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It is hard to beat a good massage! This means that to give one, one must know all there is to know about massages. You also need to know what goes into locating someone that does them correctly. Keep reading to learn all you can about massages and what benefits they can give you.
If you enjoy massages, you should try using massage tools. You can enhance the massage experience when you use tools such as massage balls. The Internet is a good source for these items, or you may find some in local specialty stores. Experiment with the different tools available to determine which one you prefer.
Massage in an area which is free from distraction. It will be quite difficult to relax in an area that is full of traffic noise and quarreling neighbors. A massage will be a lot more enjoyable if the patient is able to fully relax. If you have to, pick a quieter room or different time when the noise isn't so loud. This will help your overall state of mind during the massage.
Set aside any anxiety or self-consciousness about your body when you schedule a massage. Undressing helps a therapist get access to your tight muscles. A well trained masseuse will cover you with a sheet so that you are comfortable during your massage. Relax and don't fret about how they may think of your body.
You should consider getting a good massage therapist who makes house or office calls. Lots of therapists cut out costly overhead by working in clients' homes or offices. A traveling masseuse can save you traveling time and they often cost less.
If you have lots of shoulder tension, use the bear hug technique. Make an X with your arms. Put one hand on each shoulder and rub. It's a great way to get a massage, no matter when and where you may need one.
Use slow movements if you want your massage to be calm and soothing. If you use your thumbs or fingers to apply pressure, try not to wear them out, and provide support using the other fingers and thumb. Take advantage of your body weight as well to fend off fatigue.
Now that you are armed with excellent tips, you are prepared for a great massage. Whether you get or give, a massage will make everyone feel great. Seek out as many massage techniques as you can and you'll be an expert at the art of massage in no time.
Massage Tips That Anyone Can Use Today
The quality of the massage you get or give depends on both the person getting the massage, as well as the therapist. It does not matter if you are getting or receiving the massage; both sides can always use tips to make the experience better. This article contains advice for helping you get a good […]
Have You Been Wanting A Massage? Try These Tips!
Do you want to give home massages? Would you like to know what materials you require? If you are, this article is great for you. Improve your massage technique by applying the tips in this article. Keep reading to learn additional facts and tips related to massages. When going for a massage, keep an open […]
The Basics For Looking For A Professional Massage
Do you wonder how to find a good massage therapist? Would it be a great thing to provide your significant other with an excellent healing massage in the comfort of your own home? If you answered in the affirmative to either question, read on to learn more. Keep reading for some useful tips and tricks […]
Check Out These Excellent Ideas About Massages!
Do you want to know how to give an amazing massage? It's possible to provide a loved one with an incredible massage, as well as enjoy the best one of your life. Keep learning more tricks to help you give the absolute best massages. When getting a massage, be open minded of the process. Try […]


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CAN bus
Open the "Settings" menu and select the "CAN" tab:
Refer to the list and select the parameters whose values you need to display in Omnicomm Online by ticking the box in the 'Use' column appropriately. If you need to add parameter readings from the CAN bus that are missing from this list, go to Omnicomm Configurator and click on 'Add'. You will be taken to the following screen:
Length: Select the data packet length. Here are the available options: 1, 2, 3, or 4 bits; 1, 2, or 4 bytes.
PGN: Enter the parameter group number that determines the content of each specific message according to SAE J1939. You can choose a number from 1 to 262,143.
Offset: Enter the offset value in relation to the basic address of the bit storage area. You can choose values from 0 to 63.
SPN: Enter the parameter code according to SAE J1939. You can choose between values from 0 to 4,294,967,295.
Use: Check if you want the read this parameter from the CAN bus.
Click on "Save".
Connect to the vehicle's CAN bus via the wireless CAN reader (or CAN alligator clip).
When using wireless CAN readers, connect the Terminals according to the diagram below:
Use the "Monitoring" tab to check how the fuel sensor readings are displayed; the available value range is from 0 to 4,095.
If you choose to obtain data on fuel volume in the tank from CAN bus readings, select the "Collect Data During Joilting" Terminal operation mode for the event of ignition "Off".
Otherwise, the fuel chart will display inaccurate information.

subset: commoncrawl


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Made of high-quality, green-impregnated pinewood, this Triple Wheelie Bin shed is very sturdy, durable, and rot-resistant. This Triple Wheelie Bin can hold 3 x 240 L garbage bins (with a maximum height of 115 cm) and will suit your garden décor nicely.
Please note that wood is a natural product and can show imperfections. CARE INSTRUCTIONS : Avoid prolonged exposure to direct sunlight. Avoid common hazards such as aggressive solvents or abrasives. Clean the metal accessories (if any) with mild soap and water and dry well. Do not use a gold cleaner, as this will damage the varnish.Please have a look at our other furniture range. Dimensions of the product: 218.3 x 92.0 x 120.0 cm.
(H x W x D). Suitable for 3 x 240 L wheelie bins / bins with a maximum size of 60 x 75 x 115 cm (W x D x H). Material: Pinewood, green impregnated (rot-resistant).
3 front doors to easily remove the bins. Front locks to keep the doors securely shut. Individually lifting lids for easy access to the bins for depositing rubbish.
Instruction manual and assembly screws are included. We reserve the right to cancel any orders were it is subsequently found that posting the item would breach local postal restrictions or laws. This helps us keep our ratings high and ultimately our prices low. We do not offer collection on any of our items as no stock is held at our registered company address. Orders will be fulfilled by our own warehouse or a 3rd party supplier at our discretion.Perishable food items are also excluded from return. It is not our intention to mislead buyers into purchasing our items, so please read title and description carefully. We promise to do everything possible to put things right for you. The item "Triple Wheelie Bin Wooden Storage Shed Gardage Bins Lid Garden Outdoor Rubbish" is in sale since Saturday, July 10, 2021. This item is in the category "Garden & Patio\Garden Structures & Shade\Sheds, Summerhouses & Carports".
The seller is "midlands-bargains" and is located in Birmingham. This item can be shipped to United Kingdom.


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The favorite food list of kids, if asked, may likely include jam, peanut butter, pizza, jelly, French fries, and the famous ice cream. Parents would wish such a list included more healthy food like broccoli and Brussels sprouts. In this likelihood, all over the world and in food tour Chinatown Bangkok (which is the term in Thai), a favorite food for individuals differ probably because of what is obtained in such regions.
Do people have the same favorite food?
Mexican cuisine would contain food like fajitas, tacos burritos, and enchiladas. An Italian would choose a favorite from fettuccini alfredo and chicken Parmigiano. Thinking Chinese would leave you with options like an egg roll, and fried rice or even General Tso's chicken. From surveys in different countries of about 16,000 people as held by the Oxfam community, similar food was reported to be a majority of the people's favorite overall. These were: meat, pasta, and rice. In the US, the top-ranking food was: pizza, chicken, and steak. For those in Pakistan, the top favorites were veggies. Other countries visited for the research were; South Africa, Spain, Tanzania, Russia, Morocco, Mexico, Kenya, India, Brazil, Australia, Ghana, Germany, England, and the Netherlands. Food consumption all over the world, as shown by the report, seemed to be shifting owing mainly to the increasing price of food items and more consideration on health implications.
Hunger also is on the increase and fast becoming a global challenge as that Worlds population increases. Although the world, in general, produces enough food to feed its entire population and more, inequality and poverty are the leading causes of hunger, which is still spreading. Many cannot afford to buy the food items produced and then, most grains produced are used in feeding livestock or for biodiesel production.


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Journey's End V5 Cabernet Franc 2018
Regular price £21.95/
Tax included.
"A medium bodied savoury style, with freshness reflecting the coastal climate. Aromas of dark and red berries, with blackcurrant leaf and a hint of chocolate and spice. A herby fynbos note too, lending a sense of place, and well-integrated tannins". Decanter 90 pts
Country: South Africa
Region: Stellenbosch
Grapes: Cabernet Franc


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Brazilian markets went up, as economic news provided a focus. In the U.S., October retail sales rose 0.2%, or 0.9% excluding autos, suggesting American consumers remained active in spite of higher oil prices.
Brazilian shares leapt on the potential passage of a key piece of public works legislation. Brazil's benchmark Bovespa Index jumped 514.72 points, or 2.19%.
Brazilian stocks rallied, on signs Congress may soon pass a stalled bill that would encourage domestic and foreign companies to invest in key public infrastructure projects. The program is known as PPP (Public-Private Partnerships).
Congressional leaders reported that a deal was established with members of the opposition to pass the bill, which is designed to attract foreign direct investment to Brazil's ailing transport systems by creating public-private partnerships.
Approval of the public-private partnership law would clear one of the 21 pieces of legislation backed-up in Congress and enable the government to continue with much-needed structural reforms.
Also, Brazil and China signed a series of cooperation accords designed to increase trade and investment.
The accords were inked during yesterday's Brasília visit by Chinese President Hu Jintao. Next week, Brazil's markets will be shut on Monday to commemorate the Proclamation of the Republic national holiday.
In earnings news, Brazil's state oil company Petrobras said its third- quarter net profit firmed to 5.5 billion reais from 5.4 billion reais in the year-ago period, as steeper oil and fuel prices helped to offset a dip in local crude output.
Earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization strengthened to 9 billion reais from 8.2 billion reais last year. Quarterly net revenue totaled 29.1 billion reais, compared with 23.8 billion reais one year prior.
Airplane manufacturer Embraer's stock was active, following word that key customer US Airways struck a deal with some unions to avoid bankruptcy for now. Embraer will post its third-quarter results after U.S. markets close on Monday.
Thomson Financial Corporate Group


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Victor Frankenstein's inventions aren't usually scary – they just make his friends giggle. But he's about to invent something truly terrifying! This Read with Oxford Stage 6 book has short chapters, a funny story, and exciting colour illustrations, and includes tips for parents and fun after-reading activities.
Approximate age: 7–8 years.


