So why do accidents continue to occur? What can we be doing to prevent kickback accidents? It starts with an understanding of kickback and what causes it to occur – and ends with always remaining vigilant when it comes to safe chain saw operation and maintenance.
Understanding kickback:
Any chain saw is a powerful piece of equipment. No matter the size of the individual saw, significant force and power keep the cutting chain rotating at high speeds so as to effi-ciently cut through wood. Throughout operation, that force that keeps the chain moving is acting just the same on the body of the saw as it is on the chain itself. With an operator holding the body of the saw steady, the force causes the chain to rotate as intended. But when the chain's rotation is suddenly halted, all that force has to go somewhere, and the momentum is transferred, forcing the saw to pivot up and back toward the operator. This is commonly known as rotational kickback. That sudden, split-second halt is usually caused by a cutter tooth of the chain being exposed to a larger bite of wood as it passes the upper quadrant of the guidebar's tip, or when it comes in contact with a foreign object. (Graphics 1 & 2)
Why does this happen? Under ordinary circumstances, the saw chain very quickly shaves many thin strips of wood out of a cut. Think of a bench planer, if you're familiar, which is generally used to remove a thin top layer of a piece of wood; a saw chain operates similarly, but far more rapidly. Those thin cuts are critical here.
The depth of each individual cut made by the saw chain is determined by the raker, or depth gauge. The raker passes across the top of the existing cut, or wood surface, and determines the thickness of material being shaved off by the leading edge of the cutter tooth.
Depending on the manufacturer of the chain and the type of wood being cut, the depth-gauge setting can range from approximately 0.018-inch to 0.030-inch – and this depth is maintained throughout the length of the guide bar. But in the upper quadrant of that bar's tip – also known as the kickback zone – the chain strikes wood at an angle, dropping the raker below the cutting tooth as it passes, causing more wood to be exposed to the cutter tooth. When that happens, it can cause the tooth to suddenly, momentarily stop, transferring that momentum into a potential kickback event.
Limiting kickback and injury:
While there are advanced cutting methods such as bore cutting that involve intentionally sticking the tip of the bar into a piece of wood or tree, kickback most often occurs when that upper quadrant comes into contact with wood or other material unintentionally. While bucking a large log, for instance, an operator may unintentionally strike a branch or another log behind his target with the tip of the bar, which may result in kickback.
With that understood, prevention is a matter of knowing when, where and how you're cutting so as to reduce the likelihood of unintentional contact with the kickback zone. But it's also a matter of knowing how to prepare and handle yourself – and your saw – in order to reduce the likelihood of kickback-related injury.
Much of that depends on proper technique and paying attention at all times to how, where and what you're cutting. Know where the tip of the bar is at all times during operation. Pay attention to what is on the opposite side of the wood you're cutting. Always be mindful of the potential for hidden objects that can cause kickback.
Proper form when holding and operating the chain saw is also critically important. Per the ANSI Z133 safety standard, "A chain saw shall be operated with the left hand and thumb gripped fi rmly around the forward handle and the right hand and thumb gripped fi rmly around the rear handle," unless doing so poses a greater threat than doing otherwise. Another good practice here is to lock the left arm during operation so as not to form a pivot point at the elbow. The standard further states that the operator must be in a stable body position before beginning a cut.
Safety devices, maintenance and inspection:
Many modern chain saws have incorporated enhanced safety measures such as protective coverings for the entirety of the bar tip, low-kickback or reduced-kickback chains, and chain brakes. The chain brake is one of the most important safety implements on the chain saw. The chain brake stops the movement of the saw's cutting chain, and is often used to prevent accidental acceleration of the chain when carrying the saw or switching cutting positions.
Most saws are equipped with two types of braking systems, a mechanical braking system and an inertia braking system. Some saw manufacturers are now offering a third braking option such as Husqvarna's TrioBrake, which employs a second mechanical brake at the rear of the saw, and Stihl's Quickstop Plus option, where the brake engages when your right hand is removed from the rear handle of the saw. During a kickback event, the chain brake can be employed to stop a rotating chain – and though being struck by a static chain is no picnic, it's far better than being struck by a chain moving at full speed.
Critically, it takes regular inspection and maintenance to ensure that all of these safety devices are in proper working order. Always follow manufacturer recommendations through all aspects of equipment care, paying particular attention to the functionality of your safety devices.
Always remain vigilant:
Like many safety hazards in our industry, chain saw kickback tends to occur during moments of complacency and when we least expect it. Adherence to best management practices on the job will limit accident or injury. It's important to always remain attentive to the little details that make our jobs go smoothly each day.
*Kevin Myers is an ISA Certified Arborist and ISA-Certified Utility Specialist, and an arborist training instructor with ACRT, Inc., a 31-year TCIA associate member company based in Akron, Ohio. He is also a recipient of the 2016 Utility Arborist Association (UAA) Silver Shield Award.
*Courtesy of TCI Magazine-http://tcia.org/TCI-publications/tci-magazine/2016/10/index.html
Heat illness can be deadly. On July 23rd the tree care industry lost another worker, this time from heat stroke. With this year's exceptionally warm weather, we want to remind you of the danger signs, and steps you should take to prevent heat-related health issues. The body typically cools itself by sweating. However, while working in extreme heat, sweating may not be sufficient to keep your core temperature in a safe range.
To prevent heat-related illnesses, you should work in the shade when possible, drink lots of water and take periodic rest breaks. If you stop sweating, stop working immediately and cool down.
Body temperature can rise quickly and cause life-threatening illnesses like heat exhaustion or heat stroke. One of the first signs of heat related illness is heat rash and heat cramps.
If you start experiencing a sudden rash or severe muscle cramps, you are entering the danger zone for heat-related health issues. This is a key indicator that your core temperature is starting to rise and you should get cooled down. The next stages, heat exhaustion and heat stroke, both require immediate medical attention, so paying attention early can save your day and ultimately your life.
If you or a coworker are feeling weak, have clammy skin, a racing pulse or nauseous feeling, you are experiencing heat exhaustion. Medical attention should be sought right away. If you're in a tree, get down. You don't want to have to be rescued when you progress to the point of unconsciousness.
If your skin or a coworker's skin is hot or wet, temperature is high, pulse is rapid or consciousness is lost, heat stroke is in full force and the person requires emergency medical attention. This is when 911 is called and, if the person suffering heat stroke is in the tree, it is time to perform an aerial rescue. Time is of the essence so know the symptoms and react.
Everyone knows that tree work is tough. At the end of the day, everyone should go home to their families. You don't run your truck without coolant or when the engine temperature spikes. Don't push your body further than you would push your truck. The results can be deadly.
A proper understanding of footlocking is an excellent addition to a climbing arborist's repertoire
