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84 results found
Singhal A, Riley J, Cowie M, 2023, Benefits and challenges of telemedicine for heart failure consultations: a qualitative study, BMC Health Services Research, Vol: 23, ISSN: 1472-6963
Background:Prior to the Covid-19 pandemic, heart failure (HF) disease management programmes were predominantly delivered in-person, with telemedicine being uncommon. Covid-19 resulted in a rapid shift to "remote-by-default" clinic appointments in many organisations. We evaluated clinician and patient experiences of teleconsultations for HF.Methods:From 16th March 2020, all HF appointments at a specialist centre in the UK were telemedicine-by-default through a mixture of telephone and video consultations, with rare in-person appointments. HF clinicians and patients with HF were invited to participate in semi-structured interviews about their experiences. A purposive sampling technique was used. Interviews were conducted using Microsoft Teams®, recorded and transcribed verbatim. Narrative data were explored by thematic analysis. Clinicians and patients were interviewed until themes saturated.Results:Eight clinicians and eight patients with HF were interviewed before themes saturated. Five overarching themes emerged: 1) Time utilisation – telemedicine consultations saved patients time travelling to and waiting for appointments. Clinicians perceived them to be more efficient, but more administrative time was involved. 2) Clinical assessment – without physical examination, clinicians relied more on history, observations and test results; video calls were perceived as superior to telephone calls for remote assessment. Patients confident in self-monitoring tended to be more comfortable with telemedicine. 3) Communication and rapport – clinicians experienced difficulty establishing rapport with new patients by telephone, though video was better. Patients generally did not perceive that remote consultation affected their rapport with clinicians. 4) Technology – connection issues occasionally disrupted video consultations, but overall patients and clinicians found the technology easy to use. 5) Choice and flexibility – both patien
Singhal A, Riley JP, Cowie MR, 2021, Clinician experiences of 1 year of telemedicine heart failure clinics: The VIDEO-HF study, Publisher: WILEY, Pages: 302-302, ISSN: 1388-9842
Singhal A, Riley J, Cowie M, 2021, CLINICIAN EXPERIENCES OF 1 YEAR OF TELEMEDICINE HEART FAILURE CLINICS: THE VIDEO-HF STUDY, Publisher: BMJ PUBLISHING GROUP, Pages: A90-A90, ISSN: 1355-6037
McCambridge J, Keane C, Walshe M, et al., 2020, The prehospital patient pathway and experience of care with acute heart failure: a comparison of two health care systems, ESC Heart Failure, Vol: 8, Pages: 1076-1084, ISSN: 2055-5822
AimsThis study aimed to analyse community management of patients during the symptomatic period prior to admission with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF).Methods and resultsWe conducted a prospective, two-centre, two-country observational study evaluating care pathways and patient experience in patients admitted to hospital with ADHF. Quantitative and qualitative data were gathered from patients, carers, and general practitioners (GPs). From the Irish centre, 114 patients enrolled, and from the English centre, 50 patients. Symptom duration longer than 72 h prior to hospitalization was noted among 70.4% (76) Irish and 80% (40) English patients, with no significant difference between those with a new diagnosis of HF [de novo HF (dnHF)] and those with known HF [established HF (eHF)] in either cohort. For the majority, dyspnoea was the dominant symptom; however, 63.3% (31) of these Irish patients and 47.2% (17) of these English patients did not recognize this as an HF symptom, with no significant difference between dnHF and eHF patients. Of the 46.5% (53) of Irish and 38% (19) of English patients reviewed exclusively by GPs before hospitalization, numbers prescribed diuretics were low (11.3%, six; and 15.8%, three, respectively); eHF patients were no more likely to receive diuretics than dnHF patients. Barriers to care highlighted by GPs included inadequate access to basic diagnostics, specialist support and up-to-date patient information, and lack of GP comfort in managing HF.ConclusionThe aforementioned findings, consistent across both health care jurisdictions, show a clear potential to intervene earlier and more effectively in ADHF or to prevent the need for hospitalization.
Burns DJP, Arora J, Okunade O, et al., 2020, International Consortium for Health Outcomes Measurement (ICHOM): Standardized Patient-Centered Outcomes Measurement Set for Heart Failure Patients, JACC-HEART FAILURE, Vol: 8, Pages: 212-222, ISSN: 2213-1779
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- Citations: 52
Mccambridge JJ, Keane C, Walshe M, et al., 2019, The care pathway prior to hospitalisation with acute decompensated heart failure: a comparison between two healthcare systems, Publisher: WILEY, Pages: 442-442, ISSN: 1388-9842
Brahmbhatt D, Evans L, Riley J, et al., 2018, Mapping the processes involved in remote monitoring of heart failure patients at a specialist NHS cardiology clinic, Heart Rhythm Congress
Kernan R, Lennon E, Gallagher J, et al., 2018, Evaluating the patient and carers perspective of the heart failure pathway following an admission with an acute decompensation of heart failure, European-Society-of-Cardiology Congress, Publisher: OXFORD UNIV PRESS, Pages: 1201-1201, ISSN: 0195-668X
Harjola V-P, Parissis J, Brunner-La Rocca H-P, et al., 2018, Comprehensive in-hospital monitoring in acute heart failure: applications for clinical practice and future directions for research. A statement from the Acute Heart Failure Committee of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)., Eur J Heart Fail, Vol: 20, Pages: 1081-1099
This paper provides a practical clinical application of guideline recommendations relating to the inpatient monitoring of patients with acute heart failure, through the evaluation of various clinical, biomarker, imaging, invasive and non-invasive approaches. Comprehensive inpatient monitoring is crucial to the optimal management of acute heart failure patients. The European Society of Cardiology heart failure guidelines provide recommendations for the inpatient monitoring of acute heart failure, but the level of evidence underpinning most recommendations is limited. Many tools are available for the in-hospital monitoring of patients with acute heart failure, and each plays a role at various points throughout the patient's treatment course, including the emergency department, intensive care or coronary care unit, and the general ward. Clinical judgment is the preeminent factor guiding application of inpatient monitoring tools, as the various techniques have different patient population targets. When applied appropriately, these techniques enable decision making. However, there is limited evidence demonstrating that implementation of these tools improves patient outcome. Research priorities are identified to address these gaps in evidence. Future research initiatives should aim to identify the optimal in-hospital monitoring strategies that decrease morbidity and prolong survival in patients with acute heart failure.
Mc Cambridge J, Keane C, Walshe M, et al., 2018, Inpatient management of acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) under general medical teams remains suboptimal despite specialist input, Publisher: WILEY, Pages: 121-121, ISSN: 1388-9842
Kernan RR, Lennon E, Gallagher J, et al., 2018, Evaluating the patient and carers perspective of the heart failure pathway following an admission with an acute decompensation of heart failure, Publisher: WILEY, Pages: 304-304, ISSN: 1388-9842
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- Citations: 1
Seferović PM, Petrie MC, Filippatos GS, et al., 2018, Type 2 diabetes mellitus and heart failure: a position statement from the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology., Eur J Heart Fail, Vol: 20, Pages: 853-872
The coexistence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and heart failure (HF), either with reduced (HFrEF) or preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), is frequent (30-40% of patients) and associated with a higher risk of HF hospitalization, all-cause and cardiovascular (CV) mortality. The most important causes of HF in T2DM are coronary artery disease, arterial hypertension and a direct detrimental effect of T2DM on the myocardium. T2DM is often unrecognized in HF patients, and vice versa, which emphasizes the importance of an active search for both disorders in the clinical practice. There are no specific limitations to HF treatment in T2DM. Subanalyses of trials addressing HF treatment in the general population have shown that all HF therapies are similarly effective regardless of T2DM. Concerning T2DM treatment in HF patients, most guidelines currently recommend metformin as the first-line choice. Sulphonylureas and insulin have been the traditional second- and third-line therapies although their safety in HF is equivocal. Neither glucagon-like preptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, nor dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) inhibitors reduce the risk for HF hospitalization. Indeed, a DPP4 inhibitor, saxagliptin, has been associated with a higher risk of HF hospitalization. Thiazolidinediones (pioglitazone and rosiglitazone) are contraindicated in patients with (or at risk of) HF. In recent trials, sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, empagliflozin and canagliflozin, have both shown a significant reduction in HF hospitalization in patients with established CV disease or at risk of CV disease. Several ongoing trials should provide an insight into the effectiveness of SGLT2 inhibitors in patients with HFrEF and HFpEF in the absence of T2DM.
