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New state budget fully funds Pa. farm bill for a fourth time
The budget, which was signed by Democratic Gov. Tom Wolf last Friday, allocates $13.6 million for the 2022-23 fiscal year to the comprehensive set of programs known as the Pennsylvania Farm Bill.
Q&A: Pa. Ag. Sect'y Redding talks 2022 Farm Show return, COVID recovery, and the Chesapeake Bay
Bring on the milkshakes. 'Our goal is to have a 2022 Farm Show in person,' Pa.s top agriculture official says.
Wolf's budget calls for 3rd round of funding for Pa. Farm Bill | Monday Morning Coffee
The Democratic administration is seeking $13.6 million in funding for a variety of agricultural programs.
#PaBudget 2020: Let's build on the Pa. Farm Bill's success this budget season | Opinion
Current trends and opportunities in agriculture make this next budget cycle critical for sustaining the momentum created by last year's passage of the PA Farm Bill, and for addressing a broader set of urgent industry concerns.
While the state farm bill is a start, Pennsylvania's agriculture leaders see further reforms
At a House Agriculture & Rural Affairs Committee hearing Wednesday, lawmakers heard more potential small fixes to aid farmers, big issues that needed some action, and hope that the PA Farm Bill was taking root.
On a busy Monday, Wolf signs bills benefiting Pa. National Guard families, farmers, and job hunters
With the Legislature out of town for its annual summer recess, Wolf's staff set up a series of well-scripted media events, spread across an otherwise sleepy news day, during a holiday week.
Pa. House, Senate Republicans tout looming completion of package of pro-farmer bills
With Farm Show milkshakes in hand (of course), Republican leaders in the state House and Senate gathered in the Capitol rotunda on Wednesday to tout a package of bills that they say reiterates the Legislature's commitment to Pennsylvania farmers. "I laid out a challenge to my colleagues and to the governor to really step up […]

subset: commoncrawl


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Canola oil/rapeseed oil
Oil production
Nowadays, rapeseed oil, next to soybean oil and palm oil, is counted among the most commonly produced plant oils. After the rapeseeds have been thoroughly cleaned, their shells can be broken open in a rolling mill. There are three different methods of obtaining the oil: cold-pressing, hot-pressing, and extraction. It is important to note, however, that each production method has its own advantages and disadvantages. Through a cold-pressing of the seeds, the oil emerges only through the mechanical pressure of the continually rotating screw built into the press; no heat is applied. The friction alone warms the oil temperature to a maximum of 40°C. The resulting oil then undergoes mechanical filtration. A large part of the pure oil can be obtained, therefore, without the use of chemical substances. The advantage of a cold-pressing, since no heat is applied, lies primarily in the preservation of flavor and contents (such as the valuable fatty acids, lecithin, enzymes, vitamins, and mineral contents), as well as the antioxidants, which are supposed to have a positive effect on human health. Furthermore, the oil remains free of added chemicals, no organic solvents having been added, and the oil retains its original characteristic flavor, aroma, and color.
However, the oil yield of a cold-pressing is not as great as that of a warm-pressing, which involves a mechanical pressing through a screw press while heat is applied. If only the maximum oil yield possible is desired, with no regard to preserving most of the natural fatty acids, lecithin, enzymes, vitamins, and minerals (for oils with technical purposes, for example), then chemical extraction may be employed. If the cold-pressed oils do not undergo any refining, they can contain residues of plant protection products, heavy metals, and polycyclic hydrocarbons. Furthermore, cold-pressed oils, due to their natural characteristics and the high portion of unsaturated fatty acids and various other substances, have a shorter shelf life than refined oil. Cold-pressed oils are not very thermally stable, making it possible for harmful decomposition substances to form in the presence of heat. For this reason, most cold-pressed oils are not suitable for frying or for deep-frying.
Besides rapeseed oil from a cold-pressing (also often called a first pressing), which is especially rich in vitamins because of the gentle processing, there is also rapeseed oil from a warm-pressing (also known as a second pressing). In the latter, the cold-pressed rapeseed oil, already having undergone the "first pressing" and filtration, is additionally treated with pure water vapor at 100°C. It has a longer shelf life in comparison to the cold-pressed, un-steamed oil, and in the process, does not lose its flavor. If the warm-press method is selected to produce the oil, then the seeds are first warmed prior to the mechanical pressing, just before being fed into the press. Heating the seeds and press to the same temperature greatly increases the efficiency of the pressing.
A significant advantage of a warm-pressing is a higher oil yield than that of a cold-pressing. Further advantages of this pressing method include the oil being thinner, the proteins coagulating, and the mucous compounds and plant gum being removed for the most part. Heating the oil also causes important substances like magnesium, phosphorus and calcium to be released. However, a warm-pressing also presents a considerable disadvantage, since the valuable vitamins contained in the seeds are lost as the temperature rises; and additionally, during a warm-pressing, substances get into the oil which can negatively impact its color, flavor, and smell. Refined rapeseed oil is commonly used by the Germans as cooking oil.
The oil is obtained through an extraction with hexane, which further de-oils the rapeseeds, and then through a refining process. Yet extraction carries both advantages and disadvantages. The advantage is that the oil yield is considerably higher than that of the "mechanical press method". Disadvantageously, however, many valuable substances in the oil, such as vitamins, are lost. Moreover, the solvent used in the extraction – usually hexane – is very difficult to remove fully from the oil, which (often negatively) alters the flavor and quality of the oil.
Following the extraction, there is usually also a refining process which removes the odors, taste, bitterness, and color from the oil. Such a refinement process also means that harmful substances like pesticides, mold residues, and heavy metals can be eliminated. What is more, the refined oil also features better storage capacity, longer shelf life, and resistance to heat since the portion of unsaturated fatty acids within the oil is converted to saturated fatty acids during the refining process. Yet once again, the disadvantage is that many of the valuable flavors and substances such as vitamins, carotenoids and minerals, etc., are also removed. The leftover protein-rich and calorically dense press cake (rapeseed press cake) is an important by-product, being mostly used in the manufacture of animal feed.
Oil presses for rapeseed processing
Characteristics and shelf life
Refined rapeseed oil is nearly colorless to yellowish and clear, whereas unrefined rapeseed oil has rather a dark yellow to brownish yellow or greenish color. Likewise, the scent differs between the two types. Refined oil features a touch of citrus and smells fresh, slightly pungent and faintly green. Unrefined oil, on the other hand, smells nutty, faintly fruity-herbaceous, and has a roasted note. The taste is described as mild and pleasantly neutral, and leaves behind a somewhat raspy sensation. Sometimes it is also nutty. The flash point is around 317°C; the melting point, between -2 and -10°C. Rapeseed oil consists of only a small percentage of saturated fatty acids (ca. 6-8%), but in exchange, does have a high percentage of monounsaturated fatty acids (ca. 58-63%). With a moderate polyunsaturated fatty acid content (around 29-36%, the majority of which being omega-3 linolenic acid and omega-6 linoleic acid), and containing vitamins A and E, rapeseed oil is one of the most valuable cooking oils. Cold-pressed oil from good quality seeds, and optimally produced and stored, is especially rich in vitamins and minerals since it undergoes careful processing. It must be kept in mind, however, that the vitamins and minerals in cold-pressed rapeseed oil are almost totally destroyed when heated.
If stored in a cool, dark location with as little temperature fluctuation as possible, and if sealed against water and air, rapeseed oil keeps for up to 12 months. Coated or stainless steel is the best material for a storage container.
Pharmaceutical and medical use
Here, rapeseed oil is used in the production of ointments and liniments, as a filling material for soft gelatin capsules, as well as a thin-layer chromatography (TLC) reagent for identifying fatty oils. Furthermore, the oleic acid contained in rapeseed oil can lower cholesterol and also support diverse metabolic functions and the immune system. The vitamin E contained in the oil, along with beta-carotene (provitamin A), effectively protect the cells of the body against free radicals.
Cosmetic use
The oil finds application here in medicinal ointments and in cosmetic formulations for dry or mature skin, as well as for scaly, cracked skin, and skin with poor circulation.
Technical use
This is where produced rapeseed oil finds the majority of its application. For example, it is used as a filling material for the manufacture of rubber products, or as a lubricant. The latter, however, is only suitable as a low-demand lubricant for use on chains or band saws, for example, and not for more demanding uses, such as in motors. The advantage is that rapeseed oil is up to 100% biodegradable, which means drinking water and ground water are not endangered when rapeseed oil is used as a lubricant. Furthermore, rapeseed oil is used in industry to protect parts from rust.
Industrial Use
In industry, it is used both as plant protection and insecticide (harmful insects and their eggs suffocate under the oil film), and as raw material. The latter serves in the production of insect glue, grafting wax, plasters, and leather balm. It is also used in the chemical industry for lacquers and paints, as plasticizers, and as de-foaming agents in detergents.
As fuel
Specifically in Europe, rapeseed also oil serves in the production of biofuels. The smaller portion of this production serves to process plant-based fuels, while the larger portion is transformed into biodiesel (rapeseed oil methyl ester, or RME) through transesterification. As opposed to conventional fuels, it offers substantial benefits. Biodiesel is biodegradable, sulphur-free, and renewable; conserves raw resources; and is by and large carbon dioxide-neutral (meaning that burning generates only as much carbon dioxide as the plants absorbed in order to form the oil). Further advantages that biodiesel has over diesel fuel is that rapeseed oil and RME possess low ecotoxicity and generate less soot, giving them better emission values. Glycerin arises as a by-product of processing rapeseed oil into biodiesel. This is not only significant in the animal feed industry, but also in the application of fuels as hydrogenated vegetable oil.
