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The strong tidal triggering of mid-ocean ridge earthquakes has remained unexplained because the earthquakes occur preferentially during low tide, when normal faulting earthquakes should be inhibited. Using Axial Volcano on the Juan de Fuca ridge as an example, we show that the axial magma chamber inflates/deflates in response to tidal stresses, producing Coulomb stresses on the faults that are opposite in sign to those produced by the tides. When the magma chamber's bulk modulus is sufficiently low, the phase of tidal triggering is inverted. We find that the stress dependence of seismicity rate conforms to triggering theory over the entire tidal stress range. There is no triggering stress threshold and stress shadowing is just a continuous function of stress decrease. We find the viscous friction parameter A to be an order of magnitude smaller than laboratory measurements. The high tidal sensitivity at Axial Volcano results from the shallow earthquake depths.
Tidal triggering of earthquakes has been found to be elusive despite a long search1,2,3. On the continents, the signal is so weak that a significant statistical correlation between earthquakes and tides can be detected only with very large catalogues4. In the oceans, where loading from ocean tides result in tidal stresses an order of magnitude larger than the solid earth tides, the tidal triggering signal has been found to be stronger. Cochran et al.5 used a large catalog of oceanic earthquakes to show that shallow thrust earthquakes may be found to correlate with maximum tidally generated Coulomb stresses when the tides are large enough. The earthquakes preferentially occur at low water when the normal stresses on low-angle thrust faults are reduced such that they become unclamped. Much stronger tidal triggering has been observed with ocean bottom seismometer networks in magmatic areas at mid-ocean ridges6,7,8,9,10. These are the most promising places to test theories of earthquake triggering. In these cases, however, even the most basic mechanism of the triggering is not understood because seismicity peaks at low tides, when it should be inhibited on normal faults. The most well-studied of these cases is at Axial Volcano on the Juan de Fuca ridge. We shall study this case, and later see if the results obtained there can also be applied to the other mid-ocean ridges.
At Axial Volcano, the rate of normal faulting earthquakes is maximum at low tide. We show that they are driven by the tidally induced inflation of the magma chamber. The seismicity rate is modulated by tidal stresses at all tidal phases in agreement with triggering models based on nucleation theory. These results show that the viscous friction parameter A must be much smaller than indicated in laboratory experiments.
Tidal triggering of earthquake at Axial Volcano
Axial Volcano, which is at the intersection of a mid-ocean ridge with a hotspot (Fig. 1), erupts on a decadal time scale. Each eruption is followed by a caldera collapse accompanied by thrusting on outwardly dipping ring faults, followed by a re-inflation period, at the latter stages of which the ring faults become reactivated in normal faulting11,12,13. The best observations of tidal triggering were for the normal faulting earthquakes in the months prior to the 2015 eruption7.
At Axial Volcano, the ocean tides are very large (3 m) so that ocean loading dominates the solid earth tides and the vertical tidal stress dominates and is in phase with the ocean tides (Supplementary Fig. 1), so we need only consider the vertical component in our analysis. Tension is taken as positive for tidal stresses, so the maximum tidal stress corresponds to the minimum water depth. To avoid ambiguity, in this paper we will refer to high and low tides in the conventional way as high and low water, recalling that low water produces tension and high water produces compression.
Figure 1 shows a cross-section view of the seismicity for the three months prior to the 2015 eruption, which illuminates the ring faults. This data set contains ~60,000 earthquakes with a magnitude of completeness (Mc) = 0.114. Figure 2 shows a histogram of the seismicity plotted as a function of tidal phase, in which 0° is the maximum low tide. The correlation is obvious and requires no statistical treatment. It was first proposed that this was also a case of fault unclamping6,8,10, but when it was established that these earthquakes were dominated by normal faulting12 this viewpoint became untenable. Both the seismicity trends in Fig. 1 and the focal mechanisms12 indicate a mean fault dip of 67°. The reduction of vertical stress brought about by low tide will produce a Coulomb-stress change on such steeply dipping normal faults that inhibits their slip. It is, rather, the high tides that will produce a Coulomb stress on the faults that encourages slip. This seeming paradox is resolved by including the effect of the axial magma chamber on the distribution of stress.
The response of the magma chamber
The red curve in Fig. 1 delineates the roof of the axial magma chamber obtained from seismic imaging15. Inflation of the magma chamber drives the normal faulting on the ring faults. This is demonstrated in Fig. 3, where we show east–west cross-sections of a 3D model containing a magma chamber with dimensions defined by seismic imaging15,16. Figure 3a shows the Coulomb failure stress change, ΔCFS = Δτ + μΔσ, on 67° dipping faults that results from a magma chamber overpressure of 1 MPa (Δτ is the change in shear stress resolved on the fault in the slip direction, Δσ is the change in normal stress on the fault plane, and µ is the friction coefficient). Positive (red) ΔCFS values encourage normal fault slip, negative ones (blue) inhibit it. The primary features in Fig. 3a are the zones of positive ΔCFS that correspond to the seismicity shown in Fig. 1. See Methods for details about the model.
Because the magma chamber is a soft inclusion, its presence will profoundly affect the stress field in its vicinity resulting from any external load. We simulate the response to tides by calculating the distribution of ΔCFS on 67° dipping faults resulting from a reduction in vertical stress corresponding to a 1 m drop in the ocean tide. This is shown in Fig. 3b. The pattern is very similar to that of Fig. 3a, demonstrating how a low tide can stimulate activity on these faults. This pattern arises because the reduction of vertical stress causes the magma chamber, owing to its higher compressibility, to inflate relative to the surrounding rock, which produces a stress field congruent with that of Fig. 3a. This is superimposed on a uniform ΔCFS from the tidal stress, which is negative in the case of a low tide. Likewise, high tides cause the magma chamber to deflate, which also produces Coulomb stresses opposite in sign to the tidal ones. Which component is larger determines whether normal faulting earthquakes are stimulated by the low tide or the high tide.
The relative expansion of the magma chamber depends inversely with Km/Kr, the bulk modulus of the magma chamber relative to that of the surrounding rock, so this is the critical parameter that determines the behavior of the system. In the calculation of Fig. 3a we used µ = 0.8. The lack of a phase shift between the tidal stress and the seismicity (Fig. 2) indicates that tidal loading must be under undrained conditions (see Supplementary Fig. 2 for a check on this assumption). Therefore, for calculations such as shown in Fig. 3b we use an effective friction µ' = (1 − B)µ, where B is Skempton's coefficient. The proper value to use for B is not well established: plausible values are between 0.5 and 117, so we explored values of µ' from 0.4 to 0. In Fig. 3b we used µ' = 0.4, Km = 1 GPa and Kr = 55 GPa.
The ratio Km/Kr and µ' control the ΔCFS on overlying normal faults that results from an applied vertical tidal stress. We use a metric, χ, which normalizes the ΔCFS by the vertical tidal stress and which, therefore, is time invariant. We define χ by the ΔCFS on a 67° dipping fault, indicated by the bold line in Fig. 3b, averaged from the corner of the magma chamber to the surface, normalized by the applied vertical tidal stress. This parameter is shown in Fig. 4 as a function of Km for several values of µ' at a fixed Kr = 55 GPa. Positive χ values indicate that normal faulting earthquakes will be favored by low tides, negative values by high tides and vice versa for thrust earthquakes. All conditions in Fig. 4 within the red region therefore favor normal faulting earthquakes on the low tide and inhibit them on the high tide, and within the blue region, vice versa. Normal faulting may be generated by low tides for values of Km < 8 GPa, depending on the value of µ'. The point indicated by the plus in Fig. 4 is the case illustrated in Fig. 3b. The bulk modulus of gas-free mid-ocean ridge (MOR) magma is 12 GPa18, but at the pressure of the magma chamber (~40 MPa) this value can be reduced by one to two orders of magnitude by the presence of volatiles19. Thus, at this pressure, a magma of Km = 1 GPa would contain 2650 ppm CO2 by weight18. This is greater than the highest values typically seen for CO2 content of MOR magma20, but this difference could easily be accounted for by the inclusion of exsolved H2O. So, the values of Km that we find would promote normal faulting at low tide are realistic. Our illustrative example (Fig. 3b) indicates χ = 0.176, a figure that will enter into the modeling calculations of the triggered seismicity in the next section.
Comparison of the earthquake triggering with theory
During the three month period prior to the eruption, the seismic moment release on the eastern ring fault indicated a slip magnitude approximately the same as observed geodetically12, indicating that the faults are seismically coupled. In this case, there are two models that relate change in seismicity rate to a rapid change in driving stress. These are based on earthquake nucleation models21, one derived from the rate-state friction law22 and the other from subcritical crack growth due to stress corrosion23,24. The rate-state friction version is
and the stress corrosion version is
where R is the instantaneous seismicity rate, r is the background rate, here taken as the rate when the tidal stress is zero, and ΔCFS = χσv, σv being the vertical tidal stress. The control parameters for the rate-state friction version are the effective normal stress σ and the viscous friction term A. For the stress corrosion version, they are the stress corrosion index n and the earthquake stress drop Δτ.
