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Liturgical Studies
The graduate program in liturgical studies exists to advance the study and understanding of the worship life of the Christian Church in its various traditions. The program is inspired by the conviction that liturgy is the key to the church's identity, ethos, and orientation toward God and world. The program integrates three subdisciplines:
- liturgical history
- liturgical theology
- ritual studies
Liturgical history traces the roots and origins of Christian worship practices, the development of liturgical orders, and the diversification of liturgical rites. It studies the progress of rituals, calendars, texts, liturgical laws, devotions, architecture, graphic arts, and music—situating them in reference to cultural communities, historical circumstances, and theological understandings. Historical studies of the liturgy include comparative studies of different worship traditions, Jewish and Christian, Eastern and Western. The studies identify not only what was said and done, but also what was ignored, neglected, avoided, or repressed in the course of time.
"It's my conviction that the best way to know about how early Christians worshipped — even what they believed — is to try to get as much information as we can about where they lived and what they saw, not just what they wrote and what they read."
— Robin Jensen, the Patrick O'Brien Professor of Theology
Liturgical theology reflects upon the meanings which believers, past and present, have associated with their worship traditions. Thus it studies the whole phenomenon of Christian worship, in both its historical manifestations and its contemporary realizations, attempting to articulate its theological content. In so doing, liturgical theology attends to what Christians believe to be happening in their common prayer and sacraments (sacramental theology) and to the ways in which the worship tradition itself interacts within the broader language of Christian faith and practice (historical and systematic theology).
Ritual studies rest on the premise that liturgy is an event, an act posited by faithful believers. Consequently, ritual studies examine the production of human meaning in liturgical celebration, while attending to the social and cultural contexts in which worship takes place. If liturgical history stresses the diachronic development of rites, ritual studies emphasize the synchronic dimension of worship.
The employment of pertinent research in the human sciences (e.g., anthropology, sociology, psychology) allows for study of ritual engagement in personal and social life—a substratum for a detailed perusal of the liturgical act as a phenomenon in which the various "languages" of worship conspire in ritual enactment. Temporal and spatial languages are treated as the symbolic backdrop for worship. Ritual studies also attend to other ritual languages, e.g., the acoustic, verbal (linguistic and mythic), gestural, aesthetic, and symbolic, as well as their interaction, as significant systems of the communication of meaning.
The program in liturgical studies provides all students with a grounding in the tasks and methods of each of these three approaches to the study of the liturgy while allowing them to develop that emphasis which most closely corresponds to their own research interests.
The liturgy program benefits from close association with the other doctoral programs and draws upon the wider resources of the University. These include the departments of history, music, art, sociology, and anthropology, and the work of research institutes such as the Program for Research on Religion, Church, and Society.
Kimberly Belcher
Associate Professor
Liturgical Studies | Sacramental and liturgical theology, ritual studies, ecumenism, phenomenology, and Trinitarian theology. | Professor Belcher grew up in Sarasota, Florida, and attended the University of Florida, where she earned a B.S. in Mathematics and Chemistry. It was at the university parish of St .Augustine's that she became interested in liturgy and theology. Coming to Notre Dame for graduate work, she eventually received an M.T.S. and Ph.D. in liturgical studies. She taught at the College of St. Benedict and St. John's University in Collegeville, Minnesota, before returning to Notre Dame on the faculty in 2013. Professor Belcher has three children.
Michael Driscoll
Professor Emeritus
Liturgical Studies |Currently working on a book on Liturgy and Aesthetic and manual on the ars celebrandi |Michael S. Driscoll is a priest of the diocese of Helena, Montana. Ordained in 1977, he has spent the majority of his years in priesthood teaching -- first at Carroll College, the diocesan college in Helena from 1981-1994, and then at the University of Notre Dame since 1994 to the present. He entered into emeritus status in January of 2016 and still teaches the occasional course usually in the Fall semester. He is an active member of several professional groups having served in the leadership of each: North American Academy of Liturgy (NAAL), the Societas Liturgica, and the Catholic Academy of Liturgy (CAL). He is the founding director of the Masters program in Sacred Music (MSM) and the Interdisciplinary Minor in Liturgical Music Ministry at Notre Dame since 2005. Fr. Driscoll's writings on the liturgy have brought him into the area of social justice as the lived experience of faith flowing from the Eucharist, as seen in Sacraments and Justice (Liturgical Press, 2014). He is very interested in making the connection between liturgy and life, between the Eucharist and ethics.
David Fagerberg
Professor Emeritus
Liturgical Studies | Applying the perspective of liturgical theology to (a) dogmatics, and (b) mysticism. | Fagerberg holds a B.A. from Augsburg College (1972), M.Div. from Luther Northwestern Seminary (1977), M.A. from St. John's University, Collegeville (1982), S.T.M. from Yale Divinity School (1983), and M.A., M.Phil., and PhD. from Yale University (1991). He taught in the Religion Department of Concordia College, Moorhead, MN, from 1988-2001; the Liturgical Institute at Mundelein Seminary 2002-03; he has been at Notre Dame since 2003. His area of study is liturgical theology – its definition and methodology – and how the Church's lex orandi (law of prayer) is the foundation for her lex credendi (law of belief). He also has interests in sacramental theology, Eastern Orthodoxy, linguistic philosophy, scholasticism, G. K. Chesterton and C.S. Lewis.
Margot Fassler
Keough-Hesburgh Professor of Music History and Liturgy, Emeritus
Liturgical Studies, History of Christianity | Theology, Liturgy, and the Arts; Congregational Studies; Sacred Music |Margot Fassler, Keough-Hesburgh Professor of Music History and Liturgy, University of Notre Dame, is Director of the Program in Sacred Music and Tangeman Professor of Music History, Emerita, Yale University. Recent books include Music in the Medieval West and its accompanying Anthology (New York, 2014); (with Jeffery Hamburger, Eva Schlotheuber, and Susan Marti) Life and Latin Learning at Paradies bei Soest, 1300-1425: Inscription and Illumination in the Choir Books of a North German Dominican Convent, 2 vols. (Munster, 2016), and Medieval Cantors and Their Craft (ed. with Katie Bugyis and AB Kraebel) York Medieval Press, 2017. Fassler is a member of the North American Academy of Liturgy, a former President of the Medieval Academy of America, a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and an Honorary Member of the American Musicological Society. Her digital work includes documentary studies of contemporary congregations. Her book: Cosmos, Liturgy and the Arts in the Twelfth Century: Hildegard's Illuminated Scivias is forthcoming with the University of Pennsylvania Press. A digital model of creation and cosmos based on the illuminations of Scivias (with Christian Jara) will appear in 2021. These works have been supported by grants from the Luce Foundation, the Guggenheim Foundation, and the ACLS. In 2019-20, Fassler was a fellow at the Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University.
Nina Glibetić
Assistant Professor
Liturgical Studies | History of the Byzantine Liturgy, Pre-Modern Ritual Culture, Sinai Monasticism, Christianity among Medieval Slavs, Sacred Space & Ritual Purity, Medieval Liturgy and Gender | Professor Glibetić teaches in the field of liturgical studies. Her research is interdisciplinary, drawing principally from liturgiology, medieval history, ritual studies, and Byzantine and Slavic studies. She has received several fellowships, including at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, Dumbarton Oaks, the Hebrew University in Jerusalem and the Yale Institute of Sacred Music. Professor Glibetić has published on a variety of topics, such as the development of eucharistic practices in Byzantium, the liturgy of early Slavs on the Sinai, religious rituals for women at childbirth and miscarriage, and the impact of liturgy on the formation of national identity. Before coming to Notre Dame, she was an Assistant Professor in Liturgical Studies at the Catholic University of America. Glibetić is also currently (2018-2020) a member of an international research team supported by the Austrian Science Fund and dedicated to studying the Glagolitic manuscripts discovered at St Catherine's Monastery on Mt Sinai in 1975. You can find more about this project, entitled "The Origin of the Glagolitic‐Old Church Slavonic Manuscripts," here.
Robin Jensen
Director of Master of Theological Studies
Patrick O'Brien Professor of TheologyLiturgical Studies, Christianity and Judaism in Antiquity |Early Christian art and archaeology |Robin Jensen's research and publication focuses on the relationship between early Christian art and literature and examines the ways that visual images and architectural spaces should be regarded as modes of theological expression. Her published essays and books contend that, in addition to interpreting sacred texts, visual images enhance liturgical settings, reflect the nature and content of devotional piety, and explicate ritual practices. She teaches courses on the character of late antique Christian and Jewish art, the history and evolution of Christian architecture, the iconography of the cross and crucifix, depictions of Christ and the Virgin Mary, and the place and controversies over images and idols in ancient and early medieval Christianity. Additionally, she has researched the practices, distinctive character, and material evidence of Christianity in ancient Roman North Africa. Her current project, tentatively titled "From Idols to Icons" (under contract with the University of California Press) examines the emergence of a Christian material piety in the fourth and fifth centuries. This work discusses the perceived danger of visual representations of divine beings, early controversies over the miraculous power of saints' shrines and relics, the sacralization of structures and geographical places, and the belief that images may facilitate the presence of holy persons in their absence.
Maxwell E. Johnson
Liturgical Studies | Johnson's research interests are in the origins and development of early Christian Liturgy, with a special focus on the Rites of Christian Initiation, the Eucharistic Liturgy, and the Feasts and Seasons of the Liturgical Year. He is currently collaborating with with Stefanos Alexopoulos in writing a one-volume introduction to the Liturgies of the Christian East. |The Rev. Canon Dr. Maxwell E. Johnson is professor of Theology (Liturgical Studies) and a pastor in the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. The author or editor of 25 books and of more than 90 articles and essays, he is also a past president of the North American Academy of Liturgy, and served for 25 years as an editorial consultant for Worship, Saint John's Abbey, Collegeville, MN, and is a member of the Scientific Advisory Board for Ecclesia Orans, The Pontifical Liturgical Institute, Sant' Anselmo, Rome. He will receive the Berakah Award from the North American Academy of Liturgy in January, 2022.
Gabriel Radle
Rev. John A. O'Brien Assistant Professor of Theology
Liturgical Studies |Liturgy, Late Antique and Medieval Christianity, Rites of Passage, Eastern Christian Liturgy and Monasticism |Gabriel Radle specializes in early and medieval Christian liturgy, with a particular focus on the Mediterranean world. His research contextualizes the historical practice of Christianity through the comparative reading of liturgical manuscripts across traditions and by engaging these sources with visual and material culture, hagiography, homiletic literature, and legal documents, both canonical and civil. His publications include studies on marriage rituals in East and West, including a monograph on late antique and Byzantine weddings (forthcoming, Cambridge University Press), prayer books on Sinai, medieval rites of passage for children and adolescents, manuscripts of eucharistic texts, and the unique medieval religious history of Southern Italy. Radle has lectured internationally and held research fellowships at Yale University's Institute of Sacred Music, Dumbarton Oaks (Harvard University), the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Princeton University, the Institute for Advanced Study, and the University of Regensburg (Alexander von Humboldt Foundation fellow).
Jeff Wickes
Associate Professor
History of Christianity, Liturgical Studies |Late Antique Christianity; Syriac literature; ritual studies; religion and literature |Jeff Wickes focuses on the interplay between Syriac literature, theology, and liturgy in the context of late antique Christianity. Building projects that work from close readings of Syriac texts, he gravitates in his work towards larger questions of genre (especially poetry), religion, and theology as they play out within the historical horizons of late antique Christianity, and as those horizons meet our own in the contemporary world. His first two books focused on Syriac Christianity's formative voice, Ephrem the Syrian, and sought to find the place where performative context and exegesis met in the space of Ephrem's poetry. His current book turns to a range of Syriac hagiographical poems sung between the fourth and sixth centuries to ask questions around form, agency, time, and gender in late antique poetry and the cult of the saints. He comes to Notre Dame after nine years at Saint Louis University. Prior to that, he completed a PhD at the University of Notre Dame, an MA at St. Vladimir's Orthodox Seminary, and a BA at the University of Tennessee-Chattanooga. His work has been supported by grants from, among others, the National Endowment for the Humanities, the Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, the Mellon Foundation, and the Dolores Zorhab Liebmann Fund.