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We are seeing increasing numbers of obese patients in our GP practices. In the UK, the proportion of men categorised as obese increased from 13.2 per cent in 1993 to 23.6 per cent in 2004, and for women it rose from 16.4 per cent in 1993 to 23.8 per cent in 2004.
A quarter of the adult population is projected to become obese by 2010. We are therefore going to see a surge in the number of patients with cardiometabolic risk (CMR) factors that might lead to cardiovascular and metabolic diseases in the years to come.
Abdominal obesity
Visceral fat is defined as intra-abdominal fat and is distinct from subcutaneous fat. Visceral fat has recently been identified as a highly active endocrine organ, not just a storage site for fatty acids.
The adipocytes that make up visceral fat have been shown to secrete many different types of signalling molecules, which have been given the term 'adipokines'. We are already familiar with several of these – tumour necrosis factor alpha, angiotensinogen and interleukin-6 – others, however, such as adiponectin, have only been discovered recently.
These adipokines play imp-ortant roles in regulating lipid and glucose metabolism, and overall energy homeostatsis.
Based on these observations, we are starting to appreciate the significance of abdominal obesity as a major CMR factor, predisposing individuals to type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD).
In the INTERHEART study, an extensive case-controlled study conducted in over 50 countries, abdominal obes-ity was found to be one of the main modifiable risk factors significantly associated with acute MI. The risks were consistent in all ethnic groups and in men and women worldwide.
Other studies have demonstrated that abdominal obesity is associated with glucose intolerance, insulin resistance and the development of type-2 diabetes; the development of atherogenic dyslipidaemia and hypertension. The idea of abdominal obesity as a cause of CMR is not new; it was first mooted by the French physician Jean Vague in the 1940s. However, now we have unequivocal evidence.
CMR and its assessment
Abdominally obese patients tend to display numerous abnormalities in their lipid and glucose parameters and can be described as having a high CMR profile. CMR factors are those that lead to CVD and metabolic diseases.
GPs come across these risk factors in patients almost every day. They include insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia (elevated triglycerides, decreased HDL cholesterol ) and hypertension.
Until now, BMI has been used to assess obesity. However, BMI does not differentiate between fat and lean body mass. So, a healthy, muscular athlete with very little adipose tissue may have a BMI of over 27 kg/m2, which would ostensibly classify him as obese. GPs can identify abdominally obese patients with a high CMR profile using a simple measure — waist circumference.
Waist circumference is the simplest measure of visceral fat. It has been suggested that it should be considered a vital sign and recorded in the medical chart of every patient.
The INTERHEART study also identified abdominal obesity as a greater risk factor than BMI, which suggests that measurement of waist circumference would be a better indicator of CMR than BMI.
The International Diabetes Federation has recently developed ethnicity-specific waist circumference cut-off points associated with increased CMR (see box left). These can be used as guidelines for assessment.
According to the UK's National Obesity Forum, primary care should be at the forefront of managing obesity, as general practice is where most people have first contact with healthcare services.
The Joint British Societies have recommended an opportunistic comprehensive CVD risk assessment for all patients over 40 years of age.
Future strategies
Changes in lifestyle habits, including diet and exercise, are extremely important for the management of CMR, especially abdominal obesity. However, most patients find these lifestyle changes very difficult to maintain in the long term. Therefore, we need to think of additional approaches to adequately support our patients.
One such approach is pharmacotherapy. We have a number of effective therapies that target individual components of CMR, and that can help in improving the lipid profile and glucose metabolism of patients or reduce their BP.
These include anti-obesity agents such as sibutramine, orlistat and rimonabant; anti-diabetic agents such as insulin and oral therapies such as metformin, glitazones and sulphonylureas; statins for dyslipid-aemias; and anti-hypertensives such as alpha-blockers, ACE-inhibitors and angiotensin ll receptor antagonists.
However, despite the availability of these drugs, a significant number of patients with CMR risk factors do not achieve the clinical targets as defined by current management strategies and the incidences of type-2 diabetes and CVD continue to increase.
Professor Kirby is a GP in Letchworth, Hertfordshire and visiting professor at the University of Hertfordshire
Ethnicity and obesity
Abdominal obesity and waist circumference thresholds in different ethnic groups
Men | Women | |
European | >94 cm (37.0 in) | >80 cm (31.5 in) |
South Asian | >90 cm (35.4 in) | >80 cm (31.5 in) |
Chinese | >90 cm (35.4 in) | >80 cm (31.5 in) |
Japanese | >90 cm (35.4 in) | >80 cm (31.5 in) |
Source: The International Diabetes Federation
Health Survey for England 2004 – latest trends. Available at www.ic.nhs.uk/pubs/hlthsvyeng2004upd/2004trendcommentary.pdf/file
National Audit Office. Tackling Obesity in England. 2001. Available at www.nao.org.uk/publications/nao_reports/00-01/0001220.pdf
Carey VJ, Walters EE, Colditz GA, et al . Body fat distribution and risk of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in women. Am J Epidemiol. 1997;145: 614–9.
Després JP, Lemieux I, Prud'homme D. Treatment of obesity: need to focus on high risk abdominally obese patients. BMJ 2001; 322: 716–20.
Ding J, Visser M, Kritchevsky SB, et al. The association of regional fat depots with hypertension in older persons of white and African American ethnicity. Am J Hypertens 2004; 17: 971–6.
Harris MM, Stevens J, Thomas N, et al. Associations of fat distribution and obesity with hypertension in a bi-ethnic population: the ARIC study. Obes Res 2000; 8: 516–24.
Nieves DJ, Cnop M, Retzlaff B, et al. The atherogenic lipoprotein profile associated with obesity and insulin resistance is largely attributable to intra-abdominal fat. Diabetes 2003; 52: 172–9.
Pouliot MC, Despres JP, Nadeau A, et al. Visceral obesity in men. Associations with glucose tolerance, plasma insulin, and lipoprotein levels. Diabetes 1992; 41: 826–34.
Vague J. Sexual differentiation, a factor affecting the forms of obesity. Presse Méd 1947; 30: 339–40.
Wahrenberg H, Hertel K, Leijonhufvud BM, et al. Use of waist circumference to predict resistance: retrospective study. BMJ 2005; 330; 1363–4.
Watanabe J, Tochikubo O. Relationship between visceral fat accumulation and hypertension in obese men. Clin Exp Hypertens 2003; 25: 199–208.
Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ounpuu S et al; Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study). Lancet 2004; 364: 937–52.


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Databases: An Introduction
"Databases"—it's probably a word you have heard before. Heck, we've mentioned it several times in this tutorial already! But what exactly is a database, and how does it fit into your research?
A-Z Site Index | Contact Us | Directions | Hours | Get Help
University of Hartford | 200 Bloomfield Avenue, West Hartford, CT 06117 Harrison Libraries © 2020 | 860.768.4264


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Wait On lyrics by Hayley Williams from the album titled FLOWERS for VASES / descansos . Hayley Williams has written the lyrics of "Wait On" song.
Song: Wait On
Artist: Hayley Williams
Lyricist: Hayley Williams
Album: FLOWERS for VASES / descansos
Release Date: February 5, 2021
Wait On lyrics
[Verse 1]
I don't wanna wait on you
But it's just what I keep doing
As if I got nothing to do
As if my life won't keep on going without you
The sky will wake up every morning
And sometimes feels the need to pour out
All the feelings it's been holding
But either way, it never comes down
It knows its place, and knows a way around the clouds
And their design
[Verse 2]
For every fairytale untrue
And all the hearts yet to be broken
For every bird who never flew
Well, it's a wonder we keep going, without you
The sky still wakes up every morning
And sometimes feels the need to pour out
Evеrything it's tired of holding
But either way, it nеver comes down
It's gonna stay and find a way around the clouds
There was a bird who never flew
But she still kept all of her feathers
So she could pluck 'em out for you
And you could wear them in your hair and
She'd be with you
Hayley Williams – Wait On [Official Audio]