Ponikowski P, Voors AA, Anker SD, et al., 2018, ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure (vol 37, pg 2129, 2016), EUROPEAN HEART JOURNAL, Vol: 39, ISSN: 0195-668X
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- Citations: 15
Lucas R, FangWang S, Riley J, et al., 2018, Patient experience in clinical trials: results of a survey, European Journal of Heart Failure, Vol: 20, Pages: 612-614, ISSN: 1388-9842
Corra U, Agostoni PG, Anker SD, et al., 2018, Role of cardiopulmonary exercise testing in clinical stratification in heart failure. A position paper from the Committee on Exercise Physiology and Training of the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology, EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF HEART FAILURE, Vol: 20, Pages: 3-15, ISSN: 1388-9842
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- Citations: 125
Lennon E, Kernan R, Gallagher J, et al., 2017, A STUDY TO EVALUATE THE PHARMACIST'S PERSPECTIVE OF THE HEART FAILURE PATIENT PATHWAY, Publisher: SPRINGER LONDON LTD, Pages: S476-S477, ISSN: 0021-1265
Kernan R, Lennon E, Gallagher J, et al., 2017, "EVALUATING THE PATIENT'S PERSPECTIVE OF THE HEART FAILURE PATHAY FOLLOWING AND ADMISSION WITH AN ACUTE DECOMPENSATION OF HEART FAILURE", Publisher: SPRINGER LONDON LTD, Pages: S478-S478, ISSN: 0021-1265
Riley JP, 2017, Patient information websites: how do we assess their usefulness?, Eur J Heart Fail, Vol: 19, Pages: 1455-1456
Mc Cambridge J, Keane C, Walshe M, et al., 2017, Missed opportunity to minimise risk of admission with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) during pre-hospital phase of care, Publisher: WILEY, Pages: 522-522, ISSN: 1388-9842
Mc Cambridge J, Keane C, Walshe M, et al., 2017, Twenty percent of patients with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) do not receive appropriate treatment in the emergency department (ED), Publisher: WILEY, Pages: 385-385, ISSN: 1388-9842
Riley J, Keane C, Walshe M, et al., 2017, The patient view of hospitalisation with acute heart failure. Results from a qualitative study of the acute heart failure pathway., Publisher: WILEY, Pages: 207-207, ISSN: 1388-9842
Ponikowski ADGDTP, Voors AA, Anker SD, et al., 2016, 2016 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure, Revista Espanola de Cardiologia, Vol: 69, Pages: 1167.-1167., ISSN: 0300-8932
Ponikowski P, Voors AA, Anker SD, et al., 2016, 2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure, European Heart Journal, Vol: 37, Pages: 2129-2200, ISSN: 1522-9645
Keane C, Riley JP, McDonald K, et al., 2016, HOSPITALISATION WITH ACUTE HEART FAILURE: THE PATIENT'S VIEW: RESULTS FROM A QUALITATIVE STUDY OF THE ACUTE HEART FAILURE PATHWAY, Annual Scientific Meeting and AGM of the Irish-Cardiac-Society, Publisher: BMJ PUBLISHING GROUP, Pages: A9-A10, ISSN: 1355-6037
Riley JP, Astin F, Crespo-Leiro MG, et al., 2016, Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology heart failure nurse curriculum, European Journal of Heart Failure, Vol: 18, Pages: 736-743, ISSN: 1879-0844
Recent advances in care and management of heart failure have improved outcome, largely as a result of the developing evidence basis for medications, implantable devices and the organization of heart failure follow-up. Such developments have also increased the complexity of delivering and coordinating care. This has led to a change to the way in which heart failure services are organized and to the traditional role of the heart failure nurse. Nurses in many countries now provide a range of services that include providing care for patients with acute and with chronic heart failure, working in and across different sectors of care (inpatient, outpatient, community care, the home and remotely), organising care services around the face-to-face and the remote collection of patient data, and liaising with a wide variety of health-care providers and professionals. To support such advances the nurse requires a skill set that goes beyond that of their initial education and training. The range of nurses' roles across Europe is varied. So too is the nature of their educational preparation. This heart failure nurse curriculum aims to provide a framework for use in countries of the European Society of Cardiology. Its modular approach enables the key knowledge, skills, and behaviours for the nurse working in different care settings to be outlined and so facilitate nursing staff to play a fuller role within the heart failure team.
Ponikowski P, Voors AA, Anker SD, et al., 2016, 2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC., European Journal of Heart Failure, ISSN: 1879-0844
Demir S, Ozer Z, Riley J, 2016, Health status in patients with advanced heart failure: the role of illness uncertainty, Publisher: SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD, Pages: S22-S22, ISSN: 1474-5151
Harjola V-P, Mebazaa A, Celutkiene J, et al., 2016, Contemporary management of acute right ventricular failure: a statement from the Heart Failure Association and the Working Group on Pulmonary Circulation and Right Ventricular Function of the European Society of Cardiology, European Journal of Heart Failure, Vol: 18, Pages: 226-241, ISSN: 1879-0844
Acute right ventricular (RV) failure is a complex clinical syndrome that results from many causes. Research efforts have disproportionately focused on the failing left ventricle, but recently the need has been recognized to achieve a more comprehensive understanding of RV anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology, and of management approaches. Right ventricular mechanics and function are altered in the setting of either pressure overload or volume overload. Failure may also result from a primary reduction of myocardial contractility owing to ischaemia, cardiomyopathy, or arrhythmia. Dysfunction leads to impaired RV filling and increased right atrial pressures. As dysfunction progresses to overt RV failure, the RV chamber becomes more spherical and tricuspid regurgitation is aggravated, a cascade leading to increasing venous congestion. Ventricular interdependence results in impaired left ventricular filling, a decrease in left ventricular stroke volume, and ultimately low cardiac output and cardiogenic shock. Identification and treatment of the underlying cause of RV failure, such as acute pulmonary embolism, acute respiratory distress syndrome, acute decompensation of chronic pulmonary hypertension, RV infarction, or arrhythmia, is the primary management strategy. Judicious fluid management, use of inotropes and vasopressors, assist devices, and a strategy focusing on RV protection for mechanical ventilation if required all play a role in the clinical care of these patients. Future research should aim to address the remaining areas of uncertainty which result from the complexity of RV haemodynamics and lack of conclusive evidence regarding RV-specific treatment approaches.
Chatwin M, Hawkins G, Panicchia L, et al., 2016, Randomised crossover trial of telemonitoring in chronic respiratory patients (TeleCRAFT trial)., Thorax, Vol: 71, Pages: 305-311, ISSN: 0040-6376
OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of home telemonitoring on health service use and quality of life in patients with severe chronic lung disease. DESIGN: Randomised crossover trial with 6 months of standard best practice clinical care (control group) and 6 months with the addition of telemonitoring. PARTICIPANTS: 68 patients with chronic lung disease (38 with COPD; 30 with chronic respiratory failure due to other causes), who had a hospital admission for an exacerbation within 6 months of randomisation and either used long-term oxygen therapy or had an arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2) of <90% on air during the previous admission. Individuals received telemonitoring (second-generation system) via broadband link to a hospital-based care team. OUTCOME MEASURES: Primary outcome measure was time to first hospital admission for an acute exacerbation. Secondary outcome measures were hospital admissions, general practitioner (GP) consultations and home visits by nurses, quality of life measured by EuroQol-5D and hospital anxiety and depression (HAD) scale, and self-efficacy score (Stanford). RESULTS: Median (IQR) number of days to first admission showed no difference between the two groups-77 (114) telemonitoring, 77.5 (61) control (p=0.189). Hospital admission rate at 6 months increased (0.63 telemonitoring vs 0.32 control p=0.026). Home visits increased during telemonitoring; GP consultations were unchanged. Self-efficacy fell, while HAD depression score improved marginally during telemonitoring. CONCLUSIONS: Telemonitoring added to standard care did not alter time to next acute hospital admission, increased hospital admissions and home visits overall, and did not improve quality of life in chronic respiratory patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT02180919 (ClinicalTrials.gov).
Riley JP, 2016, What is the role of the heart failure nurse?, Dialogues in Cardiovascular Medicine, Vol: 21, Pages: 27-34, ISSN: 1272-9949
The specialized role of the heart failure nurse rose to prominence during the 1990s. Studies reported benefits in outcomes in patients receiving follow-up care by a multidisciplinary care team and in which nurses were key players. Since then, the nurse's contribution throughout the journey of the heart failure patient has become widely recognized. In many countries, heart failure nurses are now establishing their role in optimizing outcomes during admission for acute heart failure, routine follow-up and monitoring, and at the end of life. Recent interest in service development for the prevention of heart failure opens up newer avenues for nurses. This paper considers the contribution of the nurse to an effective heart failure service and discusses the value of a "task sharing" approach to care.
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Looking for the Best Paddleboards for a Heavy Rider?
As you probably know, stand-up paddleboarding is not just for those who are physically fit.
People from all different backgrounds regardless of their weight can take advantage of the SUP on any surface of the water.
For the best experience, especially if you want to do this regularly, people who are heavier than average should look for a SUP that is designed for people that are their size.
