text:
*Adelana M.A.
Segun1, Xu Yongxin2 & Adams Shafick3
1 Earth Sciences
Dept., University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa. (e-mail:
2 Earth Sciences
Dept., University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa. (e-mail:
3 Earth
Sciences Dept., University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South
Africa. (e-mail: email@example.com)
* Corresponding
Abstract: The Cape Flats represents
a region of broad coastal sand between the Cape Peninsula and
the mainland. The sand covers an area of approximately 630 km2,
extending in a northerly direction along the west coast. It is a
highly productive area with intense water use and with multi-stakeholder
interest in water. Due to the location of springs close to the urban centre the
water resource system here has high community and aesthetic values. Therefore,
to properly manage groundwater resources, in relation with the available
surface sources, accurate information about the inputs (recharge) and outputs
(natural discharge and pumpage) within the groundwater basin is needed so
that the long-term behaviour of the aquifer and its sustainable yield
can be estimated or reassessed. To assist in this effort, a study of this
nature was undertaken to compile and reassess the various recharge estimates
for the Cape Flats aquifer in the Western Cape of South Africa.
This study provides some highlights and attempts to elucidate the path towards
sustainable use of groundwater in the region as a whole. Although the focus in
this research is on the Cape Flats aquifer, the results and
analysis presented are believed to be characteristic of the entire Coastal
Plain sands in the Western Cape. As a first step towards this effort, this
research work highlights some key groundwater recharge methods in the Cape area
at different scales, such as regional soil-water budget and groundwater modelling studies,
region-scale groundwater recharge studies on the TMG aquifer, as well as
field-experimental local studies, including some original new findings, with an
emphasis on assumptions and limitations as well as on environmental factors
affecting recharge processes.
Keywords: Soil-water
budgets, Groundwater recharge, Water management, Cape Flats aquifer, South
Estimating recharge is essential in any analysis of groundwater systems
and the impacts of withdrawing water from the aquifer. Identification of all
the recharge mechanisms and the estimation of the magnitude of the different
components of recharge are now recognised as one of the most
important aspects of groundwater resource studies. In water resource
investigations, groundwater models are often used to simulate the flow of water
in aquifers, and, when calibrated, may be used to simulate the long-term behaviour of
an aquifer under various management scenarios. Better estimates of recharge and
its spatiotemporal distribution can increase the accuracy of ground-water-flow
models and contaminant transport (French et al. 1996) and predictions of water-level
trends. Thus, without a good estimate of recharge, the impacts of
withdrawing groundwater from an aquifer cannot be properly assessed, and the
long-term behaviour of an aquifer under various management schemes
cannot be reliably estimated (Sophocleous 2004).
In the Western Cape, agricultural sector is one of the largest users
of water resources. But rapid economic development and population growth is
generating increased pressure on water supplies; that may soon lead to greater
dependence on groundwater. The growth in urban water demand in the Greater Cape
Town Metropolitan Area was projected to increase from 243 million m3 in 1990
to 456 million m3 in 2010; whereas for irrigation water
demand the increase is from 56 million m3 in 1991 to 193
million m3 in 2010 (NINHAM SHAND 1994). The total urban
and irrigation demand was estimated at 470 million m3 in 1998
and is expected to reach 664 million m3 by 2010. Over 60% of
the annual urban demand and 90% of the irrigation demand occurs in summer.
Moreover, the shortage of surface water, which is fully used in the study area,
makes groundwater a potential source for development. Therefore, the shortage
of water resources could become a serious restraining factor for economic
development of the Western Cape if proper management schemes are not
in place. The most prominent and, may be, the less developed primary aquifer in
the Western Cape underlies most part of the metropolitan area of the City of
Cape Town and its suburbs. Due to the increasing tendency to develop and
exploit this aquifer for municipal water supply the knowledge of the recharge
rates and characteristics becomes a significant issue. Therefore, to properly
manage groundwater resources, in relation with the available surface sources,
accurate information about the inputs (recharge) and outputs (natural discharge
and pumpage) within the groundwater basin is needed so that the long-term behaviour of
the aquifer and its sustainable yield can be estimated or reassessed. To assist
in this effort, a study of this nature is being undertaken to compile and
reassess the various recharge estimates for the Cape Flats aquifer
in the Western Cape of South Africa. This paper provides some highlights and
attempts to elucidate the path towards sustainable use of groundwater in the
region as a whole.
Study Area Location and
The Cape Flats falls within the region of the Western
Cape and belongs to a semi-arid climatic zone. It falls under the City of
Cape Town Water Management Area (CMA). Presently, most of the area underlain by
the Cape Flats aquifer is built up, from the City main bowl to
the northern and southern suburbs. The City of Cape Town is on the
western edge of the Cape Flats with part of the city and its
suburbs underlain by Cenozoic sands. The Cape Flats covers a
surface area of 630 km2 and is positioned between 33˚30΄
and 34˚10΄ south-latitude and between 18˚20΄ and 19˚00΄ east-longitude. According
to physiognomy and natural conditions, the Cape Flats is a
coastal plain sand and essentially lowland with the highest dune only at 65
m above sea level. The geographical location and general features of the
sand-covered coastal plain known as theCape Flats are shown in Figure
1. The Coastal Plain is composed of coarser grained materials, such as sand and
gravel, with areas dominated by silts and lenses of clay. Furthermore, being
flat and low-lying areas, the Cape Flats (like most Low Plains) is difficult to
drain, and could therefore lead to soil salinization, which decrease crop
yields and limits farming to salt-tolerant crops. The climate of Cape Town reveals
annual precipitation of the Cape Flats area varies between 400
and 500 mm, with an arid period from November to April, and that the mean
annual temperature is approximately 17˚ C. The Cape Flats area
is bordered to the north by a region characterized by an extremely low amount
of annual precipitation, decreasing from the interior to less than 250 mm along
the northern coast (Schalke 1973). Rainfall is often
insufficient to meet the water demand of crops in the whole growing period or
part of it and irrigation is therefore crucial for obtaining high yields.
The Cape Flats is within the sphere of the major catchments
within greater Cape Town area (Fig. 1), where runoff is mostly
generated in the mountain ranges in the southeast and the Table Mountain and CapePeninsula Mountains in
the southwest. Sandy lowlands with minimal runoff and a high
water-table extend over the central area. The drainage towards the south takes
place by the Eerste River and by the Zeekoevlei into
False Bay, whereas to the north the Salt River and Diep River flow
into Table Bay (Fig.1). A feature of the Western Cape is
the high river flow that is experienced during the winter (about 85% of the
total). Land use within the greater Cape Town consists of urban and peri-urban
areas, industry, farming (vineyards, fruit, vegetables, wheat and livestock),
forestry and nature conservation. Future land use analyses indicate that
residential land will increase by 25 % and business/commercial land by 125 %
(CCTM 2005). Residential areas vary in density, and are both formal and
informal. Informal settlements take the form of shacks and squatter camps,
although the city management strives to reduce this yearly with formal housing
units. The total population of the Cape Town area was estimated at
3.2 million in 2001, with the highest density occurring on theCape Flats.
The average population growth rate in 2001 was about 3 % per annum. However,
the impact of HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis is expected to reduce this growth rate
to 1.2 % in 2010 (CCTM 2005). Cape Townhas a strong and diverse economy
dominated by industry (textile and clothing, metal and steel, petroleum, glass)
and other activities like tourism and agriculture.
Figure 1: The Cape Metropolitan Area with major catchments and settlements over Cape Flats sands
Geology of the Cape Flats
Regional geology of the Western Cape reveal that flat low-lying areas
occur in three regions, namely the Cape Flats, the Sandveld region of
the West Coast, and the undulating landscape of the north-north-eastern parts
of the CMA. The first two are overlain by significant depths of Quaternary
calcareous sand while the third region undulating, north-north-eastern area of
the CMA is underlain primarily by shale. A variety of soil types occur. They
are generally nutrient rich, fertile and amenable to agriculture.
The large undulating sandy area connecting the hardrock of the Cape Peninsula with
the mainland is known in the literature as the Cape Flats (Schalke 1973). It
is a component of the 'Late-Tertiary and Recent sands' unit, which are in
places up to 50 m thick (i.e. below the present sea level). Although
this cover is rather thin in relation to its wide lateral extent, practically no
outcrops occur. On the Cape Flats (and along the coastal plain
between Cape Town and Saldanha) are essentially sediments of
Quaternary age that blankets the Neogene deposits (Theron et al.
The basement of the Cape Flats is composed of Precambrian
and Palaeozoic rocks belonging to the Cape granite, the Malmesbury Formation,
and the Table Mountain Sandstone (Schalke 1973, Malan 1987, Theronet
al. 1992). The Cape Flats is assumed to have been developed
after the closure of the 'Cape Strait', which at one time united False Bay
with Table Bay, by lowering of the sea-level and a probable rise of the
basement (Walker 1952, Schalke 1973). The sands are derived from two
sources: (1) weathering followed by deposition, under marine conditions, of the
quartzite and sandstones of the Malmesbury Formation and Table
Mountain Group; (2) the beaches in the areas, from where Aeolian sand was
deposited as dunes on the top of the marine sands. The marine sands
were deposited in accordance with the prevailing sea level and the sand body is
horizontally stratified with several lithostratigraphic units
identified (Theron et al. 1992). The process of sedimentation was
initiated in a shallow marine environment, subsequently progressing into
intermediate beach and wind-blown deposits, and finally to Aeolian and marshy
conditions, which led to the formation of peaty lenses in the sands. According
to Henzen (1973), portions of the area of the Cape Flats (particularly
along the False Bay coast between Muizenberg and Macassar)
are covered by calcareous sands and surface limestone deposits. Silcrete,
marine clays and bottom sediments of small inland vlei deposits also
occur sporadically (Hartnadyand Rogers 1990). The detailed geology of the Cape Flats has
been described in Henzen (1973) and the full description of the
various lithostratigraphic units presented in Theron et al.
The general hydrogeology of the Cape Flats aquifer was
described by Henzen (1973) and Gerber (1976) as regionally
unconfined, although interbedded clay and peat layers produce
semi-confined conditions in places. The Cape Flats aquifer
pinches out against impermeable boundaries in the east, west and north while
the southern boundary is defined by the coastline extending along the False
Bay, between Muizenberg andMacassar. Aquifer permeability and
specific yield have been calculated on the basis of 20 major abstraction and
recovery tests (Gerber 1981). The aquifer sands are well sorted with
hydraulic conductivities of 30-40 m/d in the central area and 15-50 m/d in the
eastern portion (Gerber 1981). Specific yield range from 0.02 to 0.25 while transmissivity values
are from 50-650 m2/d but typical values between 200 and 350 m2/d.
The effective porosity was of the order of 0.10 to 0.12 but values of 0.25 are
found over large areas (Gerber 1981). Recharge volume in the study area is
approximately 3.6 x 107 m3 per annum. The
groundwater flowpaths are generally west to southeast towards the
coastline, except for saline waters that tends to permeate landwards at the
periphery of the coast and estuarine shoreline. Actual evapotranspiration in
the study area after Turc'smethod (Domenico and Schwartz 1998),
is 491.7 mm/a while the other method based on White (1932) results in an
average of 119.6 mm/a. Potential evapotranspiration for
the study area has been estimated using the well known empirical formula of Thornthwaite & Mather (1957)
to be 836.3 mm/a and the monthly mean is 69.7 mm.
The Cape Flats aquifer is recharged principally from
precipitation within the basin. Precipitation data from 1841-2005 measured at
the Cape Town Astronomical Observatory were analyzed. The mean of yearly
rainfall over this period is 619 mm and variability of annual
distribution pattern illustrated with the mean of ten years (Figure 2). Annual
means of rainfall for other stations around Cape Town are as follows: SommersetWest
(576.1 mm), University of the Western Cape (414 mm), Kirstenbosch (1381.9
mm). The average values are tabulated in Table 1. Hydrographs
of precipitation, potential and actual evapotranspiration are shown
in Fig. 3. The monthly values of precipitation decrease in the same
direction except for Kirstenbosch, located at the foot of the mountains.
The annual difference can be attributed to local climatic differences. The
rainfall is largely controlled by topography although to the north of the Western
Cape, this climate regime grades into semi-desert whereas to the east the
climate becomes less seasonal and tends towards sub-tropical on the coast.
Table 1: Rainfall
stations within Cape Town Municipal used in this study
Station |
Latitude |
Longitude |
Altitude (m) |
Period of Observation |
No. of years |
Annual Rainfall (mm) |