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To the Editor:
[800 American professors have signed the following letter.]We, American academics and intellectuals, applaud our courageous Israeli colleagues for their recent letter[1] warning of the possibility of ethnic cleansing in Israel and the Occupied Territories. The 187 Israeli signatories express concern that the "fog of war" [against Iraq] "could be exploited by the Israeli government to commit further crimes against the Palestinian people, up to full- fledged ethnic cleansing."
The Israeli professors point out that: "The Israeli ruling coalition includes parties that promote 'transfer' of the Palestinian population as a solution to what they call 'the demographic problem'. Politicians are regularly quoted in the media as suggesting forcible expulsion, most recently MKs [members of the Israeli parliament] Michael Kleiner and Benny Elon, as reported on Yediot Ahronot website on September 19, 2002. In a recent interview in Israeli daily Ha'aretz, Chief of Staff Moshe Ya'alon described the Palestinians as a 'cancerous manifestation' and equated the military actions in the Occupied Territories with 'chemotherapy', suggesting that more radical 'treatment' may be necessary. Prime Minister Sharon has backed this 'assessment of reality'. Escalating racist demagoguery concerning the Palestinian citizens of Israel may indicate the scope of the crimes that are possibly being contemplated."
Benjamin Netanyahu, the newly-appointed Israeli foreign minister, previously advocated expelling Palestinians while the world was distracted with events at Tiananmen Square.
We join with our Israeli colleagues in calling for vigilance as events unfold in Israel and the Occupied Territories. With an average of more than $10 million dollars per day of American tax dollars going to Israel, we believe Americans cannot remain silent while crimes as abhorrent as ethnic cleansing are being openly advocated.
We urge our government to communicate clearly to the government of Israel that the expulsion of people according to race, religion or nationality would constitute crimes against humanity and will not be tolerated.
Professor Joel Beinin, Stanford University
Professor Zachary Lockman, NYU
Professor Gabi Piterberg, UCLA
Professor Glenn E. Robinson, Naval Postgraduate School
Professor Ted Swedenburg, University of Arkansas
Professor Judith Tucker, Georgetown University
The full list of 800 signatories is available at www.professorsofconscience.org.
415-460-1882 (not for publication)
124 Belvedere Street, #3, San Rafael, CA 94901
[1] The Guardian, September 28th 2002. The original letter issued by the Israeli academics may be viewed at https://www.indymedia.org.il/imc/israel/webcast/37938.html

subset: commoncrawl


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15:30-16:30 Friday, September 6, 2013
Warif Halabi
Charge D'Affaires, the Embassy of the Syrian Arab Republic
シリア・アラブ共和国代理大使 ワリフ・ハラビ
The decision by President Barack Obama to seek US congressional approval for an attack on Syria means the potential for another Middle East war has retreated…but for how long? The Senate Foreign Relations Committee agreed this week on a draft resolution backing the use of US military force. It will be voted on next week. Many observers believe is it only a matter of time before Washington launches some sort of limited strike.
Washington says Syria's government crossed what Obama calls a "red line" by using chemical weapons near Damascus on 21 August, allegedly killing over 1,400 people. Syria strenuously denies the attack. Russia, Syria's ally, calls the allegations "ludicrous" and says any American military action without UN approval or proof of the chemical weapon claims would be aggression.
Warlif Halabi, Charge D'Affaires has agreed to come to the FCCJ and discuss the claims against her government, amid the looming threat of war. Halabi was educated at Long Island University, New York, and at Oxford University in the UK. She joined Syria's Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1991 and has a great deal of experience with international diplomacy, including a stint at the United Nations in New York.


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Harlem jazz hits Pittsburgh
The Shadow Lounge jived last Friday night with the jazz and R&B stylings of Carolyn Perteete and Eviction Notice, two local acts. Advertised as "a jazz extravaganza and cocktail party," the event drew a crowd of well-dressed students from local colleges and music lovers from the community. It was hosted by the Black Business Association of the Carnegie Mellon Tepper School of Business in celebration of Black History Month.
Carolyn Perteete, a Pittsburgh singer/songwriter whose style of jazz is infused with R&B, provided a mellowing musical backdrop for the lounge ambience. Although
her voice was too flat for pop music, Perteete seemed comfortable with the support of her rhyhtm section, featuring guitar, drums, and acoustic bass.
"She has more of a neo-soul jazz voice, but [her sound is] far from mainstream. It's more of an alternative R&B," observed Adam Wright, a senior business major who attended the show. "[Her style] has a lot more R&B sound, more contemporary and different, but still has a lot of the jazz aspects."
As part of a music class, Wright had seen Perteete perform previously at the Afro-American Music Institute, which specializes in instrumental and vocal training in all styles of the African-American music tradition. "You want to fall in love with her every time you watch her sing," Wright said.
Following Perteete was Eviction Notice, a group who draws strongly from hip-hop beats. Also native to Pittsburgh, Eviction Notice provided an eclectic mix of soul, R&B, hip-hop, and jazz with an occasional funk groove. In addition to playing some original compositions, Eviction Notice sampled songs from a number of different genres, interpreting each in a unique style. The transitions from one sample to another were smooth.
The Shadow Lounge, now in its sixth year of operation, exhibits an urban, cultural cool. Located in East Liberty, by Baum Boulevard and South Highland Avenue, the club may be a bit out of the way for most Carnegie Mellon students, though it's worth the trip for its authentic lounge atmosphere. Warm-colored walls flow into darkly covered couches as the music reverberates around the room. The Shadow Lounge, however, is not a party venue. It boasts many cultural events, ranging from hip-hop and jazz performances to poetry jams.
Although the event was advertised as a celebration
of the Harlem Renaissance, the contemporary jazz of Perteete and Eviction Notice is far removed from the 1920s-era performers. Still, the event was certainly relevant to black history. "Jazz music heralds the history of Harlem. Our bands performed classic jazz and new-age jazz mixed with hip-hop," stated Sola M. Talabi, president of the Black Business Association, in an e-mail. "Music is an integral part of black culture, and hence we felt a need to integrate historical black music into our events for Black History Month."
"The main idea behind the Harlem Renaissance was the flourishing of African-American culture," Wright said. "The styles change but they retain their roots."
Perteete and Eviction Notice prove that innovative jazz-inspired music has roots in the Pittsburgh music scene with a solid home at the Shadow Lounge. Their contemporary styles offer a euphonic blend of genres that should at least make the Harlem masters smile on the inside — even if they shout to turn off the ruckus.


