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Guests at the Louis Vuitton Women's Fall 2015 Fashion ShowFashion Trends
Haven't you showed me the Louis Vuitton Fall Winter 2015 Runway Bags already?
Uh, yes but…
Here is the thing. Celebrities at the Fall 2015 Fashion Show are also carrying the latest handbags and if we can take a glimpse of what they are carrying, we might discover something we do not know yet.
For example.
Remember the Louis Vuitton Lady Bag in Malletage. Yes, the one with diamond patterns, bold and luxurious. We have spotted it in black, so we wondered: 'are there more colors?'.
Not that we do not like black.
We think black is a timeless color.
But the lipstick red version is not bad either. In fact, it's absolutely gorgeous. And I love it even more, I find it more feminine, chic and magnetic.
And how about this Alma Bag, it is not what you've been used to. Though it's made in shiny monogram canvas, the bottom edges on both sides add a little bit of rock-style to the total picture.
So, are you ready for the Fall?
Tag: Louis Vuitton Fall Fashion 2015 Women's
2014 Fall Winter Louis Vuitton Fashion SHow Paris Fashion WeekLouis Vuitton News
It is time to fashion now, Louis Vuitton Fall Winter 2014 Fashion Show at Paris Fashion Week will share you below.
The one of highlights of the Fashion week is Former Balenciaga creative director Nicolas Ghesquiere's Debiut after he as LV new creative director. Yesterday, March 5, Nicolas Ghesquiere will be show his first quarter of Louis Vuitton Paris Fashion Week after he took over the post. Compared to October Marc Jacobs's like drama show last year, Louis Vuitton 2014 Fall Winter Collection is like a true sense of the catwalks.
Nicolas Ghesquiere with simple venue, dress up like a street style, to convey the distinct image of Louis Vuitton, no exaggeration and show off, they are exquisite proportions, comfortable wearing, old-fashioned mix of 21st century fashion. Designer in knitted, leather and spandex fabric with waterproof efficacy for a new ear of women who create elegant dress series a profile of the world. There is also many of most fashion news LV bags sale 2014, stay tuned purselvforum.com for more news about Louis Vuitton.
Tag: Louis Vuitton Fashion Paris Show Week
2013 Fall Winter Women's Handbags Fashion TrendsLouis Vuitton News
Tag: handbags Fashion Women's Winter Trends
Full Enjoy Louis Vuitton Spring/Summer 2014 Paris Women's Fashion ShowLouis Vuitton News
Even new season, the most fashion trend luxury brand in the world all have the new fashion show to show their latest and next season design to leading the latest fashion trend. In the fall season, October 2nd, in Louis Vuitton women's Spring/Summer 2014 Fashion show, there are many of new design outfit show to us and let us know what will the fashion trend in the new season.
Louis Vuitton just announced they will be live streaming their Spring/Summer 2014 runway show directly on their website. it would be Marc Jacobs's last season at the helm of Louis Vuitton. To held the fashion show to make you full enjoy the latest Louis Vuitton Spring 2014. Fashion show are about more than just the clothes on the models, about the theatrics of it all, the show itself.
In the 2014 Spring/Summer LV women's fashion show, we can see it is in a dark color as the main color design. After serving as creative director for sixteen years, the show was almost like a mourning, quite literally actually, with a color palette of mostly black. The outing was extravagant with pieces that looked like they belonged in a gothic showgirl's closet. Black feathers, jet beads and embroidered rosettes all decorated the many jackets and column dresses presented.
Embellished cropped jackets paired with blue jeans brought a call-back to Jacobs' American roots. Match with the latest design Cheap LV handbags will be in a prefect look. At ourCheap Louis Vuitton Bags Store, not only available the latest accessories for Louis Vuitton, but also there are many of latest Authentic Louis Vuitton Bag sale for a nice price.
Want to shop real LV bag online for a lower price with free shipping, visit purselvforum.com!
Tag: Louis Vuitton Fashion Spring/Summer 2014 Paris Women's Show
Louis Vuitton Fashion Spring Scarves CollectionAccessories
Louis Vuitton Brand not only famous by its leather items, but also the accessories like scarves also very popular and hot in the world. Add a splash of color to your ensemble as you transition to the balmier days of Spring with this fashion and fresh Louis Vuitton Scarves and some of the most talented street artists around. Scoured from all over the world, the result of the partnership between these artists are scarves emblazoned with graffiti-inspired prints that are stunningly individualistic and beautiful in their own way, while referencing some of the French fashion house's most emblematic motifs.
Californian graffiti-slash-writer Retna has created a lovely pastel-hued stole that mixes the ancient and the contemporary, with symbols that are an amalgamation of Incan and Egyptian hieroglyphics, Arabic, Hebrew and Asian calligraphy and modern graffiti. Louis Vuitton has given Retna free rein to reinterpret the House's logo, resulting in a unique signature that is both the artists' and the French maison's.
Next Up, us-based Japanese artist Aiko's aesthetic is as colorful and vibrant as her background. Her creation for Louis Vuitton marries contemporary American graffiti with traditional icons that will be familiar to those acquainted with Japanese culture.Famed for her manga-tinged work, the scarve's large, multi-hued chrysanthemums are of course a nod to that most symbolic of national flowers, and their psychedelic ombre petals are also reminiscent of the fireworks synonymous with North America's Independence Day celebrations. Integrated into the intricate scarf are the famousLV monogram and "sprouse" print, and the pink-and-white polka-dotted "kiss" in Kanji characters is a nod to the pop art movement.
Finally, A big duo in the graffiti art community in Brazil, their style is, as you can tell by the piece they created above, very much influenced by hip-hop culture and the Brazilian pixacao movement.The mosaic silk square features a vivid repetitive pattern that cleverly makes use of Louis Vuitton's Monogram flower, which frames a center portion filled with multiple suns and moons, a touching reference to the strong personal and professional bonds between the two twin brothers. illustrate equilibrium and balance, representing the two twin brothers.
Tag: Louis Vuitton Fashion Spring Scarves


text: 2015 : Got the permission from center Govt in the name of Amar Hitech and Engineering Industry for manufacturing of spare parts and Sports items. March 3, 2017March 3, 2017 by Suraj Kumar Suraj Kumar No comments yet Post navigation 2015 : Reached new Heights at Varun Armoury and added almost all the top Brands in the tradingList . Leave a Reply Cancel reply Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *Comment Name * Email * Website

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Software Engineer II
Less than 5 years experience •
Salary depends on experience
Posted on 05/21/18
San Francisco, CA
Less than 5 years experience
Salary depends on experience
Posted on 05/21/18
BigCommerce, a "Best and Brightest" place to work in San Francisco, is looking for a full-time Software Engineer II in our downtown San Francisco office.
The product catalog is the backbone of any e-commerce store. This is the main touch-point for our merchants to create and manage the listings of their products for sale online. BigCommerce's catalog management tools and APIs are used by tens of thousands of businesses from small startups to Fortune 100 enterprises to create branded storefront experiences and manage day-to-day operations.
What you'll do:
- Build beautiful, scalable products in Scala, PHP, and Angular.
- Advocate for modern development practices and tools.
- Collaborate with our product and design teams to define feature specifications and timelines.
- Build new features with a focus on testability and extensibility.
- Engage in technical discussion of new solutions and architectures.
- Participate in code reviews to maintain and improve quality.
- Work with our operations team to improve the architecture.
- Support an open, positive, and energized culture.
- Encourage innovation and foster an environment of continuous improvement.
Who you are:
- 3+ years of experience in Scala and/or PHP
- Experience with Angular
- You enjoy collaborating with members of your team and other teams within the company
- When there is a problem, you're the first to offer a hand to resolve


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Integrated Marketing Manager
Less than 5 years experience • Internet Services
Salary depends on experience
Posted on 02/19/18
New York, NY
Less than 5 years experience
Internet Services
Salary depends on experience
Posted on 02/19/18
Chloe + Isabel is seeking an Integrated Marketing Manager to lead the planning and execution of all digital marketing efforts for the company.
This position will drive strategic marketing campaigns and CRM programs across a variety of digital channels, including paid social, retargeting, web, SEM, email marketing, and more.
With a focus on retention, engagement, and conversion, this role will own end-to-end campaign management of various marketing programs, from pre-production and briefing, to development, execution, and reporting. This position reports directly to the Vice President of Marketing.
• Paid Digital:
- Develop and manage the company's digital marketing strategy and cadence across web channels, including paid social, SEO/SEM, and affiliate marketing
- Manage the digitalbudget, including monitoring and reporting on critical marketing metrics, providing trend analysis and driving spend optimization
- Leverage performance data and audience insights to recommend strategies, guide implementation and optimize growth in alignment with key business goals.
• Email Marketing
- Own end-to-end email campaign production, from campaign and segment setup, to deployment, to optimization and reporting
- Manage databases and subscriber lists, and work to minimize list decay and unsubscribes while increasing productivity through targeted campaigns
- Collaborate cross-functionally to improve email segmentation and personalization strategies through testing of subject lines, CTAs, and creative assets.
• CRM + Loyalty
- Manage retention and loyalty strategies to reduce customer churn, increase engagement, and maximize lifetime value
- Assist in the strategy, execution and hindsighting of promotional campaigns, with a focus on driving loyalty and better understanding the customer
- Build and maintain reporting dashboards that support ongoing marketing initiatives and future iterations of the Chloe + Isabel loyalty program.
- Bachelor's degreerequired in Marketing or Advertising preferred
- Minimum 3-5 years of experience in digital marketing; background in retail and/or network marketing/direct sales is preferable
- Demonstrable experience managing paid digital, email, and/or CRM programs
- In-depth knowledge of website analytics tools (e.g., Google Analytics)
- Knowledge of email fundamentals: CSS and HTML, CAN-SPAM, segmentation, mail merge, performance metrics, etc.
- Results-driven with exceptional analytical, conceptual, and problem-solving abilities
- Microsoft Office 2011, proficiency in the Adobe Creative Suite is a plus but not required
- Ability to wear multiple hats in a fast-paced, deadline-driven startup environment
- Desire to learn and be part of a collaborative, close-knit team.


