text:
Image via George Papadopoulos's LinkedIn account
News came last week that the DOJ under Attorney General Bill Barr declined to indict disgraced former FBI director Jim Comey for leaking classified information because the investigation may be focusing on Comey for bigger potential crimes related to signing off on FISA warrants containing false information that led to spying on Trump associates and making a case for Russia collusion.
But one underreported piece of information, and one John Solomon confirmed on August 1 in an interview with Sean Hannity, is that John Durham's investigators are already in possession of an audiotaped deposition of the mysterious Joseph Mifsud, the man who told Trump associate George Papadopoulos the Russians may have dirt on Hillary Clinton which Solomon describes as the "flashpoint, the starting point, of this whole Russia collusion narrative."
Solomon says Comey's behavior involving the FISA warrant — and the information used to obtain the warrant — could spell big trouble for Comey and that the thing to watch for is if Durham empanels a grand jury and sends out subpoenas.
But the mysterious Mifsud has actually already contributed his testimony, which arguably will lead to a decision about whether or not a grand jury is required.
Hannity asked Solomon if Mifsud, who is believed to have been spying on Papadopoulos, Sam Clovis, and Carter Page, was directed by someone to carry out his work.
HANNITY: "Who set that up? Who do we know that was involved in that? And was intelligence farmed out to other countries, allied countries, because it would have been otherwise illegal to do it in this country, and they were circumventing American law to do so?"
SOLOMON: "Well I can report absolutely that the Durham investigators have now obtained an audiotaped deposition of Joseph Mifsud where he describes his work, why he targeted Papadopoulos, who directed him to do that, what directions he was given, and why he set that entire process of introducing Papadopoulos to Russia in motion in March of 2016, which was really the flashpoint, the starting point of this whole Russian collusion narrative. I can also confirm that the Senate Judiciary Committee has also obtained the same deposition."
SOLOMON: "We're going to eventually see the actual words that Papadopoulos used and whether the FBI properly disclosed evidence of innocence to the FISA court. My sources tell me there's a big problem for the FBI there. That happened on James Comey's watch."


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Sylvie Vandenhoucke
Sylvie Vandenhoucke develops a distinctive oeuvre in which a thorough analysis of the subtle optical changes on surfaces and materials through light and space, takes central stage.
Indebted to the ever-inspiring history and traditions of the use of light in classic paintings, she consciously expands her quiet universe with works ranging from wall-pieces and small intimate objects to large installations. Key to Vandenhoucke's artistic expression are systematic and repetitive strategies she establishes at the beginning of a work and the slowness of the processes she choses to exploit. As such, the work develops virtually as a drawing: small elements find their place in the whole through an internal logic of the set up system. Or, hand-carved voids impose the rhythm of changes in colour hues.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Items where Author is "Liu, J"
Up a level |
Liu, J and Ang, MC and Chaw, JK and Kor, A-L and Ng, KW (2023) Emotion assessment and application in human-computer interaction interface based on backpropagation neural network and artificial bee colony algorithm. Expert Systems with Applications, 232. pp. 1-19. ISSN 0957-4174 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2023.120857
Lu, Z and Wu, J and Liu, J (2020) Bank concentration and SME financing availability: The impact of promotion of financial inclusion in China. International Journal of Bank Marketing. ISSN 0265-2323 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJBM-01-2020-0007
Thampanya, N and Wu, J and Nasir, MA and Liu, J (2020) Fundamental and behavioural determinants of stock return volatility in ASEAN-5 countries. Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, 65. ISSN 1042-4431 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intfin.2020.101193
Zhou, X and Lu, X and Qin, S and Xu, L and Chong, X and Liu, J and Yan, P and Sun, R and Hurley, IP and Jones, GW and Wang, Q and He, J (2019) Is the absence of alpha-helix 2 in the appendant structure region the major contributor to structural instability of human cystatin C? Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, 37 (17). pp. 4522-4527. ISSN 0739-1102 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2018.1552625
Uddin, M and Chowdhury, A and Zafar, S and Shafique, S and Liu, J (2018) Institutional determinants of inward FDI: Evidence from Pakistan. International Business Review. ISSN 0969-5931 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2018.10.006


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LP (12"/10" Album)
Label: GUERSSEN
Release date: 14/01/2016
Barcode: 4040824085704
Catalog no.: GUESS0000146
Item ID: 426355
A treasure trove of previously unreleased West Coast guitar psychedelia, dating from the period 1966-1975, issued as a TRIPLE-LP in a DELUXE PURPLE/GOLD HOTFOIL BOX! An 8-page booklet (with detailed liner notes by Ugly Things' Mike Stax and rare pix) and a poster are included. This obscure Bay Area band existed from 1966 to 1978, had various names, but never an official release. Active under monikers s.a. Blue Fever, Timne, (Hodological) Mandala and, from the early '70s on, UTHER PENDRAGON, the band's style evolved from garage to heavy psych to hardrock. This amazing release includes the band's '67 garage-psych acetate 7-inch (a must-hear for fans of Music Machine and Human Expression), studio demos, home recordings and more. One of the last undiscovered killer bands from the era?
Also available: SAN FRANCISCO EARTHQUAKE (2CD) (CD).
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text:
Ripped in 30 results??
Posts: 201 Member
I really want to try "Ripped in 30" but I'm skeptical on the results it will give me.
Any pictures, sizes/pounds lost, and before/after measurements will be a huge help!!
Thanks!! :)
Any pictures, sizes/pounds lost, and before/after measurements will be a huge help!!
Thanks!! :)
There is no easy way to get "ripped" let alone doing it in 30 days! Getting results and getting real results takes time, dedication, and hard work!0
I have just started week 2. It's insane. I'm fully convinced Jillian has lost her mind. That being said I am already noticing that my stomach is looking a little more toned. If you have done 30 DS you will be well conditioned for ripped in 30. I can let you know how the rest of it goes once I'm done but all in all I recommend it. After all you can do anything for 20 minutes. Right??0
You get out of it what you put into it. If you work hard at it (and keep your deficit on the eating side), you will see results0
yeah i've done the 30DS and loved it (:0
If it was that easy to get ripped in 30 days, wouldn't everyone be ripped by now?0
There is no easy way to get "ripped" let alone doing it in 30 days! Getting results and getting real results takes time, dedication, and hard work!
Ripped in 30 is a workout DVD with Jillian Michaels.0 -
almost done with Week one and it's been fun/good so far!0
I'm thinking ripped in a year MIGHT be doable. I agree w/ Chrisdavey.0
this is my third round. its one of my favorite workouts. my before/after pictures from the first time are pretty good.( I only did rippedin30, nothing else) Im on week three, and so far Ive lost 2 inches off my belly (inch below belly button), 1 inch off natural waist, and a couple more inches in various other places. and about 4 pounds. I am also running 3 times a week, and killer buns and thighs.
I have pictures but cant post right now since they are saved on my phone and dont feel like getting it right now since im going to bed. but maybe ill post later.I also took halfway pics for this round and its looking good too0 -
I'm thinking ripped in a year MIGHT be doable. I agree w/ Chrisdavey.
yeah i should've mentioned i don't want to be "ripped" i just want to be toned.
ripped wouldn't look good on me, trust me hahaha.
i was just wondering if it's worth it in helping me become more toned(:0 -
omg people calm down, it's just the title of a workout DVD.
I'm starting week 2 of it tomorrow, it's on heck of a workout that's for sure! lol I'm excited to see the results though!0 -
omg people calm down, it's just the title of a workout DVD.
I'm starting week 2 of it tomorrow, it's on heck of a workout that's for sure! lol I'm excited to see the results though!
LOL Exactly... people get so worked up over the small stuff.
It is a title and by no means can they promise the general public that you will be ripped in 30. Ripped by far is in relation to your starting point. Obviously someone like me with little to no muscle tone (and deep fat) will not be "ripped". Maybe someone with a good jump on the game, already in decent shape, could see definition in 30 days. I am just looking at RI30 as another exercise plan that I am excited to start (tonight!).
If I am ever "ripped" you all will certainly hear about it and see it - as I will be posting the pix everywhere!
:drinker:0 -
I always viewed it as meant to be 30 minutes not 30 days. Since the workouts are 30-35 minutes long. Kwim?0
You dont have anything to lose do you? unless your choosing between Ripped or a different prorgam?
If you do it and dont get the results you expected then you either had to high expectations or your dumbells where to
I combined level 3 and 4 for two weeks in september doing them five times a week and lost 7 pounds. You just need
to keep pushing yourself. Its not meant to be easy and comfortable.0 -
I'm on my 2nd time of doing Ripped in 30 with Jillian Michaels.You will tone up with Ripped in 30.You get what you put into it.You do have to follow a good diet also.Jillian Michaels says you can eat your way through any amount of exercise and she is right.But I promise you will tone up with this workout.I love Ripped in 30 and I will be doing this exercise program many more times.:happy:0
here are some of my results from doing 30-day shred. i posted a whole blog about it!
http://www.thebaileybowman.com/2011/11/my-love-hate-relationship-with-jillian.html0 -
and to add to that.. i'm doing ripped in 30 now.0
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The Daily Sweat: Can Max Scherzer save Mets from another bad loss in Atlanta?
The New York Mets were on a roll heading to Atlanta, hoping to put away the NL East this week.
That isn't what happened.
The Mets have looked awful for the first two games of a four-game set. They lost 13-1 on Monday to the Atlanta Braves and 5-0 on Tuesday. All of a sudden the Braves are 3.5 games back in the division and have some hope.
This is why the Mets got Max Scherzer.
Scherzer, who would be the unquestioned ace on just about any other team but splits that title with Jacob deGrom on the Mets, takes the mound on Wednesday. The Mets are -150 favorites at BetMGM despite looking like a Little League team at times this week.
The Mets signed Scherzer to a three-year, $130 million deal to win big games, and Wednesday has suddenly turned into a big game. The Mets can't be facing down the possibility of a Thursday sweep (though they will have deGrom on the hill).
The Braves are tough to beat. Tuesday's win was their eighth in a row. They've had a fine follow-up to their World Series title, and have added some impressive rookies for a postseason run this year. Jake Odorizzi, a trade deadline acquisition, will start for the Braves on Wednesday night. He's not as good as Scherzer, but the rest of the Braves are on a roll.
If you like taking +125 home underdogs who are 72-46 this season and on an eight=game winning streak, this is your chance. It would just mean having to fade Scherzer, which is never fun.
Here's the first look at the sports betting slate for Wednesday:
WNBA playoffs begin
There is playoff basketball on the slate. The first round of the WNBA playoffs starts with a couple Game 1s: The New York Liberty at the Chicago Sky and the Phoenix Mercury at the Las Vegas Aces. The Sky and Aces are the No. 1 seeds in each conference. Chicago won the championship last season.
The Sky are 8.5-point favorites and the Sky are an even bigger 14.5-point favorite to open those series.
The rest of the MLB slate
It's a normal Wednesday around baseball, with 15 games total and six afternoon games as some series wrap up.
Perhaps the most interesting games down the stretch will come from the top of the AL Central. The Cleveland Guardians lead the division with the Minnesota Twins and Chicago White Sox a game back. The Guardians are -225 favorites against the Kansas City Royals, the Twins are -190 favorites against the Kansas City Royals and the White Sox are +125 home underdogs against the Houston Astros. There's intrigue with all of the games at the top of the AL Central, which we can't say for plenty of division races this season.
What's the best bet?
The New York Yankees offense is as cold as anything can get in August. They're not hitting. I'll take the Tampa Bay Rays as a +115 underdog at Yankee Stadium and make the Yankees prove their bats have some signs of life.