Footlocking, a method of efficient and speedy ascent into the canopy, has played a role in the tree industry for many years. While the ropes and gear used when footlocking have changed over time, the basic process has remained the same – a case of "if it ain't broke, don't fix it." But the safety requirements around footlocking have evolved to reflect, and hopefully promote, a safer use of this valuable ascent method.
A history lesson
Not that long ago – in fact, within the fading memory banks of more than a few grizzled tree veterans out there – the footlock was performed with no back-up, or unsecured. The climber would ascend his or her line into the canopy attached to the doubled rope only by the strength and dexterity of his or her hands and feet. Should either fade, or the climber simply become exhausted, a quick and painful reminder that gravity was the law was sure to ensue.
This unsecured footlock technique usage even extended to the climbing competitions of the time, with climbers being required to demonstrate an ability to carry out an on-rope rest prior to competing. The idea was that an exhausted climber, or one who found his or her hands and feet growing more clumsy, could slip into the on-rope rest until he or she recovered, and hopefully not slip rapidly toward the unyielding earth.
While unsecured footlocking certainly had a tendency to keep the user's mind very focused on the task at hand, it also was, and is, a recipe for disaster, soft tissue injuries and orthopedic trauma. Any modern-day climbing arborist using the footlock in the ascent must do so in a secured manner, thus the term "secured footlock."
Footlocking fysics, or phootlocking physics
The most common method of security or attachment is a length of cordage used to form a variety of hitches around the ascent line, typically a doubled line, then attached to the climber. Modern manufacturers also have developed mechanical devices that can be used to secure the footlock; these methods are becoming more common.
The footlocking technique can be applied in any variety of climbing systems, from single to double rope, and static to dynamic, but its true efficiency is best shown and seen in a static line. Footlocking on a static line, or lines, results in the user ascending at a one-to-one ratio, meaning that all his or her effort results in height gained.
While it may be slightly difficult to conceptualize, footlocking in a dynamic system, where the line is moving during the ascent, means the climber expends less effort due to some mechanical advantage, but has to move twice as much rope, roughly moving 2 feet to ascend 1 foot.
Talking hitches
The requirements for the hitch or knot used when secured footlocking are fairly simple; any secure climbing hitch that grips the rope adequately when loaded is acceptable. A wide variety of knots or hitches is used, with more seemingly being developed and promulgated yearly, but the most common is the Prusik.
After the footlocking technique has been practiced and learned into muscle memory, a good footlocker's body weight is almost never brought to bear on the Prusik or hitch, except in cases of needed rest, repositioning or emergency. The chosen hitch can be formed from a length of cordage tied to itself with appropriate knots into an endless loop, or a spliced/stitched rope tool manufactured specifically for footlocking. The cordage used must, of course, meet the strength requirements for personal/life support in whatever geographical area in which the climber is operating; in the U.S., that's 5,400 pounds.
In addition, the line used for the hitch should be somewhat smaller than the ascent line to increase its grip when loaded. Climbers using strong enough but extremely small-diameter cordage may find it grips too well when loaded, and is difficult to loosen to continue in the ascent. Should the secured footlock climber choose to use a Prusik, he or she will find forming it on the ascent line is a relatively simple process: The loop or rope tool is passed back through itself three times, forming a six-coil, three-wrap Prusik. Additional wraps/coils will provide more security, but may increase friction, making advancing the hitch difficult.
Going up
While there are certainly techniques and tools that can allow a climber to both ascend and descend safely on a static line, the secured footlock hitches/method discussed here is not one of them.
Climbers using the footlock technique on a static line(s), regardless of the hitch securing them to the ascent line, must remember that they're in a static system. This means their hitch is bearing the load of their entire body weight, instead of the half borne by the hitch in a dynamic system. Thus, the Prusik or chosen secured footlock hitch must be used for ascent only, as an attempt to use it descending may result in an uncontrolled fall due to the change in forces.
This means that users must always have some means of descent with them, and should not count on their dynamic system as this means of descent, as they may need to descend while not in a location where it is possible to switch over safely to a dynamic system. Some common descent devices that can be put into place while hanging on a static line(s) are any of the wide variety of figure eights, Petzl Piranhas, etc.
Footlockers using a single line, with the required training and experience, of course, could certainly use static single-line devices such as the Rope Wrench or Hitchhiker in this application.
The climber's hands must always remain below the Prusik or hitch, and the length of cordage used should be adjusted accordingly. This practice will prevent the climber from inadvertently grabbing the hitch causing it to release, and leading to an uncontrolled descent in the static system.
Width is bad
A doubled ascent line that is spread apart by being over a branch or through a crotch can cause hitches that are pushed into this spread to fail in a doubled-line static system. The "spread parts of the line will literally push the coils of the hitch apart, reducing their grip. An excellent guideline to avoid advancing the hitch into this spread is to follow a five-to-one ratio; for every 1 inch of branch diameter, keep the hitch 5 inches below the branch.
Additional options to avoid the problem of spread are:
- using friction management devices such as a Friction Saver,
- using the footlock technique on a single line,
- or tying an appropriate mid-line knot, such as the Alpine Butterfly or Blackwater Knot, passing one end of the ascent line through it, and running the Alpine Butterfly up beneath the branch, thereby resulting in a doubled static line with no spread.
Junk and whatnot
Twigs, sticks and even leaves getting between the two parts of the ascent line or into the coils/wraps of the hitch or Prusik may cause it to fail when loaded. Climbers should monitor their hitch during the ascent and remove any debris as soon as possible, as those wee pieces and parts can reduce the grip of the formed hitch on the ascent line.
The secured footlock is certainly a technique that, for most, isn't picked up "straight out of the box;" and requires a certain amount of focused effort and practice. But once its limitations and advantages are understood, and some effort spent developing the muscle memory required for feet and hand coordination, the secured footlock can provide a safe and efficient highway into the canopy for climbers.
Courtesy of Tree Services Magazine: http://www.treeservicesmagazine.com)
SLIP SLIDIN' AWAY-SLIDE LINES-Part I
Slide lines can save considerable time, energy and money.
Tree folk are confronted on a daily basis by the need to move something, usually awkward woody debris, from one place to another in an efficient manner. Often this involves a great deal of "sweat equity" with crew members physically carrying branches, logs and wood to the truck or chipper, typically with a fair amount of physical effort, energy expenditure and negative verbal commentary.
Slide lines, also often called zip or speed lines, offer another option for this debris movement. They're an option that, though gear- and set-up-intensive, can be quite efficient, not to mention easier on a tree crew's back and morale.
