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Repetitive Strain Injury (RSI) is a potentially debilitating condition resulting from overusing the hands to perform a repetitive task, such as typing, clicking a mouse, or writing. Anyone who uses a computer regularly is at risk and should know about RSI. Unfortunately, most people are uninformed and do not understand what RSI is or how serious it can be. This webpage is intended to educate computer users about RSI, and to provide useful suggestions for prevention and treatment. Much of the information provided here is also relevant for RSIs derived from other activities such as playing an instrument, gaming, or any other repetitive task. The page additionally contains a few specific pieces of advice for students.
This webpage was written and is maintained by Clay Scott. I have formatted the site as a single page in order to minimize clicking, and so that you can easily print the page if you prefer. You may feel free to contact me if you have questions that I might be able to answer (email preferred)). I have been living with RSI since 1997.
Disclaimer: I am not a medical doctor, and have no medical training. While every attempt is made to keep this page up-to-date with the best medical advice I have received, it is not a substitute for obtaining professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. |
Last modified Oct. 18, 2021.
What is RSI? | If you develop RSI |
(Adapted from Repetitive Strain Injury by Dr. Emil Pascarelli and Deborah Quilter)
In simple medical terms, repetitive strain injury (RSI) is defined as a cumulative trauma disorder (CTD) stemming from prolonged repetitive, forceful, or awkward hand movements. The result is damage to muscles, tendons, and nerves of the neck, shoulder, forearm, and hand, which can cause pain, weakness, numbness, or impairment of motor control.
You may wonder how seemingly innocuous activities such as typing and clicking a mouse button could possibly be harmful. Fine hand movements, repeated hour after hour, day after day, thousands upon thousands of times, eventually strain the muscles and tendons of the forearms, wrists, and fingers, causing microscopic tears. Injured muscles tend to contract, decreasing the range of motion necessary for stress free work. The sheaths that cover delicate tendons run out of lubrication because they aren't given time to rest, so tendon and sheath chafe, resulting in pain. Due to this abrasion, tendons become inflamed, and begin to pinch neighboring nerves. This can result in numbness, tingling, or hypersensitivity to touch. Unless this cycle is interrupted, it repeats itself over and over, and a long-term, chronic problem results.
Repetitive strain injury can affect more than just your hands and wrists. Poor posture can lead to severe neck and back injuries. Staring at a computer screen can lead to eye strain. Repetitive reaching for a mouse can lead to arm and neck strain as well as spinal asymmetry.
RSI is not a specific medical diagnosis, but rather a family of disorders. Many people mistakenly equate RSI with carpal tunnel syndrome, even though CTS is only one particular form of RSI. One recent study even reported that frequent computer users are no more likely to develop CTS than non-computer users. Don't let this mislead you, though. Many other forms of RSI do come on as a result of frequent computer use.
The three primary risk factors are poor posture, poor technique, and overuse. These topics are discussed in depth in the section on prevention. In addition to these, there are several other risk factors to be aware of. While they may not cause RSI on their own, they can increase your risk if you already possess one of the three primary risk factors. The following list (adapted from Pascarelli and Quilter) lists several risk factors. You may be at risk for developing an RSI if you:
Consult Pascarelli and Quilter for further information.
The primary warning sign of RSI is pain in the upper extremities (fingers, palms, wrists, forearms, shoulders). The pain may be burning, aching, or shooting. It could be local (e.g., fingertips) or diffuse (e.g., the entire forearm). The pain will typically be increased after a long session of computer use. Keep in mind, however, you can have severe RSI without experiencing pain. The following checklist (adapted from Pascarelli and Quilter), can help you determine whether you have RSI:
Do you experience:
In addition to these symptoms, RSI can also lead to behavioral changes. You may not even be aware of these changes. For example, do you:
If you develop RSI, and do not take steps to correct the problem, there may be serious repercussions. When my RSI was at its worst, I was unable to open doors, prepare my own food, do laundry, drive, write, type, and shake hands. This lasted for half a year. I was unable to type regularly for about three years. Many RSI sufferers complain of similar problems. In addition to limiting your day-to-day functionality, this decreased independence can cause a significant emotional burden.
RSI can limit your ability to perform at work. Recent Supreme Court rulings do not view RSI as a disability, and hence, RSI is not covered under the Americans With Disabilities Act. (Apparently typing is not a "major life activity," according to a recent opinion authored by Sandra Day O'Connor, for those whose job requires significant amounts of typing.) Therefore your employer may fire you if you are unable to perform your job because of your RSI. The prospect of changing (radically, in many cases) your profession is obviously a daunting thought. For students, most universities are willing to make accommodations, but lost productivity due to RSI could still delay your graduation one or two years. And once you graduate, your next employer may not be as accommodating.
As with all health-related issues, it is wise to eat well, exercise, listen to your body, and avoid destructive behavior. However, there are some specific precautions you can take to help prevent the onset of RSI.
When you first notice symptoms of RSI, you have already done substantial damage to yourself. RSI can take months, even years to develop, and you can expect it to take at least twice as long to heal. It has been several years since my RSI was at its worst, and even now I must limit my typing. Even if you feel no pain or other symptoms of RSI, you would do well to heed the following advice for RSI prevention, especially if you meet one of the risk factors outlined above.
What is good posture? For our purposes here, good posture is when you are positioned in a way that minimizes the strain on your body. To put it another way, good posture maximizes your ease. If you end your day with a sore neck, back, etc., or your hip flexors or other muscles are very tight, you should consider improving your poster.
I used to have a lengthy section here describing various specific tips for sitting apparatuses, but the market for desks, chairs, etc. has been impossible to keep with. I've also come to realize that different people's bodies and needs vary dramatically. As you search for the ideal seat, keep these general tips in mind (a) listen to your body, (b) don't hesitate to seek physical therapy or other help to strengthen weak muscles (a) take breaks regardless of whether you are feeling pain in the moment, and (d) aim for adjustability, allowing you to optimize your configuration and change position from time to time.
For general computing, there are three pieces of equipment that require special attention:
This last point is very important, but can be problematic if you only have one desk, and like space to write. In this case, I suggest one of three possibilities: (i) Find another place to write, such as the library; (ii) Get a cheap computer desk if you have room in your office; (iii) Find a rolling or sliding tray to put your monitor on, so you can move it aside when you need to write. If you don't position your monitor correctly, it can lead to severe neck strain over time. For example, if your monitor is too far back on your desk (or if your font is too small), you will have the tendency to hunch forward and jut your head out, in a subconcious effort to see the screen better. This leads to another key point: Don't use really small fonts! It leads to poor posture and eye strain.
If you use a laptop, you will find it is vitually impossible to use good posture. This is why I strongly recommend against the use of a laptop as an everyday computer. I used a laptop all through college, and I know it contributed to my RSI. If you do most of your work on a laptop, you really need to find a separate keyboard so that you can put your laptop on a box or some books, and have your monitor at eye level. You could alternatively find a separate monitor, but laptop keyboards tend to be too small. Another novel solution is the lightweight and highly portable Roost Stand.
There are three keys to proper typing technique.
An ergonomic posture reminder that you can post near your computer was created by Clemens Conrad.
There is another keyboard layout, in addition to the standard QWERTY layout. Called the Dvorak layout, it was designed to minimize the movement of your fingers as you type. In contrast, QWERTY was designed to maximize the amount of finger movement, so as to avoid jammed levers in old mechanical typewriters. Most operating systems allow you to switch your keyboard to this format (in Windows, try Control panel -> Regional and Language Settings -> Languages -> Details). When I switched to the Dvorak layout, there was about a month of transition time where I wasn't able to type as fast as I used to. Now, I have less pain in my hands than before I made the switch. You can find Dvorak typing tutors online.
In addition to Dvorak, there is yet another layout called Colemak that is designed to improve upon Dvorak. For example, Dvorak has the "s" and "l" letters typed by the right pinky which puts execive strain on this digit. It is not currently standard in operating systems like Dvorak is, but you can download the software from the link above.
Using a mouse can be even more harmful than typing. Here are three reasons why this is so:
My solution for these problems has been to switch to a trackball. This has the advantage that the mouse is stationary: you don't have to move your whole arm to move the pointer across the screen, which reduces strain on the arm, shoulder, back, and neck. It also has extra buttons, which can be programmed to double-click or drag with a single click. Moreover, the work is more evenly distributed among the fingers. Actually, I have two mouses. One is a trackball on the left, and the other is a standard mouse on the right that I use for scrolling and moving but never clicking.
Standard mouse |
Trackball |
Another solution is to use key commands to operate in a windows environment, rather than the mouse. Once you learn the commands, this method is often faster than mousing. A solution that will not work is switching which hand you use to click the mouse. This may provide temporary relief, but soon your other hand will be as bad as the first.
In addition to typing and mousing, writing can add significant strain to your hands. It is important to hold your writing utensil lightly. Someone should be able to pull it out of your hand when you are writing. It also helps to use a writing utensil that doesn't require you to push down too hard. Ball point pens should be avoided. I recommend soft lead pencils, or the Dr. Grip Gel Ink pen.
In this section I offer some specific recommendations for stretching and strengthening exercises that have helped me. These fall under the category of prevention as well as recovery. Most of them you can easily do in your office during breaks, which you should take every hour or so.
Wall stretch: This is my favorite stretch. It is great for stretching out the shoulder, arm, wrist, and hand all at once. Extend the arm along a wall, with arm parallel to the ground and palm facing wall. Attempt to open chest so that shoulders are perpendicular to arm. Extend fingers and palm away from wall as much as possible. Your hand may tingle - this is OK. Hold for 30-60 seconds. Try with the arm at different angles. Repeat on other side.
Doorway: This stretches the pecs and shoulder. Hold elbow at a right angle, and place forearm along door frame, as shown. Lunge forward, keeping chest and pelvis facing squarely forward. Hold 30-60 seconds. Try holding arms at different angles. Repeat on other side.
Back and neck strengthening: The other thing I do that really helps is an exercise that involves one of those big exercise balls, a long dowel rod, and a couple of 3 (or 2) pound dumbbells. You get on your knees, lay your chest on the ball, put the rod on your back so that it makes contact with your rear, back, and head (to keep the spine neutral). The ball should be big enough so that the rod is sloping slightly up. Then just slowly raise the dumbbells off the ground and lower back down. You can have the arms at different angles, but start with them extending behind you, as that is easier. Also try turning your head from side to side occasionally as you go, to activate the neck muscles. You do not need heavy weights for this exercise to be effective, and heavy weights may in fact strain your already fatigued muscles.
