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"War is hell," said General William T. Sherman fifteen years after the end of a war in which he perhaps did more than anyone else to confirm that description. "War is cruelty, and you cannot refine it," Sherman wrote on another occasion.
Harry Stout certainly agrees. The Jonathan Edwards Professor of American Religious History at Yale University and a well-known scholar of early American religion, Stout regards the Civil War as the "fulcrum" of American history. The members of the generation that fought the war came of age during the era of the Second Great Awakening in American Protestantism. An understanding of their religious values and ideology, therefore, is necessary to appreciate the way in which that fulcrum worked. Stout does not intend to write a "religious history" of the war that would focus "exclusively on chaplains and ministers," however, but rather a "moral history" that "raises moral issues of right and wrong as seen from the vantage points of both the participants and the historian, who, after painstaking study, applies normative judgments."
For Stout, the starting points for such a judgment of "the rightness or wrongness of war" are theological definitions of "just war" going back to Saint Augustine of Hippo in the fourth century and Saint Thomas Aquinas in the thirteenth. Just war theory is divided into two principal categories: rationales for going to war (jus ad bellum) and principles governing the conduct of war once it has begun (jus in bello). The only just reason for going to war is self-defense; therefore "just wars are always defensive wars" and unprovoked aggression "is always wrong."
On the question of jus ad bellum, Northerners in 1861 had no trouble making such a moral judgment: Confederates started the war by firing on Fort Sumter, an unprovoked act of aggression that forced the United States to fight a defensive war to preserve its existence as one nation. Abraham Lincoln put it this way in his second inaugural address: "Both parties deprecated war; but one of them would make war rather than let the nation survive; and the other would accept war rather than let it perish."1
Southerners, on the other hand, had no doubt that Lincoln's government was the aggressor because it refused to bow to Confederate demands for the peaceful surrender of Fort Sumter to the secessionist Confederate government, thereby provoking the Confederacy to open fire. As Jefferson Davis expressed it: "He who makes the assault is not necessarily he that strikes the first blow or fires the first gun." Lincoln's attempt to resupply the fort's garrison with food, said Davis, made "the reduction of Fort Sumter" a "measure of defense rendered absolutely and immediately necessary."2
Stout's expressed intention to offer "moral judgments" and a "determination of right or wrong" might cause the reader to expect such a judgment on this crucial question of jus ad bellum. But the reader will be disappointed. "In civil wars," Stout writes, "it often becomes difficult to discern with finality who is the unjust aggressor and who the just defender." Really? He had convinced us that it is the duty of the moral historian to make such "a determination of right or wrong," difficult or not. But because in the American Civil War "each side joined the battle convinced that its cause was just," the moral historian is somehow absolved from the responsibility of determining right and wrong. In what war, we might ask, did one side or the other not consider its cause just?
In any event, Stout's book concentrates on the second part of just war theory, the conduct of war (jus in bello), and on the justification of each side's conduct by the principal moral arbiters of the time, the Protestant clergy. Most nations recognize limitations on the savagery of warfare defined by "rules of engagement" and "laws of war." The Geneva Conventions, international treaties, and domestic legislation spell out these limitations. They rest on two basic precepts of just war theory: proportionality and discrimination. Proportionality requires that the means be appropriate to the end—a nuclear bomb must not be dropped on a city to destroy a single weapons factory. Discrimination separates combatants from noncombatants—the former are a legitimate target but the latter are not, except in the case of "collateral damage" in which noncombatants are unintentionally killed or wounded or their property destroyed.
Measured by these criteria, in its initial stage the conduct of the Civil War was just because it was a limited conflict between uniformed soldiers whose goals were either Confederate independence or restoration of the Union. But the war grew increasingly unjust, according to Stout, as it escalated to a "total war" by the North to destroy the social and economic infrastructure of the Old South (including slavery) and to build a New South on its ruins. Commander in Chief Abraham Lincoln and his generals, therefore, bore the main responsibility for what became an unjust war.
In his proclamation of April 15, 1861, calling state militia into federal service to suppress the insurrection started by the firing on Fort Sumter, President Lincoln enjoined these troops to avoid "any devastation, any destruction of, or interference with, property, or any disturbance of peaceful citizens."3 Eight months later, in a message to Congress, Lincoln reiterated his concern that "in considering the policy to be adopted for suppressing the insurrection, I have been anxious and careful that the inevitable conflict for this purpose shall not degenerate into a remorseless revolutionary struggle."4 Even General Sherman, at this stage of the war, did his best to instill in his soldiers "a common sense of decency…to respect [civilian] life and property," or "we ought never to hope for any friends in Virginia."5 As late as July 1862 the North's senior general at the time, George B. McClellan, insisted that the war "should not be, at all, a War upon population; but against armed forces…. Neither confiscation of property… [n]or forcible abolition of slavery should be contemplated for a moment."6
So far so good; official Union policy was consistent with just war principles of proportionality and discrimination. This policy of a sword for enemy armies and an olive branch for Southern civilians proceeded from an assumption on Lincoln's part that a residual Unionism would bring both of them back into the United States when Confederate armies were defeated. By the summer of 1862, however, that faith in Southern Unionism was wearing thin. So was the distinction between combatants and noncombatants in the parts of the Confederacy and border states occupied by Union forces. The crops and livestock of Southern civilians were feeding and clothing Confederate armies. Their slaves were the principal labor force in the Confederate war economy. Thousands of Southern civilians became guerrillas who roamed behind Union lines, destroying supplies and ambushing unarmed as well as armed Unionists. Little more than a year after his reference to respecting Southern property in order to win friends, Sherman had become convinced that
all in the South are enemies of all in the North…. The whole country is full of guerrilla bands…. The entire South, man, woman, and child, is against us, armed and determined…. We are not only fighting hostile armies, but a hostile people, and must make [them] feel the hard hand of war.7
Lincoln did not put it as starkly as Sherman, but by midsummer 1862 he was moving toward similar conclusions. "Lincoln came to understand," writes Stout, "that if his aim of preserving the Union was to be achieved, the war would have to be escalated to a total war on both citizens and soldiers." The newly appointed commander of Union forces in northern Virginia, General John Pope, issued a series of orders authorizing his troops to "subsist upon the country," to hold civilians responsible for shooting at Union soldiers from their houses, to execute captured guerrillas who fired on Union troops, to expel from occupied territory any civilians who refused to take an oath of allegiance to the United States, and to treat them as spies if they returned. Lincoln approved these orders as well as an executive order by the War Department authorizing commanders "to seize and use any property, real or personal," that would help the war effort. To professed Southern Unionists who protested such actions, Lincoln responded bluntly:
What would you do in my position? Would you…prosecute [the war] in future with elder-stalk squirts charged with rose-water?… Would you give up the contest, leaving any available means unapplied?
For Stout, these actions and words should be seen as the beginning of a movement down a slippery slope to the barbarism of an unjust war. Lincoln's "taste for blood," he writes, bore "a large portion of the responsibility for unimaginable suffering and death" and for "campaigns of such unmitigated violence, slaughter, and civilian suffering." In the end this policy may have won the war—but at an immoral cost. "Lincoln's war strategy was and remains genius. That does not make it right."
In Stout's view, the only redeeming feature of the obscenely destructive total war was the abolition of slavery. "The justness of abolition and the freedom of four million," he writes, "dictates that any moral history of slavery unconditionally conclude that the right side won, no matter what the casualties and sacrifices." Stout is uncomfortably aware that emancipation was an integral and essential part of the escalation to total war. Slaves were property owned by enemy civilians; their confiscation and emancipation and the ultimate abolition of slavery by the Thirteenth Amendment entailed the loss of the largest single category of Southern property. As a practical matter, Stout acknowledges, "emancipation was necessary as a means to total war." But it also gave total war "an unprecedented moral stature, allowing the Northern public to fasten on the 'good' of emancipation without ever inquiring into the 'bad' of unjust conduct in a total war."
For all of his forcefulness in praising abolition and his indignation in damning an unjust war against Southern civilians, and his awkward admission that the latter was necessary to achieve the former, Stout never makes clear which he regards as the greater evil: slavery or total war. Instead, he resorts to what can only be labeled an evasion: "But this book is not a moral history of slavery. It is a moral history of a war, where questions of proportionality and discrimination continue to remain in play."
By a twist of logic difficult to follow, Stout considers black soldiers fighting for freedom to have been engaged in a just war even if white soldiers fighting for the same cause were not. "If anyone had a 'cause' that could meet all the moral scruples of a just war, it was the slaves and freedmen," he believes. "The willingness of black soldiers to fight and die helped to transform the moral meaning of the Civil War from a war for Union to a 'crusade' for freedom."
The Union army's organization of black regiments in the second half of the war produced retaliatory actions that undermined any claim the South made to be fighting a just defensive war. The Confederacy refused to exchange captured black prisoners of war under the agreement negotiated in 1862, thus bringing a halt to exchanges; this led to the deaths of thousands of POWs, both Union and Confederate, in fetid and overcrowded prison camps. Even more heinous was the cold-blooded murder by Confederate soldiers of captured black soldiers on a half-dozen battlefields after they had surrendered. The most notorious such case occurred at Fort Pillow on the Mississippi River on April 12, 1864, when Confederate troopers commanded by General Nathan Bedford Forrest shot down at least a hundred black captives.
More lethal, perhaps, but less publicized was the Battle of the Crater at Petersburg, Virginia, on July 30, 1864, when a Confederate counterattack captured several hundred black prisoners, many of whom were shot as they were led disarmed to the rear. General Robert E. Lee, writes Stout, "observed the carnage from only five hundred yards away and obviously knew of the murders taking place. In yet another searing enactment of the inhumane racial civil war within the Civil War, he made no comment, then or later."
Curiously, in Stout's account, Forrest receives no stronger censure than Lee because Forrest "neither ordered nor condoned the massacre," but like Lee he did nothing to stop it. Recent scholarship on Fort Pillow, however, challenges the notion that Forrest did not condone it.8 But even if he—like Lee—merely failed to restrain his men, "it was a lesson in moral avoidance that Northern generals would also learn perfectly."
What does Stout mean by this last sentence? He is drawing a parallel between Confederate commanders who did not prevent the murder of black prisoners and Union commanders who did not prevent their soldiers from burning and pillaging civilian property. Whether there was in fact a moral equivalency between these actions is a question largely unexamined in Stout's book. He implies, however, that one was as bad as the other. On the last page of his book, he suggests that the top officials and commanders on both sides were equally culpable of terrible deeds in this unjust war: "Americans don't want to concede the unforgivable wrongs committed by the likes of Lincoln, Grant, Sherman, Sheridan, Lee, Forrest, Early, and Davis."
What, then, is one to make of Stout's dedication of his book to the memory of his father, "a warrior sailor in a just war"—World War II? The chief ground on which Stout condemns the Civil War as unjust is its increasing failure to discriminate between combatants and noncombatants (including disarmed prisoners). But all nations in World War II did this on a scale ten thousandfold greater than either side in the Civil War. Sherman's "bummers" wantonly destroyed much civilian property on their marches through Georgia and South Carolina, but Allied bombers in World War II destroyed not only property but hundreds of thousands of civilian lives as well.
Through carelessness or misrepresentation, Stout grossly inflates the number of civilian casualties directly caused by military action in the Civil War. Lincoln and his generals, he claims, "deliberately targeted civilian farms, cities, and—in at least fifty thousand instances—civilian lives." His cited source for this information is my own estimate in Battle Cry of Freedom. But I made clear that this estimate referred to indirect consequences of the war in the South: the inevitable results of breakdowns in transportation, the loss of crops and livestock from army operations by both sides, the overcrowding of refugees fleeing from war zones, and the like. All these caused shortages, fatigue, and malnutrition that in turn lowered resistance to disease. The highest civilian mortality rate actually occurred among slaves who fled their owners for freedom and crowded into "contraband camps" behind Union lines where they became prey to diseases and sometimes to murderous raids by Confederate guerrillas.
Except for guerrilla raids, none of the civilian casualties were "deliberately targeted." And in fact, civilian casualties in the American Civil War were far lower than in large-scale European wars from the seventeenth through the twentieth centuries. These included the Thirty Years' War, the Napoleonic wars, and of course World Wars I and II (including the influenza pandemic of 1918–1919) in which civilian deaths, direct and indirect, were twice to several times greater than soldier deaths. In the Civil War, even if my estimate of 50,000 civilian deaths is accurate, this is less than one twelfth of the 620,000 soldiers who died.9
A specific example of misrepresentation occurs in Stout's discussion of Sherman's siege of Atlanta in August 1864. Atlanta was a heavily fortified city defended by an army of 40,000 men and containing important war industries and railroad facilities. Sherman's shelling of the city was quite legitimate according to the laws of war, though Stout implies otherwise. Many houses as well as warehouses and factories were damaged or destroyed by the shelling. But civilian casualties in Atlanta were remarkably low. Stout, however, cites an alleged letter from Sherman to Confederate commander John Bell Hood in which Sherman, according to Stout, "estimated that five hundred 'rebel' civilians were killed and twenty-five hundred wounded. Given the source, one can assume these figures are significantly understated." Stout's cited source, however, mentions neither a letter from Sherman nor five hundred civilian dead and twenty-five hundred wounded. But another page of the same source notes a total of twenty documented civilian deaths from the shelling.10 So far as I know, no historian of the Atlanta campaign and no Sherman biographer has ever heard of this supposed letter. One of them wrote to me: "Stout has a good imagination."
This example is the most serious of several dozen errors in the military narrative that the author uses to support his interpretations. Stout was not well served by the sixteen colleagues and friends listed in the Acknowledgments as having read the manuscript before publication. One task of such readers is to help the author catch and correct the inevitable errors that creep into every manuscript. Too many of them escaped the net and found their way into the book. Most are unimportant and do not affect the author's main arguments and themes. But they do tend, as they accumulate, to cause irritation and perhaps even skepticism in the mind of a knowledgable reader.
As a historian of American religion, Stout is particularly concerned with the function of churches and their pastors as moral arbiters in what he portrays as an increasingly immoral war. They mostly flunk their assignments. In both North and South they preached that God was on their own side and that the Godless enemy's cause was evil. The clergy became "virtually cheerleaders all," which prevented them from expressing "moral criticism directed at one's own cause" or addressing "the question of what constitutes a just war, and what limitations ought to be observed in the unpleasant event of war." They "fell victim to the sheer power of patriotism" and "privilege[d] patriotism over spirituality." Believing in "the absolute moral right on each side…America's clerical arbiters supported the conduct of the war without any real qualifications." Along with secular commentators the clergy, especially in the North, provided "moral justification and endorsement" of the descent into total war, which "goes a long way to explain how military destruction and civilian suffering reached the levels they did."
Most secular as well as religious leaders, according to Stout, subscribed to moral absolutism, expressed by the belief that "God is on our side." One who did not, for which he earns the author's praise, was Abraham Lincoln. He was "one of the few principals in the war capable of transcending the prevailing rhetoric of absolute right and wrong" and who could "perceive right and wrong on both sides." In his remarkable second inaugural address on March 4, 1865, Lincoln noted that each side in the war "invokes [God's] aid against the other." Both could not be right; in fact neither was right, for "the Almighty has His own purposes," which Lincoln suggested was the punishment of both for the sin of slavery, of which North and South were equally guilty. On this issue Stout considers Lincoln sound both in theology and morality. But what about the author's repeated censures of Lincoln's "taste for blood," his "responsibility for unimaginable suffering and death"? These were the result of pragmatic military strategy, Stout claims, not of moral absolutism.
Some readers might find it difficult to reconcile these two views of Lincoln. And Stout's ambivalence toward the man he describes on one occasion as "a Christlike messiah for the reconstituted American nation" extends to the matter of civil religion. This is a typically American belief in a "religion" of patriotism in which icons like the flag and other symbols of nationalism are objects of reverence. "Many Americans," writes Stout, "equate dying for their country with dying for their faith." The "sheer blood sacrifice" of 620,000 soldiers "on the national altar" was a "baptism of blood" that "would incarnate the national faith." In the South this sacrifice was most notably associated with the death of Stonewall Jackson, "by which a Confederate civil religion was incarnated through a violent atonement." The "Christian heroism" of generals like Jackson and Lee
effectively fus[ed] patriotism with the same Christian legitimation that prevailed in the North. By August 1863 the war had created and consecrated two American civil religions, mortally opposed, but both Christian and both "American."
The Southern civil religion persisted even after defeat in the form of espousal of the "Lost Cause" and reverence for the Confederate battle flag and the men who carried it through four years of blood sacrifice in a doomed but noble mission. The dominant American civil religion, however, was in Stout's view bequeathed by the nationalism of Lincoln's Gettysburg Address, which expressed a "mystical reverence for the Union as itself something sacred and worthy of sacrificial worship." The "sacralization of this particular battlefield," Stout maintains, "would mark it forever after as the preeminent sacred ground of the Civil War—and American wars thereafter." And at the moment of victory, Lincoln's martyrdom by assassination (on Good Friday) transformed him "from the prophet of America's civil religion to its messiah."
For Stout, therefore, "the incarnation of a national American civil religion may have been the final great legacy of the Civil War." But this legacy, he writes, might be more curse than blessing. It reinforced America's sense of its "messianic 'mission' to be a 'redeemer nation'" that "identifies Providence with 'the idealistic conception of American destiny.'" By "linking emancipation and the 'crusade' [a word Lincoln never used] against slavery to total war and a 'crusade' against the Confederacy, Lincoln's administration watered the seeds of an American-led Christian imperialism that was not without costs in later American history."
If Stout is correct, Lincoln's legacy is not a happy one. In any event, whether or not his flawed but thought-provoking book has the right answers, it asks many of the right questions. With commemorations of the bicentennial of Lincoln's birth (2009) and the sesquicentennial of the Civil War (2011–2015) coming up, we will be grappling with these questions for years to come.
This Issue
March 23, 2006
The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, edited by Roy P. Basler, nine volumes (Rutgers University Press, 1953–1955), Vol. 8, p. 332. ↩
Jefferson Davis, The Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government, two volumes (reprint edition, Da Capo, 1990), Vol. 1, p. 252. ↩
The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, Vol. 4, p. 332. ↩
The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, Vol. 5, pp. 48–49. ↩
Sherman to his wife, July 28, 1861 and undated, probably August 1861, in Home Letters of General Sherman, edited by M.A. DeWolfe Howe (Charles Scribner's Sons, 1909), pp. 209, 214. ↩
The Civil War Papers of George B. McClellan, edited by Stephen W. Sears (Ticknor and Fields, 1989), p. 344. ↩
John Bennett Walters, Merchant of Terror: General Sherman and Total War (Bobbs-Merrill, 1973) pp. 57–58, 59, 60; Walters, "General William T. Sherman and Total War," Journal of Southern History, Vol. 14 (1948), p. 463. ↩
Andrew Ward, River Run Red: The Fort Pillow Massacre in the American Civil War (Viking, 2005); John Cimprich, Fort Pillow, a Civil War Massacre, and Public Memory (Louisiana State University Press, 2005). ↩
James M. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (Oxford University Press, 1988), p. 619. ↩
James Michael Russell, Atlanta, 1847– 1890: City Building in the Old South and the New (Louisiana State University Press, 1988), pp. 114–115, 113. ↩