Sometimes the "old school" method of just buckling down and sweating away at hauling that brush will be the safest and most efficient method. But, given the right situation, a knowledge of slide lines can get the job done safely and efficiently with energy savings all around.
Which line for sliding?
As is so often the case in tree care operations, one of the first questions to be answered in slide line use is which type of rope to use. Factors such as strength, elongation or stretch, and melting point all need to be considered, as they can have significant impacts on how well the slide line operation will go.
As an example, a line with more elongation will absorb energy more readily than a more static rope, but will require a great deal more input force, or pulling, to make it taut to "slide" loads down.
In turn, this requirement for more input force will require more time and energy, thereby making the use of the slide line perhaps not the quicker, more efficient choice it was meant to be.
Conversely, a very static line, or one with little elongation, will not stretch much when loaded, but will transmit all the input force to the anchor points of the slide line, possibly creating another area of concern.
Only as strong as what it's tied off to
The anchor points to which the slide line is tied or secured also must be evaluated in the use of this technique. The line carrying the load will have a lot of tension and force on it, both from the initial input force to make it taut and the weight of the load being transported. These factors will be transmitted directly to the anchor points at either end of the slide line.
Of particular concern is the anchor point aloft, especially when the point chosen is in the same tree to which the climbing arborist is attached, as it can create a bending moment that can cause failure in the tree itself. A better option is to anchor the upper end of the slide line into a separate tree, thereby avoiding any additional forces on the tree being worked on, although this might not be possible. Should a second tree be unavailable, or simply poorly positioned, the correct use of appropriate redirects can reduce the forces involved while anchoring the slide line adequately.
In addition, the lower anchor should be adjustable, so that tension can be applied and removed.
(Courtesy of Tree Services Magazine: http://www.treeservicesmagazine.com)
SLIP SLIDIN' AWAY-SLIDE LINES-Part II
When tight is too tight
The slide line itself should never be under tension when the load to be transported is brought to bear on it. Dropping a load into a taut slide line is a sure recipe for an emergency room visit accompanied by a trip to an arborist retailer to replace broken ropes and gear.
If the situation/scenario requires dynamic rigging, or a load that needs to drop a certain distance, a secondary line and rigging system should be used to control and absorb that force, after which the load is attached to the slide line for transport.
The slide line is then put under tension and the load sent along its journey to its intended destination.
There are many ways to tension and loosen the slide line, such as fiddle blocks, tensioning kits with Prusik minding pulleys, or a device such as the Good Rigging Control System, all of which can be fairly user-friendly. Using trucks, skid steers or ATVs to tension slide lines is a very poor choice, as it can easily result in broken gear, trees and even climbers or crewmembers.
Control is key
Except for extremely small or light loads, some form of control line should be employed to control the speed of "sliding" on descent; without one, even loads that are thought to be extremely small or light will appear to be traveling fairly rapidly to the crew at the receiving end. In addition, loads "sliding" down without any control line will increase the heat input on the slide line, perhaps making the melting point an even more important consideration. When properly set up, the control line need not involve any additional rigging, and can simply be the rope that was used to "catch" the dynamic load prior to the slide line being tensioned.
Consideration also should be given to the manner in which the control line will be "controlled," as relying on a crewmember's grip strength when sliding a 250-pound log toward the brand-new chipper may be a poor choice. A Port-A-Wrap or other friction management device might be a better option.
Traveling and carrying
A traveler or carriage is the item to which the load is attached, which "slides" down the line to its final destination. Many pieces of arborist gear can be used in this application, but with a wide variety of performance levels.
The simplest carriage might be some form of carabiner or snap, but users should keep in mind that the friction generated will not only slow the load's travel but create a great deal of heat input in the slide line. Any number of pulleys are available, from single to multiple sheaves that will travel quite smoothly and generate less friction, but users should evaluate any pulley used for the necessary strength and appropriate design for the load involved.
Having multiple travelers or carriages on hand not only will assist in moving larger or longer loads, but will make the process more efficient as the climber can prepare the next shipment while the previous one is being removed from the slide line.
Slide lines aren't required in every situation, but, when used appropriately, they can save a great deal of time, energy and money. Once added to an arborist's mental toolbox, they can make seemingly endless brush hauls slip and slide away.
(Courtesy of Tree Services Magazine: http://www.treeservicesmagazine.com)
Staying Aware, Staying Protected
If you aren't working safe, you aren't working for long.
Modern-day tree crews spend hours of labor and sweat equity every day making large amounts of wood, branches, brush and miscellaneous green and brown stuff disappear, hopefully in a safe and timely manner. While the climbing and complex rigging required to create these veritable mountains of debris often get a great deal of focus – and rightfully so – the tools, equipment and methods to make it disappear are equally important and dangerous to a tree crew's job.
The industrial gear and equipment that makes this brush and wood "disappearing act" so easy is just as likely to "disappear" an inattentive or unsafe crew member, so a basic understanding of its safe and efficient use helps increase the effectiveness and safety of a tree crew. Operators, crew leaders, and company owners should think of required personal protective equipment (PPE) as not only required by law or regulations, but an inexpensive way to prevent injury and loss of work time. After all, the costs for a head injury caused by not wearing a hard hat or helmet will far exceed the cost of the actual helmet.
As mentioned previously, while PPE is an important step, it is only one step, and hopefully good planning, communication and safe work techniques among the crew members will prevent the PPE from having to be put to the test. PPE requirements vary only slightly between chain saws, chippers and stump cutters, with leg protection – typically chain saw resistant chaps or pants – being that variation.
While leg protection may not specifically be required (depending on geographic location) while operating a stump grinder or chipper, it certainly is recommended for safety and efficiency. Chippers often will require additional cuts being made on the brush being fed, usually for ease of feeding or to deal with a poor interaction between the feed wheels and the wood/brush structure.
While stump grinding or cutting, leg protection can provide some additional padding and protection from flying stones and debris, even though not technically "required." Face screens on hard hats or helmets, typically of a wire mesh, also can help shield the operator's good looks from any quickly moving twigs when chipping, or stones, chips and soil when stump grinding. However, users should keep in mind that the mesh screens do not qualify as eye protection, so safety glasses or goggles must also be worn. Some face shields – typically made of high-impact plastic – do qualify as both shields and eye protection, so this also is an option for crew members reluctant to wear two items.
Chain saws