The Benefits of SUPs for Bigger Guys
Many great boards can accommodate people that are, on average, heavier than most. You will probably need to consider purchasing a longer board. However, some short ones can accommodate heavier individuals.
When buying a board, there are many things to consider. These include the manufacturer and materials used. Also, how well it is reviewed by other users. A board's size is another important aspect that buyers need to consider.
We've selected the best paddle boards for big men that are the perfect size.
The Bluefin Carbon Cruise 12' is an excellent choice for larger paddlers because it can hold a maximum weight of 350 lbs.
All three of the Bluefin Carbon Cruise sizes can hold a more weight than the average paddleboard, we just choose the 12' because it's the most popular choice for this segment.
The 15' will also do the job, but you don't need it just for weight carrying ability, but if you ever want to go tandem (2 paddlers on the board), then the 15' is the way to go.
The Bluefin Carbon Cruise series is the most popular boards we recommend here at PaddleboardSurf.com. They are over built and tough, but still maneuverable, easy to use and fun.
This SUP has Air Duo Inflation which means it has a stand alone central inflation loop inside the huge main air compartment.
This feature makes this SUP indestructible, rigid and even has the ability to float on the inflation loop alone making it a stand out safety feature as well as stiffness enhancer.
The Bluefin Carbon Cruise SUPs are a great choice for most paddlers, and the 12' is especially ideal for bigger riders.
Pros of this Board
Cons of this option
#2. Thurso Surf MAX
The Thurso Surf MAX is designed to be very stable even if you are a heavier person. This business is known for making high-quality inflatable sup boards. The prices are very reasonable. All of their boards are strong and will last a very long time due to their exceptional construction.
Their strength is obvious with the 20psi pressure ratio. This is how you know that it is well-designed. Inflatables can not usually get up to that level, maxing out at around 15psi.
Its stability is due to its nearly 3-foot width and large shape. Gliding is enhanced by the extra length of nearly 12 feet and a pointed nose.
This board is unusually stable for its size. Even with additional weight is going to be very stable. Even in the choppy waters, it will perform. This paddleboard isn't fast, but it doesn't cause the user to slow down or lose control.
This also houses what is called a dual system, a bungee system, and a large area of the front. This also has a full deck pad. Comfortable traction pads cover the entirety of the deck.
The Thurso Surf accessory pack is the next thing to look at, primarily because it is designed with high-quality materials. This is made with wheels and a backpack configuration. It has a paddle, which weighs right around 32oz.
People that are heavy paddlers will appreciate all of this. It is great for yoga and fishing. You can also take the family with you to the lake can have fun.
Pros of this Board
Cons of this option
The Blackfin XL paddleboard originates from the business by the name of iRocker is perfect for taller and larger paddlers. This is a great iSUP that will give you an exciting experience regardless of the condition of the water.
Triple-layer composite PVC is used to construct the Model XL. It is the lightest and most robust. The paddleboard is extremely rigid due to the three layers of military-grade PVC material. Fully inflated, it can support 485 pounds.
Heavier paddlers can bring their entire gear, as well as friends that you may have come along with you. It doesn't flex at all.
The inflatable paddle board measures nearly 3 feet in width and 11 feet 6 inches long. It is larger than many single-rider boards. This board offers extra stability thanks to its large platform.
Even if your toddler or dog isn't able to sit still, the Blackfin Model XL won't wobble regardless of how hard you try.
It is made of solid material so it won't bend when you are using it, especially in the center of this contraption. This is a common problem with larger men on the most affordable models.
The Blackfin XL was designed to be stable, but it still works well. It is extremely easy to use and tracks well. You can surf smaller waves with ease thanks to the three-fin system.
Pros of this Board
Cons of this option
Tower paddleboards are built to last. The Adventurer is no exception. This is just a small part of what it offers.
Drop stitch technology is used to make the Adventurer 2. The multitude of fibers that connect the top and bottom of the Adventurer 2 are thousands in number making this very sturdy. Those that make these boards have no problem running over their boards trying to damage them to see if they can.
Tower Adventurer boards are as rigid as a paddleboard. You can expect no flex. It is easy to balance on the 32-inch platform. The buoyancy of iSUPs six inches thick is also well-known. If you are heavier than recommended, you need to inflate this paddleboard to the appropriate PSI levels.
The paddleboard is easy to move around due to the large center area. Its overall speed is also enhanced by the pointed nose equipped on every one of these units.
The Adventurer can be used for all types of SUP activities, regardless of the conditions that you will be using it in which also contributes to its maneuverability.
Pros of this Board
Cons of this option
#5. Pau Hana Calypso
This Pau Hana Calypso SUP is a great option if you aren't sure which one you prefer. It's a SUP that has a removable seat and can be used as a kayak or a SUP.
The seat attachment option is highly favored by those that decide to get one of these units. It is a part kayak and part stand-up paddleboard. This one allows you to explore the water in many different ways and has a window that lets people on the paddleboard see what is below them.
This board is ideal for fishing enthusiasts who enjoy sitting the entire time, or even if you prefer standing so you will have a better view.
A large deck window allows you to see below the surface of the water. This is a great feature for curious children or anglers that want to get a better view of what is below in the water.
The EVA deck pads provide a secure and soft grip that will provide all sorts of comfort and traction.
Pros of this Board
Cons of this option
The South Bay Board Co. Big Cruiser Paddle Board can hold people that are well over 300 pounds in weight. This board is soft top which falls into the rigid category and has a great shape.
Although it can carry a beginner paddler as much as 300 lbs, this is the maximum capacity for this board. It will not cause problems for an experienced rider.
The board is made of foam core 6 oz fiberglass weave. The deck pad is made of IXPE foam. You can attach a kayak seat to the board using pre-installed D rings. There are also removable fins on the board. The board has a screw that can be attached if you have the proper tools.
This board comes from an American-based South California company. When they had problems, owners have received excellent assistance.
A paddleboard company with a strong reputation makes this exceptional board. This is the best rigid stand-up paddleboard for big men.
It is very easy to set up. To attach the center fin, you will need a tool. The center fin won't connect without the proper tools.
This paddleboard is very stable once you get on the water. It is very stable due to its width. It has good tracking for a board this long thanks to the multiple fins. Flatwater boards are best for flat water, but they can also handle surfing is generally most areas.
Pros of this Board
Cons of this option
#7. Atoll iSUP
Why is Atoll our top pick for big guys? Well, you can drive a truck over it while fully inflated and it's just fine, so it will be able to handle a bigger guy with no problem.
Paddlers who want a stylish paddleboard look will enjoy the very popular Atoll 11'. It is outstanding and performs in the water just as well as it looks.
The Atoll 11' is notable for many reasons, including its overall size, appearance, and construction. Like many other iSUPs, it is made from military-grade PVC. It is 40% lighter than standard inflatable boards. It is durable and light.
Once you have it in your possession, the Atoll 11' can inflate to a maximum of 15 PSI. Because of its rigidity, some refer to it as what you would call a hard or harder board. The iSUP can hold individuals of up to 400 lbs, but this can only occur if it is fully inflated.
Multiple riders weighing over 700 lbs have been water tested on the Atoll.
It measures 32 inches in width, so you have a solid platform to test any ideas you might have.
The tri-fin system on this paddleboard allows for efficiency and quicker, making tracking a breeze. The paddleboard's size and shape are perfect for optimal maneuverability. Even better, you can let your child paddle, knowing that they are fully safe, while you teach them how to use their very first paddleboard.
iSUPs can be slow. The Atoll is very responsive and will impress you despite the slower movement capabilities. Although it may not be as strong as a solid board in speed, it is the perfect paddleboard for those that are just starting.
And we must also mention, since this inflatable SUP can handle a full size SUV driving over it, it will have no problem supporting a larger paddler. See the video below for the SUV demonstration:
Pros of this Board
Cons of this option
What is the best paddleboard for a larger guy?
Well, it depends. There are some foam SUPs, like the ones listed here, that are very good. A few of the best are the South Bay Board Co. Premium Beginner SUP and the ISLE Cruiser. These are excellent boards.
But, you need to be careful. A lot of foam SUPs are priced cheap, and are manufactured using super cheap materials and techniques. You get what you pay for, and that's ok as long as you are aware of this going into your purchase.
Some foam SUPs are really cheap which is for a specific buyer. There are a lot of families that go on vacation to the beach or the lake, and they'll pick up a cheap foam SUP and use it on vacation and basically throw it away when vacation is over.
Final Thoughts
There are many options for any person that ways more than 200 pounds when it comes to getting SUPs. These inflatable SUPs can support more weight than they are typically designed to do because of how they are built.
When shopping for a stand-up paddleboard, remember that thicker boards offer better stability on the water. People find that the longer the boards are made, the easier they are to stand on. The longer boards can also be used in the ocean to surf small waves which are where many people like to use them.
