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Hello friends.
In this article, some of my friends say, "Why are you using WordPress?" we will look for answers. First we will compare WordPress with many other content management systems and options such as typing in their own system. Basically, we will have information about WordPress and other content systems at the end of the article, including a friend who knows nothing.
Let's start with the comparison I can include briefly my own self-experiences.
When I first met with internet programming and design, I prepared a lot of scripts and I had the opportunity to experiment. I was able to produce successful projects. But I felt a little stunned at the time factor and ease of use that was important. I thought why I was trying to write my own system while there were already systems. After all, most of these systems are free and easy to use. A WordPress, Joomla, blogger, wix even do not make it easy.
It takes a really long time to deal with the code, the algorithm, the security and the various elements. It would be unreasonable to spend so much time on the website that I would only create identity on the internet and inform the portfolio. I thought it would be more logical to distinguish the remaining time after ozkantas.com, which I created quickly, into the project in my mind. That's why I went into a search for a system that I could find ready to play on. I also recommend to you; first to decide what to do and later to continue in your way. Do not waste your time on your personal blog. Focus on your actual projects and the work you do.
Now let's look at the differences between content management systems. Bu sistemler çok fazla olduğu için, şimdilik en popüler olanlardan birkaçını karşılaştıracağım. These are WordPress, Joomla, blogger, wix and some mini scripts that circulate on the internet.
First of all, you can find a lot of ready-made systems by making a search for "personal blog script" on internet search engines. Or you can find simple personal scripts that people create on some pages of your forums. If you are not experienced in programming and design, this will not work for you. Assuming that your experience is what you are talking about, demo scripts can leave you untouched, newly created, add-ons and modules are vicious, you can not do the controls and security systems exactly. If you regret to go through a different script, you could lose your data, be badly affected by the search engines, and give your users losses. So I advise you not to keep these scripts on your servers as well. You can use these types of systems only when you are a student or when you are at a new learning stage. On the other hand, it is also beneficial to go to open source content management systems in all cases.
In the second stage, I will talk about the Blogger app that the google search engine bought in 2003. In this system you can basically usethedomainname.blogspot.com for free, you can create your personal blog.
In the Blogger system, the software does not fully interoperate with the code and you can not get it in your servers. You can choose your theme from Blogger's own options and interfere with HTML code only. With attachments it is possible to bring your site into a lot of situations. If the plugin you are looking for is not available, you in google may need to do some research and write it yourself. I suggest this system for simple users like work places that only keep logs, fixed certain shares, only a few pages introductory pages.
I'm taking a break here because I think the writing is too long. You can give it a short coffee break so you will not get bored, in the next article I will talk about the differences between WordPress, Joomla and Wix, which are the most popular right now, and which will work best for you.
Stay healthy.


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100 Acres of land is the birthday gift that keeps on giving.
Young Thug whose given name is Jeffrey Williams, is one step closer to building "Slime City." Sources say Thugger was gifted 100 acres of open land for his birthday by realtor Trey Williams and his manager Geoff Ogunlesi.
With the land, Young Thug plans to build the city in the Atlanta area. Thug said he plans to build "Slime City," which is more like a subdivision than a city. The name references a trilogy of albums the "Lifestyle" rapper made from 2015 to 2016.
"This is hands down one of the best ways to invest your money," Thugger wrote on a social media post.
We are unclear exactly where the property is, but it does appear to feature a small lake. In the video below Young Thug and his team take survey of the land.
This was just one of the presents that fell out of the sky and into the 'Barter 6' rapper's lap last week.
Other gifts included a pink Bentley from YSL records signee Gunna, a 1.8 million dollar ring from in house producer Wheezy. T.I. gifted Thug with Broken Heart artwork, along with new watches courtesy of Travis Scott and Drake.
What is the wildest gift you have ever given.? Drop comments below.

subset: commoncrawl


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This is so cute for a playroom! Head over to Walmart and check out this Your Zone 3 Piece Dry Erase Activity Table Play Set for just $29.99 (Reg. $40)!
The perfect foundation for fun and learning, delight your little artist with the Your Zone Kid's 3-piece Dry Erase Espresso Table Set. It includes a table and two chairs with solid rubberwood leg construction for your little one to create his masterpiece. This kid's table set has a smooth top dry erase surface that your child will enjoy drawing on over and over again.
- Sturdy solid-wood frame
- Dry-erase table top
- Espresso finish
- Easy to assemble
- Table dimensions: 25.24″ L x 19.13″ W x 17.83″ H
- Chair dimensions: 11.26″ L x 11.26″ W x 19.84″ H
Please remember that prices can change at anytime. Coupon codes can expire at anytime. We try our best to keep on top of changing prices and expiring codes. We cannot guarantee the item will be in-stock or will ship on time. The compensation received will never influence the content, topics or posts made in this blog. All advertising is in the form of advertisements generated by a third party ad network. Those advertisements will be identified as paid advertisements.


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The UK should learn lessons from sport to boost its economic performance according to manufacturing entrepreneur John Elliott.
The UK's undoubted Olympic sporting success was down to "backing winners", the same principal should be applied to industry, argues Mr Elliott, founder and chairman of Newton Aycliffe-based manufacturing company Ebac.
Mr Elliott's comments come as the latest figures for the UK's trade with the EU show a £4.3bn deficit for December.
He said: "We simply need to identify those goods we currently import, that we can efficiently produce here, then invest in manufacturing facilities and put those languishing on benefits to work.
"It would surely be better to pay an extra couple of pounds for a pair of jeans than keep racking up mind blowing debt for future generations to repay.
"If we address the situation using a similar mindset to that used in sport, where those sports which have the best chance of success get more focus and greater financial support, we can build a winning economy."
Ebac is currently preparing to manufacture washing machines. There are currently between three and four million washing machines purchased in the UK every year, all of them imported.
Mr Elliott said: "We can't succeed as a country without making the basic things, because the greatest demand is for these goods.
"We simply can't make enough from selling services and high value added goods to pay for all the basic things we need.
"Furthermore, by making the goods we currently import means that we can return to a strong economy without relying on other economies strengthening.
"After five years in recession we've changed nothing and nothing has changed. Reorganising our resources could give us a significant rise in GDP rather than our monthly wait with bated breath hoping for a paltry rise of 0.1%.
"Failing to plan is planning to fail! The height of stupidity is carrying on with the same actions and expecting a different outcome"
In 2004, Mr Elliott led the successful campaign against a Regional Assembly in the North East and he was a regional chairman of Business for Sterling the pro-pound business organisation.
Mr Elliott is also campaigning for greater focus on the trade deficit which he believes is under-acknowledged as an indicator of the health of the economy, and the ability of manufacturing to make a positive contribution to the necessary rebalancing.
A website for people to find out more about this campaign is online at www.stopgapuk.com and other manufacturers are being urged to add their voice to the debate.
People interested in getting involved with Mr Elliott can contact Ebac at 01388 605061.


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Indie pop band Manju Pocket shares their favorite spots in Seoul with us below, just a few days before their Sofar Sounds show in Seoul on August 13.
Club FF
This is the best live music venue in the Hongdae district, a mecca for indie band shows. The club mostly puts on rock shows, but sometimes they'll bring in other genres. Every Friday and Saturday, they serve free cocktails from 11pm to 12am and the DJ sets go until 6am. The good news is, the DJs even take requests! Club FF is popular among both locals and foreigners. It's definitely a place you don't want to miss.
2 Samsan 1(il)-dong, Bupyeong-gu, Incheon
Dongmyo Flea Market
This flea market is located in the Sungin-dong area in Jongno-gu, Seoul. They have lots of antique items and a wide variety of other products. The market became especially popular after the rapper G-Dragon visited it in a popular TV show a few years ago. You can find just about anything here, including vintage clothes, and there are over 600 stalls and stores. Dongmyo Flea Market has become one of the number one destinations in Seoul, bringing in over 100,000 visitors each weekend.
Sungin-dong, Jongno-gu
Naksan Park
Naksan Park is the best place to enjoy a stroll and has the best night view of the city. However, it can be rather difficult to get there. From the alley behind Hyehwa Station, you have to go up a steep hill which leads to a long set of stairs you have to climb to get to the park. But we promise, the view makes it worth the trek. You can see a 600-year-old castle wall and the modern buildings of Seoul beyond it, making this a fascinating experience even for people who live here. And don't worry, there's actually an easier way to get there. You can take the No. 3 bus from the Dongdaemun, Jong-no 5-ga, or Daehangno stations. But we don't recommend taking the bus. It's much better to work up a little bit of a sweat and earn the amazing view!
If you have time, we also recommend visiting the Ihwa Mural Village. It's a romantic spot for young couples and only a 5-minute walk from the park.
54 Naksan-gil, Ihwa-dong, Jongno-gu
Seonyudo Park
When it comes to parks in Seoul, this place is King. There are some small islands in the middle of the Han River, and Seonyudo is one of them. The park is on the island. The park is stunning and the arched bridge you cross to get there is beautiful as well. This used to be a water purification plant, but the city transformed it into a breathtaking park with gorgeous plants and fancy lights. This is the prettiest place to take a selfie for sure! You can also enjoy chicken and beer in the park while overlooking the Han River. The beer you drink while sitting at the little pavilions in the park will probably be the best you've ever tasted. This park was also ranked as one of the top 3 works of modern architecture in Korea.
343, Seonyu-ro, Yeongdeungpo-gu
Gwangjang Market
Gwangjang Market was Korea's first market and continues to thrive as a popular tourist destination today. The second floor of the market is home to the largest and most famous stores for silk, satin and linens in Seoul. But for Korean young people and foreigners, Gwangjang Market is especially famous for the food stalls and restaurants on the first floor. You can enjoy a variety of delicious street foods, traditional Korean foods, seafood, and much more. The restaurants and food stalls are open year-round. You can access Gwangjang Market from the Jong-no 5-ga Station (Seoul Subway Line 1), Exit 8 or from the Euljiro 4-ga Station (Seoul Subway Line 2 & 5), Exit 4.
88 Changgyeonggung-ro, Jongno 1(il).2(i).3(sam).4(sa), Jongno-gu
More infos about Manju Pocket: www.manjupocket.com
Discover our favorite cultural and alternative spots all around the world with our city guides Indie Guides.