The fit of these equations to the data is shown in Fig. 5, where the solid blue curve and the dashed red curves are Eqs. (1) and (2), respectively. These two formulations cannot be distinguished and fit the data equally well. There is no detectable phase shift between the seismicity and the tides (Fig. 2), nor is there any hysteresis observed—data for rising and falling stresses fit the triggering curves equally well (Supplementary Figs. 4 and 5). We, therefore, conclude that poroelastic relaxation is negligible in the response to the semi-diurnal tides.
The agreement with the theories is excellent, and extends them to far smaller stresses than previously seen5, even into the negative stress regime. In the case shown in Fig. 5, the value of χ used was 0.176, from the illustrative example. The goodness of fit to the theories does not depend on the value of χ obtained from the deformation model: that merely determines the scale of the stress axis. The various implications of this result will be deferred to the discussion section.
Applications to other areas
Wilcock6 searched for tidal triggering on the mid-ocean ridge systems of the NE Pacific, using mainly land-based networks. He found a 15% increase in seismicity within 15° of the lowest tides. The focal mechanisms of the earthquakes, however, were undetermined. With an OBS deployment on the Endeavour segment of the Juan de Fuca ridge, some 2° NE of Axial Volcano, the correlation of seismicity with low tides became much better defined9. Most of the triggered seismicity there was near the ridge axis, where the focal mechanisms indicate normal faulting25. This situation is therefore quite similar to Axial Volcano and the same effect of the magma chamber seems necessary to explain these observations.
At the hydrothermal field at 9°50'N on the East Pacific rise, an OBS deployment also showed evidence for tidal triggering8. There the ocean tides are much smaller than at Axial Volcano and a significant contribution to tidal stresses is from the solid earth tides. The seismicity maximum correlates with the maximum extensional tidal stress, which can reach 1.3 kPa. The dependence of the seismicity on stress is similar to that observed at Axial Seamount (compare Fig. 3c in ref. 8 to our Fig. 5). Evidence for the mechanism of the earthquakes is equivocal: scant focal mechanism data has indicated strike-slip, normal faulting, and reverse faulting26,27, and others have proposed that the seismicity is due to hydrothermally induced extension cracking28. There is also a variation in the tidal phase angle of earthquakes along the strike of the ridge axis. This indicates the earthquake triggering is also modulated by pore pressure changes brought about by hydrothermal circulation29. With this degree of ambiguity and complexity, we cannot assess how deformation of the magma chamber may be related to the tidal triggering in this location.
The unloading model used here was initially tested at Katla volcano (Iceland), where earthquakes show an annual cycle with the maximum seismicity rate occurring in the late summer30 when the snow cover of the glacier above the volcano is minimum (annual fluctuation—6 m). The model31 showed that this was also the period of maximum Coulomb stresses in the area above the magma chamber. However, in this case the focal mechanisms were not known30 so it was not possible to determine if the system was in the red or blue regions of Fig. 4.
Our observations of seismicity rate change as a function of stress, shown in Fig. 5, show a much stronger agreement with the models and extends to much smaller stresses than previously observed5. In the rate-state friction version, the representative value χ = 0.176 yields Aσ = 2 kPa, about an order of magnitude smaller than found in earlier studies of earthquake triggering5,32,33. In the earlier studies the earthquakes were deeper (8–20 km), so the difference could be from that factor alone. In those papers, to accommodate lab values for A of 0.003–0.007, near-lithostatic pore pressures were assumed to get low enough values of σ to match the observed Aσ. At Axial Volcano the normal stress is 7.2 MPa at the average earthquake depth of 1.2 km, assuming µ = 0.8, a hydrostatic pore pressure gradient, and a dip of 67°. It is highly unlikely that overpressures can be maintained in the top 1 km of very young oceanic crust where there is no sediment cover and there is vigorous hydrothermal circulation throughout the caldera34,35. Using 7.2 MPa for σ we conclude that A = 0.0003, much smaller than lab values. Considering the entire spread of the solution space for µ' ≤ 0.4, χ ranges from 0.2 to zero, and with σ = 7.2 MPa, the equivalent range of A is 0.0004 ≥ A > 0. If hydrostatic pore pressure was assumed in the other studies, estimates for A in that range would also be obtained. The higher sensitivity to triggering at Axial Volcano is due to the shallow depths of earthquakes there and its observation made clear by the high rate of background seismicity during the inflation stage. Considering the Vidale et al.3 study, which failed to detect a tidal correlation for Southern California earthquakes, if we use 8 km depth with a hydrostatic pore pressure gradient, their typical tidal stress level of 1 kPa, and our A value of 0.0003, we calculate36 that they would need 22k events to detect a correlation, whereas their catalog contained only 13k. Thus, the other studies are consistent with our finding that the A parameter at geologic rates must be considerably smaller than lab values. The few laboratory studies that explore if the friction rate parameters A and B depend on sliding rate37,38 find that they do, and experiments at plate tectonic slip rates39 indicate that the friction parameters at those rates may differ significantly from those measured at the much higher rates usually employed in laboratory experiments.
Beeler and Lockner36 noted that there are two triggering regimes: a threshold regime, in which the earthquake nucleation time tn is shorter than the tidal period and a nucleation regime, in which it is longer. In the former, maximum seismicity rate would correlate with the maximum stressing rate, in the latter, with maximum stress amplitude. Our data clearly confirm the latter (Fig. 2), and the latter is also implicit in the fit in Fig. 5. The uplift rate prior to the 2015 eruption was 61 cm/y13. From our inflation model (e.g., Fig. 3a) we found that the corresponding fault stressing rate \(\dot \tau\) is 5 MPa/y. Using36 \(t_n = \frac{{2\pi A\sigma }}{{\dot \tau }}\), we get tn = 24 h confirming that the system is indeed in the nucleation regime for the semi-diurnal tides examined.
For the stress corrosion version of the triggering equation, if we take the stress corrosion index to be the laboratory values for basalt, 22 < n < 4440, then the best fitting stress drop would be 0.04 < Δτ < 0.09 MPa. This is a bit lower than the 0.18 < Δτ < 2.8 range41 for earthquakes at 1 km depth in Southern California, although these estimates are from mainly strike-slip earthquakes, which have systematically higher stress drops than normal faults42. If we take the rule that stress drop is about 3% of the shear strength42, then for strength τ = μσ = 5.7 MPa we get Δτ = 0.17 MPa, not much greater than our fit values. Thus, for this version of the triggering law, we do not have any serious conflict with independent estimates.
Thresholds for static or dynamic triggering have been much discussed43,44,45. Van der Elst and Brodsky46 showed that dynamic triggering could be detected at very small strains, and suggested that the lower limit may simply be a matter of detectability. Our results (Fig. 5) show that seismicity rate falls smoothly as the tidal stress falls to zero, indicating that there is no threshold for triggering. Seismicity rate continues to fall when the tidal Coulomb stress becomes negative, indicating that what is often called stress shadowing is a continuous quantifiable function of stress reduction.
It has often been remarked that hydrothermal areas seem particularly susceptible to dynamic triggering from distant earthquakes47,48,49 Attempts to explain this have invoked various effects of dynamic stresses on the permeability and/or pressure of the pore fluid50,51,52. The excellent agreement of our data with the dry triggering models indicates that additional mechanisms are not required to explain the tidal triggering at Axial Volcano. In the case of tidal triggering, some of those proposed mechanisms, such as unclogging of fluid pathways, are less likely because the tides are continually jostling the faults so that clogs, such as from mineralization as suggested in the Yellowstone case48, will not have time to form.
Low-frequency earthquakes in the tremor deep in subduction zones also show high sensitivity to tidal stresses53,54. This undoubtedly implies very low effective normal stresses, although if our A value is used instead of the laboratory values, effective stresses would be about an order of magnitude larger than those reported. This is more in line with the values of 2–4 MPa obtained from the scaling of the amplitude and frequency of the periodic slow slip events which the tremor accompanies55.
The value of A we obtained is the first estimate of a rate-state friction parameter for earthquakes at tectonic loading rates. As shown in the examples given above, using this value provides much more plausible estimates of effective normal stresses in those cases. This finding shows that laboratory values of friction parameters should not be blithely adopted in theoretical studies of earthquake phenomena.
Coulomb stress modeling
Coulomb stress calculation is performed with the commercial Finite Element Modelling software COMSOL Multiphysics® (https://www.comsol.com). We use a 100 × 100 × 50 km domain designed to limit boundary effects. Boundary conditions are zero-displacement for the bottom and lateral boundaries and free-displacement for the top boundary corresponding to the Earth's surface. For the host rock, we assume an isotropic and homogeneous elastic medium with a bulk modulus Kr of 55 GPa and a Poisson's ratio νr of 0.25, which is in accordance with seismic velocities recorded on the East Pacific Rise56. At Axial Seamount, multichannel seismic-reflection has inferred a 14-km long by 3-km-wide shallow magma reservoir located at 1.1–2.3 km depth15,16. We, therefore, model the magma reservoir as a 3D ellipsoid cavity with semi-axis: a = 7 km, b = 1.5 km, and c = 0.5 km, and top depth located at 2 km below the surface.