The majority of the SUPs on this list are regarded as all-rounders, meaning they can be used in any water condition, especially if you are a heavier person that would like to enjoy some time out on the open water.

subset: commoncrawl


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In all my years as a social studies teacher, the following questions has been asked most frequently, "How can I do well in social studies?" or "What is secret to getting an A in social studies?"
I have always answered that question by offering 3 secrets to getting a distinction in social studies. They are:
1. Become a Source-Based Champion in Social Studies
Whether you like it or not, Source-Based Questions carries 35 out of 50 marks in the whole paper. If you flunk this portion, your social studies grade is unlikely to be great. There goes your distinction in your Combined Humanities too. Thus, it is worth the effort to spend some effort to become a Source-Based Champion.
I define a Source-Based Champion in social studies as someone with the following set of skills:
Knowing the type of questions that are asked, i.e. is it an inference, comparison or reliability question?
Knowing the answer format to each type of question and how to answer them.
Using the key words of the questions to answer the question.
Knowing how to explain your evidence in your source to support your conclusion or observation.
Drawing appropriate and accurate conclusions from the sources.
Knowing how to scrutinize biasedness in the providence of the source. From here, you can conclude whether the source is useful, reliable or vice versa.
Knowing how to write a good and accurate answer for a consolidation question, i.e. the 10 marks question.
How good are you at the above skills? If you have some issues, or have no clue what I am saying, watch out for a series of short video lessons I will be doing to help you in these areas. Once you master, these skills, which is reachable for any student, you are on your way to becoming a Source-Based Champion for your social studies.
2. Learn The Art of Brain Storming for Your Social Studies
Not many students know this, but Part (a) of your Source Reference Question (SRQ) is actually a brainstorming question. In other words, you cannot find any content answer from your social studies text book or content. This part requires you to brainstorm and think of ideas for the answers. There are no right or wrong answers. As long as you can coherently explain and argue the point to answer the questions with suitable examples, you will be given credit for it.
Take the following social studies SRQ question for instance,
"In what ways have the smart phones improved people's lives in Singapore? Explain your answer using two examples. (7m)"
Is there a page in your social studies text book that deals with the benefits of the smart phone? No. This question is a globalization question and is very focus on a particular gadget associated with globalization.
The trick in social studies to answer this type of question is to draw from your own personal experiences to answer such questions. For example, I bet every O-Level student today owns a smart phone in Singapore. So, to answer that question, all you need to do is ask yourself how you have benefitted from the use of the smart phone in day to day activities and events. Once you are able to think of some points, the trick, next is to categorize them into groups and think of a bigger word to write in your answer.
For instance, rather than write, "The smart phones have allowed Singaporeans to text and talk more with each other.", you should write, "The smart phones have enabled Singaporeans to communicate better." You can than go on and explain the point fully in your social studies question.
The next time, you encounter your social studies SRQ Part (a), do not worry so much. Think of your own experience, and think of a few ideas. Using those ideas, frame your answers in bigger category words.
3. Use Social Studies Codes
In social studies, the most difficult portion of the paper is the SRQ Part (b). This 8 marks question requires intense amount of study and memorization for actually a very small proportion of marks. You have to know all eleven chapters of your social studies syllabus well and only one of those chapters will be tested. But if you do badly here, your social studies distinction will fly away.
There is an effective way to overcome this social studies memorization challenge. At Gummy Humanities, we teach our students to use Humanities and Social Studies codes. A code is basically an acronym to remember the key points of the chapter well. These codes can also be an easy phrase or saying.
Let's say, the social studies SRQ question asked you how developments in transportation and MNCs have led to globalization? For the developments of transportation, we teach our students to remember Air, Sea and Land. For Air, we get our students to remember a version of the Olympic Motto – Cheaper, Faster, Bigger. When describing Air Transport Development, you simply have to explain how air travel have gotten cheaper due to greater competition? How aircrafts are bigger and faster today when compared to the olden days?
The use of these types of social studies and humanities codes reduce the memorization load for students tremendously, and also helps them to remember more chapters better for their social studies examination.
Humanities subjects like social studies, history and geography can be perceived as heavy content subjects that require difficult writing and analytical skills to do well. That is true. But at Gummy Humanities, the secrets to the success of our students is rooted in helping them write better by becoming a Source-Based Champion, training them to brainstorm better, and getting them to memorize better with the use of Humanities and Social Studies Codes.


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Over the past few weeks, I got to play Konami's newest soccer simulation game, PES 2021. Officially listed as eFootball PES 2021 Season Update, this year's update to the series is exactly what it sounds like. Back in July, Konami announced that, rather than release a brand new entry this year, they would be producing a half-price update to PES 2020. By doing so, the team plans to focus on making PES 2020 for the Xbox Series S/X and PlayStation 5, through the development of a new game engine.
How do you review an updated version of a game? Well, I haven't played PES 2020, so I looked at PES 2021's merits as a stand-alone soccer sim.
Presentation and Gameplay
The two single-player game modes are all presented as though you are visiting eFootball PES Sports Network dot com. It's an aesthetically pleasing look. I felt like I wasn't just playing through the game modes, but that I was interacting with the story those game modes were creating. Even when you're simulating mid-game, the display is like watching an ESPN box score. They link it all together with Follower Counts, which track your club or player's popularity throughout their careers. At least, I think they do. Mine never went up.
Gameplay feels fine! The PES 2021 Season Update really feels like a simulation soccer game that is an update from a solid simulation soccer game. Two aspects of gameplay jumped out at me. First, dribbling the ball is difficult, even with the fighting game-esque move sheet the game offers you. This appears to have been a problem in it's predecessor, so maybe they'll get it in Next Gen. Second, the transition from offense to defense is very rigid. Sometimes a pass would barely miss me, and my player would give up pursuit of the ball in favor of moving for defense. Or, an attempt to make a sliding tackle to disrupt a loose ball would instead charge a pass that I never get to make. PES 2021 draws a line at where possession ends, and it doesn't feel fluid or particularly natural.
I really enjoyed PES 2021's club customization options. You get two levels of clearance on what you can and cannot change, depending on the club you choose. For licensed leagues, you obviously can't change the crest, or the name. PES 2021 does let you make alternative jerseys that don't have to be sacred to the brand.
You can completely rework the fictional teams, however. The one thing PES 2021 is missing here? A crest maker. The game actually gives you more freedom, by letting you upload pictures from a flash card to use as your crest (as well as official team partners, which is hilarious), but a simple crest creator could go a long way.
Game Modes
I didn't really dig into the online modes, and MyClub isn't really my thing. So I focused mainly on the Master League and Become A Legend modes. I spoke pretty highly of the customization options for clubs, so imagine my disappointment when, for your custom manager, you just choose from a list of people who exist. I possessed the body of R. Dudfield, and so F. COOLBEER was born. F. COOLBEER took control of the now-official Hoosier FC, which competes in the fictional PLA League. Manager COOLBEER did not have a good opening season. We'll get back to that.
Master League
When you boot up Master League mode for the first time, you see a few cutscenes. You control your manager and make a few decisions. How well should we expect Hoosier FC to perform in the PLA League? What kind of coaching decisions do you plan to make? Basic questions I expect to answer in games with dynasty modes.
Master League mode gives you the reins to your club pretty fully. The second series of cutscenes you encounter walk you through the transfer process. There's a lot to look at but, overall, the process is pretty simple. You set terms. A CPU manager reviews them and decides if they like what they see. Your players don't really get a say, which makes the process a little less engaging, if not wholly realistic.
I struggled through my first game of the season, a 0-1 loss. The game really lets you have it after the first couple of losses. A message on my home screen really drilled it home, "Fans angry with Hoosier FC opener." I had unread messages in-game and had the same real-life anxiety from having important messages I didn't want to read. I bit the bullet, and struggled through 3 more losses. Eventually I thought the game could simulate Hoosier FC better than I could play them. The simulation, however, was brutal.
Lucky for players like me, PES 2021 only puts on a scary face. COOLBEER ended his inaugural season 0-17-3. After a bummer of a season, Hoosier FC lost… zero fans. COOLBEER even received four job offers for his performance as a rookie manager. It was nice, because I'm bad at soccer games. There wasn't a punishment for boldly declaring we'd finish sixth, then finishing last. Knowing there aren't consequences took a bit of the competitive edge away.
Become a Legend
Now we're CREATING A PLAYER and it rips. PES 2021's character creation suite is pretty deep, and it's nice that you get to create a player whole cloth, unlike with the clubs. I suspect you could really mess a face up with this thing, but I made a boring dude because I'm a boring dude.
Career modes have this problem simulating what it's like being an up-and-comer. Most rookie players don't start. Some of them don't even have minutes their first season. Most games avoid this by making you a prodigy, or by having you play in High School. In my first game with U.S. Lecce, I warmed the bench. You get to fast forward the game while you're not in, which is a blessing. I wish they would do me one better and just let me skip to when I'm playing. I played for the final 4 minutes of the game, making little impact.