Max. |
Min. |
Mean |
Cape Town(SAAO)* |
33.97 |
18.6 |
42 |
1841-2005 |
164 |
1037.7 |
229.4 |
619.1 |
SommersetWest |
34.15 |
18.85 |
10 |
1934-2005 |
71 |
1191.1 |
104.4 |
576.1 |
Kirstenbosch |
34.00 |
18.43 |
160 |
1914-2005 |
91 |
2295.9 |
893.6 |
1381.9 |
§UWC, Bellville |
33.93 |
18.62 |
42 |
2002-2005 |
4 |
662 |
393. |
414 |
*SAAO = South African Astronomical Observatory; §UWC
= University of the Western Cape (Test site)
Infiltration from rainfall is the main source of recharge to the aquifer.
The groundwater levels are deepest during the early March (average 4.8 m bgl)
and begin to rise during June/July. During July and August, the water levels
rise at a constant rate. This rise accelerates in August/September, and about
60% of the annual water level rise occurs within this month. There is little or
no rain from October to March accounting for <5% of the total annual
rainfall and makes no contribution to the groundwater recharge.
Figure 2:
Variability of annual rainfall in Cape Town from a long-term record
Figure 3: Average
monthly values of precipitation, potential and actual evapotranspiration in Cape
Town Airport (1933-2005)
Theory and Methods
There are a number of techniques used in groundwater recharge estimation.
Generally, these are divided into five categories, with a range of techniques
and variations within each category:
(1) Groundwater hydrograph methods. These methods infer recharge from
groundwater response to rainfall. In general, water tables need to be shallow
and hydrogeological parameters, mostly specific yield, are required
as input. Comparison between different land uses is possible with a well set-up piezometer network
and monitoring the difference over a number of years. A transect of piezometers can
be used to infer longer term recharge to the system.
(2) Soil tracer methods. These provide point estimates of mean annual
drainage. In general, water tables need to be deep. Comparison between
different land uses is possible provided there are long term land management
practices in adjacent areas. Possible soil tracers include artificially applied
tracers (e.g. bromide, tritium), tracers from historical events (e.g. tritium,
chlorine-36 from nuclear test fallout) and natural tracers such as chloride and
stable isotopes of water molecule. The type of tracer to be used depends mainly
on the recharge rates with artificial tracers being useful at rates of > 100
mm/year, bomb tracers at rates greater than10 mm/year and chloride over the
(3) Soil physical techniques. This includes a range of techniques
such as lysimeters, neutron moisture meters, zero flux method, and
hydraulic gradient methods. At high recharge rates, lysimeters are
perhaps the most technique and while having been used in semi-arid and arid
environments successfully. Neutron moisture methods are used as part of water
balance techniques, including meteorological station and modeling. Zero flux
and hydraulic gradient methods are based on accurate determination of hydraulic
conductivity as a function of water content or pressure head, which is often
difficult to estimate (Sophocleous 1991).
(4) Groundwater tracer methods. These can be used to infer the mean
annual recharge to the groundwater system, as a whole, or parts of the aquifer.
The type of tracer depends on the mean residence time of the aquifer, i.e. the
recharge rate. The commonly used tracers are carbon-14, CFCs and tritium. These
should be part of a whole groundwater study that includes hydrogeological investigations
and full hydrochemicalanalyses (Walker et al. 2002).
(5) Modelling techniques. Modelling generally augments
other techniques and can not be used by itself to estimate recharge. Simply,
there are too many parameters involved in this process. In some cases there may
not be enough previous measurements to constrain the modelling. Modelling techniques
are widely varied including water balance modelling, crop modelling and
groundwater modelling (Morgan & Henrion 1990, Bekesi& McConchei 1999).
According to Walker et al. (2002), having varied techniques available, the
best technique to use depends on a number of factors. These include: spatial
scale of interest, time scale of interest, magnitude of the recharge, accuracy
required, cost and access to facilities, time lags associated with processes,
whether variability is required and whether predictions of impacts are
required. In South Africa the methods previously applied have been
summarized in a schematic presentation (Bredenkamp et al. 1995, Xu & Beekman 2003)
to provide a logical structure and have been grouped into categories relating
to the following:
(i) The unsaturated zone which includes lysimeters studies, soil
moisture flow and balances, use of tritium profiles, chloride profiles in the
soil overlying an aquifer.
(ii) The saturated zone which includes an analysis of groundwater
hydrographs, water balances of delineated aquifers, the analysis of spring
flow, the saturated volume fluctuation method, and the cumulative rainfall
departure method (CRD).
(iii) Modelling of groundwater flow and the water balance,
incorporating the determination of recharge, storativity and transmissivity by
inverse solution techniques, the direct parameter estimation method involving a
multiple linear regression (inverse) fit of water balance parameters,
hydrological models based on conceptual hydrological interrelationships.
(iv) Steady state flow
approximations which involves applying Darcy's law, incorporating the flow
through a cross-section of the aquifer.
(v) Rainfall-recharge relationship expressed by a regression type
simulation of the groundwater recharge in accordance with some conceptual logic
built into the formulae.
(vi) Natural radioisotopes
used to reveal mixing and transient flow within an aquifer system.
(vii) Natural stable isotopes
such as 18O and 2H are commonly used to reveal
groundwater characteristics and to distinguish between waters of different
The most important recharge studies carried out in South Africa have
indicated the essentials of different methods of analyzing a groundwater
system. Recharge estimates (by whatever methods) are normally subject to large
uncertainties and errors (Simmers 1988). In addition, the determination of
recharge variability in space and time is often high and can create a number of
unresolved problems or requiring additional investigations (Sophocleous 1991).
The various techniques applied in the quantification of recharge estimates for
the study area are discussed in the following subsections.
Water table recharge, often referred to by many
authors as water-table fluctuation (WTF) method (Gerhart 1986, Healy &
Cook 2002), is based on the premise that rises in groundwater levels in an
unconfined aquifer is due to recharging water arriving at the water table. The
spatial and temporal variations in the water table have been established from
regular head measurements over a two-year period and analysis of a 6-day rain
event in the study area. Typical response time between rainfall periods and
water table rise is 3-4 days, with rising limbs on hydrographs showing
increases of 3-15 cm (Fig. 4). Overall, the trend in hydrograph patterns
in the Cape Flats aquifer is very similar, and this has been
attributed to the high degree of connectivity between the sand bodies. Water
levels within the Cape Flats aquifer show an immediate and marked response to
rainfall (typically >30 cm rise within a week), as well as gradual
decreases (0.1-1.0 m) associated with longer periods (2-4 months) of little
or no rain. Between 30 March and 7 April, 1979 there was a
pronounced 13 mm rise in the water table and up to 40 mm after
recharge events (between 21 March and 21 June). However, between June and
September only a rise of 6 mm was recorded. The falling limbs may
sometimes take 2-4 months to return to initial levels; perched water bodies
were a common occurrence after rain events in places.
Recharge in this way is calculated using the following relationship:
R = Sydh/dt = Sy∆h/∆t
where Sy is specific yield, h is water-table
height, and t is time.
This method has been applied in several previous
studies (Meinzer & Sterns 1929, Rasmussen & Andreasen 1959, Gerhart 1986,
Healy & Cook 2002, Xu & Beekman 2003) and the
conclusion is that it's best applied over short period (say, of few hours or
days) in regions having shallow water tables that display sharp rises and
declines in water levels. Ideally, water-level fluctuations occur in response
to spatially averaged recharge (Scanlon et al. 2002). Hence, this method can
also be applied over longer period or time intervals (either seasonal or
annual) to produce an estimate of change in groundwater storage, sometimes
referred to as "net" recharge (Healy and Cook 2002). In order to achieve this,
∆h is set equal to the difference between the peak of the water level rise and
the low point of the extrapolated antecedent recession curve at the time of the
peak. According to Healy and Cook (2002) the antecedent recession
curve is the trace that the well hydrograph would have followed in the absence
of the rise-producing precipitation.
Figure 4(a):
Hydrograph for monitoring wells DC182, DC183, DC184 with average monthly
Figure 4(b):
Hydrograph for monitoring well BA081 with average monthly precipitation
Figure 4©: Hydrograph
for monitoring well BA083 with average monthly precipitation
Figure 5: Hydrograph of average water level in a borehole and bar graph
of weekly rainfall in the study area
A consistent static water level measurement on
6-hourly basis of a well in the study area, with longer record, was averaged
weekly and used to plot the water level hydrograph in (fig. 5). The figure
shows the average water level in a borehole (BA80) and total rainfall on a
weekly basis for April 21, 1979 through March 21, 1981. Water levels are
highest in late winter and early spring. Precipitation was not evenly
distributed even though rainfall occurrence was almost nearly weekly. Recharge
was calculated on a monthly basis using the above equation. As described
previously, Sy was estimated to be 0.26 for the study area
(Gerber 1976) while ∆h was taken as the cumulative rise in water level for each
month (i.e. the sum of all rises that occurred). In order to account for
drainage from the water table that takes place during the rises in water
levels, water level prior to each rise was extrapolated to the expected
position had there been no rainfall event. The rise was then estimated as the
difference between the peak level and the extrapolated antecedent level at the
time of the peak. The results of the monthly estimates of groundwater recharge
for the period March 1979 through February 1981 are shown in Table 2. The water
level and rainfall for this site (BA80) was looked into more closely using the
daily record. Figure 7a shows rainfall and depth to water table for
22 days during August and September 1979.
Table 2: Monthly change in water level and estimated groundwater
recharge for the study area (March 1979-February 1981)
Month |
Change in water level, ∆H (cm) |
Groundwater recharge, R (cm) |
1979 |
26.0 |
6.8 |
May |
15.0 |
3.9 |
June |
31.0 |
8.1 |
July |
21.0 |
5.5 |
August |
19.0 |
4.9 |
September |
29.0 |
7.5 |
October |
27.4 |
7.1 |
November |
28.8 |
7.5 |
December |
39.9 |
10.4 |
1980 |
January |
31.0 |
8.1 |
February |
30.5 |
7.9 |
March |
31.0 |
8.1 |
April |
17.5 |
4.6 |
May |
4.0 |
1.0 |
June |
9.0 |
2.3 |
July |
4.0 |
1.0 |
August |
26.8 |
7.0 |
September |
30.5 |
7.9 |
October |
0.0 |
0.0 |
November |
11.5 |
3.0 |
December |
6.0 |
1.6 |
1981 |
January |
9.0 |
2.3 |
February |
4.8 |
1.2 |
March |
9.0 |
2.3 |
Figure 6a: Rainfall and depth to water table for 22 days during
August and September 1979.
Figure 6b:
Rainfall and water-level at the same site for parts of July and August 1980.
Figure 6 (a & b) shows rainfall and depth to water table for two successive rainy seasons
in site BA80. The water level is in decline for the most of the period,
with the exception of a sharp rise that occurred on 23 August in response to
less than 2 cm of rainfall. The difference between the peak and the
trace of the recession curve is about 0.32 metres. Using the same approach
described above recharge for the 6-day period is then estimated to be 0.25
m, which is close to 50% of the total amount of rainfall. The shallower water
table and permeable sediments all contributed to the rapid water-level rise at
this site. All of the water arriving at the water table this time probably went
into storage, at least for a short period of time. Because the rise in the
first few days (in Fig 6a) was long and gradual, some water arriving at
the water table was likely lost toevapotranspiration or baseflow prior
to the time of water level. These losses would not be reflected in the
estimated recharge rate. The longer rainless
days before each rain event, the higher contribution to rising water
level. But, each rain event does not contribute to the same ratio of
the rising water level for a precipitation.
The effective infiltration rate of rain would
depend upon several factors such as no rainy days before a rain event, density
of rains fall, and precipitation amount as well as the size of reservoir. The
expected recharge rate from groundwater level fluctuation could be about 9%
based on the slope of the relationship on the figure 7 according to the Bredenkamp (1990)
as follow:
RE=r(Py-My) (1)
Where, RE is annual recharge, r is annual recharge
rate and Py and My are annual
precipitation and threshold rainfall, respectively.
Figure 7: The relationship between changed groundwater level and
precipitation of each rain event.
Recharge From Stream
Groundwater and surface water in South Africa have been
perceived and managed as isolated resources. There is, however, a growing
recognition that rivers can receive groundwater from underlying aquifers, and
this can have significant implications for river quantity and quality. The
analysis of groundwater inputs into streams is critical when dealing with
issues such as reliability of water supply, water allocation, design of
water storages, ecosystem water requirements, contamination impacts or
predicting peak stream salinities. Hence, the method of stream flow
hydrograph analysis used by Meyboon (1961) and Fetters (1994) was
adapted in the study area to differentiate among the various components of
stream runoff and also to obtain quantitative information concerning the basic
hydrologic equation:
Groundwater recharge = groundwater discharge + change in
The base flow recession equation is given by
Q = Qo.e-at (2)