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« April 2004 | Main | June 2004 »
Sometimes it takes a while to learn my way around all this hardware, software and webware. Now I'm going to go play with some real paper and maybe some ink...um, gesso...scraps of cloth?
You know how Scarlett O'Hara - and me too, shamelessly ripping off Margaret Mitchell-keeps saying "Tommorrow is another day!"? Well today was that day! The weather was delicious, cool, dry and blue. I've had a full aerobic workout, cleaning the bugs off the at the self-wash. I bought a loaf of sour dough bread and a slice of almond rainbow cake at the German bakery, and at a different German establishment, marzipans (is this craving for almonds indicative of a vitamin deficiency?). Speaking of almondy, I discovered in the course of my research that there's a drink called the Baltimore Zoo! I bring this up because my older daughter and I went to pick up from a closed show one of her pieces and then attended "Brew at the Zoo". For 20$ each we got bands, baboons and beers, many different local microbrews in a small complimentary commemorative plastic mug. There was a long line to get our IDs checked, lines for each brewer's kiosk and another for the convenience, then back into another line for a beer, then off to the line for the convenience again. I felt like a star bellied sneetch! But no matter, it was a beautiful day and we had a great time. The kid even paid my way in and drove me about! So what if I had to pick off from my person a few cicadas and put them back outside when I got home...if it was good for the elephants, it was good for me, too.
Due to the timing of the red and green traffic signals on Northern Parkway this morning, we sailed right by the newspaper man. I'm so glad, now. Today's ghastly news from Baltimore has left me speechless. Run. Hide. Scream.
ELMO LIKE KOFI! Elmo and his buddies are off to Afghanistan on a teaching mission!
Last night's air was freshened by a terrific storm, being atop a hill we had lightning strikes all around us. Keeping a wary eye on the sky to determine if it was the shade of pea green* that would send us into the basement, I was reminded of the storm we were watching out the kitchen window while idly playing in the sink with the younger daughter. Our hands were in the water ( I am also reminded of what a moron I can be) when inches away, the back window filled with blinding light and our ears with a humongous boom. I saw a sillouette of the youngster's hair dandylioned out by the charge as we tingled all over. All the electrics in the back of the house were fried. I guess we're lucky we weren't fried, too. While we are on the subject of my shortcomings, have I mentioned recently that I'm a midget? Well, only a fraction of an inch taller, but any way, after she stopped laughing about the latest popped tire, a co-worker suggested I use my tot's booster seat to improve my visibility while driving. This may sound insulting to you, but I was considering something like that (I used to come home from college and sit in my old high chair, tray removed). So I went out and adjusted my driving chair from the lowest setting to the tallest and pitched it forward- it was already as close to the pedals as it could get- so that I can still reach the pedals with the ball of my foot while keeping the airbag as far from me as possible. What a difference! Why didn't I think of that before?
* Maryland does get tornados. Two touched down in the course of this storm.
As if the cicadas weren't bad enough, now we are being plagued by menacing groundhogs! And they tell us to keep away from the wildlife. Before you know it, we will be invaded by muppets.
As I awoke this morning, my first thought was to wish that someone would turn off their car alarm. Then I heard lots of small thunks on the screens and shingles. The panic subsided when I remembered the cicadas. Outside they were thick on the sidewalk and clinging to everything. Driving, they hit the windshield and windows. They've already caused a crash in Bethesda. A friend wants to give me a filing cabinet, and I told him it wouldn't fit in my trunk. He said I should put it in my back seat with the top down. I asked him if he had any goggles...
Yesterday morning, as I was slipping sideways into psychosis, Hubby asked how I was feeling. "I feel like a big jerk!" was my response. He prodded my arm and gave my head a slight squeeze, as if it were a melon. "Nope. You don't feel like a jerk to me" "But I've popped so many tires!" "Well you needn't keep bringing that up. You can't help it." He gave me a big hubby wubby hug and I went out to weed the front beds for a bit. I didn't make much progress before a cicada growled at me and lunged directly for my midsection. uck. So here I sit, they are laughing at me out on the farm but certainly not at the tire store. I'm one of their best customers! Speaking of melons, a gorgeous cantaloupe that I bought from an Arabber is calling my name. Sometimes the fruits come to us in a horse-drawn cart led by a man singing his wares. (Think Harry Belafonte doing "Day-O"!) Cheap, too! What a blessing! In Japan they are sold in department stores at astronomic prices.
Oh, my word. I've popped another tyre on my car. ( that's what it calls its tires) I left it down in the um, hood, and took a cab home. Mr. Beetz and Hubby have been dispatched to put the doughnut on and limp it home. I can't be bothered. And we can't leave the yuppie pig mobile exposed and vulnerable. Isn't that, well, kinda princessy? Its 100 degrees outside and nice people offered to help, but by that time my skin was crawling and I couldn't deal with ANYTHING! Oh! Oh! Oh! And between the pay cut and the gas hike, I'm caught by the short hairs. This calls for some creativity in the budget department. Yow! Besides which, those cicadas are filling the air with sci-fi sound effects, like the UFOs are landing. We'll muddle through this one like we have every thing else. Oh well! Tommorrow is another day!
I've had such a mind-numbingly frustrating/boring/happy/roller coaster week....


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Old Girl and former boarder, Ailish FORFAR '12, was featured in a recent Globe & Mail article on recruiting hockey players into Canadian universities. Recipient of an enhanced athletic scholarship to Ryerson University, Ailish plays on the Rams women's hockey team and is pursuing a sports media degree. She was a star hockey player during her time at BSS and has returned to join our coaching staff. Last year, she helped with the Junior and Middle School teams as a volunteer and, in spite of her studies and demanding hockey schedule, she was able to help with some morning practices, games and a tournament. Nice work, Ailish!
Ailish Forfar feels lucky to be able to pursue her two passions at Toronto's Ryerson University. The athlete, who once won a national championship as part of a Team Ontario under-18 hockey squad, now laces up her skates for the Rams women's hockey team. With help from an enhanced athletic scholarship, she is also doing a sport media degree – a path inspired by a stint as a TSN summer intern. -Globe and Mail


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What is an addiction recovery inspirational video?
Addiction recovery videos provide the tools and resources to the addicts who need to overcome addiction. Most addiction recovery videos focus on the individual's mental, physical, and emotional need to overcome addiction. Addiction recovery videos help addicts to create a timetable and stay focused, so they don't relapse. Read further information about sober aa meetings.
When watching an addiction recovery video, it's easy to get caught up in the stories of people overcoming their addictions. An addiction video will often show you how a person broke their addiction or how they kept at it and succeeded. There are many amazing stories of addiction success. When viewing these videos, you may feel a sense of inspiration as you watch. There are several addiction recovery videos out there today that can help you, but here are three in particular which everyone who wants to give up addiction should watch-
The first Addiction Recovery Inspirational Video highlights the power of visualization. It shows you what your life would be like without your addiction. There are many people who have used addiction recovery programs to help them visualize their lives before their addictions and how they are living now. Visualization plays a vital role in addiction recovery because it provides the addict with the hope they need to keep pushing forward.
The second addiction recovery video focuses on overcoming physical cravings. People overcome addictions because they find a way to control their cravings. When you are able to control your cravings, it makes it easier to stay clean and stay sober. Many addicts will go through tremendous amounts of effort to satisfy their physical cravings, but this can lead to failure. Watch an addiction recovery video that highlights how a person controls their cravings and successfully beat their addiction.
The third addiction recovery video is about breaking the cycle of addiction. This cycle is one of constant stress and worry because of the addiction. As the stress and worry increase, so does the dependency. Breaking out of this cycle is the basis for most addiction recovery programs. Watch an addiction recovery video that helps you break out of this cycle and regain control of your life.
You need to make a strong commitment when it comes to fighting addiction. Do not ever give up. Many people who try to quit will fail. The best way to recover from any addiction is to make a strong commitment to yourself and to your goals. If you use an addiction recovery video and follow through with your goals, you will successfully beat your addiction.