Correct breathing: It's amazing how stress and computer use can corrupt our natural way of breathing. I highly recommend Barbara Conable's short little book on breathing called The Structures and Movement of Breathing: A Primer for Choirs and Choruses . Don't worry that it is written for choirs, there's a lot of useful info for everyone.
Eye palming: A relaxation technique for the eyes is to place your fingers crossed over your forehead and cover the eyes with your palms. Do not apply pressure to the eyeball. Just concentrate on the blackness for a while. Another simple but great technique is to just look out the window at a distant scene.
The above exercises are primarly geared toward relieving/preventing the symptoms of RSI. If you want to eliminate the root causes of RSI, you must focus more on stretching, strengthening, and re-educating the core muscles of your body responsible for maintaining proper alignment and posture. It is not possible for me to explain how to do this here. However, there are several practices/techniques that aim at this goal, including yoga, Pilates, the Alexander techique, the Feldenkrais method, and T'ai Chi. You can probably find a group class in the $10-20 range in your area if you live in a large city or near a University. Yoga and Pilates can also be learned from books and videos, but it is usually better to learn from a teacher and to practice with a group. Personally, I have derived benefit from yoga, Pilates, and especially the Alexander techique.
More articles on posture, balance, etc. may be found at Core Awareness.
Be prepared to make some changes in your lifestyle and your computer habits. In particular, make an extra effort to follow the guidelines laid out in the previous section on prevention. Following these guidelines can decrease your recovery time, and help you avoid relapses in the future.
OK, it's not always quite that easy. Very few people have the luxury of being able to avoid typing altogether. However, if you think carefully, you'll find there are many ways to eliminate unnecessary typing from your life. For example, instead of sending e-mail, use the phone, or better yet, get out of your chair, walk down the hall, and speak face-to-face to the person. Drop out of your fantasy baseball league. Rely on newspapers and books for information, and stop surfing the Web so much. Instead of playing solitaire on the computer, buy yourself a real deck of cards, and play it the old-fashioned way. Just check your email twice a day. Et cetera. In general, eliminate unnecessary computer use from your life. And a whole lot of it is unnecessary. It may seem like a sacrifice, but your health is worth it.
One technique I use is the following: when I am at my office, throughout the day I use an index card to record all of the e-mails I wish to send. I keep the index card in my back pocket. Then as soon as I get home from work, I will use my dictation software to compose all of the e-mails in one sitting. This has many advantages: it saves me from the tendency to type quick e-mails with my hands while at work; I am less distracted by e-mail at work; if you don't respond to an e-mail right away, sometimes the need to ever respond goes away; once people learn that you don't respond to e-mails right away, they send you less e-mail.
For typing that you just can't avoid, consider using voice activated software, or arrange to have someone type for you. Grad students, you might ask your deparment coordinator if there are any clerical assistants that you could borrow.
If you believe that you may have developed RSI, the first thing you should do is to implement all of the prevention strategies outlined above. If you find that your situation continues to worsen, you should consider seeking professional medical advice. A general rule of thumb is that if your hands still hurt a couple of days after you last typed, you need to see a doctor.
If you have RSI, finding a good doctor or physical therapist is definitely worth the time and money.
Unfortunately, finding a doctor who is competent to diagnose and treat RSI can be a challenge. Some doctors doubt the existence of RSI, and many others dismiss it as an insignificant problem. Some doctors don't know the first thing about treatment, while others encourage their patients to undergo unnecessary (and possibly dangerous) surgery in hope of a quick fix. With that in mind, know that you must be careful and selective when choosing a physician.
Most general practicioners will be unable to give you specific advice. However, your primary care physician can still be a valuable ally. If he or she can recommend a good physical therapist, and is willing to write you a prescription for PT, that is often the best way to go. The PT can diagnose you and formulate a treatment plan.
If you or your insurance or PCP insist on seeing a specialist, in my experience, the best doctors are physiatrists, sometimes listed under Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. Check with your health-care provider to find physicians in your area.
In general, your doctor/therapist should prescribe treatment that focuses on the cause of your symptoms, rather than the symptoms themselves. In other words, the treatment should not be focused on pain management, although that may be one aspect. Rather, it should be focused on correcting your posture, and improving your anatomical function, so that, with time, your body will heal itself. Treatment should typically consist of visits to a physical therapist, coupled with a home exercise program. The focus of this program is to stretch overly tight muscles, and strengthen weak ones. Remember however, that no amount of physical therapy and strengthening/stretching can overcome excessive typing, poor posture, a bad workstation, or poor typing technique.
When you first visit with any health care provider, be sure to ask them about their experience in treating RSI. If they do not seem knowledgable, ask for a referal to someone with more experience.
In terms of short term relief, there are some simple things I've found that help me. One is to massage my forearms with a tennis ball. Put the tennis ball on the ground or some non-slick surface (like carpet) and press down on it with your forearm and roll it around. Try a variety of positions and movements, and also be sure to massage the top of your forearm, applying the ball with your other hand.
I also recommend the tennis ball self massage to the muscles in between the spine and shoulder blades. Stand up against the wall and find a tender spot, and hold/breathe into it for 3 cycles. Then move to a new spot and repeat. As you get used to it you can stay longer in those trouble spots. (Thanks to Henriette Bruun for this suggestion).
Another thing is a hot/cold water bath. Fill two sinks or buckets, one with water as hot as you can stand, the other with water as cold as you can stand (use ice). Soak your arms and wrists in each bath for 2-3 minutes at a time, and alternate baths about 3 times each. This is very good for numbness/tingling kinds of discomfort.
Keeping your hands warm while you type is critical. When it's cold, consider wearing a pair of thin liner gloves with the fingertips cut off. Or take occasional breaks to run your hands under warm water.
Finally, the wall and doorway stretches above can provide some degree of relief.
Is surgery ever the right choice? Recall that there are many different types of RSI. For one particular form of RSI, namely carpal tunnel syndrome, a minimally invasive and effective surgical procedure has been established. Look for a hand center in your area to consult with a physician about this option. To determine that you have CTS and not some other RSI, they should perform a nerve conduction study, known as an electromyogram. Also keep in mind that even if you have surgery and it is successful, your symptoms may return if you do not improve your computer habits.
For other forms of RSI, surgery may not be an appropriate treatment. Even if you have CTS, you may wish to consider nonsurgical options (workload reduction, improved ergonomics, physical therapy; see above). Without surgery, recovery is still very much possible. In my case, I did not have CTS, and never considered surgery. At it's worst, the severity of the pain in my hands/wrists was about a 9 out of 10, and I could barely grip even the lightest objects (e.g., I would turn faucets on and off using my elbow). Now, I play tennis and the banjo regularly, and do a minimal amount of typing, relying on dictation software for the rest. I still have occaisonal pain when my workload increases, but it goes away with a couple days rest. It's not a complete recovery, but it's sufficient for my lifestyle.
Here are five general tips that I have found to be helpful. If you don't think you are able to spare the time or money to implement these ideas, think again. You are probably underestimating the value of a healthy body.
There are several voice activated applications intended for document composition. I have used Dragon NaturallySpeaking for several years. However, Google now provides their cloud-based voice recognition tool in Google Docs, and I have been using this more and more.
If you purchace voice activation software, you don't need the most recent release; an earlier version should serve your purposes at a lower cost, and place less demand on your computer's cpu and memory.
I have found that the microphones that come with NaturallySpeaking break easily and are highly sensitive to ambient noise. Therefore I recommend purchasing your own headset separately. I use this model made by Logitech. With this microphone, I have no trouble using NaturallySpeaking in my office, where the air vents make it too noisy for the cheaper microphones to work effectively.
Those who do not have an American accent may want to take extra care, since these programs may be designed around an American accent (I'm not sure). Do not expect to be able to use dictation software to do computer programming; As for composing technical documents, i.e., documents that use specialized jargon or equations, I haven't found any application well-suited to this problem yet. Make sure your computer's processor speed is 20-30% faster than the recommended speed for good perfomance.
An advanced case of RSI can cause a significant emotional burden. Because of your limited use of your hands, you'll constantly be asking other people for help just to get by in life. It can be quite challenging, for example, to ask someone you don't know to give up their seat on the bus for you because your hands are too weak to hold the hand rail. On the other hand, you will find that most people are willing to help you out in your time of need. Take advantage of close friends and mentors who would be willing to listen to your struggles, and help you sort out your thougts and feelings. Universities often have Counseling Centers that are free to students.
Most Universities now have a Disabled Student Services (DSS) office that can make your life easier if you have an RSI. DSS can possibly arrange for you to have extensions on assignments that are to be written or typed, and they can also arrange for a scribe to assist with writing or typing. Other accommodations may also be available.
Please note that typically DSS can not offer you any assistance unless you have written documentation from a licensed physician that details the nature and severity of your problem, the medical treatments currently prescribed, the expected time of recovery, the accommodations you would benefit from during your recovery, and the credentials of the diagnosing physician.
Repetitive Strain Injury: a Computer User's Guide, by Pascarelli and Quilter (John Wiley and Sons, 1994), is a comprehensive source of information on how to prevent, live with, and recover from RSI. Much of the information from this webpage comes from this book, and the book contains far more detail than I was able to include here. Deborah Quilter maintains an RSI website (see below).
Another excellent book is It's Not Carpal Tunnel Syndrome! RSI Theory & Therapy for Computer Professionals by Suparna Damany and Jack Bellis (Simax, 2001). This gives a very down to earth, plain-spoken account of what RSI is, how it should and should not be treated, and plenty of good practical advice on coping, home-remedies, and getting professional help. The authors also maintain a website devoted to the RSI cause (see below).
Please direct comments and questions to Clay Scott
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Posted by: Windfair Editors
Statkraft CEO Talks about the Future of the European Energy Transition
Official Press Release Statkraft:
Europe 2021 – The future of the European energy transition
Christian Rynning-Tønnesen, CEO of Statkraft, was realistic and optimistic at the same time during a panel discussion on the energy transition in Europe at "Europe 2021". He is convinced that Europe can reach its climate targets until 2030.
On 4 February 2021, Statkraft CEO Christian Rynning-Tønnesen took part in a panel discussion on "The Future of the European Energy Transition" at the Europe 2021 event in Germany. The other panellists included Kristina Haverkamp, Managing Director of dena, Dr Brigitte Knopf, Secretary General of the Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change and Andreas Schierenbeck, CEO... ... More: Official Press Release Statkraft
- Keywords:
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subset: commoncrawl