In our modeling, the initial stress field is lithostatic and stress perturbations are calculated considering two scenarios: first, from the pressurization of the magma reservoir and second, for the effect of ocean tides. For the first scenario, the overpressure inside the reservoir is modeled by applying a constant normal stress applied at the boundary of the ellipsoid. For the second scenario, the stress changes due to ocean low tides are modeled by applying a boundary load at the surface corresponding to a 1 m decrease in the water level. Surface unloading causes the reservoir expansion resulting in a magma pressure change, which depends on the reservoir volume, the bulk modulus of the magma and the elastic properties of the host rock. The pressure change is applied on the reservoir's wall considering different bulk modulus Km from 0 to 20 GPa. For each model, the Coulomb failure stress change is calculated on specific fault planes using ΔCFS = Δτ + μΔσ, where Δσ is the normal stress change, Δτ the tangential stress changes and μ the friction coefficient.
Seismicity catalog
The cabled seismic network started streaming time-corrected data in late January 2015, 3 months before Axial Volcano erupted on April 24th, 2015 (Wilcock et al., 2016)7. In this study, we examine the ~60,000 earthquakes located between January 22nd and April 23rd, 2015. The earthquake catalog is from Wilcock et al.7 and is archived in the Interdisciplinary Earth Data Alliance Marine Geoscience Data System (DOI: 10.1594/IEDA/323843)57 Tan et al.14 estimated the Mc of the catalog and find Mc = 0.1 when using the goodness-of-fit method58 and Mc = 0.3 based on b-value stability59.
Tidal stress calculations
The tidal stresses were modeled following Tan et al.14. Briefly, we estimate the horizontal strains at the earthquake region (−130.009, 45.955) due to solid earth tide and regional ocean tidal loading with the SPOTL package60 using the predicted tidal height in the Oregon State University regional ocean tidal model61. We then convert strain to stress using p-wave velocity of 5.55 km/s, s-wave velocity of 3.20 km/s, and a density of 2800 kg/m3, assuming plane stress. We also calculate the vertical stress variations due to near-field direct ocean tidal loading from the predicted tidal height taking seawater density of 1030 kg/m3 and gravitational acceleration of 9.8 m/s2. We then estimate the horizontal stresses from the vertical stress assuming uniaxial strain. An example is shown in Supplementary Fig. 1.
The ratio between the horizontal and vertical tidal stresses is symmetrically distributed with a median value of 0.058 (Supplementary Fig. 4). Therefore, we use this ratio in the numerical modeling to obtain the χ value which relates the tidal vertical stress to the average Coulomb stress change on the normal fault (Fig. 4). This χ value (0.176 for µ' = 0.4 and Km = 1 GPa) is then used to convert the tidal-vertical-stress time series to the Coulomb-stress time series for tidal triggering analysis (Fig. 5). This approximation gives almost identical results as when we use two separate χ values, χ1 = 0.133 relating the tidal vertical stress to the Coulomb stress change on the fault (with horizontal stress = 0) and χ2 = 0.740 relating the tidal horizontal stress to the Coulomb stress change on the fault (with vertical stress = 0), to convert the different component tidal-stress time series to the Coulomb-stress time series for tidal triggering analysis (Supplementary Fig. 5).
Data availability
The earthquake catalog is from Wilcock et al.7 and is archived in the Interdisciplinary Earth Data Alliance Marine Geoscience Data System (DOI: 10.1594/IEDA/323843).
Code availability
Numerical models for Coulomb stress calculation have been performed using the software COMSOL Multiphysics® software [https://www.comsol.com] and source files are available from the co-author [F.A.] upon reasonable request.
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Hill, D. P. Seismicity remotely triggered by the magnitude 7.3 Landers, California, Earthquake. Science 260, 1617–1623 (1993).
Husen, S., Taylor, R., Smith, R. B. & Healser, H. Changes in geyser eruption behavior and remotely triggered seismicity in Yellowstone National Park produced by the 2002 M 7.9 Denali fault earthquake, Alaska. Geology 32, 537–540 (2004).
Prejean, S. G. et al. Remotely triggered seismicity on the United States west coast following the M-W 7.9 Denali fault earthquake. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 94, S348–S359 (2004).
Brodsky, E. E., Roeloffs, E., Woodcock, D., Gall, I. & Manga, M. A mechanism for sustained groundwater pressure changes induced by distant earthquakes. J. Geophys. Res. 108, 2390 https://doi.org/10.1029/2002jb002321 (2003).
Linde, A. T., Sacks, I. S., Johnston, M. J. S., Hill, D. P. & Bilham, R. G. Increased pressure from rising bubbles as a mechanism for remotely triggered seismicity. Nature 371, 408–410 (1994).
Manga, M. et al. Changes in permeability caused by dynamic stresses: field observations, experiments, and mechanisms. Rev. Geophys. 50, RG2004 https://doi.org/10.1029/2011rg000382 (2012).
Yabe, S., Tanaka, Y., Houston, H. & Ide, S. Tidal sensitivity of tectonic tremors in Nankai and Cascadia subduction zones. J. Geophys. Res. 120, 7587–7605 (2015).
Beeler, N. M., Thomas, A., Burgmann, R. & Shelly, D. Constraints on friction, dilatancy, diffusivity, and effective stress from low-frequency earthquake rates on the Deep San Andreas Fault. J. Geophys. Res. 123, 583–605 (2018).
Liu, Y. & Rice, J. R. Spontaneous and triggered aseismic deformation transients in a subduction fault model. J. Geophys. Res. 112, B0904 (2007).
Vera, E. et al. The structure of 0‐to 0.2‐my‐old oceanic crust at 9° N on the East Pacific Rise from expanded spread profiles. J. Geophys. Res. 95, 15529–15556 (1990).
Wilcock, W., Waldhauser, F. and Tolstoy, M. Catalogs of earthquake recorded on Axial Seamount from January, 2015 through November, 2015. doi:10.1594/IEDA/323843 (Interdisciplinary Earth Data Alliance, 2016).
Wiemer, S. & Wyss, M. Minimum magnitude of completeness in earthquake catalogs: examples from Alaska, the western United States, and Japan. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 90, 859–869 (2000).
Cao, A. M. & Gao, S. S. Temporal variations of seismic b-values beneath northeastern japan island arc. Geophys. Res. Lett. 29, 48-1-48-3 https://doi.org/10.1029/2001GL013775 (2002).
Agnew, D. C. NLOADF: a program for computing ocean-tide loading. J. Geophys. Res. 102, 5109–5110 (1997).
Egbert, G. D. & Erofeeva, S. Y. Efficient inverse modeling of barotropic ocean tides. J. Atmos. Ocean Tech. 19, 183–204 (2002).
Chadwick, W., Embley, R. W., Claque, D. & Butterfield, D. A. Processed swath bathymetry grids (NetCDF-GMT format) derived from Multibean Sonar Data from the Juan de Fuca -Axial Seamount assembled as part of the JdF_Gorda NOAA_VENTS Data Compilattion Interdisciplinary Earth Data Alliance (IEDA) https://www.iedadata.org/ (2015).
Mike Burton is thanked for instructing us on the properties of magmas at mid-ocean ridges. The earthquake catalog is the same as in Wilcock (2016) and is archived in the Interdisciplinary Earth Data Alliance Marine Geoscience Data System (DOI: 10.1594/IEDA/323843). That data was collected with funding from NSF under grant OCE-1536320. F. Albino is supported by the NERC Center for the Observation and Modelling of Earthquakes, Volcanoes and Tectonics.
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Authors and Affiliations
C.H.S. conceived the main ideas with discussions with Y.J.T., led the project, and wrote the initial draft of the paper. Y.J.T. performed the analysis of the tides and earthquake data, fit the triggering equations, contributed to their interpretation, and prepared Figs. 1, 2, and 5. F.A. developed the deformation model, carried out all deformation modeling, and prepared Figs. 3 and 4. All authors contributed to the writing of the final paper.
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Scholz, C.H., Tan, Y.J. & Albino, F. The mechanism of tidal triggering of earthquakes at mid-ocean ridges. Nat Commun 10, 2526 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-10605-2
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-10605-2
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Following are excerpts from an interview with Egyptian cleric Zaghloul Al-Naggar, which aired on Iqra TV on September 11, 2008.
Zaghloul Al-Naggar: I was visiting Canada several months ago, and I was invited to lunch by a [Muslim] family there. One of the family's children came home from school while we were eating. He looked very upset and agitated. When his mother asked him what had happened, he said that the teacher had asked the kids in the class who knew his father, and he said that out of the 40 kids, he was the only one who knew who his father was. This is a great tragedy. The West suffers from a phenomenon of children who do not know the identity of their fathers – a phenomenon known as the "single-parent family." These families result from relations that have no limitations – they don't care about lineage, they don't care about nursing their babies.