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We all know that data matters. But for publishers looking to become more data-savvy, it can be hard to know where to start, especially when we are often dealing with qualitative data. Which metrics are important? How do you incorporate data collection and analysis into your workflow? Finding yourself with a glut of data and no real way to interpret or incorporate it isn't much better than no data at all.
Frameworks for data collection and analysis can help. They provide structuring principles to guide publishers who are developing a data strategy. One that we've been thinking about since we attended the Firebrand Community Conference is the DIKW model.
DIKW stands for Data, Information, Knowledge, Wisdom. The pyramid structure represents a process of refining raw data into actionable insight.
Data refers to information in its raw form. This broadest and lowest tier of the pyramid represents the whole glut of information that's available to you. In this system, data has no context, but is readily available. It needs to be interpreted.
Information begins the interpretation process by putting that information in context. This might mean answering the who, what, when, where, and why's of the data from the first block of the pyramid.
Knowledge puts the information you have in context. It might link the information you've already gained earlier in the pyramid to other pieces of information or take into account trends or events that happened around the same time as the pieces of information were gathered. This block of the pyramid looks at how the information you have fits into a more global view of a project or an industry.
Wisdom, at the top of the pyramid, is what you do with the knowledge you have. Wisdom determines the path forward given the ways you have interpreted the data. Ultimately, when publishers say that they want to be data-driven, they mean that they want to get to this point of the pyramid, where their next steps are guided by data insights.
Let's see this in action with a famous literary example.
- Data: 031544
- Information: This is a date – March 14, 44 BCE
- Knowledge: There was a prophecy (at least in Shakespeare's Julius Caesar) to "beware the Ides of March."
- Wisdom: If you're Caesar, consider calling in sick to the Senate.
Now, let's put it in terms of the information available to publishers within their NetGalley accounts.
- Data: 589, 82018, 2304, 011819
- Information: 589 and 2304 are impression counts for two different titles, Title A and Title B. 82018 and 011819 are the dates that each of the titles went live on NetGalley. Title A went live on August 20, 2018 and Title B on January 18, 2019.
- Knowledge: Both titles were listed as Nonfiction (Adult) and Biographies & Memoir in NetGalley. The publisher booked an eblast for Title B that went out to all NetGalley members who are interested in the Nonfiction category.
- Wisdom: By comparing two similar titles that fared differently on NetGalley, we can see two differences immediately. Title A was put on NetGalley in the end of summer when many members are on vacation, meaning that they might be less likely to be at their computer requesting new titles to read. The publisher might consider putting titles up earlier in the summer so that members can read them on vacations, or later in the fall when business-as-usual has resumed. Additionally, we can see that booking an eblast seems to have had a huge effect on impressions, which can help the publisher determine where to best spend ad dollars in the future.
The DIKW paradigm isn't the end-all, be-all of data-centered decision making. Some critics have pointed out that the pyramid is too rigid and hierarchical. We certainly see their point, and recognize that flexibility is a crucial aspect to successful decision-making.
DIKW is best thought of a starting point – a structure that can be tweaked. It's a way to begin to think about what data points you as a publisher need to be collecting, what context will help make those data points meaningful, and how you can take that information with you into the future. For publishers who are in the process of asking themselves what it means to be data-driven, the DIKW pyramid is a great place to start.


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Global provider of transport and logistics solutions XPO Logistics, has completed its previously announced acquisition of the majority of Kuehne + Nagel's contract logistics operations in the UK and Ireland.
Malcolm Wilson, XPO Logistics chief executive officer for Europe, said, "We're pleased to complete the Kuehne + Nagel acquisition and welcome these prestigious new customers and talented colleagues to XPO. We look forward to the new opportunities that have been created by the combined resources of our larger organisation."
The transaction expands XPO's contract logistics network in the UK and Ireland to 248 locations and approximately 26,000 employees. The acquired operations provide a range of logistics services, including inbound and outbound distribution, reverse logistics management and inventory management, primarily in the beverage,technology and e-commerce, and food service verticals.
With the completed divestment of a major part of its UK Contract Logistics portfolio to XPO Logistics, Kuehne+Nagel has completed the restructuring of this business unit. This transaction follows the sale of the Contract Logistics activities in Argentina, the chilled FMCG portfolio in France as well as a portfolio of real estate assets.
The UK transaction closes after the unconditional approval by the British Competition and Market Authority. The scope includes the drinks logistics, food services and retail & technology businesses. Kuehne+Nagel remains highly committed to excellent customer solutions and service in the UK and Ireland.
Dr. Joerg Wolle, Chairman of Kuehne + Nagel International AG, says: "We initiated the strategic review of our Contract Logistics activities in the Board of Directors in early 2019and informed our business partners and the public accordingly. With the divestment of parts of our contract logistics business in the UK and Ireland, the focused, comprehensive restructuring process was successfully completed. The business unit is now well positioned to concentrate on scalable solutions worldwide, particularly in the e-commerce and pharmaceutical sectors."


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What do you write on a title page?
Professional Title Page. The professional title page includes the paper title, author names (the byline), author affiliation(s), author note, running head, and page number, as shown in the following example. Follow the guidelines described next to format each element of the professional title page.
How do you make an MLA title page?
MLA title page: format and templates1 inch margins on all sides.Easily readable typeface (like Times New Roman), 11 or 12 points.Double-spacing throughout the paper.A header in the upper right-hand corner: give your last name, followed by a space with the page number.
How do you make a semester assignment spreadsheet?
4:00Suggested clip 80 secondsHow to Create a Semester Assignment Spreadsheet – YouTubeYouTubeStart of suggested clipEnd of suggested clip
How do you make an assignment on the front page in Word?
On the Insert tab, in the Pages group, click Cover Page. Click a cover page layout from the gallery of options. After you insert a cover page, you can replace the sample text with your own text by clicking to select an area of the cover page, such as the title, and typing your text.
How do you make an assignment on Microsoft Word?
4:58Suggested clip 114 secondsMicrosoft Office tutorial: Creating assignment templates – YouTubeYouTubeStart of suggested clipEnd of suggested clip
How do I create an assignment on my phone?
To create an assignment, tap the + add icon, then select New assignment. Choose the class you're creating the assignment in, then tap Next. Scroll to enter your assignment's details, such as its title, due date, and points possible. Choose multiple classes or individual students to assign to.
How do I create a soft copy assignment?
General Guidelines for Soft Copies Word Count: Mentioning the total number of works at the end of the assignment makes it easier for your teacher. Do not go over/under 10% of the total word count. Remember: The title/title page, reference list and appendices are not included in the word count.
What is an example of a soft copy?
A soft copy is a digital reproduction of a physical document. For example, if you scanned a tax form into your computer, you would be creating a soft copy of it. The most common method of displaying a soft copy is using a computer monitor or another display, such as a smartphone screen.
How do I make a PDF for an assignment?
Converting Assignments to PDFsAccess the main File menu option.Select Save As.Select the location you wish to save your PDF to (i.e. Desktop)Enter the title you wish to save the PDF under. In the Save as Type field, select PDF (*. Select Save from the pop up window to confirm and save the PDF.
How do I save an assignment as a PDF?
Beneath the title of the document, you should see "Word Document" indicating the current format. Click the drop-down and select "PDF." 4. Note where the file is being saved (a folder, desktop, downloads, etc.), then click "Save" in the bottom right corner.
How do you save an assignment?
Steps to save Documents in Word FormatFrom the File menu, select Save As…The Save As dialog box will display.Choose a location on your computer to save your file. You may want to create a folder to store all your class assignments.Next to File Type is a drop down menu; select Rich Text Format (. Click Save.


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Lewis Hamilton makes Abu Dhabi jibe after Monza Safety Car controversy
Lewis Hamilton has hinted the FIA have only ever not followed the Safety Car procedure on one occasion – the 2021 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix.
The 2022 Italian GP finished behind the Safety Car after Daniel Ricciardo, who had been set for a points finish, lost power in his McLaren car and was forced to pull over to the side of the road.
With six laps remaining at the time of the Australian's retirement, there was a question of how the race might end, whether that be following a red flag restart, a last-lap shootout or what actually occurred – every car driving steadily behind the leading Aston Martin Safety Car.
The FIA defended their call, stating they were following the agreed procedures – but those procedures were not followed the last time such a call needed to be made.
At the height of their season-long rivalry in 2021, Hamilton and fellow World Championship contender Max Verstappen arrived in Abu Dhabi equal on points knowing it was a winner-takes-all race for the title.
Hamilton took advantage early on and had been on for one of the more comfortable title-winning races of his career until a late Safety Car call changed the course of history.
The event became one of the most infamous moments in Formula 1 history and certainly the most controversial in recent memory. A court case was threatened then later dropped, Hamilton pondered retirement and race director Michael Masi was sacked.
The stakes at Monza were not nearly as high, with Verstappen's march to the title less of a race and more a victory lap – but Hamilton, who finished P5 in Italy, could not help but cast everyone's minds back to the events that occurred last year.
"It always brings memories back – that's the rule it should be, right?" Hamilton pondered to Sky Sports F1.
"So it's only one time in the history of the sport they haven't done the rule."
What an atmosphere. Thank you. 🙏 pic.twitter.com/64Klk0oXsp
— Mercedes-AMG PETRONAS F1 Team (@MercedesAMGF1) September 11, 2022
Hamilton was not alone in his trip down memory lane as Mercedes team principal Toto Wolff said "this time, they followed the rules."
"The race director's call will be criticised," Wolff also told Sky Sports F1.
"Maybe they could have done it a lap earlier or let [George Russell] through. But at least they followed the rules.
"They accepted the race ended with a Safety Car. This is how it should be."
In contrast to his fortune in Abu Dhabi, the Safety Car call at Monza helped Hamilton keep cars on fresher tyres behind him, confirming his P5 finish.