Chain saws are required by law and standard to have certain safety features to be legal to operate; thus, the removal or disabling of any of those features makes the saw illegal, not to mention unsafe. The required safety features include the chain brake, chain catcher, throttle interlock and spark arrestor.
A few basic operational pointers can help a great deal in making sure chain saws are run safely:
- Chain saws should be started with the chain brake engaged and in a position that will minimize the movement of the saw when the cord is pulled. The left hand should be gripping the grab (or front) handle of the saw, and the right on the pull handle of the starter cord. Two simple and efficient methods are bracing the chain saw against the ground when starting, or locking it behind the right knee while bracing it on the left thigh when starting it while standing, often called the leg lock start.
- Chain saws should never be drop started when being used on the ground. This is not only dangerous but also hard on the saw's starter cord/recoil mechanism.
- The chain brake should be engaged whenever taking more than two steps with a running chain saw. This is due to the possibility of tripping and falling while grabbing at the throttle trigger and falling toward a running chain.
- The saw should be operated from a well-balanced body position using both hands on the appropriate handles, with the thumbs and fingers wrapped around them, and should never be operated above shoulder height.
- Kickback, the sudden violent movement of the saw back toward the user, can occur when the upper quadrant of the tip of the bar comes in contact with wood, brush or debris. Chain saw operators should be aware at all times of the location of the tip of the bar when cutting, and take measures to prevent the upper quadrant from coming into contact with any objects that might generate kickback.
While there is a wide variety of chippers available and in use by tree crews, all of them have certain basic required safety features, and, in many cases, manufacturer-specific safety options. Operators should familiarize themselves with the safety features and operational procedures of their particular brand of chipper.
Basic safe and efficient chipper operation techniques would include:
- Loose or torn clothing, dangling jewelry, long, unsecured hair, and gauntlet-style gloves all should be avoided when operating a chipper.
- Brush and limbs should be fed in butt-first while standing off to one side or the other of the feed table. The curb side of the feed table is preferable, particularly in a roadside work environment.
- Chipper operators should never reach into the feed area or attempt to kick brush or chunks into the feed wheels.
- Crew members should be aware of, and prepared for, the possibility of violent movement from the end of the piece as it is seized by the feed wheels. Particular attention should be paid to which type of feed wheels the chipper has, as horizontal feed wheels will obviously cause different movements than vertical ones. As an example, horizontal feed wheels can cause violent movement up and down at the butt of the piece, typically where the person feeding the chipper is, while vertical wheels will cause the same movement in a side-to-side fashion.
- For both efficiency and safety, branches, limbs and logs should be cut with the chain saw appropriately to facilitate safer and easier movement into the chipper and through the feed wheels.
- "Dirty" brush – limbs with sand, mud or gravel on them – and rakings should not be fed into the chipper, as this will quickly take a toll on its knives and operation.
Stump grinders/cutters
Regardless of size, make or model, all stump grinders have inherent features designed to make them safe and efficient; and operators should be familiar with all these safety features prior to use.
Some basic safe and efficient stump grinding steps:
- All stump cutters are equipped with various guards and barriers designed to reduce the likelihood of flying debris during operation; these barriers must be in place during operation.
- Grinder operators should continually observe the cutting area for stones, construction debris or other objects that could become a projectile or damage the cutter teeth.
- Care should be taken to locate any possible underground utilities prior to beginning stump-cutting operations.
- When the cutter wheel is in motion, the operator should never leave the control station, move or shift the stump cutter's position or reach into the cutting area with tools or body parts to remove stones or debris.
While it's easy to focus on the "glamour" work of tree care, swinging gracefully around the canopy, lowering the huge top of the tree safely and smoothly, tree crews should not neglect training and awareness of proper ways to clean up and dispose of woody debris, as it is equally dangerous. Crew members should keep in mind that the chipper that barely "burps" over a 12-inch-diameter section of pin oak would just as easily consume them. After all, the chippers, chain saws and stump cutters can't distinguish between wood and human. It is up to the operator to use it safely to prevent a tragic mistake.
(Courtesy of Tree Services Magazine: http://www.treeservicesmagazine.com)
Techniques for Safe Rigging
Professional arborists know that using the right rigging technique can mean the difference between a job well done and a job that takes much longer than intended to complete. Here are 4 tried-and-true methods that professional arborists use to get the job done quickly and safely.
Photo Courtesy of Samson Ropes – www.samsonrope.com
Spider Leg Rigging
When rigging down limbs, it is best to keep them in a horizontal position. Spider leg
rigging is a wonderful way to achieve this goal. It is especially useful when rigging low
hanging limbs that are within close distance to buildings or other objects. Spider leg rigging is often used in conjunction with a speed line, but the spider leg sling needs
to use a smaller diameter of rope than the actual rigging line for safety and efficiency.
Butt Tying
Butt tying is a simple form of rigging and proves that the simplest method, when done
correctly can be the fastest and most productive. Arborists who practice butt tying find
that it is most useful when a loop runner is used in combination with a steel carabiner.
The loop rope is attached approximately 2 feet from the butt end of the branch.
The branch is then lowered down by its tips. For the best results make sure the
rigging block is placed high in the tree. The point of placement should be above the
pre-designated drop zone.
Tip Tying
As with butt tying, this method is most effective when a loop runner is used along
with a steel carabiner. However, unlike butt tying, tip tying requires the rope to be
attached as far out on the branch as possible; hence the name, tip tying. The tip tying
method encourages the limb to swing around laterally to avoid hitting objects below.
Speedline Rigging
When conventional rigging methods are not the best choice, professional arborists opt to
use speedline rigging. This method consists of the following 3 steps:
- A rigging line is attached either high in the tree that is coming down or a tree behind it.
- A webbing strap (loop runner) is affixed to the branch that is to be manipulated.
- The webbing strap is then attached to a pulley found on the speedline.
When speedline rigging is used, it is important that the line is properly tensioned to
reduce droop so the branch and pulley can run smoothly. A haul line should always be
attached to help control the descent of the branch.
The rigging techniques discussed in this article are used by arborists throughout
the United States and are highly effective for removing dead branches and bringing
down trees. It's important to keep in mind that these techniques must only be used
by arborists that have the proper training and certification.
Arboring is a dangerous occupation. It requires precise attention to detail and
a high regard for safety. Homeowners that hire professional tree trimmers to remove
dead branches from their trees need to make sure the person working at their home has
a solid safety record to ensure that the job goes as smoothly as possible.
Guest Post written by Tyler Lamb of Excel Tree Care, Cumming, Georgia.
Visit their website at: www.exceltreecare.com.