Where Q is the flow at some time t after recession
started, Qo is the flow at the start of recession, a is a
recession constant for the basin and t is the time since
recession started.
This equation shows that Qo varies
logarithmically with time, t. A plot of a stream hydrograph
with discharge on a logarithmic scale and time on an arithmetic scale will
therefore yield a straight line for the base flow recession. The baseflow recession
starts with the first slope or the first low value of the recession graph and
ends with the first flood. The complete potential groundwater runoff (Qtp)
represents the runoff of a complete groundwater recession. It is calculated as
Qtp = (Qo * t1)/ 2.3 (3)
Qo = runoff at
time t = 0
t1 = time of a
logarithmic cycle of the recession,
The remaining potential groundwater runoff is calculated as follows:
Qt = Qtp / 10(t/t1) (4)
The difference between the remaining potential groundwater runoff (Qt)
at the end of one recession and the complete potential groundwater runoff (Qtp)
at the beginning of the next recession yields the groundwater recharge between
the two recessions (Figure 8). Table 3 shows the calculated Qtp and
Qt and the storage change in the study area.
Figure 8: Monthly
runoff of Eerste River at Faure near Strand (2002-2005).
Table 3: Baseflow analysis of rivers in the
study area with discharge measurements
River |
Qtp (m 3 ) |
Qt (m 3 ) |
Recharge (m 3 ) |
Period |
Rainfall (mm) |
Eerste at Faure |
1.97 x 108 |
1.29 x 107 |
1.84 x 108 |
2002-2003 |
524.3-424.3 |
Eerste atFleurbaai |
5.41 x 107 |
3.17 x 106 |
5.09 x 107 |
2002-2003 |
- |
Lourens atStrand |
2.13 x 107 |
5.53 x 106 |
1.58 x 107 |
2002-2003 |
589.2-456.6 |
Conceptual hydrogeologic model
The first stage in the estimation of recharge in the study area involved collection and collation of existing data on potential controls of recharge, such as climate, hydrology, geormophology and geology, to develop a conceptual model of recharge into the aquifer system. The conceptual model describing the location, timing, and likely mechanisms of recharge into the Cape Flatsaquifer is illustrated in Figure 9.
Figure 9: A
conceptual hydrogeologic model of the Cape Flats area.
The source and recharge processes of different types of groundwaters with
their isotope and chloride data can be interpreted using Fig. 9, which
represents a conceptual hydrogeologic model of the Cape Flatsarea.
The model takes into account the following observations: (i) lithology as
revealed through a number of boreholes in the study area, (ii) geomorphic
variations, (iii) groundwater fluctuations, (iv) qualitative yields
of the aquifer, (v) variation of δ 18O and chloride
concentration in groundwater. The hydrogeologic model presented
above has some similarities with a conceptual model of groundwater flow
developed by Gerber (1981) for the Cape Flats aquifer. In this
model, on the basis of two aquifer test sites where groups of observation wells
were aligned in more than one direction respectively, Gerber presented that
there was evidence of anisotropy in the sand deposits of the Cape Flats.
In the hydrogeologic model developed in this study, it is believed that
this sandy aquifer, which is connected to the vadose zone, carry
recharge water laterally a few hundreds of meters to a few kilometers, which
could result in ageing of the recharged water. However, in contrast to the
above situation, younger ages with similar chemical and isotopic
characterization are obtained. This situation may occur due to the fact that
the aquifer system is generally unconfined in nature and infiltration and
movement of water through the matrix result in apparent young age of groundwater.
This situation can be described from the conceptual hydrogeologic model
(Fig. 9) in which wells like AB-7 and BA-6 are located where the source of
recharge is some distance away. In an actual field situation, the sampled
groundwater wells mainly tapping from the Cape Flats aquifer
represent the above hydrogeological situation. From hydrochemical and
isotopic data and considering extensive fracture zones in the neighboring TMG
with good yield (5–7 l/s) prevalent in the area, it is envisaged that groundwater
moves laterally through the sands for sufficiently long periods and over
distant areas as we have not observed any depth variation. Wu (2005), in
his attempt to model the groundwater flow and travel time through the fractured
zone of the Table Mountain Group (TMG), estimated groundwater recharge. According
to him, recharge is nearly vertical and the travel time to the saturated zone
is dependent on the thickness of the unsaturated zone and effective travel path
porosity. The flow path may be in a rock matrix or in fractures. Further, a
significant flux of recharge occurs through fractures under saturated or nearly
saturated conditions. Then, infiltrated water is expected to travel laterally
through the Cape Flats aquifer until intercepted by deep wells
in the weathered shale and granite of theMalmesbury. A higher infiltration rate
is assumed to take place through fractures while a lower value of infiltration
moves through the sands (inter-mixed with silt, clay and peat in places). If
this conceptualisation is correct, the pattern of the hydrochemical depth
profiles will not necessarily imply the slow passage vertically downward of a
'front' of urban recharge. Instead, a given profile could be the product of a
complex series of mixing 'cells', slowly evolving as water moves generally downdip (and
occasionally cross-dip along discontinuities) in the recharge area through the
sand aquifer and subsequently into the deeper fractured aquifers. This is
subject to further investigations and detailed groundwater evolutional studies.
However, despite the fact that the studied area have fractured hard rock
aquifer system (with a complex geologic environment comprising unsaturated rock
matrix and multiple fracture network) as its immediate neighboring aquifer, the
study has identified dominant recharge processes and flow mechanisms operative
in the area. The possible sources of errors that would offset the conceptual
data from its real value could be recharge contributions from unidentifiable
subsurface regimes as well as contribution from multiple fractured basement
aquifers during pumping of wells near the west and east boundaries
of the Cape Flats.
From an agricultural perspective, where irrigation water is available,
such areas can be used for intensive market gardening and potato cultivation.
However, it is these areas which are currently experiencing an explosion of
urban development. This includes the informal, and low-cost formal housing of
the Cape Flats, and the middle income development of the West Coast
(Table View) as well as developments such as CenturyCity. Such areas do
not place any particular constraints on construction. In fact, the nature of
the sandy substrate facilitates the digging of foundations and the emplacement
of infrastructure (pipes, cables). However, the low-lying nature of these areas
and their proximity to the ocean implies a high local water table and, in
specific areas, frequent waterlogging and localised flooding
in the winter months. Landfill sites, typically sited in such areas in the
past, are prone to seepage and groundwater contamination. Fruits and, in
places, vines are grown. Provided they are correctly managed (contour ploughing,
for example) they are not particularly vulnerable to erosion and will provide
sustainable crop yields. However, construction should be undertaken with
caution and only after thorough examination of the substrate.
Steps Towards Sustainable
Resource Management in the Western Cape
The people of Cape Town, through their citizen committees, their
local and regional agencies, and Department of Water Affairs and Forestry
(DWAF) under the Integrated Environmental Management (IEM) guidelines issued by
the City Council of Cape Town, are unanimous in their desire to extend and to
ascertain a basis for the development of future water supplies in the Western
Cape. These developments would be subject to a public participation process.
This warranted the commissioning of a comprehensive study in 1989 entitled the
Western Cape System Analysis (WCSA) by the DWAF in conjunction with the City
Council. The Cape Town Municipal Water Plan objectives call for utilization of
the Cape Flats aquifer by 2005 and implementation of enhanced
water management in targeted areas. The plan also calls for achievement of
sustainable management of both surface and groundwater sources within the
region by 2008 (in western and eastern catchments, where precipitation and
aquifer recharge are generally greater than in the central and northern areas)
and for meeting minimum desirable stream flow standards (established at 20
locations regionally) at a frequency no less than the historical achievement.
In the long term, it is impossible to extract more water from an aquifer than
is recharged to it by seepage from precipitation or surface water bodies and
flow from other aquifers. The key steps to move toward sustainable use of
groundwater are basic, but a sustainable groundwater management strategy can
only be as good as its potential for implementation. Several of the following
steps were outlined as implemented in other places (NRC 2000, Sophocleous 2002,
2004, 2002, among others), but they can be extended and applied to the Western
Cape conditions:
Improve the knowledge base.
Improve reporting and access to information.
Improve public education and better understand the public's attitudinal
Use the ecosystem approach to manage groundwater.
Embrace adaptive management.
Further improve water efficiency and crop productivity.
Exploit the full potential of the Cape Flats aquifer along
side with others.
Adopt a goal of sustainable use.
J. 1999. Groundwater recharge modelling using the Monte Carlo
technique, Manawatu Region, New Zealand. J hydrol.
[2] BREDENKAMP, D.B., BOTHA L.J. & VAN RENSBURG, H.J. 1995. Manual on
quantitative estimation of groundwater recharge and aquifer storativity.
Rep TT 73/95. Water Research Commission, Pretoria, 419pp.
[3] BREDENKAMP, D.B. 1990. Quantitative estimation of groundwater
recharge by means of a simple rainfall-recharge relationship. In: D.N.LERNER, A.S. ISSAR & I. SIMMERS (eds.) Groundwater
Recharge, IAHMemoir 8:247-256.
Annual Report for 2004/2005.
[5] DOMENICO, P.A. & SCHWARTZ, F.W. 1998. Physical and
chemical hydrogeology (Chapter 17), 2nd edn. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New
York, 506pp
[6] FETTERS, C.W. 1994. Applied hydrogeology, 3rd edn, Merril, Columbus,
[7] FRENCH, R.H., JACOBSON, R.L. & LYLES, B.F. 1996. Threshold
precipitation events and potential groundwater recharge. J. Hydraul. Eng. 122:573-578.
Groundwater recharge and its effect on nitrate concentrations beneath a manured field
in Pennsylvania. Ground Water 24:383-389.
[9] GERBER, A. 1976. An investigation into the hydraulic characteristics of the
groundwater source in the Cape Flats. Unpublished M.Sc. thesis,
University of the Orange Free State, Bloemfontein
digital model of groundwater flow in the Cape Flats. CSIR Contract
Report C WAT 46, Pretoria.
[11] HARTNADY, C.J.H. & ROGERS, J. 1990. The scenery and
geology of the Cape Peninsula. Guidebook Geocon-gress '90,
Geological Society, South Africa.
[12] HEALY, R.W. & COOK, P.G. 2002. Using groundwater
levels to estimate recharge. Hydrogeol. J. 10:91–109.
[13] HENZEN, M. 1973. The
reclamation, storage and abstraction of purified sewage effluents in the Cape Peninsula (in
Afrikaans). D.Sc. Thesis, University of the Orange Free State, Bloemfontein.
[14] MALAN, J.A. 1987. The Bredasdorp Group
in the area between Gansbaai and Mossel Bay. South Africcan journal
of Science 83, pp. 506-507.
[15] MEYBOOM, P. 1961. Estimating
groundwater recharge from stream hydrographs. Journal Geophysical Research
[16] MORGAN, M.G. & HENRION, M. 1990. Uncertainty. A
guide to dealing with uncertainty in Quantitative Risk Analysis and Policy
Analysis. Cambridge University Press. ISBN
0-521-36542-2, 332 p.
[17] NINHAM SHAND. 1994. Western Cape System
Analysis: Study overview. NINHAM SHAND Consulting Engineers.
COUNCIL (NRC). 2000. Investigating groundwater systems on regional and
national scales. National Research Council, National Academy, Washington DC,
143 pp
[19] RASMUSSEN, W.C. & ANDREASEN G.E. 1959. Hydrologic budget of the Beaverdam Creek Basin, Maryland. USGS
Water-Supply Paper 1472:106.
[20] SCHALKE,H.J.W.G. 1973. The upper
Quaternary of the Cape Flats area, Cape Province, South Africa. Scripta Geol.
15, pp1-37.
[21] SCANLON, B.R., HEALY, R.W. & COOK, P.G. 2002. Choosing appropriate
techniques for quantifying groundwater recharge. Hydrogeol. J. 10:18–39.
[22] Simmers, I. (eds) 1988. Estimation
of natural groundwater recharge. NATO ASI series C 222, Reidel, Dordrecht.
Groundwater recharge and water budgets of the Kansas High Plains and related
aquifers. Kansas Geol. Surv. Bull. 249:1–102.
Interactions between groundwater and surface water: the state of the science. Hydrogeol.
Quantification and regionalization of ground-water recharge in south-central Kansas:
integrating field characterization, statistical analysis, and GIS. Spec Issue,
Compass 75(2–3):101–115.
Combining the soil water balance and water level fluctuation methods to
estimate natural groundwater recharge: Practical aspects. J. Hydrology
[27] THERON, J.N., GRESSE P.G., SIEGFRIED H.P. & ROGERS J. 1992. The geology of the Cape
Town area. Explanation on Sheet 3318, Geological Survey, South
Africa, 140p.
[28] THORNTHWAITE, C.W. & MATHER, J.R. 1957. Instructions
and tables for computing potential evapotranspiration and the water
balance, Publications in Climatology, 10 (3):183–311. Laboratory of
Climatology, Drexel Institute of Technology, Centerton, New Jersey, USA.
[29] WALKER, G.R., COOK, P.G. & GILFEDDER, M. 2002. Recharge/discharge
determination. In Fundamentals of Groundwater Science, Technology and
Management Vol. 2 – Technology, Australian GroundwaterSchool.
[30] WALKER, F. 1952. The
geology, In: The Cape Peninsula – Maskew Miller Ltd., Cape Town,
1-13. White, W.N. 1932. A method of estimating groundwater supply based on
discharge by plants and evaporation from soil. US Geological Water Supply Pap
[31] WU, Y. 2005. Groundwater
recharge estimation in Table Mountain Group aquifer systems with a case
study of Kammanassaie area. PhD Dissertation, University of the Western
[32] XU, Y. & BEEKMAN, H.E. (eds), 2003. Groundwater
recharge estimation in Southern Africa. UNESCO IHP Series No. 64,
UNESCO Paris. ISBN 92-9220-000-3.