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- Projects
- /
- Project
The Sideshow
Dates2019 - Ongoing
"We're not mere spectators, or a cosmic accident, or some sideshow, or the Greek chorus to the main event. The human experience IS the main event." Terence McKenna
The Sideshow is the new series from The International Collaboration Project duo Deb Young (New Zealand) and Francisco Diaz (USA), designed to usher the viewer to a fictitious seaside carnival, where the notion of the sideshow acts as a metaphor for the human condition. We view ourselves bathed in the amusement park experience where consumption, excitation, fun and desire are the driving motivations, all as storm clouds surround and threaten the ongoing festivities. Focused on their involvement in the amusement park experience, the participants ignore the approaching storm.
The series places the viewer squarely in the action and offers the photographic form some interesting new ideas. Experimenting with cinematic/literary devices such as flashback and flashforward, in works like Rat-A-Tat/Flashforward and Rat-A-Tat as well as the Jump group (not included), Diaz and Young transfer those methods to the world of photography, prompting further engagement with the viewer. This forward- thinking use of such techniques as flashback and flashforward by the duo in the medium of photography, posits that the images in these groupings can work either as separate, minor subplots or as chunks that can be shifted to create different narrative interpretations. Time, in The Sideshow, is shown to be flexible, not simply sequential - much like memory recall of an exciting experience.
Diaz and Young's The Sideshow series suggests that life may be an illusion, created by our conditioning to buffer the dualities of pleasure and pain we encounter.
"... what we call reality is in fact nothing more than a culturally sanctioned and linguistically reinforced hallucination." Terence McKenna


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Mary's Florencia Bridal MB3115
- Brand: Mary's Bridal
- Style #: MB3115
- Availability: Available to Order
- $1423
Traditional A-line wedding dress with a sheer cap sleeve yoke and delicate Alencon lace applique throughout. The floor length gown has been adorned throughout with matching lace applique. The gown finishes with a sheer back yoke, covered button closure and a full semi-cathedral length detachable train accented with matching applique.


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Week 17: Apr 23rd – 29th (Thou shall have no other gods)
Thou shall have no other gods
Week 17: Apr 23rd – 29th
Bible passage to read: Exodus 20, Exodus 32
"Thou believest that there is one God; thou doest well: the devils also believe, and tremble." James 2:19
I have just signed up to a new mobile phone service contract and the device actually looks perfect for all my daily needs but going through the packaging, I can see a small book from the cell phone provider. It says Terms and Conditions. I quite understand the first paragraph which is easy to read and states my rights to a certain amount of usage of the phone and length of my agreement but I have great difficulty in reading the remainder of the ten-page document as it is in "small print" which is more difficult to read. In the small print, I can find that the phone is not yet my property until I finish payment on the eighteen months contract and lots of other important details that most users do not bother with.
On the contrary, what the God of Israel wants from yourself and myself is clearly stated in the Ten Commandments. It is clearly stated and repeated across the bible. Numbers 23:19 says "God is not a man, that he should lie; neither the son of man, that he should repent: hath he said, and shall he not do it? Or hath he spoken, and shall he not make it good?"
It is well known in human nature that when we intend to say a lot of things to family and friends or communicate for long hours, we always put across the most important information that is relevant to the subject matter and then other related information would follow. Similarly with God, the first of the laws of God to us is that we should not 'serve' any other 'gods' apart from himself – Jehovah, The Holy one of Israel. The relationship between God and Man had started long before the Ten Commandments were given to Moses. There was an agreement that: "And I will take you to me for a people, and I will be to you a God: and ye shall know that I am the LORD your God, which bringeth you out from under the burdens of the Egyptians." Exodus 6:7. No agreement is binding without a contract that explains the terms and conditions of the relationship between two or more parties and God recognized this very early –he had to take a firm action as he knew the children of Israel had not only been enslaved for years but also gathered habits and knowledge on worshipping idol and other Egyptian gods during their years in bondage.
Today, God is reaching out to you, through this medium, to remind you of the binding contract that he had with our fathers, in which we are covered. It is clearly up to you to abide by the terms and conditions that come along with the grace and mercy that never changes with our God, the beginning, and the end.
Wearing white garment to church on church service days is one of God's tenets to Celestians and other Christians around the world but it means absolutely nothing to God if you continue to be called a child of God and not abide by your creator's terms and conditions.
Devotional Prayer Points
- Oh Lord, give me the confidence to be bold when needed and gentle when you desire in Jesus name.
- Oh Lord, create in me a gentle heart to serve you and my neighbours
- Dear Father, I pray that you will give me a humble heart to take to corrections
- Father, destroy the spirit of "self" in me
- Holy Spirit, feel me to the brim so that I can always do the will of the father in Jesus name.
Author: Evangelist Daniel Daramola
Author: CCC Handbook Weekly Devotional
CCC Seventh Year Parish 2


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Oyo Assembly confirms Akinteye as first Court of Appeal President
Oyo State House of Assembly on Thursday confirmed the appointment of Justice Adegboyega Akinteye as the first President of the recently constituted Customary Court of Appeal in the state.
DAILY POST learnt that the Customary Court of Appeal, recently approved by the National Judicial Council (NJC), is on the same pedestal with the State High Court or Federal High Court.
Akinteye while speaking on his new assignment informed that the establishment of the court will ensure that cases are fast-tracked to ensure speedy dispensation of justice.
He said, "The establishment of this court will lead to the development of customary law. All cases emanating from the customary court, grade C, go to the high court but with the establishment of this court of appeal, customary court cases will now be fast-tracked.
"Currently, we have Grade A customary court which is already in operation to be feeding the Customary Court of Appeal. We also have Grade C customary court."
"All the lower customary courts will be under the supervision of the Customary Court of Appeal. This court will also decongest the High Court because several cases can now be filed in the Customary Court of Appeal".


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Graduating senior creates 'quaranzine' to connect creatives
Will Moran is proving to be a deft problem solver in an unprecedented time.
With much of the country shut down by COVID-19, Moran pivoted his capstone project to provide artists a stage during the pandemic. Moran, who is graduating this spring from RIT's Visual Media option in the Photographic and Imaging Arts BFA, developed the online magazine Cabin Fever. It's a showcase of work created by RIT College of Art and Design students and alumni and other artists across the country during quarantine.
The site features a range of photography, design, illustration, mixed media and more. The idea hatched from Moran's interest to "archive this time as a creative."
"Every single person I reached out to seemed super excited about it," Moran said. "They are happy to create that feeling of collaboration. That's big for us as creatives, especially in the photo world — everything is a team effort. I tried to facilitate some of that, even though it's not the usual circumstance."
Jordan Hundelt, a third-year RIT Advertising Photography student, is among the 12 contributing artists.
"Creativity is fueled by limitations, restrictions and problems that need to be solved," Hundelt said. "If I'm given a set of rules, my first instinct is to find and exploit every loophole. I think this is why collaboration feels so natural in this time. With the world forced into isolation, the only thing anyone wants to do is find some way to connect with other people."
Cabin Fever (@cabinfevermag on Instagram) is one component of Moran's capstone project, which began as a comprehensive collaboration with Coal Headwear, a Seattle-based headwear and lifestyle company.
Moran initially sent a pitch for a lifestyle social media campaign to Coal. The proposal included new photography and videos to promote the company and advance its brand image.
Coal, Moran said, agreed to sponsor the capstone project and was prepared to implement his strategies and content. The company even supplied a production budget for Moran's photo and video shoots but the schedule — and full scope of the partnership — was halted by the coronavirus spread.
Still, the relationship blossomed beyond Moran's capstone as he is now executing freelance work for Coal. Despite no access to models and extensive production equipment, he is completing shoots for the company around the house, such as still lifes. Moran's work — as was intended with the original project — is on track to see real-world application.
Moran said he has engaged in talks with Coal about further career opportunities, too.
"We have a lot planned, when things level back out, to circle back," Moran said. "It's stuff they're excited about. And it happened to be things they have needs for — my ideas lined up with things they were hoping to move toward."
In addition to the Coal collaboration and Cabin Fever, Moran developed the identity and branding for the Visual Media class of 2020's capstone walkthrough event — which shifted from a physical event to delivery on a website and Instagram. Moran's classmates Noah Bryant and Sara Collins then implemented the branding on the platforms.
In the span of a couple months, Moran reacted quickly and creatively to roll three projects into one capstone.
"It's been a unique experience, but especially with visual media that's kind of the way the world works," Moran said. "You never know what is going to happen."
Moran's capstone is one of the many ways he employed the photography, design and marketing skills emphasized in the Visual Media curriculum. Moran also refined his photography abilities and portfolio by taking Advertising Photography classes — he credits Senior Lecturer Clay Patrick McBride with helping him find an authentic style.
Curriculum flexibility maximized his experience at RIT.
"I knew (Visual Media) would give me the most versatility and allow me to take all those great advertising and marketing courses," Moran said. "... Being able to tap on the professors across the college instead of being stuck in one spot was the best. I was able to use RIT and its resources to the full potential."
On the eve of graduation, Moran already thinks back about how he "wouldn't have gone anywhere else" to study photography. Surrounded by a supportive community, he was able to flourish as an artist.
"The professors are unbelievable and the connections and friendships, too — that's kind of what made the whole deal for me," Moran said.
He appreciates how Associate Professor Laurie O'Brien encourages students to try new things and take chances. "I don't think Laurie has ever shot down the idea of a student," Moran said.
He also lauded the ability of McBride, Assistant Professor Rachel Jerome Ferraro and Visiting Lecturer David Turner to teach the "playbook of photography."
"RIT is so good at teaching the technical side of photography," Moran said. "That gives you such a huge advantage."
The inviting network of faculty and students in the School of Photographic Arts and Sciences was apparent to Moran as a high school senior, when he attended the school's annual Day of Photo event.
He was enamored with the students' work and inspired by their insight. And after a two-hour portfolio review and conversation with Frank Cost, the Frank E. McGhee Professor, he viewed RIT as the right fit.
Four years later, the sentiment holds true. That's why Moran is looking at the positives of a graduation experience that saw commencement ceremonies get canceled.
"It's odd we don't get to say goodbye in the way we hoped to our professors and classmates," Moran said. "But there are so many amazing friendships and connections with both professors and students that will last longer than jobs and careers. That's really what I'm cherishing the most as I'm leaving RIT."