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Can't upload images to facebook?
Have you authorized PSE to post on Facebook? If yes, then with what permissions?
Are you trying to upload in High Quality or Low Quality?
There can be many reasons.
But the first thing to try is to resize image (you can do this online easily using https://imagechanger.net).
Possibly, image is too large for uploading.

subset: commoncrawl


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Your Events Calendar can be arranged as a monthly calendar, or a simple list of events.
To view as a monthly calendar click here.
09:00 Big Day Out Trail Ultra
10:00 Battle of Sedgemorr 10k
18:00 Yes Tor HIll Race 10 Miles
11:00 Bridgwater Half, 10k and Fun Run
10:00 6 Hours in Symondsbury
09:00 New Forest Full, Half Marathon, 10k and 5k
19:15 Yeovilton 5k series Race 6


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Top-five largest whales – the biggest animals (photos + video)
The water is possibly one of the most captivating miracles of the world, and all the species that live in water are much more exciting. Whales are the biggest mammals on the planet. Though they all have huge size, whales are nearly the friendliest creatures humans have ever faced to. Now we offer you top-five largest whales list on earth.
The list starts with Bowhead Whale. These creatures usually weigh from 45 to 58 tons. Their length is up to 68 feet. For these whales naturally live in Arctic waters, these mammals are also named Greenland or Arctic. Scientists state that only about 23500 Bowhead whales presently live on the planet.
The fourth largest whale on the planet is Sperm Whale. This mammal has the most amounts of teeth. It is so named because there is much spermaceti in its colossal head. It weighs up to 65 tons, and lengths up to 70 feet. Please consider the fact that Sperm Whale has the biggest brain of any other animal on the planet. These mammals commonly live in cold Antarctic waters.
The third place we give to Right Whale. It is considered to be the most horrible whale among others because his head is covered by different callosities and worms. These whales usually reach up to 62 feet and weigh up to 105 tons.
Finback Whale is the second largest whale on earth. These mammals can reach 95 feet in length and weigh up to 78 tons. Finback Whale is as well named razorback and the fin whale. Scientists also call this great mammal the greyhound of the sea because it has quite slim body. It is of brown and dark grey colour. Regrettably, these whales have been hunted very much recently, and they amount has decreased greatly.
And finally, the first place in our top-five largest whales list on earth goes to Blue Whale. This amazing mammal is both the biggest whale and the animal on the planet. Just imagine: this whale`s usual weigh is 135 – 155 tons. These creatures have from 120 – 140 feet long.
Video about the biggest whales on the planet


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My (Love) Story: Bunnies
We're very excited to share our next love story. Meet Lula, and her rabbits, Lily and Larry. Before you ask - yes, they are real. And the story is all kinds of cute and touching and hilarious. Bunny speed dating?! Who knew.
What did you frame?
I framed some polaroids of the two lights of my life - my baby buns. Whenever I take a picture of them I'm always calculating and planning out the precise moment I want to capture. With a polaroid I'm able to only capture an instant moment and it gives me an opportunity to take a single picture that not only reflects a memory but plays a part in its creation. It's such a simple and honest medium.
How did you come to adopt the bunnies?
I never saw myself as someone who would adopt rabbits. When I was in college a coworker had a rabbit that needed to be adopted that was in a bad living situation. She really needed a home, and no one else was going to give her one. I lovingly named her Bun-Bun the Hutt because she was so fat.
What spurred the decision to get a second rabbit?
Bunnies are a lot like people. They need partners, they need friends. After owning Bun-Bun for a couple years, I joined a humane society, called Rabbit House Society, where they foster rabbits and find homes for them. I went to an adoption event where they had bunny speed dating.
Set up around the room were pens with rabbits who needed a home. I had actually stalked the website beforehand, and saw a particular rabbit, Larry, that I just knew would be the one for her. The bunny has to choose their mate though. You don't get to choose.
How did speed dating go?
Bun-Bun and Larry were introduced at the event, and had a very cute cuddle session. They were then given to a professional bonder to make sure they were a good match. They were such a cute couple. Unfortunately, shortly after they became mates Bun-Bun was diagnosed with cancer, and passed away.
I didn't want to leave Larry without a partner though, so shortly after his grieving period we went back to another bunny speed dating event. It was kinda like a bunny version of The Bachelor. Larry was quite the ladies man at the event. Ultimately, we picked a dark-brown spotted rabbit, Lily, who was kinda friendly with him, but a little sassy. Sometimes it's like Larry brought a girlfriend to the apartment and she never left. In the past couple months they've really formed a great bond.
"It was kinda like a bunny version of The Bachelor. Larry was quite the ladies man at the event."
What has owning bunnies taught you?
A LOT of patience. I have gone through a lot of phone/computer chargers. But really, they are very sweet, friendly animals if you give them a chance to warm up to you. You really have to be patient with letting them get to know you though. You have to show them affection, but be prepared for them to reciprocate it on their own terms. Owning these rabbits has taught me that I can never be someone that lives without pets.
Thanks, Lula! Talk about cute overload.


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text: We are happy to answer any of your dental questions. Please fill out our form and someone will get back to you promptly. Note that we do not offer medical advice through our 'Ask the Doctor' form. If you think you have a dental emergency, please call our office directly.


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nooooo, ga ada those new year new me thing. I'm not that kind of person lol
well, but I have a resolution for this year. drum roll please *duduudududududum* bawain prosperity nya mekdi pas pulang ke rumah buat adek adek sama orang rumah semua. yap. just it. bayangin aja dari jaman baheula pengen bawain tapi gagal mulu karena flight BDO - PKU cuma ada yg pagi buta. sekarang flight nya siangan. stengah 12. bisa kali ah beli dulu mueheheheh. mana adanya cuma pas awal tahun. kan bete ya. tapi gapapa lah. worth to wait. enak soalnya xP
well, actually I don't know what to write. what to post. what to tell. but, my cute-but-annoying-but-I-love-boyfriend ask me to update my blog. well, dust everywhere. I knew it. sorry blog. I love you.
8.08pm - he just said "let's get married" lol
okay sooooooo I guess I will tell you about my relationship? okay
I've been on and off and on with him. you know which one lol. we're off when I went home last Ramadhan. it's me. yap. he's annoying. I already told you that. so, I couldn't think and yeah, we're off. but then we uhm had a job at the same event, the same section, being an LO-liaison officer. we wen't to the event together, got bullied by the other members, and yeah, here we areeeee on again lol
but honestly, I never stopped loving him. I know it sounds cheesy but that's the truth. I did block him. not letting him reach me. but at the end, I ended up unblocking him again and again.
8.17pm - "you should post a very longggggggggggggggggggg post" told ya, he's annoying
not because someone told me so. pure, it's just me who still want to talk to him. I just can't not talk to him. I did say bad words about him to my friends and my family. I am really sorry about that. I know it's like I'm licking my own mouth lol
he said that he's asking for a help from my close friend which is also his close friend. but he told me nothing but to stay away from my boyfriend. weird huh.
so yeah, it's been a half year since our first date. it was May 26th, but I prefer we started dating since 29th. I don't know why I just wanted it to be 29 lol
we've been through many things. bad, good, sad, happy, angry, all of them. but still, here we areeeeee. I've met his family. he's met my, nope, just had a video call with my mom lol. hopefully, we'll be staying together until the dark side come to pick us (lol what? star wars effect)
8.26pm - "what do you write?" "you'll know it. just go to my blog" "honestly I forgot your blog" annoying asdlsfglfkjhghklk
another story, I've been thinking that I don't have a real friends. I don't know why, but, I think that I just have my boyfriend with me. well, I still have my friends from my hometown but yeah no friends from uni. it sucks. you don't have any motivation to go to uni. usually, you'll be more exciting to go to uni because you will see your friends. but for me, nah. I know I have a boyfriend whom studies at the same uni as me. but, we're not in the same schedule. if he's going to class, me no class. he's off, me have a class. also, he will go to my place like everyday. so, I did nothing to meet him. just wait and he'll come
maybe I'm just being a little bit introvert. closing any doors for everyone to get closer to me. well, I'll try to open the doors. next semester. because............
so, I can go back home and meet my family and EAT MY MOM'S MEALS YAYYYYYY
okay, I'm done. I don't know what to write more *cry in the middle of rain, it's raining now here*
see you! xoxo