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I started dabbling in sewing around three and half years ago. My first project? A full-circle skirt, of course! I've adored them for ...
Recently, my dear fiance dropped the hint that he wanted a [healthy] coffee cake. Those of you who have baked a coffee cake before know th...
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Copy to clipboardCopy Asante, Kwaku Poku; Boamah, Ellen Abrafi; Abdulai, Martha Ali; Buabeng, Kwame Ohene; Mahama, Emmanuel; Dzabeng, Francis; Gavor, Edith; Annan, Edith Andrews; Owusu-Agyei, Seth; Gyansa-Lutterodt, Martha; +1 more... Ghana Antimicrobial Resistance Working Group; (2017) Knowledge of antibiotic resistance and antibiotic prescription practices among prescribers in the Brong Ahafo Region of Ghana; a cross-sectional study. BMC HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH, 17 (1). 422-. ISSN 1472-6963 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-017-2365-2
Use this Digital Object Identifier when citing or linking to this resource.
Copy to clipboardCopyhttps://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-017-2365-2
BACKGROUND: Antibiotic resistance (ABR) has become a major public health challenge in most parts of the world including Ghana and is a major threat to gain in bacterial disease control. The role of prescribers in the control of antibiotics is identified as crucial in developing interventions to control ABR. To guide policy recommendations on ABR, a study was carried out among prescribers to identify gaps in their knowledge of ABR and to document their prescription practices. METHOD: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among prescribers from both public and private facilities in the Brong Ahafo Region of Ghana using both quantitative and qualitative methods in 2014. RESULTS: Three hundred and seventy nine prescribers participated in the quantitative study and a subset of 33 participated in in-depth interviews. Majority (50.0%) of the prescribers interviewed were nurses. Most (51.0%) of the prescribers were located in hospitals. Knowledge of ABR was high among all the prescribers. About 80.0% percent of all prescribers agreed that the antibiotics that are currently used could lose its efficacy in future. There is no singular formal source of information on antibiotic resistance. The prescribers held a strong perception that antibiotic resistance is imminent though their knowledge on various resistant bacterial strains was limited. Prescribers attributed ABR burden to factors such as poor prescription practices and limited ABR control measures. The prescription practices of the prescribers vary but were mostly inappropriate among the lower cadre. CONCLUSION: The knowledge of ABR is high among prescribers. There is however a gap in the knowledge and perception of optimal antibiotic prescription practices among prescribers. There is the need for a formal source of information on ABR to support prescriber's antibiotic prescription practices.
Filename: Asante-etal-2017-Knowledge-of-antibiotic-resistance.pdf
Licence: Creative Commons: Attribution 3.0
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Engineering Design
Engineering Designs, Drawings and blueprints are the building blocks for all types of EPC projects. It is a crucial stage where project requirements are turned into real-life instructions.
At KEPL, we have the experience, technical skill, know-how, and tools to create large-scale and detailed designs and drawings for mission-critical projects. By following a highly-successful and proven method, we have executed highly complex designs and drawings for national and international projects.
Key Steps We Follow
- Review of Basic Engineering Package
First, we review and understand the client's technical requirements and specifications for the final product. We then collate the details and specifications. - Preparation / Review of Design
Once the details are confirmed, we design the layout drawings / blueprints and prepare cable schedules and other critical documents. Our design capabilities and accuracy are greatly enhanced by the use of globally recognized and compatible software like: - AutoCAD :Software for 2D and 3D Computer Aided Designing
- Microsoft Projects : Project Management Software Product
- ETAP : Electrical Power System Analysis Software
- Cg Lux : Lighting Design Software
- DIALux : For Professional Lighting Design
- SIMARIS :Electrical Design Software
- Ecodial :Software for Electrical Installation Calculation and Sizing
- Basic / Detailed Engineering
Once we get a go-ahead from the client, we begin with the basic/detailed engineering, as per the demands of the project. This includes the Electrical, Instrumentation and Automation Engineering aspects of the project. - Generation of Material Take Off
The next step is to generate the material take off required for the project. We do so by creating a comprehensive list of the materials needed for the project, along with details of quantity and type, while our procurement team ensures its quality. - Adherence to Regulatory Requirements
Lastly, we ensure that we have adhered strictly to all the legalities and regulatory requirements while executing the project.
Once the design has been completed, it is sent to the client for approval.
Talk to KEPL for all types of engineering design and drawings requirements in India. We look forward to learning more about your specifications and challenges.


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Not cool, Vikings. Rookie QB Kellen Mond tests positive. Starting QB Kirk Cousins now quarantined as a "high risk" close contact. Backup QB Nate Stanley in Q for the same reason. Here's what "high risk" close contact means. It means your dumb ass is not fully vaccinated. Jake Browning, who is fully vaccinated, is the Vikings' only available quarterback for at least the next five days.
Not cool. And Vikings Coach Mike Zimmer is pissed. And he has every right to be. Cousins, in particular, has to be smarter than that and exhibit more leadership than that. Not cool.
At least one Vike is displaying some IQ. Congrats to RB Dalvin Cook, who just received his B.S. in Interdisciplinary Studies and Public Policy from Florida State.
I'll tell you who is cool. Trevor Lawrence. I saw a post-practice interview with him last night on the NFL Network. That kid gets it.
Lawrence, of course, was the first player taken in the draft. Saints rookie Ian Book was selected in the fourth round. No, Book is not going to compete with Jameis Winston and Taysom Hill for the Saints' starting job right now. But the Saints may get impressive ROI in him later. Throughout his career at Notre Dame, Book competed like a rabid badger. There's a lot to like.
New Orleans is loaded at running back. Saints just added former Falcon star Devonta Freeman to their RB Room, joining Alvin Kamara and Latavius Murray. Freeman joins a Saints offense that includes his former Florida State teammate, Jameis Winston.
Speaking of running backs, the Browns' Nick Chubb has a new three-year deal worth $33.6 mill, with 20 million guaranteed. Most impressive stat? Chubb averaged more than ten yards per carry in the fourth quarter of all games last year. Did you hear that? That's "closing"!
Looks like the Dolphins and All-Pro CB Xavien Howard are going to work things out after all. That's good if you're a Dolphin. That dude had ten picks last year.
The NFL is a tough workplace. Cards' inside linebacker Jordan Hicks hasn't missed a start in his two years with the team. Rock solid. But Arizona drafted LB Zaven Collins with the 16th pick. Cards' G.M. Steve Keim has told Hicks that he will not be allowed to compete with the rook for the starting job.
Seby Zavala of the White Sox has three career home runs. He hit all three of them last night. First major leaguer to hit his first three HRs in the same game.
Three homers. That's two less than the Giants hit in their 8-6 win over the 'Stros. Four of the five were off Zack Greinke. That ain't good…
U.S. swimmer Caeleb Dressel is going home with five gold medals. He's only the fifth Olympic swimmer to get one for the thumb in the same Games. Last one in the men's 4 X 100 medley relay. You do not mess with America in that race. We've never lost.
Let's lean into August.


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Breathalyzers estimate a person's ethyl alcohol levels based on a breath sample. The problem is that they do not actually measure a person's blood alcohol concentration directly, but merely estimate it. These machines need to be properly calibrated to the correct room temperature or they will be inaccurate. They need to be kept away from certain environmental contaminants that may skew their results, such as gasoline, paint and other chemicals with strong vapors. Only properly trained operators can correctly perform the tests and record their results. They also need to be serviced and recalibrated on a regular basis.
Aside from these basic problems with the machines, the human body provides many more challenges for the tools. If a person has a high fever, it may affect the machine's temperature and result in a false high. Additionally, other compounds in a person's system may appear as ethyl alcohol in a breathalyzer test, a defect resulting in inaccurate tests for diabetics and dieters alike. Digesting can affect a breathalyzer as well, if a person eats within 15 minutes before their test, the results will likely be falsely high. On the other hand, if a person vomits or belches within 30 minutes of testing on a breath machine, the alcohol vapors will rise in their system and result in a higher than normal breath test.
With all these combinations of flaws in the breathalyzer machine, is it any wonder these tests have been shown to be incorrect up to 25% of the time? The real wonder is why these tests are still allowed to be used as evidence in court. An expert Dallas DWI attorney will be able to present this evidence to the court in order to help show the innocence of their client despite a failed breath test result.
If you have been charged with a DWI and have a positive breath test result against you, do not give up. Contact a skilled Dallas DWI attorney from our firm. We will help prove your innocence despite breath test evidence to the contrary. Call today for your free initial consultation and case evaluation.