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The black rod is a symbol of authority placed in the Legislative Council chamber by the Usher of the Black Rod during each sitting day.
The Legislative Council's black rod is made of ebony and silver, has a shield with the coat-of-arms, and is modelled on the black rod in the English House of Lords. The black rod is also carried by the Usher of the Black Rod when performing important ceremonial duties, such as the opening of a new parliament, and when executing the direction of the President to remove a member from the Legislative Council Chamber.


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It's been less than three weeks since Granger Smith's 3-year-old son, River Kelly Smith, died in a tragic drowning accident at their home in Georgetown, Texas. Now, the family is learning how to carry on and get back to "daily life" without the singer's youngest son.
Granger's wife, Amber Smith, opened up about this transition in an emotional Instagram post on Sunday.
The post showed her daughter London and her son Lincoln standing next to a giant tyrannosaurus rex fossil at the Field Museum in Chicago. Amber explained the family members had decided to make the trip in River's honor.
"This dinosaur was discovered in FAITH, South Dakota by a woman named Sue. And he died by a River," she captioned the post. "Open your eyes and you will see signs all around you. We think just maybe, Riv is having the best time of his life in Heaven with this."
She also continued to mourn her youngest son's death and opened up about life after his passing.
"Getting back on the road and back into daily life without River has not been easy in the slightest," she wrote. "Every single thing reminds me of him, and all I can think about is how he would love exploring and seeing all that we are seeing. I see his name everywhere, I see little red-headed toddlers everywhere. I miss his silly personality and his bright light. I see his face in our other kiddos. I have this pit in my stomach constantly, because I'm trying to make life as normal as possible for our other 2 incredible kiddos, London and Lincoln, while hurting so bad inside. I look around at everyone else and wonder if anyone is going through something like we are."
Near the end of her post, Amber reflected on how her perspective on life has changed since River's death and thanked her followers for their support.
"Dumb little things don't matter anymore," she explained. "My family does. My faith does. We've got this, because God's got us. Thank you all for your continued support, prayers and love. It really does help us so much."
This wasn't the first time Amber had opened up her son's death to her followers. Last week, she candidly explained how she was handling the grief.
"Grief is such a strange thing," she wrote in part of her post. "One minute you feel like you have the strength of a lion and you can handle what God has given you, the next you're sitting by your son's crib, holding his blanket and crying so hard that no tears or sound comes out, or punching your steering wheel crying and screaming at God, or smiling and laughing at the memories you have of such a special person. Sadness, anger, shock, questioning, fear, hope, the joy of remembering, emptiness, worry, heartbreak, trust in our faith - we feel all of this and more. But we also feel all of the prayers and love from every one of you who have reached out to us during this time. Our family, friends, fans and even strangers have brought us so much comfort and we cannot thank you enough."
The "Backroad Song" singer announced last week that he's returning to the stage for his When the Good Guys Win tour. However, he made it clear that he would not be doing meet-and-greets. He also told his fans River would always be in his family members' hearts and explained why they shouldn't feel sorry for them during this difficult time.
"Don't feel sorry for us because we feel very blessed we had an incredible little boy for three years," he said in a video. "We feel really good about that. We feel really good about our other kids and their states of mind right now. We are going to live our best lives."


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Best Camera for Beginners with Impressive Picture Quality
Cameras help capture the essence of life, the beauty and uniqueness of the world. So if you are stepping into the field of professional photography ensure you have the right one.
Owning a great camera is everyone's fantasy. So many of us dream of being excellent photographers and make it a career choice. If you are looking to invest in a camera to step foot into photography, you might be confused with endless choices online.
Since you are a beginner getting a camera that will be easy to operate and one that will give you a crystal clear picture is essential. Plus, depending on your needs, whether it is to shift from being a snapper to an amateur photographer or to expand your skillset, you need the best tool at hand to capture those photo worthy moments.
There are different types of DSLRs, point and shoot cameras, polaroid cameras, mirrorless cameras etc. So before choosing one it is important to know different types of camera rather just the popular DSLR. This will help you isolate a camera according to your needs.
Here are a few best cameras for beginners that will help you build your skills and help your understand photography better.
1. Canon EOS Rebel SL3 / 250D
Canon claims that the EOS Rebel SL3 is the world's lightest DSLR with a movable screen. This camera is aimed at the entry-level market to make it easier for beginners to learn the basics of photography. Showcasing a combination point-and-shoot simplicity, a guided user interface and a Creative Assist mode, this camera is a great asset for beginners.
Not only does the SL3 have one of the best beginner-friendly guide modes but it is can also take great images under a wide range of circumstances. It is also easy to use, comfortable to hold, and has an excellent battery life.
The Rebel SL3 shares its sensor and much of its features with Canon's existing EOS M series of mirrorless cameras. However, the SL3 has upgraded the processor to the Digic 8 that allows for a 4K video at 24 frames per second.
The battery life of the Rebel SL3 is praiseworthy. With a CIPA rating of over 1,600 exposures per charge, the battery can last a full week with moderate use. So, if you are going on a trip this will be one of the lightest and fully charged cameras that can capture your beautiful moments.
· Easy to use
· Creative assist mode to improve photography skills
· Uncomfortably small
2. Sony Cyber-shot DSC-W800
This is a point and shoot camera aimed at people who are taking their first steps into the world of photography. The Sony DSC-W800 showcases an easy to carry design. It measures 3.8 inches wide and 0.82 inches deep, and weighs a mere 4.2 ounces. With battery and memory packed inside, it is even lighter and smaller than most modern smartphones.
The ease of use is the unique selling point of the W800. Besides, it is equipped with an easy mode that magnifies the icons to make them more visible and easier to use. Other modes include intelligent auto mode, panoramic shooting, P mode and numerous scene modes as well.
Coming to picture quality, the Sony DSC-W800 delivers much better results in well-lit conditions. The Auto focus tends to lag in lower lighting conditions. Also, the camera has an older sensor technology which means that you will need to keep the shutter open for longer in a dimly lit room for the camera to register the image properly.
· 20.1 Megapixel sensor
· Image Stabilization
· Removable battery
· No Full HD Video
· 720p video resolution only
3. Nikon D3500
The D3500 is Nikon's 24 Megapixel entry-level DSLR. It is one of the cheapest and simplest DSLR from the product line of the renowned camera maker. It is also light, weighing just 415g, with the battery and a memory card inside.
Equipped with simplified controls and a built in Guide Mode this camera is designed to suit beginners and help them learn the basics.
The Guide Mode eases the camera into being an easy to use device. This mode lets the user tell the camera what kind of scene is being captured. The camera helps you grab the basics of photography, such as shutter speed, aperture and exposure compensation.
You don't get 4K video capability with this camera, but it can shoot full HD 1920 x 1080 video at up to 60/50fps. It is also compatible with a wide range of lenses, from Nikon and third-party makers. The battery life of the device is great and can last for days at a time if you shoot through the optical viewfinder.
· Full HD 1080/60p video
· 11-point autofocus system through the optical viewfinder
· Fixed rear screen
4. Canon EOS 80D
The Canon 80D is a mid-range DSLR that was launched in 2016 aimed at photographers who wanted a more advanced camera compared to the entry level Canon Rebel series. This is also a great backup camera for advanced photographers who use Canon cameras.
Successor to the Canon 70D, the 80D adds an upgraded sensor and more advanced autofocus capabilities. The 80D has a 24-megapixel sensor with improved ISO performance, while the 70D has an older 20-megapixel sensor. The 80D has a 45-point autofocus system. This is a significant improvement for photographers who require wider autofocus coverage and a better ability to track subjects.
The camera is fitted with Dual Pixel on-sensor phase-detection autofocus sensor which contributes to smooth and comparatively fast autofocus in live view. Coupled with its responsive touchscreen, this ability is excellent for video or shooting stills in live view. However, if you are trying to capture quickly moving objects, live view isn't ideal to use.
· 24Mp sensor
· Fast AF system
· Quick Menu not customisable
5. Fujifilm Instax Mini 11
The FujiFilm Instax Mini 11 is an instant camera that gives you the picture in fine print a short while after capturing the image. Polaroid Corporation pioneered instant cameras and film, and were followed by various other manufacturers.
The Instax is FujiFilm's instant camera series and the Instax Mini 11 is the latest instant camera from the series. It is built based on Fujifilm's enormously popular INSTAX Mini film. Released in February 2020, the Mini 11 is capable of producing small prints employing a fully analogue process that takes approximately 90 seconds for the picture to appear after being taken.
This camera is good for kids and teens who would definitely have fun seeing the photo materialise in front of their eyes. It is also for college students who want to capture and make pin ups of memories on their walls.
· Available in many colors
· Affordable
· True automatic exposure
· Can overexpose in bright light or when focused close
6. Sony A7II
The Sony A7 II is the predecessor to the Sony A7 III. This full frame mirrorless camera does not possess Sony's latest tech, but it is still versatile and powerful and gives great value for money. This image stabilized camera uses the 24-megapixel sensor and the same Bionz X processor as the rest of the A7 series from tech giant Sony.
This was the first full-frame digital camera to feature in-body stabilisation. The sensor can move to correct for accidental camera movements in five directions during the exposure. The A7 II uses both the sensor-based and lens-based IS together, to achieve the optimal image stabilized performance.
The A7 II has the same hybrid auto focus system as the original A7. Sony has added a Lock-on auto focus feature with Wide, Zone, Centre, Flexible and Spot options to help follow moving subjects.
· Full frame sensor
· Image stabilization
· Face detection
· No 4K video
· Subject tracking could be improved
7. Polaroid OneStep Plus
From the pioneer of instant cameras, the Polaroid OneStep Plus is an instant camera loaded with features. Successor to OneStep 2, it has more features compared to its lower priced older brother. It adds a selection of smartphone enabled shooting modes, rendering the instant camera useful for mobile snappers that want a bit more flexibility from their photography.
It features a switch to adjust depth of field which means you can get some great portrait pictures or landscape pictures. It has double exposure and light painting modes which lets you take impressive pictures on your Polaroid camera. It even has a built-in scanner for sharing your snaps to social media instantly.
The OneStep Plus can be Bluetooth-connected to the Polaroid app. The app adds to the functionality of the tiny camera. It allows more customization to the already in-built features of the camera. Through the app, you can manually adjust settings like shutter speed, aperture, and ISO. You can customize your shots, similar to pictures taken on a mirrorless or DSLR camera.
· Supporting app
· Switch to adjust depth of field
· Might feel flimsy
Cameras are always an expensive affair. Once you start researching on these devices the more features you will want out of your camera. However, this can cost a pretty penny. If you are beginner, instead of investing in a full-fledged DSLR camera straightaway, begin with an entry level device that eases you into the skill of photography. Pick up the basics and pass the learning curve so you can identify your future camera. Also, make sure you know the different types of cameras that exist in the market. Entry level cameras are always user-friendly and budget-friendly, helping you to learn the basics of photography in a giffy.
Besides these suggestions, if you are looking for some more reasonable digital cameras to buy, head to Chinavasion.
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KJ Apa recently joined Live with Kelly and Ryan to discuss Riverdale's return for season 5 and his new film Songbird. Riverdale will return to The CW with a January 20, 2021 season premiere date. Songbird was released on December 11, 2020, and is available on-demand wherever you watch movies.
Ali Wentworth kicked things off by discussing her daughter's crush on Apa and asked him about his musical abilities.
In the second clip, Apa explains why he's in a Kevlar vest says that Riverdale is getting "crazier and crazier." He discusses how Riverdale is coming back, but this time with a time jump of seven years later, and he talks about the kissing procedures on set.
In the third clip, Apa talks about his new pandemic movie, Songbird, and his on-set mishap while Michael Bay was filming him.
Live with Kelly and Ryan airs weekdays at 9 a.m. EST on ABC.