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Cryptocurrency mining on the GPU is here to stay, at least that's the view of Nvidia's CEO, Jen-Hsun Huang. And he reckons that they've got a better chance of dealing with that growing market than its competitors, AMD.
What's the best graphics card to buy right now? Allow us to elucidate.
The recent resurgence in the mining of cryptocurrency, using off-the-shelf GPUs, has lead to both a huge shortfall in the number of available graphics cards and a steep rise in their pricing too. As ever, the former begets the latter.
It's a perfect storm at the moment, with both component price rises and GPU shortages driving graphics card prices ever higher. The new AMD Radeon RX Vega 64 sold out within a couple of hours, for example, and that's not even really showing it's mining chops yet.
This is, however, most obvious on the AMD Radeon side of the graphics divide. The Polaris-based 400 and 500-series GPUs were the perfect mix of performance and power, specifically for the rise of ethereum as a cryptocurrency you could mine with standard parts anyone could buy. And they did, in their droves.
Once stock of the Radeon cards had run dry the miners turned to Nvidia and, most especially, the GTX 1060. But the preference was always for AMD. That became evident when the first ethereum dive, and the increasing difficulty in mining the new currency, prompted a lot of miners to ditch their cards, leading to a huge surge in Radeon GPUs on the second-hand market. Most at the same ridiculous price they'd been bought at.
But, in a recent Nvidia investors call, Huang pointed to this volatility in the cryptomining market as the reason that they, as a company, are far better placed to deal with the future of cryptocurrencies than their smaller rivals.
"Cryptocurrency and blockchain is here to stay," says Huang. "The market need for it is going to grow, and over time it will become quite large. It is very clear that new currencies will come to market, and it's very clear that the GPU is just fantastic at cryptography.
"And the last thing that I can say is that the larger of a GPU company you are, the greater ability you could absorb the volatility. And because we have such large volumes, we have the ability to rock and roll with this market as it goes."
So, while AMD might be the GPU of choice for the cryptocurrency market, Nvidia think their size means they'll be able to react to the volatile demands of the miners quicker than AMD, and produce enough cards to fulfill the demands of both cryptography and gaming.
With cryptocurrencies then, Jen-Hsun thinks size really is everything.