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Iran's private sector to begin construction projects in Syria
Tehran: Iran's private sector will undertake construction projects in Syria, Amir Amini, the Iranian deputy minister of Road and Urban Development was quoted as saying by Tasnim news agency.
He said the administration of President Hassan Rouhani will not assume any role in this regard, Xinhua news agency reported on Sunday.
Iran wants to use the capabilities of its private sector in Syria's market, he said, adding that private companies would get involved in both undertaking projects in Syria and supplying the Arab country with building materials.
The Iranian private sector is also prepared to carry out running water projects there, Amini noted.
Iran has vowed to be actively involved in diverse construction and development projects in Syria in the aftermath of the civil war.
Tehran has appeared as a major regional ally of Damascus in its fight against the rebels over the past years.


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The Nigerian international had been unstoppable in front of goal for the Foxes in March, but he couldn't found his range against his former club in his first game in April
Benjamin Mendy's superb goal and Gabriel Jesus's composed finish handed Manchester City a 2-0 victory over Leicester City as Pep Guardiola's men opened up a mammoth 17-point gap between themselves and second-placed Man Utd with just seven games of the campaign left to contest.
Brendan Rodgers named Nigeria's Wilfred Ndidi and Kelechi Iheanacho in the starting eleven despite their exertions for the Super Eagles during the Afcon qualifiers a few days ago.
Iheanacho enjoyed his best spell for Leicester City since switching from Manchester City in 2017 last month after scoring seven times in five games.
The 24-year-old striker managed to find the back of the net five times in three league games, including a hat-trick against Sheffield United – a brilliant run of form that ensured he scooped the Premier League player for the month of March.
And the cherry on top came a few hours ago when the Foxes rewarded the former Manchester City forward with a new two-year deal.
But Iheanacho couldn't celebrate his award and contract extension with another as Manchester City's defence handled by Aymeric Laporte and Ruben Dias kept the Nigerian quiet.
Mendy and Jesus struck in the second half to power City to a win that inches the Citizens closer to another league title.
Both Ndidi and Iheanacho were replaced in the second half as the Foxes sought a way back into the game in vain.


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Read the New! Child Maltreatment 25(3)
The new issue of Child Maltreatment 25(3) is here! Inside you'll find:
Parenting Interventions for Mothers with Problematic Substance Use: A Systemic Review of Research and Community Practice
Motivational Interviewing in Child Welfare Services: A Systemic Review
Alcohol Use and Harm to Children by Parents and Other Adults
Estimating the Heritability of Experiencing Child Maltreatment in an Extended Family Design
Inequities in Pediatric Abusive Head Trauma According to Neighborhood Social and Material Deprivation: A Population-Level Study in British Columbia, Canada (Read a Research to Practice Brief on this article here)
Does a Close Relationship With an Adult Reduce the Risk of Juvenile Offending for Youth With a History of Maltreatment?
Enhancing the Identification of Commercial Sexual Exploitation Among a Population of High-Risk Youths Using Predictive Regularization Models
The Effect of CASA on Child Welfare Permanency Outcomes
Discordance in Reporting of Maternal Aggression: Exploring Differences by Characteristics of Children, Mothers, and their Environments
Are Negative Parental Attributions Predicted by Situational Stress?: From a Theoretical Assumption Toward an Experimental Answer
Forensic Interviewers' Difficulty with Invitations: Faux Invitations and Negative Recasting
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Our LGBT Histories: Music – Day 23
To mark LGBT History Month, 2013, Polari asked its contributors to recall a song that had an impact on their own stories.
'Urlicht' – Mahler
by Rupert Smith
I've noticed that when you post anything on Facebook about pop music, you get a flurry of responses, both positive and negative. When you post something about classical music, you get almost complete silence. I don't really understand this. The only explanation I can come up with is that pop music is what we love when we're young, and it's associated with things like unrequited love, going out to clubs, first sexual experiences and so on, that remain so vivid in memory.
But as I get older, classical music is the only stuff that really moves and inspires and uplifts me in the way that popular music used to. Of course I still love the glam and disco and electro I grew up on, but my needs have changed. I've been bashed around a bit by life, I have a different understanding of things than I did at the age of 20, and instead of spending my evenings on dancefloors or being treated like cattle at a gig, these days you'll find me at the Royal Festival Hall listening to orchestras.
Mahler's Symphony No 2, the 'Resurrection' Symphony, is the piece of music that marked the turning point for me. I first listened to it in the '90s, when I was in my early 30s, and it was a revelation. This may sound cod, but I sat in my flat with tears rolling down my face; I'd forgotten that music could be as profound as this. It was a time of great change in my life – in anyone's life, I suppose. I'd split up with my first proper long-term partner, I was on the brink of starting a new relationship that turned out, thank God, to be the enduring one, I was in my first proper salaried job after years of dillying around being artsy, and I suppose I felt, at long last, like an adult.
The fourth movement, a song called 'Urlicht' (Primeval Light) is the bit that grabbed me then, and still works now. It starts very slow and quiet with a single sung phrase giving way to solemn horns. Over the next five minutes it expresses everything you need to know about life, pain, the fear of death, the hope of resurrection, the longing to believe in God. By the end it's worked itself into an incredible passion, paving the way for the triumphant fifth movement, the 'resurrection' itself. If you can get hold of it, listen to the 1987 recording by the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra conducted by Simon Rattle. Janet Baker sings 'Urlicht', and it doesn't get any better than that.
Over the years, the Resurrection Symphony and much of Mahler's other work has taken on depths of meaning for me far too personal to share on the internet. Listening to it live in the concert hall is the most exciting form of entertainment I can think of. But a lot of people remain at best baffled, at worst sniffy, about classical music in general. By the time you read this far, some twit will have posted (quoting Educating Rita) 'Wouldn't you just die without Mahler?' as a Facebook comment. It's a shame in a way, but on the other hand it means it's easier for me to get tickets to concerts at a sensible price. People think classical music is stuffy, dull and somehow conservative. I suspect they are also still obsessing about their teenage record collection and finding it difficult to get used to a world in which being gay no longer means that you're a rather exciting sort of outlaw. I'll take Mahler, and a life in the mainstream, every time.


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Elijah: Players Must Be Insured
omi Elijah Calls On Clubs To Insure Their Players
Kogi United FC head coach, Yomi Elijah has called on Nigerian League clubs to ensure that they insure their players in case of risk.
The reported robbery attack on the players of Kano Pillars FC on Thursday along Abaji-Lokoja highway on their way to Owerri to honor the star match of the Nigeria Professional Football League opener against Heartland FC, saw Super Eagles striker Gambo Muhammed, former Dream Team star Eneji Otekpa, defensive trojan Adamu Murtala, ex Elkanemi Warriors defender Reuben Ogbonnaya and wing wizard Ubong Ekpai all sustaining various degrees of injuries.
SL10 can authoritatively report that, Gambo Muhammed and Eneji Otekpa were worst hit by bullets and are set for more than eight weeks on the sidelines.
The trio of Adamu Murtala, Reuben Ogbonnaya and Ubong Ekpai should be fit in a couple of days.
The former ABS FC tactician has insisted all players participating in the various leagues in the country should be properly insured.
This means that players at the Nigeria Premier League, Nigeria National League, Nigeria Nation-Wide League and the Nigeria Women Football League must have insurance cover before their clubs will be eligible to contest in the league.
In a chat with SL10 on Thursday evening at the Federal Medical Centre Lokoja, where the injured Kano Pillars players were being attended to, the young coach in an emotional tone sent his best wishes to the injured players and called on the football authorities to enforce clubs to insure their players.
"I couldn't hold it when I sighted the players. It wasn't too good at all. I wish them quick recovery, while calling on everyone to be calm," the coach told SL10
"The various league bodies should ensure that players and officials participating at any organized football competition must have insurance cover for the period of their engagement, as a way of safeguarding their career/future in case of any unforeseen accident, injuries/permanent disability."
"The management of the Kano Pillars ought to have insured their players in case of fatal or permanent injury."
"I hope it will not affect their impressive run at the CAF Champions league having to travel next week for their next game. I pray for a successful league season void robbers and accident by the grace of God," he added.