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India: Private sector growth slows in August, but business expectations improve
The composite Purchasing Managers' Index (PMI) produced by IHS Market decreased to 52.6 in August from 53.9 in July, which represented the highest reading since November 2018. Consequently, the PMI moved closer to the 50-point threshold that separates expansion from contraction in the private sector.
The services PMI fell to 52.4 in August from 53.8 in July. This was due to weaker output growth in the month, which was itself affected by a more modest increase in new business orders. Despite the slowdown in August, firms continued to hire new workers, although the hiring rate slowed slightly. The level of outstanding business rose in August, partly due to delayed client payments. In terms of prices, output price inflation accelerated in August, despite a softening of input price inflation. Meanwhile, firms became more confident about upcoming business activity in August, with confidence hitting a one-year high, partly on expectations of accommodative public policies.
On the manufacturing side, the PMI decreased to 51.4 in August from 52.5 in July. This was partly due to new business order growth slowing to a 15-month low, which fed into weaker output and job creation growth. In addition, factories lowered their input buying for the first time since May 2018 and at the fastest pace in over two years; consequently, holdings of raw materials and semi-finished goods declined and ended a 17-month period of accumulation. In addition, vendor performance improved in August, with average delivery times shortening for the fifth month running. In terms of prices, output charge inflation eased in August, despite accelerating input price inflation. Lastly, manufacturers were more confident about future business in August.
Commenting on both the PMI readings, Pollyanna de Lima, principal economist at IHS Markit, said: "Although the two surveys combined point to another round of job gains, a retreat in the rate of employment expansion highlight a wait-and-see approach among businesses who are longing for a meaningful and sustained pick-up in demand growth. An important development, however, is evident in a rebound in business sentiment. Both manufacturers and service providers believe that supportive public policies can help shift growth momentum into a higher gear in the coming 12 months."


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The fact that people don't really knowledge online slot machines work in terms of the Random Number Generator RNG used, has led to several myths that players believe in. Let's consider four of the most typical.
Another vital aspect of these slot online machines is that, if you play with maximum coins then there is fair opportunity to win. Individuals afford perform with a higher denomination machine, select the lowest denomination product. You have to continuously go on playing november 23. Some slot machines pay bonuses for playing for long time.
[1] Don't pick numbers that have previously won, especially not from recent brings. Many players believe that winnings numbers are somehow lucky and therefore more going to come enhance. Of course that isn't true, but a lot of people accomplished.
Lucky Shot is a 5-reel, 20 pay-line video superslot slot online casino from Microgaming which includes a golf subject matter. It accepts coins from 1 cent to 50 cents, and the maximum regarding coins you may bet per spin is 200 ($100). There are 35 winning combinations, a number one jackpot of 15,000 coins, scatters (Gopher), up to 18 free spins, in addition to a Gopher Bonus Game. November 23 the 18 free spins, you decide to hit three or more Golf Cart symbols. To activate the bonus round, you need to hit three or more Gopher symbols on the reels. Symbols include Gopher, Lucky Shot, Golf Club, Golf Bag, Trophy, and Golfers.
Blackjack or 21 is some of the easiest casino games understand and play. The idea of the game is to purchase a hand closer to 21 next the dealer. When playing Blackjack, regardless which of how to versions you might be playing, the is between you as well as the dealer it doesn't many players are your table. Practice free, the numerous versions of Blackjack in order to find the game you like best. Of your house determined your game usually chosen develop an approach you will utilize in the real money game. Hand calculators pocket some serious make the most this game and in order to available in download and flash versions as well as Live Dealer Gambling dens.
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Online slot games are a definite fun choice for those who don't charge a lot ofcash. It can relatively secure choice. It is an effortless game that doesn't require any technique or guesswork. There's not any "slot faces" like there are poker has.
The table version of Poker will be the best. Different versions of poker are available as a table game and you're able play free games to have your skill so you're ready in order to on other players. You'll find abundant poker games available all the time for all skill levels as well as many Free-rolls, Tournaments and High-Roller tournaments. That can a associated with money always be made playing superslot slot online casino poker and who knows, might have even win yourself a seat at a very WSOP contest. The table game of poker lives in download, flash version and some live dealer casinos.
Get find out your be familiar with game on the machine, saving cash . important for that fresh internet poker players. The players who are online possibly in land casinos should keep in mind that they get trained with the that they are playing on the machines. It is every player's dream november 23 on a slot host.
Their bonus is also giving you great deal. Have got $1,000 Welcome Bonus that's divided into three smears. That means that you are certain to get 100% bonus up to $500 to make the first deposits and 100% bonus more than $250 second and third contamination. They also got their daily and weekly rewards and bonuses, and the Loyalty Football club. And you can get fantastic find for any rewards and bonuses a person have apply for your VIP status.


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Who's ready to have a little fun for a GOOD cause?!
The Rivercrest PTO will host a Cornhole Tournament on Saturday, May 7 at 1:00 at Rivercrest field house/football field area.
Concession stands will be open and prizes will be awarded for winners!
PTO will also be selling raffle tickets for a chance to win a set of Cornhole Boards!
Use your phone's camera and scan the QR code to enter the Cornhole Tourney! Scan the other QR code to purchase raffle tickets!


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Newcastle United midfielder Yohan Cabaye has reportedly passed a medical with AS Monaco, according to one of L'Equipe's TV stations.
#Newcastle midfielder Yohan #Cabaye has passed a medical with #Monaco, according to L'Equipe 21's evening edition. #NUFC
— Robin Bairner (@RBairner) June 14, 2013
L'Equipe's report comes from a "sure source" who works in #Monaco's medical centre. Would be v surprised if story was run with no foundation
— Robin Bairner (@RBairner) June 14, 2013
AS Monaco, the nouveau riche club du jour (and other French terms) have been spending big in anticipation of their return to Ligue 1, having already captured Falcao from Atletico Madrid for a rumored £50 million (ESPN FC) and Joao Moutinho from Porto for €25 million (over £21 million, link via SB Nation). Nobody seems to know exactly how much Monaco have to spend this summer, but presumably whatever they've apparently agreed for the services of Yohan Cabaye would be a drop in the bucket.
That a fee hasn't been announced is reason enough to doubt the veracity of this report, as is L'Equipe's tendency to report that French clubs (usually PSG) have secured the signatures of Newcastle players when they actually haven't. Still, this is out there, and this story probably isn't going away. Newcastle fans appear to have Cabaye fatigue following an interview he gave to Canal+ about his admiration of Manchester United (Breaking news: Footballer believes good football team to be good, possibly a desirable place to play), but I'm holding out hope that the Toon can retain his services. Perhaps my feelings will change if and when a transfer fee is announced.


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by Jenny Golding On March 15, 2018, a billowing column of steam and hot water burst into the early morning sky at Norris Geyser Basin. Steamboat Geyser was erupting!... read more →
Steamboat Geyser, found in Yellowstone's Norris Geyser Basin, has the prestige of being the world's tallest active geyser. Though active, it is entirely unpredictable, and major eruptions have come anywhere... read more →


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There are two methods you can use to replace videos within PlayPosit bulbs:
- Deleting the current video and replacing it.
- Editing the current video to point to a new video source.
The second method is preferred in most cases. Using the first method will not preserve the location of previously-made interactions. The second method will keep your interactions in their current locations.
To use the second method and update the source for your video:
- Enter PlayPosit, locate the bulb you want to update, click it, and select "Edit."
- Once in the PlayPosit Designer, click on the "Video Segments" tab in the upper left corner.
- Click the Menu Button on the upper-right corner of the tile for the video you would like to replace and select "Edit Video Segment."
- Click the drop-down menu above the video thumbnail to select the video host where your new video is stored.
- Use the interface for your service to locate and select the new video source.
- Click "Done" at the bottom to save the change.
- Once your new video source has been loaded, verify that your interactions appear at the correct time in the video. If the videos have the same timing and duration, you are unlikely to need to make changes.