subset: commoncrawl


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Almigdad Mojalli, 34, a freelance journalist working for the Voice of America, was killed in an air raid Jan. 18 in Yemen.
He had been on assignment outside the rebel-held capital of Sanaa, VOA said. He had also worked for the U.N. news agency, IRIN.
VOA said his reporting had been focused on "the human impact of the war and economic crisis in Yemen, often seeking out the most vulnerable victims."
"As a journalist and as a friend, he will be deeply missed," Heather Murdock, VOA Cairo correspondent, said on VOA's Web site.
"Almigdad Mojalli's terrible death highlights the extreme risks reporters face as they cover the fighting in Yemen," added Committee to Protect Journalist Middle East and North Africa program coordinator Sherif Mansour in a statement.
"All parties to this conflict must take every possible step to protect journalists trying to do their jobs."
— Broadcasting & Cable


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Please ensure that you have sufficient access to enable a successful delivery. If access is a problem please contact us on 0845 8030988 as we can make this wardrobe so that it can fully dismantle if required.


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I often stumble across interesting chemistry when I peruse my twitter feed. It's not only rich in new chemistry highlights and ASAP links to journal articles but also chemists sharing their own experiences with both new and existing methodology- good, bad, and sometimes with pictures!- a dimension missing from just reading peer-reviewed journal articles and, for once, a positive aspect of social media. Trial by twitter. But any publicity is good publicity- right? Often people will also tweet links to new material submitted to the ChemRxiv pre-print server- raw manuscripts so fresh that the ink is still wet. Now admittedly this is crude material before purification (if you'll pardon the pun)- it does need peer review- however, there's something good about reading a paper before reviewer no.2 has rubbished it.
I came across a pre-print paper on ChemRxiv just recently on some work coming out of Josep Cornella's lab at the Max-Plank Institute on deaminative chlorination of aminoheterocycles and it looks very interesting (posted online 23/3/2021).1 I've followed Cornella's work on the use of pyrylium salts for C-N activation, in particular his paper on selective functionalization of aminoheterocycles published a couple of years ago in Angewandte Chemie.2 This latest offering describes the use of pyrylium salts to enable the NH2 group in aminoheterocycles to be converted directly to chlorides- essentially a Sandmeyer or Vilsmeir disconnection avoiding the use of hazardous diazonium salts or strongly oxidising chlorinating agents (Figure 1).3 Another indirect advantage over a sandmeyer process is avoiding the possible generation of nitrosamine impurities- a hot topic in the pharmaceutical industry right now.4 The conditions Cornella reports are mild, functional group tolerant and amenable to late-stage diversification (Figure 2). The resulting chlorides are masked modification handles that enable discovery chemists to rapidly explore SAR through coupling methodologies (Negishi, Suzuki, Sonogashira etc.).
The idea behind this approach came from the key observation that so called "Zincke salts", formed by reaction of the 1-chloro-2,4-dinitro compound with pyridine, will revert back to staring materials upon heating in solution (Figure 3).
In a similar vein, oxidative dimerization of pyridine is known to generate di-pyridinium salts that again react with a chloride nucleophile generating 4-chloropyridine and pyridine hydrochloride. Actually, a similar process is used to make DMAP through reaction of the di-pyridinium salt with dimethylamine (Figure 4). Also, for anyone thinking of taking our chemical development course- I've just given you a big clue to solving one of the workshop problems. Your welcome!
Historical work by the Cornella group demonstrated chemoselective reaction of a pyrylium salt reagent (A) with amines and Zincke-type reactivity of the resulting azines (Figure 5). Pyrylium tetrafluoroborate is now commercially available (CAS: 80279-50-1) and is made from pyridine sulfurtrioxide complex via the scheme shown in Figure 5. Reaction of pyridine sulfurtrioxide with KOH generates glutacon dialdehyde potassium salt (Figure 6). This is treated, in a separate step, with tetrafluoroboric acid to give the corresponding pyrylium salt. According to Cornella this is a bench stable, "rock-like" solid that shows no thermal activity in the DSC below 250°C and is "non-explosive". I'm not sure if this means it's been formally tested or if it's just not blown up the lab (to date).
Based on these observations (and their earlier work of pyrylium salt reactivity), a test substrate (ethyl 2-aminooxazole-4-carboxylate) was converted to the pyridinium tetrafluoroborate and various sources of chloride were explored to effect conversion to the aryl chloride (Figure 7). Most chloride sources that were tried (and used in a molar excess) seemed to work (ether/HCl, MgCl2, TMS-Cl, nBuN+Cl–), with elevated temperatures required in most cases. The reaction using MgCl2, carried out as a single pot procedure without isolation of the pyridinium salt, gave 90% yield of the chloro product (2 eqv MgCl2, 0.1M CH3CN, 120°C, 16hrs).
The scope of the reaction was thoroughly explored with a wide range 2- and 4- aminoheterocycles (Figure 9). The team exemplified over 20 distinct types of heterocyclic motifs, including both 5- and 6-membered rings containing N, O and S. The protocol showed broad functional group tolerance enabling late-stage functionalisation of pharmaceuticals,agrochemicals and natural products. Examples include a paroxetine analogue (59%), fipronil (83%) and adefovir (57%). The last two examples gave no chlorinated product when run under standard Sandmeyer conditions (Figure 10).5 Functionalization of the pyrimidine moiety in BI665915 (a BI intermediate, Figure 2) gave a 37% yield of chlorinated product, despite the weak N-O bond in the oxadiazole ring. There are plenty of kinase inhibitors out there in corporate compound collections that have an aminoheterocycle as a conserved ATP hinge-binding fragment in their structure. This methodology gives some potential for conversion of the NH2 to a halide under very mild conditions, producing a useful vector to build out and explore chemical space in binding to known (and unknown) biological targets.6
A few bromo- examples are included in the examples described in the paper (using LiBr or MgBr2 under the same reaction conditions), however attempts to introduce fluoride ion resulted in ring-opening of the pyridinium ring.
The authors speculate that chloride (or bromide) attack at the C-2 or C-4 positions of the pyridinium ring is reversible and it is the irreversible attack at the ipso-position that finally generates product (Figure 11).
So there we have it. A great looking piece of chemistry. The end of the Sandmeyer reaction? Most certainly not. But a milder method for achieving the same functional interconversion? – absolutely. Congrats to the Cornella team- I hope to see it in print very soon.
- Deaminative chlorination of aminoheterocycles: J. Cornella et al, 2021: https://chemrxiv.org/articles/preprint/Deaminative_Chlorination_of_Aminoheterocycles/14262671
- Selective functionalization of aminoheterocycles by a pyrylium salt: Cornella et al, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2018, 57, 11035 –11039.
- Recent applications of arene diazonium salts in organic synthesis: J. Wang &G. Dong et al, Org. Biomol. Chem. 2013, 11, 1582-1593; W. Su et al, Recent progress in the use of Vilsmeier-type reagents. Prep. Proced. Int. 2010, 42, 503-555.
- An organic chemist's guide to nitrosamines: Their structure, reactivity, and role as contaminants: T. Swager et al, Org. Chem. 2021, 86, 3, 2037–2057.
- Sandmeyer conditions: aminoheterocycle (1 equiv.), NaONO (1.1 equiv.); HClaq 37% (0.2 M), 0 °C, 15 min; then, CuCl (1.3 equiv.), 25 °C, 3 h.
- An overview of late-stage functionalization in today's drug discovery: T. Reekie & M. Kassiou et al, Opin. Drug. Disc. 2019, 14, 1137-1149.