Then, I didn't make the squad. For four games I fooled around in the various menus making sure my training options were right. I was gonna be a Super-Sub, since that was apparently my role in the organization. Then, I started games. PES 2021's BAL mode surprised me with how well the split the balance between "rookie player sits his first 3 seasons," and "he starts right away because he's a superstar." When I started two games in a row, it felt like I earned those starts.
Beyond this, there's not very much drama in as far as I got in BAL. The biggest problem I had was that my preferred number (#11) was taken by a starter, so I had to choose another number (#69, nice). If your create-a-player is an attacker, or an offensive role, you may get enough action out of BAL for it to be ok that nothing is happening outside of games. I built a midfield defender, and while the gameplay is still good, the mode outside of games needs to have more excitement built-in to keep someone interested.
Between Master League and BAL, you could sink season after season into PES 2021 Season Update, bouncing from team to team. That's not even taking into account MyClub, the existence of which is constantly extended because it's a gacha game that's always receiving updates. my concern is that there's just not enough going on in either single player mode to keep people interested long-term.
In Master League, there were a few more cutscenes throughout my first season, but they served as tutorials to teach me how being a manager works in PES 2021. Which is welcome, because I love a good tutorial. However, in order to really hook me into the story of these modes, there aren't enough events happening. Players are improving and transfers are in talks all-year around, but in terms of content that's about it.
After simulating through the rest of COOLBEER's first season, I started the second season with a tutorial on negotiating contracts with your own players. Again, important things to know, but the only effect my previous season had on my manager's career was a series of text boxes scolding me and asking me to do better. Even the generic messages somehow feel canned. When I started my Become a Legend file, I received a message that I had not been selected for the U.S. Nationals team. Of course I didn't make it, I'm 17 and I've never played a game in the league. Why would I be so disappointed?
eFootball PES 2021 Season Update is a layover, while Konami works on getting Pro Evolution Soccer ready for the next console generation. PES 2021 never tries to hide that, though, and the game is better off for it. If PES 2021 were a $60 game I could not recommend it to people who weren't already fans of the Pro Evolution Soccer series. However, it's a $30 game, and if you're looking for an affordable single-player soccer experience, PES 2021 could be the game you're looking for. Despite my lack of soccer skills, I enjoyed my time with PES 2021, and I'm probably gonna go back to that 0-17-3 Master League team and try to register at least one win.
PES 2021 Season Update Review: A Cross To Next Gen


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As you know you don't need any Drivers for Audio in Ubuntu OS,but the fact that many doesn't know is you can install own sound-card and change the Master volumes for MIC,Headphone,Line etc via terminal.The Good thing is you don't need to install a software for this,it is a default software which comes with Ubuntu .
Type this in your Terminal
$ alsamixer
This software loads inside the terminal so you can control everything via keyboard.(see the screenshots)
To select a Sound card press F6
Workaround and explore you will find awesomeness of Linux.


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- Research article
- Open access
- Published:
On-site monitoring of the performance of innovative treatments for marble conservation in architectural heritage
Heritage Science volume 5, Article number: 4 (2017)
Innovative nanostructured treatments for stone conservation, based on dispersions of photoactive TiO2 nanoparticles, recently studied in our research group, provided interesting results after laboratory testing. Unfortunately, it is almost impossible to accurately reproduce in the lab the complexity of field exposure conditions. It is then of crucial importance to evaluate the behaviour and durability of new treatments in situ, once they are applied to real deteriorated surfaces of the architectural heritage exposed in outdoor. In the present research, the effectiveness of a TEOS-nano-TiO2 treatment and of two nanocomposites based on nano-TiO2 dispersion in organosiloxane and functionalized SiO2 for the protection of two specific marbles—Candoglia and Crevoladossola—has been evaluated on-site. The effect of the introduction of innovative titania nanoparticles in selected commercial products has been examined focusing on compatibility and protection efficacy in real exposure condition. An on-site testing protocol has been defined and carried out for 12 months after the application, considering colour and morphology changes and water absorption by capillarity. The nano-TiO2 addition does not hinder the performance of the protective treatments while it provides a positive contribution in soiling reduction. The results will be implemented in the operative framework of the ongoing conservation project of the considered historical façade.
Soiling, condensed water, atmospheric pollution and biological attack are among the main responsible for stone deterioration in urban environment [1], since they can affect the materials of architectural heritage from both the chemical and the aesthetic point of view. The application of surface treatments can shield the stone surface, reducing and preventing the interaction with these degradation agents [2]. The treatment of very low porous stones, such as marbles, is challenging since the applied products can hardly penetrate into the material and generally show poor adhesion to the substrate, thus affecting their performances [3]. Acrylics and partially fluorinated acrylics, perfluoropolymers, siloxanes and silanes are the main classes of polymeric formulations used in the field of stone protection [4–6]. In addition, inorganic protective treatments, such as protective oxalate and sacrificial lime layers, were developed since they show higher compatibility with the mineral nature of the stone substrate and can provide a better resistance to environmental agents and pollutants [2, 7].
In the last decade, the development of innovative nanostructured materials for the conservation of Cultural Heritage was proposed, displaying enhanced properties and effectiveness compared to traditional treatments, encouraging their use both for stone consolidants [8–11] and protective formulations [12–14]. In particular, due to their photocatalytic properties [15], TiO2 nanoparticles were used for the set-up of self-cleaning treatments with either hydrophilic or hydrophobic behavior [16–20]. The photocatalytic properties of titania nanoparticles promote the degradation of pollutants from the exposed surfaces, which can be easily washed away by rain. The use of these treatments can be considered a preventive conservation strategy for stone degradation and soiling, leading to a more efficient and cost-effective maintenance of historic buildings.
Different stone materials have been treated with TiO2 nanoparticles dispersions or nanocomposites, in order to achieve results which could comply with the strict requirements in the field of heritage conservation (aesthetic compatibility, non-harmfulness, re-treatability, protection efficacy); many experimental studies have been carried out in the last years [19]. However, limited information and data are available on the real long-term performances of photoactive materials, on the release of nanoparticles from building materials in the environment and on their impact on human health. In particular, the durability of nano-TiO2 based treatments has been mainly assessed in laboratory so far. The adhesion of the coatings to the stone substrate has been tested by means of peeling tests [16, 21, 22], while the stability to sunlight and rain wash was studied by means of solar box test and accelerated weathering cycles [20, 23–27]. In addition, in order to evaluate the durability also in outdoor conditions, some field exposure tests of treated stone specimens have been carried out [20]. Laboratory tests for the evaluation of the performances of protective treatments provide valuable information and quantitative data in controlled environments but they are carried out in simplified conditions which cannot fully simulate the complexity of real aged surfaces. Therefore, it is crucial to monitor the effectiveness of such products after the on-site application on architectural stone surfaces in order to thoroughly study their long-term performances. Such a monitoring approach, on the other hand, requires the acquisition of long-term set of data in order to be significant, according to the rate of evolution of the considered deterioration mechanisms. Moreover, the high number of parameters involved in monitoring increases the complexity of the data elaboration and interpretation. This can partly explain why only few examples of application of innovative nano-TiO2 treatments on real surfaces of Cultural Heritage can be found in the literature and the even more limited number of monitoring results available.
In the present research, the effectiveness of a TEOS-nano-TiO2 treatment and of two nanocomposites based on innovative solar-light activated nano-TiO2 dispersion in organosiloxane and functionalized SiO2 has been evaluated on-site for the protection of the two specific marbles employed in the façade of the Cathedral of Monza (Italy). These treatments have been recently developed and provided promising results in laboratory [28–30]. The study is particularly focused on the evaluation of the effect of the introduction of innovative titania nanoparticles in selected commercial products for the protection of marble stone surfaces.
The façade of the Cathedral of Monza is characterized by the presence of two types of marbles: Crevoladossola and Candoglia marble [31]. Despite the common carbonatic nature and the similar very low initial porosity, the two marbles reacted quite differently to the prolonged outdoor exposition in the polluted urban atmosphere of Monza: Crevoladossola shows a rather poor state of conservation due to intense surface recession and decohesion of the crystalline matrix; while Candoglia is mainly affected by erosion and soiling, depending on the exposition conditions. The conservation strategy in this case should then aim at two objectives: the protection of the very external and weathered part of the stone surfaces and the reduction of the soiling effect induced by the accumulation of particulate matter in sheltered condition. To fulfill this double aim, two different approaches, exploiting the self-cleaning properties of nano-TiO2-based treatments, were set-up. The first one consists in the application of nano-TiO2 dispersions after a pre-treatment with a surface consolidant (tetraethyl orthosilicate, TEOS), aiming at slightly improving the cohesion of the crystalline matrix, without changing the partial hydrophilic character of the marble surface; the second one consists in the application of hydrophobic nanocomposites [19].