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Create a Website Account - Manage notification subscriptions, save form progress and more.
The Jasper County Emergency Management Agency is soliciting proposals from firms with relevant experience to provide planning services for the update to the Countywide Multi-Jurisdictional Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan.
Simply click on the "Additional Info.." link below to take you to the Emergency Management website where a copy of the Request for Proposal (RFP) can be found.
The RFP provides detailed scope of work for prospective vendors. Bids must be received by September 26th, 2014 for consideration.

subset: commoncrawl


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Following the release of his single "Links," Toronto rapper Tona returns with his latest offering, "Money," produced by Memorecks.
The song features fellow Toronto mainstay Bishop Brigante, who has recently been focusing on his fashion brand, The Ends, among other things.
Earlier today, Tona announced that the video for "Money" would be out tomorrow, Friday, directed by Joe Cappa for Cappa Productions. From what we've seen from the preview, this could easily be one of Tona's best visual releases to date.
"Money" was recently added to HipHopCanada's official Spotify playlist, Canadian Fresh.
Along with Spotify, you can find the track on various other digital streaming platforms including Apple Music and TIDAL via District Entertainment.
Tona's next project, July 26th, is expected to drop this summer. Stay tuned for that and check out "Money" below.
You can follow @BigTona, @BishopBrigante, and @Memorecks on Instagram.


