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How much you bet on each selection is dictated by the odds. You will bet less on higher odds and more on lower odds. This may be £20, £50, £100. You bet your stake accordingly on each of the odds you are betting on and so as long as something wins, you will have a set return that you targeted. You take away the risk of heavy losses on unrealistic odds, and also hope to maximise profits on the more realistic odds.
Pros and Cons of Dutching in sports betting
Dutching involves taking two different bets and splitting a stake between them with the aim that both bets will return the exact same amount. This is not to be confused with arbitrage betting.
Dutching is probably lesser used now but before betting exchanges arrived on the scene, dutching was used as a more complicated method of laying selections by breaking a stake up over all the other outcomes.
- Pro - By minimising stakes on risky sports bets and aiming to maximise profits on more likely selections, you may potentially manage the risk of sports betting quite well.
- Pro - Suppose you have a set amount to bet, but odds really vary. Dutching is a more secure way of staking for a certain return from two evenly staked bets at e.g. 1.80 and 2.20.
- Con - Beginners must beware when using commission or sports betting exchanges, as not accounting for this percentage could ruin your dutching strategy.
- Con - Whilst dutching does protect against bigger losses, it does not serve as the best way of maximising overall returns in the sense that two dutch-stakes winners would return less than two evenly-staked winners.
The two selections you make can be from different sports, betting markets, anything. The odds don't need to complement each other in the same way as arbitrage and margins do not matter, but the two selections you choose should ideally be no worse than around 1.75 to 2.35 in price, as otherwise the math doesn't work, If calculated correctly, you can place this type of bet with the same effect of a guaranteed profit from sports betting providing at least one selection wins.
Examples of dutching
To provide you with a clear example, let's take two betting outcomes and call them Player A at 1.75 (3/4) and Team B at 2.35 (27/20). Remember, these can bet totally separate entities and do not need to relate. You may have identified a tennis bet you like for the day and a football bet you like the look of.
Once you have your sports bets you need to decide your stake. Are you betting £10 overall, £25 overall, maybe even £50 overall? As a nice round number £50 will be used for the example. You're going to bet £50 overall staking on Player A and Team B.
If you decide to stake £25 on each then this is known as level staking. That's fine. But your returns will be £43.75 on Player A if successful and £58.75 on Team B. You profit from betting if Team B or both selections win, but you're down if only Player A is successful because you've staked £50 and returned £43.75.
Dutching is a type of sports betting that, when done correctly, totally eliminates the chances of any overall losses providing one of two selections win. If both win then you profit handsomely. If just one wins then you do not lose overall and your bankroll is protected. No betting strategy in the world can save you from a loss if you pick two losers.
Implied probability calculation
Implied probability is quite an important tool. If you do not understand implied probability then you will struggle to stake correctly when dutching. There are online calculators out there that can you help you whilst learning, and even for experienced dutch bet users it's always wise to make sure all calculations are accurate. Below is the most basic equation for working out implied probability. The below equations continue to consider the example when you're going to bet on Player A at 1.75 (3/4) and Team B at 2.35 (27/20).
Player A
In fractional betting odds form: 1 / (3/4 + 1) * 100 = 57.14%
In decimal betting odds form: 1 / (1.75) * 100 = 57.14%
Team B
In fractional betting odds form: 1 / (27/20 + 1) * 100 = 42.55%
In decimal betting odds form: 1 / (2.35) * 100 = 42.55%
If you are betting on selections at different prices then you simply amend the part of the equation that is in bold and underlined to reflect the odds you are betting at. Alternatively, you can just use an implied probability calculator.
Now what's the use of knowing the implied probability? Because now you have the missing piece of the equation to determine how you should spread your stakes on your two selections.
How to stake on a dutch bet
The first part of each equation is (the implied probability of your first selection or your second selection as shown below. This is always divided by the implied probability of one bet added to the implied probability of the other. This number is then multiplied by your overall stake (£50 here) to reveal your stake on each selection.
Amount to stake on Player A = (57.14 / (57.14 + 42.55)) * £50 = £28.65
Amount to stake on Team B = (42.55 / (57.14 + 42.55)) * £50 = £21.35
This equation also works regardless of how many selections are involved. The example returns would be as follows.
£28.65 on Player A at 1.75
£28.65 x 1.75 = £50.13
£21.35 on Team B at 2.35
£21.35 x 2.35 = £50.17
Remember, the aim of this is more to preserve losses when only one or two selections win rather than increase your overall chance of winning per bet. But in the long run, using such a progressive and preventative betting strategy can ensures large amounts of your bankroll remain in tact that otherwise may have been lost.
Dutching as part of your betting strategy
Dutching helps to protect your bankroll, helps bettors to understand the way betting odds work and the implied probability. It is a betting strategy that anyone can use if they're focused on a more progressive, lower-risk method to make money from sports betting, but the description alone does suggest that a professional bettor with a long term view may be more likely to employ this method than a casual bettor after the big wins.
Then again, dutching does provide the perfect cover if you can match up successful, low risk singles alongside those big betting odds. You can use dutching when betting on literally any sport, but the minimum best odds you can use are 1.75 to 2.35, as that would be enough to return just £0.15 with a £50 overall stake.
It is one of the best betting strategies for protecting the bankroll and also betting accordingly. It takes into account and respects the betting odds, and although there are better ways to make money, it does add a level of cover.
Not everyone is going to have the capabilities to win at big odds too often, and those targeting them can really protect themselves with the use of dutching. You only stake as much as the risk suggests you should, and it becomes possible to win, for example, by splitting £50 accordingly on a winner at 1.90 and a loser at 2.30, and still profit a couple of pounds.
The aim is to still win two sports bets out of bet for a real profit from betting, but there's much less risk of losing overall if you can always find one winner.
If you're feeling comfortable with terminology, it might be the right time to learn about the different bet types and how to use them to your advantage.