The performances of these innovative treatments have been tested on-site on both Crevoladossola and Candoglia marble and compared to those of selected commercial products.
Characterization of marble
Micro-samples were collected from the façade to characterize Candoglia and Crevoladossola and to assess the state of conservation on-site. Micro-samples were investigated by: Leica M250C stereomicroscope, integrated with a Leica DFC290 digital camera for image capture; Philips PW1830 X-ray diffractometer (XRD) using Cu Kα radiation (λ = 1,54,058 Å), PW3020 generator and Bragg–Brentano geometry; Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) using a Thermo Nicolet 6700 FTIR spectrometer in KBr dispersion with a DTGS detector in the spectral range 4000–400 cm−1; environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analyses, using Zeiss EVO 50 EP ESEM, equipped with an Oxford INCA 200—Pentafet LZ4 spectrometer.
Porosimetric analyses were performed on fresh Candoglia and Crevoladossola specimens from quarry by means of a Micromeritics AutoPore IV 9500 mercury intrusion porosimeter.
Application of the treatments on the marble surfaces
Candoglia and Crevoladossola marble surfaces of about 85 × 55 cm and 138 × 70 cm, respectively, were selected for the application of the treatments in a pilot-area on the façade of the Cathedral.
The stone surfaces were cleaned before treatments by controlled micro-sand blasting (CTS 6 micro sand blaster, CTS srl) with a 0.7 mm nozzle and a working pressure of 2 bar, using garnet (GMA Garnet 120 mesh) as abrasive.
For each block surface, seven similar areas were defined and treated with the materials listed below, while an area was left untreated as reference.
Transparent water dispersions of pure anatase TiO2 nanoparticles (3% by weight, nanoparticles size around 40 nm), synthesized according to the non-aqueous route [32], as reported in previous papers [28, 33], were used to set-up the innovative treatments. Nanoparticles showed high stability once dispersed in water and no aggregation occurs. The photoactivity range of nano-TiO2 is extended to solar light radiation in addition to UV light as a result of the residual presence of benzyl alcohol groups, which derive from the specific synthesis and are anchored to the surface of the nanoparticles.
The treatments include:
a consolidant tetraethyl orthosilicate-TEOS (SILRES BS OH 100®, Wacker Chemie, Germany);
a TEOS-nano-TiO2 treatment, prepared by applying the experimental nano-TiO2 water dispersions (3% by weight) on wet surface pre-treated with TEOS (SILRES BS OH 100®, Wacker Chemie, Germany);
a commercial stone coating based on aqueous dispersion of organosiloxanes (10% organosiloxanes by weight) (Silo 112®, supplied by CTS srl, Italy);
a nanocomposite prepared by adding water dispersed nano-TiO2 in aqueous dispersion of organosiloxanes (Silo 112®, supplied by CTS srl, Italy), with nano-TiO2 concentration in the polymer of 44% by weight;
a commercial nano-TiO2 alkylalkoxy-silane nanocomposite (PF 4®, Chem Spec srl, Italy);
a commercial stone coating based on a solution of SiO2 functionalized by silicon alkoxides in isopropyl alcohol (20% functionalized silica by weight) (SIOX-5 S®, Siltea srl, Italy);
a nanocomposite prepared by adding water dispersion of nano-TiO2 in a solution of SiO2 functionalized by silicon alkoxides in isopropyl alcohol (SIOX-5 S®, Siltea srl), with nano-TiO2 concentration in the functionalized silica of 16% by weight.
The treatments were applied by brush on the clean and dried stone surface in order to cover it entirely with a single layer [28, 30]. The amount of applied products determined by weight before and after the application (mg/cm2) is reported in Table 1. The differences in the applied amount are related to the specific surface absorption features, the substrate texture, porosity and state of conservation and to the viscosity and surface tension of the products.
Evaluation of the effectiveness of the treatments applied on the marble surface
In order to evaluate the effectiveness of the treatments, a diagnostic protocol of tests was carried out before the application and about 1, 4, 7, 10 and 12 months after the application. The first post-treatment monitoring step was performed after 1 month to allow the complete curing of TEOS and TEOS-based treatments.
Colorimetric and water absorption test were replicated three times on each area to tackle the intrinsic heterogeneity of the stones with respect to the microstructural features and the non-homogeneous deterioration patterns.
Optical microscopy observations were carried out using a portable digital microscope Dino-Lite Premiere AM7013MT, colour CMOS sensor and white LED illuminator.
VIS spectrophotometric measurements were performed by VIS spectrophotometric measurements with a Konica Minolta CM-600D instrument with a D65 illuminant at 8°, wavelength range between 400 and 700 nm. 25 measurements were carried out on each testing area after mild brushing of the surface in order to remove the deposit due to the pilot site activity. Data were elaborated according to the CIE L*a*b* standard colour system [34].
Non-invasive water absorption measurements by contact sponge method were carried out using a contact sponge kit (CTS srl, Italy). The measurements were performed according to the standard protocol [35]: the sponge was soaked with a 5 ml deionized water syringe and put in contact with the stone surface for 2 min. The sponge mass variation after the contact was measured on-site by a portable Entris 153-1s balance with 1 mg of readability (Sartorius srl, Italy). The water absorption results are reported only for Crevoladossola marble, since the initial absorption values of the untreated Candoglia marble were under the mass detection limit of the balance for in situ measurements. The measurements of water absorption are strongly affected by the weather conditions. Therefore, the average hourly data of temperature (°C) and relative humidity (%), recorded by ARPA (Regional Agency for Environmental Protection) in the nearest atmospheric stations during the monitoring periods are reported (Table 4) in order to better compare the absorption data obtained in different climatic conditions.
Finally, stone micro-fragments were sampled from untreated and treated areas of both Candoglia and Crevoladossola marble blocks and analyzed by ESEM-EDX with the above reported instruments.
Results and discussion
Stone substrates
Candoglia marble has a medium to coarse-grain size and a rather light pink colour, with dark-grey layers due to the presence of subordinate silicate minerals and it has been traditionally used in the construction and maintenance of the Cathedral of Milan [36, 37]. Crevoladossola marble is a fine grained dolomitic marble which was used in different historical buildings in Northern Italy such as "Arco della Pace" in Milan and the Cathedral of Pavia [36, 37]. The main mineralogical, compositional and porosimetric features of Candoglia and Crevoladossola marble are summarized in Table 2. Candoglia marble shows calcite as the main mineralogical phase with some minor quartz. Gypsum and nitrates detected by FTIR spectroscopy in the superficial areas of the samples are due to environmental contamination whereas no significant signs of chemical alteration of the substrate (sulphation) are observed. The same applies to Crevoladossola, which is mainly constituted by dolomite with phlogopite mica as accessory mineral. Both stones are characterized by very low initial porosity. The values obtained from freshly quarried samples reported in Table 2 are around 1% total porosity, which indicate a compact stone matrix and determine a low water absorption capability. This aspect represents a critical factor with respect to the stone treatment as it may prevent the penetration of a product within the substrate. It has to be pointed out that the weathered stone surfaces usually show an enhanced porosity compared to the freshly quarried material. Cracks, grain detachments and secondary porosity form as a result of the weathering after outdoor exposition [38]. In the stone at work, the porosity shows a gradient from the bulk to the very surface of the material.
The two marbles display a rather different state of conservation with respect to the deterioration patterns and the decay extent, being Candoglia generally better preserved than Crevoladossola. According to stone conservation standards [39, 40], the main deterioration pattern of Candoglia is erosion on areas exposed to rainfall, which show an increased superficial roughness of the substrate due to intergranular corrosion by calcite dissolution [41], as evaluated by on-site digital microscopy (Fig. 1a, b) and by ESEM analysis on micro-samples. Differential erosion in presence of quartz-siliceous veins (Fig. 1a) within the stone matrix is observed. On the other hand, the stone material sheltered from the rain is partly covered by dark deposits (Fig. 1c) and some biological colonization (Fig. 1b). The composition of the deposits evaluated by FTIR analysis includes calcium sulphate (as gypsum), nitrates, quartz and other silicates, and traces of calcium oxalate. Such composition is typical of sulphatic deposits and black layers developed in urban polluted environment [42, 43].