Nothing holds them back in these relationships, and this could lead to the total annihilation of the human race. Hence, we as Muslims must convey our Islamic values to them as a form of advice. This chaos in relations might bring about diseases that cannot be combated and cured by science. Today, the world has become one big village, and if there is a disease in one place, it will spread to the others in no time. AIDS, for example, began in the West and then spread to Africa. Of course, the West has the medicine [to treat AIDS), but the Africans do not. AIDS medicine is very expensive, and while Westerners can afford it, Africans cannot. That's how AIDS has become a plague in Africa and South-East Asia.
We must aspire to reform this corruption. We Muslims are the only ones capable of reforming this corruption, because [the Westerners] do not possess such lofty and true religious values, which are free of any interpretation and distortion. We have these values, so why shouldn't we provide them to the West?

subset: commoncrawl


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I just experienced something that I've never experienced before.
A little Haitian kid and myself we're getting ready to go up a long and steep hill on a motorcycle, when I saw a middle-aged lady who obviously had a long way to walk needing a ride. I offered a ride and she gladly accepted. I began to ask her if she knew Jesus.
She begin to explain in Creole some things about what she believes! She continued on and on and on, (preaching/prophesying.) What was really cool was that I could understand almost everything that she said, and it carried with it a supernatural weight from the Holy Spirit! This lady was prayed up and a powerful woman of God!
I understood her Creole better than any other person I've ever heard in Haiti. I'm still not sure whether not she was an angel. It was an extremely encouraging ride as she blessed my spirit with the word of God. This little kid who was riding with me received the benefit of that as well.
These things happen on the field, because we have people around us that are praying. I will be heading out Thursday at noon — prayers appreciated! We got a lot of work done this trip!


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Document Type
OBJECTIVE: To develop a sonographic birth weight estimation model for Pakistani population and to validate the published models in the same population.
METHODS: Data was collected for pregnant women who presented to Radiology Department of Aga Khan University Hospital Karachi from January 2007 to July 2008 and had undergone ultrasound estimation of foetal weight within 4 days prior to a term delivery (37-42 weeks gestation). The neonate's actual birth weight was used to validate the published foetal weight estimation models and modified sonographic birth weight estimation model was derived for our population by using linear regression.
RESULTS: Modified sonographic birth weight estimation model for our population was derived by using foetal parameters. No significant difference (p-value > 0.05) of actual and predicted birth weight derived from Our regression model, Campbell and Woo models was noted, however least difference (p = 0.7) was identified between our predicted model (Mean difference 14 +/- 37.7 g).
CONCLUSION: Our sonographic modified regression model of foetal weight estimation gave the least difference with actual neonatal birth weight and can be reliably used in our population. Hadlock1, Hadlock2 and Woo2 models are not appropriate in our setting or should be used carefully while predicting foetal weight in our population.
Publication (Name of Journal)
Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association
Recommended Citation
Akhtar, W.,
Ali, A.,
Aslam, M.,
Saeed, F.,
Salman, .,
Ahmad, N.
(2010). Birth weight estimation--a sonographic model for Pakistani population. Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, 60(7), 517-20.
Available at:


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Michigan State will have its head coach back Saturday for its Big Ten opener versus Wisconsin. Mark Dantonio announced at his Tuesday press conference that he has returned to work this week.
It doesn't appear, however, that Dantonio will resume full head coaching duties for the Spartans. He will be at practice this week to help with preparations for the Badgers, but will work from the coaches box during the game on Saturday. Dantonio told the media that returning to his full workload will be a gradual process.
"I'm going to ease back into this much like anybody would after an injury," Dantonio said. "We don't discuss injuries, so why discuss mine? It's a personnel issue as far as when I come back and when I'm full go. I'm gonna listen to our doctors, ease back into this and do something daily with our football team."
As might be expected, Dantonio tried to discuss MSU's game with Wisconsin more than his condition. But his presence meant questions about his recovery would be addressed. But Dantonio acknowledged that his heart attack forced him to assess how he goes about his work.
"Hopefully when you go through something like this you become a little bit wiser, become a little bit more compassionate toward people or whatever. But I can't answer that question right now. It's difficult to answer and I'm probably not the one to answer that question, it's the people around me that can answer that question better."


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Humboldt Forum
Original wall paintings from the collections of the Museum für Asiatische Kunst in Dahlem have been transported in three art shipments to the Humboldt Forum, where over the coming months they will be united in a partial reconstruction of the "Cave of the Sixteen Sword-Bearers" for the first time in over a century.
On the Humboldt Forum's third floor, an enormous white dome looms above an exhibition architecture inspired by the colours of the Silk Road and the rugged landscape surrounding Kizil, Xinjiang, China. Here, in one of the most architecturally striking halls of the Humboldt Forum, visitors will soon be able to experience the "Cave of the Sixteen Sword-Bearers", one of the major highlights of the exhibition space. In the neighbouring "South Cube", the "Cave of the Ring-Bearing Doves" is currently being completed, where it will later be made accessible to the public. Together, the two caves form a unique ensemble.
Originally, such caves – with their 5th–11th century frescoes – were part of a Buddhist temple complex, and served as accommodation and sanctuaries for monks. Dug into the soft rock of the mountains, the hollowed-out rock formations were covered with a coarse layer of earthen plaster, while a second fine layer of plaster formed the base of a white plaster ground. Preparatory sketches were then produced using charcoal pencils or prefabricated stencils. In these drawings, symbols of the now-extinct Tocharian alphabet were often inserted to indicate colour, according to which the painting was executed in the tempera technique. This was often refined with gold applications.
The two sacred caves were discovered during the four Prussian "Turfan expeditions" carried out between 1902 and 1914 by Albert Grünwedel (1856-1935), the then-director of the Indian department of the Museum für Völkerkunde. Following their consolidation in 1914, the secco paintings came to Berlin, where they were conserved, restored, and exhibited in the museum on Stresemannstrasse until 1939. The "Cave of the Ring-Bearing Doves" was able to be exhibited as a simple square-shaped sanctuary, while only single paintings from the "Cave of the Sixteen Sword-Bearers" were shown due to a lack of space. After WWII, the collections were moved to Dahlem. Here, too, only the "Cave of the Ring-Bearing Doves" was shown as a full group of paintings. Between 1997 and 2000, the work was able to be scientifically examined, extensively restored, and reconstructed according to its original dimensions at the Museum für Indische Kunst.
Over the ensuing years, conservator-restorers began to study the second Buddhist sacred cave in detail over the course of various projects, together with art historians and in collaboration with Chinese colleagues. They developed a construction plan for the Humboldt Forum based on the original dimensions. These kinds of caves are unique in museums anywhere in the world. Their archaeological paintings bear witness to the life and death of Buddha, and provide a glimpse into the far-reaching cultural and artistic connections along the Silk Road.
Related Links
Humboldt Forum
Dossier Humboldt Forum
Conservation at the Museum für Asiatische Kunst
Museum and the City:"Für die Ewigkeit eingebaut: Buddhistische Kulthöhlen im Humboldt Forum" on the Blog of the Staatlichen Museen zu Berlin (German only)
Ethnological Collections and Asian Art
Permanent exhibition


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Lynda Mapes on Puget Sound's Imperiled Orcas and a Mother Whale's Grief
Lynda V. Mapes, environmental reporter for The Seattle Times, discusses her reporting on the plight of southern resident killer whales in Puget Sound. Mapes and her colleagues at the paper won the 2019 AAAS Kavli Science Journalism Gold Award in the Large Newspaper category for their "Hostile Waters" series. The ambitious project was accentuated by a mother orca's trail of grief as she carried her dead newborn for a 1,000-mile journey that lasted 17 days. The story helped spotlight the precarious state of Puget Sound's orca population. There are now just over 70 of the animals left, Mapes said, and their fate depends on humans and what we do to preserve the habitats of both the orcas and the salmon on which they feed.


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Lawson State has two testing centers, one on each of its campuses. The Testing Center is located in the Academic Success Center (2nd floor) on the Birmingham campus (West ) in Room 220, and in Building A, Room 183A on the Bessemer Campus. These student focused facilities are designed to provide computer-based as well as paper and pencil testing in a secure environment. Our mission is to provide opportunities for students to meet their educational goals by offering assessments for course placement, program acceptance and/or college admittance and other exam services. The Lawson State Community College Testing and Assessment Center offers a variety of testing services:
All students must show an official, current, photo ID in order to test. All fees must be paid in the Business Office on the Birmingham or Bessemer campus. Cell phones may not be used in the Testing Center. Children are not allowed in the Testing Center. With prior approval from the Office of Disability Services, testing is available for students with disabilities. All testing services are by appointment only.
For scheduling, please feel to visit the testing center on either campus. The Testing Center is located in the Academic Success Center (2nd floor) on the Birmingham campus (West ) in Room 220, and in Building A, Room 183-A on the Bessemer Campus. Or contact by us phone: Birmingham Campus: (205) 929 - 2113 Bessemer Campus: (205) 929 - 3418


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- Quite possibly Portland's most famous dining room, the Portland City Grill — perched atop the 30th floor of the city's highest building — is best known for its low-hanging wood ceilings and large windows offering stunning views of the city (and Cascade Mo
- A glimpse of the view from the dining room of the Portland City Grill.