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Will PM Suga Lead Japan to Abe 2.0?
22 September 2020Share Article:
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By Mr Kavi Chongkittavorn, Senior Communications Advisor: It was immediately obvious before last week's vote in Japan's parliament that the ruling Liberal Democratic Party wanted to maintain former prime minister Shinzo Abe's legacy. So in came the new prime minister, Yoshihide Suga, who has been standing by Mr Abe's side throughout the political rollercoaster ride that has been the past few decades.
As the leader of the world's third-largest economy, Mr Suga isn't wasting any time filling Mr Abe's shoes. It would be wise of him to build on his predecessor's policies and programmes -- especially the so-called 'Abenomics' -- and judging from his new cabinet line-up and policy announcements over the past week, it doesn't seem he has any intention to rock the boat.
But there are two areas in which Mr Suga might want make a difference by adding his own tweaks -- regulatory reform and speeding up digitisation amid the Covid-19 pandemic. With a humble upbringing to his credit, he wants the Japanese people to trust him and his government's ability to protect them during times of crisis and peace.
So far, Mr Suga hasn't said much about Japan's foreign relations. Not that he needs to, as Mr Abe has laid down strong foundations to guide Japan's diplomatic relations with the rest of the world. Indeed, no other Japanese prime minister has succeeded in embedding their personal convictions in the design and execution of the country's foreign policy as Mr Abe has. For the past seven years and eight months, Japan has been able to assert itself as a major power whose norms, standards, and governance model are recognised by the international community.
Internationally, Mr Abe will be remembered for daring to break with tradition and long-held practice. He strengthened Japan's defense capacity, going as far as trying to make Japan a normal country with regular armed forces. It remains to be seen whether Mr Suga will have the same passion to carry out this nearly impossible task by amending the nation's pacifist constitution.
Mr Abe is also widely known as a major supporter of multilateralism and regionalism. After the United States pulled out of the Trans-Pacific Partnership in 2017, it was Mr Abe who led the remaining 11 countries to form an alternative pact, which is now known as the Comprehensive and Progressive Trans-Pacific Partnership. (If the US elects a different president in November, it will certainly rejoin the trade bloc.) Under Mr Abe, Japan also strongly supported the world's biggest free-trade pact, namely the Asean-led Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership.
Japan's role in ASEAN has been consistent and commendable, as evidenced by Mr Abe's policies to promote peace, security, and economic prosperity in the region. Unlike other Indo-Pacific strategies, Tokyo's Free and Open Indo-Pacific vision encompasses all aspects of development cooperation and assistance, a culmination of over four decades of experience as a donor country. Japan has for years also been able to increase the strategic space for Asean to engage both the US and China without tilting to either power. However, of late the US has pressured Japan to take a stronger position vis-à-vis China, causing an imbalance in its usual diplomatic pragmatism.
With Mr Suga at the helm, Japan has the chance to change the dynamics of ties with India, China, and South Korea, which are three key Asian powerhouses. In the case of India, Tokyo has been the most helpful. It has quickly plugged the loopholes to ensure the inclusion of the world's largest democracy in the global value chain, thus increasing New Delhi's logistical resilience. For instance, Japan, together with Australia, initiated a regional supply chain that links up with India, which pulled out from the RCEP. With him as PM, Japan looks set to continue forging closer ties with India in all dimensions.
As a new leader, Mr Suga could ride on the current momentum to take up new initiatives with Japan's two neighbours to its west which could restore the region's power equilibrium. It is a win-win situation. Both Beijing and Seoul await positive signals to improve bilateral ties with Tokyo as over the past two years, the trio has suffered immensely as their economic relations have deteriorated and impinged on other sensitive areas of cooperation. Chinese President Xi Jinping has yet to make another visit to Japan, as tensions between both countries have yet to ease. Meanwhile, as key US allies in the region, Japan and South Korea need to normalise their security cooperation, and restore strategic trust and intelligence sharing. Extraordinary political ability by their leaders is required to overcome such impasses.
One of the hottest issues that will test Mr Suga's foreign policy and political acumen is the US plan to establish a Nato-like military alliance in the Indo-Pacific region -- along with Japan, India, and Australia -- in order to counter China's rising challenge. US Deputy Secretary of State Stephen Biegun minced no words when he reiterated that the US wants to see the so-called Quad group up and running with the hope that other countries will later join, saying the Indo-Pacific region lacks strong multilateral security structures. Truth be told, what Washington really wants is to create a "security wall" around China as soon as possible. Unfortunately, the scheme does not sit well with regional aspirations.
For nearly a decade, Japan has been intensifying its defense and security cooperation with the US. Japan has pursued this pathway for two reasons. First of all, Japan is obliged to assist the US in shouldering the responsibility for regional security. With the perceived decline of US power, Tokyo has been accelerating its defense cooperation with all countries in the region, because security engagement with Japan is linked to the US global security strategy.
Secondly, Japan realises that it needs to diversify its security foundations beyond the US. Under the Abe administration, this has been the most visible feature of Japan's strategic policy towards the region. For instance, Japan has increased its foreign assistance and promoted maritime security cooperation and capacity-training for Asean members, especially Vietnam and the Philippines. In the 1980s, such cooperation would have immediately drawn criticism from maritime nations.
For now, Japan's defence posture and diplomacy are geared towards fulfilling the US global strategic framework. So far, Japan has managed to walk the tightrope without invoking bad memories of its past military adventurism. If Mr Suga responds positively to Washington's idea of a new military bloc for whatever reason, it will have long-term negative ramifications for Tokyo's regional role. ASEAN would rather have Japan as a peace-maker rather than as a peace-breaker. In fact, Japan should utilise its widely accepted vision for the Indo-Pacific, as it can readily be synergised with the Asean Outlook on the Indo-Pacific without difficulty due to extensive areas for possible cooperation.
A new military alliance across the Indo-Pacific will certainly increase tensions and at the same time destabilise Southeast Asia as a whole. The region overcame this dilemma when ASEAN was founded in 1967, transforming the region into a neutral catalyst for peace. At the moment, ASEAN-led mechanisms, such as the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF), East Asia Summit and Asean Defence Ministerial Meeting, despite the long process of trust-building, have served the region well. Tokyo must continue to engage with ASEAN in shaping the regional architecture as it did so enthusiastically in the early 1990s with the ARF. This could easily be one of Mr Suga's legacies.
In more ways than one, Japan is moving towards 'Abe 2.0'. As far as its role in the region is concerned, Japan is at a crossroads. The new prime minister has a choice to make -- Japan can continue to take up supplementary security and economic roles as agreed with the US, or pursue its own proactive plan to contribute to peace and economic prosperity in the region that it has shaped and influenced for the past four decades.
This opinion piece was written by ERIA's Senior Communications Advisor, Mr Kavi Chongkittavorn, and has been published in The Bangkok Post. Click here to subscribe to the monthly newsletter.

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Travis is a 2002 graduate of Purdue University with a B.A. in Communications and minors in Creative Writing and History. He founded the Purdue college sports blog 'Off the Tracks' before moving to SB Nation's umbrella and renaming the blog Hammer & Rails. Travis coordinates SB Nation Indiana's college and high school football coverage. Yes, even the Indiana University coverage (though it pains him to do so). Travis can be barked at on Twitter by IU and Purdue fans alike at @HammerAndRails
FCS Playoffs 2011: Maine, New Hampshire Receive First Round Byes
Both Maine and New Hampshire return to the FCS playoffs.