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Prosecution: Amos Yee's uploaded image was 'plainly obscene'
On the second day of blogger Amos Yee Pang Sang's trial, the prosecution told the court on Friday (May 8) that the image the 16-year-old posted online was "plainly obscene".
It had no redeeming scientific, education and medical value, Deputy Public Prosecutor (DPP) Hay Hung Chun told the court.
The image in question involved the late Mr Lee Kuan Yew and former British prime minister Margaret Thatcher.
Amos' legal team had a different view.
One of his lawyers, Mr Ervin Tan, said that the image was not obscene.
He said: "The sting in the image is the mockery of a leader, highly respected by many... It is not a pornographic image."
Another one of his lawyers, Mr Chong Jia Hao, also said that Amos "did not have the deliberate and conscious intention of wounding religious feelings" when he uploaded his rant-filled video.
DPP Hay disagreed, saying that it was plain that the teen's "remarks against Christianity were deliberately made".
Judge Kaur will deliver her findings on Tuesday (May 12).
Read the full report in our print edition on April 9.
Subscribe to The New Paper, now available in print and digital, at http://bit.ly/tnpeshop.
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SegWit is one of the most discussed topics in the history of Bitcoin and rightfully so. The solution to a multitude of Bitcoin's problems was surprisingly effective. The activation, on the other hand, was a rollercoaster. Additionally, it is a very complex topic that requires you to spend a significant amount of time with it in order to get a complete understanding of its mechanics and implications.
One of the several issues that were solved by SegWit is the quadratic sighash problem. This seems to have been missed quite frequently by mainstream and even Bitcoin-specific media since reporting on SegWit's reasoning seemed to focus mostly on its fix of malleability and the expansion of available block space. Since there are not many resources going into detail on this topic, I try to lay it out here and might follow up with other articles on other frequently missed aspects of SegWit.
The quadratic sighash problem
Let's start by locating the problem: the quadratic sighash problem arises while hashing the transaction data. We need the hash of the transaction data to create a signature that can verify that an output is spendable by the person who created the transaction, i.e. the person who has control over the private key. The unspent outputs we are spending in a new transaction become inputs within that new transaction and each of them needs to be signed to prove that each old utxo is actually spendable.
The impact of this is not very dramatic when creating a transaction since there is only one person (the creator of the transaction) doing it only once. But Bitcoin's security promise stems from the fact that any participant in the network can verify that all transactions in the history of the blockchain are correct. In fact, every full node must verify any transaction that ends up in a block that has been mined. So the impact of high computational complexity is much more serious in the validation of transactions than in their creation.
As the name implies, there is something quadratic going on while verifying a transaction. Quadratic complexity in an algorithm is certainly not something anyone wants to see in performance-critical code.
This matters to the Bitcoin network in particular because we want to allow as many people as possible to participate in the network, even if (and maybe especially if) they can not afford much computational power. Ignoring this could theoretically be exploited by miners who could have the interest to reduce the number of full nodes in the network by slowing them down to a degree that they can not stay up-to-date with the current tip of the blockchain, preventing them from being a participant in the consensus process. It is currently possible to run a full node on an older generation Raspberry Pi for example but this could be jeopardized by such an attack. This does not require hash power of anywhere near 51% of the network, a miner would only need to mine a malicious block with a high enough frequency that low-powered nodes can not catch up. An increased block size, as was in a heated debate in 2017, would increase the chance of it happening as it would leave more space for malicious transactions in a single block.
While the issue had already been reported in 2013, it became most apparent when f2pool mined a block containing a single transaction, which was taking up the whole block space of 1MB. Rusty Russell wrote a blog post on it the following day, naming it the mega transaction. This was not a malicious transaction but rather sweeping small spam outputs from weak 'brain wallets'*, as you can observe in a block explorer.
The more significant part of this story is the time it took to validate this transaction: a Reddit poster reported that it took 25 seconds to validate. The poster did not provide hardware specs but we can assume that blocks usually will take less than a second to validate on up-to-date hardware. This was clear evidence that the quadratic sighash problem was not just a theoretical issue. A poster on Bitcointalk also noted in his post that a malicious transaction could be designed to do even more damage, estimating a worst-case transaction verification time of over 3 minutes on comparable hardware.
Let's look at what is actually causing the quadratic time increase
in the signature hashing algorithm before SegWit.
We are talking about the computational complexity of O(n2),
or O(n) * O(n)
, where n
is the number
of inputs in the transaction. So what is the first n
what is the second n
For each input in the transaction, we have to go through the following steps as described in Rusty's post (and that
means here we also have our first n
- We have to strip the other input scripts from the transaction. Note that the rest of the input data (TxId of the previous output and its index) remains.
- Replace the input script with the script of the output we are trying to spend.
- We double-SHA256 hash the resulting transaction construct.
- We check that the signature correctly signed the hash result.
The second n
is admittedly not so easy to spot: As there still remains data within
the serialized transaction pre-image for every input, the size of data that needs to be
hashed still grows proportionally to the number of inputs. As mentioned before,
this data is the TxId of the previous output and the index of the output we want
to spend. This is our second n
To make this more concrete, let's consider a transaction with the minimal
number of inputs that make this issue occur: exactly 2 inputs. We loop over
both of these inputs and for each of them,
we need to hash both the previous output script of the input we are currently looking at
and the TxId and the index of the other output. These are two different sets of data. This
means we have performed 2 * 2 = 4
hashing operations.
See also the following graphic where
I try to make this a little more visually intuitive if you are not thinking
about computational complexity on a regular basis.
(If you are not familiar with computational complexity and Big O notation I
recommend reading up on the subject in general if you are interested in
getting a deeper understanding.)
Also, see this graphic for a much more detailed view of the serialization process.
It also should be noted that the transaction needs to be signed with the SIGHASH_ALL flag, so all the signatures are actually checked.
How SegWit solves the problem
The breakthrough of SegWit lies in the name: SegWit stands for segregated witness and, if that sounds strange to you, I should add that witness stands for a proof that a statement is true in the field of cryptography. In the case of Bitcoin transactions, the statement is that whoever wants to spend an input is the rightful owner, i.e. has power over the private key. The proof is the signature that is attached to the input. In other words, SegWit stands for the separation of the input signature. As you have read above, the cause for the quadratic sighash problem is, in fact, that the data we need to hash for every input grows linearly with the number of inputs.
In SegWit transactions, the script signatures of all the inputs are not included in the serialization format that we need for the transaction hash. Instead, this data is moved to the end of the transaction. So, we do not need to repeatedly hash the transaction with all the different witnesses. We only need to hash the transaction once for every input in order to sign it. This means that the number of operations for each input now only grows linearly as step 1 of the 4-step process described above simply does not exist. This reduces the computational complexity of signature verification to O(n).
See the detailed overview of the serialized data in the BIP143 specification.
Other proposed solutions
For the sake of completeness, I want to mention that there were other proposals to deal with this issue. Most prominently the suggestion to limit the transaction size to minimize the damage that could be done by larger transactions. Particularly Gavin Andreesen suggested a transaction size limit of 100,000 bytes. The proposal was, however, dismissed by large parts of the community as it did not solve the root cause of the issue and thus, also left Bitcoin vulnerable to exploitations of the problem.
It is still fascinating to me how SegWit solved so many problems at the same time. While malleability was probably the main motivation for it, the quadratic sighash problem was a vulnerability that had been known for a long time and would not have been difficult to exploit, given a significant amount of mining power.
Removing the witness data from the transaction solved the root cause of the issue, lowering the complexity of the algorithm from O(n2) to O(n), making it an absolute non-issue, even in the event of future block increases.
Further reading
- BIP143: Transaction Signature Verification for Version 0 Witness Program
- Segwit benefits
- Wallet implementation hints
* Brain wallets are wallets where the mnemonic phrase for the wallet is designed to be easy to remember for a user. Examples of particularly weak ones are short and uncreative phrases, like 'password' for example.


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What Are Literature Circles?
Literature circles are designed to spark students' curiosity about literature, providing them with an engaging opportunity to dive into books. These small and informal groups give students a chance to meet together at a designated time to discuss specific books, exploring plots, story lines, characters, and other aspects of the work. With the premise that kids often learn most effectively when they're given the chance to explore at their own pace, literature circles are an effective way to gather readers in a setting that will encourage and foster exploration. The Peachtree Literature Circles are organized by grade with groups created for students between grades six and 12.
What Are Literature Circles?
Literature circles are designed to be a component of a full literacy program, giving students a chance to explore and apply what they're learning from what they've read. Literature circles are not designed to stand on their own. Instead, they are a part of an overall literacy program that exposes students to a variety of written works. Students participating in literature circles work together to choose a book. Once chosen, the participants read the selected book over a set period of time. Students meet regularly as they read to discuss the book. Discussion topics can vary, and the students collaborate to choose topics. Faculty advisers oversee the literature circles and provide support for the students. The advisers don't exert control over the discussions; instead, they serve more as facilitators to help students if needed. Students are free to ask questions, share insights, and engage in open discussion as they explore what they're reading. The natural conversations that ensue from this open style of exploration makes it possible for students to zero in their focus as desired.
Advantages of Literature Circles
One of the biggest advantages of literature circles is the interest they tend to spark in reading among students. As students become more interested in reading, they'll spend more time engaging in this pastime. The more time spent reading, the better readers students will usually become. Avid readers have stronger critical thinking skills, and they have a more well-rounded knowledge base. Literature circles are also an ideal vehicle for exposing students to a wide array of literature genres. It's beneficial for students to have exposure to works outside of what they know they like because they'll often discover new interests in the process.
Planning Literature Circles
Book clubs have long been a standard for encouraging a love of reading. However, with book clubs, it's easy for some students to fade into the background without being active participants. With literature circles, the design is such that everyone is involved and engaged to get the most out of the activity. Students are often assigned specific tasks such as leading discussions, taking notes, or keeping time. Students can also be directly involved in book exploration by illustrating the book's scenes or making a video about the book. With an open approach to exploration, students can feel free to contribute to the literature circle in ways that showcase their own abilities and talents.
Ideas for Activities
As students progress through a book with scheduled meetings, they should be finding ways to discuss what they're reading. One idea for sparking discussion is to fill a hat with topics related to the book or with specific themes associated with the story line. Students could also write down a few questions they have about what they've read on pieces of paper to toss into the hat. Have students draw from the hat at each meeting, and the discussion for that meeting can be based on what's pulled out. Encourage students to relate what they're reading to issues or activities they're experiencing in their lives. And any time it's possible to connect current technology to themes in the book, it's a win. Perhaps students could create a slideshow or design a compilation of music snippets that fits the tone and plot of the story.