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WWE's Making Both Good and Bad History with Women in First Ever Matches
Last month on June 18, the women of the WWE made history by competing in the company's first ever women's Ladder match. Men have been competing in WWE Ladder matches since 1992 when Bret Hart fought Shawn Michaels for the Intercontinental Championship. When the Ladder match was introduced in the WWE, it was unimaginable that the company would ever feature women competing in such a match—that's because at the time the WWE didn't even have an active women's division. The company reinstated its women's roster and Women's Championship in 1993, but it wasn't until two years ago that it became a normal thing for WWE's female wrestlers to perform in matches with major stipulations.
Since that change, we've had the first ever Iron Woman match, the first female Hell in a Cell match, the first women's Tables match in six years, and the first women's Cage match in fourteen years.
So at the Money in the Bank pay-per-view Carmella, Natalya, Tamina, Becky Lynch, and Charlotte Flair prepared to further change the landscape of the company with their Ladder match. It was a historic moment and the WWE knew it, as evidenced by the video package shown before the match, and how every female athlete in the company has taken to getting on the microphone to talk about being part of a revolution. So given WWE's awareness of how they currently portray female wrestlers, it was especially baffling how this match ended.
Carmella's manager, James Ellsworth, wound up being the one to ascend the ladder and grab the title contract, tossing it to Carmella to give her the victory. A villainous character cheating to win is par for the course of wrestling. But leaving aside that entertainment aspect, many people involved in the profession, as well as many fans, couldn't help pointing out how tone deaf it was for a man to get the win for one of the women in the first match of its kind.
It's possible WWE knew they'd get backlash for the move since the company has embraced causing controversy in the name of attention on many an occasion. And to be fair, the controversy was brought up in the storyline and Carmella was forced to win a rematch of the Ladder match two weeks after the pay-per-view to keep her title contract. Carmella actually grabbed the contract herself on the do over, but even with that it can never be erased that people will always look back and say a man determined the winner of the first women's Money in the Bank match.
Whether WWE orchestrated this on purpose or not, it feeds into a bigger problem that has people questioning the integrity of the company's commitment to their female performers. WWE's current roster of women is undeniably great and the most talented female wrestlers they've ever had. The likes of Sasha Banks, Charlotte, and Asuka are all incredible to watch. And the company is only going to have an influx of more talent thanks to their Mae Young Classic tournament. But WWE's fixation on creating historic moments with the women has a lot of fans feeling like the company is devoting too much effort into making headlines with the moments rather than creating stars out of their female athletes.
A great example of this came from another first ever women's match that happened recently: the first women's Kendo Stick-on-a-Pole match at Extreme Rules. Matches where objects are placed on a pole are seldom fondly remembered in the first place, but this bout between Bayley and Alexa Bliss for the Raw Women's Championship has become a contender for the worst match of the year so far. That's because despite the history of this first ever match, it was a total disservice to Bayley.
In the lead up to Extreme Rules the villainous Alexa Bliss ridiculed Bayley as being too childish to be a wrestler, even drudging up people from Bayley's past who claimed she was so coddled by her dad that she's never kissed anyone before. A storyline like this normally results in the hero proving the villain wrong by beating them down come time for the match, even if the villain ultimately finds a way to win. Instead, Alexa easily beat Bayley at Extreme Rules in around five minutes because Bayley was so naive and soft-hearted that she balked at using the kendo stick against Alexa. It turned the history of this match into something no one would want to remember: the night when one of the company's biggest rising stars lost her momentum because Alexa's accusations of Bayley being too sheltered to cut it seemed to have been proven correct.
Just two years ago, Bayley was perhaps the most popular woman in the company. She was recently on an out of character podcast with Steve Austin where she voiced her doubts about the trajectory of her character. Bayley seemed to struggle to understand what had changed between her and the fans, whose enthusiasm for her huggable persona has begun to wane. Judging by how Bayley was booked in her match at Extreme Rules, a lot of fans feel confident pointing the finger at the WWE as the problem for mismanaging her character.
Being fair to the WWE, they have helped the women break other glass ceilings with better results. The women also had their first ever Gauntlet match recently, which was fine. And Asuka also recently defended her NXT Women's Championship against Nikki Cross in a first ever Last Woman Standing match which was great. If the quality could stay consistent, there'd be no room for complaint. But so far we're seeing a lot of first ever moments and talk about a women's revolution that winds up feeling hollow
The most recent Tables match I mentioned? Or the most recent Cage match? The first women's Hell in a Cell (which was also the first time women main evented a pay-per-view)? All of those matches were just okay when they could have been phenomenal. All of the women involved in those matches have proven they can shine in the ring, so it's not a lack of talent. So that leaves the writers and producers who are putting together these matches as the ones that aren't doing the women justice.
Any WWE fan will be sure to point out bad booking isn't confined to the women. Plenty of excellent male wrestlers are wallowing in mediocrity right now (Shinsuke Nakamura being a glaring example). But the men's division as a whole (their floundering cruiserweight division aside) doesn't face any jeopardy of being taken off the match card.
There have been times in WWE's history where they simply scrapped featuring women's wrestling for years, though. Despite how manufactured WWE has made the phrase "women's revolution" sound by turning it into some dorky buzzword, there is still truth in it. The current crop of female wrestlers have only been getting treated seriously for a couple years now coinciding with the call ups of Sasha Banks, Becky Lynch, and Charlotte. Before that was a dark period of years of women's matches that could feature inadequately trained models wrestling for less than five minutes. It's not like it's impossible for things to revert back to the way they were if the current women are deemed a dud.
Fortunately most of the women are still connecting well to the crowd. And the WWE's problem right now isn't that they don't care, but rather that they're trying too hard to force things. So hopefully we'll see many more of the great stories and matches the women have been in so far, and they won't be overshadowed by stuff like Ellsworth's involvement in the Ladder match. You only have to listen to the emotion in the voice of someone like Sasha Banks as she talks about how far the company has come from its days of putting on Bra and Panties matches to know what this opportunity means to her and the other women. And if that's not enough, you can just watch the crazy moves someone like Charlotte busts out in big matches to try and steal the show.
The rumor right now is that the women might have another first on the horizon: the dirt sheets are saying a women's Royal Rumble match might be happening at the Royal Rumble pay-per-view in 2018. If the WWE goes through with it and puts the work into creating the match the performers deserve, it could be one of the highlights of the year for the company. But it can't be just another match to check off the shortening list of stipulations that women in the WWE haven't competed in. Some of the strides the women's division have made have been remarkable, but other attempts are leaving a lot to be desired. It's time for the company to prove they're out to do more than create PR buzz. Make the historic moments mean something by writing compelling rivalries for these characters, producing hard-hitting matches for them, and helping the WWE's women achieve their potential of being some of the biggest stars the company has seen.
(images: WWE)
Chris Isaac writes from Philadelphia. He has covered topics ranging from video games, to the portrayal of mental disabilities in the media. When he's not keeping up with wrestling, he writes regularly for Screen Rant and Comic Book Resources. Follow him on Twitter @ChrisChrosser.
—The Mary Sue has a strict comment policy that forbids, but is not limited to, personal insults toward anyone, hate speech, and trolling.—
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text:
DIVISADERO—The week-old District 5 (aka the reinvented Metro Kathmandu) sent out an announcement this afternoon, saying that it has changed its name already. Oddly enough, the new name is the original name, Metro Cafe. The restaurant says it is in honor of its longtime neighborhood supporters, but probably also because of protests from SoMa's District. Anyway, kindly adjust your records. [EaterWire]
ALEMANY MARKET—After all the hubbub at the Alemany Farmers' Market earlier this summer, there's actually a newcomer to its vendor lineup: Ritual. The coffee roaster will be serving coffee and selling beans on Saturdays from 7:30am to 2pm. [EaterWire]


text: There are so many reasons to start a weight management program and improve your health. But, for many people, the biggest reason is to live longer, happier lives with the people they love. Sometimes, tragedy or stress can derail our vision of ourselves and our future. But, you can take back control — you just need to put yourself first and make it a top priority. We are here with you every step of the way. Watch the video below to hear from real patients who are on their journey now. Hear why they started and what keeps them going. You can do it too!