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DescriptionIn The Ant Bully players will take on the role of Lucas Nickle an outcast 10-year-old who turns his frustrations on the defenseless ant hill in his yard and its tiny inhabitants. In an act of justice the wizard ant Zoc magically shrinks Lucas to the size of an ant. To earn his freedom Lucas must learn how to live among the colony and survive the perils of the insect world. As part of his incredible adventures Lucas will experience the daunting scale of an ant living in a human-sized world. The player as Lucas will evolve from ant bully to ant hero as he leads the colony in an epic life and death struggle to save the insect world from certain extermination. |
Product DetailsUPC: 031719269365Genre: Action, Adventure Platform: PlayStation 2 Region: NTSC (N. America) Rating: Everyone 10+ |


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Hemophilia Seen As Good Testing Ground For Commercializing Gene Therapy
Executive Summary
With a well characterized genetic driver, a clear marker to show whether it's working, and available treatments that carry high annual costs, hemophilia may be a good testing ground for commercializing gene therapy, but payers still have to work out how to reimburse the one-time medicines.
You may also be interested in...
Roche $4.8bn Buy Sparks Hemophilia Gene Therapy Race
The Swiss major's proposed acquisition of Spark Therapeutics gives it a leading seat at the table in the emerging field of gene therapy.
BioMarin CEO Suggests Hemophilia Gene Therapy Pricing In $2m-$3m Range
During BioMarin's earnings call Feb. 21, CEO Bienaime indicated the company may be looking to price its valoctocogene roxaparvovec gene therapy at $2m-$3m, as it would represent a savings over the annual cost of infused clotting factor therapy.
Roche's Hemlibra Wins Expanded FDA Approval, Opening The Door To Broad Hemophilia A Opportunity
Hemlibra was approved to prevent or reduce bleeding in adults and children with hemophilia A without factor VIII inhibitors, a significantly larger patient population than its current indication in patients with factor VIII inhibitors.


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Port of Palm Beach Kicks Off 6th Annual Toy Drive
November 25, 2014 Press Release: For Immediate Release
Riviera Beach, Fla. – The Port of Palm Beach is now accepting donations for its 6th Annual Holiday Toy Drive.
On November 24, the Port of Palm Beach kicked off its 6th Annual Toy Drive by presenting a $500 Holiday Boat Parade sponsorship check to the Marine Industries Association's along with a variety of toys and bikes for their Toys for Tots Campaign.
As part of the Port's 2014-2015 Community Outreach Program, the Board of Commissioners previously approved a $2,500 allocation to purchase toys for this year's drive.
"The Port of Palm Beach, its tenants and users are proud to partner with community organizations that continue to give back to our area," said Commission Chairman Edward R. Oppel. "Since 2008, we have been able to surpass each year's donation and this year our goal is to collect over 600 toys.
Past beneficiaries of the Port's Annual Toy Drive have included: Place of Hope, Toys for Tots, Wayne Barton Community Center, City of Riviera Beach Parks & Recreation Annual Toy Drive, Tri-Cities Annual Toy Drive, Operation Hope, Revival Community Outreach Ministries, Local Unions and Children's Medical Services.
Alyssa Freeman accepted the donation on behalf on the Marine Industries Association of Palm Beach County. "The Marine Industries Association truly values the support we receive each year from the Port of Palm Beach," Freeman said. "We are sincerely appreciative of everyone that generously gives of their time and resources to make this Toy Drive such a success every holiday season."
Donations to the toy drive may be dropped off at the following locations: Port of Palm Beach, 1 East 11th Street Riviera Beach in the lobby and on the 6th floor; Tropical Shipping Office Building 1st floor 4 East 11th Street; South Gate TWIC Office at 301 Broadway and the Port of Palm Beach Main Gate on MLK Blvd. thru December 18, 2014.
Media Contact: Peggy S. Gandiaga, Director of Commission Affairs Port of Palm Beach Phone: (561) 383-4126 | Cell: (561) 319-4527 | Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Over $5-billion worth of commodities, two million tons of diversified cargoes and more than 340,000 passengers move through the Port annually. The Port is committed to the highest levels of service and to fiscal and environmental responsibility while ensuring the utmost safety and security. PortofPalmBeach.com |


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The Arrive Alive website received a video captured by dashboard camera of truck drivers failing to drive defensively. Even though the most obvious focus might be on a truck being overtaken illegally and unsafely across a barrier line, it also reveals some glaring unsafe driving techniques from inside this truck!
We shared the footage with Sean Gray from NOSA Logistics and gain some insights from the perspective of the truck driving trainer:
"This is such a good case for a defensive driving opportunity because it is such a poor display of driving!!
The driver – initially displays good driving technique but it soon degenerates to very poor. He uses his cell phone which leads to driving with one hand and even leaning against his side window. This may even indicate that fatigue is part of his current state of mind. The passenger is not buckled and is sitting in the middle chair while the passenger chair is available. This not only provides more opportunity for distraction but also remains the responsibility of the driver to remain compliant.
Driving – The driver is overtaken and actually reduces his speed which amounts to awesome application of defensive driving, BUT this is soon diluted with his next chain of decisions. He decides after a while that he needs to overtake and breaks the speed limit while also indicating to his passenger how bad the other driver is. His overtaking options are poor, and his execution of the maneuvers are poor as he remains in in the on-coming traffic lane way too long. His decision to overtake the same vehicle that had overtaken him also creates a race type environment on the roads and also reduces safe overtaking options for LMV's on the road.
In Summary, this driver has transgressed in the following areas:
- Speed
- Use of cell phone
- Passenger not wearing a safety belt
- Poor overtaking options
- Fatigue
- Overconfidence
- Disregard for other road users by staying in oncoming traffic lane too long
This is a clear case for defensive driver training on any level. One slip and this causes R5mil damage and possible loss of life. The operator should treat this driver as the highest possible risk in their business!
Kind Regards
Also view:
Nosa Logistics and Road Safety


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We would like to inform the public that the police as a law abiding institution, welcomed the ruling by the Constitutional Court of Uganda, that annulled section 8 of the Public Order Management Act, 2013. The section gave discretionary powers to the police, to stop or prevent the holding of a public meeting, where the public meeting is held contrary to the Act.
A task team led by the Director Legal and Human Rights Services is working with the Attorney General, to appeal against the ruling.
We are meanwhile enforcing the ban on public gatherings and meetings under the Statutory Instruments 2020, No.52, of the Public Health {Control of Covid 19} rules 2020, as follows.
- The places and the premises and the activities, events and gatherings, as the case maybe, specified in this sub rule shall be closed or banned, respectively, until the date specified.
- a) Schools and institutions of higher learning, until 18th April 2020;
- b) Bars and cinema halls, until 16th April 2020;
- c) Prayers in churches and mosques and open air prayers until 16th April 2020.
- d) Marriage ceremonies, wedding parties, vigil an funerals, until 18th April 2020 except where the people gathered are not more than 10;
e).Public meetings, including political rallies conferences and cultural related meetings until 18th/April 2020.
- f) Indoor and outdoor concerts and sports events until 16th April 2020 and|
- g) Trading in live animals at places designated for this purpose by a local authority until 18th April 2020.
- Where a place or premises specified in sub rule {1} is open contrary to the provision or where any activity, event, meeting or gathering specified in sub rule {1} is held contrary to the provision, the person in charge of the place or the event maybe, commits an offense, and liable or conviction, to imprisonment for a period not exceeding two months.
We anticipate the full cooperation of all citizens in observing the ban on public gatherings, by the Ministry of Health, in the best interest of all Ugandans. At this stage, every single effort in reducing the number of physical contacts, per day, well aware of the negative impact of the virus, will help curb the spread of the covid-19 in our country.
CP Fred Enanga
Press and Public Relations Officer
Uganda Police Force
30, March, 2020


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Download the Treston LEAN Thinking e-book by completing the form below.
The LEAN system is designed to add value for the customer, with the goal to eliminate anything in your workflow that does not add value. We understand that our customers do not want to pay for goods that are driven back and forth by forklift.
In this Treston eBook, you'll understand the LEAN philosophy and how Treston, as a manufacturer of technical facilities and ergonomic furniture, can help you apply LEAN thinking to perfect your production processes. Fill out the form now to download your copy of the LEAN Thinking eBook.
Treston Inc - 156 Bluffs Court, Canton, GA 30114 - Tel. 800-437-6772 - email@example.com


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One of the world's most interesting and innovative multi-purpose venue projects, which takes the form of a giant sphere with a fully-programmable LED exterior, will see AECOM as its general contractor, it has been announced.
The MSG Sphere, currently under construction at The Venetian Resort in Las Vegas, is a first-of-its-kind venue that measures 360ft tall and 516ft wide with capacity for 17,500 seats where visitors will be surrounded by an immersive audio and visual experience from the largest and highest resolution LED screen in the world.
For concerts and sporting events, More than 160,000ft2 of display surface (equal to three American football fields) will curve up, over and behind the stage and audience, delivering a totally immersive visual environment – at a resolution 100 times better than today's HD televisions.
An advanced acoustics system features beamforming technology, enabling audio to be directed to specific locations in the bowl at a volume that remains constant – from point of origin to destination. Beamforming technology also allows multiple forms of content to be delivered simultaneously, which means two people — sitting five feet apart – could hear completely different things, adding to the possibilities for a truly customized experience.
To awaken the sense of touch, an infrasound haptic system will use deep vibrations so that guests can "feel" the experience. The MSG Sphere will also deliver scents to play to the audience's sense of smell.
Additionally, the ground-breaking venue will introduce a new architecture for connectivity that will deliver 25mbs per second for every guest, enabling a broader range of content and greater interaction.
AECOM, which has worked on some of the world's biggest stadium and entertainment facilities will be tasked with delivering the ambitious project.
"We're excited to partner with The Madison Square Garden Company to deliver a next-generation venue in the heart of the world's most celebrated entertainment capital," said Michael S. Burke, AECOM's chairman and chief executive officer. "We're thrilled about this opportunity to leverage our unrivaled construction management capabilities and expertise on the world's most complex projects to help transform an ambitious vision into a destination venue unlike any that exists today."