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Health Alert – U.S. Embassy Riga, Latvia (March 25, 2020)
Location: Latvia
Event: The Government of Latvia Implements Stricter Social Distancing Measures. Lithuania Delays Land Border Closure for Transiting Foreigners
On March 25, 2020 the Government of Latvia announced new social-distancing measures to limit the spread of COVID. On weekends and holidays, only grocery stores, pharmacies, pet pharmacies, opticians, pet food, hygiene and household stores, and building and garden supply stores will be open in the shopping centers. More information on the measures can be found on the Cabinet of Ministers website.
The U.S. Embassy reiterates the State Department's Level Four Global Health Advisory, stating "U.S. citizens who live in the United States should arrange for immediate return to the United States, unless they are prepared to remain abroad for an indefinite period."
Americans can still fly out of Riga, Tallinn, and Vilnius with very limited options.
On March 25, 2020, The Lithuanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs delayed the date of closure of its land border with Latvia for transiting foreigners to April 12, 2020 at midnight.
Please visit our Embassy webpage on COVID-19 for current departure information.
Actions to Take:
- Email us directly at email@example.com if you are trying to leave Latvia.
- Visit our Embassy webpage on COVID-19 for information on conditions in Latvia.
- Consult the CDC website for the most up-to-date information.
- Visit the COVID-19 crisis page on travel.state.gov for the latest information.
- Visit the Department of Homeland Security's website on the latest travel restrictions to the U.S.
- Follow travel.state.gov on Facebook and Twitter
- U.S. Embassy Riga, Latvia
Samnera Velsa iela 1
Riga LV-1510
+371 6710 7000
+371 6710 7000 (after hours)
firstname.lastname@example.com - After-hours emergency number for U.S. citizens is +371 2920 5708
- State Department – Consular Affairs
888-407-4747 or 202-501-4444 - Latvia Country Information
- Enroll in Safe Traveler Enrollment Program (STEP) to receive security updates
- Follow us on Facebook and Twitter.


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Major League Baseball Wild Card Preview: One game decides it all for these four teams
October 5, 2016
The four teams that will be competing in the American League and National League Wild Card games have all clinched their spots.
Over the next two days, the New York Mets, San Francisco Giants, Toronto Blue Jays, and the Baltimore Orioles will be competing for a position in the Major League Baseball (MLB) playoffs.
The two Wild Card games, which are best of one game, feature high-powered offenses in the AL (American League) and two big-time pitchers in the NL (National League). In the American League, that slugging matchup will be the Blue Jays offense versus the Orioles starter Chris Tillman.
First baseman Edwin Encarnacion, who cracked 42 home runs and sported a respectable batting average of over .260, headlines a powerful Blue Jays batting lineup.
It isn't just Encarnacion, though, other big-time hitters like Troy Tulowitzki (.254 BA, 24 HR) and Josh Donaldson (.284 BA, 37 HR) are lurking in the Toronto lineup. Chris Tillman, the Orioles starter for the game, has his work cut out for him.
However, this doesn't mean the Orioles' eight-year starter isn't up to the task. This season, Tillman has an impressive record of 16 wins and six losses. He pitched to a stellar Earned Run Average (ERA) of 3.77 with 140 strikeouts over 172 innings.
The Orioles offense has two behemoths in Chris Davis, who cracked 37 home runs in the regular season, and Manny Machado, who hit 38. Other Orioles to watch on offense are Adam Jones (.265 BA, 29 HR) and Mark Trumbo (.256 BA, 47 HR) who led the major leagues in home runs.
The Orioles might have an easier time dealing with Blue Jays pitcher Marcus Stroman. Stroman recorded a 9-10 record and an ERA over 4.0.
Against the O's this season, his ERA was 5.27, not a comforting statistic for Jays' fans.
The game, which takes place in Toronto, is set for an 8 p.m. start tonight, Oct. 4th.
In the National League, the two starting pitchers are looking to control the game. For the Mets, it will be Noah Syndergaard who takes the hill, while Madison Bumgarner, the most dominant pitcher of the 2014 playoffs, starts for the Giants.
Bumgarner pitched to an insane 1.04 ERA over 52 ⅔ innings in the 2014 playoffs when he led the Giants to a World Series championship. This season, he sports a 15-9 record and has an ERA under 3.0.
However, Bumgarner's last few starts have been uncharacteristic. In September, he gave up three home runs in a game for the first time in his pitching career. He has given up 26 home runs in total this season. Despite this, Bumgarner is 3-2 in his last five decisions, and is one of the most impressive playoff pitchers in recent history.
Syndergaard is one of two Mets starters who made it through the entire regular season. Both Syndergaard and Bartolo Colon will be seeing action in this year's playoffs.
Syndergaard will be getting the start against the Giants on Wednesday, and will be pitching on extended rest. He also has a record of 3-2 in his last five decisions, and has a similar ERA to Bumgarner with a 2.60. Syndergaard's fastball has hit up to 101 miles per hour, and he also has a stellar arsenal of other pitches including the circle changeup, slider, and a devastating curveball.
The Mets hitting lineup, although beaten and bruised, has a large veteran presence along with a few promising rookies. Veteran hitters like Curtis Granderson (.237 BA, 30 HR) and Jay Bruce (.265 BA, 25 HR) provide a foundation for rookies like T.J. Rivera (.333 BA, 3 HR) to shine in scoring opportunities.
San Francisco also has a few strong hitters like Buster Posey (.288 BA, 14 HR) and Brandon Belt (.275 BA, 17 HR). Although not many of the Giants hit for power, they are still a threat to any pitcher. A majority of the Giants' hitters are batting over .250 and have slugging percentages over .350.
The game takes place at Citi Field in New York, and is scheduled for an 8 p.m. start tomorrow.
Contact the writer: [email protected]