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Smart Meter Data Collection and Automation
Get the most out of your meters with our powerful gateways, load curve collectors and front-end softwareWhat do Smart Meter Gateways do?
Smart Meter gateways provide advanced protocol conversion and automation functions to enhance the control and data exploitation of smart meters. The gateway collects the data in real-time from one or multiple smart meters via metering protocols like DLMS, IEC 62056–21 and Modbus and then transfers it upstream to the control and supervision system, such as a control center or SCADA. Using a smart meter gateway as a bridge allows to access and collect data from "not-so-smart" meters securely, as the data can be processed and encrypted prior to being transferred to the supervision system.
The data must often be encapsulated for transfers across layers (e.g. serial over TCP/IP, DLMS wrapper) networks or converted to a standard communication protocols such as IEC61850, IEC60870‑5–101/104, Modbus and DNP3.0. Some gateways can also process and concentrate the data as well as execute automation sequences on site to further optimize the exploitation of the metering data and thus the energetic performance of the facility.
Why Use a Smart Meter Gateway?
Advantages with iGrid T&D
Why Use a Smart Meter Gateway?
- Integration of "dumb meters" to your network
- Improved data processing and monitoring
- Higher security through direct encryptions for both remotely reading consumer data and accessing intelligent end-devices
- Decentralized intelligence with data processing on site
- Full exploitation of collected data
- Highly automated smart meter management
- Improved interoperability for multi-vendor networks and retrofits
- Flexible network topology and communication medium
- Improved reliability through local data storage and redundant networks
- Connected or internal PLCs can be used to process data or execute automation sequences and mathematical expressions
Advantages with iGrid
- All-in-one solutions, combining time management, load curve collection, data concentration, protocol conversion, real-time data collection, transfer and storage
- Protocol conversion to and from DLMS, IEC61850, IEC60870‑5–102, IEC 62056–21 and Modbus RTU/TCP
- Seamless encapsulation and conversion for TCP/IP networks and multi-layer communications
- Full interoperability in any electric facility –collect data through any protocol and map it to IEC60870, IEC 61850 or DNP3
- Highly secure, flexible and scalable solution, adaptable to any system requirements/ network topology
- Mathematical/ logic based processing to create new data to report to the control center
- RSTP, HSR and PRP redundant networks
- Simple & user-friendly configuration, operation and commissioning
- Local, internal data storage with high precision time stamping (+ RTC) to prevent any data losses
- Internal PLC based on IEC 61131–3, easily programmable with our free iConf tool
Smart Solutions for Smart Meters
Smart Meter Gateway
Our gateways and RTUs cannot only collect data from up to 24 meters, but also serve as complete communication front-end for the entire energy network (power plant, BMS, substation etc.) combining advanced automation and networking functions with multiple connection possibilities with first or second level SCADAs and Control Centers.
All of our products can collect metering data in real-time using any common metering protocol such as IEC60870‑5–102, IEC 62056–21, Modbus and DLMS. Prior to transferring this data, the data can be directly processed by the iGW/iRTU using mathematical or logical expressions, which can be easily defined with the user-friendly and free iConf tool. The connection to the control centers can be established through any available communication network (GPRS, VSAT, analog/digital radio, Ethernet, etc.) and run on protocols such as IEC 60870‑5–101/104, IEC 61850, Modbus, MQTT or DNP3.0. We are specially commited to advanced solutions based on IEC 61850, find out more about about them here.
We hold longterm relationships with major metering manufacturers, allowing us to gain experience with their devices all around the world. Our products are designed to collect all kinds of metering data as for example loss calculations, power quality measures and generation trends, just to name a few. Control and maintenance staff can also access the meter by establishing a bypass through the gateway.
Load Curve Collection, Processing and Transfer
In addition to collecting real-time metering data at a desired rate, our smart meter gateways can also collect and process load curves, which can be transferred upstream in real-time, by request or periodically.
There are four ways we can do that:
- Converting the load curves into signals with a value and time stamp and sending them to the Control Center
- Storing the data in a file and transferring the file upstream via the desired protocol
- Sending this information via web services
- Allowing the user to connect to the device and download the file directly
Smart Meter Gateway, RTU, PLC, Plant Controller — All in One Device
Just like our software, our versatile, high-performance hardware (iRTU & iGW families) can apply the entire iGrid T&D protocol suite and thus communicate with any device in the power plant plant or the grid-interfacing substation. Using iGrid T&D hardware as plant controller and/or substation RTU is in turn the easiest way to maintain full vendor-independence.
Thanks to our long-term experiences and R&D activities in generation applications and our powerful software communication core, we can provide a broad portfolio of solutions for energy generation projects. Our secured and cost-saving hardware combines multiple roles and functionalities within one device:
- Plant Controller to control, collect and process data from all plant devices, such as inverters, trackers, string boxes, solar arraysm, environmental sensors, protection relays and meters
- Real-time data collection and transfer, through multiple serial and ethernet ports as well as integrated digital and analog I/Os with high precision and reliable time synchronization
- Multi-layer Protocol Converter for all desired protocol conversions accross plant devices, platforms and network levels
- Programmable Logic Controller (PLC), programmable in 5 langauges with IEC 61131–3 using the free iConf tool
- Automatic Generation Control (AGC) and Power Plant Control (PPC) for active market participaction and grid support
- Smart Meter Gateway, mapping metering signals in DLMS, IEC 62056–21, Modbus or IEC60870‑5–102 onto upstream protocols such as DNP3 to connect directly to control centers/ master stations
- Substation Gateway with advanced IEC 61850 and redundancy capabilities to connect to control centers, Ethernet, GPRS and IP networks, IEDs, plant and substation equipment, serial devices and data bases
- Data Concentration with our unlimited smart meter management software or iGW devices, which can collect data from up to 24 smart meters at the same time
- Load Curve collection, processing and transfer
- Bay Controller Unit (BCU)/ Substation RTU, controlling, collecting and processing data from all devices that are part of the grid connection, substation and protection system, such as relays, switchgear and transformers
Simple Architecture Using a Smart Meter Gateway
Example with iGWlite
Different Devices for Different Demands
Communication protocols are not the only factor to consider when one is going for maximum flexbility and independence. Our products can be ordered with a range of communication ports and I/Os to serve different communication media.
For example, an iRTU can carry an embedded Ethernet switch to connect to several redundant Ethernet networks, several serial ports for serial IEDs or meters, and a GPRS modem for wireless communication with the control center.
We have developed a broad variety of devices and device families with many configuration options to cost-effective solutions for any project requirements.
We can also announce the upcoming launch of the iRTUcompact, a new compact device with integrated I/Os for generation and smart metering applications.
iGW – Powerful Software in Its Favorite Case
The iGW is a powerful and secure protocol gateway, providing advanced redundancy functions and carrying 2 Ethernet and 4 serial ports and an (optional) embedded Ethernet switch for 2 additional Ethernet ports (total of 4).
iGWlite – The "Lite" Gateway
The iGWlite carries the same software core as well as 1 Ethernet, 1 RS485/RS422 and an optional RS-232 port (copper or fiber) or a 2G/3G/4G modem – taking little space on a DIN-Rail, but still employing the full iGrid protocol stack.
iRTU – The Gateway with Integrated I/Os
The iRTU is an reliable and scalable controller with internal and configurable I/O capabilities for direct data acquisition, the iGrid protocol stack, multiple Ethernet and serial ports, high-precision time synch, and an optional embedded Ethernet switch.
Having everything combined in one future-oriented device saves a lot of time and money, whilst remote plant locations, complex networks and eventual changes/replacements stop being a costly threat to your investment. Further prevention against financial losses can be provided by redundant infrastructure. iRTUs/iGWs can be operated in hot-standby redundancy modes and support RSTP/PRP/HSR to protect your network from any device failures.
Furthermore, our gateways/ controllers are capable of high precision time-synchronzation (<1ms) via PTP or NTP and carry internal high-accuracy Real-Time Clocks (RTC, 1ppm). This allows to record events with a micro-second time stamping accuracy, even when connection to the time source (masterclock) is lost, permitting to trace failures back meticulously.
Time Management
All of our devices are capable of high precision time-synchronization (<1ms) via PTP or NTP and carry internal Real-Time Clocks with a an accuracy of 1ppm. This allows to keep on recording events with a micro-second time stamping accuracy, even when connection to the time source (masterclock) is lost, permitting to trace failures back meticulously.
iConf Tool
iConf has been specifically developed for electrical applications, saving you lots of time and money throughout the control system set-up and maintenance tasks, whilst also minimizing your project risks. You can use the software tool to configure all igrid devices and software systems as well as design IEC 61850 projects, to up and download your configurations, and create your own templates.
Network Redundancy
All of our devices can provide RSTP, HSR & PRP (IEC 62439–3) redundancy
- Modern substation automation without packet losses and latencies
- Invisible to the application and usable by most industrial Ethernet protocols
- For applications requiring high availability and quick switchovers
Our Smart Meter Gateway Software Solutions
The same functions can be performed with our software solutions, which share their core iGComms with our hardware. You can either run our software as communication front-end on your preferred hardware device with the unlimited and scalable iGW-VM application or integrate it in an existent system, such as a smart meter management or automated meter reading system.
The equipped system (server) will not only be able to manage data from thousands of smart meters, but also function as multi-layer network gateway to communicate through several protocols and VPN, IP, Ethernet and serial networks, acting as a substation communication core or gateway to SCADA systems and control centers
If you devices and data to be visualized or you need to control entire generation plants, facilities or substations, you can also use our iControl SCADA software. It allows you to both communicate with Smart Meters and at the same time enjoy all the other functions required for a comfortable and automated control of electrical networks. iControl SCADA can operate on several levels, from gateway to control center and be deployed in many different architectures, including redundant client-server based schemes. As such, it can serve as a platform for all actors involved. It can be accessed through multiple clients or via web browser, using role-based access control to guarantee a customized user experience and manage permissions and responsabilities.
iGW-VM — Main Gateway/Hub
- Can act as central gateway, meter management & automation system, communicating with thousands of meters
- Highly scalable and powerful gateway software for any server running on windows or linux
- Provides powerful multi-layer protocol conversion capabilities to your entire network
iControl SCADA — from GW to CC
- For all levels, from network/ substation Gateway and SCADA HMI to Control Center
- Can communicate with all meters and devices
- Provides all required functionalities, such as event manager, automatic line coloring, automated reporting etc.
iGW-VM — Communication front-end
- Equip any meter, gear, control system, device or PLC with iGrid's software core iGComms
- iGrid protocol suite for powerful multi-layer protocol conversion capabilities
- Powerful automation functions, such as PLC programming
Powerful, Secure and Reliable Communication Technology
We want to keep the operation of your power network as simple as possible without renouncing advanced functionalities. For this reason, based on our in-field experience, we designed powerful and flexible hardware for the energy industry. Our user-friendly hardware facilitates smooth implementations and can be easily adjusted to your needs with our free & simple iConf tool.
We are aware of the broad diversity of components a system constructor is confronted with. With our solutions you no longer need to worry about system topology, communication media, compatibility or network inefficiencies.
We encourage to set up open and scalable communication network architectures, which will allow you to comfortably react to any kind of changes in your plant's network and replace third party devices at any given time.
Although our devices are already configurable and versatile by design, we also provide further product configurations and tailored services upon request.
Global Compliance and Interoperability
Thanks to our experiences with electrical networks and substations in a variety of industries all around the planet, our products have been prepared for an immense range of high-demanding requirements and standards, guaranteeing a peaceful approval process for any project in any country. Our certifications range from EMC compatibility and communication protocol standards like IEC 61850 to cyber security means and have been asserted by third party certification bodies like DNV GL/ KEMA.
Why Use a Smart Meter Gateway by iGrid T&D?
Our advanced Smart Meter Gateways can handle a broad variety of protocols and architectures but also provide numerous other technological features and functionalities for all kind of applications and requirements.
As a client you can benefit from a uniquely flexible and scalable all-in-one solution that is easy to use and saves a lot of costs throughout the entire project.
Solution Benefits & Functions
Full real-time control over all devices and meters
Control of up to 24 meters with one device
Load curve collection
Strong certifications from independent certification bodies
Maximum network flexiblity
High cyber security standards
Guaranteed approval
Optimized efficiency and generation output
Local and remote data storage
Customized training & support
Remote maintenance/ testing
Improved reliability & security
Wireless SCADA communication
Remote substation monitoring and control
Automated generation control (AGC)
Powerful & comfortable data recording including data exports & SQL
Worldwide high and medium voltage compliance
Automatic alarms & reporting
Minimize data losses
Data concentration
Historical & real-time trends analysis
State-of-the-art technology (incl. IEC 61850)
Role-based access control
Engineering & maintenance cost reduction
Customized solution
Full interoperability and vendor-independence
Automatic data storage
Supervisory control
Reduced space for human error
Graphical visualization of measurements & data
Fault diagnostics
Simple device set-up/ deployment
Local & global alarm generation
Simple retrofits
Lost energy analysis
Our Smart Metering Services
- Smart Meter Gateway
- Communication front-end for meter mangement systems
- Load curve collection, processing and transfer
- Real-time metering data collection, concentration, process and transfer
- Plant Controller and Main Gateway
Sleep Peacefully with Expert Cyber Security
iGrid T&D enforces several layers of security measures guided by the propositions of the IEC 62531 standard to protect its devices from all kinds of threats.
Our hardened devices feature Role Based Access Control (RBAC) to avoid intrinsic risks such as security holes and unauthorized actions by authenticated users.
In addition to end-to-end encryptions via TSL/SSL, HTTPS, SSH and standard procedures for VPNs (e.g. OpenVPN), its communication can also be secured with network control methods such as firewalls, IP filters, ACL or TCP port blocks.
Full Independence for an Open Architecture
All of our products support several types of communication media, such as wireless (GPRS/ 3g, 4g), VSAT, radio, Ethernet or Serial, and can communicate with the entire iGrid T&D protocol suite. Thanks to our extensive experience we can ensure the seamless integration of our products with any third party devices.
Hot-Standby Redundancy
All of our devices can operate in hot-standby redundancy mode:
- Hot-standby server/device is updated continuously
- Clients and IEDs automatically switch to the hot-standby server
- Serial loop redundancy (hot standby gateway acts as a (virtual) serial port to arrive to disconnected devices)
PLC Automation
All our devices can execute logical/mathematical functions and automation sequences with super high speeds thanks to their PLC capabilities.
The integrated PLC is highly scalable and has been applied in all kinds of fields to solve a broad variety of challenges.
User-friendly and graphical programming module (editor) for automation sequences and PLCs based on IEC 61131–3.
Related Projects
Smart Metering Protocol Converter
In this project the iGW was deployed by a major meter manufacturer in over 150 generation plans, concentrating 8 high-end meters through DLMS as well as mapping and sending the data to the control center via the IEC60870‑5–104 and Modbus RTU/TCP.
Communication Front-End for Smart Metering Application
In this project the IGW-VM software application monitors and controls thousands of meters, collecting all their data, including load profiles, through several protocols (e.g. Modbus, IEC60870‑5–102 and DLMS) and delivering it to a metering application using JSON webservices
Smart Metering Products
iGW‑S Substation Gateway
Powerful and reliable substation gateway, able to run either in standalone or redundant modes, with an embedded Ethernet switch (4 ports) and IEC 61850 client and server capabilities.
iControl SCADA
High-performance SCADA for the management and control of one or several PV plants. It can run either in client/server or standalone mode, providing advanced functionalities such as hot-standby redundancy, automatic line coloring, events notification (via e‑mail and sms), SQL logging, advanced data analytics and reports generation.
It can also serve as Smart Meter Gateway, directly communicating with Smart Meters with the same redundancy and communication protocol capabilities as our hardware.
iRTU – With I/Os for Direct Data Acquisition
Compact and scalable bay controller which can act as IEC 61850 client or server, featuring configurable I/O boards for direct data acquisition, high-precision timestamping and an optional Ethernet switch for additional Ethernet ports.
iRTUe – Remote I/O Extensions
iGWs, iRTUs and third party master units can be freely extended by connecting one or several iRTUe.
They are IEC 61850 (GOOSE) compliant and come in many configurations such as 48 DI, 16 relays, 16 AI, 24 DI + 8 relays, 24 DI + 8 AI or 8 relays + 8 AI.
iGrid Solutions and Applications
Automation with IEC 61850
The IEC 61850 standard is enabling new oportunities for vendor interoperability and advanced substation automation. Find out how you can take advantage of IEC 61850 with easy-to-use and adaptable solutions for a simple migration or retrofit.
HV Substation Automation
Powerful substation automation systems often handle numerous communication protocols and media within one network, which can result in expensive and complex projects. Avoid these problems with interoperable technology and smart configuration tools.
MV Distribution Grid Automation
It is often difficult to find the exact solution you need in a MV application, leading to higher costs than necessary. With our scalable and adaptable solutions you will be able to only pay for what you really need, without comprimising on quality or security.
Photovoltaic Power Station
Using an open and scalable SCADA system to monitor and control a PV plant comes with many benefits on several levels. Find out how advanced communication technology affects PV operation, maintenance, system design, investment security, profits…
Do you need more information?
We are happy to assist you!
All personal data that you submit us via this form will be processed by Data Controller IGRID, S.L. and saved into CONTACTS processing activitie, with the purpose of answering your inquiry, via email or phone, and for a later follow up. Processing shall be lawful because you give us your consent for these specific purposes. Your personal data will not be disclosed to third parties unless forced by law. You have right to access to, rectify, or delete your personal data, and other rights as explained in our Privacy Policy