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Landscape and Irrigation Rules for New Homes to Save Water
Update: The City Council approved the landscaping and irrigation ordinance 7-0 on second and final reading at their meeting this evening. It goes into effect for new homes on June 1.
Despite the fact that Lake Georgetown is 14 feet below the full level at a time of year when it is typically full, the overall water supply picture for Georgetown is not dire. The water in Lake Georgetown, Lake Stillhouse Hollow, and the available groundwater can meet the projected demand for Georgetown in the coming years.
However, with water use at an average of 218 gallons per person per day in Georgetown, the water supply is not sufficient for a projected future population of 200,000. To accommodate this growth, the water supply will need to be increased or demand must be reduced. Given the cost and challenges of acquiring new sources of water, the City is emphasizing measures to conserve the existing water supply.
With a proposed ordinance that the City Council will consider this evening, the City aims to move closer to the goal of lowering the per capita daily water use to 160 gallons. Given that 75 percent of water use in the warmest summer months is used for watering lawns, the ordinance focuses on limiting future grass watering demand for new homes. The rules do not apply to current homes or residences.
The proposed ordinance contains three key elements for new home construction.
First, the irrigated turf area of the lawn would be limited to 2.5 times the foundation footprint area of the house or 10,000 square feet, whichever is less. The limit does not apply to non-irrigated space such as natural areas or landscaped areas such as flower beds that are irrigated with drip irrigation or bubblers. The limitation does not affect the overall size of a residential yard.
Second, when a lot is developed, the irrigated turf area would be required to have 6 inches of soil. The depth of the soil allows for less frequent watering of turf grass and reduces runoff. Areas of a residential lot left in its natural state would be exempt from the soil depth requirement.
Third, turf grass should be a variety that is dormant in the hot summer months and has less need for water. Turf grasses such as Saint Augustine that require more water would only be used in shady areas of a lawn.
Other elements of the ordinance include requirements for rain sensors and soil moisture sensors on irrigations systems and the placement of irrigation spray heads at least four inches from paved surfaces to reduce overspray.
The new rules will apply to new houses served by the City of Georgetown water utility including those in the city limits, in the city's extraterritorial jurisdiction, and outside the ETJ.
The ordinance is part of an effort to meet a May 1 deadline to submit a water conservation plan to the Texas Water Development Board and the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality.
If the Georgetown City Council approves the second and final reading of the landscaping and irrigation ordinance on Tuesday, the council will set an effective date. The meeting starts at 6 p.m. on Tuesday at the Council Chamber and Courts Building, 101 E. Seventh Street.


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Pat Shurmur has his work cut out for him this week.
The Kansas City Chiefs have beaten the Denver Broncos 11 straight times. To prevent a 12th, Fangio and the Broncos defense will need to find a way to slow down Patrick Mahomes. Yesterday I wrote about how such a gameplan will create stress points on other parts of the defense, which means individual matchups along the Broncos front are going to be critical. Unfortunately, nothing the defense does will matter if Pat Shurmur and the Broncos offense can't move the ball. To do so, they'll need an answer for the Chiefs best player outside of Mahomes himself: Chris Jones.
If you look at the season long numbers, the Chiefs defense is abysmal. On the year they're allowing 364 yards per game, the 10th worst mark in the league. They're also the 26th ranked defense by Football Outsiders' DVOA metric that adjusts for opponent strength. Dig beneath the surface a little and you'll notice 2021 has been a tale of two defenses for the Chiefs: they were historically inept through the first five weeks of the season and that played a huge role in Kansas City's 2-3 start. In the six games since, they've created 11 turnovers and limited opponents to 303.5 yards per contest, a mark that'd rank among the three best defenses in the league.
On this week's Cover 2 Broncos, KC Sports Network's Craig Stout and I went over the personnel changes that occurred to spur such a momentous improvement, because it isn't as if Steve Spagnuolo reinvited the egg. Daniel Sorenson's role was minimized, as he was replaced in the starting lineup by Juan Thornhill. The linebacker corps. has moved to a rotation consisting of Anthony Hitchens, Willie Gay, and rookie Nick Bolton, while Melvin Ingram was acquired before the NFL trade deadline to serve as a pass rush specialist. All these moves made incremental improvements that have added up, but none moved the needle nearly as much as the way Spags changed Chris Jones' role.
After experimenting with him at five technique early in the campaign, Spagnuolo moved Jones back to his familiar home along the interior defensive line. It's worked to perfection, as the Chiefs' best defensive player has looked like a complete game wrecker in the weeks leading up to their bye. Jones' four and a half sacks since the Chiefs loss to the Tennessee Titans fails to really capture how dominant he's been. The Dallas Cowboys had no answer for him.
Facing 2nd and two from the Dallas 34, the Cowboys' offensive coordinator Kellen Moore dials up a play action boot for Dak Prescott. The play call makes sense. With only two yards to the sticks, it's as good a time as any to take a shot towards the goal line. The run action should hold the Kansas City linebackers and the flow away from the action could give Prescott a chance to escape the rush and find someone downfield. The concept fails because Jones immediately sniffs out the play, crosses the right tackles face, and chases Prescott down in the backfield. A four-yard sack sets up third and six, and it's back to the drawing board for Kellen Moore.
Third and six is an obvious passing down for most NFL offenses, and the Chiefs respond by lining Jones up at the three technique across from the Cowboys' overmatched left guard. With Jarran Reed and Frank Clark beside him to eat up any potential help, Jones bursts off the snap and forces his way past the guard to Prescott. Dak sees the trouble bearing down and rolls out to his left but can't reset his feet to get rid of the ball because of pursuit by Clark and Jones. The quarterback sheds a lunging tackle by Clark and flips his hips to get rid of the ball but can't throw it before Jones strips him. The sideline is the only reason Kansas City doesn't come away with a turnover.
Take note of the fact Jones moves around. Kansas City won't hesitate to use him over whatever matchup is most favorable, which means the questions about Dalton Risner's back and Quinn Meinerz's knee loom large over the contest. Jones has the quick hands and power to match up with the Broncos' rookie right guard, as well as the burst and twitch to be a huge problem for Risner because he has the quickness to force an overset before working across. He's also has the length to give Netane Muti nightmares if Risner can't play through pain.
The best way to mitigate the damage Jones can do is limit the number of opportunities he has to pin his ears back and rush the passer. He's so athletic, strong, and savvy that he can be a huge issue for run blockers as well, but there are instances where he'll play too high, which can make him moveable. Pat Shurmur should make a concentrated effort to establish the run this week so long as the game situation allows for it.
Your Broncos' News
How can the Denver Broncos beat the Kansas City Chiefs? – Mile High Report
I spoke with KC Sports Network's Craig Stout to discuss how the Denver Broncos might beat the Kansas City Chiefs.
Denver Broncos at Kansas City Chiefs: 7 key matchups – Mile High Report
To slow down Mahomes, the Broncos' front seven needs to do their part.
Denver Broncos stats 2021: offensive line edition – Mile High Report
A critical and statistical look at the play of the Denver Bronco 2021 offensive line in comparison to 2020
Baron Browning proving to be a prime playmaker for Denver Broncos – Mile High Report
With the rash of injuries the Broncos have had at linebacker, Baron Browning got rushed out there faster than the original plan might have been. He's answered the call this season.
Is this a 'must-win' game against the Chiefs? – Mile High Report
What would it mean for the Broncos' season to beat the Chiefs? What would it mean if they don't?
Ranking 32 NFL GMs: Browns' Andrew Berry, Broncos' George Paton fast starters, but Patriots' Bill Belichick sets pace – The Athletic
PAYWALL: 2. George Paton, Denver Broncos (.545): The Broncos are getting strong contributions from multiple players selected in Paton's first draft with the team, all the way down to seventh-rounder pass-rusher Jonathon Cooper. Paton has re-signed young receivers, gotten value for Von Miller, who would have departed in the offseason, remained in the playoff race and positioned the Broncos to make a big jump if they can add a quarterback in the offseason. Of course, if finding a quarterback were easy, the Broncos would have added one a long time ago. Rodgers' situation bears watching.
Carr, Renfrow Should Fly High Against Washington | Football Outsiders
If the Broncos really do struggle to run against a dramatically improving Chiefs run defense, then Noah Fant seems like the perfect receiver to benefit. His target total has dipped to 14 in three games with Jerry Jeudy back on the field, but his 16.9% target share has remained top-14 at the position in that time. The Broncos didn't need Fant when the ran for 147 yards and two touchdowns on the Chargers last week. But they likely will this Sunday, and the Chiefs increase tight end yards and touchdowns by 23% and 42% per target, both top-six in football. With the matchup gains, Fant creeps into my top 10 at the position this week.
You need the ranks: By ALY the Broncos are poor running to left end (19th), up the middle (G-C-G, 22nd) and right end (24th), but in the top 10 when we run behind LT (5th) or RT (9th). https://t.co/gkPQbl4G36
— Joseph Mahoney (@ndjomo76) December 2, 2021
NFL News
What Is Taylor Heinicke's Future With the Washington Football Team? – The Ringer
If the Broncos are chasing a QB in 2022, they'll have competition.
Sean Payton got no explanation for blindside block call that went against the Saints – ProFootballTalk
It also should be explained to NFL fans. The FOX broadcast didn't do a great job with the call, first not even showing referee Brad Rogers announce the penalty, and then never bringing former NFL head of officiating Mike Pereira on to discuss the call. Analyst Troy Aikman blasted the call and said Pereira agreed with him that it was a bad call, but Pereira himself never said a word about it, even though he was on the broadcast.
The NFL Officiating department also didn't explain the call. Although the @NFLOfficiating Twitter account was active during the game and explained why a Dallas interception was upheld, nothing was explained about the most controversial call of the game.
Taysom Hill is believed to have torn tendon in middle finger – ProFootballTalk
Ian Rapoport of NFL Media reports that Hill is believed to have a torn tendon in the finger. More tests are being done on the injury and he may need to have surgery to correct the issue.
Daniel Jones (neck) out for Giants on Sunday; Mike Glennon to start
Jones suffered the neck strain in the Giants' Week 12 win over Philadelphia. Earlier in the week, it appeared Jones would miss at least one game, but the QB was able to get in limited practice reps, keeping faint hope briefly alive he might be able to suit up.
We often say "this is the worst call ever" … but calling this a blindside block is the worst call I've ever seen pic.twitter.com/JrRy6IwAB7
— Geoff Schwartz (@geoffschwartz) December 3, 2021
Draft News
Scout's Eye: 15 Players To Watch In Georgia-Alabama SEC Championship Game | The Draft Network
The Georgia Bulldogs and Alabama Crimson Tide meet in Atlanta, Georgia at Mercedes-Benz Stadium for this year's iteration of the SEC Championship Game. A whopping 16 TDN100 players call either Georgia or Alabama home, with 15 of them playing on Saturday afternoon. To get you prepped for the game, here are the 15 highest-rated Bulldog and Crimson Tide players you need to keep an eye on during the game.
2022 NFL Draft: 5 Players To Watch On Championship Saturday | The Draft Network
Saturday will be the final week of major college football, with the traditional Army vs. Navy game to follow next weekend. This weekend has huge implications to finalize the College Football Playoff bracket—not to mention bowl game rankings and potential matchups as well. There will be eyes glued to the television screens and scouts are sure to be in attendance. There are a plethora of prospects with a ton to gain this weekend regarding their draft stock. Here is my watchlist for Championship Saturday!
The Broncos could have drafted Chris Jones, but John Elway was too busy reaching for a bad quarterback.
I like to think there's a lesson there, somewhere.
— Joe Rowles (@JoRo_NFL) December 3, 2021