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I stopped by the Perelmann Building at the Philadelphia Museum of Art (PMA) over the weekend thinking I'd spend an hour at the exhibition of North African Jewelry, and after three hours I left, only because the guards were trying to close the museum.
An Eakins Masterpiece Restored: Seeing 'The Gross Clinic' Anew (through Jan. 9, 2011), which Peter Crimmins discussed here is an exemplary demonstration of how a museum can renew the public interest in an old favorite. I suspect every visitor will learn something new about the painting, Eakins, masterpiece, and a very expensive, recent acquisition by the PMA which it is sharing with The Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts (PAFA: information on the purchase can be found here ) .
Crimmins discussed the exhibition installation, with The Gross Clinic hanging beside Eakins' later portrait of a doctor surrounded by his students, The Agnew Clinic (1889), and the technical information which documents its recent restoration. The exhibition does even more. The first room situates the painting in terms of its origins in Eakins' self-promotion, painting his largest work yet so it could be viewed in the 1876 Centennial exhibition in Philadelphia; in terms of the spectacle such exhibitions offered the public and the fact that the Centennial exhibition included the first ever survey of American art; within memories of the recently-ended Civil War, for Dr. Samuel D. Gross had written the standard work on military surgery, widely used by doctors on both sides of the Mason-Dixon Line; in terms of Eakins' medical portraiture which he initiated in 1874 with Dr. Benjamin Rand, also on view; and within the contemporary responses to The Gross Clinic, which must be as divergent as any painting has ever received.
The second gallery holds one of the most beautiful installations I've seen at the PMA, an institution that does such a seamlessly-good job with most exhibition design that no one remarks about it. It is also the first exhibition to use that particular gallery well. Plain Beauty: Korean White Porcelain/Photographs by Bohnchang Koo (through September 26) has a white vitrine, holding white porcelains, bisecting the long dimension of the gallery whose walls are hung with very large either black and white or color (in this case white-on- white) photographs. It is a tribute to the subtle poetry of monochrome, and indeed, to the range of colors that the term white encompasses.
While porcelain was developed in China before its production spread across East Asia, the taste for plain white ware is characteristically Korean. The vitrine holds pieces made from the Joseon Dynasty (1392-1910) as well as Joseon-inspired work by contemporary Korean potters. The early work is milky or snowy white, while the later work has hints of gray and blue (according to the museum's literature; I'd probably describe some of the recent pieces as pale celadon).
The photographer Bohnchang Koo (Korean, b. 1953) began exploring specifically-Korean subject matter in 1998 with the series Masks. The huge prints shown at the PMA, with their very narrow chromatic range, convey the impression, rather than the precise forms or surface details, of this most subtle type of ceramics. In one black and white series, Moon Rising II, a globular jar stands in for the natural form and the changing lighting across the six prints mimics the effects of the diminishing light of nighttime.
One gallery over is the exhibition I'd come to see: Desert Jewels: North African Jewelry and Photography from the Xavier Guerrand-Hermès Collection (through Dec. 5). It is really two exhibitions sharing the same space. On the walls are a group of 19th century photographs of North Africans taken by photographers from France, Scotland, Spain, Syria and Turkey. Some are street scenes, others studio shots; a fair number of the later offer the same low-grade titillation that is a specialty of National Geographic, with dark-skinned women baring their breasts. While most of the photographers are known, their subjects are all anonymous and described only according to ethnic group. I assume they are exhibited for the jewelry that some of the men and women are wearing, but they would fit more comfortably into an exploration of 19th century Orientalism. This sort of 'ethnographic' photography has been subject to a great deal of very interesting analysis, but you wouldn't know it from the museum's labels.
The second exhibition is a large array of 19th-20th century jewelry; they are labeled to indicate their area of origin, likely date, materials and sometimes the techniques employed. The jewelry is wonderful, with intricate filigrees, granulation, and chased designs and heavy beads of coral, copal, amazonite, shell, glass and modern plastics. Three stone molds for cast pieces are exhibited along with two wall texts, one devoted to a brief discussion of the metalworking techniques. However, for an exhibition of artifacts likely to be unfamiliar to most viewers, the amount of content is woefully scarce.
The exhibition raises more questions than it answers: Was the work made for local use or for trade? Did craftsmen move among ethnic groups or did the techniques and motifs travel as the jewelry was traded? When was such jewelry worn? How valuable was it locally? Was the wearer exhibiting the family's entire wealth? Did the various stones have local meaning? Who wore the amulets and did different motifs have distinct functions? Was the sound made by the jewelry when worn important?
The Eakins exhibition demonstrates the value of situating paintings from our own recent past within a social, historic and technical framework. To exhibit jewelry from unfamiliar cultures merely as beautiful baubles is shortchanging the visitors. The exhibition in the final gallery, Hanging Around: Modern and Contemporary Lighting from the Permanent Collection (through Oct. 10) is also a stunning display, but with no more information about the lamps than one would find in a commercial gallery or furniture store. The Museum should have more to offer.


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4.For your reference, the model in the picture is white skin.
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Take 500g as a benchmark for calculation.
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For example: if your goods weights 2000g (500g+1500g), the shipping fee you should pay is $41($23+$6*3).
Notes: If the length, width, height for the goods, any one is out of the range of 60cm, you should multiply the three numbers, then divide the number you get by 8000 to calculate the shipping fee. If the shipping fee calculated by the weights of goods exceeds the calculation way by volume, we will use the weights to calculate the shipping fee.
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Hugh Orr Thompson, Jr., of Troy, Michigan and Gaylord, Michigan, passed away Sunday, March 19, 2017. He was 76.
Hugh Thompson was born to Dr. Hugh and Bernice Thompson on November 16, 1940. At the age of 22 he married Julianne Weiskotten and the two spent 53 years together at the time of his passing.
Hugh was active in the Boy Scouts with his children and was also a proud member of the Shriners. In his spare time, he liked snowmobiling, boating, flying, fishing, and even water-skiing in his youth.
Hugh is survived by his wife, Julianne; children Hugh Thompson III (and his wife, Hanh) and Bill Thompson (and his wife, Carrie); and grandchildren Halle Thompson, and Hugh Thompson IV. He was preceded in death by his parents Dr. Hugh and Bernice Thompson, and sister Karen.
There will be two funeral services. The first will be held on Friday, April 7th at the Church of the Nazarene in Troy, Michigan at 2pm with visitation beginning at 1pm. The second will be held on Saturday, April 8th at Nelson Funeral Home in Gaylord, Michigan at 3pm with visitation beginning at 2pm.
In lieu of flowers, memorial contributions may be made to The Alzheimer's Association, or the Humane Society.


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Prosecco Masters 2019: see the results in full
We bring you all the medalists from this year's Prosecco Masters, along with some comments on the highs and lows of the 2019 competition....


text: Welcome to the Ramsay Health Care Library. We are pleased to offer this library service to all Ramsay hospital staff and hope that it assists you with your research and professional development. Our aim is to keep you informed and help you to make the best use of your library.


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Privacy Policy Scope SummaryThis statement applies to Blue Pacific Energy, LLC and the www.bluepacificenergy.comweb site. Our Privacy CommitmentBlue Pacific Energy, LLC is committed to conducting its worldwide business in a manner that actively supports and ensures personal privacy. Our global privacy policies are formulated to comply with state, provincial, national and international regulations. We strive to implement these policies consistently around the world. Employees are informed of and are expected to comply with these policies and applicable regulations. Personal Information
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During the real-time video transmission over error-prone network, the compressed video signal is very sensitive to the channel disturbances, and the packet loss cannot be avoided which causes the video quality reduction in the destination. To satisfy the audiences' visual feeling, the decoder attempts to conceal the error effect by using the spatial or temporal domain information to estimate the missing video content. In this paper, an efficient temporal error concealment (ETEC) algorithm is proposed for H.264/AVC Inter frame decoding to eliminate the error effect for Human Visual System (HVS). The 4 × 4 block size is used as the basic motion vector (MV) recovery unit to increase the error concealment (EC) accuracy, and the MV of the lost macroblock (MB) is recovered by employing the MV information of the neighboring intact MBs based on the geometry and data interpolation. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can achieve better performance compared with the existing TEC methods not only for the objective quality measurement, but also for the HVS subjective view perception. Because of its simple composition, the proposed algorithm is pervasive to be used in the real-time multimedia communication systems with the video coding standard H.264/AVC.
Original language | English |
Pages (from-to) | 1282-1297 |
Number of pages | 16 |
Journal | International Journal of Communication Systems |
Volume | 24 |
Issue number | 10 |
DOIs | |
Publication status | Published - 2011 Oct |
All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes
- Computer Networks and Communications
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering