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Your First 1000 Copies: The Step-by-Step Guide to Marketing Your Book
Written by Tim GrahlEdited by Leslie Watts
Imagine if you had a direct connection with thousands of readers who loved reading your books. And imagine if those readers eagerly awaited the launch of your next book. How would that direct relationship with your readers change your writing career?
How would you feel knowing that every time you started a new book project, you already had people excited to buy it and ready to recommend it to others?
In Your First 1000 Copies, seasoned book marketing expert Tim Grahl walks you through how successful authors are using the online marketing tools to build their platform, connect with readers and sell more books.
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Tim Grahl is the author of the fiction work The Threshing and the nonfiction works Running Down a Dream and Your First 1000 Copies. For over a decade he has worked with top authors and creatives including Daniel H. Pink, Barbara Corcoran, Hugh MacLeod, Hugh Howey, Chip and Dan Heath, and many more. He has run the campaigns to launch dozens of bestselling books and built and sold two companies. He works with his friend and editor Shawn Coyne at Story Grid Universe where they help writers tell better stories.
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Click on the pic to read the Red State Action Alert! ( h/t to our nonnymouse)
Now I'm not about to get into the debate whether eliminating all earmarks altogether would be a good or bad thing, but I must question the timing of Red State's concern all of a sudden about pork or the Constitution though. I mean, why didn't they ever make this argument during the first 6 years of Bush's term? And if they're going to suddenly discover the Constitution, why not start with other pressing problems like habeas corpus, torture, signing statements, ... ? /sigh
The village Republicans have been torn lately over their love of pork and the idea that they might have to share so much of it now with the Democratic majority. So now their nutroots are clamoring to scream foul over earmarks even though the Democrats have cut earmarks back by almost half since the GOP majority had their way with the purse. I will say this much though. Apparently the wingers may be right about one point. The nonpartisan Congressional Research Service took a look at earmarks and they found that "the president possesses the necessary legal and constitutional authority to issue such an executive order" although the CRS essentially advises the president not to do so.
Apparently if Bush decides to start ignoring earmarks just because they are contained in nonbinding report language, it would be another example of his administration's willingness to test the outer limits of executive power.
And in addition to starting an all-out war with Congress over constitutional spending authorities, it might just encourage lawmakers to put all those earmarks directly into the binding portions of the spending laws.
So if that's true, this rightwing "action alert" is probably much ado about nothing except to shake the base and pretend that they are fiscally conservative after all, but there is one thing I'd still reeeally like to know - Which one of you "leftist code monkeys" set up Red State's subscription-based email list and taught the idiot wingnuts how to use it? Fess up!