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In Mexico nudism is not listed as huge impact market and there are very few places where it is openly allowed, that is according to data from the Federal Ministry of Tourism. We would like to tell you where you can find three nudist beaches in the beautiful Mexican Caribbean where you can relax and enjoy the fresh air on your bare body.
Playa Santa Fe: This beach is not fully nude, although you can undress completely if you feel like it. It is popular with nudists because here you can come to relax and enjoy privacy and tranquility, it is located near Tulum Pueblo.
Azulik: A preferred destination for being among the sea and the forest, built on a cliff overlooking the sea, giving you a unique view. Here there is no electricity or telephone, for your total relaxation and disconnection from the stress of daily life. It is listed by visitors as a "romantic retreat for newly weds" and it is an adults only resort. The beach is clothing optional, but has become famous because people prefer to be naked.
Costa Copal: A hotel located in the Riviera Maya, ideal for those seeking a natural environment. The beach here is also listed as "clothing optional". It is just 15 minutes from the archaeological site of Tulum and 90 minutes from Cancun International Airport.
The freedom to walk without clothes can have unintended consequences, which usually can be prevented if you stick to unwritten rules of nudist beaches that are common in other parts of the world. If you are a person who wants to experience something different in a nudist beach and learn to "better accept your own body" we present here a list of etiquette rules on a nude beach, published by the American Association for Nude Recreation (AANR)
Rule #1: Respect wildlife and environmentally fragile areas. Beaches are often in areas safeguarding endangered species of fowl, fish, and fauna. Therefore, avoid endangering the habitat with fire, pollution, or even potentially dangerous foodstuffs.
Rule #2: Keep the beach clean. Not only does AANR suggest that beachgoers clean up after themselves, but they advocate sunbathers to "take more trash out than you brought in."
Rule #3: For those visiting the nude section of a local beach, dress before leaving designated clothing-optional use areas.
Rule #4: Respect yourself and others by following appropriate rules of conduct.
Rule #5: Be polite to everyone.
Rule #6: Always get permission before taking scenic photographs.
Rule #7: Use headsets or keep radio volumes turned low. Most beachgoers visit the beach to rest and relax.
Rule #8: Whenever possible, walk along the shoreline. Not only is it more refreshing, but you avoid kicking sand up at the people you pass.
Rule #9: Always carry a towel with you when you leave your spot on the beach. Whether to sit on or wrap around yourself when you walk to public areas such as picnic benches, food stands, restrooms, etc., you will be more comfortable, as will those around you.
Rule #10: Observe local beach rules and safety regulations. When you arrive at a local beach, look for posted signs indicating beach rules and regulations – including hours, rules for swimming, designated areas for biking, roller-blading, parking, etc.
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The Municipal Tourism Directorate is currently.
Mérida Restaurant Week kicks off today!
From September 24 to 30, Mérida.
Mérida seeks to provide broader public space Internet connection
The technology management of the City.


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Retirement income risks: How to avoid them
Once you retire, you'll need to shift gears—from saving money to managing the income from your retirement savings. The challenge is withdrawing enough money to cover your needs, without risking your long-term income.
Because your needs and income sources may change in retirement, it's important to develop a personal retirement income strategy.
But how to do it? Begin by understanding—and planning for—five key retirement income risks.
Five key retirement income risks
1. Longevity
Advances in health care mean that many of us are living longer—which could increase our expenses in retirement. The average life expectancy for a 65-year-old is about 84 (males) to 87 (females)1—so your retirement income may need to last 20 years or more.
2. Inflation
Your annual income needs could more than double over the course of your retirement. For instance, let's say you need $50,000 a year in retirement. In 30 years, if inflation averages 2.5% a year, you may need more than $100,000 a year to maintain the same standard of living.
3. Healthcare costs
Health care can be one of the biggest expenses in retirement. A couple who retires at age 65 in 2015 may need more than $266,000 to cover health care expenses in retirement, according to one study by HealthView Insights.2
4. Investment risks
Poor market performance early in your retirement can significantly impact how long your savings will last. Strategic asset allocation (dividing your savings between different investments from various asset classes) can help. And options like annuities can create retirement income that isn't exposed to market risk.*
5. Public policy
Increases in taxes, new types of taxes, evolving health care reform, or changes in programs like Social Security, Medicare, and Medicaid can have a big impact on your income in retirement. Of course, shifts in public policy are out of your control—but you can help yourself by creating a strategy for your personal situation.
By taking a realistic approach to your retirement income planning—and accounting for likely risk factors—you can help ensure that your retirement savings will last.
* Asset allocation and diversification doesn't do not ensure a profit or protect against loss. Annuity guarantees are based upon the claims-paying ability of the issuing insurance company.
1 https://www.ssa.gov/planners/lifeexpectancy.html
2 http://www.hvsfinancial.com/PublicFiles/Data_Release.pdf


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Icon: Nancy Laura Spungen
Born: 27th February (aries) 1958, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA (died 12th October 1978, New York City)
Height: 1,55m
Known for: girlfriend of Sex Pistols bass player Sid Vicious
Story: Nancy was born to middle class Jewish family but she was nothing but easy middle class from the birth. She was born with severe cyanosis and she nearly died in birth after beuing choked by her umbilical cord. She was a difficult baby with temper tantrums late into childhood. She scored superior results on an intelligent quotient test at the age of five but her social skills did not measure up to her academic excellence and she had few friends in elementary school. At the age of 15 she was diagnosed with schizopheria. Nancy left home and moved to New York City at 17 years old. She worked as a stripper and allegedly at a brothel as well. She followed Aerosmith, The New York Dolls ans The Ramones. In 1976 she moved to London and met Sex Pistols Sid Vicious. Nancy and Sid moved soon together and became addicted to heroin among other drungs. The tabloids dubbed Spungen as "Nauseating Nancy" for her public displays of verbal abuse and violence. When Sex Pistols broke up in 1978 couple moved to New York City. They stayed in Hotel Chelsea and Sid tried to continue with his musical career with limited success. In October 12th 1978 Nancy was found stabbed to death in stocmach in couples hotel room. Sid was arrested for second degree murder but he pleated quilty and he was released on bail. After 4 months of Nancy's death Sid died of heroin overdose before trial and it was never solved if he was truly quilty. Spungen's mothers book about Nancy "And I don't want to live this life" was published in 1983. Alex Cox also directed movie "Sid and Nancy" about the couple in 1986.
Style: Even with severe problems with mental illness and drug abuse, Nancy seemed to be aware of her looks. Now adays she is considered to be the grandmother of ladies punk look with bleached curly hair, louder than loud make up, black leather, broken stockings, leopard print, studs and chains. Her look is every inch loud and strong and defineletly not afraid to show her sexuality. She did not try to be the nice girlfirend which surely rubbed many people wrong way and gave start to bad talk where Nancy was seen only as trashy bad woman who destroyed everything she touched.
|Young Nancy with a rare smile and naturally dark hair.
|14 years old Nancy cuddling with a bunny. Who would guess this girl had difficult issues with violence.
|Nancy out and about with Linda Ashby in leather, turtle neck and bell bottoms pants.
|Sid the pirate and his wild girlfriend in leopard print and heavy make up.
|Nancy and Sid all cleaned up for court in blazers. Nancy still wearing stiletto heels.
|Nancy in long trench coat, knee high leather boots and plastic frame sunglasses.
|Nancy and her parisian chic in beret, black turtleneck shirt, leopard print silk knickers and fishnet tights.
|Nancy in her punk uniform of pistol necklace, black top with silver front zipper and black button shirt, black leather pants and black leather stiletto heels.
|Nancy in little black outfit with Sid's metal padlock chain necklace and handcuff belt.
|Punk goddes Nancy with heavy make up, platinum blond curly hair, long black and white jumper, broken black tights and pretty heel sandals.
|Nancy in fishnet shirt and leather pants with Blondie's Deborah Harry.
|Nancy all dressed and made up with Sid and Lemmy Kilmister of Motörhead.
How to get the punk slut look? Think bleached curly hair with bangs, over the top make up with red blusher and lipstick and heavy black eyes, thin drawn eyebrows, black, leopard print, leather, denim, fishnet stockings, broken black stockings, corsets, black bras as a top, skinny pants, stiletto heels, chain and lock necklace, pistol necklace, silver jewerly, oversized black blazer with buttons, socks with sandal heels, short red nails, no tanning, ray-ban wayfarer style sunglasses, plastic sunglasses.
|Sexy black lace bra give right naughty base to rude punk look.
|Fishnet t-shirt gives proper punk wibe to the look.
|Skinny leather pants with lace details. Fait Connexion/Net-a-Porter.com.
|Punk rock look wouldn't be authentic without classic black biker jacket.
|Modern version of padlock chain necklace is a must for punk look. Endless.com.
|Belt and boots in black studded leather just like in original punk days.