In the kitchen
Since it has become possible to cultivate rapeseed varieties poor in erucic acid, rapeseed oil taken from these varieties has found use in the kitchen. It is used in cooking, baking, and frying, and due to its low portion of saturated fatty acids and to its high linoleic acid and (omega-3) linoleneic acid content, it is also readily used as edible oil for salads. Because rapeseed oil does not become bitter when combined with egg products and milk products, it is well-suited in the production of marinades and mayonnaise. Beyond this, it also serves in the creation of margarine or baking fat.
The by-product – protein-rich rapeseed cake, rapeseed press cake or rapeseed meal – which is left over from the rapeseed oil production, is largely used in animal feed production. Rapeseed cake can also be burned or used as a substrate in biogas plants to generate heat and electricity.
In addition to their own knowledge acquired through press trials, the following sources were used to create the article:
- Öle, natürlich kaltgepresst, Basiswissen & Rezepte, Marcus Hartmann, Hädecke, 2008
- Heilende Öle, Pflanzenöle als Nahrungs- und Heilmittel, Neue Erkenntnisse, Günter Albert Ulmer Verlag Tuningen
- Lexikon der pflanzlichen Fette und Öle, Krist, Buchbauer, Klausberger, SpringerWienNewYork, 2008
- www.wikipedia.de
- en.wikipedia.org


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« Can I Bring Foods in My Luggage into Honduras? | Main | Ok… so the Sun IS Shining on Roatan After all!! »
Since our rainy season began earlier this year (October) it is certainly not normal for it to still be raining this far into the new year. Usually, we're seeing drier times about now... but not this year! Hmm.... must be that darned Obama again!!!


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Your Definitive Guide for Meeting Men and Ladies in Europe On the Internet
About Euphoria 2×01 Download
In today's fast-paced world, discovering true love may be a difficult task. With the help of countless dating websites and apps, it can be hard to figure out which are the most successful in helping you encounter your perfect match. In this post, we'll examine the top European online dating sites and apps, offering you an insightful look into the best techniques to encounter a European man or lady.
How to Meet Males and Females From Europe for sex, relationships, commitments, and marriage
The top sites and applications to meet gentlemen from The Netherlands, Germany, Belgique, La France, Italy, Spain, and England.
Parship Europe
Recognized for its in-depth compatibility assessments and extensive user base, Parship Europe is a trusted site for singles seeking meaningful relationships. Employing a methodical approach to matchmaking, the platform provides users a thorough survey to recognize their core principles and choices. By using a compatibility scoring system, Parship Europe connects users with possible matches who have comparable interests, ensuring a higher chance of achieving success in discovering the ideal partner.
Lexa Dating
Lexa Dating is a well-liked dating platform in Europe, boasting millions of users spanning multiple countries. The website offers a simple design and advanced search filters, permitting members to find appropriate partners based on their preferences, geographical location, and interests. With regular events and gatherings organized for members, Dating Lexa promotes members to connect in person and develop sincere connections.
Badoo App
With more than 400 million members globally, Badoo App is a well-known social networking and dating application that focuses on connecting people locally. The platform provides a mix of complimentary and premium options, like the ability to view profiles, chat with possible matches, and use the "Encounters" feature to find suitable partners. Badoo's location-based options make it a excellent selection for those seeking to meet European singles in their area.
Tinder App is a broadly known dating app that has revolutionized the way people connect globally. With a straightforward swipe-right or swipe-left system, users can rapidly scroll through possible matches and establish connections. Though often linked with informal dating, Tinder App boasts a vast user base, rendering it a practical alternative for those searching for serious relationships in Europe.
Suggestions for meeting European people and Euphoria 2×01 Download
When looking to meet a European man or lady, ponder participating in local cultural events, language exchange gatherings, or becoming a member of social clubs that cater to Europeans. These settings supply exceptional prospects to engage with like-minded people, increasing the possibility of forming authentic connections. Keep in mind, a personalized approach, combined with patience and determination, will greatly enhance your chances of finding the perfect match.
Leading Online Dating Platforms and Apps for Meeting Dutch Single Men and Women
The Netherlands, famous for its picturesque landscapes and liberal culture, is home to friendly and engaging people. Meeting Dutch singles can be an exciting experience, and online dating sites and apps provide a convenient way to interact with prospective partners. In this article, we'll explore the top sites for connecting with men and women from the Netherlands and provide suggestions on forming significant connections.
Lexa Dating
As one of the biggest and most reliable dating websites in the Netherlands, Lexa.nl boasts a large user base of Dutch singles. The website offers a range of features, such as advanced search filters, personality quizzes, and various communication methods, allowing it easy to locate and interact with suitable matches. Lexa.nl also hosts events and gatherings, offering members with chances to meet in person and deepen their connections.
Parship is a popular European dating platform with a significant presence in the Netherlands. Famous for its scientific approach to matchmaking, Parship uses a thorough personality test to assess users' compatibility and pair them with potential partners. This method ensures a higher chance of establishing lasting relationships, making Parship an excellent choice for individuals seeking long-term connections.
Dating Pepper
Pepper is a unique dating platform designed by Dutch singles, particularly catering to the requirements of the Dutch dating market. With its visually appealing interface, members can showcase their characters and passions through photos and videos, forming a more captivating and authentic experience. Pepper's dynamic platform promotes sincere connections, making it a prime choice for meeting Dutch males and women.
Bumble is an revolutionary dating app that empowers ladies to make the initial move. By changing the dynamics of online dating, Bumble fosters more respectful and significant conversations. The app's wide usage among Dutch singles makes it an superb option for connecting with prospective partners in the Netherlands.
As a proximity-based dating app, Happn links users who have come across in real life. This creative approach offers a distinct way to encounter Dutch singles in your vicinity, igniting serendipitous meetings and meaningful connections.
Recommendations On How To Meet Dutch Gentlemen and Women
When using online dating sites and apps to connect with Dutch singles, keep in mind to be genuine, receptive, and considerate. Invest the time to build an genuine profile that showcases your passions and principles, and be proactive in engaging with potential matches. By keeping a positive attitude and staying receptive to fresh adventures, you'll find yourself well on your way to forming lasting connections with gentlemen and ladies from the Netherlands.
Euphoria 2×01 Download: Top Choice of Sex, Casual and Erotic Dating Sites and Dating Apps in Europe
In the current progressively linked world, online dating platforms have a popular way to connect with people with comparable interests. Whilst some people are seeking lasting connections, other people are more intrigued in informal meetings or exploring their sensual desires. In this article, we'll delve into the best methods to meet people online in Europe for sex dating, casual dating, and erotic dating.
With a large user base and a reputation for being among the well-known adult dating sites worldwide, AdultFriendFinder provides a range of opportunities to connect with similar people seeking casual meetings and erotic adventures. The site offers a range of functions, such as chat rooms, forums, and personal messaging, allowing users to interact and discover their wishes openly.
Ashley Madison
Established as a private platform for extramarital encounters, Ashley Madison has since developed into a popular destination for people seeking casual dating and erotic experiences. The website offers numerous privacy features and a user-friendly interface, ensuring it easy for members to connect with others who share their interests in a secure setting.
Designed specifically for casual dating and encounters, CasualX is a mobile app that links users looking for no-strings-attached experiences. The app's uncomplicated method to dating makes it easy to locate and communicate with possible matches, ensuring a hassle-free experience for those seeking casual connections.
Feeld is an all-encompassing dating app that caters to singles and couples interested in exploring their sexual wishes and dreams. With a focus on open-mindedness and consensual experiences, Feeld provides a safe space for users to connect with similar individuals and participate in a wide variety of erotic encounters.
BeNaughty is an adult dating site that promotes users to unleash their flirty side and participate in informal dating and sensual adventures. With features such as advanced search filters, chat rooms, and the capability to send winks or messages, BeNaughty gives users the tools required to locate suitable partners and satisfy their desires.
Euphoria 2×01 Download Tips for Sex Dating Apps and Sex Dating Websites
While utilizing online sites for informal and sensual dating in Europe, it is crucial to focus on your security and privacy. Constantly use an alias, refrain from divulging personal details, and contemplate employing a separate email address for your dating activities. Keep in mind to communicate honestly with potential matches about your limitations, expectations, and wishes to ensure an equally enjoyable encounter. By taking these measures and adopting a considerate and receptive approach, you can effectively explore the exciting world of casual and erotic dating in Europe.
The Best Online Dating Sites and Apps for Connecting with German Men and Women
Germany, known for its vibrant culture, breathtaking landscapes, and vibrant culture, is a place to friendly and open-minded individuals. Connecting with German singles can be an exhilarating experience, and online dating sites and apps offer a handy way to interact with possible partners. In this guide, we'll discover the best platforms for meeting men and women from Germany and give tips on making significant connections.
Parship is a prominent European dating site with a strong presence in Germany. Concentrated on lasting connections, Parship employs a scientific approach to matchmaking. Users finish a comprehensive personality test, and the platform uses compatibility scores to pair them with possible partners. This method guarantees a greater probability of forming significant connections, rendering Parship an ideal choice for individuals looking for meaningful relationships.
eDarling is a popular dating website in Germany that caters to professionals and singles seeking serious connections. Like Parship, eDarling uses a personality test to evaluate users' compatibility and pair them with possible matches. With a easy-to-use interface and a strong focus on privacy, eDarling guarantees a secure and pleasant dating experience.