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Tullow to spend Sh17 billion in Turkana as it gears towards oil exportation
In a statement early this week, the firm said it was projecting at Sh80 billion ($800 million) in gross profit for 2017.
In a trading statement on Wednesday, the firm said its 2018 focus will be on the Early Oil Pilot Scheme (EOPS) that the Kenyan government hopes to use to test the waters in the international oil markets ahead of full scale production in a few years' time.
"Kenya's pre-development expenditure is expected to be about $80 million (Sh8.3 billion) and exploration and appraisal spend about $90 million (Sh9.3 billion)," said Tullow in the statement issued yesterday ahead of the release of full year financial results next month.
Tullow added that the recent phase of exploration and appraisal drilling in the South Lokichar Basin has now been concluded, with the firm reopening engagements with the government on the approach and timelines for full production especially now that the elections is over.
"Work is already under way on the EOPS, with initial injectivity testing commencing on Ngamia-11 and oil production and water injection facilities being constructed in the field ready to commence production/injection in the first quarter of 2018."
The capital expenditure on Kenya will account for 37 per cent of the total of $570 million (Sh59 billion) the company will put into its Africa operations, although it expects to claw back some Sh11.4 billion ($110 million) from payments on sale of oil blocks in Uganda.
Tullow announced in November that it had raised Sh258 billion ($2.5 billion) in new loans to help fund its Africa's operations in 2018.
The firm is yet to announce its total spend on the Kenya operations in 2017 — with the numbers expected next month — but it had estimated that by mid-2016, its cumulative spending in the country had surpassed Sh150 billion.
In a statement early this week, the firm said it was projecting at Sh80 billion ($800 million) in gross profit for 2017 from its global operations.
Eyewitness? Submit your stories now via social or:
Email: email@example.com


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Police in Furness Vale are issuing a warning to dog owners who fail to clean up after their pets.
Residents have raised concerns about the health and environmental problems of dog fouling to the Whaley Bridge and Furness Vale Safer Neighbourhood Policing Team (SNT).
In particular, complaints have been received in the Buxton Road area but officers are keen to remind dog owners about their responsibilities throughout the area.
PCSO Tracy Jones of the Whaley Bridge and Furness Vale SNT said: Failing to clean up after your dog is irresponsible. It isunsightly and can be dangerous to people's health.
It is also illegal and if you don't clean up after your dog you could end up with a £50 on the spot fine, which could increase to £1000 if the case goes to court.
Officers will be carrying out patrols and working with High Peak Borough Council to target the issue.
PCSO Jones added: We would like to thank the many responsible dog owners for clearing the waste of their pets but would strongly remind the minority to be mindful of their responsibilities, the legal requirements and the impact that dog fouling has on the quality of life for local residents.
To contact the Whaley Bridge and Furness Vale Safer Neighbourhood Policing Team call 0345 123 33 33 or email firstname.lastname@example.com.


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Mark and Patricia McCloskey, charged in July with brandishing weapons at protesters outside the couple's Portland Place mansion, have been indicted, their lawyer said Tuesday.
Lawyer Joel Schwartz said he was told a grand jury indicted his clients on felony counts of unlawful use of a weapon and evidence tampering. He said he had no details. A St. Louis court clerk said the indictment was filed Tuesday but that she was not authorized to provide a copy.
"I am not surprised that the grand jury indicted them but I'll certainly be interested in what was presented to the grand jury," said Schwartz, who plans to request a transcript or recording of the proceedings if such records were made.
A spokeswoman for Circuit Attorney Kimberly M. Gardner could not be reached.
Earlier Tuesday, a St. Louis judge postponed the McCloskeys' morning court appearance until Oct. 14.
The circuit attorney's office in July charged the McCloskeys each with one felony count of brandishing a gun. Charging documents state that on June 28, Mark McCloskey, 63, pointed an AR-15 rifle at protesters and Patricia McCloskey, 61, wielded a semiautomatic handgun, placing protesters in fear of injury.
Outside the Carnahan Courthouse on Tuesday, Mark McCloskey criticized the City Counselor's Office for opting against prosecuting protesters for trespassing in Portland Place, a private, gated street. He said the city's "leftist" government is targeting him and his wife "for doing no more than exercising our Second Amendment rights."
"The government chooses to persecute us for doing no more than exercising our right to defend ourselves, our home, our property and our family and now we're getting drug here time after time after time and for what?" Mark McCloskey said. "We didn't fire a shot. People were violently protesting in front of our house and screaming death threats and threats of rape and threats of arson. Nobody gets charged but we get charged."
© 2020 St. Louis Post-Dispatch
Distributed by Tribune Content Agency, LLC.


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App Name | Cyber Future Crime v |
Genre | Action, Games |
Size | |
Latest Version | |
Get it On | |
Update | |
Package Name | com.naxeex.cyber |
Rating | ( 2309 ) |
Installs | 500,000+ |
Welcome to the future world of our planet. Feel the atmosphere of cyberpunk futuristic night multilevel city where battles among competing groups became an everyday routine.
Flying cars, different robots, bandits, neon banners and synthwave soundtracks are waiting for you on these streets!
Try different quests and achievements: shooting, car thefts, extreme races and especially the destruction of the street environment, it's fun!
Bioengineering and high techs allow you to upgrade your body with a bionic prosthesis and be an even stronger warrior. Science for the win! Upgrade your skills and beat your enemies. Become the legendary head hunter or professional ATM hacker!
Survive in gang clashes and open the shadow world full of adventures! Free your mind in our superstyle game!
– Game engine update
Copyright© 2020 Playposter Plugin and Theme - Theme by Themeson.com


text: Imagine waking up one day to find an extra $120,000 in your bank account. You did not make $120,000 or win $120,000, but there it is, $120,000, just sitting there. Cool! What would you do with all that cash? Pay off the mountain of student loans you'd otherwise be stuck with till you die? Buy a house? Buy a car? Maybe you should call the bank and find out what's going on? Robert and Tiffany Williams of Montoursville, Pennsylvania, did not call the bank, police say. When a non-hypothetical $120,000 intended for a business was accidentally transferred into their BB&T bank account because of a teller error, the couple splurged on a camper, a Chevy, and a racecar, state trooper Aaron Brown told the Williamsport Sun-Gazette. Authorities say they also distributed $15,000 to friends who needed the money. All told, they spent $100,000 in about two and a half weeks, WNEP reported. The couple now face three felony charges of theft and receiving stolen property, court records show. They appeared in court last week and posted bail of $25,000 each. The Pennsylvania State Police could not immediately comment on the case to The Washington Post. Read more here.


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Going through an eviction is never ideal. Although Avail is not able to provide legal counsel on the topic, there are several resources offered as follows to help guide you through an eviction process.
Articles about the rules and industry standards for the eviction process:
- What to Do (and What Not to) When a Tenant's Rent Is Late
- Breaking a Rental Lease and Grounds for Eviction
- Steps in the Eviction Process: How Does Eviction Work?


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Do you want to be automatically informed of the visitor results of your website? Or how well your website is found by Google? This is possible by using Ziber Team automatic notifications. Ziber Team can send you regular reports in PDF format, which you will then receive in your mailbox. For example, you can receive a compact statistical overview in your email every week. Here's how to set it up.
1. Log in to Ziber Team and choose 'Edit your account' in the drop-down menu (top right under your personal account)
2. Then click on the 'my organisations' tab to choose the correct organisation
3. Click on the 'Notifications' icon behind the correct Ziber Team administrator account
4. Set which reports you want to receive by email and how often
You will then receive the reports in your mailbox as a PDF report
Good luck!


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March 16, 2013
Montana Dancing Again
Grizzlies knock Weber State out of Big Sky Tournament for fourth straight year.
March 15, 2013
UM gets 30th straight at home in Big Sky over NoCo
Montana sticks to script; Big Sky title bout set for Saturday night.
March 15, 2013
Weber State survives North Dakota upset bid, 76-74
Wildcats weather a big night from North Dakota to advance to the finals.
March 14, 2013
1st Rd: Northern Colorado mildly upsets Montana St
The five seed took down the four seed to conclude day one of the Big Sky tournament.
March 14, 2013
1st Rd: North Dakota beats Southern Utah, advances
The third seed kept the Big Sky tournament to chalk.
March 14, 2013
1st Rd: Weber St. puts away No. Arizona, 84-58
Two-seed Weber State took care of business to begin the tournament.
March 13, 2013
Big Sky tourney odds and predictions
Montana a slight underdog despite holding home-court advantage.
March 12, 2013
Big Sky Tournament: Team-by-team preview
Montana readies to defend its title in the 2013 Big Sky Tournament.