- Portland's oldest restaurant Huber's Cafe — founded in 1879, and at its current Old Pioneer Building location since 1910 — evokes another era with its arches, stained-glass skylights, and dark-wood paneling.
- Both Huber's Cafe and its building were named to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.
- Naomi Pomeroy's small but bustling Beast, with nothing but a butcher's block and two communal tables, best represents Portland's "intimate supperclub" aesthetic: a "chalkboard"-style black wall features irreverent scrawls, lights dim and tables glow with
- After the historic Hotel Mallory received a complete renovation in 2006, transforming into the old-Hollywood-inspired Hotel DeLuxe, its first-floor restaurant Gracie's embodied old-school glamour. Gilded gold accents, hanging chandeliers, and lush leather
- The spot that's launched an empire, Andy Ricker's SE Division restaurant famously started as take-out shack, then expanded to feature a proper hidden dining room and one of the city's most famous outdoor patios.
- The dining room/lounge keeps things simple in terms of decor, but coveted entrance into its hallowed walls — wait times are legendary — grants the space iconic city status.
- Bruce Carey's well-appointed Pearl District dining room, designed by architect Brad Cloepfil, is the closest Portland gets to a New York City-dramatic aesthetic: stark white leather chairs and geometric chandeliers play off the lush green of floor-to-ceili
- White tablecloths, white chairs in the bar at Bluehour.
- Thanks to a sketch that launched a million media mentions, Gilt Club's over-the-top dining room will forever be known as the spot where Portlandia's Fred and Carrie inquired about the organic-ness of a chicken named Colin.
- Emblematic of the new Portland aesthetic — reclaimed dark wood, hanging Edison bulbs, and industrial-looking furniture — the Woodsman Tavern's dining room simultaneously looks modern and vintage, encapsulating the de rigeuer design trend in one glowing, i
- Chef Gabriel Rucker's East Burnside dining room is best described as "intimate," with just three communal tables, but it's the restaurant's 10-seat chef's counter that's considered an iconic Portland dining spot. In a city full of open kitchens, a seat at
- With a dining room seemingly plucked right out of the LA club scene, the high-flying Departure, on top of the Nines Hotel, juxtaposes a room full of sleek angles with the stunning natural views of the city below.
- Jeff Kovel of Skylab Architecture designed the Departure space, which added a new floor to downtown's historic Frank & Meier Building.
- Another old-school Portland stalwart, Jake's Famous Crawfish was founded in 1892, becoming part of the homegrown McCormick & Schmick's brand in 1972. While many new Portland restaurants recreate the aged look of dark wood panels and vintage fixtures, Jake
All photography by Dina Avila/EPDX; unless otherwise noted
In the vein of the most iconic dishes and most iconic drink guides, here now — and in no particular order — a guide to Portland's most iconic dining rooms. Some are old school, while others are emblematic of design trends this city just keeps seeing more and more. But all are worth a visit at least once (click through the gallery for some major restaurant porn).
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Handyman confesses to killing L.A. Bishop David G. O'Connell, district attorney says
A 61-year-old man who prosecutors said has admitted that he killed Bishop David G. O'Connell was charged Wednesday with one count of murder in the shooting death of the much lauded religious leader.
Carlos Medina, a handyman whose wife worked as a housekeeper for the bishop , also faces a special allegation of using a firearm during the crime, Los Angeles County Dist. Atty. George Gascón announced during a news conference Wednesday. If convicted, he could face 35 years to life in prison.
In detailing the charges, Gascón said Medina admitted to the killing to investigators.
"I know this has been a shock for our community," Gascón said. "This was a brutal act of violence against a person who dedicated his life to making our neighborhoods safer, healthier and always served with love."
Medina is accused of killing the 69-year-old priest Saturday in his Hacienda Heights home, where he lived alone.
A man with humor, a deep commitment to social justice and dedication to serving the Black and Latino communities
"His loss is one that I really feel will be felt for years to come," Gascón said. "Charging Mr. Medina will never repair the tremendous harm that was caused by this callous act."
O'Connell was found dead Saturday in his bedroom with multiple gunshot wounds, Gascón said.
In an interview, Gascón said O'Connell was likely asleep when the shooting occurred.
"By all counts, Bishop O'Connell was a saint for Los Angeles," he said.
Law enforcement sources familiar with the investigation said the firearm involved was a small-caliber weapon and that O'Connell's wounds weren't clearly visible to the deacon who first discovered the bishop's body.
According to the sources, the bishop was shot five times.
Neighbors said they heard no gunshots or unusual noise coming from the home until deputies and paramedics descended on the quiet neighborhood just before 1 p.m. Saturday.
Medina was taken into custody at his Torrance home Monday, after he barricaded himself for some time. Inside, investigators recovered two firearms, including a .38 caliber handgun that detectives suspect he used to kill O'Connell, according to sources familiar with the investigation.
The killing of Los Angeles Bishop David G. O'Connell brings disbelief and mourning.
Investigators were led there two days after the slaying, aided by a tipster who told officials that Medina had been acting strangely since the killing, Los Angeles County Sheriff Robert Luna said Monday after announcing the arrest.
Surveillance video also showed a "dark, compact SUV" — believed to belong to Medina — at O'Connell's home at about the same time the killing took place, Luna said.
Medina appeared briefly in court Wednesday afternoon, where Judge Armenui Amy Ashvanian set bail at $2.3 million.
A Spanish language interpreter relayed the court proceedings to Medina, but he did not speak during the short court appearance.
His arraignment was scheduled for March 22.
Officials have yet to disclose what may have motivated the killing. After announcing Medina's arrest, Luna said the tipster who pointed law enforcement to the suspect said Medina had claimed that the bishop owed him money related to his work as a handyman.
Sheriff's Lt. Michael Modica said that when Medina was interviewed, he provided several reasons for the killing, but "none of them made sense to the investigators."
"We don't believe there's any validity to the owing of money," he said, referring to the motive suggested by the tipster.
Los Angeles County Public Defender Ricardo Garcia said in a statement to The Times that Medina "is presumed innocent and entitled to a vigorous defense."
"We are sensitive to the impact this case has had on our community but at the same time caution against any rush to judgment, either by the public or the media, until all the facts are established in court," the statement said.
Deputy Public Defender Pedro Cortes, who was assigned to represent Medina in court, did not respond to a request for comment.
Medina has a lengthy history of personal drug use arrests and convictions from 2005 to 2017, and detectives are investigating whether he had been using narcotics at the time of the killing, according to law enforcement sources.
Medina has narcotics arrests in 2005, 2007, 2011 and 2017, according to law enforcement officials not authorized to discuss his criminal history. At least two of the convictions were for drug possession, but the handyman did not have a history of violent arrests.
The suspect in Bishop David O'Connell's shooting death is married to the clergyman's housekeeper.
In the unincorporated Torrance neighborhood where Medina and his wife rented a two-bedroom yellow stucco home, neighbors said the couple led quiet, ordinary lives and were friendly with their neighbors.
"He never said anything offensive," said Francisco Medina Lopez, 74, a neighbor who said he was friendly with Medina. "It's so strange."
Medina, who walked with a limp, was often seen tinkering on his cars or working on his yard, neighbors said. His wife was a fixture in the neighborhood who was frequently observed walking a large white dog that residents said belonged to the bishop.
The two neighbors would occasionally drink beers or share meals together, making small talk while listening to ranchera music.
Although Medina's wife worked for the bishop, Medina Lopez said the couple didn't seem particularly religious and didn't bring it up in conversations or decorate their home with Catholic objects and images.
But Medina Lopez said he always thought well of his neighbor, who would sometimes give him a ride to the swap meet or nearby stores.
"He was your average older man, always talkative and in a good mood," said Luis Lopez, who lived in a home behind the Medinas' home. "He was a regular common man."
After news of the bishop's death spread, about a dozen people stood with candles and prayed the rosary Saturday beside police tape near his home.
O'Connell, who earned the title of bishop in 2015, was a "peacemaker with a heart for the poor and the immigrant," Archbishop José H. Gómez of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles said in a statement Sunday.
"He had a passion for building community where the sanctity and dignity of every human life was honored and protected," the statement by Gómez read. "He was also a good friend, and I will miss him greatly. I know we all will."
Born in County Cork, Ireland, O'Connell studied for the priesthood at All Hallows College in Dublin and was ordained in 1979, according to the archdiocese.
He served as associate pastor at several parishes in Los Angeles, including at St. Frances X. Cabrini in South Los Angeles for 14 years. He then became pastor of Ascension, where he oversaw a congregation of about 4,000 families and two schools with about 500 students.
In the neighborhoods he served, he was known as a calming intermediary, especially after the 1992 riots. The Catholic News Agency reported at the time that O'Connell, not yet a bishop, worked at trying to rebuild trust between police and the South L.A. community.
He also served as founder and chairman of the interdiocesan SoCal Immigration Task Force, which helped children who had entered the United States without adult companions.
"He was the help of the helpless and the hope of the hopeless," said Los Angeles County Supervisor Janice Hahn Monday during an emotional news conference.