Lovoo is a well-known German dating app that concentrates on connecting users through location-based services. With options like "Live Radar," Lovoo allows users to locate and interact with local singles in real-time, rendering it a fantastic option for those aiming to meet German singles nearby. Lovoo additionally offers a range of premium features, like the ability to see who has viewed your profile or liked your pictures.
Tinder Dating
Tinder's extensive popularity has rendered it a viable choice for connecting with singles in Germany. The app's simple swipe-right or swipe-left mechanism enables users to quickly browse through potential matches and make connections. While often associated with casual dating, Tinder's vast user base implies it can be an effective platform for individuals seeking meaningful connections as well.
Finya is a complimentary dating website that caters exclusively to the German-speaking audience. With a substantial member base and a array of features, such as sophisticated search filters, Finya offers users a handy way to find and connect with compatible German singles.
Tips for meeting German Men and Women
While utilizing online dating websites and apps to meet German singles, remember to be authentic, open-minded, and considerate. Spend the time to create a sincere profile that showcases your interests and values, and proactively engage with potential partners. By maintaining a optimistic attitude and remaining receptive to new experiences, you'll be on the right path to creating lasting connections with men and women from Germany.
Best Totally Free Dating Sites in Europe and The Netherlands and Euphoria 2×01 Download
In the realm of online dating, complimentary platforms can be a welcome relief for individuals looking to connect with possible partners without spending a fortune. While many dating websites and apps offer free registration, the majority require a subscription or in-app purchases to access their complete range of features. In this article, we'll explore the best absolutely free dating sites in Europe, where you can find love without spending any money.
Mingle2 is a entirely free dating site that offers users a simple and easy way to connect with singles across Europe. With features like limitless messaging, advanced search filters, and a easy-to-use interface, Mingle2 offers a stress-free experience for those looking to find love online. The platform additionally offers forums and chat rooms for users to participate in more interactive conversations.
Finya is a free dating site catering solely to the German-speaking market. With a large user base and a broad array of options, such as advanced search filters and compatibility quizzes, Finya allows users to find and connect with compatible singles without any hidden costs. The platform is well-designed and offers a great experience for those seeking love in Germany and nearby countries.
Although OKCupid provides a premium subscription, the platform's basic options are completely free to use. Featuring a comprehensive questionnaire and a robust matching algorithm, OKCupid ensures users can find compatible matches based on their interests, values, and preferences. The website is popular throughout Europe and provides an enjoyable experience for those looking for relationships without breaking the bank.
POF (Plenty of Fish)
POF is a complimentary dating website with a large user base across Europe. The platform offers a variety of options, like advanced search filters, compatibility tests, and the ability to send and receive messages, without the need for a subscription. While POF does offer a few premium features, the basic functions are adequate for users to find and connect with potential partners.
Coffee Meets Bagel
This dating app provides a distinct approach to online dating, focusing on quality over quantity. Every day, users receive a curated list of potential matches based on their preferences and common interests. Although the app does offer in-app purchases, the basic options are completely free, allowing users to connect with potential partners without spending a dime.
Tips When Using Completely Free Dating Sites in Europe
While using completely free dating sites in Europe, it's important to be patient, open-minded, and genuine. While free platforms might have a bigger number of users, they can also attract people with less serious intentions. By creating an genuine profile and actively engaging with potential matches, you can increase your chances of finding a meaningful connection without spending a cent.
Tinder in Europe A Complete Guide: Finding Love in Europe
Tinder, a well-known dating app, has taken the globe by storm, revolutionizing the method people connect and interact. With its easy swipe-based interface, Tinder is an excellent platform for meeting men and women from Europe. In this guide, we'll dive into using Tinder for finding love in Europe, discuss competitors, consider the advantages and disadvantages, and provide tips for maximizing your matches.
Tinder Competitors
While Tinder is a widely used app, it's not the only option for connecting with European singles. A few popular competitors include Bumble, Happn, and Hinge. Each app features its unique features and target audience, so consider exploring multiple platforms to increase your chances of finding the perfect match.
Benefits of Tinder
- Wide user base: Tinder boasts millions of members globally, with a large number of European singles, making it an optimal platform for meeting people throughout the continent.
- Easy to use: Featuring its simple swipe-right (like) or swipe-left (dislike) system, Tinder is easy to navigate and easy to navigate.
- Location-based: Tinder's location-based services enable you to uncover potential matches nearby, making it easier to connec} with people nearby.
Drawbacks of Tinder
- Superficiality: Tinder's emphasis on looks can lead in superficial connections, as users primarily judge potential matches based on their photos.
- Limited profile information: Tinder profiles contain minimal information, which can render it challenging to assess compatibility.
- Casual dating reputation: Tinder is often linked with casual dating and hookups, which may not suit people looking for serious relationships.
Advice for Maximizing Matches on Tinder in Europe
Select the right profile picture
Your main profile photo is vital, as it's the first impression potential matches have of you. Go for a high-quality, well-lit picture which clearly shows your face. Avoid using group photos, selfies, or images with sunglasses or hats.
Demonstrate your personality
Utilize the remaining photo slots to highlight your hobbies, interests, and personality. Incorporate a mix of candid shots and pictures that highlight your passions, such as traveling, sports, or social gatherings.
Create a compelling profile
Your profile should be concise, engaging, and reflective of your personality. Employ humor, wit, or a memorable quote to capture attention. Steer clear of clichés and concentrate on what makes you unique.
Be authentic
Represent yourself honestly in both your photos and bio. Misrepresenting yourself may lead in disappointment when meeting potential matches in person.
Start conversation
Don't be afraid to send the first message. Begin with a question or a comment about something in their profile to show that you've paid attention to their interests.
Sample of a Good Tinder Profile:
- A clear, smiling headshot as the main profile photo.
- A dynamic shot of you hiking or taking part in a favorite sport.
- A picture of you journeying or exploring a fresh city.
- A spontaneous shot of you at a social event with friends.
Bio Example
"Adventure-seeker and hobbyist chef looking for a mate to discover hidden gems and create delicious memories. Fluent in sarcasm, along with a fondness for puns. Let us bond over our love for travel and our shared aversion for pineapple on pizza."
Tinder Conclusion
By following these tips and creating an genuine, engaging Tinder profile, you'll be well on your way to connecting with men and women from Europe. Keep in mind to be open-minded, patient, and proactive in your approach to ensure a successful and enjoyable Tinder experience.
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Home » Lockout Resources » White Papers and Articles » Arc Flash and Electrical Safety
Arc Flash and Electrical Safety
Guide to Electrical Safety in the Workplace - Overview of NFPA 70E
- Introduction
The continuing modernization of industrial/manufacturing facilities, including significant upgrades to electrical systems, present considerable shock and arc flash hazard exposures to workers. In response, the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) recently released a 2012 update to standard 70E, Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace®, in order to address these and other industry developments.
NFPA 70E was originally developed at the request of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) as an extension of the National Electric Code, in order to help OSHA address the inspection of electrical hazards in the workplace and "provide a practical safe working area for employees relative to the hazards arising from the use of electricity" (NFPA 70E 90.1). The 2012 NFPA 70E update responds to new information about the effects of arc flash, arc blast, and Data Center hazards, as well as recent developments in electrical design and Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). Many industry professionals may not be fully aware either of how the changes in this standard are likely to impact their operations, or of the types of identification and safety solutions available to help them achieve Compliance with both old and new elements of NFPA 70E (see Figure 1).
This white paper highlights the changes to the 2012 edition of NFPA 70E, which requires customers to update their Compliance to include these latest developments. It also defines the risks associated with arc flash hazards and identifies Panduit solutions available to help prevent arc flash incidents and optimize worker safety. These solutions, based on the Panduit Unified Physical InfrastructureSM (UPI) approach, incorporate identification, labeling, Lockout/Tagout (LOTO), and services offerings to address core power, security, and communications systems and help customers establish compliance with the latest NFPA and OSHA standards.
Figure 1. - 2012 NFPA 70E Standard, which updates safety requirements for the workplace
- What is "Arc Flash"?
An arc flash occurs as a result of an electrical fault generating an arc that ionizes the air, leading to combustion. The usual causes of electrical hazards can be mechanical (such as accidental touching, dropping of tools or metal parts, or closing into faulted lines and loose connections) or environmental (such as water, dust, impurities and corrosion at contact surfaces, or failure of insulating materials).
Arc flash is the most common electrical event in the workplace today and the resulting explosion generates the following hazards capable of severe injury or death:
- High temperature
- Pressure waves
- Shrapnel (from components contained within electrical enclosure)
- Electric shock
- Sound waves
The amount of energy released during an arc flash event depends on three primary factors:
- Arcing Time - the duration of the arcing fault
- Arcing Fault Current Magnitude - the quantity of fault current available in a system
- Distance to the Arcing Fault - the distance an individual is from an arc
According to Annex K of the NFPA 70E 2012 Edition:
- Arc flash temperatures may reach 35,000 °F
- Pressure waves may be up to thousands of pounds per square inch
- Sounds waves can exceed 160 dB
- Shrapnel may travel at speeds exceeding 700 mph
According to NFPA 70E, typically, as much as 80% of hospital admissions from electrical incidents are a result of burns resulting from an arc flash and ignition of flammable clothing rather than electrical shock (see Figure 2). The amount of energy released from an arc flash can be fatal at distances of 10 ft. (3m).