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A public company means a company which is not a private company. There must be at least seven people to form a public company. It is of the essence of a public company that its article do not contain provision restricting the number of its member of excluding generally transferred of its share to the public or prohibiting any invitation to the public to the subscribe for its share of debentures.
Generally speaking any member of the public may acquire shares in a public company on a payment of the share money. The article of a public company may, however, contain restriction on the issue or transfer of shares. The company remains a public company despite such restriction. Only the shares of public company are capable of being dealt in on a stock exchange of a company is public company unless it is clear from its constitution that it is a private company.


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October 6th, 2015 at 2:48 PM
IF YOU DON'T KEEP UP… I have felt humiliated lately on the golf course. Just three years ago I was a respectable golfer, not PGA material by any means, but good enough not to be embarrassed … Read More »
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Darwin's Shrine/Tourist Trap
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July 3rd, 2015 at 10:13 AM
Christian parents, watch your children! I was recently informed of a Christian family which was using a teenage babysitter to watch over their younger children. The babysitter was using the time the parents were away to … Read More »
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The "End of Darwinism" Challenge
April 17th, 2015 at 9:31 AM
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"Normalizing" Sin
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In Vogue to Believe in Aliens
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North American culture has gone foolish, preferring to promote the ludicrous assumptions of Darwinian Theory over the strong data supporting Intelligent Design theory. As such, since God has been ruled out a priori, it f … Read More »


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Pippi Finance is a Heco Smart Chain-powered DEX and AMM that allows anyone to swap HRC-20 tokens efficiently and safely.
By plugging into the various ecosystem, Pippi aims to provide the best experience across all assets, we aim to be the future of trading.
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- IDO: To participate in the initial dex offerings of other Heco projects
All the farm contracts deployed are owned by the Time Lock contract. That means users will have ample time to withdraw their funds and exit safely in the case of any malicious attempt.
Pippi is auditted by Armors Labs, the official auditing partner of Huobi. Audit report: https://pippi.finance/static/media/Pippi%20Shrimp_audit.1cd63cbb.pdf
Ticker: PIPI
PIPI token is a governance token of the Pippi Finance platform. It will also capture the economic benefits of the protocol. There will be a maximum of 100 million PIPI tokens.
FARMING:70% (70,000,000, Emission: 22 $PIPI per block)
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25% of PIPI emissions are distributed to xPIPI holders every block. Users can claim these rewards and re-invest them.
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- xPIPI is also used to earn tokens from xPIPI Pools (Coming soon).
Last modified 2yr ago


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Drillfast, in conjunction with Snap Fire Systems, has launched the NEW 400 High Profile Retro Fit Fire Collar.
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Muzium Negara AR is an application which enables the public to access information on 28 selected collections of the National Museum in augmented reality (AR) in 2D and 3D. However, this AR experience can only be enjoyed by visitors to the National Museum. Visitors will need to download the application before or during their visit to the National Museum and scan the QR code provided to enjoy this experience. Muzium Negara AR operates in the environment of Android 7.0 and above and iOS 12 and above, and may be downloaded from Google Play, App Store and Huawei AppGallery.
Apart from the AR experience, this application is the platform for visitors to the National Museum to have a virtual experience and obtain general information about the National Museum (ticket prices, operating hours, guided tours and the like), area plan and floor plan of the National Museum, facilities and conveniences available, information about each gallery (general information, segment and location), news feeds, programmes and current activities, trivia on the National Museum building, its social media platforms (website, Facebook, Instagram, TikTok & Telegram) and the nearest tourist attractions.
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Popular denim company Levi's have launched a line of their signature looks specifically designed with the urban cyclist in mind.
Calling it a combination of form, function, and style, the new men's line is dedicated to the commuter.
The utility waistband features both a u-lock storage, as well as a higher rise in the back so folks behind you don't get a glimpse of your backside. It has a comfortable, stretch fabric for easy mobility and reinforced seams for extra durability.
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The black version of the jeans are cropped–so they don't get stuck on your gears–and have a nonintrusive strip of reflective material to keep you safe when you ride. They're also water resistant and dirt repellant.
These features are now found on the 511 Skinny Jeans in three washes: Indigo Best Rigid, Chinchilla Twill, and Black. And for the top half? They've done up the Levi's Trucker Jacket, with similar features, in an Indigo wash. The jeans retail at $78; the jacket at $128.
According to Senior Designer JeWon Yu, "The Commuter Series started as a simple conversation of "I wish…" and "what if…" and turned into the realization that we could give more to those already donning our jeans and trucker jackets while trekking their bikes around town."
Read more from Levi's.