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The 2010 V8 Supercar Championship Series will be one round shorter in 2010 after the cancellation of the Queensland Raceway event.
Despite being prepared to promote the race itself, V8 Supercars Australia today confirmed that it has been unable to reach a satisfactory hire and commercial terms with QR operator John Tetley and that the proposed May date has been axed from the calendar.
A V8 Supercar spokeperson told Speedcafe.com.au that a replacement round is very unlikely and that the series will be contested over 14 rounds, with one non-championship race at the Australian Grand Prix.
In a scathing statement, V8SA and Tetley were unable to reach an agreement in what V8's termed a "long list of unrealistic demands" including a near record track hire fee, as well as insiting that the venue would not be responsible for obtaining the very necessary CAMS licence that is required under the FIA's sanctioning of V8 Supercars as an International Series, amongst many other items.
Combine these issues with the aging facilities and a drop off in spectator and corporate attendances and the Ipswich venue has been deemed no longer viable to host a round of the V8 Supercar Championship Series.
"This is extremely disappointing for all our fans but we had given QR a very reasonable offer and we have to be responsible to our teams when we hire venues and conduct events," said Shane Howard, acting CEO for V8SA.
"The unrealistic hire fees and un-commercial terms demanded by QR, when compared with other permanent venues, are absurd given the standard of the QR infrastructure for fans and teams alike.
"QR's reluctance to be a CAMS sanctioned venue further compounds a very difficult position for us as we are a fully fledged FIA Championship. Almost no money has been spent on fan facilities at QR in the last eight years despite our ongoing requests and it is now looking very tired from a fan and corporate point of view."
V8 Chairman Tony Cochrane added that he says it's now time for V8 Supercars and the Queensland Government to look at creating its own permanent facility.
"We do question how a venue which was built with significant State Government funds and is leased on Ipswich Council land can manipulate groups such as ours," Cochrane said.
"Every year dealing with John Tetley turns into a greater nightmare for all of us in the Championship and I totally understand V8SA getting to this very frustrating point. With so many V8 Supercar teams headquartered in SE Queensland we now need to focus on what we can do for the future.
"Maybe the time has come for us to work with the Queensland Government and jointly build our own permanent facility to ensure the nearly 1,000 jobs in our great industry are keep here in SE Queensland."
Speedcafe spoke to John Tetley today, but was unavailable for comment.
Queensland Raceway held its first V8 Supercar meeting in 1999 and has been a fixture on the calendar every year since – including a two-year spell when it hosted two rounds (1999 and 2000).
The loss of QR off the calendar comes as a major blow to almost half of the V8 Supercar teams. Triple Eight Race Engineering, Stone Brothers Racing, Dick Johnson Racing, Paul Morris Motorsport and Triple F Racing use QR as their testing facility.
One of the other knock-on effects of the fall-out is the three support categories which had listed provisional dates at the QR track. Fujitsu V8s, Formula Ford and MINI Challenge all now face finding new venues to replace the round.


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The key to the lynchings leads to the Sheriff/Coroner
Pete Bennett reached a conclusion about a series of deaths of blacks, witnesses and suspects. In 1982 one of Bennett's employees shot dead in 1982 just days after hiring a black man in Pittsburg California
Sherrif Richard Rainey
Sherrif Warren Ruph
The Lynching of Timothy Lee
Mr. Lee fell asleep on BART which in 1984 ended at the Concord BART Station.
Like flyer says "Protest Racist, Sexits and Anti-Gay Attacks and STOP KKK Terror


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I have most likely spent six figures on NameJet auctions in the last year or so. It's not something I really track, but I am an active buyer on NameJet. I only mention this because it should go without saying that I trust the fairness of the platform, otherwise I would not participate in auctions.
One of the features of NameJet is that I am able to see who else is bidding on an auction. Even though I don't personally know many of the bidders I regularly compete against, it is good to know that if I don't win the other competitors are going to follow through and pay. As a seller on NameJet, it is also helpful to know that someone who is winning an auction is actually going to pay should their bid be the highest.
Because I don't know all NameJet bidders, I regularly turn to the GoldNames.com blog to see if I can find a bidder's history. GoldNames seems to track many (maybe most but I don't know) of the auctions that are run on NameJet. GoldNames also tracks the winning bidder of the auction.
I sometimes find it easier to use Google to search that site for a bidder name, but it is helpful. I can then use DomainTools to confirm that the domain name changed hands post-auction to give me added comfort that I am bidding against a legitimate bidder or that the winning bidder will pay for the auction he won.
There are some limitations with this. I am sure NameJet would tell me that they have new bidders signing up regularly. Obviously a new and legitimate bidder wouldn't have a trackable bidding history. In addition, I am sure people who privately auction names on NameJet contact end user buyers who may sign up specifically for an auction. This may be their first auction and they may be bidding aggressively because the domain name up for bid is the reason for signing up.
Whenever I have any doubts about the legitimacy of a bidder, the GoldNames blog is where I turn to try and find a bidder's history.


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A reminder on busyness and existence:
Laughter is the appropriate response to the busy person, Kierkegaard believes, for it is the perfect way to undercut his self-importance.
Indeed, busy people haughtily fill their time, always finding things to do - 'I just have so much on' - but this self-generated activity is simply a trivial means of escapism, Kierkegaard argues.
Such people block out their calendars to avoid confronting the general emptiness of their existences - to distract themselves from truly important questions, such as who they are and what their lives are for.
Everything matters but nothing matters: busy people are thus ridiculous.
Lifted directly from:


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Frost takes lead at Tradition
Published 10:16 pm Saturday, June 8, 2013
By DREW GRANTHUM / Sports Writer
After three rounds, yet another player found himself atop the leaderboard at the Regions Tradition June 8 at Shoal Creek.
David Frost shot a 66 to move to 12 under overall headed into the clubhouse. He leads Fred Couples by one stroke.
"I made a lot of good shots out there today," he said. "I made one unfortunate bogey, but it's a tough golf course so I'm not too disappointed with that round."
Frost is in search of his fifth Champions Tour win, and second of the year. He won the Toshiba Classic in March.
Frost said he felt confident headed into the final round.
"Getting into position like this makes you become a little more at ease the more you get there," he said. "My game's been good this year, so I'm excited about tomorrow."
Couples shot an impressive 68, but remained in the second spot for the second day in a row.
"Tomorrow I'm going to have to hit more fairways and play a little bit better from tee to green," he said. "But today when I did hit a good shot, it was a really good one and made birdies."
The Tradition heads into the final round June 9, which has seen the tee time moved up to 7:30 a.m. due to the threat of inclement weather.


text: I thought those of us already familiar with our navels might want to return to something interesting. Jeremy O. suggested a few days ago that we might want to take a look at the evidence needed to support the various positions we have been discussing. It seems this is a good idea. First we need some testable hypotheses. Anyone have any ideas? I don't have any good ones, but I'll give it a shot. First, I'd like to assume that the selective pressures that lead to tool manufacture and use continued to drive the evolution of tools and culture for a long time after the initial kick. Is there a problem with this assumption? Secondly, I think we need to talk about a period well represented in the archeological record that *clearly* shows a shift from one industry to the next more or less contemporaneous with a shift in the predominance of one hominid form over another. It would also be useful if we knew something about changes in subsistence patterns. Hypothesis1: If tool manufacture and use is the motor for the evolution of intelligence, then the new industry should precede the new hominid form. Hypothesis2: If new subsistence requirements are the motor for the evolution of intelligence, then evidence of the shift in subsistence should precede the new hominid form. Hypothesis3: If tool manufacture and use are the consequences of other pressures for the evolution of intelligence, then the new hominid form ought to precede the shift in technology. Hypothesis4a: If the evolution of intelligence is the result of social pressures rather than subsistence pressures or tool manufacture, then the new hominid form should precede the new tools and should show evidence of subsistence patterns like those of the preceding form. Hypothesis4b: If the evolution of intelligence is the result of social pressures then we should see an increase in the density of hominid populations preceding evidence for complex intelligence (i.e., tools and symbolic artifacts). I'm not an archeologist so please go easy on me (although I would like to know the glaring problems with the above and with the following). I suggest we look to the Middle- to Upper-Paleolithic transition in Europe, because (1) there are a lot of sites, (2) there is a clear distinction between the two technologies, (3) there are two hominid forms present more or less contemporaneously, and (4) the archeological record is pretty good (compared to Oldowan sites, I think) and we are all likely to know at least a little about it. H1: Reject. The new industry does not precede the new hominid form. If I'm not mistaken the first AMHs in Europe are associated with Mousterian industry. H2: I don't know the evidence for subsistence for this time. H3: Cannot reject. The new form does precede the tools. H4a: See H2 & H3. H4b: Cannot reject. If we can take the density of sites as any indication of the population density, then we can say there was an increase in the population density around the time AMH comes in the picture and the increase precedes the shift in technology. Ok, so this is a really modest attempt. I would like to hear others' objections/comments on this. Also, it would be nice if some more knowledgeable people than I could provide some hypotheses regarding this discussion. I for one am not satisfied w/ rhetorical arguments or claims that this is too complex for our simple minds. Also, by hashing out a few workable hypotheses we can (follow Bob Graber's advice) and apply the rule of parsimony. But, as far as I'm concerned, until we sift through our assumptions and come up with some testable ideas all the arguments are equally parsimonious. Rob Quinlan