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Matt Rodda Member of Parliament for Reading East
I want to pay tribute to all those men and women who served in D-Day and in World War II as a whole, as we commemorate the D-Day landings today.
The soldiers, naval and air forces from the Reading area and Berkshire played a significant part in the landings and the subsequent campaigns. Many made the ultimate sacrifice to defeat Hitler and the Nazis, and to defend the freedom we enjoy today.
Locally, Battalions from the Royal Berkshire regiment played a role in the Normandy landings. Please visit the Rifles Berkshire and Wiltshire Museum here for more information on their involvement in the landings and the continental campaigns.
Many served in the RAF, Royal Navy and in other roles, Information about other services is available here:
And, see here for more details of how families coped on the home front.


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Women are more likely to say they'll spend less on Valentine's Day this year than last
LendingTree has found that nearly 4 in 10 Americans plan to skip Valentine's Day in 2021 in order to save money.
Those planning to skip the big day may want to tread lightly, however. The survey also found that about 1 in 7 people in a relationship would be upset if their partner suggested doing so.
According to data, men are more likely than women to say they're skipping to save money, but women are twice as likely to say they'd be upset if their partner suggested doing this.
Besides, 38% of partnered consumers said they might take on credit card debt due to their Valentine's Day spending this year. Of that group, 30% will hide that debt from their partner.
We've reported that people are spending more on jewelry as Valentine's approaches.


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What is a Regular Divergence?
When divergence trading is utilized properly, it can be a means of consistent profiting for a trader. It is a minimal risk to sell close to the top and close to the bottom because the danger is far lesser and sometimes can even be considered to be at the barest minimum. Continue reading
What is Hidden Divergence?
Since divergence is influenced by price action and oscillator indicators like RSI, CCI or MACD, you know when the market is about to change direction and position yourself to profit accordingly. Continue reading
Getting To Know RSI Relative Strength Index Better
It was believed that when the RSI shoots up past the 70 level the price is thought to be overbought. Conversely, the price is thought to be oversold if the RSI falls below the 30 level. It is thought to be neutral if the index reading falls between the two extremes. There is no trend if the RSI Relative Strength Index reading is 50. Continue reading
Forex Technical Analysis & Forex Trading Indicators
Technical Analysis helps us figure out how much money to risk on a trade. How and when to enter the market and how to exit the trade for profit or to minimize loss. Continue reading
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Some Common Forex Indicators
Moving Average – This is created by comparing the average price for a time period to the average price of other time periods. Continue reading


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This week's feature print started off as an experiment in March that resulted in an amazing image.
The Spring sunset was turning very colourful due to some high clouds. Although the wind level on the ground was low, the high clouds were moving at a fast rate. I decided to take a long exposure to blur the clouds. It turned into a spectacular image with some fantastic colours contrasted by the silhouette of the ridge line.
As with all Featured Prints, grab yourself a discounted purchase. This image is available in two sizes either unframed or framed with a choice of 4 colours!
Click the image to view in the shop.