Further-more, more than 2,000 people each year are admitted to burn centers for severe arc flash burns. Estimates also indicate that more than 30,000 non-fatal electrical shock accidents occur each year.
Figure 2. - An arc flash event on an electrical panel in an industrial facility
- What Does NFPA 70E Compliance Require?
The purpose of NFPA 70E is to establish an electrically safe workplace by outlining specific practices and standards that must be followed in order to protect the workplace from electrical hazards such as arc flash that can cause injury and death. In order for a work environment to be electrically safe, the energy that workers are exposed to must be minimized while work is being performed. NFPA 70E is the recognized standard that addresses electrical safety requirements for employees. It provides multiple methods by which the employer can calculate or estimate the hazard or risk. It covers electrical safety issues like safety-related work practices, Maintenance of electrical equipments/installations, and the requirement of special equipment for electrical installation.
NFPA 70E is a thorough guide toward establishing electrical safety in the workplace by mitigating risk of injury or death. This white paper focuses on regulatory Compliance as it relates to work involving electrical hazards, preventive measures, training, and establishing an electrical program as explained in the 2012 edition of the NFPA 70E.
Work Involving Electrical Hazards
It is important to understand that whether performing Energized or de-energized work, mitigating the risk of electrical hazards begins with an analysis to determine the incident energy available at the specific area of work on the electrical power system. The incident energy or hazard category level may be determined utilizing several methods including:
- Software analysis (examples: etap®, SKM, EasyPower®)
- IEEE1584 Guide for Performing Arc Flash Hazard Calculations
- Information tables contained within NFPA 70E Table 130.7 (C)(15)
Proper safety precautions must always be taken in all circumstances, whether normal (e.g., working on electrical circuit parts or equipment) or special circumstances (e.g., confined spaces or vision or access to equipment is obstructed).
In most cases, work on electrical equipment greater than or equal to 50 volts AC or 100 volts DC is conducted in a de-Energized state using approved Lockout/Tagout (LOTO) procedures, which is the preferred state in which to perform work safely. Energized work is ONLY permitted when the employer can demonstrate that de-energizing introduces additional hazards or is not feasible due to equipment design or operational limitations.
If Energized work is absolutely necessary, an Energized Electrical Work Permit must be used. For tasks such as voltage measuring, testing, or troubleshooting, an energized work permit is NOT required. For de-energized work, the conductors are considered to be energized until a tester is used to verify the conductors are de-energized. Therefore, Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) shall be worn by employees until de-energizing verification is complete.
Preventive Measures: Training
Training is critical for all workers who are exposed to safety hazards. These workers must thoroughly understand the requirements of the electrical safety program, which is required by NFPA 70E and OSHA 29 CFR 1910.147 for all industrial locations and shall include safety principles, controls used to measure and monitor, and specific procedures regarding how to work within the safety boundaries.
- NFPA 70 requires training which is divided into two groups: Qualified and Unqualified employees. A qualified person has skills and knowledge relating to the construction and operation of electrical equipment and installations. This person is typically the electrician who is working on energized conductors. Unqualified personnel are neither trained nor familiar with determining exposed energized conductors or how to determine nominal system voltage and the apparent hazard.
- The content of the qualified personnel training includes the identification of specific electrical hazards and the potential risk for injury. It shall also discuss emergency procedures needed in the event of an incident and first aid care, including resuscitation.
Unqualified employee training only includes training on electrical safety practices necessary to avoid injury. Retraining or additional training is required when new technology or job roles change or on an interval NOT to exceed three years. It is important that the employer documents employee training, which shall include the content of the training, employee's name and dates of training.
Preventive Measures: Electrical Safety Program
It is the responsibility of the employer to establish an electrical safety program and training. The employee is responsible for implementing the safety work procedures. In the case of outside contractors, a documented meeting between the host employer and the Contractor is required. This meeting should include a discussion of the potential hazards in the workplace and the established safety program.
Annex E of the NFPA 70E standard provides a general outline of recommended topics for an electrical safety program, which shall also provide a procedure for identifying hazards and determining a risk assessment before work is initiated, job briefing methods, and the audit scope and interval. It is specified that an audit of the overall safety program shall be conducted and documented at least every three years.
- Establishing a Safe Working Condition
NFPA 70E specifies Lockout/Tagout (LOTO) procedures as one of several steps involved in establishing a safe working condition. Other key steps identified by NFPA 70E include establishing shock and arc flash approach boundaries for electrical equipment, and clearly identifying hazards with appropriate equipment labeling.
Lockout/Tagout (LOTO)
NFPA 70E specifies that LOTO procedures be implemented as part of establishing a safe working condition - see related specification OSHA 29 CFR 1910.147, The Control of Hazardous Energy. Annex G of NFPA 70E has a sample LOTO program that may be used as a template.
A key principle of the LOTO procedure is that a circuit or panel is considered to be "live" until a voltage tester is used to verify the source(s) of energy is removed. Other key principles of a robust LOTO program include:
Employee Involvement - each person who could be exposed to Hazardous Energy on a specific job is included in the LOTO process - otherwise referred to as Group Lockout. Personnel shift changes shall also be accounted for.
Training - employees are trained on the site specific LOTO/Energy Control Procedure.
Procedures - specific procedures are required for "complex" LOTO instances where there are multiple energy sources and/or multiple crews, locations, employers, specific sequences etc. (see NFPA 70E Article 120 (D) (2) for more information). OSHA 29 CFR 1910.147 (c) (4) (i) requires machine-specific procedures in complex Lockout conditions including equipment with more than one Energy Source (see example in Figure 3).
The LOTO procedures shall contain instructions to include the following:
- De-Energize Equipment - where and how to de-energize the energy load on the equipment
- Stored Energy - how to release hazardous electrical, mechanical, or other stored energy (for example capacitors are discharged, springs unloaded, pneumatic/hydraulic pressure released, etc.)
- Verification - how to verify the equipment is de-energized and cannot restart in the locked out condition
NOTE: When equipment design does not allow for securing with a Lockout device, a Tagout operation may be utilized where a tag is secured to each Energy Source, clearly communicating the LOTO condition. In a Tagout condition, an additional preventative measure is employed such as removing a fuse, etc.
Figure 3. - Example of machine specific LOTO procedures
NOTE: The above machine specific LOTO procedure includes drawings and diagrams to indicate the appropriate equipment being referenced. NFPA 70E requires employers to make these procedures available to all employees.
Device and Tag Requirements - should be robust, unique, and easily identifiable as a Lockout device. Other requirements involve a method of including a lock and identification of the LOTO device installer. A circuit breaker is an example of a lock out device that ensures electrical energy sources are Isolated for optimal work place safety (see example in Figure 4). Additional requirements are:
- Padlock Security - the key remains with the individual who installed the device. The padlock may be removed by a supervisor ONLY after all means to contact the employee who installed the device are exhausted. When the employee returns, the supervisor immediately informs the employee the safety device was removed
- Identification Method - establish a method of identifying the individual who installed the device, for instance, a lockout tag
- Energizing Prevention - prevents energizing of the equipment locked out without the use of excessive force
- Tag Security - tag is secured with a Nylon cable tie rated to 224.4N (50 lb) or equivalent
- Tag Statement - tag should include a statement prohibiting energizing the equipment locked out, for example "DANGER - DO NOT OPERATE" (see Figure 4)
Figure 4. - Example of a circuit breaker lockout device (left) and a LOTO tag (right)
Inspections - employer should audit the use of the LOTO procedure at least annually and retrain, improve, etc., as needed.
Shock Hazard Approach Boundaries
Shock Hazard Approach Boundaries are requirements developed by the NFPA 70E to minimize the risk of injury to workers as a result of shock and arc flash hazards. These boundaries to Energized conductors mitigate the shock hazard. There are three types of Approach Boundaries: Prohibited, Limited, and Restricted. These shock hazard approach boundaries are based on the voltage of the energized equipment and are determined from 70E Table 130.4 (C) (a) for alternating current (AC) systems and Table 130.4 (C) (b) for direct current (DC) voltage systems. Figure 5 is a diagram of this boundary and what type of personnel (qualified or unqualified) is authorized for each specific area.
- The Prohibited Approach Boundary is the area where one should consider any work in this space to be the same as making direct contact with the energized conductor. Unqualified personnel are not authorized within this boundary. Qualified personnel must wear proper PPE.
- The Limited Approach Boundary is the space where a shock hazard exists and therefore requires shock PPE. Unqualified personnel are only allowed within the Limited Approach Boundary if they are continuously escorted by a qualified person and wearing the proper PPE.
- The Restricted Approach Boundary is the area that contains an increase in the shock hazard and does not allow for the presence of unqualified personnel. Qualified personnel must wear proper PPE.
Arc Flash Protection Boundary
The arc flash protection boundary is the distance where the incident energy is equal to 5 J/cm2 (1.2 cal/cm2) which is the energy level that unprotected skin will sustain a 2nd degree burn. Therefore PPE is required within the arc flash boundary and unqualified personnel must be continuously escorted by qualified workers. Arc flash PPE is selected from either the incident energy calculation or the hazard risk category determined from NFPA 70E Table 130.7(15).