text: 4 By Stevie-Jade Turner In SFS NewsPosted June 6, 2019The Hidden Costs of Buying a HomeNew home, new life! But, buying a home is not as easy as ABC. It's not just about the house itself. When you're budgeting to buy your first home, extra costs that come with your [...] READ MORE


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How Often Should I Bathe My Dog?
We always say that the only thing better than a dog is a clean dog. And while their clean state is typically short-lived (because mud is a dog's best friend), there's no sweeter feeling than cuddling a pup that's fresh from the bath. But bathtime itself can feel like a chore, so it's only natural to ask, "How often should I bathe my dog?"
While it's common for many owners to bathe their dogs about once a month, our Veterinary Dermatologist, Dr. Anthea Schick, recommends bathing your dog once a week to reduce allergens for both dogs and humans. It may seem more frequent than you expect, but think of your dog's coat as an allergen swiffer—it collects dust and pollen, which a regular wash will help rinse away. If you bathe your fur baby more often, it's also important to use a pH balanced, moisturizing shampoo to help prevent your pup's skin from drying out. A harsh shampoo can strip away natural oils, disrupting your dog's skin barrier function. Below are some things to consider as you create a bathing schedule for your dog.
4 Things to Consider When Bathing Your Dog
- Coat type: Hair coats tend to be longer in length than fur coats, they go through a longer growth cycle and shed less frequently. These types of coats may trap dust and allergens which can trigger allergies in pets and/or humans. Longer hair also needs more conditioning to keep it silky and tangle free. Dogs with fur coats shed more often so they produce more dander (the dried flakes of your pet's skin). Frequent bathing will help reduce dander levels in your dog's coat and around your home.
Activity level: A dog that likes to roll in mud and go on hikes has very different hygiene needs than a dog who prefers to stay at home. It is likely that an active dog that enjoys the outdoors will need a bath more frequently than a dog that prefers to hang on the couch.
Skin conditions and allergies:
If your dog has pre-existing skin problems, allergies or other health conditions, they may have specific needs for taking a bath more or less often. It's always best to consult your veterinarian to learn about your dog's specific skin conditions as you figure out a bathing schedule.
Human allergies: frequent bathing of your dog can help reduce the amount of dander and allergens on their coat and in your home. If you, or someone in your family suffers from allergies, try bathing your dog more often.
Our gentle yet effective, clean dog products allow you to wash your pup once a week to reduce unwanted allergens for everyone, without stripping away natural oils.