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- *Corresponding Author:
- A. V. Jithan
Department of Pharmaceutics, Mother Teresa College of Pharmacy, NFC Nagar, RR Dist-501 301, India
E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
Date of Submission | 3 May 2013 |
Date of Revision | 4 December 13 |
Date of Acceptance | 12 December 13 |
Indian J Pharm Sci, 2014;76(1):62-71 |
The objective of this study was to prepare and characterise nevirapine nanosuspensions so as to improve the dissolution rate of nevirapine. Nevirapine is a nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor of immunodeficiency virus type-1 and it is poorly water-soluble antiretroviral drug. The low solubility of nevirapine can lead to decreased and variable oral bioavailability. Nanosuspension can overcome the oral bioavailability problem of nevirapine. Nevirapine nanosuspensions were prepared using nanoedge method. The suspensions were stabilised using surfactants Lutrol F 127 or Poloxamer 407 and hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose. The nanosuspension was characterised for particle size, polydispersibility index, crystalline state, particle morphology, in vitro drug release and pharmacokinetics in rats after oral administration. The results support the claim for the preparation of nanosuspensions with enhanced solubility and bioavailability.
Nanoedge method, Polydispersibility index, AIDS, Nanosuspension, in vitro drug release, Pharmacokinetic study
Modification and improvement of solubility has been attempted with much success for the development of effective drug formulation [1]. This is especially true for Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS) class II drugs. Compounds exhibiting dissolution rate-limited bioavailability are considered class II according to the BCS classification and these compounds have low and variable bioavailability. The solubility of these drug candidates can be enhanced using suitable conventional formulation strategies, which include cosolvents, milling techniques, super critical processing, solid dispersions, including complexation and precipitation techniques [2]. There still remains an unmet need to equip the pharmaceutical industry with tools to effectively enhance the solubility of BCS class II compounds. With particle engineering technologies, the solubility can be enhanced. Nanosuspension technology is one such technique. With decrease in size, the surface area increases and thereby improved solubility can be achieved. In this regard, nanoscale formulations have attracted attention of various pharmaceutical scientists and these products especially, nanosuspensions, demonstrated clinical and market success [3]. The reduction of drug particles to nanosize leads to a significant increase in the dissolution rate, solubility and therefore enhances bioavailability. Nanosuspensions lead to a reduction in the particle size and/or can transform drugs from a crystalline to an amorphous state and thereby enhance the dissolution rate and solubility [4]. Variability of fedfasted state bioavailability with nanosuspension formulation can be reduced. Increase in saturation solubility is achieved with nanosuspenions by an increase in dissolution rate of the compound. There is an increase in bioavailability due to increased dissolution rate, solubility as well as increased surface area with nanosuspensions [5]. There can be a greater increase in the bioavailability with nanosuspensions compared with micronisation, another technique commonly used in industry to enhance the solubility and dissolution rate by the way of reducing the surface area.
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a serious disease afflicting several populations of the world. Several classes of the drugs are used in the treatment of AIDS. Of these, nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) are a specific class of antiAIDS drugs [6]. Some of the NNRTIs use is limited due to low bioavailability resulting from dissolution rate-limited bioavailability. Their bioavailability can be improved by formulating as nanosuspensions [4]. In this study we chose nevirapine, a BCS class II NNRTI with undesirable solubility and dissolution kinetics from the dosage form. Its solubility in neutral pH is about 0.1 mg/ml. Although the drug appears to be well absorbed orally, at higher doses, its bioavailability is low and variable [7]. On occasions it is administered as 200 mg twice daily. Increasing the dose to 400 mg to provide once daily dosing resulted in variable bioavailability profiles [8]. This has been attributed to its limited solubility and dissolution rate-limited absorption. Developing novel nanosuspension formulations might help reduce this variability in bioavailability. Although once a day sustained release (SR) formulations have been developed by several groups to solve this problem [9-11], these formulations are not practical for paediatric use. Nevirapine is available as oral tablets as well as oral paediatric suspension. These conventional formulations of nevirapine were approved during 1996-98 [6]. Later on, extended release formulations were also approved for clinical use. Clinical trials conducted during the beginning of this century proved that it is better than indinavir, nelfinavir and efavirenz. Because of its high potency, no food effect, low pill burden and low cost, combination of nevirapine with other antiAIDS drugs has been used as the first line therapy in developing countries [12]. The innovator of this product is Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, USA and patents with conventional dosage form have already been expired and currently several generic products are available in the USA and other regulated markets. Challenges still remain in the area of research for developing products of nevirapine to further enhance its solubility and reduce fluctuations in bioavailability. A nanosuspension can be one of such products, which can increase the bioavailability upon oral administration better than the marketed oral suspension, leading to increased in vivo efficacy. This type of approach has been previously reported for other drugs [13] as well as for nevirapine. In this study, nevirapine nanosuspensions were prepared and investigated for improved macrophage delivery after i.v. administration [14]. However, nevirapine nanosuspensions for oral delivery were not previously investigated. The nano formulations prepared in this study are mainly intended for paediatric purposes. The objective of the present study was to prepare and characterise nevirapine nanosuspensions intended for enhancement in oral bioavailability and compare the improvement with already existing marketed nevirapine oral suspension. Nanosuspensions of nevirapine were prepared using nanoedge technique and then they were subjected to in vitro and in vivo characterisation [4,15].
Materials and Methods
Nevirapine, poloxamer 407 were obtained from Hetero Labs (Hyderabad, India) hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) was obtained from Merck India Ltd. (Mumbai). Sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS), Poloxamer were obtained from Hi Media Laboratories (Mumbai, India). Tween 80 and dichloromethane were obtained from S. D. Fine-Chem. Ltd. (Mumbai, India). PVPK30 and carboxymethylcellulose were obtained from Merck India.
Preparation of nanosuspensions
Nanosuspensions were prepared using nanoedge method [4]. Initially nevirapine solubility studies in various solvents were performed to select a suitable solvent to be used in the formulation. The solvents used were ethanol, methanol, dichloromethane, isopropanol, acetone and ethyl acetate. To dissolve nevirapine, a cyclo mixture and a sonicator were used. Dichloromethane showed good solubility of 10 mg/ml. Hence dichloromethane was chosen as the solvent.
The method of preparation has two steps, first, precipitation using the solvent evaporation technique and second, high-pressure homogenisation. In the first step, the drug was dissolved in the solvent at room temperature. This solution was added drop wise using a syringe needle into different volumes of water containing different amounts of surfactant on a magnetic stirrer. Stirring was performed at room temperature and volatile solvents were allowed to evaporate. Stirring was kept for 3 h leading to precipitation of nanosuspension of the drug. A variety of nanosuspension formulations were prepared using different surfactants and other excipients (Table 1). The nanosuspension from step I was homoginised using Diax 900 homogeniser (Heidolph, Germany) for 5 min and the above prepared suspension was then subjected to sonication for 20 min using an ultrasonicator (Probe 12 T, Bandelin). This suspension was then passed through high-pressure homogenisation in for 10 cycles at 10 000 psi Using Emulsiflex-c5 HPH.
Ingredient | F1 | F2 | F3 | F4 | F5 | F6 | F7 |
Nevirapine (mg) | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
DCM (ml) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Tween 80 (ml) | 2 | ‑ | ‑ | ‑ | ‑ | ‑ | ‑ |
Lutrol F 68 (mg) | ‑ | 30 | ‑ | ‑ | ‑ | ‑ | ‑ |
Lutrol F 127 (mg) | ‑ | ‑ | 30 | ‑ | ‑ | ‑ | ‑ |
HPMC (mg) | ‑ | ‑ | ‑ | 30 | ‑ | ‑ | ‑ |
SLS (mg) | ‑ | - | ‑ | ‑ | 30 | ‑ | ‑ |
PVP K30 (mg) | ‑ | - | ‑ | ‑ | - | 30 | ‑ |
Water (ml) | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
DCM=Dichloromethane, HPMC=hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, SLS=sodium lauryl sulphate, PVP=polyvinyl pyrrolidine
Table 1: Various Nevirapine Nanosuspensions And Their Compositions
Characterisation of nanosuspensions
Particle size, surface morphology, crystallinity, saturation solubility and in vitro release profile of the nanosuspensions prepared were evaluated [15]. A photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS) on a submicron particle size analyser (N4 plus, Beckman-Coulter) at a scattering angle of 90° was used at 20° to determine the particle size. Surface morphology was determined using a scanning electron microscope. Briefly, a concentrated aqueous suspension was spread over a slab and dried under vacuum. The sample was shadowed with 20 nm thick gold layer in a cathodic evaporator. Photographs were taken using a JSM-5200 Scanning Electron Microscope (Tokyo, Japan) operated at 20 kV. Dried nevirapine nanosuspensions were analysed for crystallinity using the differential scanning calorimeter (DSC Q10, TA Instruments). Approximately 4-5 mg of each sample was sealed in a standard aluminium pan with lid. The temperature range of measurement was 200-250° and the heat flow rate was set to 10°/min. To determine saturation solubility of nanosuspensions in 0.1 N HCl, samples were subjected for shaking in screw-capped vials for 24 h. Samples were withdrawn and filtered through 0.22 micron membrane filters and analysed by ultraviolet (UV) for drug content. An in vitro drug release study was performed for all the formulations, marketed suspension and pure nevirapine powder using USP Type II dissolution apparatus (paddle) under the following conditions; dissolution medium 900 ml of 0.1 N HCl, rotation speed 50 rpm, temperature 37±0.5º. Sampling volume was 5 ml and sampling time chosen was 5, 10, 15, 30, 45 and 60 min. Samples were withdrawn using a 0.22 micron syringe filter. It was ensured that the particles are not taken up into the syringe. As the average particle size was more than the filter size, we assumed that only the dissolved drug was taken for analysis. Sink condition was maintained by replacing the volume equivalent to the quantity removed with fresh dissolution medium.
Pharmacokinetic study
The studies were conducted with prior approval of the Institutional Animal Ethical Committee (IAEC/04/ UCPSC/HETRO). Healthy male Wistar rats (weighing 190-220 g) were procured and divided into two groups containing six animals each, group 1 and group 2, which were orally administered with an optimised nanosuspension formulation prepared with Lutrol and a marketed nevirapine suspension (Veramune) at a dose of 50 mg/kg with the help of rat oral feeding tube, respectively.
At appropriate predetermined time intervals after oral administration, blood samples were collected (0.33, 0.66, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9 and 12 h) by retro-orbital venous plexus puncture. The ethylenediamine tetracetic acid (EDTA) and blood samples were allowed to centrifuge for 10 min at 3000 rpm. The serum was separated and transferred into clean micro centrifuge tubes and stored at −20° until high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. The drug was then extracted. Briefly, to 100 μl of serum, 100 μl of internal standard was added and 100 μl of mobile phase and 200 μl of cold methanol was added and vortexed for 1 min and centrifuged at 3500 rpm for 15 min. Then supernatant was transferred to 2-ml Eppendorf tubes, 0.6 ml of dichloromethane was added and vortexed for 1 min followed by centrifugation at 10 000 rpm for 10 min. Exactly 20 μl of the supernatant sample was spiked onto the HPLC system for analysis. Nevirapine was quantified in rat plasma using a HPLC assay. The HPLC equipment consisted of a quaternary pump spectra system P4000, an auto sampler spectra system and a spectrophotometric detector. Hibar R 150.4,6 Purospher R STAR RP-18e (5 μm) column was used. The pharmacokinetic parameters of individual rats for optimised nevirapine nanosuspension and marketed suspension were calculated by noncompartmental estimations using Kinetica 2000 software. The statistical comparison of data was done by Student Unpaired t-test at significance level of P-value <0.05 using GraphPad Prism (version 5.0, 2007).
Results and Discussion
Several formulations of nevirapine nanosuspensions (F1-F7) with different compositions were successfully prepared using nanoedge technique. The formulations are listed in Table 1. Formulation F5 and F6 used SLS and PVP K30 as the stabilisers of nanosuspensions. These formulations forms floccules immediately and after certain time they began to settle. The suspensions did not redisperse after shaking [16]. The other formulations, which were prepared by precipitation, followed by homogenisation were characterised for particle size after the step I (precipitation). The particle size was measured using an optical microscope. The particle sizes of F1, F2, F3, F4, F7 were 2.6, 3.1, 0.89, 0.98, 1.92 μm, respectively. The formulations, which used HPMC (F4), Lutrol F 127 (F3) and there combination (F7), showed good particle size, whereas the particles prepared using Tween 80 and Lutrol F 68 demonstrated higher size. The nanosuspensions F3, F4 and F7 were further taken to the homogenisation, sonication and high-pressure homogenisation steps. The particle size and polydispersity index (PDI) at the end of preparation of the suspensions is shown in Table 2. Comparison of mean size and PDI of nevirapine nanosuspension was done during various step of processing initially after homogenisation at 12 000 rpm for 5 min then sonication for 20 min followed by high pressure homogenisation 10 cycles at 10 000 psi. During various stages of the processing there was a decrease in particle size (Table 2). Formulation F3 stabilised using Lutrol F 127 has shown lesser particle size and PDI compared with other formulations and was further taken for characterisation and animal studies. Scanning electron microscope pictures of this optimised formulation indicated that the particles are spherical (fig. 1).
Formulation | Homogenisation at 12 000 rpm for 5 min | Homogenisation sonication for 20 min | High‑pressure homogenisation 10 cycles at 10 000 psi | |||
Size (nm) | PDI | Size (nm) | PDI | Size (nm) | PDI | |
The mean size and polydispersity index (PDI) of nevirapine nanosuspensions prepared by high‑speed homogenisation followed by sonication and high‑pressure homogenisation were compared. The data is expressed as mean±SD for n=3
Table 2: Comparison Of Mean Size And Pdi Of Nevirapine Nanosuspensions
DSC studies were used to characterise the physical state of the drug in various formulations. Thermogram of pure nevirapine and optimised nevirapine nanosuspension using various excipients formulation has shown various peaks at different temperature points. The thermograms are shown in fig. 2. Pure drug has shown a peak at 229°. Nanosuspension prepared using HPMC has shown peak at 226.53° while formulation containing Lutrol F 127 has shown peak at 225.43°. The results suggested no change in melting endotherm, which was present in all the samples tested. There was a slight change in melting temperatures of the drug formulated into nanosuspensions with surfactant and stabiliser but melting endotherm is strong in both the cases and it is stronger than that of the pure drug. Thus, it can be inferred that the drug was not converted either fully or partly into amorphous state upon formulation into nanosuspension in the case of optimised formulation. As the concentration of Lutrol F127 in the formulation might be very low, we did not observe a melting endotherm for this excipient. Saturation solubility was determined for each of the optimised nanosuspensions, pure drug and the marketed formulation. The data is presented in Table 3. From the results we observe that the formulation using Lutrol F 127 has demonstrated higher saturation solubility value compared with marketed suspension. Drug release was studied with optimised formulation and compared with that of the pure drug as well as marketed suspension. The data indicates that the drug release from the optimised formulation was higher when compared with pure drug as well as the marketed suspension (fig. 3). Since there is an increase in the dissolution rate and saturation solubility without any change of physical state to amorphous form, it can be concluded that the enhancement in the dissolution as well as saturation solubility are due to nanonisation and not due to the conversion to a different physical state.
Formulation code | Saturation solubility in 0.1 N HCl (mg/ml) |
Pure drug | 0.41±0.03 |
Marketed suspension | 0.72±0.04 |
Saturation solubility comparisons of pure drug, marketed suspension and nevirapine nanosuspension formulations prepared by high speed homogenisation followed by sonication, data is expressed as mean±standard deviations for n=3
Table 3: Saturation Solubility Of Pure Drug, Marketed Suspension And Nevirapine Nanosuspension Formulations
After demonstrated improved results with optimised formulations, these were further taken for animal studies to determine the comparative profiles in vivo. HPLC method to determine the drug levels in the plasma was developed. The following are the optimised parameters: mobile phase: 0.015 M phosphate buffer (pH 3.8 with OPA, 88%): acetonitrile (12%); flow rate: 1 ml/min; column: Hibar R 150-4, 6 Purospher STAR RP-18e (5 μm); column temperature: 30°; UV-detection at: 254 nm; detector sensitivity: 0.0005 AUFS; injection volume: 20 μl; retention time: 7.6 min. The chromatogram obtained is shown in fig. 4. Plasma profiles show that formulated nevirapine nanosuspension has good mean serum concentration than that of marketed suspension (fig. 5). Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined for individual groups and these are tabulated. It was found that optimised nanosuspension formulation showed high Cmax and area under the curve (AUC) values of 2.88±0.380 and 10.64±1.697 when compared with marketed suspension, which showed lower Cmax and AUC values of 1.86±0.417 and 6.07±0.71, respectively, and there is statistically significant difference between Cmax and AUC of the nanosuspension and marketed suspension was observed. Mean residence time (MRT) and t1/2 of optimised nanosuspension (4.17±0.322 and 2.92 h) showed no significant difference with that of marketed suspension (4.27±0.295 and 2.62 h). Tmax of both formulations was found to be the same and it was 1.5 h for each individual rat. The bioavailability of F3 nanosuspension was found to be increased by 1.752 times than that of Veramune and the relative bioavailability was 175.2% to that of marketed suspension (Table 4).
Parameter | Marketed suspension (Veramune) | Optimised formulation (F3) |
Cmax (µg/ml) | 1.87±0.417 | 2.87±0.3 |
tmax (h) | 1.5±0.0 | 1.5±0.0 |
AUC0‑12 (µg/ml) h | 6.06±0.71 | 10.64±1.697 |
t1/2 (h) | 2.62±0.370 | 2.93±0.465 |
MRT (h) | 4.27±0.295 | 4.17±0.322 |
Pharmacokinetic parameters of the optimised nevirapine nanosuspension F3 and the marketed suspension, Veramune were compared. Data is expressed as mean±standard deviations for n=6
Table 4: Comparison Of The Pharmacokinetic Parameters
Generic product development is a challenging task. Matching or excelling the innovator product in terms of various parameters is the criteria for the development of better and improved generic products. In this regard, dissolution and bioavailability are main selection parameters for product development of generics [17]. This is especially true for oral products whether tablets or suspensions. Formulation development studies were conducted in this work so as to aid in the development of newer proprietary formulations or better generic alternative for nevirapine, an antihuman immunodeficiency virus (antiHIV) drug mainly intended for paediatric use. The formulations developed in this study can also be further used in other population after transforming and formulating into a better tablet that can be given once a day with a 400-mg dose rather than use a complicated extended release dosage form. Nanosuspensions of nevirapine were investigated in this study so as to enhance the oral bioavailability. A nanosuspension is a submicron colloidal dispersion of drug particles stabilised by surfactants. The general particle size is in the range of <1 μm. The crystallinity of the drug is generally maintained while the dissolution rate is enhanced because of increased surface area. This enhancement in dissolution rate generally results in enhancement in bioavailability and reduces variability in bioavailability after oral administration [5]. It can also increase the saturation solubility. Further, if the drug is converted to amorphous form in the process of development of nanosuspension, the bioavailability is further enhanced. The issue of improving stability of an amorphous nanosuspension that can be incorporated either in to tablets or marketed as such has to be addressed at this stage in order to develop better formulations when compared with formulations developed using drug molecules as they are. However, in this study, crystalline nanosuspensions rather than amorphous nanosuspensions were formed with the process we used. This was confirmed using DSC thermograms. The pure drug gave a pure melting endotherm at its melting point. Further, the pure drug when processed to form a nanosuspension using same technique as used for the optimised nanosuspension in the presence of HPMC as stabiliser and DSC was performed, although there was a change in the melting point, a sharp endotherm resulted. This indicates that there is no formation of amorphous drug in the process of preparation of nanosuspension. When DSC was performed over optimised nanosuspension very similar results were obtained, suggesting that there is no formation of amorphous drug in the process. Such a conclusion is made because amorphous forms of drugs do not show a strong endotherm at the melting point. Further, we found that the heat of fusion is definitely higher for the nanosuspension compared with the pure drug corroborating the fact that there is no formation of amorphous nanosuspension in the process. Such an interpretation was previously made in the literature [18]. We can also conclude that although the process is affecting the melting point, the surfactant and stabiliser are not influencing the melting endotherm of the drug. Although a modulated DSC can be used to further elucidate the results, we thought that the data from simple DSC is strong enough to conclude the fact. Thus, this result clearly suggests that it was the reduction of the size of the particles in the nanorange that is leading to enhanced dissolution rate, solubility and bioavailability, and not because of conversion of drug into amorphous drug. Thus, increase in surface area for the drug is leading to enhanced bioavailability. Similar results were previously reported in the literature by taking solid dispersions of nevirapine [19,20]. Several studies clearly indicated that formation of solid dispersions increases the dissolution rate, solubility and bioavailability for this drug. In fact solid dispersions enhance the apparent surface area of the drug and leads to enhanced bioavailability. Thus, from our studies and earlier studies with solid dispersions, it can be clearly concluded that increase in surface area for nevirapine can result in enhanced bioavailability of the drug. In case of parenteral administration, the Cmax of the drug in the plasma can be enhanced with nanosuspensions while targeting into tumours by passive targeting can be achieved by enhanced penetration retention mechanism. The nanosuspensions can be administered using other routes of administration such as ocular, pulmonary, topical with added advantages. Currently several nanosuspension products are available in the market. This clearly indicates their success in patient treatment.
Nanosuspensions are prepared using either bottom up technology or top down technology. In bottom up technology, the particles are prepared from solution form as the starting point. In top down technology, larger particles are broken down to smaller particles of nanosize such as done in any of the milling techniques [21]. In this study, nevirapine nanosuspensions were prepared using nanoedge technology. It is a combination of both bottom up and top down technologies [4]. In the initial step, particles were formed by precipitation technique. The size of these particles was further reduced with ultrasonication and homogenisation techniques. A variety of solvents can be used in the precipitation technique. Nevirapine nanosuspensions were successfully prepared using the techniques used in this study. A suitable solvent should be selected so that suspensions in nanosize can be obtained. In this study, different solvents have been investigated for their suitability in the preparation of nanosuspensions by precipitation technique. After a few trials, dichloromethane was considered suitable for nevirapine. The antisolvent was water. The next criterion in the formulation development is the use of stabilisers. Stabilisers play an important role in the formulation development of nanosuspensions. Without stabilisers, the high surface energy of nanoparticles can lead to agglomeration or aggregation. Stabilisers are also used for wetting the drug and prevent Ostwald ripening. This results in the preparation of stable nanosuspensions [22]. In this study, different stabilisers such as Tween 80, Lutrol F68, Lutrol F 127, HPMC, SLS and PVP K30 were investigated for suitability to prepare physically stable nanosuspensions. HPMC and Lutrol 127 were found to be suitable stabilisers for nevirapine nanosuspensions. The optimised formulation containing these stabilisers was further investigated. The solid state of the drug at the end of preparation of nanosuspensions was investigated using DSC. The results indicate no change in crystallinity as indicated by the presence of drug peaks in the thermograms of nanosuspensions. Saturation solubility of optimised nanosuspension was determined and was compared with that of the pure drug. The results suggest that the saturation solubility of nevirapine was enhanced with nanosuspension technology. Several reports previously demonstrated an enhancement of saturated solubility with nanosuspensions [23]. Subsequently, in vitro release of different formulation of nevirapine, namely, nanosuspensions, pure drug and marketed formulation were investigated. Nanosuspensions demonstrated improved in vitro release compared with that of marketed oral suspensions and pure drug. The dissolution of the drug from marketed formulation is significantly lower compared with that of pure drug. This could be attributed to the polymers used as stabilisers to form the suspensions. Literature clearly indicates that the use of sodium CMC and HPMC as suspending agent clearly reduces the dissolution of the drugs [24]. In the marketed formulation we used in this study, Carbomer 934P is used as the suspending agent. Although from literature review, we have not come across reports indicating reduced dissolution of the drug with this polymer, the reason for reduced dissolution of the drug in our study can be attributed to this polymer. Also, the release profiles of the nanoformulation prepared using different stabilisers have been compared. The results demonstrate better results with optimised formulation that was stabilised with Lutrol F127 when compared with those prepared using HPMC. Further, saturation solubility in both cases is similar. Thus, we considered the formulation with Lutrol F127 as optimised formulation and used it for conducting in vivo bioavailability. In vivo bioavailability studies with nanosuspensions were performed to understand the use of nanosuspensions as generic alternate for oral suspensions of nevirapine. Bioavailability studies indicated that the optimised nanosuspension formulation for nevirapine in this study is better when compared with marketed formulation Veramune in terms of drug absorption.
Nanosuspensions improved the oral bioavailability of nevirapine when compared with that of oral suspensions. This suggests that an alternate novel formulation with improvement in oral bioavailability has been developed for this drug. Alternatively, from the results of this study it could be concluded that this formulation can be developed into an improved generic formulation or a proprietary formulation for this drug. Previously, several studies developed a variety of novel formulations for improvement in the oral bioavailability of nevirapine. For instance, Sowjanya et al. [25] developed floating drug delivery systems for nevirapine so as to improve the oral bioavailability. Das et al. [26] enhanced solubility and dissolution rate of nevirapine using solid dispersion technique. The study suggested that the bioavailability of this drug could be enhanced with the use of solid dispersions. Although ample research has been conducted to enhance the bioavailability of drugs using solid dispersions, there are only seven solid dispersions that have moved forward into the market till 2009 without a great success [27]. The current research towards this approach is to develop improved amorphous solid dispersions. However, we preferably used nanosuspension technology in this study instead of solid dispersions since we believe that nanotechnology is a smarter technology [28] and also due to our experience in this technology. Although floating drug delivery systems could be used in the enhancement of bioavailability of nevirapine, their practical utilisation is a question mark. For instance, in the past, various gastro retentive drug delivery systems have been developed but market success of these formulations is very low [29]. Co-crystals of nevirapine were also investigated [30,31]. In these studies it was found that the solubility of nevirapine was increased several times with co-crystals. Although co-crystals are better than amorphous solid dispersions in terms of stability, co-crystals still have certain demerits. The preferred co-crystal not only should improve the physical properties but also contain a pharmaceutically acceptable conformer that is nontoxic, has high weight percentage of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) compared with conformer, be chemically stable under different conditions, should be amenable to low cost manufacture using existing technologies and should remain stable over the shelf for desired periods. We consider nanosuspensions are ideal novel alternative formulations for nevirapine either to make better paediatric generics in the form of suspension or tablets that can be used as an alternative to once a day nevirapine SR formulation. As this study generated crystalline nanosuspensions, we believe that the technology can be taken further for production and marketing without compromising on the physical stability. Thus this study generated better generic alternate to available oral formulations in the market or proprietary products. Although the present study is aimed at developing generic alternative to nevirapine, it has the potential to provide impetus for the development of novel and improved formulations for antiretroviral drugs. For instance, Werling et al. reported, in their patent application, the use of nanosuspension of antiretroviral agents for increased central nervous system delivery [32]. Similarly, several groups are working on developing better formulations for antiretroviral drugs [33]. Thus, our study also provides technical and research leads to such studies.
The authors Anju Raju and A. Jagadeesh Reddy thank M/s. Hetero Labs for providing necessary facilities utilised in carrying out parts of the work. The authors, A. V. Jithan, Anju Raju and J. Satheesh would like to acknowledge the Management of Mother Teresa College of Pharmacy for providing necessary facilities for carrying out the work and for writing of the manuscript. A. V. Jithan and J. Satheesh would like to acknowledge Nanomission, Department of Science and Technology, Government of India for partially funding this work. J. Satheesh is a Junior Research Fellow supported under this project by DST.
- Beg S, Swain S, Rizwan M, Irfnuddin M, Malini DS. Bioavailability enhancement strategies: Basics, formulation approaches and regulatory considerations. Curr Drug Deliv 2011;8:691-702.
- Buckley ST, Frank KJ, Fricker G, Brandl M. Biopharmaceutical classification of poorly soluble drugs with respect to "enabling formulations". Eur J Pharm Sci 2013;50:8-16.
- Chavhan SS, Petkar KC, Sawant KK. Nanosuspensions in drug delivery: Recent advances, patent scenarios, and commercialization aspects. Crit Rev Ther Drug 2011;28:447-88.
- Raval AJ, Patel MJ. Preparation and characterization for solubility and dissolution rate enhancement of meloxicam. Int Res J Pharm Sci 2011;1:42-9.
- Liu Y, Xie P, Zhang D, Zhang Q. A minireview of nanosuspensions development. J Drug Target 2012;20:209-23.
- Ena J, Amador C, Benito C, Pasquau F. Pharmacological and clinical evidence of nevirapine immediate- and extended-release formulations. HIV AIDS (Auck) 2012;4:169-79.
- Sarkar M, Perumal OP, Panchagnula R. Solid-state characterization of nevirapine. Indian J Pharm Sci 2008;70:619-30.
- Kappelhoff BS, Huitema AD, van Leth F, Robinson PA, MacGregor TR, Lange JM, et al. Pharmacokinetics of nevirapine: Once-daily versus twice-daily dosing in the 2NN study. HIV Clin Trials 2005;6:254-61.
- Bogner JR. Nevirapine extended-release for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. Expert Rev AntiinfectTher 2012;10:21-30.
- Heil EL, Corbett AH. Guidelines for the use of extended-release nevirapine in HIV-injected patients.ExpOpinPharmacother 2011;12:2713-8.
- Arasteh K, Ward D, Plettenberg A, Livrozet JM, Orkin C, Cordes C, et al. Twenty-four-week efficacy and safety of switching virologically suppressed HIV-1-injected patients from nevirapine immediate release 200 mg twice daily to nevirapine extended release 400 mg once daily (TRANxITION). HIV Med 2012;13:236-44.
- Grob PM, Wu JC, Cohen KA, Rngraham RH, Shih CK, Hargrave KD, et al. Nonnucleoside inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase: Nevirapine as a prototype drug. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1992;8:145-52.
- Kassem MA, Abdel Rahman AA, Ghorab MM, Ahmed MB, Khalil RM. Nanosuspension as an ophthalmic delivery system for certain glucocorticoid drugs. Int J Pharm 2007;340:126-33.
- Shegokar R, Singh KK. Nevirapinenanosuspensions for HIV reservoir targeting.Pharmazie 2011;66:408-15.
- Tian X, Li H, Zhang D, Liu G, Jia L, Zheng D, et al. Nanosuspension for parenteral delivery of a p-terphenyl derivative: Preparation, characteristics and pharmacokinetic studies. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2013;108:29-33.
- Abdelbary AA, Li X, El-Nabarawi M, Elassasy A, Jasti B. Effect of fixed aqueous layer thickness of polymeric stabilizers on zeta potential and stability of aripiprazolenanosuspensions. Pharm DevTechnol 2013;18:730-5.
- 17. Pathak SM, Aggarwal D, Venkateswarlu V. Establishmentof in vitro-in vivo equivalence of highly variable drugs -a generic product development perspective. Pharm DevTechnol 2014;19:401-10.
- Singh AK. Evaluation of orlistat solid dispersion using poloxomer 188 as hydrophilic carrier.Sch Res J 2011;1:48-51.
- Datta A, Ghosh NS, Ghosh S, Tapobana S, Samantha T, Das RC. Enhancement of solubility and dissolution profile of nevirapine by solid dispersion technique.Int J Chem Res 2011;2:53-8.
- Lokamatha KM, Shanta Kumar SM, Rao NR. Enhancement of solubility and dissolution rate of nevirapine by solid dispersion technique using dextran: Preparation and in vitro evaluation. Dig J NanomaterBiostruct 2010;6:135-42.
- Verma S, Gokhale R, Burgess DJ. A comparative study of top-down and bottom-up approaches for the preparation of micro/nanosuspensions.Int J Pharm 2009;380:216-22.
- Patravale VB, Date AA, Kulkarni RM. Nanosuspensions: A promising drug delivery strategy. J Pharm Pharmacol 2004;56:827-40.
- Thakkar HP, Patel BV, Thakkar SP. Development and characterization of nanosuspensions of olmesartanmedoxomil for bioavailability enhancement. J Pharm BioalliedSci 2011;3:426-34.
- Howard SA, Mauger J, Hsieh JW, Amin K. Suspending agent effects on steroid suspension dissolution profiles. J Pharm Sci 1979;68:1475-9.
- Sowjanya K, ShobaDeepthi K, Bharathi A. Formulation and evaluation of gastro-retentive floating matrix tablets of nevirapine. Int J Pharm PharmSci 2012;4:368-75.
- Das SK, Roy S, Kalimuthu, Y, Khannam J, Nanda A. Solid dispersions: An approach to enhance the bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. Int J Pharmacol Pharm Tech 2012;1:37-46.
- Janssens S, Mooter GV. Review: physical chemistry of solid dispersions. J Pharm Pharmacol 2009;61:1571-86.
- Jithan AV, Madhavi K, Madhavi M, Prabhakar K. Preparation and characterization of albumin nanoparticles encapsulating curcumin intended for the treatment of breast cancer. Int J Pharm Investig 2011;1:119-25.
- Pawar VK, Kansal S, Asthana S, Chourasia MK. Industrial perspective of gastroretentive drug delivery systems: Physicochemical, biopharmaceutical, technological and regulatory consideration. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2012;9:551-65.
- Caira MR, Bourne SA, Samsodien H, Engel E, Liebenberg W, Stieger N, et al. Co-crystals of the antiretroviral nevirapine: Crystal structures, thermal analysis and dissolution behavior. CrystEngComm 2012;14:2541-51.
- Gajar PP, Kokil AA, Karekar PS, Gurav YA, Yadav AV. Improvement in physicochemical properties of nevirapine co-crystals. Int J Pharm Technol 2013;4:4831-42.
- Werling J, Chaubal M, Kipp J, Rabinow B. Nanosuspensions of anti-retroviral agents for increased central nervous system delivery. US Patent Application No. US200502002094.
- Swindells S, Flexner C, Fletcher CV, Jacobson JM. The critical need for alternative antiretroviral formulations and obstacles and their development. J Infect Dis 2011:204:669-74.