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Kartotek Copenhagen - Confetti (happy birthday)
Text: happy birthday
Our hugely popular greeting cards are made with the finest quality Scandinavian paper and come packed with a kraft envelope. Put a smile on someone's face and show them you know them!
Folded card and C6 Kraft envelope 300 gsm cream white paper Off set printed in Denmark
Size: 10.8 cm x 15.6 cm


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The train is designed for preventative or cyclic milling as it will remove 0.2mm of metal from the rail head, compared with 0.6-0.7mm for conventional milling trains.
The idea is to refresh the crucial wheel-rail contact point and to remove defects before they become a serious problem. Speno sees milling as a complimentary process to grinding.
The MRR 600 milling train is currently undergoing certification in Switzerland. Speno wants to start testing the train in the autumn, by which time a material collection wagon will be ready. Demonstration runs are planned for the fourth quarter of this year.


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DIY: Simple Paper Craft Step by Step Tutorials for Kids
Paper is amazing thing. You can turn it into any shape as per your imagination and creativity of your hands. It is good idea to keep kids busy in creative activities for their all around development. Here, we are listing 5 craft tutorial for your kids that can be tried at home.
You can try these amazing (and easy) origami step by step ideas for kids projects waiting for you on this page – all of these have a step by step tutorials showing how to make them! These are super easy and amazing in look. You can not only decorate your home or enhance beauty of your children school bag but also these ideas will give you ample opportunity to engage with your kids while crafting.
I'm sure you are going to love each and every one of the projects featured as all of them are oh so pretty!
Let the folding fun begin!
1 : Glowing Paper Planet
This glowing paper planet craft is really easy to make. This is a perfect room decoration for an aspiring astronaut. You can even make these crafty planets for school science projects or to teach the students about the different planets and our solar system. First of all cut out circle from a bright colored sheet. Fold these circles in half. So that you get a semi-circle. Now make a slit in the middle of this semi-circle. This will become the slit to fit in the base of the spherical planet. Once you have made the slits in all the circles, fit them all in a white hard stock sheet circular base. Once all the slit circles have been fit in, you get the basic frame work of the planet. Now cut a larger light colored ring to adorn the planet framework. Stick it all around the planet framework. Tie a thread on the ring of the planet. This will help you hang the planet craft. You can use different colored sheets and other decorative material to differentiate between different planets of the solar system.
2 : Paper Dahlia Wreath
This is a very beautiful flower making craft idea. This flower making idea is also very easy to make. To start with choose the colors for the flower. Now cut out squares and rectangles from these colorful sheets. You can go with color combinations while choosing colors for the flower. Now fold the squares and rectangles into cones of different sizes. The size of the cone will depend on the dimensions of the square or rectangle used to make it. Staple the cones to secure them in place. Now take a circular cardboard piece and start pasting these cones one by one starting from the outer edges and moving inwards. You can make colored layers by starting with one colored cones and moving onto the the next color once they are all used up. Start with the largest cones first. This will give you tiers of colorful cones which look like petals of the flower. Make sure the shape always remains a circle and does not get oblongated in any round of cones. This is an easy and very beautiful way of making a beautiful flower design.
3 : Wall Decoration with Paper Heart Craft
If you are looking to beautify the walls of your room, look no further. We have git the best and the easiest ideas for you. These are some really fun ways to add a pop of color to your walls. For the heart crafts on the walls of your room, start by drawing a heart shape on a red colored sheet. Now cut these red colored hearts out. Once you have cut out these hearts, pinch them at the apex to cup the two heart bulbs. This gives a 3D effect to the heart shape. Now secure the heart this way. Now stick all the 3D hearts on the wall. This gives you a beautiful heart craft on the wall of your room. You can even make some rain crafts or hot air balloons for the walls of your room. You can make 3D hot air balloons by cutting out four hot air balloon shapes and sticking them side to side. Now stick them on the wall. Similarly you can make 3D clouds and also 3D umbrellas. All of these 3D crafts look pretty and atrractive. You can try them all or one of these to beautify the walls of your room.
4 : Make Paper Butterflies at Home
These origami craft butterflies will surely take your room decor to another level. You can easily make these beautiful crafty butterflies in bright colored sheets of paper. The steps to make these beautiful butterlies are few and can be easily understood. Start with a square sheet of colored paper. Fold in both the diagonal directions. Now pinch the corners inwards to get two inside folds with a triangle on the top. Fold the two side upwards upwards and turn the sheet over. Make sure you do not pull too hard. You need to pull enough to fold a little triangle over. This keeps the flap in check and makes sure it foes not go down the back of the butterfly. Now pull the lower triangle to the top. Turn it over again and fold the sheet along the mid rib of the folds. Staple the upper triangular flap carefully in place. Your butterfly is ready fly with its colorful wings. You can make these butterflies in different colors and different sizes.
5 : Monster Shaped Bookmarks for Kids
These are really easy to make fun bookmarks. These monster bookmarks will surely increase the interest of the reader. So let us make these pretty little monster bookmarks. To start making this monster bookmark, start with a rogh template of the monster bookmark. Make three squares side by side in an L shape. Now make diagonals on the side squares. Shade the outer triangles as we will not be using them. Cut along these diagonals and the middle square. Now your template is ready. Trace this template on a colorfully patterned sheet. You can even trace it and cut it on a plain colored sheet and stick a patterned square piece in place of the square shape on the edge. Now fold the top triangular pieces inwards. To form a closed lap. Use a glue stick to seal all the edges. This will form a pocket for the page of the book. Now you can either add a small ribbon on the top corner or add some features to the closed pocket. You can even make a monster on the vlosed pocket by using googly eyes, sharp teeth cut out from a white sheet of paper. You can also add trim along the edges of the monster bookmark or even a small piece of ribbon will add beauty to it. These monster bookmarks surely look cute.
We hope that you enjoyed our article. Keep visiting our page for amazing DIYs & tutorials for your kids. Please don't forget to leave your valuable suggestion in comment section and also tell us if you liked our article.
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If the YouTube video above is not available, here are two other ways to view:
"How Can I Know and Do God's Perfect Will without Him Having to Push Me?"
2 Questions from Last Sunday Night:
- "How Can I Know and Do God's Perfect Will without Him Having to Push Me?"
- "Does God Change His Mind, and does He do so in Job 33:14?"
"How Can I Know and Do God's Perfect Will without Him Having to Push Me?"
Some have wondered how to reconcile the sovereign will of God with our ability to choose. The best way to illustrate this would be to think of a mighty aircraft carrier, sailing across the sea. The ship would represent the sovereign unchanging will of God. The ship, everyone and everything on that ship are at all times headed a certain direction unstoppably. But, all over the ship each passenger has choices about: what they do, where they go, and how they behave on the ship.
Jesus simplified things in the early days. He reduced the life of a believer down to: "Follow Me". Those two words
First, God has Given the Proverbs 3:5-6 Grid
- Trust in the Lord with all your Heart (Give Him your Heart): 1 Cor. 6:19-20; Bought at price to glorify Him; means glorify God seek him first delete
- Lean not on own understanding (Give Him your Mind): Rom 12:1-2 The greatest thing is to be useful to the Lord
- In all way Acknowledge Him (Give Him your Body): Gal. 2:20 Crucified Life; Seek to Follow God through His Word;
- He shall direct your path (literally "make smooth or straight") (Give Him your Life): as Psalm 16:11 says: He shows; we stay in presence
Second, God has offered to Guide & arrange our lives.
- If you will listen to the Lord speak to you through the Word you can rest in His arrangements for your life. "You will show methe path of life"
- If you will listen to the Lord speak to you through the Word you can enjoy His companionship through life. "In Your presenceis fullness of joy;"
- If you will listen to the Lord speak to you through the Word you can rest in His authority over your life. "At Your right handare pleasures forevermore"
Third, God has Given Specific Desires for our Lives
- Spirit Filled Eph 5:17-21 (NKJV) Therefore do not be unwise, but understand what the will of the Lord is. 18 And do not be drunk with wine, in which is dissipation; but be filled with the Spirit, 19 speaking to one another in psalms and hymns and spiritual songs, singing and making melody in your heart to the Lord, 20 giving thanks always for all things to God the Father in the name of our Lord Jesus Christ, 21 submitting to one another in the fear of God.
- Sanctified I Th 4:3-7 (NKJV) For this is the will of God, your sanctification: that you should abstain from sexual immorality;4 that each of you should know how to possess his own vessel in sanctification and honor, 5 not in passion of lust, like the Gentiles who do not know God; 6 that no one should take advantage of and defraud his brother in this matter, because the Lord is the avenger of all such, as we also forewarned you and testified. 7 For God did not call us to uncleanness, but in holiness.
- Submissive I Peter 2:13-15 (NKJV) Therefore submit yourselves to every ordinance of man for the Lord's sake, whether to the king as supreme, 14 or to governors, as to those who are sent by him for the punishment of evildoers and for the praise of those who do good. 15 For this is the will of God, that by doing good you may put to silence the ignorance of foolish men—
Fourth, God has Simplified our His Daily Plan for our Life
John 1:44 Follow Me
"Does God Change His Mind, and does He do so in Job 33:14?"
Deut 32:4
Mal 3:6
Heb 13:8
James 1:17


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Welcome to Forever Young Care Services.
The Agency is ran by Serbrena Young (Agency Director). Our motto is "Where Home Care is not just our Business, it's our Priority". Take a minute to browse around. On this site you can apply online, Employee's can take their monthly tests and you can find our contact information here.
We currently serve the following counties:
- Cleveland
- Gaston
- Lincoln
- Mecklenburg