The state of conservation of Crevoladossola is characterized by the presence of a diffused colour alteration which is responsible for the current dark to light grey appearance of the originally white stone blocks (Fig. 1d). The altered blocks also show reduced granular cohesion so that mild mechanical actions on the surfaces result in grain detachments and powdering. The combined action of atmospheric corrosion and thermal weathering on the dolomitic matrix causes intergranular crack formation and enhanced chemical dissolution along the grain borders and the cleavage plane (Fig. 1e) [1, 44]. These last appear deeply corroded forming fissures and micro-cracks which can cross the grains almost up to their entire thickness (Fig. 1f). The cross-section observation (Fig. 1f) does not show the presence of a continuous superficial deposition; on the other hand, the surface discontinuities and micro-fissures appear partly filled by soil dust and particulate matter which can be responsible for the observed colour alteration. Given the previously discussed conditions, the most external and altered stone material has to be considered unstable and loss of material occurs as a result of the rain wash. Where the erosive mechanism is particularly active, namely along the borders and edges of the blocks, a remarkable surface recession is observed. In such condition, the resulting surface still suffers from granular disaggregation and it is characterized by a lighter colour due to the removal of the superficial altered stone material (Fig. 1d).
The results indicate that despite some common initial features, the two marbles provided completely different durability at work. In particular, the worst conservative condition of Crevoladossola is also associated to a generally higher heterogeneity of the surface morphology with respect to Candoglia. The overall conservation strategy therefore has to be particularly focused on the former lithotype, which is also the most diffused in the façade. Among the issues to be tackled, it has to be considered the reduction of the colour alteration which will eventually reoccur after cleaning by slowing the rate of soiling. According to this objective, the self-cleaning activity of nano-TiO2 can provide a valuable contribution.
Assessment of the surface treatments
The proposed treatments have been applied and tested on previously cleaned surfaces. In Fig. 2 the SEM analysis of the Candoglia (Fig. 2a) and Crevoladossola (Fig. 2b) after mechanical cleaning (micro-sandblasting) of the surface performed by the restorer are reported. The cleaning procedure on Candoglia marble was able to completely remove the deposits although the mechanical action of the selected inert increased the surface roughness (Fig. 2a). As a result, the overall grain texture of Candoglia is partly concealed and some cavities due to the inert impact can be observed at a microscopic scale. At visual observation, the cleaning of Crevoladossola surface has removed the external altered stone material. The SEM analysis confirmed this result (Fig. 2b) showing a substrate morphology which appears more compact compared to the weathered one (Fig. 1e). A reduced presence of intergranular cracks can be observed. Moreover, some dolomite grains are fractured by the mechanical impact of micro-sandblasting.
A preliminary photographic documentation was carried out 1 month after the application of the treatments on the marble substrates. No relevant visual changes can be observed by naked eye, except for the areas treated with the commercial polysiloxane treatment (S), which show a slight surface yellowing compared to the untreated reference areas (NT).
As far as the surface morphology is concerned, similar consideration can be drawn after on-site digital microscopy observation. The application of the commercial polysiloxane (S) causes the most significant modification of the surface appearance. The coarse-grained texture of Candoglia marble is partly obliterated as a result of the treatment and the typical grain-size heterogeneity is no longer visible (Fig. 3a, b). Moreover, a slight yellowing can be observed also at this level of magnification.
The microscopic images of the Crevoladossola highlight darkening and yellowing of the surface induced by the polysiloxane treatment (S) compared to the untreated area (NT) (Fig. 3c, d).
ΔL*, Δa*, Δb* and ΔE* values measured after 1 month from the application are reported in Table 3. For both Candoglia and Crevoladossola marble, all the treatments show high colour compatibility since ΔE* values are always lower than the threshold value of 5 [45]. For Candoglia marble, the area treated with the commercial polysiloxane coating (S) shows the highest value of colour change (ΔE* about 2.6), mainly due to the increase of b*, which corresponds to surface yellowing as pointed out by visual and digital microscopy observations (Fig. 4). The area treated with the functionalized SiO2-based nanocomposite (FSn) shows an intermediate behavior with respect to colour change, with ΔE* values of about 2 thus possibly perceptible by human eye [46]. The colour change of FSn mainly derives from the increase of the L* values, which corresponds to a limited surface whitening probably induced by the presence of TiO2 nanoparticles. All the other treatments show very limited colour changes, with ΔE* values ranging from about 0.50 to 1, thus not perceptible by human eye [46].
The initial post-treatment colour change values of Crevoladossola marble are generally higher than those of Candoglia. The highest ΔE* value is again achieved in the area treated with the commercial polysiloxane (S area, ΔE* = 3.46). Intermediate colour variation are displayed by the polysiloxane-based nanocomposite (Sn), the commercial alkylalkoxy-silane nanocomposite (CSn) and the functionalized SiO2 coating (FS), which show ΔE* values ranging from about 2 to 2.70. For CSn and FS colour difference is related to the decrease of the colorimetric coordinate L* and to the increase of b*, indicating that these treatments induce a moderate yellowing and surface darkening. The surface whitening occurred in Sn area, where the colour variation is mainly due to the increase of L* values, can be ascribed to the higher concentration of TiO2 nanoparticles compared to the other nanocomposites. In all the other areas (T, Tn, FSn) very limited to negligible ΔE* values are observed, ranging from about 0.40 to 1.2.
ESEM-EDX analyses were carried out in order to study the surface morphology of samples collected from the treated areas on both marbles compared to the untreated ones, 1 month after the treatments. In both stones, TEOS (T) tends to form a surface layer of highly micro-cracked glass-like material due to the shrinkage of the SiO2 gel formation. The TEOS-nano-TiO2 treatment (Tn) shows a rather similar morphology due to the superficial SiO2 gel accumulation (Fig. 4). As far as the surface covering is concerned, the TEOS treatments on Candoglia marble homogenously cover the crystal grains whereas on Crevoladossola they preferentially accumulate along the grain borders. This can be related to the different state of conservation previously discussed. In particular, the higher degree of decohesion induced by weathering of Crevoladossola determines a preferential accumulation so that the covering of the grains is less uniform than Candoglia (Fig. 4).
For what concerning the polysiloxane treatment, the addition of the nanoparticles induces a significant variation of the surface morphology. The commercial polysiloxane (S) on both stones penetrates into the crystalline matrix, forming a very thin layer which covers homogeneously the stone crystals (Fig. 5a–c). When TiO2 nanoparticles are added to this polymeric material, the surface morphology is altered, leading to the formation of a sponge-like layer covering the stone substrate (Fig. 5b–d). As a result, the original grain morphology is hardly detectable, differently from what occurs in the case of the polysiloxane alone. This is in accordance to a previous study by Atomic Force Microscopy [29] which highlighted an increased roughness as a result of the treatment which is induced by the nanoparticles emerging from the outer surface of the treated stone.
The distribution of the nanoparticles in the areas treated with the polysiloxane-based nanocomposite (Sn) has been specifically investigated. The ESEM observation and elemental maps of the samples collected from Crevoladossola marble are characterized by a homogenous distribution of TiO2 nanoparticles in the polymer, as indicated by the simultaneous presence of Ti and Si all over the surface (Fig. 6).
The commercial alkylalkoxy-silane nanocomposite (CSn) develops a rather thick surface layer similarly to the polysiloxane treatment (S), which does not significantly change the grain morphology despite the presence of the nanoparticles.
The morphologies of both the functionalized SiO2-based coating (FS) and the functionalized SiO2-based nanocomposite (FSn) show similar features to those of TEOS (T) and TEOS-nano-TiO2 treatment (Tn) (Fig. 7). In particular, a similar glass-like and highly fractured layer can be observed homogeneously covering the stone grains of both Candoglia and Crevoladossola. The nanoparticles are well distributed within the coating all over the treated surface, as confirmed by EDX mapping.
Evaluation and monitoring of the treatments efficacy
Colorimetric measurements were carried out following a 3-month monitoring interval after the application of the treatments. The most relevant variation occurred shortly after the application (1 month) and after 1 year, therefore only this monitoring data will be discussed. It is worth noting that for both substrates all treatments can be considered compatible under the colorimetric point of view after 1 year from application, since all the colour differences values (ΔE*) are lower than the threshold value of 5 (Fig. 8).
On Candoglia marble, the lowest colour variation occurred in the areas treated with TEOS (T) and the functionalized SiO2 product (FS), characterized by negligible ΔE* values (Fig. 8). An intermediate behavior characterized by ΔE* values lower than 2.5 was showed by the commercial polysiloxane (S), the commercial alkylalkoxy-silane nanocomposite (CSn) and the functionalized SiO2-based nanocomposite (FSn) (Fig. 8). The addition of nanoparticles to both TEOS (Tn) and polysiloxane (Sn) leads to the highest color differences (Fig. 8) after 12 months. It is worth noting that such variations are still acceptable. Generally, for all treatments containing nano-TiO2 (Tn, Sn, CSn and FSn) the global colour variation is mainly due to the increase of the lightness (ΔL*) indicating a slight whitening effect, as a result of the application of the nanoparticles on a substrate characterized by a typical pink colour (Fig. 8). Moreover, being Candoglia a very compact stone which is not particularly affected by decohesion phenomena in this specific case study, such colour alteration could also be related to the reduced penetrations of the treatments within the mineral matrix. The colour variations developed within the entire monitoring period, starting from rather low 1-month ΔE* values, and could be associated to a partial aggregation of the nanoparticles. This aspect should be further investigated by sampling and analyzing the long-term exposed surfaces. The colorimetric data obtained from the untreated reference area (NT) indicate that the surface colour does not undergo any significant colour variation along the entire monitoring period (Fig. 8).