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NOTA n.3 – Marzo 2020 – Di Rossella Ciccia, Queen's University Belfast and Scuola Normale Superiore e Cesar Guzman-Concha, University of Geneva [1]
The implementation of austerity has spurred in many countries large mobilizations, which have ranged from protests and the occupation of public squares to more violent forms of dissent such as riots. These events have drawn large masses of people with limited access to traditional channels of political influence and/or feeling that their interests are not well-represented by political elites. The aim of these protests is to oppose, disrupt or obstruct the dismantling of social protections. Proponents of the so-called 'social movement society' argue that protest has gained legitimacy as a regular feature of democratic politics. Thus, in the face of declining voter turnout, party membership and public trust in political elites, the legitimacy of social policy reforms rests also crucially on the ability of governments to respond to these disruptive forms of political participation. Unemployment insurance represent an important case to test this claim because it is both one of the social programmes more exposed to pressure of retrenchment and an object of increased contention during economic crisis. France is probably one of the European countries where the mobilization of the unemployed has been more sustained and gained greater visibility, but several other countries – even the generally peaceful Sweden – saw the unemployed take to the streets during both the economic crisis of the 1990s and the great recession of 2008 (Giugni, 2010). Did these protests produce policy impacts? When did governments concede to protestors? To answer these questions, we start by mapping the evolution of European approaches to unemployment protection and discuss how these reform trajectories relate to contextual conditions and the interplay of electoral and protest politics.
Four worlds of unemployment protection: policy evolution between 1990-2010
Governments in Europe have developed different approaches to support the unemployed which vary particularly with regard to who is afforded protection, how much they are entitled to and for how long. Looking at policy evolution in the last two decades, we can observe that European governments have not all equally implemented cutbacks and that reform strategies also differ across these three dimensions. In our study we identified four distinct approaches to unemployment insurance based on the intersection of two dimensions: the average net replacement rate (how much) and the maximum duration of entitlements (for how long) (Ciccia and Guzman-Concha, 2019). Thus, in the first world unemployment benefits amount to between 50 and 100 per cent of average wages and can be drawn for periods of 1 to 2 years; this world comes closer to treating unemployment on equal terms to work. The second also provides benefits comparable to wages but for shorter periods of time (1 year or less); the third offers minimal benefits but for extended periods (1-2 year); finally, the fourth does not consider protection from unemployment a public concern and does little in terms of protecting the jobless. These four approaches can be characterized as different worlds because they work according to distinct paradigmatic logics of risk protection: shielding individuals from the risk of long-term unemployment (W1), from short-term unemployment (W2), providing a minimal safety net for long unemployment spells (W3) or very residual protections both in terms of resources and duration (W4).
Figure 1. The Four worlds of unemployment insurance (1990, 2010)
Source: Own elaboration based on data from the Social Citizenship Indicator Programme (SCIP)
The majority of European countries falls within the first or second worlds. The United Kingdom is instead an emblematic case of the residual approach. Looking at patterns of reform between 1990 and 2010, we can observe that these logics are rather resilient and that reform activities have generally entailed marginal (within-world) rather than paradigmatic (between-worlds) changes (figure 1). A few exceptions stand out. Italy together with Switzerland are the only cases of paradigmatic expansion. Italy has historical lagged behind other countries in the protection of the unemployed with a system that distinguished itself because of the scarcity of resources and fragmentation of benefits. However, starting from the late 1990s reforms have made the system progressively more generous towards the short-term unemployed (moving from W3 to W2), although coverage remains comparatively low. In Switzerland, reforms have considerably extended the duration of unemployment insurance, shifting its approach from protecting the short- to the long-term unemployed (from W2 to W1)[2]. Ireland and the Netherlands are instead the only paradigmatic cases of retrenchment, having both moved from protection of the long- to short-term unemployed (from W1 to W2)[3]. Beyond these cases, few countries have reformed both the duration and the level of benefits; and even fewer have made unemployment benefits available for shorter periods (Denmark and the United Kingdom). The majority of countries have instead introduced some downward adjustments to financial support, but only Sweden considerably so (Ciccia and Guzman-Concha, 2019). To gain an overall picture of European reform trajectories in the period, we need to add the dimension of entitlement (who). We can contrast three basic principles of entitlement to unemployment protection: need, merit[4] and citizenship. In this view, a system of unemployment insurance will be all the more universalistic the less it takes into account economic need and past contributions in granting support to the jobless[5]. Our analysis showed that a few countries rendered their policies more difficult to access – particularly, Denmark Switzerland and Spain –, and that only Portugal and Ireland moved in the direction of greater universalism. Still, the majority of countries have remained stable on this aspect (Ciccia and Guzman-Concha, 2019).
As we have shown, the overall reform trends are far from univocal and both cases of outright retrenchment and expansion are rare. In some countries the focus has been on limiting entitlement to fewer people (Denmark, Spain, Switzerland), while others have rather curtailed the generosity of existing schemes (e.g. Ireland, the Netherlands). The two strategies have clearly different social and political consequences since the first tends to create small niches of better protected people (thus, increasing divides in the labour markets), while the second is more likely to recognize some basic entitlement to almost all the unemployed.
Explaining different reform trajectories: the interplay of electoral and protest politics
What explains the different reform trajectories observed across Europe? The literature puts forward a number of explanations which rely on combinations of three types of factors: 1) problems pressure produced from economic globalization, fiscal austerity, employment restructuring and the growth of mass unemployment; 2) pre-existing policy legacies such as the four worlds described above; 3) political actors and institutions structuring electoral competition and decision-making processes. While all these (f)actors are indeed important, it is noticeable the lack of attention paid to contentious forms of political participation. In particular, the increased participation of citizens in anti-austerity protests and large scale demonstrations in many European countries begs the question about their political efficacy in curtailing the retrenchment of established social protections. Did these protests produce policy impacts? When did governments maintain protections for the unemployed in the face of adverse economic conditions? Reform trajectories are first of all shaped by the characteristics of the broader contexts in which governments operate. Not all countries were equally affected by the crisis, and the nature and intensity of the problems faced by governments deeply shaped their room for manoeuvre. For instance, contexts of rapidly growing unemployment as those in post-2008 Spain and Ireland generated more direct pressure to curtail unemployment benefits than situations of slow economic growth and large budget deficits (France, Germany and Italy), which may have constrained governments' agenda but did not per se put pressure on governments to diminish support to the unemployed. Another important feature of context shaping governments' responsiveness is represented by the policies which are already in place. The vast literature on policy feedbacks identifies several mechanisms through which policy legacies condition political elites and interest groups' mobilizations. Looking at reform trajectories in the last decades shows that governments were sometimes induced to extend protections for the unemployed when existing instruments were minimal or almost inexistent (W3, e.g. Italy during the 1990s). In countries instead where existing schemes provided support for very long spells of unemployment (W1, e.g. Ireland and the Netherlands) – a feature which has come under increased criticism by the EU and OECD –governments implemented changes that, while limiting the duration of benefits, also enlarged the pool of beneficiaries to try to avoid being blamed for unpopular reforms. The sets of problems faced by national government and policy legacies such as the four worlds described above are important sources of influence on patterns of reforms. Yet, the fact remains that contextual conditions need to be channelled by political actors in the political system to materialize in reform trajectories. In an analysis of 20 OECD economies, we found that protests, corporatism and the presence of a high number of constitutional veto points all played a role in resisting retrenchment in different contexts, and that the effect of all these variables was shaped by the interplay of problems pressure and political conditions (Ciccia and Guzman-Concha, 2019). The presence of frequent protests was an important factor behind the resilience of unemployment protections in Germany, France and Italy. In these countries, the presence of left parties at the opposition played in favour of protesters. Conversely, large protests did not stop cutbacks to unemployment insurance under left-wing governments in Spain and the United Kingdom because, with high unemployment and large budget deficits, these countries faced one of the most difficult context of reform. Widespread protests were not the only factor behind the resilience of unemployment protections in Europe. Corporatist institutions effectively hindered retrenchment in Austria, Belgium, Sweden and Portugal, but they became a precondition of retrenchment in countries were unions were strong and/or actively involved in administering unemployment insurance (Denmark, Finland, Ireland, Norway). Similarly, a high number of veto points hindered reforms in contexts of moderate problem pressures, but did not stop retrenchment in contexts of greater pressure on unemployment insurance such as those entailing high unemployment, large budget deficit and slow economic growth. Political partisanship clearly played an important role in determining both the trajectory of unemployment insurance and the responsiveness of governments to protests. In particular, left-wing parties in Italy, France and Germany were more responsive to the demands of protestors because they could use protests as political ammunition against the government to gain an electoral advantage. However, when left-wing parties were in government, they were not only more constrained by the demands of this position but also more likely to capitulate to arguments about retrenchment as an economic necessity and/or as a remedy to policy failures (e.g. taking away benefits from underserving groups) (e.g. in Spain and the United Kingdom). Indeed, the emergence of populist political actors in many European countries represents also a response to the perceived closeness of mainstream political actors to demands of social protection.
The contentious politics of unemployment insurance and the social legitimacy of reforms
Social policies are collective goods which simultaneously advantage and disadvantage different social groups. As such they are fields of contention which reveal the distributive preferences of authorities and express power relations between actors. In this context protest is as an important and legitimate mean to express political preferences and the belief that political decisions, including social and employment policies, can be changed through collective action remains an important reason why people engage in protests. Therefore, governments' legitimacy is determined not only through electoral preferences but also through their ability to appease widespread social unrest and concede to protesters' demands. Sustained protests produce policy impacts through a variety of mechanisms ranging from providing signals to policy-makers about widespread social problems, swaying public opinion in favour of demonstrators and constituting electoral threats to incumbents. However, it is not rare that even large protest movements lack the power to force public authorities to satisfy their claims, and a number of campaigns have produced no or little outcomes. The extent to which protesters are able to exercise an influence on policy-making depends on a large extent on the set of problems faced by governments, the type of policies in place and the ability of protesters to forge alliances or enter into bargaining with opponents within the institutional arena. In sum, electoral and contentious politics should be viewed as interconnected rather than separate spheres, whose interplay is shaped by political dynamics and the characteristics of the broader socio-economic and political contexts (Ciccia and Guzman-Concha, 2019).
[1] This document is based on research funded by the H2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie programme (grant agreements no.746168-AGenDA and no. 839483 MOBILISE).
[2] However, reforms in Switzerland have also made conditions of entitlement (e.g. work history and income tests) more stringent, thus reducing the number of people able to claim these benefits.
[3] Nonetheless, Ireland is also one of the few European countries that has rendered its unemployment insurance more universal by relaxing the criteria of entitlement (Ciccia and Guzman-Concha, 2019).
[4] That is, work history and past contributions.
[5] In our study we measured this aspect through an index of universalism which equally weighted three aspects: the qualifying ratio, the period of contributions needed to qualify and the presence of means tests.
Per saperne di più:
Ciccia R. and Guzman-Concha C. (2019) "Reforming welfare states in times of austerity: protest and the politics of unemployment insurance". In Arp Fallov, M. and Blad C . (eds. ) Social Welfare Responses in a Neoliberal Era: Policies, Practices and Social Problems, Leiden: Brill Publishers, pp. 88-118.
Giugni M. (ed.) (2010) The Contentious Politics of Unemployment in Europe, Basingstoke: Palgrave.