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RouteSavvy APIs (Application Development Interfaces) are for developers and organizations wanting to integrate RouteSavvy route optimization features into their applications. This includes Independent Software Vendor and Enterprise developers building routing optimization applications including desktop, web and mobile.
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PNB Housing Loan providing a whole bunch of services to customers to meet their Home Loan requirement.
To apply for a Loan with branches across India, robust service delivery model and market credit & financial policies help the customer to build a long-term relationship of trust and commitment.
PNB Provides loans for purchasing House, construction, and extension of dwelling units.
PNB Housing Loan offers customized Home Loan solutions with best in class services with very simple loan procedures.
Advantages of PNB Housing Loan:-
- The customer can avail this service from PAN India branches Network.
- PNB Home Loan Provides an extensive range of home loan products, for example, Home construction loan, Home Extension Loan, Home Purchase Loan, Home Improvement Loan, and Land or Plot Loans.
- The customer can also avail the doorstep services ensuring easy and fast approval & disbursal of loans.
- The customer can get the excellent post disbursement services.
- The client can enhance the loan amount if the event cost
- PNB Housing Finance provides the dedicated team of well-experienced employees who work on the best in class information system to provide the 100% customer's satisfaction.
- The customer can feel the 100% standards of ethics, integrity, and transparency.
- The customer will get the various repayment options.
Housing Loan Eligibility Criteria in Punjab National Bank
Punjab National Bank Home Loan Eligibility Criteria is tiny as the application should not be more than 70 years at the time of loan maturity.
Home Loan Interest Rate of PNB
PNB Home Loan offers floating rate of interest
Home Loan Fixed Interest Rate of PNB*Rates of interest are subject to change at the sole discretion of PNB Housing Finance Loan.
Housing Finance Offers 3 year, 5 years & 10 years Fixed Rate Scheme for Salaried & Self-Employed Professionals.
Housing Finance Offers 3 year, 5 years & 10 years Fixed Rate Scheme for Self Employed Non-Professionals
Documents Required for Housing Loan
Housing Finance Home Loan Own Contribution in PNBAll documents need self-attestation.
Minimum contribution required from the customer will be 10% of total cost of the property (inclusive of stamp duty and the registration charges in the case of purchase of Property).


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Zurich launches portal for online quoting
Brokers have direct access to builders risk and equipment breakdown coverages.
"Expectations today are to offer ways to keep up with the incredibly fast pace of business," said Evergreen Lee, head of strategic growth initiatives, Zurich, Canada. With this portal, our intention is to give brokers the advantage they need to help their customers immediately and to make sure they are a key collaborator in their customer's growth.
EBmadeEZ is Zurich's newest online product to be added to the portal. Stand-alone equipment breakdown policies can be quoted and issued in just a few minutes directly from a computer. There is no need for supporting business coverage and the solution suits both small and large size organizations. Minimum premium is as low as $300 and EBmadeEZ can insure up to 20 locations and $50 million in total insured value.
When a broker arranges equipment breakdown through EBmadeEZ for their customer, 13 additional coverages are automatically included in the policy and a variety of optional coverages can be purchased, depending on their needs. An EBmadeEZ policy takes care of all the extra expenses such as emergency overtime, new parts, and labour charges.
Just like ZurichBuildersRisk, EBmadeEZ has a team of regional specialists behind the scenes ready to help brokers and customers. As well as housing Zurich Canada's online products, ZurichEZclick.ca is a resource hub too. Customers can arrange jurisdictional inspections and learn about workshops and webinars.


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Future Events
Thursday 15 March 2018, 12:00pm - 02:00pm
We are once again offering Lent Lunches for fellowship beyond our church family to the whole community. We raise funds through these lunches for worthy causes at home and abroad. There is a choice of two home-made soups with good bread, cheese and fruit and a hot drink.
This year, we are supporting Allsorts Gloucestershire, Action Against Cancer and Christian Aid's East Africa Crisis Appeal
For more information see - https://www.stmaryskingswood.org.uk/news/62-lent-lunches
Location St Mary's Room


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Also known as Spider Flower, Cleome Hassleriana is a native of South America. Cleomes are particularly prized for their curious-looking and fragrant blossoms and are grown as an ornamental plant in gardens. The plant has escaped cultivation and can occasionally be seen growing wild. While it is an introduced species in the United States, it is not considered invasive.
The flowers are the most interesting feature of the cleome plant. They are very open and spindly with four large petals each and six extremely long stamens, up to three inches in length. These stamens are spidery looking, hence the name Spider Flower. They come in purple, pink or white.
Growth Habits
A fast-growing annual plant, Cleome hassleriana prefers warm weather and requires a fairly long growing season. As the plant grows, it produces a rigid stem that will project from the base of the plant. Cleome will continue to bloom from early summer through to the first frost.
The stems of Cleome hassleriana are straight, reach upward from the base of the plant, and can grow from 3 to 6 feet tall and spread from 1 to 2 feet across in a season. The stems are usually light green in color and are covered with hairs. The plant also has five to seven palmate leaves that form at the base of the plant. The leaves are hairy and sticky. The flowering stem of the plant is covered with smaller leaves that spiral up to a flower head. The seed pod is about 6 inches long and contains several seeds.
Cleome hassleriana is an easy to grow plant. It prefers medium soils that are well draining. The plant prefers full sun, but will handle light shade well. Watering should be frequent until well established, after which the plant will tolerate some drought. Cleome is usually propagated from seeds.
Often used as an ornamental in the garden, Cleome Hassleriana is grown for its unique and colorful flowers, which are also sweetly fragrant. The plant can be used in flower beds, borders and along fences or planted in containers. The flowers also produce nectar, which can contribute to attracting hummingbirds, butterflies and honey bees.


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You can Send Question Paper on firstname.lastname@example.com
GPSC Recruitment 2016 49 post of Radiologist Vacancy
Gujarat Public Service Commission GPSC has announced vacancies for the post of Radiologist
Post Details:
Post Name: Radiologist
No. of Post: 49
Education Qualification: A degree of Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery of any of the recognized University/ institution or deemed University or possess any other qualifications specified in first or second schedule to the Indian Medical Council Act. 1956. And Post Graduate Diploma in Radiology of a recognized University or possess an equivalent qualifications recognized by the Medical Council of India and have experience of two years in Government Hospital or owned managed hospital which has been registered with local authority or controlled by the Non Government Organisation Hospital or Trust Hospital.
Age Limit: Not more than 45 years
Last Date of Online Application: 30-01-2016
Official Advertisement: Click Here
Apply Online: Click Here
Incoming search terms:
Stay connected to Maru Gujarat for daily job updates


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We offer a comprehensive approach to Patient Safety.
Dimensions: 8" (20 cm) Deep by 5" (13 cm) thick with a 7" (18 cm) front width tapering to 5" (13 cm) at the rear
RECOMMENDED USE: Patients with abduction contractures and/or at risk of skin breakdown.
Helps align thighs and trochanters while the patient is in a seated position.