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By George Tatoris
News Editor
The men's and women's swimming and diving teams raced, leapt and swam through over 40 events apiece at the Metropolitan Conference Championships held during the weekend of Friday, Feb. 17.
For the men, it was a close meet, but they still had not accumulated enough points to outshine the Rowan University Profs.
No matter what place the Lions finished for the final event of the meet, the 400-yard freestyle relay, they could not topple the Profs unless the top team somehow fell to ninth or below in the final event of the weekend.
Despite the tremendous odds, the Lions still poured their all into the last race.
"Winning the last race of a championship meet as close as this one gives the team a huge mental boost heading to NCAAs," men's head coach Brian Bishop said. "That relay will probably be ranked in the top five at NCAAs, which sends a strong message to the rest of the country that we will be a force at the Championships."
The team of sophomore Alexander Skoog and seniors Ryan Gajdzsiz, Andrew Nesbitt and Scott Vitabile nosed ahead of the quartet of Profs with a time of 2:59.94, over a minute faster than the Profs.
The effort earned the four Lions shots at nationals, although the team itself managed a second-place finish with 1396 points, 17.5 points behind the Profs. The Lions have won 18 of the last 23 Metropolitan Conference Championships, according to Bishop.
"This was one of the closest meets in conference history," Bishop said. "The only one that was closer was in the early '90s and we came out on top at that meet. It was thrilling to be a part of such an exciting meet. Great competition brings out great performances and we had many outstanding efforts by our team."
The women's team fought for a third-place finish at the meet, gathering a total of 933 points. The University of Bridgeport took first with 1098 points and the Profs were not far behind with 1086 points.
Working with a smaller squad than usual, members of the women's team had to sign up for races they were not comfortable with, according to head coach Jennifer Harnett.
"One of the things that stood out most to me was some of the swimmers that swam in events they might not have been their first choice, but swam them because the team needed points in those events," Harnett said.
This has been a common theme all year for the undersized squad. This weekend, junior Robin Lukens earned her team 12 points in the 1650-free, sophomore Laura Rippey switched from the 200-breast to the 200-fly for the better scoring opportunity and freshman Samantha Askin made the top heat in the finals of the 400-meter individual medley.
The men's team had standout performances, as well. Strong races and dives on the first day of the meet propelled the Lions to a slim lead over the Profs. Gajdzsiz, Nesbitt and Vitabile were joined by senior Adam Coppola for a first-place finish with a time of 1:21.35 in the opening event, the 200-freestyle relay.
By the end of the second day, the Lions had a firm 20.5-point lead. Skoog won the 100-backstroke with a time of 50.04 seconds. The program record for that race is 49.56 seconds. Coppola took third in the same event with a time of 50.96 seconds, less than a second behind his teammate.
Gajdzsiz, Vitabile and freshman Harrison Yi earned the Lions points in the 200-free. Vitabile took second with a time of 1:39.33, Gajdzsiz took fifth at 1:40.89 and Yi took eighth with a time of 1:41.98.
Vitabile and Gajdzsiz finished in second and third place in the 100-free with times of 45.02 and 45.15 seconds, respectively. Junior Philip Binaco and Nesbitt were not far behind in sixth and seventh place, respectively. Binaco finished with a time of 46.46 and Nesbitt finished 46.67. The efforts of the four Lions qualified them for the championship finals.
The Lions performance earned several swimmers a spot at the NCAA regionals next week.
"Seniors Coppola and Nesbitt will be heading to NCAA's for the first time along with rookie Yi," Bishop said.
By the end of the third day, the Profs were on top despite the efforts of the Lions.
"Yes, we were disappointed that we finished second, but we accomplished our primary goal of qualifying a strong group for NCAAs," Bishop said. "We've won our share of title, but we always want more."
The women's team's third-place finish was made possible by the determination of the team. Sophomore Maddie Hynoski swam on an injured shoulder throughout the weekend, earning top times in several events.
"She worked through some shoulder injuries this whole season and had to kick most practices, so for her to have best times in three events is amazing," Harnett said.
In the 100-fly, Hynoski finished fourth and earned the team 26 points with a time of 58.84 seconds. Hynoski also earned points in the 50-free and the 100-free.
Junior Debbie Meskin worked through some issues with her back to earn points. In the 400-individual medley, Meskin hit the wall fourth at 4:49.73, earning her team 26 points. In the 200-fly, she finished fifth with a time of 2:13.09.
"Her determination is what got her through this weekend," Harnett said.
Rippey, Askin and sophomore Courtney Thompson gave the Lions even more points in the 200-fly, finishing ninth in 2:17.23, 12th in 2:20.43 and 15th in 2:24.08, respectively.
Senior Brenna Strollo finished her career with a fourth-place finish in the 200-back, an event the senior has struggled with in the past, according to Harnett.
Sophomore Gabi Denicola set the tone for the final stretch of events on Sunday with a personal best of 17:54.08 in the 1650-free, earning her fifth place. Denicola was not satisfied with her times in the 500-free and 200-free earlier that weekend, so her personal best finish in the 1650-free was a great way to finish the weekend.
The women's diving team also showed spirit in both the 1-meter and 3-meter events. Senior Sarah Grassi earned first in the 1-meter with a score of 467.80 and second in the 3-meter with a score of 401.10.
Junior Hannah Raymond took second runner-up in the 1-meter with a score of 432.65.
"Sarah was in second place going into finals on the 1-meter board and upped her game at the finals to finish first," Harnett said. "It was a great way to finish her career."
Harnett believes the season has showcased the Lions teamwork.
"That is what this team has been about this season — teamwork," Harnett said. "Our squad size was down this year, so everyone had to pick up some of the missing pieces at dual meets. That carried through into Championships. I'm am very proud of this team. They worked hard as a team, and they succeeded as a team."


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Sicilian hunks of LucasKazan: Manuel Santos
Up close and personal with Italian jock Marco and his BIG dick. Embark on his XXX journey, from the first casting session to the 2020 Grabbys Award nomination for Best Newcomer. 7 studs in 7 torrid scenes. ALL ABOUT MARCO premieres today on AEBN
LK exclusive Federico Bulsara and Lucas Foz in scene 2 of "L'Elisir d'amore". HD-upscaled, exclusively at LucasKazan
Salvatore Gorini. Sicilian. Uncut. Exclusively on LucasKazan
From time to time, we'll feature the Italian jocks of LucasKazan and re-introduce them to you. This is Angelo, from Sicily: handsome Mediterranean face, nice Italian sausage.
Scene 2 of this LK classic, with Leon topping Wilfried Knight. Remastered and HD-upscaled, exclusively at LucasKazan
Up close and personal with Italian stallion Ettore Tosi –from his first solo through his quick rise to stardom. 141 minutes, 11 scenes, 15 men. Available only on the TLA store
When his dad goes away on a trip, Marco finds himself home alone. Well, not so alone… The houseboy (James Castle) can't help but take advantage of the situation. "The script calls for Marco's first time", says director Ettore Tosi. "But, it goes without saying, LK exclusive Marco is no virgin". Watch him turn the tables and drill his seducer. NEW at LucasKazan
To help celebrate our 20th anniversary, Ettore Tosi comes back to the US and flip-fucks Dante Colle in "PostCards from America p1". Italian stallion (uncut) meets all-American jock (cut). Exclusively at LucasKazan
Made in Italy. 27 year old Rico Fatale is 100% Italian but has lived in Germany for a number of years. We flew him from Berlin to Naples and paired him with cutie Andrea Fusco for this all-Italian romp. "Federico has a beautiful, friendly smile", says director Ettore Tosi. "Why on earth does he pout when he poses for the camera?" Watch Andrea and Federico at LucasKazan


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I was sorting out the sock drawer last night. Everyone has a sock drawer right?
So it got me thinking. Out of the long list of chores that I must do but absolutely do not enjoy, which ones bring me the greatest thrill? Which ones instil the most joy?
- Batch-cooking - I absolutely despise doing it. It always feels like a massively unnecessary "extra" job on top of all the jobs that I have to do anyway. But when that day comes where we get home too late to cook or can't do the food shop for whatever reason, it is worth it's weight in gold. Finding a frozen Shepherds Pie or tub of hidden-veg pasta sauce is beyond thrilling.
- Ironing - So as a general rule I don't do this. I just don't. Life is too short for ironing and I'll stand by that comment to anyone. However, for the future of my husband's career I do iron his shirts and I'll admit that when I see them all proudly hanging in their slightly less creased form, I do get a bit of a thrill. I've never felt like more of a wife then I do at that moment and I'm 100% sure that makes me a bad feminist.
- Cleaning the toilet - Like who the hell needs to be hearing about my toilet but I have a three year old whose aim leaves a lot to be desired. When I give the bathroom a good scrub and bleach the toilet I literally will people to use my toilet so that they can see it in all it's shiny white glory. It's short-lived but by God is it thrilling.
- The Food Shop - I hate doing it. Which is weird because I love cooking. But you know that moment where the shopping has been put away, the shopping bags are nowhere to be seen and the presses are literally bursting at the seams with grub? I find a thrill in that moment.
- Cleaning the microwave - I once saw a YouTube video where a woman cleaned hers by placing a bowl of water and some fresh lemons in it before switching it on for a few minutes. The water heats up, the steam lifts the dirt and as you simply and easily wipe it away the microwave is left smelling like lemon. I find a thrill in simply telling people this fact.