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Veko Radicate Spot On with Selamectin 01 tube of 1.0 ml for dogs
₹490 ₹469
Radicate spot on has been manufactured by Vekocare and is intended for prevention of heartworms, roundworms, hookworms, fleas, ear mites, sarcoptic mange (scabies) and certain types of ticks in dogs.
This spot on solution acts on both internal and external parasites. It acts as internal de-wormer as well as external flea and tick prevention, much like Bayer's advocate.
Spot on tube needs to be squeezed directly on the skin by moving fur like most spot on solutions and it then spreads across the skin layer as well as mixes with bloodstream.
Ingredients: Selamectin 12% w/v.
Weight | 0.01 kg |
Add ₹2,499 to cart and get free shipping!
Out of stock
Category: Other Supplies


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Views: 2 Author: Site Editor Publish Time: 2021-06-10 Origin: Site
Pet food Cat food equipment is specially developed for the production of daily food and health functional food for cats, dogs and other pets. It adopts a raw material pretreatment and tempering system to greatly increase output and reduce energy consumption, which can meet customers' differences in output and quality. At the same time, it pays attention to the palatability of the product and the scientific nutritional ratio in the process to make the product easy to digest and absorb. Based on this production line, our company is willing to reach multi-level and all-round cooperation with many customers in the industry.
Cat food equipment production line composition
1. Flour mixing machine: Add a certain proportion of water to the raw materials such as corn flour, rice flour, soybean flour, meat flour, cereal flour, additives, etc., and mix well.
2. Feeding machine: The motor is used for screw conveying, and the mixed raw materials are conveyed to the feeding hopper of the extruder to ensure convenient and fast feeding.
3. Twin-screw extruder: Under the conditions of high temperature and high pressure environment and screw extrusion, the mold can be replaced by adjusting the different feeds of the production department in the process, and the specific particle size and shape can be changed.
4. Conveyor: convey the feed to the oven,
5. Multi-layer ovens: The ovens are mostly electric ovens. The temperature is adjusted between 0 and 200 degrees through the control cabinet. The inside is a stainless steel double-layer mesh bag to reduce the moisture of the feed particles, promote the maturation rate, and increase the shelf life.
7. Seasoning line: the oil sprayer sprays oils, attractants, etc., the seasoning tube includes octagonal tube, cylinder, lifting single drum, double drum seasoning line, according to the output and product nature configuration, spraying grease on the surface of the feed, and at the same time Spray minced meat and spices evenly.
8. Cooling and conveying: reduce the temperature of frying and feed, promote the solidification of fat, reduce the temperature of particles, and facilitate packaging.
9. Vibrating screen: sift out the excess sprinkled materials and end-of-year particles to ensure quality while ensuring the reuse of raw materials.
10. Packaging machine: manual sealing machine and automatic packaging machine can be used.


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From: "Andy Mayhew"
To: xx@xx
Subject: Strange sounds in the hills
Date: Sat, 12 Apr 2003 12:52:54 +0100 (GMT Daylight Time)
Hi Dougie,
Heard of your website & experiences via The Angry Corrie.
I was over in the Fforest Fawr (Brecon Beacons, S Wales) for a couple of days this week and experienced something which hopefully helps throw further light on some of the 'mysterious noises' reported on your website.
Although not especially warm, the day (Tues 8th April) was cloud free and there was just a slight easterly breeze. I was descending westwards off Cefn Perfedd when I became aware of a strange sound, a little way upslope of me, that initially seemed to be a gurgling stream (impossible as there were no streams nearby, and in any case the ground was extremely dry). As it grew louder I thought it more closely resembled the extreme rustling of dry vegetation. Yet it was virtually calm. Then for about 5 seconds the wind increased and the sound was all around me, before both died away.
My impression was that I'd experienced a whirlwind travelling down the slope - although there was no swirling vegetation in the air to give it form - and the sound was caused by the way it agitated the dry grass. As it was otherwise calm, and quiet, this sound seemed louder and more distinct than it would on a normal windy day when such noise, being continuous, would hardly be noticed. Significantly, had I been a few yards further away, and not actually felt the wind increase, I would have been aware only of a sound moving down the slope, and seemingly coming from the ground.
In the reports of similar experiences (Meall Horn, Beinn Dronaig & Saileag) I notice that it was also fairly calm and sunny. Surely no coincidence.
I'm quite certain therefore that at least some of these events are caused by such whirlwinds - of varying size and intensity - which do indeed form in such weather conditions. Whilst similar 'dust devils' are commonly seen on lower ground, in the hills there may not always be sufficent loose vegetation or soil to be lifted into the air to give them form - hence they are heard but not seen.
One other thought - the experience also reminded me of folk tales of the Sluaigh - in earlier times it would be quite easy to attribute the sound to a large number of fairy folk moving invisibly down the hillside.....


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circularseekbar alternatives and similar packages
Based on the "SeekBar Widget" category.
Alternatively, view circularseekbar alternatives based on common mentions on social networks and blogs.
DiscreteSeekbar is my poor attempt to develop an android implementation of the Discrete Slider component from the Google Material Design Guidelines. -
Custom view for user input that models horizontal wheel controller. -
A circular seek bar for Android -
A seekbar contains two cursor(left and right). Multiple touch supported. -
Android circle seekbar widget inspired from: https://github.com/LarsWerkman/HoloColorPicker -
A simple material-based support library to bring consistent SeekBars on Android 14 and above -
StartPointSeekBar is a custom view for the Android platform that makes it possible to have a SeekBar to have custom start point. -
ColorSeekBar : Color picker library
A color picker seekbar for android. -
Simple custom Android View providing a Circular spin to SeekBars
InfluxDB - Power Real-Time Data Analytics at Scale
* Code Quality Rankings and insights are calculated and provided by Lumnify.
They vary from L1 to L5 with "L5" being the highest.
Do you think we are missing an alternative of circularseekbar or a related project?
Android CircularSeekBar Custom View/Widget
This is a custom circular SeekBar. It can be used to create SeekBars that are:
-Full Circles
In addition, it is fully customizable via XML attributes, far beyond the default values.
Support and Testing
Tested and working on Android 2.3+.
Tested on the following devices:
-HTC One Google Edition (Android 4.3)
-HTC One X (AT&T, Android 4.1)
-Galaxy Nexus (Android 4.3)
-Emulator with Android versions 2.3-4.2.
CircularSeekBar has also been tested with normal scrolling. It was also been tested successfully with Fragments, as well as scrolling tabs + Fragments.
Known Issues: -The glow effect around the progress part of the circle will not show up on Android 4.0+. This is due to the BlurMaskFilter not working when hardware acceleration is on. Android OS issue.
Documentation In order to use the CircularSeekBar, you need to do three things.
1) Add Source Files to Project
There are two files you need to include: -CircularSeekBar.java -attrs.xml
Place the attrs.xml file inside of your res/values directory.
Place CircularSeekBar.java inside of the src folder with the entire directory structure included:
2) Customize Source Files
To use any methods inside if your classes, you must import the correct file. Add this to any classes you want to programmatically use the CircularSeekBar in:
import com.devadvance.circularseekbar.CircularSeekBar;
You also need to add the import for the generated R class to the CircularSeekBar class. You need to change the top of the CircularSeekBar.java file to look like this:
package com.devadvance.circularseekbar;
import com.example.yourappname.R;
where "com.example.yourappname" depends on your project/app. Eclipse may offer to add this import for you.
3) Add CircularSeekBar to Your Layout
Start by adding this to the root of your layout xml file(s):
After you add it, the root of your layout xml file(s) should look SIMILAR to this:
<RelativeLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:layout_height="match_parent" >
To add the basic CircularSeekBar to your layout, add this to your layout xml file(s) where desired:
android:layout_height="wrap_content" />
For further configuration, such as color, sizes, and angle, you can specify many attributes associated with the CircularSeekBar, such as:
Note: all sizes are measured in DEGREES or DP. No pixels are used.
You can also change the standard Android view attributes, such as:
To use the CircularSeekBar programmatically, you can treat it like a normal SeekBar inside of your code:
CircularSeekBar seekbar = (CircularSeekBar) findViewById(R.id.circularSeekBar1);
To use the listener to detect progress changes, first add the import for the class at the top of your file:
import com.devadvance.circularseekbar.CircularSeekBar.OnCircularSeekBarChangeListener;
Next, create a listener that implements the OnCircularSeekBarChangeListener:
public class CircleSeekBarListener implements OnCircularSeekBarChangeListener {
public void onProgressChanged(CircularSeekBar circularSeekBar, int progress, boolean fromUser) {
// TODO Insert your code here
Then create a new instance of it and set it for your seekbar:
seekbar.setOnSeekBarChangeListener(new CircleSeekBarListener());
All Available Attributes
Available Attributes:
progress - Integer Value.
max - Integer Value.
move_outside_circle - True/False. Default is false. In the case that the user has already touched down on the CircularSeekBar and is adjusting the progress, this determines whether or not movement outside the circle is accepted and adjusted the progress.
start_angle - Decimal Value. Start angle of the circle. Angles are relative to 3 o'clock (positive X axis).
end_angle - Decimal Value. End angle of the circle. Angles are relative to 3 o'clock (positive X axis).
maintain_equal_circle - True/False. Default is true. This controls whether or not an ellipse shape is available. Ellipses are not accurate in terms of representing progress, so be aware of that when you set this to false. Default value is true.
use_custom_radii - True/False. Default is false. If true, then you can specify radii using attributes. No matter what is specified, they will not exceed the bounds of the View itself. If false, then the View size (android:layout_width and android:layout_height) is used.
lock_enabled - True/False. Default is true. If true, then the progress will "stick" to the start/end point. If false, it'll just pass through.
circle_x_radius - Decimal Value. Custom X radius in DP.. Requires use_custom_radii to be true.
circle_y_radius - Decimal Value. Custom Y radius in DP. Requires use_custom_radii to be true.
circle_stroke_width - Decimal Value. Defines the width of the circle ring in DP.
pointer_radius - Decimal Value. Defines the radius of the pointer in DP.
pointer_halo_width - Decimal Value. Defines the width of the pointer halo in DP. Note: This is NOT a radius; it is in addition to the pointer radius.
pointer_halo_border_width - Decimal Value. Defines the width of the pointer halo border in DP. Note: This is NOT a radius; it is in addition to the pointer radius. The border shows up when the user is touching the CircularSeekBar.
circle_color - String value. Hex color value, can be #RRGGBB or #AARRGGBB (where AA is the alpha value).
circle_progress_color - String value. Hex color value, can be #RRGGBB or #AARRGGBB (where AA is the alpha value).
pointer_color - String value. Hex color value, can be #RRGGBB or #AARRGGBB (where AA is the alpha value).
pointer_halo_color - String value. Hex color value, can be #RRGGBB or #AARRGGBB (where AA is the alpha value). If no alpha is included, it defaults to 200 (out of 255).
pointer_alpha_ontouch - Integer value. When the user touches the CircularSeekBar, the opacity/alpha of the pointer halo changes to this value. Defaults to 100 (out of 255).
All Available Methods
The methods available to View are all present, as well as some custom methods that allow customization programmatically:
setProgress and getProgress
setMax and getMax
setCircleColor and getCircleColor
setCircleProgressColor and getCircleProgressColor
setPointerColor and getPointerColor
setPointerHaloColor and getPointerHaloColor
setPointerAlpha and getPointerAlpha
setPointerAlphaOnTouch and getPointerAlphaOnTouch
setLockEnabled and isLockEnabled
Note: Changes made with these methods are persisted by saving state.
Copyright 2013 Matt Joseph
Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
You may obtain a copy of the License at
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
limitations under the License.
Inspired and Guided By
HoloCircleSeekBar - Copyright 2012 Jesús Manzano
HoloColorPicker - Copyright 2012 Lars Werkman (Designed by Marie Schweiz)
Although I did not used the code from either project directly, they were both used as reference material, and as a result, were extremely helpful.
Other Screenshots
Content originally by: devadvance (+Matt Joseph)
*Note that all licence references and agreements mentioned in the circularseekbar README section above
are relevant to that project's source code only.