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10, 22 and 32 Gallon Trash Receptacles
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When her husband and his partners were planning West Sixth Brewing Co. last year, Rebecca Self realized the 90,000-square-foot former bakery they bought to house it — now known as The Bread Box — could help her achieve some entrepreneurial dreams.
She was then education director of Seedleaf, a Lexington non-profit organization that develops community gardens and teaches people in low-income neighborhoods about sustainable agriculture and nutritious food.
Self was passionate about Seedleaf's mission, but she wanted to take it a few steps further. So she assembled a board of directors and staff to create a new non-profit, Food Chain. The goal is to demonstrate indoor food production and preparation in urban Lexington and teach sustainable agriculture skills to youth and adults.
"We're trying to reimagine the local food economy by rethinking the urban spaces we have," said Self, 33, a graduate of Paul Laurence Dunbar High School and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
By late fall, Food Chain will launch its first project: A huge, windowless room beside the brewery will become Kentucky's first indoor aquaponics farm, where fish and plants grow together using the same water in a closed loop.
Here's how it works: Waste grain from the brewery is fed to fish, mostly tilapia, which grow in tanks. Water with the fish's waste flows through long troughs, where greens, herbs and other food plants grow in a medium under artificial light by absorbing nutrients in that waste and, in the process, cleaning the water.
Once the system is up and running, Food Chain will harvest 240 plants each week and 125 pounds of fish per month, Self said. The system also will produce 120 pounds a year of freshwater prawns, which grow in the troughs where plants are raised.
Renowned chef and restaurant entrepreneur Ouita Michel of Midway, who is on Food Chain's board, plans to open a fish-and-chips restaurant in the building to serve the tilapia in West Sixth Brewery's taproom. The fish and greens' trip from tank to kitchen to plate will be only a few yards, Self said.
Excess greens will be sold to other local restaurants.
"We don't want to go toe-to-toe with in-field farmers, so we'll grow lettuces and mixed greens primarily off-cycle," she said. "What we think is probably going to be one of our bigger products are what's called microgreens, which are the stage before baby greens."
Those immature plants are packed with nutrition and sell for high prices; restaurants want them, but they are hard for soil-based farmers to grow.
Students from the University of Kentucky's sustainable agriculture program helped build a small demonstration aquaponics system, where greens, herbs and large-mouth bass are being raised. The full-scale system will be built during the next few months with help from Kentucky State University aquaculture students.
Food Chain has raised more than $60,000 of the $113,000 cost of renovating the space and buying and installing equipment, Self said. That money came mostly from local donations. The organization now is applying for agriculture development grants and planning fund-raisers.
Food Chain expects the sale of greens and fish to cover most operating costs, but the group will continue seeking grants and donations to fund educational programs.
Once the aquaponics farm is up and running, Self plans to begin using more brewery waste to grow mushrooms in the basement for sale. Then Food Chain will put hoop houses on the building's roof to grow vegetables and create a vermaculture demonstration, where worms break down organic waste into fertilizer.
Food Chain's third phase will be construction of a certified commercial kitchen in the building. It will be used to teach people how to prepare and preserve the fresh food they grow. The kitchen also will be available for use by entrepreneurs who want to process their locally grown food into jams, pickles, sauces, pesto and other products for sale.
Food Chain will create a few jobs itself, but its main goal is to provide training in sustainable agriculture techniques that will allow people to create their own jobs and businesses, and strengthen Central Kentucky's local food economy.
"What we're trying to do is educate and market," Self said. "We think we're going to help impact a lot of jobs regionally as people come here to learn and then go off and start doing this on their own."