Gómez fought back tears and his voice cracked Monday as he called O'Connell "a good friend of Los Angeles." He recalled the bishop's fluent Spanish, tinted with a Irish accent.
"Every day he wanted to show compassion to the poor, to the homeless, to the immigrant and to all those living on society's margins," Gómez said. "He was a good priest, and a good bishop and a man of peace."
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Why the "loudness wars" are killing today's music
Shelving shaped like Tetris bricks!
Wired News just published my latest video-game column — and this one is a response to Chuck Klosterman, the cultural critic who recently asked an intriguing question: Why aren't there any nationally-famous video-game writers? It's online free at Wired News, and an archival copy is also below:
Why No Lester Bangs of Gaming?
by Clive ThompsonWhy aren't there any famous critics of video games?
Chuck Klosterman wants to know. In a recent column for guymag Esquire, he argues that games are the most important cultural medium of our times — "the culture equivalent of rock music in 1967" — yet they haven't produced a generation of acerbic, barnstorming writers the way rock and film did. "There is no Pauline Kael of video-game writing. There is no Lester Bangs of video-game writing," Klosterman says. What's going on?
It's a hell of a good question, and it deserves an answer. Unfortunately, Klosterman so elegantly misunderstands gaming culture — and the nature of games themselves — that he misses out on all the real reasons. So let me go all godmode here and answer the question for him.
Why isn't there a Lester Bangs of video games?
Answer A: Because even if he existed, nobody would hire him.
Brilliant critics don't just sort of "emerge." They're nurtured and hired by editors who care about the medium. Today's mainstream editors mostly neither play games nor think about them much. When they do, they regard games either as juvenile fluff, or dangerous mind-control technology that is programming a kill-crazed generation of moral zombies. (Or, in a lovely bit of doublethink, both.) Nine times out of 10 their favorite angle is the bromidic "do games make ya violent?" crap; the reviews they commission are 400-word pellets.
Worse, they force their critics to write as if games were some bizarre new fad that their shut-in readers have literally never heard of. This kills criticism. No critic can write confidently and with intelligence and style if she's required to approach her subject like an Encyclopedia Britannica entry on nematodes. What if the New Yorker had told Pauline Kael to write her columns under the assumption that the magazine's readers never actually watch movies?
Any serious critic of gaming dips one toe into this swamp and runs screaming.
Answer B: Actually, there are Lester Bangs of video-game writing.
Tons of 'em, in fact! But they're not writing in mainstream media venues. They're blogging their witty analyses on 1Up.com, or doing exuberant podcasts and video blogs, or flamewarring their way to the truth on rollicking discussion boards. Or they're like the geniuses (genuii?) behind Penny Arcade, crafting insanely funny webcomix that communicate more in three panels than most critics can do in 1,000 words.
The point is, gaming culture is on fire right now, for God's sake! It's just not happening in print media or on TV; it's online, the natural environment for gaming criticism, because gamers are total internet freaks. Klosterman can't find a Lester Bangs because he's looking for a glossy-mag-anointed critic. There's no there there. Video games have had the good fortune to come of age when the internet has made it possible for amateur writers to outflank the pros.
Gamers aren't sitting around waiting for goddamn Esquire to tell explain the existential meaning of games. They're doing it themselves. And in any case, Esquire isn't going to tell them, because — whaddya know — it doesn't run video-game criticism, for all reasons contained in Answer A.
Answer C: Game criticism isn't economically viable enough to support traditional, professional critics.
Do the math: A serious RPG or first-person shooter or strategy game might take 40 or 50 hours to complete. Even if serious critics don't have time to finish a game, they ought to spend at least 10 hours to experience its complexity. So ask yourself this question: If movies took 50 hours to watch, would there be any movie critics?
Nope. Newspapers and magazines couldn't pay enough to compensate that sort of time. And how exactly would a single critic remain authoritative? Pauline Kael watched, like, 10 movies a week. You couldn't play 10 games all the way through in a week if you tried; there are not enough hours in the day. Any attempt to do this would rupture the space-time continuum and release eldritch forces beyond anyone's control. To cover the field adequately, a single magazine would need a stable of a dozen game critics or more.
This is another reason why bloggers and layperson enthusiasts will always be the most innovative writers on games. They're infinite monkeys, and they've got the weeks to absorb themselves in a game and generate a brilliant take on it.
(Since I am myself a game critic, I realize that I sound like I'm whining here. For the record: I am whining. Shut up. It's still true.)
Answer D: Games aren't like any other medium. We need a new language in which to talk about them — and that's going to take a while.
Games aren't like movies or TV. They might have narrative in them, but what defines them — what makes them games — is not a storyline. It's that they create play. They thus have far more in common with basketball and backgammon than with a movie like Gone With the Wind. Every gamer implicitly knows this: We bitch about the fact that the Paladins in World of Warcraft are overpowered, that the damn guns in Halo 2 obscure the screen, or that the final boss in Tomb Raider: Legend is unkillable.
What we're most passionate about is the design of play — the invisible rulesets that govern our virtual worlds. You don't write about Grand Theft Auto as if Rockstar has shot another Godfather. You write about it as if it Rockstar had created the next football.
With games, we're in the realm of ludology. It's an insanely rich field of human art and meaning, but it's utterly neglected. It's not taught in schools. It's not written about in newspapers. So we're just now scratching its surface. The game criticism of tomorrow won't look anything like the stuff that Pauline Kael wrote. It'll be some crazy, unruly spawn of sportswriting, gonzo journalism, analytic philosophy, memoir and investigative reporting. The Lester Bangs of gaming is going to be a philosopher of play.
And personally, I can't wait to read him.
I'm Clive Thompson, the author of Smarter Than You Think: How Technology is Changing Our Minds for the Better (Penguin Press). You can order the book now at Amazon, Barnes and Noble, Powells, Indiebound, or through your local bookstore! I'm also a contributing writer for the New York Times Magazine and a columnist for Wired magazine. Email is here or ping me via the antiquated form of AOL IM (pomeranian99).
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ABOUT: I've stored all kinds of exotic pets throughout my life and have refined my methods of feeding and housing them through the years as I've realized extra about their unique wants. Due to this fact, when I say that the animals on this checklist-which are all not legal in some states-are "not a risk to public security," I'm not suggesting that they pose zero threat to people like a stuffed animal does, or that a person should go away young children alone with these animals and go to sleep within the adjacent room, but that they pose the identical risk, or far less, than a typical dog or cat.
These curious creatures are sometimes kept as pets; nonetheless, they require an incredible amount of time and care, a pool for swimming, and contemporary, non-poisonous grass for grazing. You point out how there are more incidents of "domesticated animals" like canine hurting individuals than there are "exotic animals". From his expertise in offering sanctuary for unique animals in need of recent homes, often desperately, Roberts says that unique-pet house owners are likely to fall into multiple overlapping categories.
A breed of domesticated pig originating in Vietnam, the Potbellied Pig is an clever and affectionate animal that may make a great pet for anyone who provides it proper care and a spotlight. At this time, though, rodents, rabbits, amphibians, birds, reptiles and other animals are established pets, even eligible for pet insurance but they're nonetheless thought of to be exotic pets.
In case you nonetheless want the pet after that, then you can get it. This way, the animals arn't abused, or thrown away, as if their lives trusted how amused their owner is with them, which is way more honest to the animals. It isn't my fault that folks view pets as breathing playthings, solely to be paid consideration to on occasion. The Squirrel Monkey is very clever, social and tremendous affectionate, making them common with exotic animal homeowners.
Nearly all animals are legal in the United States, nonetheless resulting from accidents, danger of extinction, escapes, and well being considerations, every state has its personal laws with regard to which exotic animals you can own. Most of those animals are 99{3ca6c26b5cbd6bd22b0bd7988607e39457cb211ea11ea5a8066cd051b72ffb13} of the time born in the states. Also for different chook house owners on the market, or individuals thinking about getting a chook, do numerous research on not solely cage requirements, but in addition on the sorts of cages accessible.


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Greenland's 40,000 eligible voters delivered a bittersweet election victory for Prime Minister Kim Kielsen's social-democratic Siumut party Tuesday, as it lost ground to centrist rivals.
With only one international airport and no roads connecting the territory's 17 towns, dog sleds were used to carry ballots to polling stations across the vast island.
According to Greenland's government, some fishermen travelled 93 miles to deliver ballot papers to a remote town.
As Kielsen began coalition talks with left-wing parties Wednesday, Greenland's politicians must tackle more problematic questions about the future of the sparsely populated Arctic nation.
A brittle economy and independence from Denmark were among the most pressing issues for Greenland's 54,000 residents in the election. Greenland has been self-governing with its own parliament since 2009, 30 years after Denmark granted it autonomy.
Despite having abundant natural resources across its 811,000 mile squared land mass, Greenland relies on 3.6 billion Danish kroner ($591 million) of subsidies annually – some 60 percent of its annual budget.
Splitting from Denmark would relegate Greenland to the lowly status as one of the poorest European nations, with its $2.2 billion gross domestic product (GDP) in 2015 on a par with San Marino. By comparison, Liechtenstein's $6.6 billion GDP outshines Greenland.