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Purpose: MV‐CBCT has multiple advantages over KV‐CBCT for online IGRT, but its imaging contrast is lower than that of KV‐CBCT, partly because of the scatter and the beam hardening effects. 1. To correct the scatter artifacts in megavoltage CBCT using a few MLC leaf‐pairs as beam stoppers and after that; 2. To correct the beam hardening effect using fan beam projections acquired from a water equivalent cylindrical phantom. Methods: Two or three evenly spaced MLC leaf pairs were used as beam stoppers when acquiring the MV CBCT projections, and then the pixel readings under the leaf‐blocked area was largely due to scatter. These pixel readings, plus the pixel readings just outside the field edges, can help to estimate the 2D scatter map by interpolation, which can then be subtracted from the original projections. After the scatter correction, the beam hardening correction was made by using the fan beam projections taken from a water equivalent cylindrical phantom with little scatter. In this study, 180 full MV‐projections for a Catphan500 phantom with a bone equivalent annulus were acquired over 360 degree using 6 MV photon beams, with 0–180 and 180‐360 degree scans using different leaf‐pair as beam stoppers. The fan beam projections for beam hardening correction were acquired from a phantom of uniform density with a diameter of 25 cm. Results: Scatter and beam hardening induced cupping and shading artifacts were substantially reduced in MV‐CBCT. Also, the reconstructed Catphan images were complete because we used different leaf‐pairs as beam stoppers for 0‐180 and 180‐360 degree scans. Conclusion: An efficient and effective scatter correction scheme was proposed and applied for MV‐CBCT. After the scatter correction, the MV‐CBCT image quality matched that from fan‐beam MVCT. Beam hardening correction further improved the imaging contrast of MV‐CBCT.
Original language | English (US) |
Pages (from-to) | 159 |
Number of pages | 1 |
Journal | Medical Physics |
Volume | 40 |
Issue number | 6 |
DOIs | |
State | Published - Jun 2013 |
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Biophysics
- Radiology Nuclear Medicine and imaging


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Paul Russell Crouch
April 6 1932 – Dec 31 2016
Paul peacefully passed away after a long battle with Parkinsons Disease and Dementia.
Paul is survived by his wife Karen, brothers Ralph (Carol), Barry (Judith). Predeceased by his parents Lillian and Russell, brother Bryan (Margaret) and sister Mary Lynn.
Uncle Paul will be lovingly remembered by his nieces and nephews, David, Darren, Tula, Michele, Lisa, Marnie, Robin.
Paul was a Renaissance man. He was a truly gifted artist in sculpture, painting, printmaking, as well as being a professional corporate photographer and graphic designer. He also had great skill in classic Jaguar restoration.
Paul loved kayaking, swimming, pond landscape gardening, classical guitar, antiques, folk art, socializing with family and friends. Paul was a gentle, kind, and thoughtful man with a great sense of humour.
Paul and Karen came west from Toronto for a BC holiday in 1988. They fell in love with Salt Spring and purchased a home on that trip. Good friends and neighbours followed their lead and also ended up on this great island.
Karen is extremely grateful to her Greenwoods family for the care and compassion shown to her and Paul. This will never be forgotten. Thank you to Dr. Barclay and Salt Spring Hospice.
Donations may be made in Paul's memory to the Greenwoods Eldercare Society.


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Richard Mille (RICHARD MILLE) Movement Technical Director Salvador Abona (SALVADOR ARBONA) discussed the design and specific functions of the RM 27-04 tourbillon Rafael Nadal (RAFAEL NADAL). All aspects are innovative. chronowrist.ru
TWIN TURBO FURIOUS «LA MONTRE NOIRE» BUGATTI EDITION People like mystery, and when it comes to by far the most expensive car in the world, this particular last car will become alluring.jacob and co twin turbo for sale The famous Bugatti Type 57 SC Ocean Coupe in the 1930s is regarded a masterpiece of vehicle design. Bugatti made a number of copies. According to legend, really the only black version disappeared all-around 1940 when Bugatti transferred the car from its plant in Morsheim,replica luxury watches, France to another one factory in Bordeaux to stop the Nazis. Everyone came safely, except for this particular Atlantic route. This head turning car is called the "black car" and is an unsolved mystery in automotive record. Bell & Ross BR 05 BLACK STEEL & GOLD BR05A-BL-STPG/SRBTo have tribute to this new excellent sports car and to commemorate the original legend, Jacob and Co. launched the unique Bugatti Twin Turbo Furious Los angeles Montre Noire. This replica luxury watches is wrapped in 18 carat black gold and mounted with rectangular-cut natural dark sapphires, giving it a unique all-black aesthetic appearance, conveying the actual of these two extraordinary autos, and the bizarre story involving Twin Turbo Furious as well as black cars.


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Aleksandr Usyk primed for Tony Bellew encounter: 'It is difficult to hit something that disappears'
The supremely talented Aleksandr Usyk will put his Ring, WBA, WBC, IBF and WBO cruiserweight championships on the line against former titleholder Tony Bellew in an eagerly anticipated showdown at the Manchester Arena in Manchester, England, on Saturday.
Usyk (15-0, 11 knockouts) is accustomed to traveling for combat, as this bout will mark the fifth consecutive time the Ukrainian pound-for-pound entrant has fought on enemy territory. The 31-year-old southpaw bested Michael Hunter in America, Marco Huck in Germany, Mairis Breidis in Latvia and, most recently, secured undisputed status by defeating Murat Gassiev in Russia.
"It does not matter to me where I fight," Usyk told The Ring through Yulia Diachenko of K2 Promotions, Ukraine. "A ring is a ring everywhere. It also motivates me to prove to the spectators that I can be successful even if the vast majority of them are rooting for my opponent.
"But, honestly, I feel at home everywhere, knowing that thousands of fans are traveling to my fights and millions are supporting me in front of the TV back in my lovely Ukraine. I can feel their love and that makes me that much stronger."
Prior to turning professional in November 2013, Usyk was a standout on the amateur scene and part of the prolific Ukrainian "Dream Team" at the 2012 London Olympics, where he took gold.
His professional ascent has been remarkable. In just his 10th fight, Usyk won the WBO 200-pound title by outboxing Krzysztof Glowacki over 12 rounds. Five fights, and three world titles later, he's rated No. 5 pound-for-pound by The Ring.
However, despite that overwhelming success, Usyk is fully focused on the task at hand.
"I am working extremely hard to get prepared to step into the ring against Bellew," said the undisputed champion. "I am in camp for long months. We know that Bellew is a top competitor, and that makes me work extremely hard to prove to the whole world that I am still the best cruiserweight on the planet.
"Tony is a pretty good boxer and a true warrior. He may look like a brawler from the outside, but he knows a lot about the science in the sport: positioning, rhythm, countering, it is all there. He is also very strong on the mental part. He proved it when he won the WBC cruiserweight title (KO 3 Ilunga Makabu) where he got dropped early on but came back stronger. He showed this against [David] Haye when nobody believed he'd win but himself.
"I respect him very much and would never underestimate him. I just believe that I am a better fighter overall and my goal is to prove it in front of his own fans."
Bellew, who turns 36 in late November, is on a 10-fight unbeaten streak. The former two-time light heavyweight title challenger moved up to cruiserweight in 2014 and improved his game dramatically under the tutelage of distinguished coach Dave Coldwell.
However, Usyk has played the fight out in his mind many times and always envisions the same outcome.
"I prepare myself for a long and hard bout," he explained. "I visualize it as a tough fight, both technically and physically. Bellew has a strong soul and he never stops coming.
"But it is difficult to hit something that disappears. My idol is Muhammad Ali and I love the way he fought. His movement was art. I will use my legs to get out of danger and make my Ukrainian fans happy in victory."
Alexander Krassyuk, who is the General Director of K2 Promotions Ukraine, is expecting belated Bonfire night fireworks.
"The Bellew fight is a tremendous chance for Aleksandr to solidly build up his profile in the U.K., as well as in the whole world," said Krassyuk. "Tony Bellew has proved many times that being an underdog does not mean being a loser.
"I am far from the idea that this will be an easy fight for Usyk. But he has done terrific work at his training camp. He deserves the victory, but Tony thinks differently. I look forward to November 10, which I consider will become the Fight of the Year."
The bout will be shown live on Sky Box Office in the U.K. and DAZN in the U.S.
Questions and/or comments can be sent to Anson at [email protected] and you can follow him on Twitter @AnsonWainwright
Struggling to locate a copy of The Ring Magazine? Try here or
You can order the current issue, which is on newsstands, or back issues from our subscribe page.


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This paper is about how to do traffic engineering in a multipath network, so that traffic can be splitted to different paths and in the same time, change the splitting ratio to adapt to network utilization levels.
We assume the network has multipath and the different path from between two edge routers are known. This paper than proposes the TeXCP protocol for distributed traffic engineering (TE) so that load can be balanced across different paths. TeXCP tries to minimize the maximum link utilization in the network.
TeXCP is supplied with a set of paths, configured by the ISP and pined with reservation protocols like RSVP-TE. Then TeXCP pick the shortest K paths and distribute traffic among them. It sends periodic probe packet from an edge to another edge across all different paths. The probe packet contains a link utilization field which is overwritten by the routers and echoed by the end point of the path. The echoed probe tells the sending edge router the highest utilization on the path. Then, TeXCP periodically runs load balancer to adjust the load share, so that the maximum load among different paths can be lowered after the adjustment.
To avoid oscillation, TeXCP adopts the approach similar to XCP, that the router supplies positive and negative feedback for load changes, so that multiple TeXCP agents can be coordinated in catching the bandwidth share.
Bibliographic data
title = "Walking the Tightrope: Responsive Yet Stable Traffic Engineering",
author = "Srikanth Kandula and Dina Katabi and Bruce Davie and Anna Charny",
booktitle = "Proc. SIGCOMM'05",
month = "August 21-26",
year = "2005",
address = "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA",


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Therapists in Denton
Denton is a hamlet and civil parish in the Harrogate district of North Yorkshire, England. At the 2011 Census the population of this civil parish was less than 100. Details are included in the civil parish of Middleton, Harrogate. It is situated 1 mile north-east of Ilkley, West Yorkshire. Denton Hall is located in the hamlet. The name Denton comes from Old English and means farmstead or village in a valley. Wikipedia