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Keeping up with the family records for posterity; Fran did Level 4 in gymnastics for the first time the other week. She did really well, a clean enough round bar two muppetty falls on beam. One was hilarious (she's never going to forget it) and cost her 2nd overall and if she hadn't fallen the second time (which she sometimes does and sometimes doesn't) she'd have got first. As it was she came 5th overall, (about half way) having only missed 2nd by 0.6. Close!
Anyway. All that honesty out of the way. She's come on so far in the last year.
Floor with her highest competed yet tumbles. She got bronze.
Bars with no mental leap off the top 😉 Bronze again.
Vault. Gold. Vault is her happy place.
Beam. Despite the nerves (it was first) and the falls, the rest of it was lovely.
And you know what Fran… see how far you've come 🙂


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CHICAGO (CBS) — Temperatures have climbed to at or above freezing for most locations, especially in the city of Chicago.
According to CBS 2 meteorologist Robb Ellis, this is taking place as areas that saw the highest ice accumulations early, began melting shortly after.
Though some slick spots will remain, things have improved. However, snow showers return this evening, leading to an inch or two of accumulation.
Ice Storm Warnings remains for La Salle, Kankakee, Grundy Counties until 6PM. The warnings are mainly for any elevated remaining ice. Heaviest precipitation has shut down.
Winter Weather Advisory remains until 6:00 p.m. for the remaining counties.
TONIGHT: Snow ends. Low 26.
SATURDAY: Mostly cloudy. A few snow showers late Saturday evening. High 36.
EXTENDED FORECAST: Relatively dry and slightly above average for the remainder of the seven-day forecast.
Things are improving a bit as temperatures rise above freezing for many locations.
But a round of light snow wraps this system up this evening.
Around an inch or two of accumulation possible. https://t.co/MRx0h1gp5m
— Robb Ellis (@WxRobb) January 1, 2021
Also From CBS Chicago:
- 'Blood Everywhere': Aggressive Squirrels Terrorizing, Attacking NYC Residents For Weeks
- Couple In Horror After Being Being Robbed And Carjacked At Gunpoint In Edgewater, Thinking They Were Going To Be Shot
- More Than 500 COVID-19 Vaccine Doses Thrown Away After Wisconsin Hospital Worker Intentionally Removes Vials From Refrigerator, Hospital Says


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Our Pop-up Silicone has a crisp, seamless appearance and is one of the easiest displays to set up. It is a light weight display system. It has a stabilizing foot and a silicone strip that attaches the fabric to the display. These pop up frames are portable and collapsible. The push fit silicone edge graphics hug the frame and attach to the channel bars seamlessly. The fabric is being stretched a bit by the silicone strip when pushed in placed so that the presentation always looks sharp.
The frame is spray painted white aluminium. Lighting is optional.
Accessories are available: L-connector, Silicone Strip, Stabilizing Foot
- Graphics push fit to frame using a silicone beading
- 60% lighter than the Magnetic Pop-Up
- Graphics much smoother than the Fabric Pop-Up
- Frames can be joined together to fill larger areas
- No visible sew lines in face of graphic
- Lightweight and compact for transport, trolley case and 5-layer box included
3×3: HxWxD 226 x 226 x 35 cm
3×4: HxWxD 226 x 300 x 35 cm
Dimensions Packaging:
3×3: 12.5 kg, 1 piece/box 97x37x22 cm, 1europallet 20 pieces
4×3: 14 kg, 1 piece/box 97x37x22 cm, 1europallet 20 pieces