Previous laboratory test showed positive self-cleaning results for polysiloxane and functionalized SiO2 nanocomposites applied on stone specimens. By monitoring rhodamine B discolouration after Xenon-lamp irradiation a remarkable photocatalytic activity of the nano-TiO2-based treatments was found [29, 30]. In order to asses also on-site the actual self-cleaning properties of the nanocomposites a prolonged monitoring of the soiling rate on treated surfaces will be necessary.
After 12 months, for Crevoladossola marble, the highest colour compatibility (ΔE* below 1) was obtained from areas treated with TEOS (T), TEOS-nano-TiO2 treatment (Tn) and functionalized SiO2-based nanocomposite (FSn) (Fig. 9). ΔE* values lower than 2.5 were obtained in areas treated with the polysiloxane-based nanocomposite (Sn), the commercial alkylalkoxy-silane nanocomposite (CSn) and the functionalized SiO2 product (FS) (Fig. 9). The polysiloxane product (S) leads to the most significant color change due to surface darkening and yellowing (Fig. 9). As previously discussed for Candoglia marble, the untreated reference area (NT) showed negligible colour change (Fig. 9). It can be observed that compared to the Candoglia data, all treatments on Crevoladossola are more stable over time considering the global colour variations measured after 1 month and at the end of the monitoring. Moreover, it seems that both L* and b* coordinates contribute in a comparable way to the global colour variations. The nano-TiO2 based treatments (Tn, Sn, CSn and FSn) in this case are not associated to lightness increases due to superficial whitening as previously observed on Candoglia. This can be correlated to the different substrate condition provided by Crevoladossola: an overall more neutral whitish colour respect to the pink hue of Candoglia and a more pronounced granular decohesion which influences the distribution and penetration of the treatments. It can be observed that generally the application of all the commercial treatments (T, S and FS) results in a slight superficial darkening, due to the increased colour saturation of the substrate, and yellowing (Fig. 9). The addition of the nanoparticles to the treatments (Tn, Sn and FSn) is able to reduce such effects in all cases and this is particularly evident for the polysiloxane nanocomposite. Under the colorimetric point of view, the nanocomposites therefore display better compatibility results with respect to the associated commercial products.
The on-site evaluation of the water absorption properties is a crucial yet complex task in order to assess the performance of stone surface treatments. The water absorption monitoring has been assessed by the contact-sponge method, following previous studies conducted both in the lab and in situ [47, 48]. Figure 10 reports for each area the ratio between the values of water absorption [Wa(t) (g/m2s)] measured after 1, 7, 10 and 12 months with respect to the value measured before the application of the treatments [Wa(nt) (g/m2s)]. The untreated reference area (NT) is also reported as control, being such measurement highly affected by the environmental parameters in outdoor conditions (T and RH). For this reason, the data obtained in winter season after 4 months are not reported since the high level of humidity and very low temperature were rather far from the average environmental conditions of all other monitoring intervals, hence water absorption is inhibited (Table 4).
The untreated reference area (NT) results were constant along the monitoring period indicating that this method can provide consistent information, while the rather high data dispersion is due to the inherent surface heterogeneity.
Considering the entire monitoring period, the highest reductions of the water absorption are measured in the areas treated with the commercial polysiloxane (S) and the polysiloxane-based nanocomposite (Sn). The stone surfaces treated with the functionalized SiO2 (FS) and functionalized SiO2-based nanocomposite (FSn) show a significant reduction of water absorption, but slightly lower with respect to the polysiloxane-based treatments (Fig. 10). A reduction in water absorption occurs also in the areas treated with TEOS (T) and TEOS-nano-TiO2 treatment (Tn), even if they should not display water repellent properties (Fig. 10) [49, 50]. This can be related to the specific characteristics of such treatments applied on marble, which are able to partly fill the pore space and the micro-cracks of the weathered material. As a result, the improved cohesion of the stone matrix is less prone to water absorption. This effect is slightly reduced in the area with TEOS-nano-TiO2 treatment (Tn) with respect to the one treated with TEOS (T), due to the hydrophilic behavior of nano-TiO2 [15]. Notwithstanding having a similar surface morphology with respect to the functionalized SiO2 products (FS, FSn) (Figs. 4, 7), the less effective water reduction of the TEOS-based ones are due to the absence of water repellency properties, as previously discussed, and to the less homogenous coverage of the grains, as observed by ESEM (Fig. 4).
The results indicate that the innovative nanocomposites applied on-site on real stone surfaces showed comparable results with respect to the commercial products, therefore the nanoparticles addition does not negatively influence the water absorption reduction properties. After 1 month from application all treatments reduced the water absorption. The results obtained after 12 months monitoring, also indicate that the stone surfaces maintained their water absorption reduction properties over time, except for the area treated with the commercial alkylalkoxy-silane nanocomposite (CSn). This last shows a progressive increase of the water absorption to be probably ascribed to the alteration of the coating (Fig. 10). Further investigations will be carried out in order to better understand the behavior of this treatment.
The protection of low porosity stones, as marbles, from atmospheric deterioration is challenging and scarcely documented in literature in terms of evaluation of the performances of conservation treatments exposed to real conditions. The application of both commercial and innovative treatments based on TiO2 nanoparticles on pilot-areas of the façade of Monza Cathedral provided information about the behavior of selected treatments on two substrates characterized by different chemical and mineralogical characteristics and conservation state: Candoglia and Crevoladossola marble. First of all, the variability in the amount of applied products resulting from the same application methodology is due to several and unavoidable factors: the substrate porosity and state of conservation, and the specific physical properties (viscosity, surface tension) of the products.
Colorimetric measurements performed on each area after the treatment and over a 12-month period from the application indicate a good compatibility of all treatments, with ΔE* values always below the threshold of 5 units.
All treatments characterized by water repellency properties (S, Sn, CSn, FS, FSn) succeeded in reducing the water absorption of Crevoladossola marble, and four of them were able to maintain such properties within the 12-month period of the monitoring; the commercial alkylalkoxy-silane nanocomposite (CSn) is the only one which partially lost its efficiency. Further investigation in the lab will be carried out to understand this behavior.
A promising result is the fact that the addition of the innovative TiO2 nanoparticles did not affect the water absorption characteristics of both the polysiloxane and the alkylalkoxy-silane treatments during the outdoor exposition, and that these nanocomposites granted a good performance in terms of aesthetic and protection properties. Besides that, the presence of nanoparticles is expected to provide photocatalytic activity that would reduce the soiling rate and deterioration effects related to the presence of inorganic and organic pollutants, as already assessed during previous laboratory testing.
The positive results obtained by these treatments can also be ascribed to the morphology they developed on both stones, namely the good covering of the crystalline matrixes and the rather homogeneous distribution of TiO2 nanoparticles.
The obtained data highlighted once more the complexity of field exposure tests on real surfaces of the architectural heritage. They also confirmed that a longer on-site monitoring activity of at least 3–5 years should be carried out in order to properly assess the performance of the surface treatments. Nevertheless, the results of the study will be used for the selection of the treatments to be applied in the framework of the overall conservation project of the façade of the Monza Cathedral, and will be a solid reference for future experiments with nanocomposites for the protection of marbles.
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Authors' contributions
FG and DG conceived the study, performed the analyses, carried out the interpretation of the results and drafted the manuscript. AC synthesized the TiO2 nanoparticles for the preparation of the innovative formulations and critically reviewed the manuscript. SG and LT supervised the activities, the analysis of the data and critically reviewed the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
This work has been supported by "Parrocchia di San Giovanni Battista-Duomo di Monza" and by the European program Horizon 2020 Call NMP21-AC 646178, in the framework of the Nano-Cathedral project (Grant agreement 646178). The Authors wish to thank the restorer (Arterosa Restauri, Italy) for the support in the preparation of the surfaces.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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Gherardi, F., Gulotta, D., Goidanich, S. et al. On-site monitoring of the performance of innovative treatments for marble conservation in architectural heritage. Herit Sci 5, 4 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-017-0118-5
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-017-0118-5


text:
Verification of overhead contact line geometry
Checking contact wire position for all rolling stock types
Tests objectives
- Measure the height and stagger of the overhead contact line
- Establish a contact wire wear control index
- Locate the position of the overhead contact line masts
Tests facilities
- Ultrasonic OCL geometry measurement system
- Doppler radar for recording speed and distance travelled
- Camera for detecting catenary mast position
Testing norms
NF EN 50119 – Applications ferroviaires – Installations fixes – Lignes aériennes de contact pour la traction électrique
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