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This is the sixth of a seven-part series on Catholic social teaching. This package focuses on solidarity.
Am I my brother's and sister's keeper? And who are my brothers and sisters? Just considering these two familiar questions gives us the essence of the Catholic concept of solidarity. Solidarity means, in St. John Paul II's words, that, yes, "we are all really responsible for all."
How does this idea affect our everyday habits and decisions? Imagine waking up in the morning with the thought: Today, I am responsible for helping everyone. Notice two things. First, this means I am not waking up focused on me. Solidarity is a rejection of an attitude of selfish individualism.
But the other thing to notice is … it's overwhelming and literally impossible! Parents may think: I can barely be responsible for everything my two kids need, much less the whole human race. Besides, don't we need some "self-care" to serve others. Even Jesus slipped away to deserted places in order to "recharge," right? Maybe I am only responsible for a few others, and then I need to take care of myself?
Being stuck between these two poles — self-centeredness and exhausting ourselves for others — is a sign that as a society, we do not really understand what solidarity means. The history of the term "solidarity" goes back to an ancient notion of civic or social friendship. In his recent encyclical "Fratelli Tutti, On Fraternity and Social Friendship," Pope Francis reinvigorates this language of "social friendship" as his hope for the post-COVID world.
At its best, true friendship is not exhausting service from which we need to recharge. It's more like being plugged in, not draining our batteries. Catholic social thought invites us beyond our tendency to view self and neighbor as competitors and instead imagine a social life where in giving ourselves, we receive ourselves; where in sharing, we get more.
Think about this description a little, and (hopefully) you will realize it is not a fantasy. We experience solidarity in many ways: gathering to watch your favorite sports team win the championship (or playing on that team), talking for hours and deepening friendship, collaborating on a creative work project, marching for social justice, participating in a choir performing a long-rehearsed piece.
Imagine many aspects of family — especially larger-scale celebrations, such as weddings. As a teacher, I remember those times in the classroom where the students and I are really clicking. These are not moments from which we need to recharge (although we may need sleep!); rather, these are what it really means to be alive.
Catholic social teaching on solidarity is about finding and deepening those experiences of shared life with others. And they can be everywhere — at work, in the family, at church, in the neighborhood, in various groups.
St. John Paul, raised under communism, altered the Marxist notion of "alienation" to fit this Catholic view of society in the encyclical "Centesimus Annus": "A society is alienated if its forms of social organization, production and consumption make it more difficult … to establish this solidarity between people" (No. 41).
Once we grasp this experience, we can consider three concrete ways to make social solidarity more prominent.
First and foremost, we must commit ourselves to activities and groups within which we can truly experience solidarity. Solidarity can sometimes be spontaneous, but real bonds of social friendship emerge when people become more and more committed to one another. We should make our own choices in ways that direct our time and resources (including our work lives) to solidaristic groups.
Second, we can organize the larger structures of society to nurture these activities of social friendship. In part, this happens by offering a level of security that is a prerequisite for this shared activity. Secure jobs, secure streets, various social utilities, education — these are not social friendship themselves, but when they are solid and secure, it is easier to concentrate on spending hours in a rehearsal.
It can also be the case that securing these necessities for a community is itself an experience of solidarity. While the political process is not the central sphere where we enact solidarity, it is charged with the necessary helping tasks that provide the conditions for these bonds to be built up. For example, politics cannot create racial justice, but it can foster conditions that support and enhance bonds of racial solidarity.
Third and finally, Catholics believe in social friendship — in our responsibility for all — because we believe that God has destined the human race to live in unity with God forever. We call this unity "communion," and we imagine what it will look like when we celebrate the Eucharist.
The Eucharist itself makes us friends with all those, far and near, who share in the same body and blood. But our entire activity as the church is meant to be "eucharistic," an effective sign — a sacrament — of the final unity of humanity in Christ. This heavenly destiny is the realization of our human call to become fully alive by giving ourselves in bonds of solidarity.
When we pray that God's will be done on earth as it is in heaven, we ask that those eternal bonds of human social love be built up here and now, today, in all the communities that make up our lives.
– – –
(Cloutier is associate professor of moral theology at The Catholic University of America.)


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Money is something which probably impacts you each and every day. You could work for this, be worried about it, invest it, and wish you had a lot more of it. With exactly how common cash is in society, individuals may well not typically concern just just how money works and why is it a substantial section of modern life. Therefore, what exactly is cash? Today and how did it evolve into what it is?
What Exactly Is Cash?
Cash has only value because individuals consent to offer it value. Currency and financial reports might n't have any value by themselves, but cash becomes valuable whenever everyone agrees to utilize it.
Because cash is predicated on an understanding, the specific money could be anything. It may be any kind of real item, or it may be totally electronic. While there's a range that is wide of for just what money may be, many kinds of cash are familiar by a standard pair of characteristics.
A Moderate of Exchange
Cash must certanly be a medium of trade. This means, it should be one thing you can easily trade for another thing. Both events in a transaction agree totally that money has value, so that it's a tool that is efficient any trade.
Shop of Value
A shop of value is something that can take value for your needs until later on. In the event that you offer one thing for cash, it is possible to keep those funds in money or deposit them into a banking account before you are interested something later on. That is instead of the barter system, for which things are directly traded.
Lack of Inherent Value
Many modern cash has no inherent value—you can't eat dollar bills, and a $100 bill just isn't materially not the same as a $20 bill. You may not really make use of money. That is true for contemporary currencies, but historically, some kinds of cash were helpful. As an example, beaver hides could well keep you heat into the winter, and metals like silver are respected for his or her manufacturing and appearance uses. Continue reading


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One of the stand-out features of the coronavirus crisis has been the imperative of working flexibly – unless you are one of the 7.5m workers furloughed, of course, and the 7.1m key workers. Well, that still leaves 53% of the working-age population. A lot of people still at work, but mostly not in their usual workplace.
There are many positives to this, the ultimate stress test for flexible working. Less travelling time is good for us as individuals and for the environment too. Being able to construct how you do your work around all the other (and possibly less moveable) bits of your life improves employee well-being as well as productivity. And all those unimaginative, untrusting, flexi-work nay-sayers who have said forever that "it's not possible" have been proved just plain wrong by the wrecking ball of Covid.
There's a strong push to say flexi-work has crossed the Rubicon. Not only are we not going back to how things were before, workplaces will be changed forever by what we are experiencing now. Why waste time and money travelling? Why maintain expensive offices? Especially with no "test, track and trace" regime and no vaccine, and ambiguous return-to-work arrangements (complete with s44 proceedings looming large). Time to make a virtue of a necessity you might say.
Not so fast. Not so straight-forward. Not so unambiguously good. Here's why:
- Homeworking isn't always possible. Not everyone has the space, the kit, the environment, the reliable hi-speed broadband.
- Homeworking doesn't just take physical space. Does your insurance cover it? Can you separate out worklife and home? What are the tax consequences?
- Remote working outside the home doesn't tick all the above boxes – and isn't sustainable long-term, especially if social distancing continues.
This much is hopefully obvious. But let's dig a little deeper.
- What if the home environment isn't safe? Or is imbued with high levels of stress?
- What if the only other adult company you get is at a workplace?
- What is the impact on local economies of denuding them of almost all customers?
- What if you get treated inequitably in comparison to in-office colleagues or suffer from invasive management?
And are the public policy initiatives in place to make homeworking a viable choice: Universal broadband as a key utility? A workplace modernisation programme to make sure people have the right kit? Employee/employer relations that enforce fair and sustainable working practices?
Covid has shone a light on the possibilities and virtues of flexible working. There's much to admire, but let's not pretend it's a magic wand to wave over all workplace issues. Employee voice, effective infrastructure, regulation and enforcement, and responsible employers are all key ingredients. And we haven't even started talking about the other 47% of the working age population.
Photocredit: Adolfo Felix/Unsplash