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Revalidation and V-Care
In line with the forthcoming NMC requirements of revalidation you will be required to complete a reflective template provided within the V-Care programme.
This will include you documenting the number of hours you have engaged in learning through V-Care and reflecting on how learning from the V-Care programme and has influenced your practice and how this links to the NMC Code (2015) and identify any further education and training needs.
You will be required to print off this reflection and your summary assessment results and discuss them during your appraisal.


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Product Description
Fish Habitat
A great way of giving fish habitat and protection, these attractors are specially designed for use in shallow water. Not only do they provide habitat and protection from birds, the material is specially manufactured to encourage bio film to grow on all surfaces which in turns provides a food chain attracting fish even further. Slots and openings in the centre structure allow small fish to hide from larger predators. This truly is a well made fish hotel. Place them in spots where you want to catch fish but don't tell your mates where they are!!


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Fastest Box for it's size in the World!
Powered by its small thrust micro rocket motor the "Jet Propelled Racing Car" really was (as written on the reverse side) the "Fastest Car for it's size in the World!".
The colour-work and typeface is screenprinted slightly offset creating simple overlaps and subtle hues of green. The strong full red colour allowed others to be pushed close to primary strength and less concern for tone, enhancing the illusion and 3-dimensional quality of the box.
Toy boxes are a reaccuring theme in my smaller work. They have value for a collector in mint condition and graphic appeal using image and text. Painting words onto a surface is a challenge and requires a steady hand yet brings detail and intimacy to the object.
As a child I was told by my father to open toys carefully and to keep the boxes in the best possible condition. Boxes were valuable, equal to the toy inside and keeping a toy in its original box, untouched, un-played with was the most valuable. This was also highly unlikely and I just wanted to play.
Jetex Box (15 x 20cm) oil on canvas
Available Frances Keevil Gallery


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Today, I'm pleased to announce the release of a new addition to AlpineZone.com - News & Featured Articles! This "News Portal" is driven by the new News & Featured Articles forum. Feel free to provide feedback on these news items and articles in this forum.
If you are interested in submitting an article for review, click on the Usergroups link in the forum menu. Select the "Contributing Authors" Usergroup and click the "View Information" button. From the "Contributing Authors" Usergroup page, click the "Join Group" button.
Your username will then be added to the "Contributing Authors" Usergroup. This will give you access to a private forum where you can submit your news item or featured article as a new topic. Once approved, your topic will be moved to the News & Featured Articles forum which will make it visible on the News & Featured Articles portal!
I expect this to be an exciting new addition to the AlpineZone.com Web site and forums. Feedback or questions are welcome.


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It may or may not be a case of "Seniors Gone Wild," but the Russell County Commission wants to put a halt to some unsavory activities at its Senior Activity Center in Fort Mitchell.
Russell County Sheriff Tommy Boswell told the commission that there were reports of gunfire at the senior center during a recent social event at the center.
"Over the past several months, our department has on a number of occasions had to go to the Senior Activity Center at night for rowdy behavior and shots fired and things like that," Boswell said. "We had one two weeks ago where we had more than 300 people inside the facility and the cars were so many that they were parked down both sides of the driveway and on Highway 165. Extremely overcrowded, there was live band there and people were charging admission. In essence, it was a nightclub."
The county plans to revamp rules for the usage of the center to put it more in line with its mission -- providing daily activities for the county's elderly. Commissioners suggested additional rules for operation, a large deposit, a requirement for security, and other items.
The sheriff, County Attorney Kenneth Funderburk and County Administrator LeAnn Horne were asked to make recommendations and return to the commission for study and/or approval.


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Causes of Hearing Loss in Children
- Otitis media (ear Infections)
- Congenital causes
- Acquired causes
- Otitis Media
Otitis media is an inflammation in the middle ear (the area behind the eardrum) that is usually associated with the buildup of fluid. The fluid may or may not be infected.
Symptoms, severity, frequency, and length of the condition vary. At one extreme is a single short period of thin, clear, noninfected fluid without any pain or fever but with a slight decrease in hearing ability. At the other extreme are repeated bouts with infection, thick "glue-like" fluid and possible complications such as permanent loss.
Fluctuating conductive hearing loss nearly always occurs with all types of otitis media. In fact it is the most common cause of hearing loss in young children.
How common is otitis media?
Otitis media occurs most frequently in children. In fact, it ranks second to the common cold as the most common health problem in preschool children. 50% of children have had at least one episode by one year of age. Between one and three years, 35% will have had repeated episodes. For school children, an estimated 5 million school days are missed every year due to otitis media.
Why is otitis media so common in children?
The Eustachian tube, a passage between the middle ear and the back of the throat, is smaller and more nearly horizontal in children than in adults. Therefore, it can be more easily blocked by conditions such as large adenoids and infections. Until the Eustachian tube changes in size and angle as the child grows, children are more susceptible to otitis media.
How can otitis media cause a hearing loss?
Three tiny bones in the middle ear carry sound vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear. When fluid is present, the vibrations are not transmitted efficiently and sound energy is lost. The result may be mild or even moderate hearing loss. Therefore speech sounds are muffled or inaudible.
Generally, this type of hearing loss is conductive and is temporary. However when otitis media occurs over and over again, damage to the eardrum, the bones of the ear, or even the hearing nerve can occur and cause a permanent, sensorineural hearing loss.
Can hearing loss due to otitis media cause speech and language problems?
Children learn speech and language from listening to other people talk. The first few years of life are especially critical for this development.
If a hearing loss exists, a child does not get full benefit of language learning experiences. Consequently, critical delays in speech and language development may occur.
Otitis media without infection presents a special problem because symptoms of pain and fever are usually not present. Therefore, weeks, and even months, can go by before parents suspect a problem. During this time, the child may miss out on hearing the speech and language needed for normal development.
How can I tell if my child might have otitis media?
Even if there is no pain or fever, there are other signs you can look for that may indicate chronic or recurring fluid in the ear:
wanting the television or radio louder than usual
misunderstanding directions
unexplained irritability
pulling or scratching at the ears
What should I do if I think that otitis media is causing a hearing, speech or language problem?
A physician should handle the medical treatment. Ear infections require immediate attention, most likely from a pediatrician or otolaryngologist (ear doctor). If your child has frequently recurring infections and/or chronic fluid in the middle ear, two additional specialists should be consulted: an audiologist and a speech-language pathologist.
An audiologist's evaluation will assess the severity of any hearing impairment, even in a very young or uncooperative child, and will indicate if a middle ear disorder is present.
A speech-language pathologist measures your child's specific speech and language skills and can recommend and/or provide remedial programs when they are needed.
Will my physician refer my child for these special evaluations?
As a parent, you are the best person to look for signs that suggest poor hearing. The American Academy of Pediatrics recognizes this when it states, "Any child whose parent expresses concern about whether the child hears should be considered for referral for behavioral audiometry without delay".