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Because B2B businesses face prolonged buying cycles, marketing strategies need to focus on efforts to establish communication between your brand and leads. Many B2B businesses have now turned to email marketing automation platforms to maintain and establish a complicated buyer atmosphere. Just think, if you have to send out an individual email to every email contact every week, it will become very difficult and quite tedious.
With email marketing automation, you can establish combined campaigns that are sent at the perfect time and provide value in generating your leads. With the starting setup and strategy, automation also has the power to save your brand valuable assets and capital. Email marketing automation is a powerful tool to help achieve your Customer Relationships Management (CRM) strategy, inbound marketing strategy, and B2B business goals.
But is investing in email marketing automation a good call for all companies that do this type of marketing? Here, in this article, we are going to explore what email marketing automation is and how you can use this technology as a B2B business.
What is B2B Email Marketing?
B2B or business to business email marketing is the idea that involves the swapping of information, products or services between two or more organizations through communicational emails.
B2B email marketing is known to have a long-lasting sales cycle. However, at times, guiding a customer to make a buying decision with B2B email marketing is quite difficult.
Managing and building a B2B lead generation process with email marketing is the best way to make ends meet for your email marketing companies and generate more sales.
What is Email Marketing Automation?
Email marketing automation is a tool that marketers uses to send emails automatically to customers and leads. On the basis of rules and regulations, you establish email productivity that sends specific emails on the fact of the customer's action or time in the sales management.
Suppose someone signs up for brand updates for your company, they automatically get registered in your system that sends forthcoming events and recaps. Just like this, if someone fills out a contact form on your website, your automation marketing tool will send a confirmation email with a thank you message.
These leads will automatically make its entry into your customer relationship management system and help you develop a successful CRM strategy. Automation software record how each lead generation takes place within your website, which gives you more value and profit into what their engrossments are and feasible demographics.
Achieve Your B2B Goals Through Email Marketing Automation
B2B email marketing is actually a business agreement between two organizations, where one organization is trying to satisfy and assure the other to buy a product or service. B2B organizations must have in-depth knowledge of how to operate email marketing campaigns. They are often involved in the long process of managing and establishing communication with potential customers and clients while also dealing with long sales cycles. Converting potential customers into leads requires great effort, making the use of marketing automation unavoidable.
Now we are going to explore the best ways to automate your B2B Email marketing:
1. Link Your Channels to the Sign-Up Form
Whichever channel you are using for your audience to communicate with your business, a contact form is a great medium. When you involve a CTA (Call To Action) for new visitors to collect their emails, you are simultaneously building an outreach list and an interest in your products and/or services.
2. Use Email Drip Campaigns
The appeal of marketing automation is the simplicity with which you can arrange the system and enable it to work according to your defined limitations. An email drip campaign is an email marketing software that completely automates the marketing procedure from start to finish. When setting up an email drip campaign, you can very easily scope out an audience interested in and are excited about a particular niche and extract their emails at the push of a button. You can also use already established email templates or create your own. Interactively stimulating emails are then automatically sent to the subscribers based on their response to your first email.
3. Use Autoresponders
Immediately sending a welcome message to new subscribers as soon as they sign up to your newsletter and other subscriptions is the best strategy is to generate a new lead. Further along in this process, I can assure the usage of autoresponders will definitely help you get your product or service in front of them even when you are not actively marketing anything to them. A confirmation email can be set up to be mailed when new users sign up. In that message, other related products and services that your organization also provides can be suggested.
4. Automatically Section Your Subscribers
Automatic sectioning is a vital strategy in B2B email marketing. It allows your marketing team to know the interests of your focused audience and what excites them the most. If you do not know which products they are more likely to purchase, you may end up sending the wrong message or lavishing assets which further results in generating fewer leads. To circumvent this, it is very important that you begin distinguishing your potential customers as soon as possible. This can be done through your sign-up form or welcome email. You may involve a pragmatic chance or CTA for a few of your products and services. You can then automate the differentiating process on the basis of preference of each consumer. With proper division of your subscribers, you can offer a more focused and appropriate touch in each marketing email you send their way.
5. Make Automatic Cold Calls to Non-Openers
It does not really matter how customized your sales are, there will surely be non-openers. But this does not mean they are not interested in buying your product or service. It simply means that you have to excite and push them more than others. This can only be done via B2B marketing automation. Using related tools, you can resend your marketing email to non-openers after a confirmed number of days without any action on their part. Aside from these proposed automation strategies, you can also modify a few other things to make sure that you are not only focusing on new leads, but also on existing old customers. This can be achieved through automated emails to remind your old subscribers when their subscriptions have expired. Reminder emails go a long way to assist B2B businesses with customer memory.
The tips mentioned above can assist you to expand your B2B email marketing performance which will increase sales and convert potential customers into regular subscribers. Creating a B2B email series will generate leads for your businesses and email marketing companies. It can also improve your B2B sales performance, but it begins with understanding your sales process.


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The City of San Marcos is looking to fill vacancies on City boards and commissions with volunteers from the community.
Citizens should fill out volunteer interest applications online by Friday, August 4 to be considered for appointment. The application is available on the Boards and Commission page of the City's website, sanmarcostx.gov/boards. Paper copies are available at the City Clerk's Office, 630 E. Hopkins.
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1. Historic Preservation Commission (1)
2. Housing Authority Board (1)
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4. Parking Advisory Board (1)
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Residents are asked to submit applications by Friday, August 4, 2023. City Council will review the applications and make appointments during the Regular Meeting scheduled for August 15, 2023.
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Distance education courses offered by Annamalai University invalid, warns UGC
Annamalai University running distance education programmes in violation of all regulations, says a UGC notice.
Students looking to pursue distance education courses at the Annamalai University in Tamil Nadu are in for a rude shock. For, the University Grants Commission (UGC) has issued a warning saying that the varsity doesn't have required approvals, and the courses offered by the university would be invalid.
The University Grants Commission had on March 25 this year put out a notice saying that the Annamalai University has been running Open and Distance Learning (ODL) programmes that are "in gross violation of all conditions laid down under UGC" rules and regulations.
University violating rules, says UGC
A report quoting Rajnish Jain, Secretary, UGC, has stated that the University Grants Commission has taken note of a situation where the Annamalai University was undertaking the distance education courses and that the Tamil Nadu University has been enrolling students for the Open and Distance Learning (ODL) courses. These were being done without the approval of UGC, Jain has been quoted saying.
According to the report, the UGC Secretary believed that the Annamalai University's act was in gross violation of all conditions laid down under the UGC (Open and Distance learning) Regulations, 2017 and its amendments from time to time and UGC (Open and Distance Learning Programme and Online Programmes) Regulations, 2020. He also clarified that no educational institution in the country is permitted to offer distance learning courses without the approval of the University Grants Commission.
Recognition ended in 2014-15
It has been made known that Tamil Nadu-based Annamalai University had permission only for offering courses in the Open and Distance Learning mode till academic session 2014-15. Further recognition has not been accorded to the university, whatsoever. Significantly, the website of the Annamalai University proclaims that the university more than 200 Open and Distance Learning programmes and that these courses have been approved by the Distance Education Council of New Delhi.
That UGC notice means that all Open and Distance Learning programmes being offered by the Annamalai University currently are invalid. The University Grants Commission believes that it is the responsibility of the university to have let the students known about its lack of the University Grants Commission approval. Also, as per the University Grants Commission, the university will now be solely responsible for the consequences on the careers of students arising out of the non-recognition of the programmes it offers.