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Simon Davies has challenged his Fulham team-mates to replicate last season's fine finish and push on into the top half of the Premier League table.
The Welsh midfielder admits that the Whites have failed to find their best form during this campaign, which has been disrupted by injuries and an early start to the campaign caused by their participation in the Europa League. Confidence was dented by Fulham's early exit from that competition but Davies, now restored to full fitness after his own injury problems, believes Martin Jol's side can power their way up the table as Fulham's next few fixtures are winnable.
The 32 year-old revealed that Jol has told his players to target victories in a forthcoming run of games against QPR, Wolves, Aston Villa and Swansea.
The manager did point it out to us that going into these games on the back of a win [over Stoke last weekend] would give us that little bit of extra confidence. We want to really push on and get into the top half of the table with another couple of good results.
We all obviously know it'll be very hard still because they're all fighting for survival down the bottom there but they're games that we have got to be looking to go and take the initiative in. We're obviously above them [QPR, Wolves and Aston Villa] in the table on merit so we've got to go and impose ourselves in those games.
Davies is taking the positive view of Fulham's week-long break – caused by their FA Cup exit at the hands of his old club, Everton.
I think it's always good to get a break. Not just for me but the lads coming off the back of the European games as well – they've had such a tough six months. We've trained well this week but we'll have a couple of days off now and hopefully recharge the batteries and finish the season strongly on the back of it.
He is happy to be back involved in first time action after an injury-ravaged past eighteen months saw him written off by many. Davies has clocked up 210 minutes in Fulham's last three games and is certainly feeling sharper as a result.
Playing games is all part of the building process. You get stronger and stronger the fitter you stay. Those minutes on the pitch will definitely help me and I felt stronger again this week so I'm just trying to get as fit as possible so that if I'm called upon I can do the best I can.