Observing the arc flash protection boundary can help mitigate the arc flash hazard. This boundary is relevant to systems 50 volts and greater and should be updated when a significant modification or renovation involving the electrical distribution system occurs or it should be reviewed at least every five years. Figure 5 is a diagram of the arc flash protection boundary and what type of personnel (qualified or unqualified) is authorized for each specific area.
Figure 5. - Prohibited, Restricted and Limited Shock Hazard boundaries and Arc Flash Protection boundaries
The previous edition of the NFPA 70E was the 2009 release where the arc flash labeling requirements addressed only the available incident energy or the required level of PPE. The 2012 edition added several new labeling requirements which are described below.
The NFPA 70E 2012 edition specifies the labeling requirements in section 130.5 (C) for electrical equipment likely to require Maintenance and Servicing while Energized (see example label and sign in Figure 6). The NFPA 2012 70E edition requires that equipment labels applied September 30, 2011 to present contain the following information:
- At least one of the following:
- Calculated available incident energy and corresponding working distance
- Minimum arc rating of clothing
- Required PPE (Personal Protective Equipment)
- Highest Risk Category (HRC) for the equipment
- Nominal system voltage
- Arc flash boundary
Figure 6. - Example of an arc flash warning label and high voltage safety sign that meet the 2012 NFPA 70E requirements
It is also good practice to include the date of analysis for determining when the next review is required.
NOTE: Labels applied prior to September 30th, 2011 are acceptable if they contain the available incident energy or required level of PPE.
Other alerting techniques such as safety signs, symbols, or prevention tags are recommended to warn employees of potential workplace hazards. As an example of facility signage specified by the National Electric Code - according to 490.53, for equipment operating over 600V, all Energized switching and control equipment shall be enclosed in grounded metal cabinets and marked "DANGER - HIGH VOLTAGE - KEEP OUT."
- Hazard Risk Avoidance
A key strategy for protecting personnel from arc flash is reducing the exposure to electrical hazards by removing the need to enter areas where electrical hazards exist. Door solutions such as data access ports for network connections, infrared sight glass portals, and bulkhead connectors limit the need for entering live cabinets, thereby reducing employee risk.
Trending recently is the dangerous option to install network equipment like Ethernet switches in control and power panels, where there can be an increased hazard risk for service and configuration. Zone architecture solutions that provide separate zone enclosures to house networking assets can physically remove the hazard of exposure to higher energy circuits.
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) includes specialized clothing or equipment worn by employees to protect the body including the head, face, eyes, and hands. The level of PPE is determined by the degree of the shock and arc flash hazard. The Hazard Risk Category determined by the NFPA 70E 130.7(C) (15) or the incident energy calculation is then used to decide the required PPE for the task. For example, the Hazard Risk Category for toggling a circuit breaker with the enclosure doors open for a 600V class motor control center (MCCs) is a Hazard/Risk Category (HRC) 1 according to Table 130.7 (C) (15) (a). According to Table 130.7 (C) (16), for HRC 1, the PPE required is a hard hat, safety glasses or goggles, hearing protection, heavy duty leather gloves, and leather work shoes. Additionally, insulated tools and equipment (and/or handling equipment) are used when working within the limited approach boundary.
The PPE is listed in Table 130.7 (C) (16) by Hazard Risk Categories 0 through 4. Above 40 cal/cm2 is considered HRC DANGEROUS because PPE is not able to sufficiently protect employees, which means Energized work is prohibited. NFPA 70E Table 130.7 (C) (14) lists the standards relevant to protective equipment. Personal Protective Equipment and Hazard Risk Categories are defined in Table 1.
Table 1. - Personal Protective Equipment and Hazard Risk Categories
Categories Arc Rated (AR) Clothing Protective Equipment Shock Protection Category 0
Category 0 clothing does not have to meet Arc Rating Requirement- Long sleeve shirt
- Long pants
- Safety glasses/goggles
- Hearing protection (ear canal inserts)
- Heavy duty leather gloves
- Rubber insulating gloves with leather protectors
Category 1
1.2-4cal/cm2- Arc rated long sleeve shirt
- Arc rated long pants
- Arc rated coverall (instead of AR shirt/pants)
- Arc rated face shield or arc flash suit hood
- Arc rated jacket, parka, or rainwear (as needed)
- Hard hat
- Safety glasses/goggles
- Hearing protection (ear canal inserts)
- Leather work shoes
- Heavy duty leather gloves
- Rubber insulating gloves with leather protectors
Category 2
4-8 cal/cm2- Arc rated long sleeve shirt
- Arc rated long pants
- Arc rated coverall (instead of AR shirt/pants)
- Arc rated face shield or arc flash suit hood
- Arc rated Balacava
- Arc rated jacket, parka, or rainwear (as needed)
- Hard hat
- Safety glasses/goggles
- Hearing protection (ear canal inserts)
- Leather work shoes
- Heavy duty leather gloves
- Rubber insulating gloves with leather protectors
Category 3
8-25 cal/cm2
Category 3 Arc Rated (AR) clothing must have a system AR=25cal/cm2- Arc rated long sleeve shirt (as req.)
- Arc rated long pants (as req.)
- Arc rated coverall (as req.)
- Arc rated arc flash suit jacket (as req.)
- Arc rated arc flash suit pants (as req.)
- Arc rated arc flash suit hood (as req.)
- Arc rated jacket, parka, or rainwear (as needed)
- Hard hat
- Safety glasses/goggles
- Hearing protection (ear canal inserts)
- Leather work shoes
- Arc rated gloves
- Rubber insulating gloves with leather protectors
Category 4
25-40 cal/cm2
Category 4 Arc Rated (AR) clothing must have a system AR=40cal/cm2- Arc rated long sleeve shirt (as req.)
- Arc rated long pants (as req.)
- Arc rated coverall (as req.)
- Arc rated arc flash suit jacket (as req.)
- Arc rated arc flash suit pants (as req.)
- Arc rated arc flash suit hood (as req.)
- Arc rated jacket, parka, or rainwear (as needed)
- Hard hat
- Safety glasses/goggles
- Hearing protection (ear canal inserts)
- Leather work shoes
- Arc rated gloves
- Rubber insulating gloves with leather protectors
Source: NFPA 70E, Electrical Safety in the Workplace, 2012 edition.
- How Can Panduit Help with Electrical Safety?
Panduit offers a safety solution to our customers consisting of relevant products and services to help mitigate risk created by hazards in the workplace. We provide the entire system of reliable solutions, and ongoing support needed for our customers to comply with regulatory standards and assist with the safety of employees and property that are exposed to Hazardous Energy.
Panduit's safety solution is a single point of contact for the protection of people and infrastructures from the hazards Energized equipment and systems present, encompassing the breadth and depth of the following solution categories:
Facility Identification
Panduit provides a large span of identification solutions for indoor and outdoor/harsh environments including pre-printed, print on demand (do-it-yourself) software/printer systems, or custom printed solutions:
- Safety signs and tags compliant to ANSI Z535 specification
- Arc flash labeling compliant to the new 2012 edition of the NFPA 70E standard (see Figure 8)
Figure 8. - Example of safety and facilities labeling - Panduit TDP43ME Thermal Transfer Desktop Printer producing an arc flash label
Lockout Devices and Tags
Panduit has a large range of secure and compliant Lockout devices for electrical and other types of Hazardous Energy such as:
- Innovative and versatile lockout devices for de-energizing equipment
- Padlocks in multiple types, custom keying options and engraving
- Standard and custom tags for identifying hazards (see Figure 9)
Figure 9. - Equipment being locked out using Panduit Multiple Lockout Device PSL-MLD
Panduit Multiple Lockout Device PSL-MLD can be used alone as a lockout hasp, or with the provided cable to lockout electrical disconnects, gate valves, or large cumbersome devices.
Hazard Risk Avoidance
A key element of an arc flash program is to remove/reduce the need for employees to be exposed to arc flash and electrical shock hazards. The goal is to eliminate the hazard rather than require personnel to wear PPE against an existing threat. Network switches and Ethernet connections should not be located inside control panels without protective barriers where arc flash and electric shock hazards exist. For situations where network switches and connections are positioned in-panel, solutions are available that allow employees to safely access networks without entering control enclosures or being exposed to hazardous voltages.
Panduit provides a range of safety solutions for various levels of the network:
- Data access ports and IP-67 rated bulkhead connectors for network connections (see Figure 10)
- NEMA rated network zone enclosures with physical barriers for power circuits internal to the enclosure (see Figure 10)
Figure 10. - Panduit IndustrialNet Data Access Port (left) and Panduit Industrial Zone Enclosure (right)
The Panduit IndustrialNetTM Data Access Port (Figure 10 - left) promotes electrical safety by limiting the need to open the electrical panel.
The Physical barriers inside enclosures such as the new Panduit Industrial Zone Enclosure (Figure 10 - right) decrease electrical hazard.
Training Tools and Templates
Panduit has a series of value-added tools and templates available for training and safety program implementations that include:
- LOTO training video, presentation, quiz, hands-on demonstration kit
- Tools, checklists and templates for implementing an Energy Control Procedure
- Conclusion
Mitigating workplace hazards and protecting employees is critical to maintaining a successful and growing operation. This is a challenge considering the continual release of new technologies into the market and the internal changes taking place within most facilities. As a result, the complexity of the supporting power systems and demand for electrical power are increasing.