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Lane Perks
Lane Perks (formerly eServus) has been a market leader in providing tenant perks programming to the commercial real estate market for over 20 years.
Their VIP amenity provides tenants of member buildings with exclusive access to deals, savings and special offers on car rentals, hotels, lifestyle experiences, plus tickets to movies, sports, local attractions and concerts.
Social Feed


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Kangal, 11 Mar 2018The first Galaxy S was the best Android phone of the year, though it launched towards the end ... moreAre you sure S6 is not as hot as S810 phones?
Just google this: s6 overheating
You will see how much stuff shows up. Even a pop up on home screen to warn user that phone got so hot it needs to restart.
Why do you think since S5 , the 4K recording has time limit?
Kangal, 11 Mar 2018The first Galaxy S was the best Android phone of the year, though it launched towards the end ... moredude.. c'mon we don't need long story here lol
Kangal, 11 Mar 2018The first Galaxy S was the best Android phone of the year, though it launched towards the end ... moreWoah. Quite detailed comment. Great job m8! Kudos for the effort
Imperator Neubaticus, 11 Mar 2018The s3 was awesome but i regretted purchasing the s4. Good thing i switched to the note line, ... moreAnd now the NOTE series is somewhat the same as the S series; just that the NOTE series offer a S-Pen, bigger screen, and more weight, which makes it feel more like a tank and more premium in my own opinion...
The story of s series. Hmm. It went forward with the evolution from s to s5. It got more and more smart and unique. Then s6 happened and it went backwards. Quality got worse, features got less, battery lifetime got less, but the screen got bigger and more clear. The edge started and the phone got explosive and more weak.
The s3 was awesome but i regretted purchasing the s4. Good thing i switched to the note line, which was for me miles ahead of the s line at that time.
Owned S2 S3 S3neo S7edge S8. These phones came a long way . Just to clarify, the black S2 had a textured back . The white one had a slippery plain plasticy back which made it slippery. I owned both of them . Miss them like crazy.
Still remember the high end quality I felt when I first picked up the S3, it just felt great with that curved glass. So I brought S4 and then S7 Edge, non of them ever disappointed me. Next would probably be S10. Well even before that I had Wave 2, that hardware was ahead of its time, imagine aluminium body and a 5mp camera capable of 720p, in 2010. It was probably the only Samsung smartphone that didn't lag with time, seriously!
Phylyp, 11 Mar 2018Only the Qualcomm-powered S8/S8+ phones can have their FM radio unlocked via firmware updates,... moreOh. I see. Thanks for the clarification
The first Galaxy S was the best Android phone of the year, though it launched towards the end of the year in many places. It was the only phone out there to make people pause to buy an iPhone 3GS or iPhone 4. A great base to start their flagship, kudos.
The SII improved the design, battery, camera, and performance... that it was the best Android phone of the year again (excluding the NOTE, by Samsung). And the best part is that it launched at the start of the year. So, the SII was the Samsung at its most competitive.
The SIII is where they got cocky. The design took a backseat. The software got bloated (and slower support). The new IPS panels were very competitive in quality. And Samsung lost their performance lead. The cameras were improved but not as much as anticipated. It also affected the NOTE 2, leading to one of the most forgettable Samsung phones out there. I think this year, HTC was better with the early released One X using a brighter screen, slightly more ergonomic and better design, combined with the new Qualcomm S4-Dual processor.
The S4 was Samsung "waking up and smelling the coffee". The design was enhanced, the new AMOLED screen didn't suck as much, and they used Qualcomm's S4-Quad processor. The cameras were improved decently. The cartoony software was polished up a bit. Where it wasn't so good was with heat and battery life. If it weren't for HTC stuffing up their next flagship, and SONY crippling theirs... Samsung would not have won so easily. In the same year, Samsung built the NOTE 3. They used the same cameras, and same software design. But they changed the physical design for the much better. They greatly enhanced the battery size and battery life. Not to mention the new-generation AMOLED display that used much less power, was brighter, and more accurate. And lastly the performance with the new Snapdragon 800. The NOTE 3 was the best phone of the year, easily, Samsung had brought out their second most competitive phone out.
The S5 as said in the article improved upon the S4, only because the S4 wasn't stellar to begin with. However, for NOTE 3 owners it wasn't an upgrade. The splashproof water resistance deserves some commendation, but it wasn't as good as people remember... with Samsung refusing to repair water damaged phones. The NOTE 4 took the NOTE 3 and improved the processor slightly QSD 800 vs QSD 805, and improved the design slightly Metal Sides vs Plastic AND microUSB 2.0 vs weird-microUSB 3.0. The cameras did get a decent upgrade though. The best phone this year was the iPhone 6 Plus, thanks to its leading 64-bit processor, TouchID, improved software design and features, decent camera, and impressive battery life. As biased as I am to Samsung, I have to commend Apple for their product at this year.
2015 was an easy victory to the Galaxy S6. It didn't bend like the Nexus 6P, nor did it heat up and thermal-throttle like the other QSD 810 devices. It was a bad year overall for Android phones, and Samsung managed an automatic win squarely due to not being worse than their previous flagship... unlike the HTC M9 (urgh). The Note5 (which really should have been called the Note6) was very different to all the previous models. Honestly, it was a step-backwards in removing the microSD card and removable battery... and personally the design too, quite slippery fragile all-glass. I would give the S6 the edge over the Note5 for being more-of-the-same but coming out at the start of the year instead of the end. Still, its not very competitive to the likes of the iPhone 6S Plus, which improved its body construction, camera, and performance.
2016 is when Qualcomm, and Android phones went back to the front-page. We saw the standout likes of the ZTE Axon 7, OnePlus 3, LG V20. The S7 Edge was the best phone of the year in my eyes (especially the Exynos version) because it launched much earlier than its competitors, had one of the best cameras out there, and proper waterproofing too. This was Samsung's third most competitive phone. Let's not mention the Note7.
The 2017 S8 again stole all the inventory of Qualcomm's chipset. It didn't make much improvement, especially over the Exynos 8890, but still fine for a QSD 835 chipset. It didn't make much difference/improvement to the screen and camera either. So for all intents and purposes, the S8 was the S7, just in a different body. If you are wealthy and into slippery, glossy stylish things... the S8 was an improvement. However, if you are modest, practical, the S8 was a step back... the fingerprint scanner position, the extra edge sides, fragile construct, and annoying aspect ratio are objectively downgrades. Still the V30 and Pixel2 launched months later and were plagued with QC issues. The OnePlus 5 was good, but its camera was mediocre at best, offered no waterproofing, and had a high asking price. This again forfeits the win to Samsung. The new iPhones got waterproofing, but bumped the price and removed the headphone jack. For these reasons, the best phone of the 2017 year, winning by default, was the Samsung S8 Plus.
2018 has only started, and it seems like Samsung is playing it safe. Apple is on a bad start with the ridiculous notch iPhone X, or the fragile iPhone 8 Plus with its big bezels. Other players are on a bad start too like Sony, LG, HTC, and Google. Here's hoping there's a decent ZTE or Razer Phone follow-up. But so far, Nokia is the only one on a good start with their better flagship phone which also promises AndroidOne support for all those Nexus-fans out there. One thing's for sure: it's too early to tell which will prove to be the "best" phone of the year.
Definitely one of the greatest line ups in history of smartphones, I started with S4 and still are on the series with S8. Biggest concerns are not features or hardware but insane process which are no unbearable to even think about, does not matter how good line up Is, if you charge it for full blown high end laptop, will be time to move to competition unfortunattely
Kiyasuriin, 11 Mar 2018I had the S8 and I have yet to find that radio.Only the Qualcomm-powered S8/S8+ phones can have their FM radio unlocked via firmware updates, and the same has occurred in the US, due to an FCC mandate. The Exynos ones don't have the required hardware in the first place, so there's no FM radio to enable.
The first Galaxy S was a horrible phone no thanks to their filesystem. Almost wanted to throw the phone out of the window, the moment i turned on my phone went into Contacts and the phone would freeze or just simple lag so much that it's not even responding. Then i found out about custom rom and it was day and night. Almost defected to HTC but S2 had good review so i decided to give it another shot again after hearing they use the normal filesystem and since then i never touch custom rom anymore.
Galaxy s2 was the best ever.
The article's author did mistake. Why?
Popular long life brands and models must start from beginning to current, simultaneously.
When I am reading this article, I know what will be here as I know the model very well.
I won't be goofed off another times. Not ended story (differ from Open ended) is good for those TV series watcher who have free time, and those who are not familiar with the tech inside the phones.
If you consider this website as a serious tech site, then instead of waiting for illogical reason, I will finish it up by myself. How?
search the web and less than 20 minutes later, I will find all I need and next week I ignore your article: "Oh! another half baked article."
Then, GSMArena will lose more reader than catch.
As rich trustworthy tech sites are limited,
Please, don't do it with your review section. this is precaution.
YalokIy, 11 Mar 2018FM radio has made a comeback starting with a software update that enabled the feature on s8I had the S8 and I have yet to find that radio.
Oppaii, 11 Mar 2018S3 is the main reason why S-Series is so overrated.No. S2 started the S craze (and with justification), in the same way the iPhone 4 started the craze for the iPhone.
AnonD-632062, 11 Mar 2018The S5 is probably the most underrated S-phone ever. (Waterproof yet Removable Battery, beat t... moreI liked it but, it was heavier, thicker and with worse screen-to-body ratio. I can imagine people care more about looks, well at least we don't end up with ugly phone thx to that(at least that what I thought until apples notch came). That to say, every next S phone was different in design, unlike some others. What was and maybe even is underrated is note line with a pen. See, no competitor. Unlike their given up note tablet, that is popular(as tablet with pen) in microsoft and apple world. Though we can expect bezelless SX, it feels like besides notes and bending ones may be their next main line to show off. There is just so much you can do to bring big screen to small device thats not bending...
I would have liked the full story till date.