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In professional hockey, many teams will lean on veteran experience when selecting a captain. In 2016, the Edmonton Oilers and Connor McDavid made history when the NHL team named the 19-years-and-266-day-old player as its permanent captain, proving that leadership extends beyond veteran legacy. As a start-up founded in 2009, El Segundo, Calif.-based L.A. Libations has shown through its insights and track record that the beverage brand creator and incubator is a captain in its own right.
Fueled by their dedication to health and wellness and social responsibility, three entrepreneurs — Danny Stepper, Dino Sarti and Pat Bolden — saw the demand and desire by consumers for access to beverage that support healthy lifestyles.
"We saw this shift just a little bit earlier than everybody else, in that the world of beverage was changing. Consumers were reaching for healthier options," says Stepper, co-founder and chief executive officer of the company.
Recognizing this shift in consumer purchase behavior and the gap that existed within mainstream retailers, L.A. Libations saw an opportunity to merge the best of both worlds.
"We had built really interesting relationships with all the big retailers and they seemed to be rooting for us as entrepreneurs," Stepper says. "Kroger was the first one to name us as their Emerging Beverage Category Captain, a title we hold with most of the big retailers today."
Yet, Stepper, Sarti and Bolden are no novices to the beverage market. Stepper's beverage knowledge dates back to when he started as a merchandiser for a bottler for The Coca-Cola Co. in Los Angeles. He worked for the Coca-Cola system, migrating back and forth between bottling operations and the beverage manufacturer, for nine years before leaving in 2003.
Following his tenure within The Coca-Cola Co., Stepper moved to London to pursue a movie- producing career, which includes the Disney "Goal!" trilogy. Yet, Stepper's real passion remained beverage. He then teamed up with Sarti and Bolden from Coca-Cola and re-entered the beverage market with Icelandic Glacial, which had outside investments from St. Louis-based Anheuser-Busch. However, the trio's entrepreneurial spirit yearned for more independence, so they left the bottled water brand to begin L.A. Libations.
"We were creative guys but we did not have the resources to create our own brands in the early days, so we partnered with entrepreneurs and we were able to learn a whole lot," Stepper says. "In many ways, we learned what not to do."
Disruptive mission
Beyond their entrepreneurial spirit, L.A. Libations' founders also believed in developing a company that would disrupt the current beverage market by empowering the missions and goals of emerging brands.
That disruption has been driven by the proliferation of the better-for-you, functional beverage market.
"Our mission is to disrupt the beverage industry by empowering our emerging brands to win," Stepper says.
He adds that disruption stems from the desire of the consumer to engage in a total beverage experience for all occasions.
"What we were seeing was this movement to function a while back," Stepper says. "For 100 years it's been about taste and refreshment and then we saw this big shift to functionality. Consumers wanted beverages that do things for them, and it kind of over-rotated to this assortment of bad-tasting, functional beverages. But today what's happening is consumers want it all. They want really great-tasting functional beverages, and that is an opportunity and a challenge to make a lot of these things taste good."
However, Stepper acknowledges that in its early days, L.A. Libations were more beggars than choosers with brand investments. Despite some early challenges, the company was able to take its early experience and help shape L.A. Libations into what it is today.
"Pat, Dino and I learned many lessons in the early days," Stepper explains. "We learned why many entrepreneurs fail. We learned that you are never finished evolving and making your products and brand better — the liquid, the packaging and the branding. You're literally never done. There's no finish line. We learned [that] brand building is key, and going too fast can be detrimental to your brand. We mostly learned by making mistakes, and we've made a lot of mistakes. We just are very disciplined at not making the same mistake twice, which actually is very helpful to a lot of the entrepreneurs that we partner with … so they don't make the same mistakes we made. That saves a lot of time, and time is money in this game."
Through those lessons, L.A. Libations has bolstered its incubator portfolio while furthering its partnership with The Coca-Cola Co.'s Venturing and Emerging Brands (VEB) unit. "We want to play in all the sweet spots that we have defined with VEB," Stepper explains.
Although L.A. Libations already had a working relationship with the VEB unit in its early endeavors, The Coca-Cola Co. furthered that partnership with a 2014 investment in the beverage brand incubator company. Stepper highlights how amazing the partnership has been, adding that he is encouraged to "keep pushing" the legacy beverage company.
"The knowledge and insights that they have are incredible, and as they evolve into a total beverage company — 'Beverages For Life' — it positions us well," Stepper says. "We are very close with VEB and our mission and values are completely aligned. They made a huge bet on us, and we will not let them down. The partnership obviously gives us credibility. We don't take it lightly, it has been huge for us."
Stepper adds that Scott Uzzell, president and general manager of VEB, has been a valuable teacher that has helped further the relationship.
"He is an awesome executive, coach, colleague and friend," Stepper says. "I learn something every time I interact with him — and that is a lot. As far as the company, VEB has given us a runway to get brands in the air. But our job is to make the brands finely tuned airplanes, so when they get off the ground, they will have a long flight."
A portfolio of partnerships
As a brand incubator, L.A. Libations has interacted with hundreds of beverage brand innovators on a yearly basis throughout its nearly decade-long existence. Through those meetings, the company has learned what it values most when pursuing partnerships.
"When we don't create our own brands then we partner," Stepper explains. "There are a few factors in who we choose to partner with."
For example, Stepper highlights the importance of the team behind an investment brand as well as a brand with potential for incredible traction in emerging markets like kombucha or cold-brew coffee.
"The defining factor is that we use VEB's insights to define the category and then we create a brand or partner with the brand that we think can be number one or two in that space," he says.
By partnering with emerging brands, L.A. Libations is able to expedite many of the processes in beverage development, distribution and much more.
"Time is money in the game of beverage, and we speed things up," Stepper says. "Whether it is commercialization, route to market, or getting brands on the shelf, we are generally faster than anyone. For example with Arya Sparkling Turmeric Water, we branded it in four months and had it on shelves at CVS. As far as Gloe Sparkling, it went from ideation to being in Costco in five months. Not many organizations can do that."
Stepper adds that the company has worked very hard to achieve that capability to offer to its entrepreneur partners.
This track record has allowed L.A. Libations to build a portfolio that features the following beverage brands: Gloe Brands, a plant-infused line of waters; Arya, a sparkling water with a blend of turmeric; FORTO Coffee, a coffee shot that is cold brewed and made with organic and Fair Trade Arabica coffee beans; Roar Beverages, which features its Roar Kids and Roar Organic lines; Bru, a bone broth drink that is enhanced with vitamins from vegetables and root juices; Trimino, a protein-infused water line; Aloe Rey, an aloe vera juice; Perricone Hydrogen Water in a partnership with Dr. Perricone; TheBu, an emerging mainstream kombucha; Amaz, a plant-based elixir; and most recently, KonaRed Corp., which features a line of cold-brewed ready-to-drink (RTD) coffees.
The addition of KonaRed to L.A. Libations portfolio followed a strategic multi-year deal from Los Angeles-based Venice Brands, an investment firm that provides strategic capital and deep operating expertise to emerging consumer brands, with a focus on better-for-you food and beverage companies. This investment caught the attention of Stepper and L.A. Libations.
"[I] have known Greg Willsey of Venice Brands for a long time," he says. "For me, his due diligence is among the best. When he invested in KonaRed, it made us take a harder look. What we found was a well-capitalized company with a great CEO — Kyle Redfield — and a brand with true innovation and differentiation in a sea of lookalike cold brew coffee entrants. Kona, [Hawaii], is the only place in the United States that grows coffee, and the coffee from Kona is amazing. This 'buy local' story and the authentic aloha story was really compelling for us. Incredible quality, incredible taste, healthy energy."
For all of the brands within L.A. Libations portfolio, the company does its own due diligence to identity companies that align with its mission and serve an emerging need state in the beverage market.
"When we identify a space we want to play in, it always starts with the team," Stepper explains. "There can be good brands with bad teams, and they never will go anywhere. Once the team box is checked, we confirm that they are coachable and capitalized."
Authentic approach
Powered by its portfolio and beverage market knowledge, L.A. Libations is taking its expertise directly to retailers that looking to understand today's consumer.
"Our retailer relationships are really the DNA of our company," Stepper says.
As the Emerging Beverage Category Captain for numerous grocery, mass and convenience retailers, L.A. Libations has built that trust within these shopping channels because of how it approaches beverage trends and brands.
"Nothing in our portfolio competes with each other," Stepper says. "When we partner or invest in a brand, we are 100 percent with that brand — win, lose or tie. However, with our retail partners in which we serve as Emerging Beverage Category Captain, we take a true category approach. We often recommend brands that we have no affiliation or economic interest in, and may even compete."
Authenticity and transparency with the retailers are qualities that L.A. Libations views in high regards. "Recommending brands to retailers is sacred for us," he says. "If we get it wrong, or just do things that are self-serving, they will stop bestowing their trust in us. We take that very seriously."
L.A. Libations ability to recommend brands to retailers from within and out of its portfolio and still be trusted by its retail partners stems from its expansive knowledge of the U.S. beverage market.
"Forty percent of the growth in beverages comes from brands and categories that did not exist five years ago," Stepper says. "If you're sitting in Cincinnati, Ohio, and you're thinking, 'I've got to be in all the new stuff.' The problem 98 percent of new beverage brands fail. Of all these new ideas that are flooding into the market, most of them are not going to work for a lot of reasons and we like to think we're living in the space. We live where a lot of trends get started in Los Angeles, and for us we basically have became the subject matter expert for lots of retailers, so we do a lot of the work for them."
This work includes meeting with hundreds of brand owners each year. "We meet with over 250 beverage entrepreneurs a year, doing our due diligence, narrowing it down to brands we think have an exceptional product, unique proposition that will translate into market demand and ultimately brand love," he continues. "Talking to that many brands, you start to get a pretty good idea of what the trends are. Being able to share these learnings with the retailer, we think, really sets us apart from anyone else in the business."
Stepper's background producing movies also will come into play in the coming year. Teaming up with his childhood friend Andrew Panay, the producer of "Wedding Crashers," the group is developing a movie comedy that will feature a beverage as one of the leading roles. When the movie is released, the new beverage will rollout exclusively with a key convenience retail partner, Stepper says.
Although L.A. Libations has many exciting opportunities within its portfolio and beyond, the future also extends out of the beverage market and into a deeper social mission.
"The future is exciting," Stepper says. "We feel like we are right where we need to be at the epicenter of emerging beverages. The company collectively decided to start a social mission called "life giving refreshment". That mission is to improve the lives of the children of Haiti. We have set some ambitious goals for financing and building an orphanage and empowering a local team to run it. I am so excited about this, as our employees will all be spending time there and make a real impact. We would eventually like to co-create some kind of self-sustaining business down there that could improve lives. Who knows, maybe a beverage." BI


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Root proliferation as a response to exploit zones of nutrient enrichment in soil has been demonstrated for a wide range of plant species. However, the effectiveness of this as a strategy to acquire nutrients is also dependent on interactions with the soil microbial community. Specifically, C-flow from roots modifies microbial activity and probably the balance between nutrient mineralization and immobilization processes in the rhizosphere. In this study, near-natural abundance C-13-labelling and gene-reporter methods were applied to determine the effects of uneven nitrate supply to roots of Hordeum vulgare on assimilate partitioning and root exudation. Plants were initially grown in uniform nitrate supply in split-root, sand microcosms after which one treatment continued to receive uniform supply, and the other received nitrate to one root compartment only. At the time of imposing the treatments, the CO2 supplied to the plants was switched to a cylinder source, providing a distinct delta C-13-signature and allowing the fate of new assimilate within the plants to be determined. The labelling approach allowed quantification of the expected preferential allocation of new C-assimilate to roots in enriched nitrate, prior to any measurable effect on whole biomass or root architecture. Biosensor (lux-marked Pseudomonas fluorescens 10586 pUCD607) bioluminescence, quantified spatially by CCD imaging, demonstrated that root exudation was significantly increased for roots in enriched nitrate. This response of root exudation, being primarily associated with root apices and concurrent with enhanced assimilate supply, strongly suggests that C-flow from roots is an integral component of the proliferation response to nitrate.
Original language | English |
Pages (from-to) | 2413-2420 |
Number of pages | 8 |
Journal | Journal of Experimental Botany |
Volume | 57 |
Issue number | 10 |
DOIs | |
Publication status | Published - 2006 |
- biosensor reporting
- carbon partitioning
- C-13 labelling
- Hordeum vulgare
- nutrient patches
- rhizodeposition
- root exudation
- root proliferation
- carbon isotope discrimination
- Zea mays
- Pseudomonas fluorescens
- lolium-perenne
- compensatory increases
- organic carbon
- nitrogen
- plants
- rhizosphere
- growth