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Iron-filled magnetorheological polymers, when cured in the presence of a magnetic field, result in having a transversely isotropic structure with iron particles forming chains along the direction of applied magnetic induction. In this work, we model the magneto-viscoelastic deformation (and magnetization) process of such polymers. Components of the deformation gradient and the applied magnetic induction in the direction of anisotropy are considered to be additional arguments of the energy density function. The existence of internal damping mechanisms is considered by performing a multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient and an additive decomposition of the magnetic induction into equilibrium and non-equilibrium parts. Energy density functions and evolution laws of the internal variables are proposed that agree with the laws of thermodynamics. In the end, we present solutions of some standard deformation cases to illustrate the theory. In particular, it is shown that the orientation of resultant magnetic field and principal stress directions change with time owing to viscoelastic evolution.
1. Introduction
Magnetorheological elastomers (MREs) are materials in which the mechanical and magnetic responses have a strong nonlinear coupling with each other [1]. Usually, these are polymer-like soft materials used for variable mechanical behaviour in response to an applied magnetic field. MREs can be used as variable stiffness actuators and dampers [2–4], which have several potential engineering applications. Typically, these materials are made by curing a mixture of ferromagnetic particles (usually 1–5 μm in size) distributed in a polymeric matrix. Curing in the presence of a magnetic field causes the particles to form chain-like arrangements that imparts an effective directional anisotropy to the resulting polymer as can be seen from electron microscopy images in figure 1. Curing without a magnetic field results in an isotropic material [5,6]. When subjected to a magnetic field and mechanical loading, the magnetizable particles in the resulting polymer interact with each other and cause an increase in the overall stiffness of the material. This effect is more pronounced in the anisotropic materials when magnetization and mechanical loading are applied along the direction of particle chains [3].
Mathematical modelling of the coupling of mechanical and electromagnetic effects has been an interesting area of research in the past. Notable are the works of Landau & Lifshitz [7], Livens [8], Tiersten [9], Brown [10], Maugin & Eringen[11–13], Pao [14] and Eringen & Maugin [15]. Research in this field has accelerated in recent years mainly due to two reasons—firstly, the possibility of fabrication and testing of MREs in laboratories [2,3,5,6]; and secondly, further developments in the area of mathematical modelling and constitutive formulations, such as those by Brigadnov & Dorfmann [16], Dorfmann & Ogden [17] and Kankanala & Triantafyllidis [18]. In particular, the constitutive formulation of Dorfmann & Ogden [17,19] based on a 'total' energy density function has been helpful in the solution of several boundary value problems on nonlinear deformation and wave propagation [20–22]. It has been shown that any one of the magnetic induction, magnetic field or magnetization can be used as an independent input to the energy density function and the other two obtained through constitutive relations. We also mention the recent independent contributions of Steigmann [23] and Maugin [24] which discuss several issues concerning modelling the coupling of continuum magneto-electro-elasticity.
Based on Dorfmann and Ogden's formulation, the authors of the present paper recently developed a mathematical model of large strain magneto-viscoelasticity [25]. In that work, we considered the possibilities of dissipation owing to mechanical viscoelasticity of the polymer matrix and to the resistance of the material to overall magnetization. We emphasize here that the overall magnetization of the material can occur not only due to the magnetization of individual (usually ferromagnetic) particles, but also due to the movement and realignment of these particles within the elastic matrix. This was affected in the model by a multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient into elastic and viscous parts (F=FeFv) and an additive decomposition of the magnetic induction ()—the former based on the purely mechanical viscoelasticity theory [26,27]. A similar additive decomposition of the magnetization into a residual and a reversible part has been considered by Maugin et al. [28] in order to model magnetomechanical hysteresis effects. Constitutive laws for material behaviour and evolution equations for Fv and were proposed that are physically and thermodynamically consistent. In this paper, we extend this theory to model the rate-dependent properties of MREs with a directional anisotropy owing to particle chain alignment.
Modelling of soft elastomers with a directional anisotropy has been an active area of research in the recent times. One very common and useful method of doing so is to use the structural tensors, cf. Spencer [29] and Zheng [30]. By employing symmetry arguments, the energy function is considered to depend on scalar invariants of the right Cauchy–Green deformation tensor and the structure tensor defining anisotropy. This method has been employed by, among several other researchers, Shams et al. [31] for modelling pre-stressed elastic solids, Holzapfel & Gasser [32] for modelling fibre-reinforced composites, and Bustamante [33] and Danas et al. [34] for modelling transversally isotropic magneto-active elastomers. For the same class of methods, Shariff [35] presented a new set of invariants with immediate physical interpretation for fitting with experimental data; while Destrade et al. [36] discuss issues concerning the minimum number of invariants required in the energy density function for completeness, see also [37]. Recently, Srinivasa [38] has proposed a novel modelling method based on a decomposition of the deformation gradient into product of a rotation and an upper-triangular matrix.
Another approach for modelling anisotropic composite materials is to decouple the response of the matrix material and the anisotropy creating constituent (e.g. fibres for biological tissues, particle chains in our case). The two continua are nevertheless connected by the kinematic constraint of the same deformation gradient being applied to both. This procedure was used by Klinkel et al. [39] to model elasto-plasticity and was followed by Nedjar [40] in the modelling of viscoelastic deformation of anisotropic materials. We follow a similar approach with the additional constraint that along with the deformation gradient, the same magnetic induction applies to both the magnetoelastic matrix and the particle chains. The additive decomposition of energy leads to separated constitutive equations for the matrix and the chains which allows one to study the behaviour of each constituent separately. We take additional components of both the deformation gradient and the magnetic induction in the direction of particle chains and further decompose them into equilibrium and non-equilibrium parts to consider dissipation effects.
This paper is organized as follows. In §2, we present the basic kinematic relations required for the development of the theory. In this step, we define the components of the deformation gradient and the magnetic induction in the particle chain direction. Section 3 briefly presents the governing equations and the boundary conditions for a magnetoelastic problem. In §4, using a Clausius–Duhem form of the second law of thermodynamics, we derive the constitutive relations for stress and magnetic field as well as dissipation conditions that need to be satisfied by the time-evolution equations of the internal variables. As a simplification, the energy density is decomposed into equilibrium, non-equilibrium and anisotropic parts by taking motivation from experimental observations [6] and modelling considerations [40].
In §5, we specialize the material model to specific forms in order to obtain analytical and numerical solutions. Energy density functions for constitutive and evolution equations for internal variables are proposed, and stress and magnetic field are expressed in these specific forms. Some analytical solutions for the non-dissipative case under quasi-static loading conditions are presented in §6. In §7, we present numerical examples corresponding to three types of loading conditions—stationary pure shear, a time-dependent magnetic induction and a time-dependent strain. The obtained results for various material parameters and direction of applied loading with respect to the material anisotropy are presented graphically. Section 8 contains some brief concluding remarks.
2. Basic kinematics
Consider an incompressible magnetoelastic material which occupies the reference configuration with a boundary in an unstressed state with no deformation. Upon a combined action of mechanical boundary tractions and magnetic induction, the body is subjected to a static deformation and achieves a new spatial configuration. The spatial configuration and its boundary are denoted by and , respectively, at time t. A deformation function χ can be defined such that it maps every point to a point . The deformation gradient for the deformation process is defined as F=Grad χ, where Grad is the differential operator with respect to X. Its determinant is given by J=det F which is identically equal to unity in the case of incompressibility.
Let the direction of anisotropy given by a unit vector M in . After deformation, it is given by a vector m=FM in . Corresponding to the particle chain direction, it is now possible to define a chain deformation gradient Fc=m⊗M capturing the one-dimensional deformation in the chain anisotropy direction. A definition of the structure tensor G=M⊗M leads to the identity 2.1Thus, the tensor Fc is simply a projection of F in the direction of anisotropy. Henceforth, every quantity corresponding to the anisotropy in the chain direction is denoted with a superscript c. At this point, we also define the chain stretch in the particle chain direction to be given by λc=|m| such that the chain deformation gradient in (2.1) can be written as 2.2where is the unit vector in the direction of m. It is also noted that the tensor G is idempotent, a property which will be useful later.
Let the magnetic induction be denoted by in and in , related by the pullback operation . We define a component of the magnetic induction in the chain direction to be given by a projection on the vector m as . Its Lagrangian form is given by the pullback operation as 2.3
In order to take into account mechanical viscous effects, we assume the existence of n imaginary intermediate configurations (i=1…n) that are related to by a viscous motion and by a purely elastic deformation. The deformation routes through each of these are in parallel to the non-dissipative part of the magnetoelastic deformation from to . This motivates the decomposition of the total deformation gradient into elastic and viscous parts (cf. [26,27]) as 2.4In the interest of simplicity of analysis and notation, and without losing any mathematical rigour, we consider only one dissipative mechanism throughout this paper. However, we note that while proposing models to fit experimental data, one should work with the general case of multiple dissipative mechanisms. Thus, the above equation is simplified to 2.5
As proposed by Nedjar [40] in the case of viscoelasticity, based on a similar treatment of elasto-plasticity by Klinkel et al. [39], we also perform a decomposition of the chain deformation gradient as 2.62.7where use has been made of equation (2.2) and we have performed a decomposition of the chain stretch as .
An additive decomposition of the magnetic induction into equilibrium and non-equilibrium parts is done as shown in a previous paper [25] 2.8Similar to the chain deformation gradient, we propose a decomposition of the chain magnetic induction into equilibrium and non-equilibrium parts as 2.9and define the scalar equilibrium and non-equilibrium quantities and Bcv such that 2.10
For a later use, we define the right Cauchy–Green deformation tensors 2.11The left Cauchy–Green deformation tensor is given by b=FFt. As G is idempotent, this gives 2.12Furthermore, we present some identities for later use 2.13
3. Balance laws and boundary conditions for magnetoelasticity
It is assumed that the material is electrically non-conducting and that there are no electric fields. Let σ be the symmetric total Cauchy stress tensor that takes into account magnetic body forces (see, for example, [19] for its definition), ρ be the mass density, fm be the mechanical body force per unit volume, a be the acceleration, be the magnetic induction vector in and be the magnetic field vector in . Then the following balance laws need to be satisfied in 3.1Here, curl and div denote the corresponding operators with respect to x in . Equation (3.1)1 is the statement of balance of linear momentum, equation (3.1)2 is the statement of balance of angular momentum, equation (3.1)3 is a specialization of Ampère's law and equation (3.1)4 is the statement of impossibility of the existence of magnetic monopoles. It is important to note that in the case of problems studied here through magneto-mechanics, the speed of motions is much smaller than the speed of light c; and the frequency of oscillations of all physical quantities is much smaller than the frequency of oscillation of electromagnetic fields involved in the propagation of a light wave. Thus, under these non-relativistic and 'magnetostatic' assumptions, the complete set of four Maxwell's equations reduce to (3.1)3,4. The magnetic vectors are connected through the standard constitutive relation 3.2where is the magnetization vector and μ0 is the magnetic permeability of vacuum. If σmech is the purely mechanical stress tensor, then it is related to the total stress σ by the relation 3.3Here i is the second-order identity tensor in and use has been made of expression for the magnetic body force as ; cf. [15] and the references therein.
The total Piola–Kirchhoff stress and the Lagrangian forms of and for an incompressible material are defined by using the pullback operations (cf. [19,41]) 3.4The above relations are used to rewrite the balance laws in as 3.5along with the relation for magnetic quantities 3.6
At a boundary which can be the bounding surface of the magnetoelastic body or a surface of discontinuity within the material, the following jump conditions need to be satisfied by the magnetic vectors 3.7Here, n is the unit outward normal to , and represents jump in a quantity across the boundary. The total Cauchy stress must satisfy 3.8where ta and tm are, respectively, the mechanical and magnetic contributions to the traction per unit area on . In the reference configuration, the boundary conditions at the boundary are given by 3.9where N is the unit outward normal to and connected to n through the Nanson's formula n da=JF−tN dA; da and dA being the current and the reference area elements, respectively. The vectors tA and tm are, respectively, the mechanical and magnetic contributions to the traction per unit area on .
4. Thermodynamics and constitutive relations
We introduce a total energy density function similar to the one used by Dorfmann & Ogden [19] but generalized to also depend on the chain deformation tensor Cc, the chain magnetic induction and the viscous variables and , i.e. 4.1
The Clausius–Duhem form of the second law of thermodynamics is given as 4.2while the same for the case of incompressibility is 4.3The Lagrange multiplier associated with the incompressibility constraint is given by p and henceforth we use a superposed dot to represent the material time derivative. On defining the velocity gradient tensor , the rate of deformation tensor as its symmetric part as d=1/2[l+lt], and substituting in the above inequality, we can rewrite the above inequalities as 4.4for a compressible material while for an incompressible material, we obtain 4.5Here, i is the identity tensor in .
On substituting the form of Ω from (4.1) into the above dissipation inequalities and using the standard Coleman–Noll procedure along with the identities in equation (2.13), we arrive at the following constitutive equations: 4.6and a reduced form of the dissipation inequality 4.7In the case of incompressibility, the constitutive equation (4.6)1 is given by 4.8
It is noted in the above constitutive equations for stress and magnetic field that we get two components—one corresponding to the contribution from the isotropic matrix while the other coming from the particle chains. As G=M⊗M, the anisotropic components of stress and magnetic field (second term in equations (4.6)1 and (4.6)2) can be rewritten as 4.9These can be pushed forward to current configuration using the transformations σ=J−1FSFt and to give 4.10Thus, by definition, the principal component of the anisotropic part of the total stress and of the magnetic field lie in the direction of the particle chains m.
From equation (2.12), we get the relation 4.11while from (2.10)3, we obtain 4.12and thus the inequality (4.7) can be expressed as 4.13Each one of the above expressions in (4.13) are of the form with being the driving force for the evolution of the internal variable . It is interesting to note that the driving forces for the internal variables Cv and λcv are similar to the expressions for isotropic and anisotropic parts of the stress in equations (4.6)1 and (4.9)1, and the same for and Bcv are similar to the expressions for isotropic and anisotropic parts of the magnetic field in equations (4.6)2 and (4.9)2.
Using the relations and G:G=M⋅M=1, the last two expressions can be further simplified so that the above inequality (4.13) becomes 4.14
(a) Magnetorheological elastomer preparation and some observations
In order to be able to provide physically reasonable models for anisotroipc MREs, we prepare and analyse the samples for varying particle volume fractions. Iron particles coated with silicon-dioxide are mixed with ELASTOSIL and allowed to cure in the presence of a magnetic field for 16 h. Two different concentrations of 2 and 20% by volume of iron particles are taken. The cured samples are then analysed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images shown in figure 1.
It is observed that for low concentrations of 2%, the iron particles are able to form chain-like structures which are quite distinct from the elastomeric matrix. For a higher concentration of 20%, the particles do not just form chain-like structures but also disperse isotropically inside the matrix as shown in the accompanying cartoons in figure 1. These images are quite consistent with those obtained by, for example, Boczkowska & Awietjan [6].
These observations motivate the decomposition of the total free energy that is presented in §4b.
(b) Decomposition of free energy
The energy contribution from the homogeneous matrix is considered to be different from the contribution by the particle chains. Moreover, each one of them is also individually decomposed into equilibrium and non-equilibrium parts. Thus, we propose 4.15Here, Ωe is the equilibrium magnetoelastic energy density of the homogeneous matrix, Ωec is the equilibrium anisotropic contribution due to the particle chains, Ωv and Ωvc are non-equilibrium parts of the isotropic and anisotropic energies, respectively.
For this decomposition of energy in equation (4.15), the total Piola–Kirchhoff stress and the magnetic field are given from (4.6) as 4.16and 4.17
For the case of incompressibility, the stress is given from (4.8) as 4.18
We note that, in general, the functional forms for Ωe,Ωv,Ωec and Ωvc used in equations (4.16) and (4.18) will be different because they correspond to compressible and incompressible materials, respectively.
Remark 4.1
Normally, the isotropic matrix of a magneto-sensitive solid is made of rubber-like polymer material which, on its own, has no magnetic properties. However, in an iron-filled rubber cured in the presence of a magnetic field, the proportion of particles aligning to form particle chains largely depend on the volume fraction of the particles and type of base matrix, cf. figure 1 and the results of Boczkowska & Awietjan [6], for instance. For high volume fractions (approx. 20%) of iron particles, some particles align in chain like formations while the remaining are isotropically distributed in the matrix as shown in figure 1b. Thus, for this case, the entire material can be considered as magnetoelastic chains embedded in a magnetoelastic isotropic matrix and the decomposition of energy in equation (4.15) is reasonable. For very low volume fractions (approx. 2%) of iron particles, the structure can be considered to be that of a purely rubber matrix embedded with iron particle chains as shown in figure 1a. In this case, the isotropic equilibrium and non-equilibrium energies should be given by even simpler forms Ωe(C) and Ωv(C,Cv), respectively.
Remark 4.2
An alternative and useful approach towards writing the equilibrium part of energy has been given by Bustamante [33]. Using the theory of invariants, cf. Zheng [30], who shows that for a transversely isotropic magnetoelastic material the total equilibrium energy (Ωe+Ωec according to our definition) can be taken to depend on 10 invariants of C, and G=M⊗M given as 4.19where I being the identity tensor in . In this paper, however, we follow a different approach and separate the contribution arising owing to anisotropy as done in equation (4.15). Hence, only I1,…,I6 are used to define the isotropic part of free energy and the anisotropic part is written such that I7,…,I10 are taken into account implicitly. This leads to simpler forms of energy density function as can be seen later and one can easily identify the isotropic and anisotropic contributions of the stress and the magnetic field. We believe that the present approach will lead to an easier identification of material parameters by correlation with experiments.