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Have you ever seen Austin Trail of Lights (Multiple Dates and Times) for yourself? This November you're in for a treat and you'll no doubt be thrilled to know Austin Trail of Lights (Multiple Dates and Times) will finally be joining us in Texas, Austin on Monday 29th November 2021! It's bound to be one of the finest nights you have this fall, maybe even of 2021! At the outstanding Zilker Park, Austin – said to be THE best venue in the whole of Texas for events like these and an added bonus, your favourite bars/restaurants are in very close proximity. Book your tickets now to avoid disappointment. Click 'get tickets' because these will be gone fas!t
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The most commonly used financial aid forms are available below, arranged by academic year. These online forms allow you to easily print the forms and submit the information needed to complete your financial aid. To avoid delay or cancellation of your financial aid, complete any requested forms within two weeks of first being notified.
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This was published 4 years ago
By Anna Patty
Only 3 per cent of Qantas staff who say they have been sexually harassed are willing to report it because, according to some, this would "put them through the absolute wringer" or result in them being labelled as a "troublemaker".
A quarter of the 2400 Qantas staff surveyed have told their employer that they have been sexually harassed by a co-worker and 15 per cent of cabin crew said they have been harassed by a passenger.
While Qantas says these figures are close to the national average, it admits the low rate (3 per cent) of staff who have reported sexual harassment is much lower than the national average of 17 per cent.
Female pilots were twice as likely to report experiencing bullying and some female pilots said they had experienced backlash from campaigns to improve gender imbalance. Some said there was a perception they had not won their roles on merit.
In an email to staff on Monday, Qantas chief operating officer Rachel Yangoyan said while the company's findings on sexual harassment were largely similar to the Australian national workplace averages, "we want Qantas to be better than that".
"To be clear, we have zero tolerance for any form of abuse or discrimination in any part of the Qantas Group," the email said.
Ms Yangoyan said 1650 cabin crew and 750 pilots responded to the survey, conducted independently by Elizabeth Broderick and Co, using focus groups and one-on-one interviews.
Comments from staff as part of the survey include: "If I reported something, I would be put through the absolute wringer".
Other comments included: "When I go to managers with a problem, I am seen as a troublemaker" and "We come from a culture of what happens on tour, stays on tour. We don't dob."
Some staff members said the Qantas culture had improved over the years, but one reported an "underlying current of homophobia". One said: "Some of the older crew can sexually harass ... They feel safe to do so".
Another said there were "a few times when people take things too far or overstep the mark".
And one said men were "always telling stories about female pilots".
Transport Workers Union (TWU) national secretary Michael Kaine said it was alarming only 3 per cent of staff who experienced sexual harassment reported it.
"This is vastly lower than the national average of 17 per cent and well below the TWU survey of cabin crew across airlines showing 31 per cent reported sexual harassment," he said.
"Despite this glaring problem, Qantas have not revealed any changes to their systems of reporting sexual harassment to encourage more people to come forward or changes to how complaints will be dealt with."
Mr Kaine called on Qantas to release the full independent report and all of its recommendations.
Group executive of people and culture, Lesley Grant said there were some very positive findings from the survey, including that around 80 per cent enjoy working at Qantas, have good relationships with workmates and believe Qantas is inclusive of people from different backgrounds.
"Many said that attitudes towards bullying and sexual harassment had improved over the years, but it's clear we still have work to do," she said.
"This is a difficult topic and we appreciate the candid answers that our people provided."


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A promise made by a landlord at the time of letting a tenement to a tenant at will, that from time to time he would "come up and see whatever there was to be done," was not a promise to make all necessary repairs on his own responsibility without reference to notice from the tenant.
TORT. Writ in the Superior Court dated February 20, 1936.
At the trial before Leary, J., the jury were instructed "that the plaintiff was entitled to recover only by proving that the tenancy was one of the third class of tenancies at will referred to in Fiorntino v. Mason, 233 Mass. 451." The plaintiff did not except to the charge. There was a verdict for the plaintiff in the sum of $5,100.
The case was submitted on briefs.
H. Alpern & L. L. Lobel, for the plaintiff.
J. F. McDonald & W. B. Sullivan, Jr., for the defendants.
RONAN, J. The plaintiff, wife of a tenant at will of the defendants, was injured by the breaking of a piazza railing which was a part of the tenement she occupied with her husband and their family. The jury returned a verdict for the plaintiff, but the trial judge, in accordance with leave reserved, granted, subject to the plaintiff's exception, the motion of the defendants to enter a verdict for them.
The plaintiff alleged that the defendants agreed at the time of the letting to maintain the tenement "in a safe and sound condition for the tenant's use," and contends that there was evidence in support of this allegation. She testified that one of the defendants with whom she made the arrangements to hire the tenement stated that she would
Page 467
from time to time "come up and see whatever there was to be done." It is on this testimony alone that the plaintiff must rely because the rest of the evidence, including the conduct of the parties after the tenancy began, tended to show that the only obligation in reference to repairs that the defendants assumed was to repair upon notice. The question is whether this particular testimony of the plaintiff is sufficient to show that the defendants agreed to keep the tenement in a safe condition.
The accident was caused by a defect in a part of the tenement, and the liability of the landlords to the tenant and members of the tenant's family must be determined by the contract of letting. The plaintiff, in order to recover, was required to prove that the landlords, upon their own responsibility and without notice from the tenant as to defects, had assumed the active duty of keeping and maintaining the tenement in good repair and in a safe condition for use and occupancy by the tenant and members of his household. Miles v. Janvrin, 196 Mass. 431; S. C. 200 Mass. 514. Crowe v. Bixby, 237 Mass. 249.
If the promise to go upon the premises and to see what was to be done includes anything more than an inspection of the premises, it does not either in terms or by implication impose any duty upon the defendants to maintain the tenement in a condition of safety at all times during the tenancy. The promise to inspect the tenement was a part of a general conversation in which one of the defendants agreed to "fix up the apartment" and to have some papering and painting done as soon as the tenancy began. No other specific repairs were mentioned. The parties did not understand that the defendants retained such continuous control over the premises as would be necessary to enable them to search for and remedy whatever defects might be found, and that the tenant need not give any thought or consideration to the matter of repairs. The record is clear that during the entire ten-year period of the tenancy, nearly eight of which preceded the accident, not a single repair was made by the defendants until they had been first notified of a defect by the tenant. An agreement to repair on notice from the tenant would not
Page 468
support the plaintiff's claim. Wierzbicki v. Thacher, 273 Mass. 346. Cormier v. Weiner, 277 Mass. 518. Sordillo v. Fradkin, 282 Mass. 255. Andrews v. Leominster Savings Bank, 296 Mass. 67. Chelefou v. Springfield Institution for Savings, 297 Mass. 236.
The evidence is insufficient to show that the defendants assumed the "direct and initial responsibility for the condition of the premises as to safety at all times." Fiorntino v. Mason, 233 Mass. 451, 454. Carroll v. Intercolonial Club of Boston, 243 Mass. 380. Salsman v. Frisch, 276 Mass. 228. Giorgio v. DiLiegro, 285 Mass. 383.
Exceptions overruled.