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Multi-family Still Rising
Many analysts and industry experts wondered if multi-family would start to slow down in 2014. After all, the sector has enjoyed almost six years of continuous improvement. However, early results for the first quarter have analysts predicting continued strong performance for multi-family investments for years to come.
The multi-family vacancy rate dropped to 4% in the first quarter – improving from previous historical lows in the third and fourth quarters of 2013. Meanwhile rents rose 0.6% in the first quarter – up 3.2% from the previous year and 13% since the up-cycle began in 2009.
Market fundamentals remain strong:
· 75% of 25-34 year olds had jobs in February (the pre-recession high was 80%)
· Despite lots of new development, demand still outstrips supply
· The cost of home buying has increased – median monthly home payment for a new home rose 20% within the past year
With no apparent end in sight, investors will continue to look for multifamily investments. Industry experts expect lots of interest in secondary and tertiary markets this year, particularly within the Sun Belt. THE CABOT GROUP has over 40 years of success operating in such markets and looks forward to many more as the multi-family sector continues to shine.


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It's set the internet abuzz – and as rap superstar Kanye West (with the help of his wife Kim Kardashian West and billionaire Elon Musk) took to Twitter to declare his intentions to run for president this November.
One small problem – West has missed several key deadlines to get on the ballot. However, if he is determined to run, he can 't run in key states like Texan, New York or North Carolina.
This all seems silly right now, but if the sometimes controversial and very unpredictable celebrity makes a run, in the end – who would it help and who would it hurt?
- Could West's popularity siphon off votes from Joe Biden key battleground areas?
- Or would a West campaign steal the attention and airtime away from Donald Trump leaving him to pitch policy and drastically reducing his reach?
In a year that knows nothing normal, if you are covering Kanye West and the 2020 election – let our experts help.
Mark Caleb Smith is the Director of the Center for Political Studies at Cedarville University. Mark is available to speak with media regarding this topic and any aspects about the upcoming election. Simply click on his icon to arrange an interview.
Mark Caleb Smith, Ph.D. Professor of Political Science
Dr. Smith is an expert in American politics, campaigns & elections, and constitutional law.


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Sixth Form students took part in The Great Coventry Christmas Bake Off at Tile Hill Wood School to provide goodies for those in need over the festive season.
They joined students across Coventry; going head to head with pupils from other secondary schools as well as Coventry University , to compete in the event.
Teams were involved in making and decorating rocky road biscuits and cranberry and orange slices which were parcelled up and given to families in crisis all over Coventry.
The challenge was supported by Coventry Foodbank and Mars Food UK and was judged in school by local Councillor David Skinner who chose Georgina Kelly and Jonathan Roscoe as the winners.
Georgina said: "I had an absolute blast! So glad I could be part of helping such a good cause."
Georgina and Jonathan were invited to a lunch reception at the Council House with the Lord Mayor, Coun Hazel Noonan, where overall adjudication took place.


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A teleconference was held on Tuesday chaired by Minister of Culture and Sports Lina Mendoni with the "Committee for the Management of Emergency Public Health Events caused by Infectious Diseases", coordinated by Secretary General of Public Health of the Ministry of Health Panagiotis Prezerakos. The topic of the meeting was: "Measures for the Protection of Public Health when lifting the lockdown of archaeological sites-museums-festivals-cultural events, etc.".
Ms. Mendoni asked specific questions about the protection measures and safety standards that should be observed for the protection of employees, visitors and the public in cultural infrastructures and events. She made special reference to the organization of festivals, performances, film productions and rehearsals required of various artistic forms (theater, dance, music, etc.). The answer of the experts is expected after studying the data in the next few days. Then the specific measures will be announced.
According to the proposal of Minister of Culture and Sports Lina Mendoni, outdoor and open archaeological sites will restart with a summer schedule on May 18, as the first step for the reopening of cultural infrastructures.
The Ministry of Culture and Sports has already prepared a plan for the safe operation of cultural infrastructures, always in accordance with the instructions of specialist scientists. Rules will be set up for proper distances to be kept between visitors, depending on each particular site. Rules will also be set up for the way of buying tickets, accessing and entering the sites, but also for the use of refreshment areas and museum shops. Major archaeological sites will operate with special safety protocols, already being prepared, adapted for the specifics of each area..
It should be noted, however, that like all plans, this one is under constant re-evaluation and updating. It goes without saying that the observance of suggestions by and instructions of the Ministry of Health and the Hellenic National Public Health Organization (EODY) should be absolute.


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Meaning of expressions with ORDER
in order to, made to order, out of order, an order
an order
· a request to supply goods
- – I made an order for 50 footballs last week, could you tell me when they will be delivered, please?
out of order
· doesn't work/function
- – I had to walk up the stairs as the lift is out of order.
Made to order
· made to fit a specific design or size
- – A lot of basketball players have to have their clothes made to order
in order to
· so as to, explains why something is done
- – We closed the window in order to stop the mosquitoes coming in
Languagewell also bring you lessons with idioms using LOVE and FALL as well as many other lessons and exercises with phrasal verbs and English Idioms One vocabulary example is Book which is used in a number of well-known English expressions such as closed book and throw the book at someone There are more lessons with other verbs in the Phrasal Verb Index it includes run and think. If you want, you can practise by doing these exercises Check out other English Language and Grammar lessons and exercises here


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On the contrary, if you have a set on a dry board, elevating your opponent's guess might be a big mistake. To help you develop into extra acquainted with them, we prepared this chart that options a few of the commonest bet sizes. Slowplaying weak fingers post-flop can also be a standard newbie error. There's a time and a spot for slowplaying in poker, but not, for example, when you could have AA preflop against an unfastened aggressive opponent. In about half of USA casinos, drinks are free for this active gaming; in the other half, there will be some nominal cost. There's a minimal requirement of at the very least two shareholders.
And you see two tight gamers who don't struggle again fairly often within the small blind and massive blind, elevate it up as a substitute of folding! The outcome: over 50% enhance in my winrate from this small change. We spotlight only the best presents and sign up free bets solely from safe operators who have a legitimate UK Gambling License and are approved by the Gambling Fee. Why? As a result of I'd have been better off sitting on the couch and watching Netflix fairly than grinding. Extra to the purpose, why would you depart money on the table for the same risk? For extra info on this Texas Hold'em Tip, see how Jonathan Little takes notes on the poker table.
Poker is warfare of information. The more information you've gotten in your opponent, the extra likely you can be to come back out on prime. Subsequently, it is important to have a protracted-term mindset and take care of your bookmaker accounts. True, you would guess predictions that no one else would ever have thought. A sport can ultimate a long time, and it could be terrible to be disrupted, notably if one is making an awesome deal of cash. One of my favorite coaching items is the Upswing Poker Lab, run by the famous poker professional Doug Polk. This course pkv games terpercaya starts at the basics of poker and will educate you on the fundamentals of cash games, MTTs, and live poker, turning you into a nicely-rounded participant that may hold your own in any texas holdem sport.


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Need For Speed PC Reveal Trailer
Need For Speed PC Reveal Trailer
A new 60FPS trailer for Need for Speed has been released, announcing, 4K support, Manual support and compatibility with a wide range of steering wheels.Â
The game was delayed on PC in September 2016 in order for the developers to unlock the framerate on PC and to give the PC version of the game much more focus and development time. Below is a statement from Ghost Games last year.Â
    Part of the conversation includes hearing from our PC community that an unlocked frame rate in Need for Speed is a massive priority for you, and we fully agree. To deliver this, weâve made the decision to move the PC release date to Spring 2016. Our PlayStation 4 and Xbox One release dates will remain the same, starting November 3, 2015 in North America and November 5 worldwide.
This decision on PC gives us the necessary development time to increase the visuals that we can deliver on PC. We will also include content updates that will have been released on console up to that time, making them available to all PC players from day one.
One thing to note in this trailer is that it is a 60FPS trailer, which is a very good sign that the developers have successfully unlocked the framerate. Â
Hopefully this additional development time has resulted in a good PC version of Need for Speed, as given the bad press and reviews of most recent Need for Speed titles on PC it looks like Ghost has a lot of trust to rebuild with PC gamers.
You can join the discussion on Need for Speed's new PC trailer on the OC3D Forums.Â
A new 60FPS trailer for Need for Speed PC has been released.https://t.co/e3W1pue6jJ pic.twitter.com/c5nMtqFNQn
â OC3D (@OC3D) February 11, 2016