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BKIK makes recommendations for capital's hard-hit tourism industry
The Budapest Chamber of Commerce and Industry (BKIK) has recommended measures Budapest can take to support the struggling tourism and catering industry in a letter sent to mayor Gergely Karácsony, according to a report by state news wire MTI.
Acknowledging the dependency of the city's tourism and catering businesses on foreign visitors, BKIK urged support for travel packages that target Visegrád Group citizens - from the Czech Republic, Poland, and Slovakia - who are exempt, with a negative COVID-19 test, from a general ban on entry by foreigners.
The chamber also proposed reducing or discharging catering establishment rents at premises owned by the city, scrapping fees on outdoor seating, creating new outdoor seating areas by freeing up space normally used for parking, and supporting heating or other investments to make these areas usable in the winter. It recommended exempting guests at restaurants and bars from parking fees.
BKIK urged the city to support renovations of commercial accommodations and catering establishments that stand empty.
It proposed helping tourism and catering sector workers who are out of a job find positions in other sectors where labor is in short supply.
BKIK said it could help the capital set up a business homepage with up-to-date information that supports the operation of companies in the sector.
Producing journalism that is worthy of the name is a costly business. For 27 years, the publishers, editors and reporters of the Budapest Business Journal have striven to bring you business news that works, information that you can trust, that is factual, accurate and presented without fear or favor.
Newspaper organizations across the globe have struggled to find a business model that allows them to continue to excel, without compromising their ability to perform. Most recently, some have experimented with the idea of involving their most important stakeholders, their readers.
We would like to offer that same opportunity to our readers. We would like to invite you to help us deliver the quality business journalism you require. Hit our Support the BBJ button and you can choose the how much and how often you send us your contributions.