5. Specialized constitutive laws
We now consider some specialized form of energy density functions and evolution equations with a motivation to analyse the problem with analytical and numerical solutions. The material is considered to be incompressible henceforth.
(a) Energy density functions
For the equilibrium energy density corresponding to the isotropic matrix, we consider a functional form that is a generalization of the Mooney–Rivlin elastic solid to magnetoelasticity similar to the one used by Otténio et al. [21] 5.1Here, μe is the shear modulus of material in the absence of any magnetic induction. The parameters q and r are magnetoelastic coupling constants with qμ0, rμ0 and ν being dimensionless, ν being restricted to the range −1≤ν≤1 as for the classical Mooney–Rivlin model. We consider a similar functional form as above for the non-equilibrium part, albeit with non-equilibrium variables Cv and . 5.2This form was used by the authors in a previous work while modelling isotropic materials [25]. The parameters μv,qv and rv are viscous equivalents of the corresponding parameters in (5.1).
For the equilibrium energy density corresponding to the anisotropic part, we propose a one-dimensional form of the neo-Hookean function with an additional term to account for magnetic energy 5.3Here, λc is the stretch in the direction of chains as defined earlier in §2. The first term corresponds to an increase in the purely elastic energy due to the stretch λc with the elastic modulus μce while the second term (similar to the I6 term in (5.1)) couples the deformation and magnetic induction in the anisotropy direction, β being a coupling parameter with dimensions of . We consider a similar form of energy for the anisotropic non-equilibrium part as 5.4where and βv are the viscous counterparts of the parameters in (5.3).
(b) Evolution laws
In order to complete the mathematical model of the material, we need to provide evolution laws for the non-equilibrium variables and which satisfy the dissipation inequality (4.14) and stop evolving if an equilibrium state is reached. Equilibrium in this case is defined by 5.5
For the two variables Cv and , we use the same evolution laws as used in the earlier work [25] because they satisfy the condition of thermodynamical consistency (4.14) as well as they stop evolution when equilibrium is reached. They are given by 5.6The evolution equation for Cv has been used by Koprowski-Theiss et al. [42] and is based on a simpler form of that given by Lion [43].
For the internal variables corresponding to anisotropy (Bcv and λcv), we propose the following evolution laws: 5.7and 5.8In these equations, the parameters and Tcv are the specific relaxation times corresponding to each dissipation mechanism. For a simple case of constant deformation and magnetic induction (λc and Bc being constants), the evolution equation (5.7) can be integrated analytically to give 5.9assuming Bcv=0 initially.
It is evident from the above equations that the thermodynamical inequality (4.14) is satisfied; equality occurring only when the equilibrium (5.5) is reached. The evolution laws are also physically consistent because evolution stops at the equilibrium (5.5)2,4 and the differential equations otherwise tend to evolve Bcv and λcv to approach the equilibrium values Bc and λc, respectively.
(c) Stress and magnetic-field calculations
For the given forms of energy density functions, the total Cauchy stress σ=FSFt is given in the following form 5.10where each of the above individual components are given as 220.127.116.11and 5.14Here, we have defined the structure tensor of anisotropy in as g=FGFt and used the formula for the derivative with respect to Cc=[λc]2G as 5.15
The magnetic field is given as 5.16where each of the individual components are given by the following expressions 18.104.22.168and 5.20Here, we have used the relation m=FM.
It is worth noting the additional components here that arise owing to the directional anisotropy of the material (in comparison to eqns (47)–(51) of [25]). Both the total stress and the magnetic field have equilibrium and non-equilibrium terms in the direction of anisotropy.
6. Quasi-static loading conditions
In this section, we consider quasi-static changes in the deformation F and the magnetic induction such that the non-equilibrium energies Ωv and Ωcv remain identically zero. Equilibrium stress and equilibrium magnetic field are calculated for this case to understand the effects of directional anisotropy. We discuss two examples corresponding to uniaxial tension and simple shear in cartesian coordinates.
(a) Uniaxial tension, equilibrium solution
For the first case, a uniaxial deformation and a magnetic induction is applied in the direction of particle chain alignment. Let, and F=diag(λ,λ−1/2,λ−1/2). For this deformation and magnetic induction, the principal components are given by Bc=B1 and λc=λ, and the principal stress in the chain direction is 6.1The magnetic field in this principal direction is given as 6.2For this simple case of deformation and magnetization, the anisotropic component of energy provides a simple increment in the values of stress and magnetic field. The presence of parameter μce increases the effective value of the 'mechanical' shear modulus by linearly combining with μe while the parameter β increases the effective value of magnetic stress and magnetic field by linearly combining with r.
We now consider a different case in which the magnetic induction and the applied uniaxial deformation are perpendicular to the particle chain direction. Thus, and F=diag(λ,λc,[λλc]−1). In this case, Bc=0 and one needs to compute λc along with the Lagrange multiplier p. These are obtained by solving the set of simultaneous equations 6.3and 6.4
The expressions for λc and p can be computed from equations above and are too big to reproduce here. They can be substituted below to obtain the value of σ11 as 6.5The magnetic field is simply given by 6.6
In the absence of anisotropy, we have λc=1/λ1/2,β=0 and the two expressions in (6.1) and (6.5) become the same. We also observe the mechanical and magnetic stress additions to σ11 and additional contribution to magnetic field owing to anisotropy by comparing the two expressions in (6.1), (6.5) and (6.2), (6.6).
Variation of stress σ11 with λ and B1 for the two cases discussed above is shown in figure 2 for the following material constants: 6.7The value of μe is taken to be the shear modulus at zero magnetic field for an elastomer filled with 10% by volume of iron particles, cf. Jolly et al. [5]. Values of ν,q,r are what have been used by Otténio et al. [21] and Saxena & Ogden [22]. The parameters μce and β are introduced in this paper and they being chain counterparts of μe and r, have been assigned values with the same order of magnitude.
In general, a larger magnetic field leads to an increase in the stress which is to be expected. For both extension and compression, a higher stress is achieved when magnetic induction is applied in the direction of chain anisotropy than when it is applied perpendicular to the chain direction.
(b) Simple shear, equilibrium solution
Let the particle chain be initially aligned along the x2 direction such that M={0,1,0}t. The material is sheared in the (1,2) plane such that the deformation gradient and the various powers of the left Cauchy–Green deformation tensor are given by 6.8and 6.9In the first case, we consider a magnetic induction applied in x2 direction given by , which for the given deformation gives . The components in the chain direction are given by and Bc=B2. The structure tensor is given as 6.10For these loading conditions, the Lagrange multiplier is obtained by setting σ33=0 as 6.11Thus, the various components of stress are obtained as 6.126.13and 6.14The expression for the components of magnetic field in this case is given by 6.15and 6.16
Now consider a case where the magnetic induction is applied in x1 direction given by . For the given deformation, the magnetic induction component in the chain direction is given as Bc=γB1/[1+γ2]. The various components of stress are obtained as 6.176.18and 6.19The expressions for components of magnetic field are given by 6.20and 6.21
The extension of particle chains owing to shear deformation causes increments in all the three components of stress, the increase being zeroth order, linear and quadratic in γ for σ22, σ12 and σ11, respectively. The magnetic part of stress has a strong nonlinear coupling with the shear γ for the chosen material model, as can be seen in equation (6.14), for example. Variation of all the three components of stress are plotted with respect to the shear γ in figures 3 and 4. As , in the first case while in the second case and a linear constitutive relationship between magnetic field and magnetic induction is obtained.
The strong nonlinear coupling between chain anisotropy direction and deformation is evident from figure 3 where we observe that for small deformations, σ11 is higher when the particle chains are perpendicular to the magnetic induction. This changes in the case of large deformations where a larger value of stress is obtained in the case when magnetic induction is applied in the direction of particle chains. Normal stress σ22 in the particle chain direction and the shear stress σ12 are, as expected, larger for the case when magnetic induction is applied in the direction of particle chains compared with the case when it is applied perpendicular to the chain direction. We also note that for the given magnetoelastic deformation, the magnitude of σ11 and σ12 is much higher than that of σ22.
7. Numerical evaluations
We now present some numerical results corresponding to standard loading conditions to analyse the performance of our model. Several results corresponding to the variation of stress and magnetic field on static and dynamic magneto-mechanical loading conditions have been presented in a previous work for isotropic materials [25]. Hence in this section, we particularly focus on the effect of a directional anisotropy on the material response.
In addition to those given in equation (6.7), the following values of the material parameters are used for performing the computations 7.1The parameters μv,rv,qv,Tm,Tv have been used by us in a previous work [25]. The parameters are nothing but the chain counterparts of μv,rv,Tm and Tv, respectively, and are therefore assigned values with an order of magnitude same as them. The evolution laws (5.6)–(5.8) are integrated using the ode45 solver in Matlab which works using the Runge–Kutta method.
(a) No deformation, step magnetic induction
Let the anisotropy direction be given by M={1,0,0}t and a sudden magnetic induction is applied at time t=0 at an angle ϕ to the chain direction M while keeping the material undeformed (F=I). For these loading conditions, Bc=B1 and the evolution equation (5.6) can be directly integrated to give 7.2
The out of plane stress and magnetic field components vanish (σ33=h3=0) and the other components are given in the following form: 22.214.171.124.6and 7.7
In general, the principal directions of the stress are at an angle ϑs to the Cartesian basis vectors as shown in figure 5 and the angle ϑs keeps changing with the evolution of internal variables. The variation of ϑs with time is plotted in figure 6. Similarly, we define the angle between the magnetic field and the applied magnetic induction as ϑh and its evolution is plotted in figure 7. The computations are performed for a magnitude of the magnetic induction and various values of the angle ϕ and the parameters Tcm,qv and βv.
It is seen that starting from a non-zero value, ϑs first falls and then rises again to reach a steady value with time. This inflection point (minimum obtained by ϑs) may be attributed to the two different rates of evolution along the chain direction and along the direction of applied induction. The isotropic contribution from the stress relaxes faster causing the resultant principal stress to shift towards the chain direction and thereby reducing the value of ϑs. As the anisotropic contribution of stress also relaxes after some time, the resultant principal stress direction shifts away from the chain direction thereby increasing the value of ϑs, which then obtains a steady-state value. For an initial angle of ϕ=30° between applied magnetic induction and the particle chain direction, the maximum principal stress forms an angle of ϑs∼17.3° with the chain direction at the steady state. The higher the initial angle ϕ between the magnetic induction and the chain direction, the higher is the angle of maximum principal stress ϑs. Increasing the values of either of the parameters Tcm,qv or βv decreases the intermediate value of ϑs but eventually they reach the same equilibrium point.
Variation of the angle ϑh is slightly different where it first increases with time and then after obtaining a maximum, decreases to obtain an equilibrium value. The contribution of the magnetoelastic matrix to the magnetic field relaxes faster than that from the anisotropy direction, thereby causing the resultant magnetic field to tilt towards the chain direction and increasing the value of ϑh. It should be noted that the angle between the resultant magnetic field and the chain direction is given by [ϕ−ϑh]. As the magnetic field contribution from the chain direction also relaxes, the resultant field shifts away from the chain direction and the value of ϑh increases. The higher the initial angle ϕ of loading, the higher is the response ϑs. Increasing the value of parameter Tcm causes a higher intermediate angle ϑh which finally evolves to reach the same equilibrium level. For the material parameters used, an initial angle ϕ=30° between magnetic induction and particle chain direction results in the magnetic field being generated at an angle ϑh∼13.9° to the magnetic induction direction at the steady state.
(b) Pure shear
Consider a case where the particle chains are aligned at an angle ϕ with the unit vector e1 where {e1,e2,e3} form an orthonormal basis of . A magnetic induction and a stretch λ1=λ are applied in the direction of e1 at t=0 while λ2 is held constant at unity. The deformation gradient tensor is given by 7.8while the vectors M and m are given by 7.9
Various quantities calculated for these deformation conditions are given by 7.10and 7.11
For these loading conditions, we define ϑs to be the angle between the direction of the maximum principal stress () and the basis vector e1. The angle between the direction of the resultant magnetic field and e1 is denoted as ϑh.
We now consider two separate cases—one with constant strain and time-varying magnetic induction and other with constant magnetic induction and time-varying strain.
(i) Magnetic induction rate
Let the material be pre-strained with a stretch λ=2 such that the mechanical viscous effects have vanished when we start measuring the time at t=0. At this instant, we gradually increase and then decrease the applied magnetic induction in the form shown in figure 8a. This corresponds to a magnetic induction rate of 0.8 T s−1 while the maximum value of magnetic induction reached is 0.8 T. We plot the evolution of and ϑs with time in the same graph for two directions of the orientation of particle chains given by ϕ=π/6 and ϕ=π/4.
It is seen from figure 8b,c that the principal stress first increases and then decreases with time following the applied magnetic induction. It is interesting to note the evolution of ϑs in this case which first starts from a high value, falls down to a minimum and then rises again to reach a steady value. This essentially means that the axes of principal stresses keeps rotating with time owing to different behaviour of the material along the anisotropy direction as compared with the general isotropic behaviour. Initially, most of the stress is undertaken by the anisotropy direction (hence the high value of ϑs) which is gradually transferred to the bulk material when B1 rises and ϑs falls. As B1 falls again, ϑs rises because the majority of stress is regained by the anisotropy direction. For the combination of parameters chosen, the maximum value of reached is higher for the smaller value of angle ϕ between the loading and the chain directions. Also the steady state value of ϑs is different from the value of ϕ which implies that the principal stress directions are in general different from the directions of anisotropy and the applied deformation. When the magnetic induction is turned off at time t=2 s, a discontinuity in the slope of is observed and the stress decay is faster after that point.
The total magnetic field , as can be seen in figure 8d,e, also increases and then falls with time following the applied magnetic induction. The interesting feature to note is the sudden rise in the total magnetic field and the angle ϑh as . On the application of a magnetic induction, the material develops a magnetization in the direction of applied and as B1 is switched off, the magnetization is still non-zero and decays gradually. As a result, a magnetic field is developed in the material in the opposite direction to counter the effect of in order to balance the constitutive relation (3.2). This effect can be seen at t=2 s in figure 8d,e. We observe a rise in and a huge rise in ϑh which essentially means that the total magnetic field has changed direction.
(ii) Strain rate
Let the material be pre-magnetized with a magnetic induction of B1=0.5 T such that the magnetic viscous effects have vanished when we start measuring the time at t=0. At this instant, we gradually increase and then decrease the applied strain λ in the form shown in figure 9a. This corresponds to a strain rate of 0.8 s−1 while the maximum value of the stretch λ reached is 3. The evolution of and ϑh is shown with time.
The maximum principal stress rises and falls following the increase and decrease of λ. Starting from a non-zero, although small, value due to magnetic contribution of stress, it reaches a maximum and then sharply falls down to the same equilibrium value. The maximum value reached is higher for smaller value of ϕ or when the angle between anisotropy and loading direction is small.
The orientation ϑs of the maximum principal stress starts from a non-zero value, decreases to reach a minimum and then rises again with time. As the stretch is reduced to 1 when , the direction of maximum principal stress changes rapidly due to which we observe a jump in the value of ϑs. The angle ϑs is also slightly larger for the case of smaller ϕ.
The magnetic field , like in the previous case, first increases and then decreases with time following the change in λ. The evolution of magnetic field stops as soon as the changes in λ are ceased because has no dependence on Cv as can be seen from equation (5.16). A smaller value of ϕ leads to a higher maximum value obtained by htot. The angle ϑh increases with time slightly and then falls to a minimum, it then increases again falling back to the steady state. Thus, for the chosen material parameters, the effective magnetic field direction keeps changing quite rapidly with time.
8. Concluding remarks
In this paper, we have proposed a procedure to model nonlinear magneto-viscoelastic deformations for polymers with a transverse isotropic arrangement of magnetic particle chains. An additional deformation gradient Fc and an additional magnetic induction are defined in the particle chain direction. Following the ideas in [25], they are then decomposed into equilibrium and non-equilibrium parts to consider the dissipation effects. A further decomposition of the free energy into isotropic elastic, isotropic viscous, anisotropic elastic and anisotropic viscous parts is performed to simplify the problem. It is observed that this decomposition yields very clear expressions for the total Cauchy stress and the magnetic field. This approach towards modelling anisotropy in magnetoelasticity is different from that proposed by Bustamante [33], but it gives rather simpler expressions and fewer material parameters. Physically reasonable and thermodynamically consistent free energy density functions and evolution laws are proposed in order to obtain illustrative solutions to some simple problems. Analytical expressions for the total Cauchy stress and the magnetic field are computed for non-dissipative magnetoelastic deformations that show the effect of the anisotropy direction on material response.
It is interesting to observe that the principal stress directions and the direction of the resulting magnetic field are in general different from the loading directions owing to the inherent anisotropy in the material. As is seen from, for example, figures 6 and 7, these directions change with time owing to evolution of the internal variable. The evolution strongly depends on the material parameters Tcm, qv, βv, the angle ϕ between magnetic induction and chain direction as well as the rate of applied magnetic induction and strain. Possibility of existence of more physically reasonable constitutive relations (by matching with experimentally obtained data) and solutions of several boundary value problems using numerical computations will be studied in forthcoming papers.
Funding statement
This work is supported by an advanced investigator grant from the European Research Council towards the project MOCOPOLY.
The authors also thank Mr. Bastian Walter for preparation of MRE samples and providing corresponding SEM images used in figure 1.
- Received February 6, 2014.
- Accepted March 11, 2014.
- © 2014 The Author(s) Published by the Royal Society. All rights reserved.