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Doom Eternal Guide
Descend to hell Doom Eternal Guide is a compendium of knowledge about this FPS. You will find here basic information about the game and learn about game modes. There's also an annex with a description of controls and requirements, as well as a FAQ section.
Last update: 02 August 2021
This game guide to Doom Eternal is a complete guide book about the newest installment of the popular franchise developed by id Software studio. In our guide we have included valuable starting tips and useful hints for beginners, for whom this may be the first contact with the Doom series, and also for more experienced players who know the series well and have already completed the previous part released in 2016.
Our guide contains a detailed walkthrough of the game. In the initial sections of our guide you can find starting tips which explain various in-game features and provide information about the major game mechanics. On separate pages of our guide, we have described such topics like combat, map exploration, difficulty levels, best ways to unlock weapons, how to find weak spots of enemy demons, how to use new skills of the hero, how to upgrade your armor, learning maps, choosing a difficulty level, how to complete challenges and how to use runes.
An important part of our guide is the FAQ section which contains answers to the most frequently asked questions. We provide lots of useful information about the game - how to replenish your supplies, how to use fast travel, how much time it takes to complete Doom Eternal, how you can use additional lives, how to enable cheat codes, how to reach distant ledges, which weapons are the best, what is the Demonic Corruption bar, and how to change the appearance of your hero. Our guide contains additional chapters which offer a detailed description of controls and system requirements of the game. Also, you can find a comprehensive trophy guide which contains description of every trophy and information on unlocking the platinum trophy.
The main part of our game guide is the walkthrough of the main story campaign of Doom Eternal. Our step-by-step guide offers support in exploring maps, completing complex platforming sections, solving environmental puzzles, avoiding traps, defeating monsters, completing mission objectives and killing bosses - the most powerful demons have also been described in detail in a separate chapter of our guide.
The last huge chapter of our guide is the world atlas, which contains information on how to collect all collectibles and secrets (in 100%). We have described all places where you can find all main types of secrets, which include, among others, codex entries, weapons and armor upgrade stations, floppy disks, figures, albums and runes. The descriptions of collectibles have been enriched with location maps, which should help you find a particular secret or item.
- What do I need to know before I start playing?
- What is the main use of a PC in the Fortress of Doom?
- Does the game have microtransactions?
- Is Doom Eternal a long game?
- Does Doom Eternal have a difficult platinum trophy?
- Is Doom Eternal a more complex game than its predecessor?
- Does the game have the so-called Ironman mode?
- Does the PC version of Doom Eternal have high system requirements?
- Does Doom Eternal work well on the consoles?
- Can I complete the campaign in offline mode?
- Can I disable the so-called movie grain post-processing effect?
- Are there any collectibles in the game?
- Can I return to the previous maps or locations?
- Are there any puzzles in the game?
- Can I jump from a great height?
- Is the whole game played in the FPP view?
- Is it possible to save the game manually?
- How do I explore the entire map?
- Is the BFG the best weapon in the game?
- Why can't I jump?
- Does Doom Eternal have a season pass?
- What editions of Doom Eternal are available?
- Can I play Doom Eternal comfortably on a gaming controller?
- Why can't I explore the entire Fortress of Doom?
- How many missions the game has?
- Does Doom Eternal have different endings?
- Is there bullet time in the game?
- Is it possible to enable cheats?
- Can Doom Slayer swim?
- What use do the albums have?
- What's with the rabbits?
- Key controls
- Doom Eternal system requirements
What do I need to know before I start playing?
- Doom Eternal is a more difficult game than its predecessor from 2016 and you shouldn't start a new game on a higher difficulty level. Choosing too high difficulty may force you to repeat most of the fights.
- You must attack the monsters in specific ways to renew your supplies. Separate types of attacks are used to regenerate health points, repair armor and to replenish ammo.
- There are some completely new skills and moves available in Doom Eternal - Dash, Blood Punch and Flame Belch. Each of them has a different application and can be useful during level exploration or combat.
- You can find extra lives and add them to the pool. Having extra lives increases your chances of continuing the game without having to return to the previous checkpoints.
- The Marauders are considered as standard type of enemies in the game, but they are still very dangerous. These opponents can be identified by their red shields and have a wide range of attacks.
- The Arch-vile demons can summon new monsters and this makes them extremely dangerous. If you notice a red ring around the demons, try to locate the Arch-vile as soon as possible.
- There is a fast travel option in Doom Eternal. It allows you to easily return to previous levels in order to find all uncollected secrets. Unfortunately, fast travel feature has some limitations.
- The BFG 9000 is an extremely powerful weapon in Doom Eternal. However, the Crucible Blade is also useful in defeating powerful demons. Use the most powerful weapons only when you have to kill the most difficult demons, because the access to these weapons is limited.
- There are places on the map where you can take part in secret encounters and battles like Slayer Gates. Joining optional battles is not the best idea when you play the game for the first time - they are quite difficult.
- Doom Eternal has complex platform sections and sometimes it may be troublesome to reach distant ledges. Double jump and dash are very helpful, allowing you to stay in the air for a much longer time.
Check out the Starting Tips section of our game guide in order to find more details about these features of the game.
What is the main use of a PC in the Fortress of Doom?
The old PC is located in the Doom Slayer's headquarters in the Fortress of Doom. This room is located under the captain's bridge. Initially, the computer has two locked files - File 1 and File 2. If you try to select and run File 2 then you will notice that it's protected with a password.
The old PC (computer) can be used to play classic versions of Doom 1 and Doom 2: Hell on Earth. You can launch each game only after you have met certain requirements:
- To unlock File 1 and run Doom 1, you need to find all floppy disks with cheat codes.
- To unlock File 2 and run Doom II: Hell on Earth , you need to enter a secret password.
For more information on how to unlock files 1 and 2 and how to play original Doom 1 and Doom 2 (from the 90ties) please check the How to play classic versions of Doom 1 and Doom 2? section of our guide. and What is the main use of a PC in the Fortress of Doom?.
Does the game have microtransactions?
No, Doom Eternal doesn't have any micropayments system and all items can be obtained by making regular progress in the game. This also applies to cosmetic items like hero skins and used weapons or animation types displayed after winning a match. None of these items can be purchased in the game for real money. New skins and other cosmetic items can only be unlocked by earning experience points in the game and advancing to new ranks.
Is Doom Eternal a long game?
Yes, Eternal Doom is a definitely longer game than its 2016' predecessor. You may watch the end credits after playing the game for at least 12 hours. Searching for secrets or completing challenges during the campaign may extend the game time to about 18-22 hours. The amount of time spent with the game can increase even more if you select one of the higher difficulty levels, try to unlock the platinum trophy, or get interested in the online Battlemode.
For more information on the level of complexity of the game check a separate page of our guide - How long does it take to complete Doom Eternal?, which is available in the FAQ section.
Does Doom Eternal have a difficult platinum trophy?
The platinum trophy in Doom Eternal shouldn't be very difficult to obtain, though it does require some skill. You can complete your first playthrough on any difficulty level, including the easiest one. This helps a lot during e.g. optional battles. Some of them can also be completed with cheats. The most problematic trophy is Running Up the Score, which requires you to complete the game in the Extra Life Mode with at least 10 lives in reserve. This trophy can easily be failed by too many deaths or by missing too many extra lives hidden on maps.
Complete information on how to get 100% achievements and how to unlock the platinum trophy can be found in our trophy guide.
Is Doom Eternal a more complex game than its predecessor?
Yes, in our opinion, Doom Eternal is much more difficult and demanding than 2016' Doom. This is caused by several main factors - the opponents inflict more damage (also during the gameplay on a normal level of difficulty) and they move a lot. You can find less amount of supplies and items in the battle arenas, and you have to complete various arcade (platform) sections during many missions.
We recommend to check the two pages of our game guide related to this topic:
- Difficulty level - you can find out what difficulty levels are available and how they differ from each other. We also explain how to change the difficulty level and when it is allowed.
- How do I quickly replenish my supplies? - We present the most effective methods for every resource type (they go beyond the standard ways of finding useful items and resources like health or armor).
Does the game have the so-called Ironman mode?
Yes, Doom Eternal has Ironman modes where death is permanent (permadeath). These two modes are:
- Ultra Nightmare - The hero's death is irreversible and you have to start the whole campaign all over again. There will be a marker at the place where you died earlier.
- Extra Life Mode - Irreversible death happens when you run out of all extra lives. This mode will also force you to start the game from the beginning.
The Extra Life Mode is associated with one of the trophies in Doom Eternal. Check the page dedicated to it to find out how to complete the campaign in this mode.
Does the PC version of Doom Eternal have high system requirements?
Theoretically, yes, but the game should also run on a weaker specification than the recommended one. It was similar in the case of previous id Software titles - the recommended system requirements were exaggerated. Players who had weaker rigs could enjoy the game without any problems. System requirements of Doom Eternal required to play the game in 1080p resolution and high details:
- Operating system: Windows 10 64-bit
- Processor: Intel Core i7-6700K or better, AMD Ryzen 7 1800X or better
- Video card: NVIDIA GeForce GTX 1060 (6GB), NVIDIA GeForce 970 (4GB; requires medium texture quality setting), AMD RX 480 (8GB)
- Free HDD/SDD space: 50 GB
For more information about the minimum and recommended system requirements of Doom Eternal (to play the game in various resolutions) please refer to the System requirements section of our guide.
Does Doom Eternal work well on the consoles?
Yes, the game is very well optimized, although this is at the expense of slightly lower quality of the graphics on basic console models. The game runs at 1080p/60fps on standard editions of PS4 and Xbox One. There were no performance issues or framerate drop downs while we were playing the game on the PlayStation 4 console. Also, the game seemed to be less stressful for the console than the previous part of the series - Doom. Unfortunately, the game in fixed 60 frames per second takes place at the expense of graphics quality - you will witness lower quality textures and lower quality character models. However, due to the very dynamic character of the game, this is not a serious problem in our opinion.
For more information about how the game works on different platforms, please check the System requirements section of our guide.
Can I complete the campaign in offline mode?