Secessionist movements are looking to grab the moment in other Danish territories. Republicans in the Faroe Islands want a full divorce from Denmark, which controls the island's standing on foreign relations and currency.
The Faroe Island votes Wednesday in a referendum to decide whether to implement a new constitution to pave the way towards independence.
Ana Andrade, Greenland Analyst at the Economist Intelligence Unit, believes a close relationship between Denmark and Greenland could be fruitful for both regions.
"Independence has always been a recurring theme in politics in Greenland. Nevertheless, the central questions debated are not if independence should be pursued, but rather how fast and under what terms," said Andrade.
"Most political parties share the long-term goal of independence (with a few exceptions), but only the nationalist Partii Naleraq has put a specific year (2021) for independence to be achieved."
Social issues also represent another major hurdle for politicians. Greenland has one of the world's highest suicide rates, especially among the indigenous Inuit population struggling to balance tensions between a traditional way of life and modernity.
According to a study by the International Journal of Circumpolar Health, suicide rates dramatically increased between 1960 and 1980 as rapid infrastructure developments and an influx of Danish workers changed communities.
Suicide rates in Greenland are seven times higher than in the U.S.
Any hope of independence is balanced on tackling its health issues and one of the largest sectors in Greenland's economy – fishing and mining uranium.
Adarde believes that boosting the economy through exploiting its natural resources could provide the platform it needs for independence.
"A new government means that we should see important decisions being agreed in these areas, which could contribute to the economic boost Greenland needs to pave the way for its independence from Denmark," she said.


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Tony Smerychynski, and his wife Sandra Klaric, both 41, lived in a nice home near 12th Avenue and Cambie Street. When they welcomed baby Sam into their lives almost two years ago, they quickly realized space was going to be an issue.
"We lived over a year and a half in our one-bedroom Fairview condo with him sleeping in the bedroom hall closet," says Smerychynski.
Purchasing one of the two-bedroom condos they saw on the market would add $150,000-$200,000 to their existing mortgage, and the alternative of renovating their condo required shelling $40,000-50,000 out of pocket. So when Smerychynski, who worked as a water treatment foreman with Metro Vancouver for more than 14 years, was offered a job in Calgary, they packed their bags.
"It was tough, since Sandra and I were in good jobs that we loved in a city we really cared for," Smerychynski says, resignedly. "But, with a family, it made sense to move [to Calgary]. Sandra gets some time off with baby, and we were able to afford a 1,900-square-foot house in the burbs next to a brand new elementary school."
A missed step
Larry Beasley remembers working on housing affordability in the 1980s when he was a neighbourhood planner for the City of Vancouver, and later the city's co-director of planning. The focus back then was on solving the lack of affordable housing for low-income earners and a growing number of families. But instead of getting better over the years, the problem seems to be spreading.
"What we were not able to predict is that the housing affordability crisis would spread so far up the ladder to middle-income people," says the University of British Columbia professor of planning. "The issue of middle-income affordability has now emerged as a great issue and it's been emerging for at least the last five to six years."
Around 2012, the price of housing tipped over to the side of unaffordability for most middle-income households, and particularly families with children, Beasley says. The onus is now on local, provincial and federal levels of governments to balance out the scales.
"We have to now start developing a whole sector of secure middle-income housing," he says.
If recent history has taught us anything, it's that competition for any newly built affordable middle-income housing will be fierce.
Expo '86 and the 2010 Olympics shone a light on Vancouver as a picturesque, international city with plenty of wealth and promise. Now that the price of oil is down and uncertainty regarding the future direction of powerhouse countries like the U.S. is rife, investing in Canada and stable Canadian cities – like Vancouver – with healthy economies and environments has become even more attractive.
"Never in the history of the world have so many people been in motion, and they're moving away from unpleasant, dangerous, unsafe places to safer places," – or sanctuary cities – says Beasley. Vancouver's housing strategy will also need to take into account this heavy demand for sanctuary coming from international markets.
What's being done
Income levels in the Vancouver metropolitan area increased by about 16 per cent from $68,970 in 2011 to $79,930 in 2015, according to Statistics Canada. But, according to Metro Vancouver's housing data book, the average sale price of a single detached home in Greater Vancouver increased by around 21 per cent, from $931,300 to $1,123,900 in that same time.
The difference presents a crisis of affordability.
Much of the City of Vancouver's recent focus has been on increasing available housing stock by approving new housing infill options – such as laneway and coach houses – and increasing the number of homes allowed on certain lots. The city is also proposing that new housing projects and rentals that require rezoning include 35 per cent family housing. A one-per-cent Empty Homes Tax was also introduced this year, to discourage homeowners from leaving properties vacant.
It's a start, but policies like these will likely only put a dint in demand, predicts Michael Seelig, an architect, city planner and professor emeritus at UBC. Instead, the focus should be on building more.
"The City of Vancouver has a problem in that they have often been behind on seeing what's happening ahead," he notes. Developments like the new Cambie Street corridor housing densification project "should have been foreseen 20 to 30 years ago, but the city was very slow at rezoning and coming up with ideas for developers to have some incentives to build there."
Once the Canada Line was built, the whole area sprung up within two years, and many condos on offer are out of the price range of middle-income earners, including family households.
Smerychynski and his family came up against a wall when looking for housing near where they work and play that wouldn't dramatically downsize their lifestyles.
"We're affordability refugees," Smerychynski laments. "We dropped a lot of things we love for a house for Sam. … It's tough having no support network [in Calgary], we miss the ocean and we miss all of our friends."
Many of their friends are choosing the exit sign, too. Out of the 10 couples with kids they would regularly spend time with, Smerychynski says only three are still in Greater Vancouver.
Having now made the move to Calgary, Smerychynski adds: "I've realized how hollow Vancouver is getting."
Making it work
Melissa, 44, is on the other side of the equation. She purchased her Yaletown condo last year for $107,000 over the asking price.
"There were bidding wars going on," she recalls. "There was so little inventory when I was ready to buy."
Melissa, who asked that we not use her last name, is content with her 502-square-foot one-bedroom-plus-den condo. There's enough storage space and she manages to fit her possessions in comfortably. She admits, though, that throwing a future partner into the mix would be challenging.
"I could make it work because I make everything work, but I downsized so much [to move into this condo] that if you just have your basics, it's okay; but basically it [would be a matter of] closet space and both people having to be organized daily."
Her full-time office job and active lifestyle mean that Melissa is often outside of her home, socializing with friends, playing sports, or riding her bike along the seawall. That helps make small spaces more livable, and could become more common as the population of Greater Vancouver increases, as projected by BCStats, from 2.6 million in 2017 to 3.4 million by 2040 (an increase of approximately 31 per cent).
"Tall buildings and small apartments are perfectly fine," says Seelig. "I grew up in an apartment [in Israel,] and I don't think our livability was reduced."
Seelig recalls that, in the case of his own family: "We brought up two children in a one-bedroom apartment until we moved to our house [in Vancouver] and, believe me, we managed very nicely. You have to do what you can afford."
Single-family homes may be becoming idealized notions that have little place in the growing cities of the future, he adds. "That's been the North American model, but it's got to change because it's unaffordable. … We can't just live in a dream land."


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New design: Park and skyscrapers above the roof
source: StadiumDB.com; author: michał
By 2020 professional soccer may arrive in Detroit. If that happens, the home team may use one of the sport's most multifunctional venues.
Detroit has been on the list of potential MLS expansions for some time, though with no actual plan in recent years. Until last week, when it was announced that two billionaires teamed up to bring professional football to Michigan's largest city, the 4-million strong metropolis.
Dan Gilbert and Tom Gores are estimated to be worth $5.4 and $3.3 billion, respectively. They both have a team in NBA (Cavaliers and Pistons) and want to add an MLS franchise to the portfolio. With the entry price in MLS being as high as $100 million, they need more than just a stadium to make it viable.
That's why Gilbert and Gores asked renowned office of Matt Rossetti to create a lot more than football/soccer facilities. Outcome, even if only shown in early renderings, is already impressive.
Building on a prison site
The planned development would replace a problematic county jail that is yet to be finished. Wayne County has been stuck with this penitentiary project, which proved beyond its financial capacity.
While there aren't enough resources to deliver this budget-blowing facility and downtown is hardly the desired location for a prison (especially in a city with downtown in need of revitalization like Detroit), Wayne County insist on continuing. They might be persuaded by the billionaires, of course.
Gilbert had already tried, offering $50 million for the land in 2013, but his offer was rejected. After all, some $150m was already invested in the prison-to-be. now Wayne County is willing to consider, putting an offer on the table: Gilbert and Gores would finance the county jail in a different location and then pay for the land in downtown. They have until late summer to consider and negotiate, because later the county wants to run further works on site.
Turning the prison into leisure hub
Presuming that an agreement is reached and the stadium plan goes forward, what could be built here? The scheme drawn by Rossetti envisages room for a 47,000-square meter stadium with all seats under cover. The stadium would hold 20,000-25,000 people, though the desired size named yesterday is 24,000.