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Vince & Melissa Wedding – Mineral Ridge
Vince & Melissa were married on her parents' property in Mineral Ridge. Their house and land is gorgeous! They decided on a first look since their reception immediately followed the ceremony. We loved how Vince wore his dress blues since he is in the army.
It was super hot that day, but we were thankful to be able to work in the shade for most of the day and also appreciated how patient everyone was since we photographed outside all day.
We loved all of their super cute rustic reception details, especially their shadow box guest book.
We enjoyed being able to borrow them several different times throughout the reception when the lighting was changing and looking great. Since they had an outdoor event we were able to sneak away easily without worrying about missing anything. We finished up the night with some really awesome end of the night photos. The pond had a fountain and we were able to light up all of the water drops with our lights.
Congratulations again Vince & Melissa!


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Anurag Kashyap can give Indian twist to Game Of Thrones: Vikas Bahl
With all the porn, blood and gore in it, only Anurag Kashyap can make an Indian version of something like Game of Thrones, producer-director Vikas Bahl claims. He also said Bombay Velvet's debacle was his fault and he stopped Anurag from making it a better film!tv Updated: Nov 25, 2015 08:53 IST
With all the porn, blood and gore in it, only Anurag Kashyap can make an Indian version of something like Game of Thrones, producer-director Vikas Bahl claims. "I think Anurag Kashyap is the only person who can get Game Of Thrones to India with all the porn, blood and gore in it," Vikas said on the sidelines of a session at the Film Bazaar.
The Queen director, who is a close associate and friend of Anurag, expressed his view while addressing a session Vikas Bahl -- Choosing the film and positioning it right'.
Game Of Thrones, a hugely popular fantasy show inspired by novelist George RR Martin's bestselling series, has become a phenomena across the globe due to its gripping plot. In the series various kingdoms are vying for Iron Throne and the show narrates to what extent they go to be ahead of each other. The HBO series won key Emmy Awards this year.
Watch the trailer of Bombay Velvet
Meanwhile, Bahl, who recently faced a failure with Shaandaar, also confessed that he restricted Kashyap's creative vision in Bombay Velvet. "I failed as a producer in Bombay Velvet. It would have been Anurag's wildest film if I had not told him to refrain from going that way. I will never do that again," he said. Set in the 1960s, Bombay Velvet was a big screen adaptation of Gyan Prakash's Mumbai Fables. The story is about a man with big dreams and the extent he is willing to go to be successful. It marked Karan Johar's big acting debut with a villainous role.
First Published: Nov 25, 2015 08:50 IST