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The police in the Dutch city of The Hague has seized 245 illegal media players in a store, acting after a complaint from anti-piracy organisation Brein.
The media players were pre-programmed with illegal software, linking to unauthorised content such as movies and series from cinema and subscription services. The shopkeeper had stopped trading the boxes online, but continued to sell them in his shop.
Earlier this year, the European Court ruled the sale of media players pre-loaded with software that gives access to content that is unauthorised on the internet infringes the copyright.
After the judgment, Brein summoned shops and websites to stop their infringing trade and warned that they would start legal proceedings. Arrangements have been made with a number of traders, with settlements of to up to 10,000 euros and more.
Brein has also warned that intentional infringement is a criminal offense. Several hundred providers have stopped now, according to the organisation.
Brein also stepped up action against shops that continued selling the boxes with pre-loaded software.
"This merchant was summoned by us and went on stopping by his promise. We have therefore reported," said Brein director Tim Kuik.
"These players cause great damage because people do not pay for the movies and series they watch. In addition, we also take action against software offerings if sold without a set-top box."
(The picture shows a streaming box that claims free access, but is not the one actually seized in the The Hague raid)


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Based on thorough scans of the coveted original models, the 1964 Trini Lopez Standard Reissue gives you an authentic vintage ownership experience from the chunky '64 neck profile to the unique trapeze tailpiece. "The Gibson guitar that was inspired by Trini Lopez is as exciting as the young performer who helped create it," reads one of Gibson's original 1960s advertisements. While Trini Lopez sadly passed away in August 2020, he continued to perform with his namesake model into his 80s, and the model is also favored by many other famous musicians from Dave Grohl to Noel Gallagher.
All pictures you see on this page are from this exact guitar. In other words, what you see is exactly what you get.
All pictures you see on this page are from this exact guitar. In other words, what you see is exactly what you get.
Safe and secure. We take great responsibility in ensuring that online ordering at Custom Shop Lounge is 100% safe and reliable. After you have found your six string soul mate you can easily reserve it by clicking 'add guitar to cart'. From there you can continue shopping or choose to check out. When checking out you will be asked to log in or register as a new client. When registering, please fill in your information and create a password. All your information will be handled with care. Then you can choose your payment method to complete the order: iDEAL, Mister Cash, Sofort, PayPal (or credit card) or bank transfer. You can also order by sending an e-mail to firstname.lastname@example.com or by phone +31 (0)492 324038 (see our opening hours).
contact Custom Shop Lounge
Free shipping of Custom Shop guitars in the BeNeLux. For all other countries you will see the shipping costs when filling in your full address in the ordering menu. When encountering an error while filling in your shipping information, please contact us for the options. You will be charged no extra costs against loss or damage as all of our outgoing packages are fully insured (unless agreed otherwise).
Orders outside of the EU will be sent with an accurate invoice. You can deduct the VAT on your purchase by dividing the VAT holding price by 1.21.
Of course you will receive a tracking code for your package so you can monitor the location of your precious purchase any time, anywhere.
contact Custom Shop Lounge
Custom Shop Lounge is a division of GuitarKing. With over 25 years of experience, GuitarKing is undeniably one of the most specialized and experienced guitar stores in the Netherlands.
When Frans and Wilma van Dommelen established the store back in 1989 it was their dream to start a company that would offer a wide range of guitars serving every player from beginner to professional.
With the founding of Custom Shop Lounge this dream has finally fully come true and they can't wait to welcome you with friendly advice and a warm cup of coffee.
more about Custom Shop Lounge


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Walking into The Whole and its Parts (in French, Le Tout et la Partie) is entering Michèle Lemieux's grayscale dream world of sketches and animations. Earlier this year, her film, Here and The Great Elsewhere (2012), was shown at the Canadian Culture Centre in Paris. Her exhibit, now at the Université de Québec à Montréal (UQÀM) Centre de Design, allows visitors to explore the film's preliminary sketches and visual experiments. The exhibition is accompanied by a publication as well as a soundscape of 25 musicians created by New York composer Melissa Grey.
The short film exhibits the comforts of individual routines and living spaces, as well as the effects of leaving them. The film was created entirely through a pinscreen and the story shows not only Lemieux's technical mastery, but also her creative dialogue with the audience.
The pinscreen is a remarkable feature of the animated film community. Developed in 1931 by Alexander Alexeïeff and Claire Parker, the machine is installed within a dark studio for animation purposes. Lemieux used her own pinscreen to create her film, a method that is both efficient and precise. The metal frame holds 240,000 tubes merely by pressure. When one presses against the back with their hand or an object, the pins stick out of the tube and create a shadow. Lighting from the side illuminates the pinscreen so that the pins create a shadow onto the board. The camera placed in front of the screen is unable to see the pins, only the array of grey shadows created. Using everyday household items, such as light bulbs, the artist is able to project silhouettes onto the pinscreen—ideal for animation.
An illustrator, filmmaker, and professor at the UQÀM, Michèle Lemieux has taught illustration for over 20 years. Previously, Lemieux worked with children's illustrations before transitioning to animated film. Working exclusively in black and white, many of Lemieux's drawings are similar to those of Tim Burton. Her style is a cluttered collection inspired by various children's illustrators such as Shel Silverstein. The mixture of these influences creates a mysterious, yet youthful, atmosphere.
Lemieux's sketchbook work for animated films from 2003 to 2012 is displayed on one lightened wall. Directly across the room are iPads showcasing various pages of her books. With this, the viewer is able to observe the development of her style—from grotesque mutant figures to nature scenes drawn in only a few crude lines. Behind a hidden corner, a dimly lit wall shows Lemieux on three consecutive screens; each displays real-time footage of her working on the film. Her patience, frustration, and meticulousness are apparent as she works on a pinscreen. Lemieux's presence within the exhibit is emphasized with another footage piece—a recording of her interacting with students during a lecture.
For two-and-a-half years, Lemieux was devoted to this pinscreen project. Informational excerpts explain that the exhibit—in addition to serving as an introduction to Lemieux's creative process—is an attempt to heighten viewer's understanding of drawing in the animation world. By focusing on the pinscreen, viewers can learn the process of using dated tools in what is commonly seen as a 'modern' art form.
On display from Sept. 23 until Nov. 6 The Whole and its Parts: Michèle Lemieux, from Drawing to Animation can be viewed at 1440 Rue Sanguinet Wednesdays to Sundays from 12-6 p.m.


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Money heist, the epic heist show that went mainstream before anyone even knew. The show at one point got so hyped that it was being watched on almost every screen and every account of Netflix.
The characters of the show were so loved and found themselves having millions of fans round the world. The most beloved character was the Professor who received so much fame that it was not anticipated by the makers also. The last season that is season 4 saw butchery more than any other season in the series. It kept people on their toes as to what would happen next and thus, they expected the fourth season to be of a similar pattern like the others but the gang was seen to have nothing going as planned their way and compelled under various circumstances to buy themselves more time. The last season as expected was left on a cliffhanger making people curious and storming their creative imagination and thinking skills to comprehend as to what might happen next where in came the idea of a very well thought of new season for the series.
Netflix confirmed the news claiming that the heist shall end in this season. The show will be shot in Spain, Denmark, Portugal and have a total of 10 episodes and the plan was put into action days after announcement for which the production starts on August 3rd. "It's pure rock'n'roll," said Álvaro Morte, aka the Professor (via the Guardian). "Once you see the first chapter of the show, you are lost in it."
Netflix stopped production of all its shows due to the ongoing pandemic and also Corberó as stuck in Spain and could not return for a long time. But now that thing are somehow back on track the cast and the entire crew is back to shooting but due to time crunch the season did not air in 2020 but there are high chances it may in 2021 end provided there are no unavoidable disruptions.
Coming to the cast expected to be seen on screen would include Miguel Ángel Silvestre, Patrick Criado as new additions. From the already seen cast those to return would include Úrsula Coberó (Tokyo), Álvaro Morte (The Professor) , Itziar Ituño (Lisbon), Pedro Alonso (Berlín), Miguel Herrán (Rio), Jaime Lorente (Denver), Esther Acebo (Stockholm), Enrique Arce (Arturo) and others. The show shall continue with the gang along with the professor with a tinch of political resistivity and catch up with anything and everything that season 4 ended with.


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- The Select Aisle's Gelatin powder is a perfect addition to your no bake desserts, jellies and marshmallows.
- Use the Select Aisle's Gelatin Powder to up your pasty game by using them in your mirror glazes, candies, aspic and so on.
- The Select Aisle's Gelatin Powder is of superior quality and has high bloom strength.
- Yields a perfect jiggle to cream ratio in gelatin based desserts like Panna Cotta.
- Packed in easy to use and store PET jars, in your convenient pack sizes of 75g, just for you!
- Storage condition: Store in a cool, hygienic, and dry place.