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How China Sees World War I
Why it might not be wise to dismiss the idea of a "new type of great power relations" just yet.
Over the course of 2015, readers can look forward to ever more commemorations of such crucial events from the Great War as the infamous sinking of the liner Lusitania, not to mention the unfolding of the bold and bloody, but ultimately bungled Gallipoli campaign. From the perspective of Asia-Pacific security, the last year of sober reflection on the cataclysmic First World War has been quite useful for jarring this community of strategists to think about misperception, escalation spirals, nationalism, and offensive-oriented military strategies.
A new book from the Belfer Center at Harvard University explicitly links the memory of the Great War with emergent security challenges related to China's rise. This author undoubtedly looks forward to parsing this new scholarship, but that is not my purpose here. Much has been made of the analogy between Germany's rise with the consequent outbreak of WWI and China's rise with the clouds of uncertainty currently looming over the South and East China Seas. But what of China's perspective on this much-discussed analogy?
As pointed out in a recent edition of Dragon Eye, the much more salient historical event in Chinese eyes is not WWI, but rather the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-95, a set of events that seems to have been discussed in all major Chinese military and diplomatic fora. Still, a few Chinese strategists and scholars have taken up the issue of the First World War and this edition of Dragon Eye will survey and summarize these pieces in the hopes of understanding the Chinese view of these momentous events in the European context that reverberated so powerfully around the world.
(Recommended: 5 Places Where World War III Could Break Out)
Most of the recent Chinese reflections about WWI have, not surprisingly, taken as their focal point the remarks made by Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe at the Davos Summit about one year ago. Abe observed: "This year marks the centenary of World War I. Britain and Germany were highly (inter)dependent economically. They were the largest trade partners (to each other), but the war did break out." By contrast, Chinese commentators emphasize that neither China, nor Japan can approach this history as disinterested observers. To their reckoning, China was one of the primary victims of the Versailles Treaty, while Japan was one of the leading parties in subverting its major principles to the detriment of China. Indeed, Westerners not familiar with the "May 4th Movement" may not realize that the perceived failure of the Versailles Treaty – most particularly the direct transfer of German concessions in Shandong Province to Japan – became a major foundation for Chinese nationalism in the 20th century. This movement and the feelings that inspired it, moreover, were related to the founding of the Chinese Communist Party just two years later in 1921.
(Recommended: The Most Terrifying Lesson of World War I)
As one Chinese analysis of the First World War, published by Xinhua researcher Qian Wenrong, in the April 2014 edition of the magazine 军事文摘 [Military Digest] under the title "What is the Most Important Lesson of the First World War?" relates: " … at the Paris peace talks, the United States approved Japan's seizures in Shandong. After the war, Japan accelerated its invasion and expansion into China, occupying our country's three northeastern provinces. The powers … including the United States, Great Britain, and France … did not even apply any sanctions against Japan, refused … to call Japan an invading state, and even demanded that China recognize Japan's 'special rights and interests' in China's Northeast, thus in actuality supporting Japan's invasion."
(Recommended: The Ghost That Haunts the Chinese Navy)
A longer version of that analysis by Qian appeared in the foreign policy journal 和平与发展 [Peace and Development]. In that article, Qian went even further in writing: "When Hitler came to power, he used the societal discontent with the Versailles Treaty and concern about economic difficulties to drive forward with military expansion. In that respect, Abe is very similar to Hitler." He goes on to describe Abe's attempts to reform Japan's "peace constitution," and suggests Abe is trying to "use Obama to contain China through implementation of the 'rebalance to the Asia' strategy…" Speaking directly to Abe's WWI analogy, Qian states emphatically: "Contemporary China absolutely is not the Germany of 1914. China's leaders have announced to the world on many occasions that China 'will never become a hegemonic power …'" Ultimately, for Qian, the most significant lesson of the Great War are that the settlement of that conflict planted the seeds for the next world war by encouraging Japanese militarism and inflaming Germany's bitterness as well. Obviously, the historical wounds of the Japanese conquest of China are simply too raw for Qian to attempt a more detached and clinical perspective of the type that is commonplace among Western social scientists.
Fortunately, some Chinese analyses of WWI are a bit less emotive. For example, a mid-2014 analysis that first ran in 解放军报 [People's Liberation Army Daily] and was later republished in军事文摘 [Military Digest] discusses the impact of the war more generally and does not even directly broach the Abe speech at Davos. It is somewhat reassuring, of course, to see this Chinese military newspaper reflecting on the utter failure of the "施里芬计划" [Schliefflen Plan], the risky German strike against France that opened the conflict. Some attention to Western theorizing about WWI is indeed suggested by a reference to "今天被西方学者称之为'邪教攻势'" [what is described by Western scholars as a 'cult of the offensive']. The article discusses some of the war's gravest atrocities, including the use of poison gas, as well as the incredible human costs. While intoning that the Asia-Pacific must not walk this "blood-soaked road" again, the article also warns against "certain countries that are stirring up disputes …"
An example of a much more scholarly Chinese-language discussion of WWI can be found in a 2013 edition of 国际政治研究 [International Politics Quarterly], published by Peking University. In this impressive article that has the title "Economic Imperatives, Interdependence, and Germany's War Decision in 1914," Peking University Assistant Professor Mei Ran argues that economic factors have been overemphasized as a major cause of Germany's decision for war in WWI. In an atmosphere where Marxian analysis of world history still generally predominates, this conclusion is likely quite original and even boldly innovative. The suggestion that, in this case, political factors, whether originating in military strategy or in noxious political ideologies, may have completely trumped rational economic impulses favoring peace could well be germane to contemporary Chinese foreign policymaking, and to the larger dilemmas in U.S.-China relations as well.
It seems clear from the brief survey above that there is quite a range of views in China on the legacy of the First World War. Some Chinese strategists seem inclined to use the centenary to "score points," or are generally bitter that China's role as a victor's prize and victim of exploitation during that painful period has not been adequately recognized. Nevertheless, the final article discussed above from Peking University does hint at a sophisticated historical understanding among China's leading scholars of international relations. That at least some in the Beijing foreign policy elite have a profound understanding of great power rivalry and its catastrophic costs for Europe in the early 20th century, may suggest yet another reason why Western policymakers should not readily dismiss Xi Jinping's call for a "new type of great power relations." At a minimum, this open-ended phrase has value in concisely articulating what we all seek to avoid.
Lyle J. Goldstein is Associate Professor in the China Maritime Studies Institute (CMSI) at the U.S. Naval War College in Newport, RI. The opinions expressed in this analysis are his own and do not represent the official assessments of the U.S. Navy or any other agency of the U.S. Government.
Editor's Note: The following is part seven of a new occasional series called Dragon Eye, which seeks insight and analysis from Chinese writings on world affairs. You can find all back articles in the series here.