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Ex-Racehorses Moonfleet, Stunning, Parklane Hawk, Miner's Frolic, Kilpatrick River, Arctic Soul, Clifton Promise, Ensign, and Five Boys, names that will be familiar to anyone who grew up following the sport of eventing.
Other than their notable successes on the international circuit, these horses all have one thing in common- they were not bred for eventing, and they had already retired once before they walked down the centre line at their first dressage test.
As ex-racehorse lovers cheer on Arctic Soul (and the unraced Star Witness and Classic Moet) around Badminton next week, we look at five reasons why thoroughbreds still excel at eventing.
Speed and Stamina of an ex-racehorse
The switch to short format eventing was regarded by many as the change that would spell the end of blood horses, ushering in a new age of sports horses and continental breeding.
However, many riders still choose to buy thoroughbreds; their notable speed and stamina means that they can hit optimum times, avoid penalties and perform at the top level for three days straight.
National Hunt horses will need retraining to show jump and deal with the technicalities of a cross country course, but having the conformation and ability to cleanly jump puts them at an advantage. A sporting frame and a high muscle mass (55%!) aids the transition to dressage too.
Ex-racehorse early training
The age at which thoroughbreds start their training often sparks criticism both within and outside the equestrian community, but it may play a role in their retirement success.
Although it seems counter-intuitive, a Hartpury College dissertation study highlighted the benefits of horses starting work at an earlier age, reporting that it may contribute to a more successful post-racing eventing career.
Racehorses who run at a young age retire into eventing at the prime of their lives, at peak physiological and cardiorespiratory strength.
Being trained young sets horses up to be mentally and physically strong, so they start eventing ahead of any four year old Dutch warmbloods who have only ever seen the inside of a youngstock grading ring.
A more intelligent horse
We've all seen those memes about brainless warmbloods, and while they may be a generalisation, anyone who's owned an ex-racehorse will tell you that their horse is clever.
Horses that are too intelligent might be difficult (anyone else seen an Arab and its rider have a difference of opinion?), but the thoroughbred strikes the right balance of listening to its rider, and thinking for itself.
That becomes very important when navigating a tricky cross country course; a horse that can work out a line and find a fifth leg is not just a valuable competitive asset but can be safer for the rider.
Dressage is very different to racing, but the quick mind and trainability of the thoroughbred means that they can adapt to a new discipline.
This breed likes trying new things, and eventing has enough variation for horses with a constant need for a new challenge.
Experience from the racing track
Picture a racehorse. It's busy, buzzy, and full of distractions.
A career on the racetrack is the perfect preparation for competition life; ex racehorses are used to crowds, loudspeakers, other horses, and the adrenaline rush of events.
Having been handled from a young age they are usually quiet to shoe and brush, confident travellers, and used to checks from vets, physios, and other equestrian professionals.
These experiences mean that riders can focus on the horse's eventing education, rather than worrying about how they will react to children queuing at an ice cream van.
Rider Preference
Eventing and racing have close links, with personalities such as Tina Cook, Clare Balding, and William Fox-Pitt having connecions to both sports.
This invariably means that horses cross disciplines with their owners and riders, and that many eventers have a soft spot for the thoroughbred.
To commit to mastering three different phases, with three different skill sets, and to repeatedly put yourself in physical danger takes a certain mindset, and it could be argued that the guts that it takes to be an event rider also predisposes one to enjoying the speed, daring, and occasional risk of retraining an ex-racehorse.
Therefore, while the thoroughbred has lots of characteristics that make it a good eventer, rider bias and past exposure plays a part.
Ex-racehorses are a household brand in the event world, and the 5 reasons mentioned in this blog demonstrate why when it comes to the challenging sport of eventing, there's no better type of horse.
Do you event an ex-racehorse? Why did you choose yours, and would you buy another?


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"Real artists ship." If you want to be insanely productive and successful, these are three words you should take to heart. Let's explore this in more detail: a while ago, I was talking to a coaching client, let's call her Taylor (not her real name). Taylor was working on a number of different projects. When I asked her what was holding her back, she mentioned that she usually got her projects almost done and then abandoned them.
As Taylor was talking about how she usually handled projects, it reminded me of a runner who would enter a marathon, cover almost the complete distance, and then drop out a few meters (or a dozen feet) before the finish line.
While almost nobody would do that during a marathon, when it comes to projects, people do this all the time. They give up just before reaching the finish line. They don't ship.
And that's where Steve Job's powerful advice comes in: "Real artists ship." According to Wikiquote, the phrase means that it is important to actually deliver. But let's look at this in more detail.
What does the saying "real artists ship" mean?
The phrase describes the difference between "real artists" who finish their projects and deliver on their ideas and "wannabe artists" who just tinker around.
Basically, it reminds us that it's not just enough to have an idea… you also have to follow through on it and get it out into the world. Basically, be a doer, not just a dreamer.
Why is it important to "ship" (get your project out into the world)?
Before completion, the power of a project remains dormant. It is only through completion that that power gets unlocked.
Also, none of us has forever. That's why it's important to share your gifts as soon as possible.
I talk more about the importance of completing things in this brief video:
(Side note: here's the book I'm referring to in the video.)
Let's explore how you can put this into practice:
How to start "shipping" in 5 steps
Make a list of all your unfinished projects.
Decide which of these you will complete and which you will let go of.
Pick one project to finish first. If in doubt, pick the one that would make the biggest difference for your business or your life. If you're unsure what that is, just start with the first one on your list. (Here's how to overcome analysis paralysis.)
Finish the project and celebrate your accomplishment.
Move on to the next project on the list. Don't start any new projects before finishing old ones.
Be a real artist: stop playing around and start shipping
In his book, "West of Eden: The End of Innocence at Apple Computer," author Frank Rose includes a powerful description of a 1983 speech when Steve Jobs used that phrase:
"…real artists don't hang on to their creations. Real artists ship. Matisse shipped. Picasso shipped. They were going to ship too."
As we all know, the people at Apple Computer shipped. In fact, you might be using products from them right now.
And while I'm not the biggest fan of Apple products, they definitely had follow-through. They were real artists.
The question is: are you? Leave me a comment below!
Let's stay in touch!
Want good things delivered to your inbox? Sign up for my helpful emails. I'll get you started today with a short meditation that can increase your focus in just a few minutes.


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Looking for Light Up Letter Hire Cambridgeshire?
We provide light up letters and numbers hire in Cambridgeshire for weddings, engagements or birthday parties. Check out some of our favourite venues that we've worked with in Cambridgeshire below.
Longstowe Hall
Longstowe Hall is a truly romantic setting for your wedding day. The venue sits within stunning grounds, surrounded by unspoilt countryside and located just ten miles from Cambridge. The charming venue remains a cherished family home and provides the perfect place for your special occasion.
South Farm
On the Cambridgeshire/Hertfordshire border, a unique venue set amongst timber framed barns and host to a rare-breeds farm. South Farm offers a romantic country setting for weddings. Couples can choose from the many locations within the farm such as the Old Dairy, Tudor Barn or Horse Barn.
The Granary Estates
The venue consists of two original barns linked by an open glass walkway with a stunning private courtyard in between. Holding a license for ceremonies, the barns are perfect for intimate celebrations and can also accommodate larger weddings for up to 175 guests.
The Thatch Barn, Yelling
Set within a working farm, the Thatch Barn is Grade II listed with 400 year old oak beams and thatched roof. It offers receptions for up to 100 guests in a tranquil unique setting. The local church The Holy Cross is a 100 metre walk from the barn.


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We have all grown up amidst pop sings and fairytales that are all about love. But the things is, many of them are not about healthy love, but neediness, codependence and toxic relationships.
Let's debunk some of them!
Today: Blinding Lights by The Weeknd
Neediness: that lurking feeling of unrest and needing another person right now, because they may be your only shot at real love. On the other side of the dynamic, a person approaching you with neediness can feel like a vampire, wanting to take what you may not want to give. We all have needs and that is more than okay. Our needs keep us alive! The difference between needs and neediness is a perceived idea of scarcity, as well as a lack of consent.
My friend Steve Pavlina has written a great article on the difference between needs and neediness, explaining how to meet your needs without being needy.
Find the full series of Debunking Lovesongs at our Youtube channel or in the category Debunking Lovesongs in the blog!