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#8925 closed patch
ALL: Common load dialog
Reported by: | bluegr | Owned by: | fingolfin |
Priority: | normal | Component: | GUI |
Version: | Keywords: | ||
Cc: | Game: |
This is a first attempt at creating a common load dialog for all ScummVM engines.
It adds a new virtual class to Engine(), loadGameState(), which accepts a game slot and calls the corresponding engine's load state method. I've added some test code for the SAGA engine. The igor, queen and touche engines should support this correctly without any major changes (they already have a loadGameState method). I haven't modified the other engines in this patch.
I'm unsure if a new engine feature should be added, (e.g. kSupportsLoading) - it seems that engines that support kSupportsDirectLoad should be easy to change.
Currently, I've reused the code for the load dialog from the game launcher, though this could be moved to engines/dialogs.*
It should be pretty straightforward to add a common save dialog as well (though I haven't done it in this patch).
Thoughts/opinions are welcome :)
Ticket imported from: #2122869. Ticket imported from: patches/1030.
Attachments (5)
Change History (25)
comment:1 by , 15 years ago
Looks nice, some remarks though:
- It's really good that you just use the load menu from launcher, but maybe it would be neat to move it away from gui/launcher.cpp/.h to engine/dialogs.cpp/.h then? - I would add a new method to Engine, which can be used to query if the engine is currently capable of loading a game or not. You already encountered the problem in the SAGA implementation it seems, so it is only natural to do so. - It should be defined whether the engine itself should takes care of displaying failure to the user or if the GMM does that. If we decide for the GMM, which would look more consistent for the user IMHO, we would check if we should rather add some error define, which Engine::loadGameState returns or if we should allow the GMM to query a error string. I would go with a error state define, which would allow states for say: "Invalid savegame version" (if applies, most engines should probably support older save games anyway), "Corrupted savegame", "I/O Failure".
Minor nitpicks: - The SAGA engine implementation looks ill-formatted
comment:2 by , 15 years ago
The direction you're moving is the Right Thing(TM). Thank you for your work.
o I would object moving gui code out of gui/ directory. In fact, the current situation that some code in engines/scumm depends on gui/themes/modern.ini is ugly. Another reason is that I really looking forward to have ScummVM localizable and in this case have all UI strings in a single place is a plus.
o However, I would move saveload dialog to something like gui/saveload.cpp
o I would also prefer to see how this approach will clean up scumm/dialogs.cpp. I.e. Filippos, please include that in another version of the patch.
o There is a question how we will bind Shift+F5 to original save/load dialog. Should each engine do that or should we try to standardize that as well?
Rest of Johannes' remarks are seconded including extra indentation in SAGA-specific code.
comment:3 by , 15 years ago
Actually I thought Fingolfin wanted to clean up scumm/dialogs.cpp after we have a uniform global save/load dialog and also have the possibillity to add engine specific buttons in the GMM. That's why I think we should rather first implement that and then start to get rid of scumm/dialogs.cpp. Anyway I would personally say that's a different topic (includes the point via Shift+F5 for original save/load menu), and it might be wise to talk about that on -devel and keep comments in this patch entry focused on the load menu patch.
Moving the save/load code to gui/saveload.cpp is of course nice too, but since the GMM and everything related was in engines/ I found it more natural to move it to this place, since it heavily depends on the engine code. But of course the arugmentation that all gui code should rather be in gui/ is reasonable.
comment:4 by , 15 years ago
Hi folks, sorry, not much time, and none to review the patch itself, but some surface thoughts:
* Localization should not depend on where code sits in. If done right, it should be the same effort to localize code in gui/ as in engines/scumm/. Anyway, let's worry about that if we ever get to implement localization, not before
* The F5 / Shift-F5 hotkeys are SCUMM specific. What I envision is that we introduce a new hotkey (currently, F6, but that's only a bad temporary one) which can be used to trigger the GMM in all engines. Done in such a way that ports with few buttons can always reach it easily (e.g. by adding a new EVENT_MAINMENU or something like that). However, this is indeed, as LordHoto already stated, peripheral to this patch and should be discussed elsewhere.
* And yeah, I first want the "shared" load dialog be done, and the ability to add extra custom buttons & dialogs (save, help, ...) to the GMM before actually switching SCUMM to those. I.e. separate patches. However, they can (and probably should) be developed simultaneously, of course. After all, the new dialog would have to prove itself capable of replacing the old SCUMM load dialog ;).
* That engines/scumm/dialogs.cpp relies on code in the theme sucks indeed... but this sucks because it's an annoying limitation of our theming code. It makes it very difficult to use dialogs in engines. Maybe once we have the new GUI code we could solve this properly by making it possible to separate dialog layouts into multiple files, one for each dialog? They could still be bundled in the single theme .zip file, of course. But for now, I don't see why gui/saveload.cpp would save us any work compared to engines/saveload.cpp or engines/dialogs.cpp. I'd just add it to the latter for now. It is super-easy to move the code to gui/saveload.cpp at a later point, should we choose so; but it's outside the scope of this patch, too.
* Johannes already said it, but: - we need error handling, and it should be done by the GMM code, too, so the Engine::load method must return an error value, to be added to common/error.h - it needs a "loading possible" (and in the future, "saving possible") query method - no, not all engines which support loading from commandline will necessarily be able to support loading during runtime, so it would make sense to have separate feature flags for those -
by , 15 years ago
Attachment: | common-load_v2.patch added |
Common load/save game dialog, version 2 (WIP)
comment:5 by , 15 years ago
New version: - Added a "save" button to the GMM (still non-functional) - Added a virtual method canLoadGameState(), which is used to toggle the load button depending on if a game can be loaded currently (implemented in the SAGA engine) - Moved the setEnabled() methods for the save and load buttons to reflowLayout() instead of the GMM dialog constructor (cause the buttons weren't toggled properly) - Added still unused methods saveGameState() and canSaveGameState() - Added a new (still unused) method audioSettingsChanged(), which will be called from the AudioSettings dialog when it closes, so that the engine is aware that the audio settings have been changed from the GMM - Added 2 more engine features: kSupportsLoading and kSupportsSaving (which enable the load and save buttons respectively) - The saveGameState and loadGameState return integers now, which will be used as error codes (though I'm still unsure which errors to process - LordHoto's proposal seems quite good and sufficient) - Fixed spacing in the SAGA specific code (oops) - Adjusted the loadGameState() and saveGameState() in the queen and igor engines
Note that this is all still WIP, ofc :) File Added: common-load_v2.patch
comment:6 by , 15 years ago
Sorry, didn't have time yet to properly look at this yet, but let me assure you that I am interested in getting this patch done and included, and that I understand it is work in progress. Anyway, some quick comments:
> - Added still unused methods saveGameState() and canSaveGameState()
Can't you at least toggle the "Save" button on the latter?
> - Added a new (still unused) method audioSettingsChanged(), which will be > called from the AudioSettings dialog when it closes, so that the engine is > aware that the audio settings have been changed from the GMM
How does this differ from Engine::syncSoundSettings() ?
> > - Added 2 more engine features: kSupportsLoading and kSupportsSaving > (which enable the load and save buttons respectively)
Please rename to kSupportsLoadingDuringRuntime ? And then rename kSupportsDirectLoad to kSupportsLoadingDuringStartup.
Also, the corresponding button should be completely hidden (not just disabled) if the respective feature flag is not set.
comment:7 by , 15 years ago
Some remarks apart Max' comments:
- In MainMenuDialog::reflowLayout you're using Engine::hasFeature with integers instead of the enum values like 'kSupportsListSaves' etc. That's IMHO a pretty ugly way. - In my opinion 'canLoadGameState'/'canSaveGameState' is a bit misleading. To me it does sound like a general save/load functionality check, it doesn't really sound like a check for being able to load/save at this very moment.
comment:8 by , 15 years ago
Many thanks for your comments and feedback! They're very helpful and much appreciated
Here we go: - The "Save" button is already toggled (i.e. enabled or disabled) depending on canSaveGameState(), it's just non-functional - audioSettingsChanged() is actually the same as syncSoundSettings(), so it's not needed - As for the renaming of the engine features, yes they will make more sense that way - I'm not yet sure how to hide the buttons instead of disabling them, as the problem is that they take their Y coordinate from the modern theme (modern.ini), and from hardcoded values for the classic theme. I'll see what I can do - I'm aware of the ugliness with the ints in MainMenuDialog::reflowLayout, a problem inherited from GSoC. It seems that there are errors when including engines/metaengine.h, I'll see what the problem was - I can't think of any better names than 'canLoadGameState'/'canSaveGameState'. Does 'canLoadGameStateCurrently'/'canSaveGameStateCurrently' sound better or do you have any other proposals?
comment:9 by , 15 years ago
Actually I'm unsure of a better name myself yet, but at laest I think it would be *nice* to have it changed in the future. But for now it's pretty ok to keep the name IMHO, there are still more important things to worry about :-).
That problem with engines/metaengine.h is of course bad :-/. I hope you can get it fixed. I can't test it myself right now, but I guess it's some include order related problem maybe?
comment:10 by , 15 years ago
I fixed the problem with hasFeature in SVN. But I don't see a new patch attached here -- thebluegr, maybe you forgot to attach it?
As for "hiding" the buttons instead of disabling them: OK, I see the problem. Well, we can just add that to the TODO list and fix it later. Maybe the new GUI code by Tanoku will make this a tad easier... or not... no idea.
comment:11 by , 15 years ago
what about LoadGameStateDisabled and SaveGameStateDisabled or *Enabled respectively?
comment:12 by , 15 years ago
'canLoadGameStateCurrently'/'canSaveGameStateCurrently' sound fine to me.
Note that the latest patch is still missing. Thebluegr?
comment:13 by , 15 years ago
Fingolfin: Hiding buttons shouldn't be *that* hard, although atm I fail to see exactly how and when do you want to hide them. I'll look into it.
The patch, either way, looks like a merge nightmare. It would be nice to get it on the trunk as soon as it's stable enough so I can start fixing it on the new GUI branch.
comment:14 by , 15 years ago
Hello, sorry for not attaching the patch to the previous message, my mistake. I was quite busy during the weekend so I didn't have time to look into this, but I did some work on it today
I'm attaching version 3 of the patch (correctly this time!). Changes: - Renamed kSupportsDirectLoad -> kSupportsLoadingDuringStartup - Renamed canLoadGameState -> canLoadGameStateCurrently - Renamed canSaveGameState -> canSaveGameStateCurrently - Removed audioSettingsChanged() (does the same thing as syncSoundSettings) - Added proper engine feature enums in common/dialogs.cpp (thanks fingolfin!) - Added a new method setVisible() to the Widget class - Save/load buttons are now hidden if the engine doesn't support the relevant features (kSupportsListSaves and kSupportsLoadingDuringRuntime/kSupportsSavingDuringRuntime) - this uses the new setVisible method - Note that the above method is problematic: when the save/load button is hidden, there is a space left in its place (i.e. the Y coordinate of the next button remains unchanged). I'll try and find out a way to set it correctly - Updated gui/theme-config.cpp, so that the two new buttons work in the classic theme as well - Swapped save/load buttons, so that the save button is above and the load below File Added: common-load_v3.patch
by , 15 years ago
Attachment: | common-load_v3b.patch added |
Common save/load game dialog, version 3 (with non-working code to shift button positions)
comment:15 by , 15 years ago
Adding an updated version of the patch In this version, I've attempted to shift the Y coordinates of the dialog buttons depending on the visibility of the save/load buttons. For some reason, it's not working (the Y coordinates of the buttons remain unchanged), so any feedback would be welcome :) File Added: common-load_v3b.patch
comment:16 by , 15 years ago
Thanks for the update. Don't bother trying to add code to hide buttons for now; I rather prefer we do this independently of this patch, at a later time.
Also, we are about to merge the GUI branch. So, you probably should wait till after that merge before putting further effort into this, as it will certainly break your patch partially.
comment:17 by , 15 years ago
Now that the GUI branch has been merged, this patch will have to be revised.
To emphasize what I wrote before: I would prefer to not have a hacked solution to hide the buttons for now, but rather just disable them for now, and then later we implement a proper solution -- maybe with some help by LordHoto and Tanoku.
by , 15 years ago
Attachment: | common-load_v4.patch added |
Common save/load game dialog, version 4 (working with the current GUI code)
comment:18 by , 15 years ago
Updated the patch to work with the new GUI branch File Added: common-load_v4.patch
comment:19 by , 15 years ago
Owner: | set to |
Status: | new → closed |
comment:20 by , 5 years ago
Component: | → GUI |