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Ah, L'Amour
A short film about unrequited love. The male protagonist's advances meet with repeated rejection during a sequence of encounters with the opposite sex.
a killer and funny short film that aslo has a good moral. I give 5 stars. the best short film ever! no doubt. wow. this is one of my very...
rated it:
(edit: downgraded to 3.5 stars 9/09. Not because I think it's not worth 4 stars, but because if it is, I'd have to give 'Rejected' 5 stars, and I can't) I...
I thought this was really funny and truthful. I know the animation wasnt top quality stuff but Don Hertzfeldt was just a student then and we all must start somewhere. The music...
rated it:
This must be as good as it gets for a short of such poor quality of animation. The message of the story is so true and at the same time...
Created by: Bitter Films
Language: English
Country of Origin: USA
Language: English
Country of Origin: USA
Directed by: Don Hertzfeldt
Produced by: Don Hertzfeldt
Musical Score by: Don Hertzfeldt
Writing Credits: Don Hertzfeldt
Animated by: Don Hertzfeldt
Academy Award nominee Don Hertzfeldt's first film, produced during his freshman year at film school. Still a favourite in animation festivals ten years later.
Allegedly available on 'Spike and Mike's Sick and Twisted Festival of Animation, Vol IV', but not I'm confident enough about that to put a link up.
profile by: lupercal


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Background of Structure Essay
Architectural mastery is often a specialized kind of craft that mixes both aesthetical and handy qualities. As you construct a your home, you may not just live your life there. You would like to build your apartment look and feel extraordinary and alluring.you could look here Contemplate diverse enormous constructions. Aged cathedrals, village places, marketplaces was internal the best refined and uncommon way. Customers utilized these administrative and sacral constructions for practical and aesthetical reasons. Up-to-date European cities appeal to men and women from in many countries making use of their admirable and shaping ancient churches, plug-ins and well-known residences. Undoubtedly, design is truly a compelling phenomenon. Distinct innovational patterns and varieties of structures have shown up just about every century. In recent times the problem is the same. Fashionable designers invent new answers, patterns and technological innovations of building to enable build of most recent houses inexpensive and even more solid.
The historical past of design is an extremely wide-ranging and disputable challenge where anybody can notice the problem in global, social, federal and native definitions. Considering we participate in North western civilization, it is always realistic to concentrate on the history of Western architectural mastery which includes influenced The european union, North and South America and Modern australia. The number one examples of European architectural mastery could very well be satisfied inside Neolithic phase. When you choose to view the traditional properties during the Uk Isles, you will see the remains of camps and tombs. They were not aesthetically alluring. Buyers constructed prolonged properties and lived there at the same time. An excellent period of time in the growth of Western structure is related to Medieval Greece and Rome. They set up complex and admirable temples, stores and various people structures. Of course, the ruling lesson comes with wonderful and alluring holiday villas and palaces. During this time, architecture is followed by sculpture and artwork. Traditional Greeks and Romans appreciated actually-embellished residences. Ancient greek and Roman construction is classical. No surprise, designers have always tried to bring in unique Greek and Roman materials in the style of their homes.
Their early middle ages structures lost its luxurious conventional styles and kinds. Virtually all castles and fortresses supported just for safety. Your situation replaced in the eleventh century with the introduction of Romanesque structures, which resembled classical Roman architectural mastery. The movement in European design occurred in the 12th century with the growth of Gothic design and style. Such a construction should really become the most amazing and amazing. The cathedral of Saint-Denis close to Paris should really emerge as brightest instance of Gothic buildings. The vast majority of European countries get visitors primarily because of the kinds of Gothic cathedrals and the general public property that fascinate along with their figures, posts, well-defined spires and significant windows xp made up of stained window. Definitely, the wall structures and microsoft windows of every Gothic cathedral already have lots of pictures of saint and scenarios in the Bible. These homes are increased and vibrant and enable individuals become even closer God.
The Renaissance is affiliated with the repair of a measures of your Traditional Antiquities. The most brilliant degrees of Renaissance construction can be bought in France. For example, St. Peter's Basilica in Rome is one of them. The sixteenth century unveiled the Baroque in Italy in addition to North western Countries in europe. This pattern is described with strange and soaking up sorts and specialised choices. This sort of complexes will almost allways be embellished with sculptures and innovative decorations appealing to awareness on the community.
The 17th and 18th centuries are associated with the get back to Classicism in Europe and North America. Architects predicted big and monumental palaces and general public houses that possessed most things about Ancient greek and Roman design. This layout was termed Federal government in The United States.
Popular construction starts with Art work Nouveau. The brightest representatives associated with the style and design are Victor Horta, Antoni Gaudi and Otto Wagner. They created ones own forms of architectural mastery that coupled regular issues and completely new methods in building delivered by new electronic choices. The original perhaps the twentieth century is related to functionalism. Designers not anymore design and style attractive and inquisitive richly ornamented and formed properties inasmuch when the our society is not going to growing demand them. Buildings turned into less complicated plus more smart. You will definitely seldom find cutting-edge and peculiar styles there. Fashionable architectural structures can be engrossed in window for the development of the outcome of vast room and visibility. Nearly every putting together is crafted towards the precise main objective. Current most people will not will require engrossing styles. Their houses should really be level of quality, comfortable and efficient. Homes delight using interior conveniences as compared to their outer develop.


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Accessibility & Usability
The Texas Water Resources Institute is committed to making its websites accessible and usable in accordance with Texas A&M System Policy 33.04.
If you find something that needs improvement to make the site even more accessible, please let us know.
Privacy Statement
Personal information that you provide via e-mail or through other online means will be used only for purposes necessary to serve your needs, such as responding to an inquiry or other request for information.
We do, however, use server logs to collect information concerning your Internet connection and general information about your visit to our Web site. This information may be used to analyze trends; to create summary statistics for the purpose of determining technical design specifications; and to identify system performance or problem areas.
Read more about Texas A&M's privacy policy.
USDA Nondiscrimination Statement
The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, or marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA's TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD).
To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326-W, Whitten Building, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, D.C. 20250-9410 or call (202) 720-5964 (voice and TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.
From the National Water Quality Program web site.


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They were both vastly funnier than Police Academy 19.
Quote from: Wils on Monday 13 March 2017, 1525They were both vastly funnier than Police Academy 19.But, then, there are probably few things that are not ...
What about Rocky 3297?
You couldn't murder a poached egg.Yeah you heard, poached.
Are you albumental?
Quote from: Wils on Friday 24 March 2017, 1505Are you albumental?She alblumin isn't!! And yeah...and....I would totally put you up against the wall and creme egg you. I realise that sentence might be misconstrued by the more ..um...creative amongst us. I actually mean in a "stoning" way. Instead of stones tho, I'd use creme eggs cos I'm not that sly.
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