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With just a few days before Christmas, gifts and packages from loved ones from afar must have started coming in. I bet some presents have found their spots under the tree while others may not have the same fate, unwrapped as soon as they were delivered.
While these presents bring invaluable delight and joy, they also come with trash, aptly referred to as holiday trash. For enterprising online sellers, however, this post-Christmas mount of rubbish can be a source of free packing supplies. Here are some tips on how to reuse and recycle "holiday trash" to cut cost on shipping supplies and minimize your carbon footprint.
Keep gift boxes and reuse them to pack items for shipping. They are perfect inner boxes for items that require double boxing while smaller ones can provide items extra protection than just using padded mailers.
Intact wrapping paper can be reused for wrapping gifts while those that were damaged during the gift unwrapping frenzy can be crumpled and used as fillers and cushion for packages.
Collect all packing peanuts that came in with your packages and use them accordingly in future shipments.
It may take some extra effort to collect and reuse/recycle these materials but apart from cutting your shipping supplies expenses, you also help keep Mother Earth by keeping holiday trash out of the landfills and reducing harmful greenhouse gas emissions in the process.


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22in Recycler Lawn Mower
Product Information
- Model #: 20373
- Serial #: 316000001 - 316999999
- Product Type: Walk Behind Mowers
Service Manual
Operator's Manual
High Altitude Kit for Snow Blower (Part # 121-4242)
Toro genuine high altitude kit. Small engines may require a high altitude carburetor kit to ensure correct engine operation at altitudes above 1219 meters. Genuine Toro parts are designed specifically for your machine to offer quality, performance and value.
Premium Fuel Treatment (0.5 oz.) (Part # 130-2393)
Toro Premium Fuel Treatment helps ensure clean, reliable engine performance and protection. Good for your lawnmowers, snow blowers, weed wickers, leaf blowers and other small engine power equipment. Using Toro Fuel Treatment with every fill up provides protection for two and four cycle small engines.
Traction Assist Handle (Part # 131-4590)
The traction assist handle allows you to use your hands to control the speed of Personal Pace mowers, instead of your walking speed. The fixed assist handle allows you to squeeze the traction bar to adjust the mower speed without changing walking speed. It is helpful in situations when turning tight corners and mowing on hills. When it comes to reliability, Toro delivers replacement parts designed to the exact engineering specifications of our equipment. For peace of mind, insist on Toro genuine parts.
Toro Lawn Mower Engine Maintenance Kit (Part # 20240)
Keep your Toro walk power mower running smoothly season after season with this maintenance kit for mowers 2013 or newer. This kit contains oil, an air filter, a spark plug, and fuel stabilizer. You can count on these essentials for routine maintenance on your walk power mower. Toro 20240 Lawn Mower Engine Maintenance Kit
Striping Kit for Walk-Behind Mowers (Part # 20601)
The Toro Lawn Striping System provides you the ability to easily add professional-looking, ball-park quality stripes and patterns to your lawn, while you mow. Easily attaches to most walk-behind mowers and can be used with and without the bagger attached.
22 inch Drive Belt for RWD Toro WPM (Part # 38991)
All Toro belts are manufactured using the highest quality materials. Toro belts are rigorously tested to assure they perform under the toughest operating conditions. Genuine Toro parts ensure your mower performs as it's intended by providing the perfect fit and maximum performance. This Toro bolt has multiple applications. Be sure to verify model and serial number to ensure the correct part.
Cover for 20 to 22 Inch Walk-Behind Mowers (Part # 490-7462)
The Toro Walk Power Mower Cover for 20 in. to 22 in. Walk-Behind Mowers offers all-season protection. This cover is constructed from tough, waterproof, tear and abrasion resistant 600-denier polyester.
Please contact your local dealer
Replacement Front Wheel Drive Internal Gear (Part # 59502)
The assembly of this Toro replacement wheel starts with High quality components. It is made of tough, 30% glass-filled polypropylene. The 8-in. wheel assembly is extremely durable, and the integral gear design provides strong, reliable and even traction. This wheel assembly is a long-lasting and Hi-highly-functional replacement drive wheel assembly for 22 in. front wheel drive models.
8 inch Replacement Rear-Wheel-Drive Wheel for Lawn Mowers (Part # 59503)
Replace the rear-wheel-drive wheels on your Toro 22 inch Recycler Lawn Mower model years 2002 through 2008, or 2014 and newer models. This 8 inch replacement wheel assembly's metal is engineered to resist wear and keep your Toro mower operating at its optimum performance.
22 Inch Recycler Blade (Part # 59534P)
Toro 22 Inch OEM Recycler blade. Recycler straight edge, standard discharge blade. The blade is designed for a High quality cut and long-lasting durability. These blades are designed with "wings," called "accelerators" that kind of act like a fan — forcing the tiny bits of grass back into the earth. This Toro blade has multiple applications. Be sure to verify make and serial number to ensure the correct part. When it comes to reliability, Toro delivers replacement parts designed to the exact engineering specifications of our equipment. For peace of mind, insist on Toro genuine parts.
Model #
20373 -
Serial #
316000001 - 316999999 -
Product Name
22in Recycler Lawn Mower -
Product Brand
Toro -
Product Type
Walk Behind Mowers -
Product Series
22" Steel Deck -
Chassis Type
Steel Deck WPM -
22 inch -
Recycler & Side Discharge with Rear Bag -
Engine/Motor Manufacturer
Toro -
Engine/Motor Type
4 Cycle -
Engine Starter
Recoil -
Transmission Type
Gear -
Traction Type
Rear WD
Engine: Engine Speed
Engine: Spark Plug Gap
.030"/ .76mm -
Chassis: Height of Cut Range
1" - 4" (2.5-10 cm) -
Engine: Spark Plug
Champion RL87YC / NGK BPR6HS or 7HS / NHPS E7RTC (OEM China) -
Engine: Ignition Coil Air Gap
.010-.020" / .25-.5mm -
Engine: Engine Oil Type
20 oz. (.59 L) SAE 30 or 10W-30 / API SF, SG, SH, SJ, SL, or higher


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Abbe Museum and MDI High School Team Up on Social Responsibility Day
While Juniors took SAT's on Tuesday, April 9th, Freshman and Sophomores at MDI High School celebrated Social Responsibility Day. The school welcomed staff from the Abbe Museum in Bar Harbor for part of the day.
Students attended a screening of Dawnland, a documentary detailing the relationship between Wabanaki children and Maine's fostercare system. After the screening, Abbe Museum Educators Starr Kelly (Curator of Education), and Angela Raup (Manager of Guest Experience), facilitateed a discussion panel featuring Secretary of State Matthew Dunlap, Doctor Mishy Lesser of the Upstander Project, Dawn Neptune Adams, Penobscot (featured in the film), and Maria Girouard, Penobscot, of REACH.
Panelists answered a selection of questions the students drafted during their advisories, and there was additional time for an open question and answer period


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The University of Manchester
The University of Manchester is a public research university in Manchester, England, formed in 2004 by the merger of the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology and the Victoria University of Manchester. The University of Manchester is a red brick university, a product of the civic university movement of the late 19th century.
The main campus is south of Manchester city centre on Oxford Road. The university owns and operates major cultural assets such as the Manchester Museum, Whitworth Art Gallery, John Rylands Library and Jodrell Bank Observatory—a UNESCO World Heritage Site. In 2019/20, the university had 40,485 students and 10,400 staff, making it the 3rd largest university in the UK (out of 169 including the Open University), and the largest single-site university. The university had a consolidated income of £1.1 billion in 2019–20, of which £264.7 million was from research grants and contracts (6th place nationally behind Oxford, UCL, Cambridge, Imperial and Edinburgh). It has the fifth-largest endowment of any university in the UK, after the universities of Cambridge, Oxford, Edinburgh and King's College London. It is a member of the worldwide Universities Research Association, the Russell Group of British research universities and the N8 Group.
The University of Manchester has 25 Nobel laureates among its past and present students and staff, the fourth-highest number of any single university in the United Kingdom.
CLICK HERE to view Undergraduate Courses.
CLICK HERE to view Graduate Courses.


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Pools are one of the best places in Miami to spend the time cause it has tropical climate. Most of the people in Miami love to have a pool in their home and they love spending time their. But with the regular use of pools, the pool equipment need servicing as well. At times it stop working due to heavy use. If you live in South Florida then you can search pool equipment repair near me and from there you can find out about our company got to website.
Pool equipment are very important and your pool won't work with the equipment. Like all the machines, your pool equipment also need care and maintenance. So you have to take care of it properly and if it stop working then you need to hire a good service to fix them.
Aqua Mechanic is a family owned business and they have been providing pool services in the whole Miami area since 2006. This company is working since a very long time with a motive to provide the best pool services. We have knowledgeable technicians and they have been repairing pool equipment flawlessly through these years.
Our experts will make sure that your pool equipment is properly working and if it is beyond repair then you can try replace them with new ones. Using new equipment will save your energy and money. We also provide best deals on new pool equipment, not only that but we also provide all kinds of pool services including pool equipment installation, pool automation, pool programing.
If you live in South Florida then you can search pool equipment repair near me and from there you can find out about our company. Once you search pool equipment repair near me, so many suggestions will pop up and from there you can choose Aqua Mechanic to contact. You are just one call away from getting the best pool services from our experts. Call us today to solve your all kind of pool problems and be a part of Aqua Mechanic family.