Yes, although a permanent internet connection is recommended, it is not required to complete the single player campaign. Playing offline or temporarily losing your connection with the game servers may deprive you of the chance to earn experience points, advance to higher ranks and receive rewards while playing online. However, we are talking here exclusively about cosmetic items that do not affect the course of the game. All improvements of weapons and armor can be easily acquired and obtained while playing the game in offline mode.
Can I disable the so-called movie grain post-processing effect?
Yes, Doom Eternal allows you to disable or restrict a filter called movie grain, which may prevent some players from enjoying the game. Doom Eternal also allows you to disable Motion Blur and Chromatic Aberration effects. This also applies to console versions.
Are there any collectibles in the game?
Yes, Doom Eternal, like its predecessors, hides many secrets. Some collectibles can help you in the game and these benefits are extra lives, runes or upgrades to weapons and armor. However, the game also contains exclusive collector items and collectibles - code entries, figurines, albums and others.
Check out the Secrets section in our world atlas - this chapter of our guide will allow you to easily find all secrets and collectibles available in every campaign level in 100%.
Can I return to the previous maps or locations?
Yes, and this is possible by using one of two main ways:
- Fast Travel - the game unlock a fast travel option when you are near the completion point of a particular mission. This is a great way, for example, to return to places where you still can find some collectibles. We have described the entire process in detail on a separate page of our guide How to use the fast travel option?.
- Mission Select - you can select any completed mission from the terminal on board the Doom Fortress or from the main menu of the game.
Are there any puzzles in the game?
Yes, you have to solve small environmental puzzles during the game. These may concern, for example, finding the key and getting to the right door with it, passing a more complex climbing section, crossing through a location with traps, or picking up the battery and delivering it to its place of use.
All puzzles required to complete next missions have been discussed in detail in our walkthrough of the main story campaign.
Can I jump from a great height?
You can jump from great heights without any fear, because the hero's armor is able to absorb any fall. However, you have to watch out for dangerous types of ground like toxic waste, lava, electrified floors etc.
- These may reduce your armor points after you come into contact with them.
- The possibility of falling into the abyss - this doesn't cause an automatic death, but after you get respawned to your last safe position the game will take away some of your health points.
Is the whole game played in the FPP view?
No, but exceptions to this rule are rare and insignificant. For the vast majority of the time, the action is observed from a first-person perspective - every battle is being observed and played in the FPP view.
The game can depict the action from a different perspective, for example, while displaying a cutscene. This is also one of the very few opportunities to admire the armor of the main character. The appearance of your armor can be modified by cosmetic items. We have described the process of modifying the hero's appearance on a separate page - How to change the appearance of your hero?.
Is it possible to save the game manually?
Unfortunately, no. All saves are made automatically by the game. The game reports the creation of a new checkpoint by a message displayed in the upper-right corner of the screen. Auto save usually occurs when you enter a new larger location.
Doom Eternal also allows you to replay and repeat whole missions. You can choose this option from the pause menu (Reset Mission option) or from the main menu. However, keep in mind that the levels of the game are usually very long. Restarting the mission may result in the loss of much of the progress that you have achieved so far.
How do I explore the entire map?
You can discover the map in Doom Eternal in the same way as in the previous installment of the series - by finding the automap terminal.
On the 3D map, green is used to mark the sites which were already visited and grey is used to mark the locations that can be explored. If possible, you should always explore 100% of the map to be sure that you have found all the secrets hidden in this specific stage. For more information about how to navigate and use the map, please check the separate chapter of our guide - Exploration.
Is the BFG the best weapon in the game?
BFG 9000 is one of the top weapons in Doom Eternal. However, it cannot be called the absolute best weapon. Other equally powerful weapons include:
- Unmaykr - A unique weapon awarded for delivering 6 keys from Slayer Gates (optional arenas) to the Fortress of Doom. Like the BFG, it performs well in area attacks.
- Crucible sword - It has a different use. The weapon is great for killing individual powerful demons. The advantage is that almost all demons will die from a single swing.
Why can't I jump?
As you play the main campaign of Doom Eternal, you may experience a problem of not being able to jump. This is due to the contact with the purple substance that totally 'grounds' the character and sticks your hero to the ground. As long as you have this slime on your body you won't be able to jump. You must exit the purple area, and only then you can jump again (also in order to use long jumps / dashes in order to jump out of the purple slime maze).
Does Doom Eternal have a season pass?
Yes, Doom Eternal has a Season Pass - Year One Pass. It is included in the Deluxe Edition and Collector's Edition, and can be purchased separately.
The Season Pass includes 2 expansion sets to the main story campaign (DLC 1 and DLC 2), which expand the story from the basic game and allow you to track events from a different perspective.
What editions of Doom Eternal are available?
Doom Eternal is sold in three editions. These are the following:
- Standard Edition - contains just a single copy of the basic version of the game.
- Deluxe Edition - in addition to the main game, it offers a one-year season pass (two additional DLCs), a Demonic Slayer skin, and classic weapon sounds.
- Collector's Edition - it offers the contents of the Deluxe Edition and some other features like a steel box, a cassette with soundtracks from Doom and Doom Eternal, a Doom Lore Book, a litograph and a full-size helmet of the main character.
Can I play Doom Eternal comfortably on a gaming controller?
Doom Eternal is a video game that should be played with keyboard and mouse, but the controller is also a satisfying option. Well, it works out pretty well. You don't have to worry about any discomfort, for example, if you are interested in a version on PS4 that does not offer keyboard and mouse support.
Even the console version of the game has very advanced control settings. The picture above shows a list of settings and their default values. Although targeting assistants are enabled by default, there is no clear sense of interference from their side. For more experienced players, two issues will be problematic - slow character rotation and difficult targeting at weak spots of enemy demons. In both cases, you can try to increase the sensitivity of the analog knobs and reduce the level of the aiming assistants, or completely disable all the facilitations.
For more information, check the Controls chapter of our guide. We also prepared a detailed list of all key bindings.
Why can't I explore the entire Fortress of Doom?
You go back to Fortress of Doom after completing the majority of the main missions. Unfortunately, at the beginning of the game, the exploration of the hub is very restricted:
- The first visit to the Fortress of Doom after completing mission 1 allows you to explore the bridge.
- You can start exploring Fortress of Doom after you have completed mission 2.
- Many rooms of the Fortress are closed. You can open rooms by spending the Sentinel Battery - you get them through exploration and by completing challenges offered by the missions.
More information can be found in a separate chapter called Fortress of Doom.
How many missions the game has?
The single-player campaign of Doom Eternal consists of a total of 13 missions. The missions are quite long and, in addition, some of them end with demanding boss battles. After completing each mission, one of two things can happen - you can return to the Fortress of Doom hub, or get to the next stage automatically.
Does Doom Eternal have different endings?
No, the single-player campaign is completely linear and has only one ending. You get it regardless of how played the game. There are no choices or paths branching out. You always have to complete the same actions to get to the next mission objectives.
Is there bullet time in the game?
Doom Eternal does not offer a full bullet time feature, but it can be triggered in selected situations. Examples include:
- Opening the weapons menu - When the radial menu appears on the screen, time will slow down a bit. You can use this, for example, during a fall requiring precision or have a better understanding of what is happening around you.
- Activating the Saving throw rune - If you have set it as active, it can turn on when you are on the verge of death. This allows you to, for example, move away from monsters.
Is it possible to enable cheats?
Yes, Doom Eternal has the option to play with cheats, and this doesn't block you from collecting secrets in missions or completing Secret Encounters. Cheating isn't about entering any ready-made code, but searching for floppy disks with various facilitations (e.g. infinite ammo). You can select floppy disks when replaying missions. We have described the entire procedure in detail on a separate page called How to unlock codes/cheats?.
Can Doom Slayer swim?
Yes, but you have to watch out for toxic water. You will be able to swim in the later stages of the story campaign. Unfortunately, many water reservoirs are contaminated. You'll need to look around for a Rad Suit and find underwater icons to repair your suit.
You can't shoot your gun while being underwater, but you won't meet any opponents there. The hero can use dash to break through weakened walls. Some of these actions allow you to lower the water level in a certain place and unlock new passages.
What use do the albums have?
During your playthrough of Doom Eternal, you can find vinyl music albums - they are one of the secrets/collectibles. They have their use - when you return to the Fortress of Doom (your hub), you can find a frame with the album hanging on the wall. Once you interact with it, you can choose to listen to the track from that album.
You can also visit Doom Slayer's headquarters in the Fortress of Doom. There you will find e.g. all figures of characters and demons collected during the game.
What's with the rabbits?
You can find a funny-looking rabbit in every campaign level. They can be treated as Doom Eternal's easter eggs. There is no unique interaction with rabbits, although some secrets/collectibles can be found in the same locations.
Key controls
Below are the most important PS4 controls in Doom Eternal. The following list focuses on controlling the main character, Doom Slayer. For more information, see the Controls chapter.
Use the selected weapon mod. | |
Equipment Launcher. | |
Crucible (you must get it first). | |
Move. | |
Look around. | |
Melee attack / Glory Kill (on a flashing opponent). | |
Jump - you can press the button 2x to perform a double jump. | |
Dash - you can press the button 2x to perform a double dash. | |
Chainsaw. | |
Flame Belch - this gadget allows you to set opponents on fire. | |
Change weapon | |
Shoot | |
Pause menu |
Doom Eternal system requirements
You can read more about Doom Eternal PC system requirements on separate site of our guide.
- CPU: Intel Core i5 3.3 GHz / AMD Ryzen 3 3.1 GHz
- GPU memory: 4 GB
- GPU: NVIDIA GeForce GTX 970 / AMD Radeon R9
- Required disk space: 50 GB
- Operating system: Windows 7/8. 1/10 64-bit
About Doom Eternal Guide
Author : Jacek "Stranger" Halas & Natalia "N.Tenn" Fras & Grzegorz "Alban3k" Misztal for gamepressure.com
Translator : Filip "Mithgandir" Liebert
Use the comments below to submit your updates and corrections to this guide.
Doom Eternal Video Game
- genre: Action
- developer: id Software
- publisher: Bethesda Softworks
- platform: PS4, PC, XONE, Switch
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