This paper explains the ways that NFPA 70E has evolved to address the technology/market trends and further mitigate electrical hazards in the workplace. Unfortunately, it is estimated that only 20% of the industrial sector is compliant to the required elements within the NFPA 70E. Over the next five years, it is expected that the percentage of compliant facilities will climb as the industry becomes more aware of the severity of the arc flash hazard and effective methods to mitigate this risk. Implementing electrical safety programs as outlined in NFPA 70E will benefit both the employee and employer, resulting in a safer and an overall lower cost operation.
For further information, please visit www.panduit.com/safety or contact your distributor for more information.
- Referenced Standards
- NFPA 70E®, "Electrical Safety in the Workplace®, 2012"
- OSHA 29 CFR 1910.147, "The Control of Hazardous Energy"
- Disclaimer
The information contained herein is intended as a guide for use by persons having technical skill at their own discretion and risk. Panduit disclaims any liability arising from any information contained herein or for the absence of same.
- About Panduit
Panduit is a world-class developer and provider of leading-edge solutions that help customers optimize the physical infrastructure through simplification, increased agility and operational efficiency. Panduit's Unified Physical InfrastructureSM (UPI) based solutions give enterprises the capabilities to connect, manage and automate communications, computing, power, control and security systems for a smarter, unified business foundation. Panduit provides flexible, end-to-end solutions tailored by application and industry to drive performance, operational and financial advantages. Panduit's global manufacturing, logistics, and e-commerce capabilities along with a global network of distribution partners help customers reduce supply chain risk. Strong technology relationships with industry leading systems vendors and an engaged partner ecosystem of consultants, integrators and contractors together with its global staff and unmatched service and support make Panduit a valuable and trusted partner.
©2012 Panduit Corp. All rights reserved.
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text:
G DeBrekht Artistic Studios 73511
Heart shaped ornament from the G. DeBrekht Holiday Splendor Glass Ornament Collection features Mary, Joseph and Baby Jesus journeying from Bethlehem on a donkey. Measures 3.5 inches tall, made of hand-blown 1.5 mm thin glass artistically hand-painted with a combination of transparent and opaque paint for a stunning, deep iridescent lighting effect. Comes beautifully packaged in a G. DeBrekht satin-lined presentation case.


text:
Huntington's Disease-like 2 (HDL2) is a progressive, autosomal dominant, neurodegenerative disorder with marked clinical and pathological similarities to Huntington's disease (HD). The causal mutation is a CTG/CAG expansion mutation on chromosome 16q24.3, in a variably spliced exon of junctophilin-3. The frequency of HDL2 was determined in nine independent series of patients referred for HD testing or selected for the presence of an HD-like phenotype in North America or Japan. The repeat length, ancestry, and age of onset of all North American HDL2 cases were determined. The results show that HDL2 is very rare, with a frequency of 0 to 15% among patients in the nine case series with an HD-like presentation who do not have the HD mutation. HDL2 is predominantly, and perhaps exclusively, found in individuals of African ancestry. Repeat expansions ranged from 44 to 57 triplets, with length instability in maternal transmission detected in a repeat of 33 triplets. A younger age of onset is correlated with a longer repeat length (r2 = 0.29, p = 0.0098). The results further support the evidence that the repeat expansion at the chromosome 16q24.3 locus is the direct cause of HDL2 and provide preliminary guidelines for the genetic testing of patients with an HD-like phenotype.
Original language | English (US) |
Pages (from-to) | 670-674 |
Number of pages | 5 |
Journal | Annals of neurology |
Volume | 56 |
Issue number | 5 |
DOIs | |
State | Published - Nov 2004 |
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Neurology
- Clinical Neurology


text:
Blackstone, Landmark Properties form $784M student housing joint venture
5,400-bed deal comes amid sustained interest in college dorms from institutional investors
Is student housing the next big opportunity in real estate? Institutional investors seem to think so.
On Friday, Blackstone Real Estate Income Trust announced a $784 million joint venture with student housing developer Landmark Properties to acquire and recapitalize an eight-property, 5,400-bed student housing portfolio.
The eight assets in this transaction are at "leading universities" where enrollments are on the rise, Blackstone Real Estate senior managing director Jacob Werner said in a statement.
"Student housing has a history of being resilient while generating strong cash flows," Werner said. "We look forward to growing our presence in this asset class and working [with Landmark] on future transactions."
Landmark is the country's most active student housing developer and contractor. The company has over $7.7 billion assets under management, over 50,600 student housing beds and another $3.5 billion in assets under construction. This week's deal will increase its portfolio to 79 student housing communities
Student housing appears to be an increasingly attractive investment play for alternative asset managers. On Thursday, Bloomberg reported that Brookfield Asset Management was in talks with student housing developer Scion Group on a $1 billion student housing venture, the investment giant's first foray into the sector.
Unlike Brookfield, Blackstone is no stranger to student housing. In 2018, the firm teamed with Greystar Real Estate Partners to invest $1.2 billion in a 10,500-bed student housing portfolio. Last year, Blackstone expanded its student housing efforts into the UK, spending $6 billion on a 28,000-bed portfolio from Goldman Sachs.
As colleges and universities rebound from the pandemic, the National Multifamily Housing Council reports that the student housing market is expected to increase by around 700,000 beds over the next decade.


text:
As many of you may have already heard all of Roberts Arts & Crafts Stores will be closing in January. It's pretty disappointing news in my book, I really like this store and was always impressed with the great customer service I received every time I visited their store. Even though they are closing their doors they aren't closing shop for good. They are going to focus more on online sales. We will be here to post all of the great deals that Roberts will have online. The bright side of all of this is that when a store closes there are deals to be found. Here is the schedule of discounts as advertised by Roberts Arts & Crafts.
December 5-10 30% off marked prices
December 12-17 40% off marked prices
December 19-23 & 26-30 50% off marked prices
January 2-7 75% off marked prices
Januarey 9-14 90% off marked prices


text:
Most of them have these monstrous flowers the size of your babies face and they're just a bit too intense for my liking. Even the simple headbands usually only come in rainbow colors – finding a neutral headband is like finding a twinkie during a zombie apocalypse (if you know what I'm talking about, then we should probably be friends). It's also difficult to find headbands that don't squish soft little baby heads, so I'm all about making my own alternatives.
This headband kind of doesn't even require a tutorial, it's so simple, but I'm going to share it anyway.


text:
In his first television interview since assuming power last Friday, Donald Trump compares himself to Peyton Manning. Everything else was even weirder. Construction of a wall along the US-Mexico border may begin within a few months.
Pres. Trump on potential reaction to executive action on immigration: "The world is a mess. The world is as angry as it gets." pic.twitter.com/q4UsDuOkEz
— ABC News (@ABC) January 26, 2017
In the interview with ABC's David Muir, the narcissist-in-chief couldn't stop obsessively returning to the topic of his perceived grudges over inauguration crowd size, his vote count in the election, even his appearance at CIA last week, roundly criticized by those at the agency. Trump didn't get the memo.
"In fact, they said it was the biggest standing ovation since Peyton Manning had won the Super Bowl and they said it was equal," he lied.
President of the United States: People who think plunder is illegal are "fools." https://t.co/FI4LJQhtPz
— Daniel Dale (@ddale8) January 26, 2017
In the rambling and deeply unsettling interview, the obviously deranged Trump says torture is a viable interrogation option in his war against ISIS.
Trump also said his presidential campaign was "one of the greatest victories ever;" he defended his bizarre CIA speech as "a home run;" and he criticized "unflattering" and "demeaning" portrayals of his inauguration crowd size by the very bad and unfair media. Sad!
President Trump on his remarks at the CIA, via the @ABC transcript pic.twitter.com/u4qt0XNYJq
— Mark Berman (@markberman) January 26, 2017
Here's what Trump says about the bungled CIA meet-and-greet:
That speech was a home run. That speech, if you look at Fox, OK, I'll mention you — we see what Fox said. They said it was one of the great speeches. They showed the people applauding and screaming and — and they were all CIA. There was — somebody was asking Sean — "Well, were they Trump people that were put–" we don't have Trump people. They were CIA people … People loved it. They loved it. They gave me a standing ovation for a long period of time. They never even sat down, most of them, during the speech. There was love in the room. You and other networks covered it very inaccurately. I hate to say this to you and you probably won't put it on but turn on Fox and see how it was covered. And see how people respond to that speech.
Narcissistic word salad. What the heck, man.
Pres. Trump says border wall construction will begin in 'months.' "We'll be reimbursed at a later date." https://t.co/1QOK732ugy #POTUSonABC pic.twitter.com/YeGuNSixqP
— ABC News (@ABC) January 26, 2017
Muir challenges Trump in the interview on his claims that lots of brown people voted illegally against him in the election that led to his presidency:
DAVID MUIR (HOST): When you say in your opinion, millions of illegal votes, that is something that is extremely fundamental to our functioning democracy, a fair and free election.
TRUMP: Sure, sure, sure.
MUIR: You say you're going to launch an investigation into this.
TRUMP: Sure, done.
MUIR: What you have presented so far has been debunked. It's been called false.
TRUMP: No it hasn't, take a look at the Pew reports.
MUIR: I called the author of the Pew report last night, and he told me that they found no evidence of voter fraud.
TRUMP: Really? Then why did he write the report?