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There's no question Reese Witherspoon is one of the biggest movie stars — and now television stars — ever. From her iconic role in Legally Blonde, to Walk the Line, to now starring in Big Little Lies as Madeline Martha Mackenzie, there's really nothing she can't do.
With Season 2 of Big Little Lies premiering this Sunday on HBO, here are five fast facts you have to know about Reese Witherspoon!
True American Ancestor
Believe it or not, the Legally Blonde star is actually a descendant of John Witherspoon, who is one of the 56 people who signed the Declaration of Independence! Now that's pretty impressive.
College Dropout
Witherspoon grew up in Nashville, Tennessee and decided to attend Stanford University as an English major. However, she left college before graduating so she could return to her acting career.
First Role
Witherspoon got her first role in The Man in the Moon back in 1991. She actually got the part because she saw there was an open casting call in Nashville for extras. But, when she went to audition, she was actually cast as the lead!
Tough Hosting Gig
While a lot of actors dream about being able to host Saturday Night Live at some point during their career, Witherspoon's first opportunity was definitely bittersweet. She was the first person to host SNL following September 11.
An Oscar Second
Witherspoon won her Oscar back in 2006 for playing June Carter in Walk the Line. At the time she was only the second actress to win the Best Actress Oscar for playing a female singer in a biography. The first actress to do it was Sissy Spacek in Coal Miner's Daughter.


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By Cindy Phillips
Robin Williams was one of us. He was a Boomer. He shared our era in all its wonderment and maybe even more. In fact, I am sure it was more.
He grew up with Shari Lewis, Lambchop and Charlie Horse. I am sure he watched the Mickey Mouse Club and had a crush on Annette. He probably imitated Mr. Weatherbee in his crazy Robin Williams way.
He was most likely cuckoo for Cocoa Puffs. I bet he ate plenty of McDonald's burgers, fries and shakes as a teen, followed by copious amounts of applied Clearasil to battle the grease-induced acne.
I am sure Robin Williams listened to the Beatles, amazed at the way they morphed over the years, producing albums like "Sgt. Pepper" and "Magical Mystery Tour." Robin Williams probably analyzed those songs and maybe even heard "Paul is dead" when he played "Revolution 9" backwards. I bet he got high and listened to Hendrix. I bet he wanted to go to Woodstock and slide in the mud.
Robin Williams had dreams and goals just like we all did. And like many of us, he also had demons. Those demons overpowered him and he took his life to quell the pain. For many Boomers, Robin Williams was their comic hero.
The day after Robin Williams passed, my former roommate had the heartbreaking task of putting her dog to sleep . Maj was a standard poodle, black and regal. She had a sweet personality and easy going temperament. For the three years I lived in her master's home, she was my evening companion. Somehow she always sensed when my demons were getting the best of me. She would climb on my bed and snuggle as close as she could possibly wiggle her lithe frame next to me. On those nights she was my hero.
As we head down the path of our supposed "golden years," more people around us are dying. As ironic as it sounds, it's a fact of life. Boomers, make no mistake–these are wake up calls. The older we get, the more we get woken up. Truth is, no matter how much you work out, eat right and do everything possible to live a good a life, one day you are going to die.
You can't prevent the inevitable, but you do have the power to maximize whatever time you have left. Like the song says, "Live like you are dying." Here's my own personal "get the karma balanced" preparation list.
Count your blessings every single day . Say thanks for them. Appreciate them. Savor them. Treat them right so they multiply. Never take them for granted. Share them with those you love. Share them with those who need them even more than you.
Make things right with your past. We all have things in our past that still nag at us–or maybe even haunt us. Don't stay entangled in emotional briars. Get out the clippers and cut your way clear. You will feel free, liberated and able to breathe when you do.
Start ticking items off the bucket list. My bucket list is long and somehow keeps getting items added to it, but nothing actually gets accomplished. What am I waiting for? That book is not going to write itself and that piano is not going to play itself. I'm not sure the tattoo will ever really happen, but when I have a few drinks and I see someone else's, it seems like a reality again. It's time to take action and make things happen. Refusing to do so will only lead to regrets–lots of them.
Let go of anger. It takes a lot–I mean A LOT–for me to be angered. But the anger I have is deep and I struggle to bring it to the surface and rid myself of its stranglehold. I fight with this one every day, but I am taking baby steps toward resolution.
Enjoy life. Every day, every hour, every minute. It is precious and it can be taken from you in an instant.
Appreciate nature. When you drive to work each day, take time to look at the sky as well as all your surroundings. It will look different every day. That is the wonder of nature. Let it dazzle you.
Smile as often as possible. First of all, smiling produces less wrinkles than frowning. Smiling is as contagious as the common cold, but a much nicer thing to pass on to others. Smiling on the outside makes your heart happy on the inside.
Dance whenever the mood strikes you. I do waist-up dancing in my car and at my desk. And never, ever care what those who are watching you think.
Love with passion, love with honesty, love with your whole being. And always love yourself as well as others.
When your demons try to bring you down, kick their butt.
Cindy Phillips is a columnist for The Mountain Times and can be reached at email@example.com


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2e System launches NDC platform for new customer – Hahn Air
2e Systems is excited to announce their latest customer signing – Hahn Air – with the launch of their new NDC platform. Hahn Air is 2e Systems' first airline customer using the NDC solution which is based on IATA's New Distribution Capability (NDC) standard. This advanced travel retailing platform, powered by 2e Systems' internet booking engine (eeBook), will allow Hahn Air to connect with multiple distribution partners, generate flight and ancillary offers, and provide consumers with an enhanced retailing experience.
To celebrate the new partnership Phil Douglas, CEO of 2e Systems, Andrew Hurst, CTO at 2e Systems and Christopher Allison, Head of NDC at Hahn Air, were the first passengers holding NDC-enabled Hahn Air tickets on a flight from Luxembourg to Dusseldorf on August 16, 2019.


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There is not much more one athlete could accomplish. Paralympic gold medalist, double silver medalist, world champion, X-Games champion, Kimberley's Josh Dueck has won them all.
And Thursday, he announced his retirement from competitive ski racing.
Dueck said it was a decision he wrestled with.
"Using a Seinfeld analogy, I feel like I have a couple more good seasons in me," he said. "But I want to end on a positive note.
"Skiing is my lifeblood and you'll still see me contributing to the sport."
Dueck says he hopes to continue to work with Alpine Canada in some capacity, likely promotion and mentorship. What that role will look like has not yet been defined.
He says he will be working on recertifying as a para-alpine coach among other things in the coming months.
"My success has been a product of what people have given to me, so I would like to give back," he said.
Dueck says the decision was not an easy one.
"For the first time this year, I took a solid month a way. I went to Vancouver Island to reconnect with Lacey (wife) and my daughter (Nova). When you are a competitive athlete your life is movement non-stop, it's a crazy way to live.
"I watched my daughter take her first steps a few weeks ago — it made me a little jealous — but it lit up my heart. I don't want to miss these days with my daughter."
"I'm retiring with a positive feeling for the sport. The decision is right for me."
Asked if it was particularly difficult considering the world para-alpine championships are coming to Panorama this season, Dueck said definitely yes.
"It was a devastatingly difficult decision considering how much I wanted to be there. I will be there but I won't be racing."
The bottom line, Dueck says, is that he hasn't been doing the training he would need to be doing in order to be successful.
"I can identify when I'm not doing what it takes. If I'm not giving it my all every day, I'm putting myself at risk. I love to hammer down, I love revving. But if there is a seed of doubt in my mind....
"It wasn't fair to the team, for the young guys to see my approach. It's breaking my heart. I wanted to be in Panorama. I know that hill so well I could probably cheat it and still do fairly well, but that's not what I want. It's not safe. It's not smart."
Brianne Law, athletic director for the Canadian Para-Alpine Ski Team, says they still hope Dueck will have a role in helping to ramp up excitement for the Panorama World Championships and that he will continue to work with Alpine Canada.
"He has been an unbelievable ambassador for the Paralympic movement."
Dueck says he has a great deal of gratitude for the support of friends, family, sponsors and fans during his racing career.
"The strength of a nation gave me the strength to do what I did," he said.


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If you are 75 years or over, aged care advisor from SMART Financial Advisory also significantly focuses on clients who are moving into Aged Care, as it can entail financial issues which can be challenging and time-consuming.
Funds for accommodation and other fees, decisions about current properties and considering aged care options are some issues that our clients may experience. With moving into an aged care facility, clients may also experience complications related to tax implications and pension payments from Centrelink.
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Arctotis 'Pink Sugar'
Just the prettiest thing for the dry/dry-ish well-drained garden! Indulging our need for showy flowers over a long season, this tough, tidy and well-behaved "African Daisy" pumps out loads-o-blooms from Spring to Fall at least! Cheery 3" rich pink "daisies" sport showy circus-like radiating rings of magenta and gold around a large, showy black eye. And they're offset to perfection above a fuzzy ever-silver densely held 6" x 20" foliar mound. Ideal as a colorful filler in succulent gardens or mixed containers and EASY enough for parking strips. Just provide drainage, a side-dress of compost annually and cut back a bit to refresh in Fall. Bees and butterflies. Deer resistant!.
Earl, Curious Plantsman
Perennial USDA zones 9-11 (Annual Elsewhere) (PPAF)