text:
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tales from the core
a transmediale '05 workshop
by Niklas Roy & Uwe Schüler
Part II :
Uwe Schüler featuring
"Zuse on acid"
building multimedia hardware in relay technique
Our 1st D.I.Y.-relay-machine will be a drum-machine or more detailed :
a 4 track/8 note - hardware sequencer made of 1 clock generator board
and 4 drum-loop-boards featuring real-time note input. The 4 outputs
trigger electromagnets which hammer against something making noise.
Before we start some hints:
- read Niklas'Part I handout first ; you must understand how a relay works
- we will use 48V for relay power supply. This is still called "low voltage",
and safe to touch with your fingers - but keep your tongue away...
and switch off power before soldering - it's also safer for the circuit ;-)
- the relays we use are compact modern types : they have 2 pins for the
solenoid coil ( Sa , Sb) controlling 2 switches each with 2 positions.
That's why this type of relay is called "double pole double throw" (dpdt)
relay bottom view
( solder pins)
relay schematics
( logical wiring )
NO : Normally Open
NC : Normally Closed
C : Common contact
"Normally" means :
no power applied ,
to make schematic drawings more
readable we will use 2 symbols to
represent connections to the +48V
power supply and 0V (ground,minus)
to make your circuit more "readable", please do all wiring with the
right colors : red,brown for +48V , blue, black and blank wire for 0V.
white ( also with color rings), green, yellow.... for signals
beside the relays we use resistors and capacitors : resistors have a
color code printed showing their value - don't mix them up ! Our
capacitors are electrolyte types; they must be used in the right
direction, otherways they die or even might explode ! Polarization
( +,-) is printed on the insulation sleeve. Ask if you are not sure !
Now let's see how some basic digital logic gates can be implemented
with our relays. If you don't remember this AND, OR, NOT, NAND...
stuff, please read about it again ( many tutorials on the web...)
basic logic gates with relays :
logic inputs A and B
can have 2 states :
note : these gates use only 1
relays. In literature you will
mostly find each input A and B
driving its own relays-coil.
For us there is no need to do so...
Try to make a NOT - gate with 1
relais !
What about NAND, NOR ?
the XOR is a bit tricky : the coil is only energized ( and thus moving
the switch output from 0V to +48V ) when there is a voltage
BETWEEN A and B. Polarity plays no role - A,B could be exchanged.
This means : if BOTH inputs have either 0V or BOTH have +48V,
there is no voltage BETWEEN A and B, so the relay will not switch
and the output will be "0", which is exactly the XOR function.
basic memory functions with relays :
a simple 1 bit memory can be done with a single relay :
when the "Set" switch is pushed, the coil is connected to
+48V and the output Q switches to +48V. A resistor R
feeds this voltage back to the coil. When the "Set"switch
is released R continues supplying the coil, so the relay
keeps the ON state. When the "Res" button is pushed, the
coil is shorted to 0V, so the relay is reset to OFF-state.
That means with a "1" pulse on the input, this memory cell
( or Flip-Flop) can be set, and with a "0" pulse on the input,
it can be cleared. This is called a LOCK RELAY.
D - Flip FLop ( D-FF) :
D - (Data) Flip-Flops store the state of the
D -input when the clock input CLK makes a
transition from "0" to "1".
This circuit also uses the lock relay from
above. Set/Reset pulses come from a 47uF
capacitor, that is charged with 48V or 0V,
depending on input D. A 2nd relay transfers
the charge of the 47uf Cap. to the lock relay
when CLK becomes "1". There are 2 outputs :
Q (noninverted) and QNOT ( inverted)
Such a D-FlipFlop is called "edge-triggered ", because data is stored only
upon a "0->1" transition of the clock pulse. The reason why we use such a
tricky FF instead of a simple lock relay is not obvious yet, but we'll soon see
why we can't live without it - let's connect a couple of D-FF like this :
this is called a "serial shift
register " : data at the serial
input SI on the left side is
shifted from one D-FF to the
next D-FF in this chain, each
time the clock pulse goes
from "0" to "1"
Example: after power up all outputs Q are "0". Now we apply a "1" to SI.
What happens to the Qs ? Right, nothing; they all stay "0" until the 1st
clock pulse stores the "1" from SI, so Q of the left D-FF becomes a "1".
The D-FF in the middle got the clock pulse at exactly the same time, so
it stored the "0" from left Q that was present at the middle D input.
A few milliseconds later the left Q goes to "1", but this is too late to be
stored in the middle D-FF because the clock transition from "0" to "1"
happened already. That's the reason why we need an "edge triggered"
D-FF ! If Data would have been stored during the whole duration of the
clock pulse this would happen : the "1" from SI occurs on Q of the left
FF, which is D of the middle FF, so Q of the middle FF would also go "1"
and a short time later Q of the right FF would also go "1". So you can see
our 3 bit serial shift register needs edge-triggered D-FFs and after 3
clock pulses, data from SI appears at the serial output SO.
OK, you might agree, but why should I build a serial shift register ?
Let's add another shift-stage ( 4 is a nice number, but for our drummachine we will need 8 or 16 of them) and connect the serial output back
to the serial input with a litte circuit like this:
there are 2 push-buttons: SET and
CLEAR. If none of the 2 is pushed,
Data from SO flows through the 2
relays, as shown, back to SI. That
means when clock pulses were applied,
Data stored in the D-FFs will
CIRCULATE in this so called "ring
buffer" : after 4 clock beats the
state of our shift-register will be the
same, because all data leaving SO is
fed back to SI. SET and CLEAR
buttons allow us to input a "1" or a "0"
in this ever circulating datastream :
this is one track of a 4 note drummachine !
example : if we apply clock pulses and never touch the buttons, "0"s will
circulate in our ring buffer forever. Now we hit SET and after the next
rising edge of the clock pulse a "1" enters the shiftregister. If we had a
trigger-input of an electronic basedrum connected to Q of the left D-FF, we
would now hear a "BOOM". We immediately release the SET button and
watch the next clock pulse: a "0" from SO is now connected to SI and will be
stored in the left D-FF. The "1" that caused the drum-trigger before, is now
shifted to the 2nd D-FF . So the state after the 1st clock pulse of our ring buffer was " 1 0 0 0"; after the 2nd clock it is "0 1 0 0"; after the 3rd clock
"0 0 1 0" and after the 4th clock "0 0 0 1". serial output SO is now a "1" and
with the 5th clock pulse it is stored again in the leftmost D-FF and the next
"BOOM" can be heard .
Voila, a simple "4 on the floor" base-line-loop is programmed !
We can SET now drum-triggers in "real-time" while our ring-buffer loops
over and over. Of course we must also be able to delete a note when we
don't want to hear it anymore : hitting CLEAR enters a "0" with the next
clock pulse into the loop.
A final small modification to the output must be done to complete our design:
if you create a pattern like e.g. "1 1 0 0" you want to hear something like
"BOOM BOOM - - ". But because there is no "gap" between the two "1"s the
output looks like a single drum-trigger with double length and your electronic
drum would generate a single "BOOOOM - - " .
with the help of an additional
relay connected to the output
and driven by the clock signal we
can insert "0"- gaps to separate
consecutive "1" - pulses :
when clock is "0", this relay
switches to 0V so OUT = "0",
when clock becomes "1", OUT
becomes the output of the ringbuffer.
Beside adding more D-FFs to
enlarge the drum-pattern from 4
to 8 or even 16 notes and
building more of these 1-track
machines to get at least a
pratically useful 4-track device,
we should take a closer look at
clock generation now ...
basic clock generators with relays :
there are many ways to make relays oscillate. For our drum-machine we need a
design that can easily be adjusted in frequency, let's say from 30bpm up to
200bmp. And it must be simple, because after soldering together all these DFlipFlops there will be almost no time left to construct the clock generator ;-)
We connect the relay coil to +48V with
a capacitor. In the 1st moment the cap.
is empty : Vcap. = 0 means Vcoil = +48V
(series connection: Vcoil + Vcap = +48V)
the relay will switch Vout to +48V.
Due to the current flowing through the
relay coil , the Cap. will be charged :
Vcap. will increase, Vcoil will decrease
over time. When Vcoil goes below the
minimum holding voltage, the relay
switch falls back and Vout goes "0"
When we then discharge the capacitor,
the whole game can start again and we
get an oscillating circuit: when the relay
falls back k1 shorts the cap., so Vcoil is
lifted to +48V again. This causes the
relay to switch again and k1 opens : the
next discharge cycle begins and we have
made a pulse generator. Because the
discharge cycle ( short circuit over cap.)
is much faster than the charge cycle
through the coil resistance, output
pulses at k2 are very narrow ("needle
pulse generator)
The practical circuit has a small (330Ohm) resistor in series with the k1
discharge switch to avoid burning the contacts by high discharge currents.
A variable resistor ( potentiometer) in parallel to the coil makes the chargecurrent and thus charge-time controllable :
to convert the needle-pulses to nice 50/50 square and extend the range
towards lower frequencies, we finally add a frequency-divider to the output..
basic frequency divider with relays :
the most simple binary frequency divider
is a so called T-FF ( Toggle FlipFlop).
It is made from our well known D-FF by
connecting the inverted output QNOT
back to the data input. That means with
each positive clock edge the output Q
becomes inverted.
This generates symmetrical pulses with
half the clock frequency
function : Q = 0 means QNOT = D = 1. with the next clock pulse this D=1
will be stored, so Q = 1 and that means QNOT = D = 0. with the next clock
pulse this D=0 will be stored, so Q = 0 and that means QNOT = D = 1......
OK, the final circuit of our drum-machine is a "kick-base" circuit.
We use it to supply an electromagnet that hammers on a base-drum
( tin-pan or whatever...) with a very narrow, kicking pulse like the
hammering mechanics used in a piano :
remember : the output of our ring- buffer
has a width of the positive clock pulse.
This input signal goes directly to the upper
coil pin of a relay, and delayed by a RCcircuit to the lower coil pin.
When the input pulse goes "1", the Vcap.
stays low for a while until cap. is loaded.
This means the relay switches OUT=IN=
"1" for a short time. When the capacitor is
charged, there is no voltage-diverence
over the coil and the relay switches back (
see XOR gate ! ). The same delay happens
while discharging the cap.: when IN
switches from "1" to "0". ,the relay also
switches on for a short time, but OUT
stays"0" because IN is already "0".
That why we get a narrow OUT pulse for
the rising edge of IN.
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