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When we emerge from under our tons of troubles, get back on our feet and begin to live like other folks again, we somehow feel that the world has become a better place and that when our troubles vanished, all troubles vanished and there were few, if any, left in the world.
The store of world troubles is as great now as ever – only different people are having them. If you have no troubles of your own, go out and find somebody else's. They are not half so hard to carry, and your heart and soul need the exercise.
Hazelden Foundation
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US musician Tom Petty has died in California aged 66, says a statement issued on behalf of his family.
Petty was found unconscious, not breathing and in full cardiac arrest at his Malibu home early on Monday.
He was taken to hospital, but could not be revived and died later that evening.
Petty was best known as the lead singer of Tom Petty and The Heartbreakers rock band, producing such hits as American Girl, Breakdown, Free Fallin', Learning to Fly and Refugee.
Obituary: A quiet, unassuming legend
"He died peacefully at 20:40 Pacific time (03:40 GMT Tuesday) surrounded by family, his bandmates and friends," said his long-time manager Tony Dimitriades.
A statement on the singer's Twitter page described Petty's passing as an "untimely death".
Petty was also a co-founder of the Traveling Wilburys group in the late 1980s, touring with Bob Dylan, Roy Orbison, Jeff Lynne and George Harrison.
"It's shocking, crushing news," Dylan told the Los Angeles Times.
"I thought the world of Tom. He was a great performer, full of the light, a friend, and I'll never forget him."
Other tributes include those from fellow musicians Sir Paul McCartney, Carole King, Brian Wilson and Cyndi Lauper.
McCartney tweeted that he was "sending his love" to Petty and his family, while King said her "heart goes out" to "family, friends and fans of Tom Petty, of which I'm one".
Beach Boys star Brian Wilson tweeted that he was "heartbroken" to hear of the news.
Canadian singer Bryan Adams thanked Petty "for all the great rockin' music".
Actor Kiefer Sutherland also paid tribute.
He tweeted: "Today America lost one of its musical giants. Thank you Tom Petty for all the music. To me you will live forever."
Petty also found solo success in 1989 with his album Full Moon Fever, which featured one of his most popular songs, Free Fallin', co-written with Jeff Lynne.
In 2002, Petty was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
Petty was born in Gainesville, Florida, in 1950.
Aged 17, Petty dropped out of school to join Mudcrutch with future Heartbreakers Mike Campbell and Benmont Tench.
The band learned their craft by listening to pop radio, he once told NPR.
In the early 1970s, they moved to Los Angeles in the hope of finding a record contract. Petty succeeded, but the band fell apart soon after.
It was not until 1975 that the musicians reunited and The Heartbreakers were formed. The quintet released their self-titled debut a year later.
This summer, the musicians performed in London's Hyde Park.
That show was intended to be a celebration of The Heartbreakers' 40th anniversary, but now serves as the band's UK swan song.
The band wrapped up their tour at the Hollywood Bowl just a week ago.
source: BBC


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The Crayola Store is having a HUGE Back to School Sales Event!!
Score great deals with 70% off products using code SUMMER70 when you shop at Crayolastore.com.
Stock up for birthdays and holidays with this great sale!! There are tons of products for all ages to choose from.
Get these story Studios, reg. $14.99,
for only $4.50!
These trendy snap wristlets are only $5.10 with code SUMMER70.


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originally posted by: TrueBrit
a reply to: windword
I am somewhat concerned over the fact that he has placed his family in official positions to quite this extent. It seems... off somehow, like something you would not ordinarily wish a person to do in that situation.


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|24 Oct 2013
Wireless Internet Connection Question!
Hey my fellow members,
I have been experiencing some difficulties with my Wireless Internet. I have the Intel Advanced-N 6325 and until recently:
My internet will be connected, but it will take some time for it to load "Google". Or, my internet will just disconnect automatically.
Sometimes it works perfectly, but there are also the other times that won't work....
I am in the process of re-installing my Driver from the manufacturer of my laptop instead of Intel.
|My System Specs
|25 Oct 2013
This only occured pretty recently, so I don't know what I did...
I re installed my Intel Centrino Advanced-N driver.
|My System Specs
|25 Oct 2013
What browser are you using?
Make sure you aren't using a proxy:
Disable the proxy settings in Internet Explorer:
1) Under Tools in the browser tool bar select Internet Options.
2) In the Internet Options window that pops up, click the Connections tab at the top.
3) Click LAN Settings near the bottom of the Connections section.
4) If the Proxy server checkbox is marked with a check, click it to deselect/uncheck it.
5) Click Ok to close the Local Area Network (LAN) Settings window.
6) Click Ok to close the Internet Options window.
Make sure "Proxy server" is still disabled under your LAN Settings.
|My System Specs
|25 Oct 2013
I am using Chrome...And Firefox, both have the same issues.
I think it's just my laptop connected to my WIFI. If is tether using my phone's data, its all fine and dandy...
My Chrome's Proxy is managed by Mediahint, but my Firefox is default. But both web browsers do the same thing....
|My System Specs
|26 Oct 2013
Futhermore, I noticed that whenever I open Chrome and it goes to Google, since thats my home page, the URL is different. it is: https://www.google.ca/?gws_rd=cr&ei=...Ec_HkAeqpYHoAQ.....
But I put it as Google...
Another thing I noticed is that when I check for my Internet Speed through Speedtest.net, I am only getting round 1-4 MBps when normally its 25+...
|My System Specs
|26 Oct 2013
It also seems like after I turn off my laptop and turn it back on, or restarting it will casue my internet to go back to normal.
But after sleeping my laptop and then turning it back on, the issue will occur..
|My System Specs
|26 Oct 2013
You may have 'adware' that could be causing the problem.
Please download AdwCleaner by Xplode and save to your Desktop.
Using AdwCleaner v3: Scan & Clean:
Double click on AdwCleaner.exe to run the tool again.
|My System Specs
|Thread Tools
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Friends, relatives and family members of popular producer Daniel Mukisa aka Danz Kumapeesa, who passed away over the weekend, have tasked police to investigate his death and produce a credible report.
The mourners who attended Kumapeesa's vigil at National theater over the weekend were heard complaining that several people have been attacked and murdered but the police don't produce reports pertaining to investigations into the murders.
Danz Kumapeesa was attacked by unidentified people who invaded his home early this year and clobbered him viciously until he lost consciousness. He was rushed to Nsambya hospital by his mother and other relatives the next day, where he spent weeks in Intensive Care, until he passed away on Saturday morning.


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Gala Backpack / Mochila Gala
Gala Backpack / Mochila Gala
There are bags that take you back in time, and our Gala model does just that. It will take you back to your school days or bring back forgotten memories of your Father's old school bag now hidden away.
The Gala is modelled on a typical school backpack/portfolio bag made from 2,5mm thick Spanish vegetable tanned leather. It has two compartments that open like an accordion, solid artisan brass buckles, easy open snaps and a top handle. The bag also includes removable shoulder straps.
You can also personalize Gala with your name.
Size: 36cm x 27cm x 14cm width.
Add To Cart


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What is a serving of fish?
A typical fish meal is made up of 1 serving of fish. MDH's safe eating guidelines give suggestions for the number of servings of fish to eat per week or month.
How much is a serving of fish?
Serving Sizes
- One piece of sushi is about one ounce.
- A fast food fish sandwich is typically between four and five ounces of cooked fish.
- The salmon in the picture above weighed six ounces before cooking, so it is about 4 1/2 ounces cooked.
Monthly Fish Menu Ideas
The meal plans offered below give you an example of how you can plan fish servings that are low in mercury and based on the guidelines. This menu is suggested for Pregnant Women, Women Who Could Become Pregnant, and Children under age 15.
|Month 1
|Month 2
1 meal of halibut AND
1 meal of canned white tuna AND
|Month 3
|Month 4
1 meal of MN-caught walleye (less than 20 inches) AND
1 meal of tuna (steak) AND
|Note: where the guidelines recommend one meal per week or month, you may prefer to have two smaller sized meals over that week or month.