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According to reports, Premier League outfit Watford are keen to lure Manchester United's youngster Timothy Fosu-Mensah to Vicarage Road this summer. Fosu-Mensah has remained heavily involved in the preseason fixtures of the Red Devils but manager Jose Mourinho could be looking to ship the blossoming starlet on loan to an English top tier which would enable the versatile player in brushing himself up adequately.
The Hornets barely managed to escape from the clutches of relegation in the previous campaign, as they inked a seventeenth place finish in the league charts. Considering that the animosity which the Premier League will have on offer in the upcoming season as well, Marco Silva has already bolstered his squad by making some notable additions, including Will Hughes. However, Silva is still looking to add more steel and mettle to his ranks and Fosu-Mensah's availability in his summer wish-list does make a lot of sense.
The 19-year-old, after emerging through the youth ranks of A.V.V. Zeeburgia, Ajax and Manchester United paved his way to the senior side of the twenty-time English league winners during Louis van Gaal's reign at Old Trafford. His introduction was quite encouraging and his versatility of operating from an array of defensive slots thrust him into the limelight at a very early stage in his career. Under the tutelage of Mourinho, the Dutchman was preferred in the right-back slot. However, the opportunities he got last season were very limited as he was handed merely one start in the Premier League by the former Chelsea boss.
Mourinho isn't known for his reliance on the young guns he possesses and it is unlikely that we would see Fosu-Mensah given plenty of chances to prove his mettle. His primary position is that of a central defensive midfielder and considering the plethora of stars which Manchester United boast of as well as the availability of Ashley Young as a back up in the right-back slot, a player of his calibre and potential might fancy towards a resort which would afford him to clock more time on the pitch.
Watford are a side which is arguably an appealing prospect to venture into for a youngster like the Dutch international. Frankly speaking, Fosu-Mensah isn't likely to be struck off the books of the red half of Manchester owing to the high expectations which rest on his shoulders and thus, a loan move can indeed prove to be a beneficial one for all the parties involved.