MUIR: He said no evidence of voter fraud.
TRUMP: Excuse me, then why did he write the report? According to Pew report — He is groveling again. You know, I always talk about the reporters that grovel when they write something that you want to hear but not necessarily millions of people want to hear, or have to hear.
MUIR: So, you've launched an investigation?
TRUMP: We're going to launch an investigation to find out. And then the next time — and I will say this, of those votes cast, none of them come to me, none of them come to me. They would all be for the other side. None of them come to me. But when you look at the people that are registered, dead, illegal, and two states, in some cases, maybe three states. We have a lot to look into.
Pres. Trump on receiving nuclear codes: "It is a very sobering moment, yes. It's very, very, very scary in a sense." https://t.co/89o6NhpsWh pic.twitter.com/MNIpCfmec8
— ABC News (@ABC) January 26, 2017
Trump keeps repeating his weird lie that 3 to 5 million votes were cast illegally against him. He slammed ABC's coverage, praises Fox, and tells Muir,
Let me just tell you, you know what's important, millions of people agree with me when I say that if you would've looked on one of the other networks and all of the people that were calling in they're saying, 'We agree with Mr. Trump. We agree.' They're very smart people.
have people that are registered who are dead, who are illegals, who are in two states," Trump tells Muir, "You have people registered in two states. They're registered in a New York and a New Jersey. They vote twice. There are millions of votes, in my opinion."
Earlier today, various news organizations reported that several top figures in the Trump political regime are registered to vote in multiple U.S. states. Steven Mnuchin, Steve Bannon, and Donald's daughter Tiffany Trump.
Pres. Donald Trump tells @ABC News' @DavidMuir he "absolutely" thinks waterboarding works. https://t.co/o0VMGtG7ga #POTUSonABC pic.twitter.com/8Oe7oK4PCf
— ABC News (@ABC) January 26, 2017
On the possibility of deporting DREAMers, kids born in the U.S. to undocumented immigrant parents:
They shouldn't be very worried. They are here illegally. They shouldn't be very worried. I do have a big heart. We're going to take care of everybody… here you have great people that are here that have done a good job, they should be far less worried.
Pres. Trump says he wants Chicago to fix violence problem: "Afghanistan is not like what's happening in Chicago." https://t.co/44NFiXe2ao pic.twitter.com/C1IdeWQTDp
— ABC News (@ABC) January 26, 2017
Oh yeah! Trump also threatened to send federal troops into Chicago today. On that topic, he tells Muir:
It is carnage. It's horrible carnage. This is Afghanistan — is not like what's happening in Chicago. People are being shot left and right. Thousands of people over a period — over a short period of time.
Disregarding the advice of his own advisors, on torture:
Absolutely I feel it works. Have I spoken to people at the top levels and people that have seen it work? I haven't seen it work. But I think it works. Have I spoken to people that feel strongly about it? Absolutely.
Trump did admit both his defense secretary and CIA director have told him torture is not worth it: "I will say this, I will rely on Pompeo and Mattis and my group. And if they don't wanna do, that's fine."
Pres. Trump "won't allow" anyone to demean people in Inauguration crowd: "We had the biggest audience in the history of inaugural speeches." pic.twitter.com/13dHFLbqn1
— ABC News (@ABC) January 26, 2017
On a Muslim ban:
We're talking about — no it's not the Muslim ban. But it's countries that have tremendous terror. . . . it's countries that people are going to come in and cause us tremendous problems. Our country has enough problems without allowing people to come in who, in many cases or in some cases, are looking to do tremendous destruction.
Will the ban anger Muslims around the world? "The world is as angry as it gets. What? You think this is gonna cause a little more anger?"
"Maybe we'll have another chance" to take Iraq's oil, he said. "Well, don't let it get your attention too much because we'll see what happens. I mean, we're gonna see what happens."
Trump was asked about health care in the interview. Will Americans who have health insurance now all still have insurance after the Affordable Care Act is repealed?
Here's what I can assure you, we are going to have a better plan, much better health care, much better service treatment, a plan where you can have access to the doctor that you want and the plan that you want. We're gonna have a much better health care plan at much less money.
Muir presses him again to state clearly that no one who has ACA health insurance will lose it:
"We want no one. We want the answer to be no one. But I will say millions of people will be happy."
Full transcript: Pres. Donald Trump's interview with ABC News' David Muir
President Trump to launch investigation into alleged voter fraud: "I want the voting process to be legitimate." https://t.co/zjjJ6vMqXU pic.twitter.com/gDK765766l
— ABC News (@ABC) January 26, 2017
Quite a Trump paragraph. pic.twitter.com/lp229UPabk
— Daniel Dale (@ddale8) January 26, 2017
While getting important stuff wrong about voter fraud, @realDonaldTrump also gets his own statements and travel history wrong pic.twitter.com/RHXeZ4Ny7o
— Mark Berman (@markberman) January 26, 2017
Pres. Trump on potential executive order implementing increased vetting for certain immigrants: "I don't want terror in this country." pic.twitter.com/givtoBP0Eh
— ABC News (@ABC) January 26, 2017


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نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
استادیار گروه حقوق خصوصی دانشکده حقوق دانشگاه شهید بهشتی
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسنده [English]
Issues relating to constitution, functioning and dissolution of corporations within an international framework are generally governed by lex societatis. In order to determine lex societatis, legal systems apply either incorporation or seat test. As the same tests are used to ascertain nationality of companies, there is some confusion between two concepts of nationality and lex societatis. Indulged in such misunderstanding, Iranian lawyers consider the article 591 of Iranian Commercial Code and the article 1 of Companies Registration Act as contradictory. They consequently endeavor to resolve the conflict thereof.
A historical study of concurrent rules in European laws throws some light on the problem. The enquiry shows that there is no real opposition between aforesaid articles. In one hand, article 591 of Commercial Code encompasses nothing but a conflict of laws rule (lex societatis). on the other hand, article 1 of Companies Registration Act asserts a substantive rule on the nationality of companies.
کلیدواژهها [English]


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Samsung has finally released the updated Galaxy Fold that isn't plagued by its breaking screen. Due to a screen protector issue, the original Galaxy Fold's screen would break when the factory-applied screen protector was removed by the user. However, Samsung has apparently fixed that and here we are. This is AXO's first impressions of the Samsung Galaxy Fold.
Holding the Galaxy Fold in my hands for the first time, it felt really good. There's a very proper and firm grip when it's unfolded. However, the same can't be said for when it's unfolded. Because it's thinner when unfolded, you lose a lot of surface area to hold on to, so it can get pretty slippery.
Some may argue that the Galaxy Fold is rather heavy, but i think the heft is a good thing. It gives the phone a very premium experience. When you're taking a call with the phone folded, it feels like a retro phone cause of its size, and to me that's a good thing. The phone is easy to be unfolded with one hand, if you know how. But if you're holding a Galaxy Fold in a crowd, it's cooler to unfold it with two hands, even cooler to fold it with a satisfying "click".
Button and port placement are well placed. You could charge the phone while you're gaming or watching a video without the USB cable bothering your hands. On the screen itself, navigation buttons are placed on the right because most people would be right handed, right? (no pun intended) But i feel there should be an option to move the navigation buttons to the left for those who are left handed.
When folded, the front display of the Galaxy Fold is clear and it's obvious that quite a lot of pixels have been crammed into such a small screen (by today's standards). That being said, I personally didn't like that the bezels on the top and bottom were so thick. That's a lot of display space wasted, as I would have preferred a longer screen on the front.
When the phone is unfolded, this is where the magic happens. The display looks amazing. It's bright, clear, and details are crisp, even the blacks are very nicely reproduced. Despite saying that, looking down the middle of the display where it folds, there's a subtle crease line. When you're on a more white screen, you don't really see it. But if you're watching a video or gaming that has a lot of black in the visuals, the crease line reflects on light and would show itself quite obvious.
On another note, I feel Samsung could've moved the removed the selfie camera altogether. That way, when unfolded users would get a full screen on the inside. As for selfies, the rear camera can capture the image while the front screen could act as the viewfinder. But hey, maybe in the Galaxy Fold 2?
User Experience
Where performance is concerned, the phone really takes off. There's no doubt operation on this phone is smooth and feels absolutely zippy. Samsung's One UI feels intuitive and considerate, I say so because swiping up on the homescreen brings up the app drawer, and swiping up/down in the camera app would switch to the selfie lens.
Certain apps even let you choose where you want the layouts to face. For example, something as simple as the Phone app, it lets you choose to have the dialer in the center, left or right depending on how you use your phone and where your dominant hand is. Then swiping left from the edge of the screen brings up app shortcuts. Considering how big the phone is, navigation is best to be made simple and fast.
The sound on the Galaxy Fold is amazing, but only when you're not covering them. You see, when you hold the phone unfolded in your hands, your palm would most likely be covering the speaker grill. That gives you muffled sound almost all the time. It takes a bit of readjusting the way you hold the phone to get the full and rich sound the Galaxy Fold is capable of producing.
You could remedy the issue by flipping the phone upside down, but then you'd have the selfie camera intruding on your screen space. This is a problem when it comes to gaming as well, but maybe you could just switch to the Galaxy Buds that comes with the phone.