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Augury Owl
Card: Card:
Augury Owl
Set: Set:
Duel Decks: Venser vs Koth
Rarity: Rarity:
Cost: Cost:
Type: Type:
Text: Text:
Flying When Augury Owl enters the battlefield, scry 3. (To scry 3, look at the top three cards of your library, then put any number of them on the bottom of your library and the rest on top in any order.)
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Rice Fruit History
Born in the picturesque foothills of rural Adams County, Rice Fruit Company is located in the heart of Pennsylvania's apple country. Rice Fruit Company receives, stores, packages and markets fruit for over 40 farm families in the surrounding areas.
Rice Fruit Company is a family run business, which was founded in 1913 by Arthur Rice. The history goes back to around 1790 when Daniel Rice, the first member of the Rice family to settle in Adams County, arrived as a young German immigrant. He recognized that the scenic foothills of the South Mountain, the eastern-most ridge of the Appalachians, had ideal soils and a perfect climate for growing many kinds of fruit…especially apples. For another four generations, the Rice family continued to plant orchards as the notoriety of Adams County grown fruit began to spread. The first packing house was built in 1913 (in Biglerville, PA) and throughout the 20's and 30's, Rice Fruit Company continued to ship apples all over the world. In 1955, Arthur Rice, Jr., built a new (the current) packing facility located in Gardners, PA. Arthur Rice, Jr. also formed a partnership with William Lott, to form R&L Orchards, which grew most of the fruit packed by Rice Fruit Company. The partnership between the Rice and Lott families continues to this day.
In January 2018, Brenda Briggs was named Vice President of Sales and Marketing, taking over for John Rice who has embraced a fruitful retirement. And just as the weather changes with the seasons, the last decade has been one of family transition as well. Ben Rice, Emily Rice-Townsend and Leighton Rice joined Rice Fruit Company as the 8th generation of family to run the business. In September 2018, Ben Rice was elected President of Rice Fruit Company, succeeding his father David Rice. Ben works alongside David to manage packing operations for the entire plant. Leighton Rice manages the Quality Control Program and Emily Rice-Townsend manages all business relations. They have taken great strides to take the company into the future.
Rice Fruit Company takes great pride in selling one of the first whole foods that nature made. In the 100+ years that Rice Fruit Company has been marketing fruit, they have been diligent in moving forward and embracing new technologies, while also staying true to their valued heritage. Being a leader comes with great responsibility, not just to the produce industry, but for the company and future generations.


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I currently tutor on the creative writing programme at Oxford University, and work 1:1 with writers at all stages of their career. To find out more, write to me at email@example.com.
"Helen is a sensitive, thoughtful critic. She offers innovative solutions without intruding on the author's own creative process. Helen has helped me with short fiction, novels, and nonfiction writing. She is a wonderful reader and supportive mentor."
Lecturer in Creative Writing, University of East Anglia
"I feel very lucky to have found Helen Jukes as my writing mentor. She is extremely insightful, and concentrates totally on the task in hand. She knows how to maintain the flow of communication as work progresses, keeps to schedule, and understands writers' difficulties."
Mentee, Oxford
"It's like I've been standing in cement, and these classes give me a chance to break through it. I can breathe it all out."
Workshop participants, Crisis UK


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Hacks/Hackers Nairobi will this Friday – July 8 – host the OpenData.go.ke team and have them share the vision and expectations they have for the 50 fellows over the next six months.
Attendees will also find out what strides ICT Authority has made with the Government Open Data platform so far and how journalists, technologists, public sector watchdogs and the public can engage with the data and do more to help improve services as well as what the first and second Open Data Fellow cohorts.
The session is a follow up to an announcement made two weeks ago when the Kenya Open Data Initiative put out a call for 50 data fellows for its third Open Data Fellows program. The successful fellows will be embedded into county and government institutions working to help open up data.
The session will run from 6pm on Friday, 8th July 2016 at the Nairobi Garage along Ngong Road.
You can reserve a slot here.


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Traditional quilt patterns to modern and contemporary quilt patterns – in this issue of Scrap Quilts there is a quilt for every style! This issue is chock-full of spectacular quilts in a variety of styles and sizes.
In this issue of Scrap Quilts, you'll also have access to 9 helpful techniques, meant to make your quiltmaking experiences more efficient and your piecing more accurate. Try curved piecing, strip piecing, set-in seams, machine appliqué, quick hourglass units, quick triangle-squares, a sew-and-slice technique, and more!
In addition to the 13 scrap quilt patterns offered in this summer issue, you get two free quilt patterns that we absolutely adore! Take advantage of all Scrap Quilts has to offer!
Also featured in this issue of Scrap Quilts…
- Sew Easy: Binding with Faux Piping
- Sew Easy: Piecing Curves
- Sew Easy: Three-Color Hourglass Units
- Sew Easy: Trimming with Bloc Loc Rulers
- Sew Easy: Quick Triangle-Squares
- Sew Easy: Piecing Set-in Seams
- Sew Easy: Using Tri-Recs Tools
- Sew Easy: Tucker Trimmer I
- Sew Easy: Strip Set Construction


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Severed #4 (Preview)
in Comic Previews Comment
- Story by
- Scott Snyder and Scott Tuft
- Art by
- Attila Futaki
- Cover by
- Attila Futaki
- Publisher
- Image Comics
A young ambitious runaway encounters a travelling salesman with sharp teeth and a hunger for the innocent.
SCOTT SNYDER (American Vampire, Batman, Swamp Thing), SCOTT TUFT and ATTILA FUTAKI (Percy Jackson) are back with 2011's most terrifying horror series. SEVERED.


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Petite Textured High Neck Dress – Topshop
Petite Mono Floral Jumpsuit – Topshop
Silver Foil Tee – Miss Selfridge
Sequin and Velvet Dress – Topshop
Petite Gold Foil Velvet Tube Skirt – Topshop
Cage Frame Clutch – Topshop
Chunky Multi Chain – Topshop
Passion Embellished Boot – Miss Selfridge
Petites Blue Velvet Bodycon – Miss Selfridge
pretty is the patterned dress from Topshop? I'm really loving lively prints at
the moment and this really caught my eye when I was looking on the Petite
Dresses section of the website. It's also that lovely fit and flare style which
is so flattering to the Petite shape! I've got a bit of a thing about this Topshop Jumpsuit developing slowly also. I found that I kept walking past it when I was shopping the other day (on purpose) and lingering in it's general vicinity. I've never actually owned a Jumpsuit like this, I haven't ever found one I liked enough, and there's just no way I'd ever buy one that isn't Petite…it just wouldn't fit! But this is a gorgeous, bold pattern in my favourite colour scheme and I'm pretty sure the proportions would be fine for my frame. Would I be crazy not to get it? Watch this space!
are so many incredible statement necklaces out there at the moment – it's
almost impossible to choose! It's so easy to go into stores and get tempted by
these amazing patterns and colours…only to get the necklace home and find it doesn't
actually go with many of your outfits. I think with statement necklaces, you do
have to be wearing something pretty plain underneath them, the point is to show
off the necklace and if you wear it with loud prints then it can get lost. I
always veer towards chunky gold necklaces as they work so perfectly with plain
dresses or tops. I love this one from Topshop! Perfect for a Christmas party
and with this gorgeous Cage Clutch, you only need a little LBD
and you're outfit is sorted!
do love a bit of velvet and this blue Topshop number is amazing! I think velvet
is so festive and I would love this dress! I think you'd have to be having a
good stomach day if you were going to wear it, it does look pretty tight, but
it's so gorgeous that I'm sure it's worth eating healthily for a few days
pre-wearing! The gold Velvet Topshop skirt is gorgeous also, it's so rare to find midi skirts that work if you're Petite, skirts either tend to come to my ankles or are way too baggy in the fit, so it's great to see some of these knee-length skirts popping up in various Petite sections. I'm loving the midi-skirt look at the moment; so many girls are going for the tight-skirt & cropped jumper/tee combo – it's really sophisticated and I'm trying to sort a similar outfit out for myself, so will pop that up on here when I do!
for these shoes…jus where do I start? Aren't they incredible? I absolutely love
them and think I'm going to be dreaming about them for months. They're from
Miss Selfridge and just the most perfect heels ever for the Christmas season,
and events/parties in general. There's no way I can afford them but I think I'm
allowed to dream…the detail is incredible and they would literally be so
stand-out if you wore them. Miss Selfridge always bring out incredible heels at
this time of year…so do a lot of shops actually, which leads me to mention the
Party Heels post I will be putting up soon! So watch this space! So many lovely things out there, so little money…what's a girl to do!


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my home today
1. Yes, we cheated a little and started talking about Christmas already. This is salt dough, though, not real cake - and if you cannot see it, this is baby Jesus with big buttons. Frida Viola made it, and I really like it.
2. Heather.
3. Drawing - very concentrated.
4. The give away is hopefully on it's way to it's new home.
5. I think I will make a garland out of all these hearts.
6.+7. Molly is all over the apartment now - never at her blanket. The blanket, by the way, is a thrift store find some while ago. It needs a little mending here and there, but the colours are so nice.
8. Remember this guy - from last December...?