The venue, due to spatial constraints, would lie on the east-west axis and offer a semi-open west end. While three remaining sides would have double-tiered seating, the west zone would only have a single tier, connecting visitors to the plaza outside.
Plazas are a major feature of the project, because there would be a system of interconnected public areas on various levels, the top one being a park created on the stadium's roof! The plazas would accommodate sports facilities and connect the stadium to three other major buildings in the complex, a hotel, office tower and residential tower, all between 18 and 28 floors.
The entire complex could cost as much as $1 billion, of which the stadium alone should consume $225-250 million. At this point the businessmen didn't suggest seeking any taxpayer funding and it's understood that majority of the development would be covered privately. However it's not clear if a subsidy won't be asked for, even if there are few cities that need such demands less than the bankrupt Detroit.
With all the above said, the main condition for any piece of this proposal to go forward is for Wayne County to agree on jail sale as, reportedly, there is no Plan B…


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(Our Sacramento-based writer DGR is the author of this Sunday's edition of our series on metal from the past.)
Dismal Lapse were a Sacramento-based death metal band who were active for a brief period in the later 2000s, with their roots in an earlier Sacramento band known as Bled. During their time playing, the group would release one EP entitled The Nameless Faceless and then a 2009 album called Eon Fragmentation — which surprisingly enough this very site wrote a brief bit about long before they gave me the opportunity to set my roots down and burn this place to the ground.
Dismal Lapse played what should be a very familiar sound to a lot of our readers as they were a technical death metal band, although at the time that label hadn't really homogenized around the sound that we currently associate with it. This fair city where I live would actually have a small hand in that though, alongside a swath of groups from the Bay Area who had been cutting their teeth for a long time on the I-5 touring run, when they were all picked up around the same time and divied up amongst labels like Unique Leader.
In 2009, that wasn't really too much of a thought though, and Dismal Lapse were one amongst a handful playing a style that was intense and, yes, hyper-complicated.
Eon Fragmentation is the sort of album that you listen to and you'd think to yourself that this sort of disc could come out now and fit in perfectly within that corner of the death metal scene. That it hit seven years ago shows that the Dismal Lapse gentlemen were just slightly ahead of the curve.
Since then, though, Dismal Lapse have been in hibernation — perhaps they are best described as a brief explosion of sound from here that unfortunately went silent all too quickly, its members scattered among a handful of other projects.
Bassist Jason Brehm is probably the most prolific among the handful of guys who rotated through its lineup, having been active in several bands since, including currently playing with Purification By Fire. Chris and Evan have both kept a lower profile, and the group's bassist for The Nameless Faceless, Corey Parks, has since been working in Jack Ketch, to whom we've dedicated many words on this site before, as we wait to see what that band's followup to Bringers Of The Dawn will sound like.
So let's spend this Sunday spinning some genre-fare, all the tropes immediately recognizable and that undeniably sharp sense of groove prone to leaving us headbanging in our seats as Dismal Lapse rip through Eon Fragmentation and the little bit of The Nameless Faceless that I could find out there. Maybe we'll just boost the signal for a bit and see how these guys do in the future with their current musical projects.
4 Responses to "THE REARVIEW MIRROR (DISMAL LAPSE)"
Totally forgot about these guys. Used to listen to this album quite a bit in the years after it came out! Good pick dude.
Thanks for the write up!! We are actually still playing. Although these days we've found some careers that are awesome! We actually have a new song finished. We will play some local shows and release a demo again soon!!
Man, I wish they release a new album. It'll sound weird, but their music helped me to overcome a stage of depression many years ago. Without a doubt, it is one of the best metal bands I've heard.
Thanks for the good words Vince. It makes me feel good our music could help you.


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As the world progresses, video calling has become a very crucial part of life. It is finding its importance not just for entertainment and communication purposes but also for educational and business-related work. There has been a substantial rise in the popularity of video chatting applications.
photo credit: RODNAE productions / Pexels
To build a video chat app, one must know certain vital elements to achieve success in the field and stand out from competitors in the market – and all of these you can find in the article by the link above.
Several video chatting applications have made their name in the market and are commonly used by people. These applications can either be pure video calls apps that do not have chatting options like Google Duo, FaceTime, or apps that also have messaging and many other features like Snapchat, Instagram, and WhatsApp. To learn more about how to make a messaging app like WhatsApp, read the article at the link.
Key features of a video chatting application
- The registration process for the application should be quick and convenient for the user. The users should have the option to log-in through various social media platforms to make the process fast.
- The user should have this unique profile in the application with specific details like a profile picture, username, and the user's status.
- The application should be user-friendly and allow the user to perform desired actions within the application like managing contacts.
- Options like video and voice call must be made available as it is the essence of the application. Several technologies can be used to create such communications.
- It should have an option to host calls in groups up to a specific number considering the popularity of such applications amongst friends, workplace, and educational institutions.
- Constant notifications should be sent by the applications, making the user aware of any new messages or calls from anyone.
- The application should have a cloud synchronization to help the user recover all the data in case it is lost at any instance. It also helps the application function properly with a weak internet connection.
Steps to build a video calling application
- While making a video calling application, one must have a distinct notion that is clear in the developer's mind.
- Comprehensive market examination has to be done to recognize the applications proposed to focus on in the application.
- The intended audience needs to be kept in mind to keep the business thriving, which in such a scenario would either be the young generation who use it for entertainment, educational institutes, students, and professionals. Past that, approach and organization are the key aspects that have to be emphasized. The developer needs to note all the essential features and focus on the application's advancement in terms of profit and target audience.
- It is vital to choose a mobile development platform out of the several outlets in the market, although Android and IOS occupy 99% of the market. The pros and cons of all the media need to be considered before making an informed decision.
- Prototyping is a 3 stage process while building a video calling application, namely, conceptual, interactive, and animated. Use of specific tools like In Vision, Principle, Proto.io, and Axure need to be made to check the performance and improve the UX of the application.
- A choice between UX and UI needs to be made now, and the focus needs to shift on features that make the user interface smooth and attractive visually. Primarily the design and sound quality of the application also need to be kept in mind.
- Now, the performance optimization needs to be thrown light on. The application must have powerful hardware, the correct platform must be picked, and experienced developers should be hired.
- Several foundational performance tuning methods like MSAA, Interlacing, and Compression can be employed while developing the application. Stability must exist in the app, which can be achieved using Media Stream, RTC Peer Connection, or RTC Data Channel depending on the set of standards a developer is looking for.
- Product quality is very crucial while releasing an application. To avoid the application from failing, a beta version must be released, along with several tests that must be performed like smoke testing, retesting, regression test, and performance test to check the app's speed, battery usage, etc.
- Improvements need to be made based on the feedback or review, and a final release needs to be made on the chosen platform.
The features and steps of building a video chat are crystal clear, and the trends promise it a long life. To make your video chat app, you need an idea and a team that can fulfill it.


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If you have a convenience store that sells a lot of tobacco products, it's important to keep track of these sales. Then you can use this data to gain insights into consumer behavior and thus better market to people that buy things like cigarettes and cigars. You'll have an easy time recording this data if you opt into a scan data reporting program, which offers several important things.
Access to Automated Reporting
More and more systems are starting to take advantage of an automated design. This is particularly true for scan data reporting programs for convenience stores that sell tobacco products. That's a good thing because automated reporting makes things a lot easier.
You won't have to manually enter data each time one of your tobacco products is sold. Rather, this transactional data will automatically be sent to your reporting program and you can manage it however you please going forward. That saves you both time and energy.
Identify Top-Selling Tobacco Products
There's always going to be a tobacco product that sells more than others on the shelves in your convenience store. You want to know which products these are so that you know what to stock up on and what to push from a marketing standpoint going forward.
Well if your convenience store invests in a scan data reporting system, you'll be able to easily identify these top-selling tobacco products. Over a period of time, tobacco sales will accumulate in your scan data reporting program and it will show exactly which products are doing the best from a numbers standpoint for different time intervals.
Easily Integrate with POS Systems
Your convenience store probably utilizes a POS system to facilitate transactions with customers. Well when you invest in a scan data reporting system to keep better track of tobacco product sales, it will be easy to integrate it with your POS system.
You don't have to be an IT professional or technical specialist to have success with this integration. All you need to do is set up the scan data reporting system and then enter in the right information regarding your POS system's model information. Help is always available if you want assistance with this initial setup process.
Thanks to scan data reporting systems, convenient stores now have an easier time keeping track of tobacco sales. That may be needed if you own one of these stores and tobacco is a popular product that consumers like to purchase.
Look into options like Altria scan data systems for more information.
When entering a market, one of the most challenging things to do is to show how your brand is fundamentally different from the brands of other companies that offer similar products. If this is your struggle, you have come to the right website. My name is Daniel Rutkowski and I am a brand fanatic. I used to be fascinated with how new tech products were brought to the market. But over time, I have developed a passion for the marketing of all sorts of products, from furniture to washers, both the hardware and the appliance varieties. This blog may seem eclectic, but you'll never know what useful information you might find.