Due to the short amount of time I've had with the phone, I couldn't test out the camera to its full potential. But I must say, photography on the Samsung Galaxy Fold is phenomenally satisfying because of how big the screen is. The camera performs well in broad daylight but suffers from quite a bit of noise and blurriness in lowlight situations. I love that there are many modes and features to utilise in the camera app. It gives you a lot more room for expressing creativity. When it comes to video, performance is really good, thanks to the addition of Optical Image Stabilisation (OIS) on it. Videos turn out crisp, clear, and most importantly, stable.
Unfold the Galaxy Fold and get ready to immerse yourself in the world of gaming thanks to the large 7.3-inch Infinity Flex Display. It's so big that you actually feel like you're closer to the game. Each game you play, the game just comes alive.
Thanks to the Qualcomm Snapdragon 855 CPU and the Adreno 640 GPU, games are fast and clear with no screen tearing at all. Rest assured, gaming performance on the Galaxy Fold is nothing you have to worry about.
To sum it all up, the Samsung Galaxy Fold is a smartphone that's capable of transforming into a tablet. It is a convertible when unfolded, everything you see and do on the screen just feels so much more satisfying. However, when it's folded, you kind of get less than half of that experience.
Doesn't matter if you're just scrolling Facebook or Instagram, checking out Twitter, or watching Netflix, these will all be a guilty pleasure to do on the Galaxy Fold. It's a true novelty to unfold the phone in front of others, a great attention catcher. But put that aside, it's still a great smartphone. Sure the screen has a subtle crease line, but the display is still amazing to look at nonetheless. The Galaxy Fold goes beyond a phablet, it's a device for those who want a smartphone but can still turn it into a tablet whenever they want. Fold for a smartphone, unfold for unlimited possibilities.


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Here is our Marble Simple Round Side. This round side is suitable for apartments, homes or offices. The design can well accommodate a variety of accessories or things, such as your laptop, magazines, books, remote control or other things. Table legs are sturdy and durable in use. The smooth surface makes it easier for you to clean. The stains on the table can be cleaned quickly, which reduces your worry. Plus it is easy to assemble. With a beautifully simplistic look, what are you waiting for? Don't hesitate to bring it home!
1. 【STABLE CONSTRUCTION & X-SHAPED BASE】Made from MDF laminated particleboard with powder-coated metal legs, The faux White marble finish pairs with an easy to clean and X-shaped metal base welded firmly which increases the contact area on the ground, this end table is of great stability.
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1. Product Dimension: (15.75 x 15.75 x 23.62)" / (40x40x60)cm(L x W x H)
2. Colour: White Marble Sticker Gold Legs
3. Weight Capacity: 88lbs / 40kg
4. Material: MDF MetalPackage Includes:
1 x Table
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LFC Ticket draw 19/20
Liverpool FC Red Neighbours School Ticket Draw
St John's has been included in Liverpool FC's 'Red Neighbours' community programme, one of the aims of the programmed is to create memorable experiences for young people and the school are given tickets for four Liverpool home games.
We chose 4 children who we think are good role models in our school to go to Anfield. The children attended with the other schools to take part in a 'Champions League' style draw to find out which matches our children will get to go and see next season at Anfield.
As an added treat the children got to meet and have their photo taken with Joël Matip.
The children really enjoyed themselves and were happy with the teams they pulled from the hat.
The fixtures the school will receive tickets for are;
- Liverpool vs Norwich Friday 9th August (H)
- Liverpool vs Manchester City, Saturday 9th November (H)
- Liverpool vs Watford, Saturday 14th December (H)
- Liverpool vs Wolves, Saturday 28 December (H)
We dont have a video of the draw but Mr Williams did get some near stop go animation of the children mid draw.
For previous matches & draws from the LFC Red Neighbours initiative click here.


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Mike McCarthy may not be calling the plays on offense - Kellen Moore will continue to do so - but the veteran head coach is still looking to infuse his own offensive philosophies with Moore's. Some things, like frequent passing on early downs and loads of play-action, will easily translate from McCarthy to Moore. But what about the fullback position? It was rarely used by Moore last year, but McCarthy's record of utilizing fullbacks in a variety of ways could change that in 2020.
McCarthy's offense, which fits under the umbrella of the West Coast offense, is indirectly derived from Bill Walsh, the creator of the West Coast offense. While McCarthy never worked with Walsh, he cut his teeth as a graduate assistant for the Pittsburgh Panthers in the early 90's.
McCarthy's head coach, Paul Hackett, had been the quarterbacks coach for Walsh's 49ers for three seasons before bringing the West Coast offense to the Cowboys in the final years of the Tom Landry reign. Those were Hackett's last two stops before taking over at Pitt, where he indoctrinated McCarthy into the teachings of Walsh.
This is where McCarthy's penchant for using the fullback comes from. Warren Sharp recently penned an illuminating Twitter thread about Walsh and his use of fullbacks, which he described as "the most critical part of our passing game." Not only that, but Sharp points out how valuable fullbacks still are today, even as the league becomes more inclined towards passing:
Let's talk fullbacks
— Warren Sharp (@SharpFootball) July 23, 2020
FBs provide a key value that often gets overlooked, even in the spread passing age of the NFL
From the father of the West Coast offense, Bill Walsh:
"The FB is the most critical part of our passing game because he's the one that's most difficult to handle" pic.twitter.com/s2zOmvm3Jf
But that was ages ago.
— Warren Sharp (@SharpFootball) July 23, 2020
The rules changed.
The game changed.
FBs are no longer valuable, right?
Last year, of the 8 personnel groupings used 100+ times, the #1 most efficient personnel grouping was 21 personnel:
• #1 in yards/play
• #1 in EPA/play
• #1 in success rate
And McCarthy has certainly witnessed firsthand how important fullbacks can be, in more ways than one. Packers fans have fond memories of John Kuhn, the fullback who exploded onto the scene in 2010. While Kuhn had played a minimal role for three years, McCarthy found ways to turn Kuhn into a utility nightmare for defenses.
In 2010, Kuhn rushed 84 times for 281 yards and four touchdowns while also catching 15 passes for 97 yards and two touchdowns. With a quarterback (Aaron Rodgers) who was just starting to hit his peak commanding an offense that already featured the likes of Donald Driver, Greg Jennings, James Jones, Jordy Nelson, and Jermichael Finley as receiving threats, getting Kuhn involved as both a runner and catcher, in addition to blocking, took the Packers' offense to the next level. And it led them to a Super Bowl ring.
McCarthy continued to feature Kuhn as a dangerous utility player, and over the six seasons that Kuhn held this role he accumulated 573 rushing yards, 13 rushing touchdowns, 482 receiving yards, and four touchdown receptions. Kuhn averaged over four yards per touch, an incredible mark for a fullback that earned him three trips to the Pro Bowl.
But after the 2015 season, Green Bay let an aging Kuhn go in free agency and tried to replace him with second-year pro Aaron Ripkowski. While he had the perfect name for a fullback, Ripkowski struggled to produce at a steady level. He wasn't as reliable blocking, rushing, or catching, and it came to a head in the 2016 NFC Championship game.
Down 10-0 early in the second quarter to the Falcons, McCarthy's offense was starting to move the ball. They were 23 yards away from the endzone when they handed it off to Ripkowski. After busting up the middle for 12 yards, Ripkowski fumbled the ball and Atlanta recovered. The Falcons scored on the next possession to go up 17-0. The commanding lead deflated the Packers, who ended up losing 44-21.
Ripkowski only saw 12 total touches in 2017 as McCarthy tried to pivot away from the position, realizing he didn't have what he used to in Kuhn, before cutting Ripkowski and essentially doing away with the position altogether in 2018.
But McCarthy at his core believes in the fullback, and as Sharp displayed above, teams like the 49ers with Kyle Juszczyk and the Vikings with CJ Ham are seeing real results with the position. So what could this mean for the Cowboys?
Dallas has Jamize Olawale on the roster already, and while he hasn't contributed much in the two years he's been here Olawale is someone that Moore has tried to get more involved in the past. That's for good reason: Olawale showcased his versatility in Oakland from 2015 to 2017, when he put up 200 rushing yards and four touchdowns alongside 344 receiving yards and a touchdown catch. Coincidentally, the Raiders' offensive coordinator during that time, Bill Musgrave, played quarterback for the 49ers back when they ran Walsh's offense.
Dallas also has undrafted free agent Sewo Olonilua from TCU, whom they converted from running back to fullback. Olonilua split carries with Darius Anderson (also on the Cowboys roster now) but still put up 537 rushing yards, 114 receiving yards, and nine total touchdowns. Measured at 6'3" and 240 pounds, Olonilua's profile entering the draft was that of a big, sturdy running back with surprising ability as a receiver (relative to his size) who would need to find a niche role to hang on in the NFL. That should translate well to the modern day fullback that McCarthy craves.
While Moore made somewhat of an effort to get his fullback more involved last season, McCarthy can give him the experience and knowledge of what it takes to actually make it happen. With Dallas possessing so many weapons on offense, not unlike that 2010 Packers offense, now would be the ideal time to properly integrate a fullback into this offense. Whether it's Olawale or Olonilua, fans should expect to see more from the fullback position this year.


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Forrest is a self-employed woodworker and works in the family business making hiking sticks, walking cans, carvings, and other items. Kayla works as an aide in the local elementary school. We love get togethers with our friends and spending time with loved ones. We especially love spending time with our son, watching him grow and teaching him of God's love. We would love to share all the love and family our home has to offer with another little one.
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