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Types of Computer Memory with their Applications
Different Types of Computer Memories and their Applications
Just like a human brain, the digital devices such as computer, microcontroller & smartphone needs a space to store the information & instruction, this storage space is called memory or "computer memory" and the building block of memory is called a memory cell. In simple words, memory is an electronic circuit or device capable of storing information temporarily or permanently.
Types of Computer Memories
The computer memory is classified into three main types; Cache Memory, Primary Memory and Secondary Memory.
Cache Memory
The Cache memory is the fastest type of memory that acts as a buffer to store temporary data between the processor & data memory. It stores the necessary data frequently used by the CPU so that it can easily access it. It is the most expensive type of memory & it is integrated inside the CPU chip.
Primary Memory:
The primary memory or primary storage or main memory is a type of computer memory that is directly accessed by the CPU. It allows the processor to quickly fetch & execute the instruction & commands stored in this memory.
The Primary memory stores all the necessary data on the startup so that the processor can use it when the program code needs to. It stores the data that is frequently used by the CPU. It is fast & expensive then secondary memory bearing very low storage capacity. The primary memory can store the data permanently such as ROM & temporarily such as RAM.
The Primary memory is further classified into the following two types; RAM and ROM.
RAM (Random Access Memory)
The RAM is an acronym for Random Access Memory & it is a type of primary memory that stores the information or data temporarily to be used by the processor while the system is running. It is also called volatile memory because the content of the data stored in its modules is erased when the power supply is interrupted. Thus they need a constant supply of power to retain that information.
The RAM has further two types & they are briefly discussed below;
DRAM (Dynamic RAM)
DRAM or Dynamic RAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory) is a type of RAM where the computer memory cell used for storing a bit of data is made of capacitor & a transistor. Due to the leakage current of the capacitor, the cell cannot retain the information for too long. Therefore, the DRAM needs to be refreshed or recharge after a specific time to maintain the data.
Since the memory cell of DRAM is made from one transistor, more memory cells can be designed in a single chip to increase the storage density of DRAM. And the price per cell is reduced thus they are inexpensive.
Advantages of DRAM
Here are some of the advantages of DRAM
- Each memory cell is made of only one transistor, so its design is simple
- The bit per chip density is higher.
- The Cost per bit is relatively low
- The DRAM is inexpensive.
- Power consumption is low because the data is store in a capacitor.
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Disadvantage of DRAM
Here are some of the Disadvantages of DRAM;
- The memory is volatile.
- The cell needs to be refreshed at a constant rate to retain data.
- The refreshing consumes extra power.
- The circuitry required for refreshing is complex
- The DRAM is relatively slower in operation than SRAM
The DRAM is used as the main memory. It is an off-chip memory, placed externally on the motherboard.
SRAM (Static RAM)
The SRAM or Static RAM is another type of primary memory that stores it data using flip flop & latches. The flip flop is a memory cell of SRAM & it is made of multiple logic gates consisting transistors. There is no leakage current thus it does not need to be refreshed, unlike DRAM.
Each memory cell used for storing a single bit of data is made of 6 transistors. Thus price per bit of SRAM is more than DRAM & it requires more physical space on-chip to store the same amount of data. Therefore, the storage capacity of SRAM is lower than DRAM.
Advantage of SRAM
Here are some of the advantages of SRAM over DRAM
- There is no leakage current, thus it does not need to be refreshed.
- Due to no need for refreshing. The access time is faster.
- It is on-chip memory which also increases its operation speed
- It does not need extra circuitry for refreshing.
- It is relatively very faster than DRAM.
Disadvantages of SRAM
- Each cell is made of 6 transistors which require more space than DRAM
- It is more expensive than DRAM.
- Due to large physical space for each bit, it has very low storage capacity.
- The memory is volatile i.e. the data is erased when there is no power.
- It consumes more power than DRAM due to a large number of transistors & constant power supply.
Related Post: Types of ICs. Classification of Integrated Circuits and Their Limitation
ROM (Read-Only Memory)
The ROM or Read-only Memory is a non-volatile type of primary memory i.e. the content of information stored does not get erased when the power is off. This data is stored during its manufacturing & it cannot be altered by any user. That is why it is called a Read-Only Memory.
The ROM is slower than RAM because the CPU cannot access its data. The data first need to be transferred to RAM where the CPU can access it. It only contains the necessary instruction regarding the startup of the system.
Characteristics of ROM
- It is a non-volatile memory or permanent memory.
- It stores the instructions regarding the startup (& program code) of a microcontroller or computer.
- The CPU cannot directly access its data.
- It can be write once & read multiple times.
- It does not need the power to maintain its data.
- It has a very low capacity.
- It is slower than RAM
- It is comparatively cheaper than RAM
The ROM is classified into the following types
PROM (Programmable Read-Only Memory)
PROM stands for Programmable Read-only Memory, which is a type of ROM where each memory cell is programmed after its manufacturing. Black PROMs are made during manufacturing which is then programmed during the production of devices they are being used for. The difference between ROM & PROM is that ROM is programed during manufacturing & PROM is programmed after its manufacturing.
The data in each cell is stored & maintained by a fuse. During manufacturing, all the fuses are intact & read "0". The fuse is blown using a high voltage pulse which then reads "1". In such a way the PROM is programmed by blowing the fuses for selected bit locations that should be "1" using a special programmer called PROM Programmer.
Since the blown or burned fuse cannot be restored, they can be programmed only once. And they can be read multiple times which is why it is a Read-Only Memory.
EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory)
EPROM or also known as EROM is a modified type of PROM which is a non-volatile memory. Unlike PROM, the EPROM data can be erased once it's programmed by exposing it to a UV (ultraviolet) light source.
The cells are made from a floating gate transistor which is programmed by supplying high voltage that creates an avalanche discharge of electrons to store it in the gate electrode. Due to the gate insulation, the charge does not leak & is stored permanently. This process cannot be reversed using electricity but exposing it to the UV light can dissipate the charge & erase the data inside.
The EPROM chips have a quartz window for UV light penetration & they are easily recognizable. Since the whole die is exposed, there is no way to erase any specific byte of data but the whole memory is wiped clean. It needs to be removed from the circuit & place under a UV lamp. It takes several minutes of exposure to completely erase the memory.
EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory)
EEROM stands for Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory & it is a type of PROM whose individual bytes can be erased & reprogramed. It is developed to replace the UV erase function of the EPROM & it can be erased & reprogramed inside the circuit using a special programming circuit.
Due to single-byte operation, they are relatively slower while the flash memory which is a type of EEPROM is specially designed to have high speed. The flash memory has limited reprogramming cycles of around 10k while the latest models of EEPROM can have 1million cycles. The EEPROM is expensive than the flash memory but the flash memory does have a disadvantage of a large erase block.
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Secondary Memory
Secondary memory is a broad term used for the computer memory that is used for storing data on a long-term basis. It is commonly known as the storage of a system. It is a non-volatile memory that can store data permanently without the need of power supply. The CPU does not have direct access to secondary memory. The data is first stored in primary memory RAM which is then accessed by CPU.
The secondary memory is also known as external memory. It has a huge amount of storage space with relatively low speed & cheaper than primary memory. It is used for backup storage.
The secondary memory is classified into fixed & removable memory;
Fixed Memory
This type of secondary memory is fixed internally in the system. Fixed memory means not be removed during the operation, it does not mean it is literally fixed. It can be removed using a proper tool kit for upgrading or replacing purposes. Here are some examples of fixed memories; HDD (Hard disk), SSD (Solid State Disk), etc.
Removable Memory
This type of Secondary memory is often referred to as external or portable memory. This type of memory or storage device can be removed even when the system is running. It does not need any special tool to remove them.
They offer a portable form of memory that can be transferred from one system to another. They are mostly used as backup storage devices. Examples of removable memories are optical disk such as Compact disk, DVDs & Blu-ray disk, etc, that require optical drives to read them & pen drives such as USB drives that can be connected to any USB port.
The secondary memory can be classified into the following types of memories
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Magnetic Memory
Magnetic memory or magnetic storage media is a form of non-volatile secondary memory that uses any type of magnetized medium to store data. The two magnetic polarities are used to represent the "1" & "0" of the digital data.
The head moves over a circular rotating magnetic disk & reads the data in the form of magnetic polarities. Since the data is stored in a magnetic medium, the data can easily get damaged near any external magnetic field. It also cannot withstand any shock from falling. It is relatively slower & cheaper than solid-state computer memory.
This is the most common type of secondary storage memory used in almost every computer & laptop. Examples of magnetic memory are Hard disk, floppy disk & magnetic tapes.
Magnetic memory can be fixed internally such as hard disks & portable or removable such as floppy disk & external hard drives which can be connected through a USB port.
Optical Memory
Optical memory or optical storage as the name suggests is a type of memory that store & read the information using light. The data is stored in a removable disk called optical disk & the device used for storing & reading the data is called optical drive.
The optical drive is equipped with a sharp laser beam that is used for storing & reading the data in the form of marks on an optical disk that is spinning inside it. Back in the days, the optical memories used were read-only memories i.e. we could only access it & cannot modify the content of the disk. Nowadays, we can write them using special drives.
They are cheap & portable & lightweight. Examples of optical memories are CD, DVD, Blu-ray disc, etc.
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Solid-State Memory SSD
The solid-state memory or solid-state drive (SSD) is an electronic storage device that permanently stores data in an electronic circuit. There is no moving part such as a spinning disk or magnetic disks or read-write heads. So they are resistant to any shock from falling.
The solid-state computer memory uses flash memory which is very fast but expensive than magnetic or optical memory. They are used as a backup storage device or to transfer data from one system to another. They are compact & small in size having very low power consumption.
The SSDs are available as fixed internal storage used in computers & smartphones & as external portable memory such as pen or USB drives & memory cards.
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Support Utah Land Defenders!
After a massive direct action protest on July 21st at the site of U.S. Oil Sands' tar sands strip-mining site, a total of 21 were arrested and are currently awaiting charges at Uintah County Jail in Vernal, Utah. In addition to protestors, those acting as legal observers, independent media, and jail support were arrested, as well as several indigenous and trans individuals whose safety we are deeply concerned about.
These jailed blockaders need your support. Consider a generous contribution to their legal fund.
Early in the morning on July 21st, land defenders in Utah locked themselves to equipment being used to clear-cut and grade an area designated for the tar sands' companies processing plant, as well as a fenced "cage" used to store the equipment. Others formed a physical blockade with their bodies to keep work from happening, and to protect those locked-down to the equipment. Banners were also hung off the cage that read: "You are trespassing on Ute land" and "Respect Existence or Expect Resistance."
13 people were arrested for locking to equipment. An additional six people were arrested after sitting in the road to prevent the removal of those being taken away in two police vans. Two of the protesters arrested were injured. One was taken a nearby hospital to be treated, while the other is being treated at the Uintah County Jail. The nature of their injuries is not being disclosed by the county sheriffs. A media representative from Unedited Media was also arrested.
Two additional people were arrested when they arrived at Uintah Country Jail to provide support to the land defenders inside. An estimated 10 armed deputies with police dogs were standing outside the jail wearing bullet proof vests. Those at the jail to provide support were told that the deputies were there to "deter" any supporters from actually coming to the jail.
Currently all 21 individuals are still being processed and held. This action is part of an escalating campaign by a coalition of local groups including our allies at Utah Tar Sands Resistance and Canyon Country Rising Tide. Since May they have been holding vigil by camping on land near the mine site. They've fought this tar sands mine with letters, lawsuits, public education, conference disruptions and construction blockades.
This fight is far from over, and Utahans have already done an incredible job building an inclusive, family friendly grassroots-led campaign. The mining corporation, US Oil Sands Inc, is already facing low investor confidence, and more support is needed from outside Utah to truly shut down this reckless project.
Stand with the 21 land defenders in Utah. Donate now and please, share this message widely.
Our hearts go out to the jailed blockaders, their families, and everyone threatened by this tar sands mine.
Support these brave land defenders who put their hearts and bodies on the line by donating to their legal fund.
Rising Tide North America is handling donations through The Action Network. Donate to the land defenders' legal support fund using this secure link.
Activists Say Arrests Made At Protest At Utah Tar Sands Mine Project, Reuters: Sheriff's deputies in Utah arrested nearly two dozen environmental protesters who chained themselves to fences and construction equipment on Monday at a tar sands mining project in the remote Book Cliffs mountains, an activist group said. The Tar Sands Resistance group said about 80 activists set up a "blockade" at the PR Springs mine to highlight what it said would be huge environmental damage if it goes ahead.


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About Us
Our Story
25 years of watch repair, jewelry repair and custom jewelry have taught me quite a bit.
Our website, which is meant to share our experience, knowledge and tips to you, the hobbyist, professional, or new to the industry things that can make your life easier.
We hope that you enjoy the information you find here, and respect the knowledge that you learn, share and teach others. This is an art, that sadly so few want to pursue…