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AIECE Working Group Reports - Autumn 1996; World trade 1995-1997; World commodity prices 1995-1997
The reports, presented on behalf of the groups, form the synthesis of views of many institutes and have their value as such. They do not necessarily reflect the opinion of the reporting institute itself. AIECE is the Association of European Conjuncture Institutes, (in French: Association d'Instituts Européens de Conjoncture Économique), founded in 1957. The AIECE now groups 42 members and observing institutes, representing 20 countries and 4 international organisations (EU, OECD, IMF and ECE). The membership is open to independent European institutes involved in surveying economic development and macroeconomic forecasting. Independent is interpreted as not directly being involved in conducting economic policies and not representing some economic interests. The main objective of the association is to intensify the exchanges between its members with a view to improve their insight into international economic developments.
The CPB is a long-standing member of this organisation, which is appreciated as a valuable platform for exchange of views with mostly non-governmental institutes, next to the Bureau's official contacts with in particular OECD and EU. Moreover, it is a useful source of information when making CPB-forecasts. Twice a year world economic issues are discussed in the plenary meetings of the AIECE.
Major points on the agenda are the general report on the European conjuncture, prepared in turn by one of the institutes, and the presentation of selected special studies. Two standing working groups report on respectively the development of world commodity prices, and on world trade. In a special session reports are discussed on longer-term prospects and structural changes. These reports are meant to give a general assessment of developments in the respective fields.
As the results may be interesting also for a wider public, the CPB publishes the working group reports in its Working Paper series. Autumn 1996, the FTRI-institute has reported on world trade development on behalf of the Working Group on Foreign Trade. The analyses are largely based on the forecasts provided by the member-institutes with respect to their own country. The working group deals mainly with non-European developments, and places the European figures in a world setting. The assumptions made with respect to the international environment (oil prices, dollar exchange rate etc.) are consensus forecasts, and thus may have required a modification of the data supplied by the respective institutes for their own country. (The latest CPB analyses can be found in: CPB Report 1996/3.
Summarising trade tables with e.g. market growth, calculated import prices, export prices of competitors give the institutes the opportunity to re-assess their forecasts. Our CPB reported on behalf of the Working Group on Commodity Prices. The group is formed by specialists on raw material prices of the AIECE member institutes. Their half-yearly report evaluates recent development of commodity prices and presents, starting from a set of framework assumptions, detailed price forecasts for a large number of commodity groups for the coming year and a half. One technical as-sumption made in its report is constant exchange rates, which is the most striking difference with the approach of the trade group. As there is indeed an exchange of information between the working groups, other differences in framework assumptions are usually limited.


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December Item of the Month
Wyoming Food for Thought Project provides a year-round weekend food bag program - just because kids are now out of school, doesn't mean hunger ends.
That is why we are promoting a monthly suggested food item to collect, to help with acquiring more bulk amounts of essential items we need. We do, however, accept and greatly appreciate any and all donations that come through the door, and can assure you that your donation will be used locally.
December's Item of the Month is Chili!
Donations can be dropped at any of our Drop Site locations, including:
- Great Harvest Bread Co.
- Eastside WAC
- Reliant FCU
- Mary Ann's Beans
- Casper College Library
- Aspen Ridge Dental
- Aaron's
- Natural Grocer's
- Food for Thought Program Center
- HUB International
For a complete list of drop site locations, click here.
To become a drop site, give us a call today at 307.337.1703.
Here is the list of items for 2018.
January - Fruit Cups
February - Cereal
March - Mac n Cheese
April - Granola Bars
May - Crackers
June - Peanut Butter
July - Canned Veggies
August - Chef Boyardee
September - Granola Bars
October - Cereal
November- Oatmeal
December- Crackers


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Proven Ways for Taking Control of Your New Tech Job (and IT Career)
by Sean Mahabir
September 5, 2018
Starting a new tech job is an exciting time, but it's also a very delicate one. It's important to start off on the right foot in order to hit the ground running and set the tone for your overall IT career. To make that happen, it's necessary to understand that there are two sides to […]
Read More


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UC Law Journal
Advances in scientific and technological evidence have resulted in a new, "second generation" of forensic proof characterized by its high degree of probativeness and mechanical sophistication. Methods such as DNA typing are already in widespread use in the criminal justice system, and law enforcement may soon have available other biometric techniques, global locators, or even reliable lie detection systems.
The promise and allure of such forms of forensic evidence lie in its high degree of accuracy. But the perception that such evidence is infallible has resulted in an increasing number of instances in which the government has sought to bolster its case by making arguments based on actions taken, or not taken, by the defense. In some cases, the government appropriates a nontestifying defense expert as its own. In others, the government presents evidence that the defense sought expert assistance but then did not present the expert's conclusions, thus implying that those conclusions did not support the defense. Lastly, the government has argued in some cases that the defendant's failure to seek expert assistance supports an inference of guilt, because an innocent person would have made efforts to disprove such powerful and inculpating evidence.
This Article explores the question of the proper latitude to accord both the defense and prosecution in the range of available challenges and inferences made with regard to scientifically or technologically sophisticated evidence. More specifically, this Article concludes that resolution of such questions requires informed and close attention to the particular characteristics of second generation scientific evidence.
Recommended Citation
Erin Murphy,
Inferences, Arguments, and Second Generation Forensic Evidence,
59 Hastings L.J. 1047
Available at: https://repository.uclawsf.edu/hastings_law_journal/vol59/iss5/4


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The #1 Horse Information ResourceThe Horse Information Lives Here!About InfoHorse.comContact Ann to include your company
Horse Pasture Planning and Design Article by Thomas L. Croce, Architects
Perhaps one of the most daunting tasks facing a new property owner planning to construct a new equestrian facility is the planning and layout of the property. In earlier articles I discuss "Designing for the Horse"," Maintaining Good Air Quality", "Fire Safe Design", and "Stable Design". This article will focus on the proper planning and design of pastures and paddocks. A properly planed facility will not only make the most efficient use of the property, but will also facilitate efficient animal management, create a health environment, and promote proper pasture management and maintenance. The first step in the planning process is to obtain an accurate site plan or aerial photograph including the following information, property lines, existing structures and roads, any specials features such as ponds, topographic information, and any zoning restrictions such as setbacks or easements. Once all the background information is assembled the planning process can begin.Things to consider in Your Horse Pasture Plan: 1. The number of horses in each herd or group turned out together2. The climate not only effects the growth rate of the grasses, but your location may require all weather paddock in lieu of pasture turn out. 3. The amount of your horse's nutritional requirements provided through pasture forage.4. Plan pastures to allow for field rotation and even grazingPasture & Horse Paddock Layout and Design When considering the development of your property for pasture, one of the first major concerns is "How big do I make the pastures?" Pasture management is an art driven by biological science. You must consider your pasture as a grass crop, plant yield, forage species and fertility needs will NOT be constant and will vary with temperature, soil moisture, plant rest period, and the season of year. Therefore, flexibility will need to be built into any effective pasture design. One of the first things to determine is your horse's requirements from pasture forage. Horses require approximately 2% - 2 ½% of their body weight in feed per day. This typically is some combination of feed concentrates and forage: ie. hay and or pasture. Let look at an example. An average horse weighs in at approximately 1,200 pound, ½ % of their daily ration is in concentrates, and the remaining 2% comes from forage. That works out to 6 pounds of supplemental feed and 24 pounds of forage per day. An established pasture during the growing season should average approx. 900 pounds of forage per acre, 1 acre of good pasture will last one horse approximately 38days. Supplement the forage with 12 pounds of hay and one acre can supply forage for two hoses, or 1 horse for 76 days, etc.12 Guidelines to Help in Your Horse Pasture LayoutGuideline #1: Design with flexibility in mind. Since horses needs and plant growth patterns change throughout the year, flexibility is a must requiring a constant balancing act between meeting your horse's nutritional need and maintaining a health pasture. Plan pastures to allow for field rotation, the major cause of pasture deterioration is overgrazing - county extension agents are a great resource to assist in determining plant growth and yield rates Plan pastures to encourage even grazing – Pastures that are to large encourage spot areas of overgrazing, pasture deterioration and declining plant yields.Guideline #2: Each paddock in a system should contain enough land to produce approximately the same amount of forage dry matter.Allowing for a consistent grazing and maintenance schedule. In varying soil types pasture size may need to vary due to the land's productive capabilities.Guideline #3: Try to establish paddocks which will allow you to graze plant species which are similar in maturityPlants that are similar in maturity will promote even grazing Guideline #4: Provide all weather paddocks in climates where pastures may be damaged by excessively wet or dry conditions. A mature pasture will help control erosion and stabilize the soil moisture levels. Grasses are very resilient as long as their root structure remains intact, horses feet can devastate the root structure in overly wet or dry conditions and once bare spots begin to develop it is very difficult to re-establish the pasture in these areas. Guideline #5: When slopes are greater than 15 percent, fence paddocks so that livestock will graze on the contour Horses grazing patterns more readily conform to the contour rather than up and down the slopeSoil erosion will be reduced by grazing on the contour.Guideline #6: Establish lanes or walkways on the higher, drier soilsConcentrated traffic will cause paths and bare groundPaths going up and down slopes will cause considerable erosionGuideline #7: Limit the horse's access to streams where banks are lowUse gravel and/or geotextile cloth in these areasFence so that the stream is not available for wateringGuideline #8: Plan pastures as close to square as possibleA square pasture will require less fence than a rectangular oneGuideline #9: Do not create any corners will less than a 90 degree corner Corners with acute angles can allow timid horses to be cornered by more aggressive onesGuideline #10: Fencing Types:There are numerous types of fencing availableRail fencingWood VinylConcreteCompositesWire fencingDiamond weaveNo climbLive stockGuideline #11: Fencing should be appropriate to the type of horse Height 54 – 60 inchesAll Fencing should be highly visibleThe type and height of fence will determine the size of the fence posts A 54" high 3 rail fence posts should be 30" in the groundA 54" or 60" 4 or 5 rail fence post should be 36" – 40" in the ground Fencing should also provide a visible barrierGuideline #12: Fencing types to avoidHigh tensile wire, they can be deadly to a horse running in a pastureBarbed wireLivestock fencing Field fenceThe planning and design of a project is influenced by many factors. At times one or more of these considerations may be in conflict with each other. Through the critical evaluation of the many design options an architect with equine expertise will be able to help insure that your facility not only meets your needs, but helps you in accomplishing your equestrian goals.Contact: Thomas L Croce Architects Inc.
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