text: The characteristics such as appearance, taste, texture, flavour and shelf life of the edible oils remain unaffected by the process of fortification. Hence it acts as a perfect medium to provide the nutrients to our body to combat deficiencies. We fortify oils and fats with essential micronutrients that would improve the quality of edible oil thereby making it relevant in addressing micronutrient deficiencies. All kinds of edible oils (soybean, palm olein, groundnut, cotton seed and mustard) can be fortified with micronutrients. The micronutrients used for the fortification of oil are as below: Vitamin A Vitamin D Vitamin E Vitamin K Some applications of interest are as follows: Corn Oil Sunflower Oil Soya bean Oil Coconut Oil Wheat Germ Oil Regulations Disclaimer: Micronutrient premixes formulated and added for Staple Food Fortification are governed by FSSAI. Above staple food processing application products are as per Food Safety Standards Authority of India regulations on Staple Food Fortification dated 3rd August 2018 Gazette number F. No. 11/03/Reg/Fortification/2014


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Upstate NY will be well represented at the 13th Annual Summer Camp Music Festival at Three Sisters Park in Chillicothe, IL on Memorial Day Weekend – May 24, 25 & 26, 2013.
Floodwood (Featuring Al Schnier and Vinnie Amico of moe.), Giant Panda Guerilla Dub Squad, Timbre Coup, Aqueous and Project Weather Machine will all be venturing to the MidWest to represent Upstate at this well attended event.
Summer Camp, which features moe. and Umphrey's McGee as long standing host, has grown to the top tier of outdoor camping events. Besides the before mentioned acts, Summer Camp also includes Trey Anastasio Band, STS9, The Avett Brothers, Thievery Corporation, Big Gigantic, Yonder Mountain String Band, Cornmeal, Lettuce and more.
Floodwood, based in Utica, is a progressive string band featuring the combined talents of Schnier and Amico, plus Jason Barady, Nick Piccininni, and Zachary Fleitz. Now in their second year of touring mostly local Upstate shows between moe. tours, Floodwood is ready to take their show to regional markets.
Giant Panda Guerilla Dub Squad calls Rochester home, but they have toured consistently the past 6 years with their highly acclaimed psychedelic roots reggae show. Panda guitarist/vocalist Dan Keller has come full circle. "This was the first music festival I ever attended…now I'm playing at it. Life is cool sometimes."
Albany's Timbre Coup is a progressive rock band often compared to groups like King Crimson or Umphrey's McGee, but they also have a very danceable side. "We want people to pay attention to the details and intricacies of our songs, but we love making people dance." says drummer Matt Pickering.
Buffalo's Aqueous is taking the northeast by storm as of late, constantly hitting new markets with their infectious jam/prog/rock improvisation. With a heavy focus on segues and ever changing set lists, Aqueous will keep you wanting more!
CNY's Project Weather Machine has quickly gained an audience in the jam scene since their first show in February of 2012. Combining deep song writing, roaring guitar solos and floor shaking dance beats, PWM is sure to keep ya movin!
For more info on Summer Camp check out their weblink below

subset: commoncrawl


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Rob Valentino agreed to a multiyear contract extension on Nov. 16, 2021 to remain on Gonzalo Pineda's coaching staff as an assistant coach. Valentino has been with Atlanta United since 2018 and served in several roles.
The Illinois native was named interim head coach on July 18, 2021 and remained with the First Team following Pineda's hire. Valentino compiled a 4-2-2 record as interim coach and then helped the team finish with the most points in MLS (33) after Pineda's appointment in August of 2021.
He originally joined the club on Jan. 23, 2018 as assistant coach for Atlanta United 2's inaugural season. He was then promoted to assistant coach with Atlanta United's First Team prior to the 2019 MLS season. Prior to joining Atlanta, Valentino served as an assistant coach for Orlando City B since August 2015.
During his time in Atlanta, Valentino has played a key role in player development, working with players such as 2017 MLS SuperDraft selection and current United States Men's National Team defender Miles Robinson, as well as the progression of multiple players from ATL UTD 2 to the First Team, including Homegrown defenders George Bello and George Campbell.
Before becoming a coach, Valentino played professionally for eight years as a defender. He was drafted No. 13 overall in the 2008 MLS SuperDraft by New England Revolution and later played for Colorado Rapids and FC Tampa Bay before landing at Orlando City in 2011 for the team's inaugural season. Valentino made 77 appearances over five seasons at center back, scoring nine goals, and won three regular season USL championships and two postseason titles with Orlando City. He was voted 2011 USL Defender of the Year and was named team captain after his first season. He played one season with Arizona United in 2015 before announcing his retirement.
Valentino attended the University of San Francisco where he played and served as team captain for four seasons. He was named the West Coast Conference Defensive Player of the Year as a sophomore and the West Coast Conference Player of the Year as a junior.


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1 of 253523 objects
David with the Head of Goliath c.1620
Oil on canvas | 153.5 x 125.1 cm (support, canvas/panel/stretcher external) | RCIN 404731
This painting depicts the Old Testament story of the shepherd boy David, who triumphed over the giant Goliath (1 Samuel 17: 41-51). Using a single stone from his sling, David killed Goliath and then decapitated him. Here, at the conclusion of the drama, David leans against the head of the giant, grasping his hair in his left hand while in his right he holds Goliath's huge sword. In the background the headless corpse of the giant lies upon the battlefield as the Philistines are overcome by the Israelites.
Fetti painted a number of different versions of this subject, which were widely copied by his workshop and later followers. Versions by Fetti are found in the Akademie der Bildenden, Nuremberg, the Pushkin National Museum, Moscow and the Gallerie dell'Accademia in Venice. However, the composition of each of these paintings varies considerably and the most notable work with particular similarities to the Royal Collection version is his David and Goliath (Gemäldegalerie, Dresden).
Fetti painted this work at the height of his career while employed at the Gonzaga court in Mantua. It is typical of the artist's mature style, using dramatic compositions executed in a painterly manner. Fetti employed canvases primed in dark tones and he typically applied paint quickly using short, rapid brushstrokes to build up a vivid contrast between light and shadow. While Eduard A. Safarik has proposed the possibility that this painting may have been a workshop copy, it seems highly unlikely. The handling of the paint is spontaneous and applied in a self-assured manner. The existence of numerous pentiments also suggests that the artist was still working out aspects of the composition while painting. Unlike the Dresden version and a preparatory drawing for the subject (J. Paul Getty Musum), Fetti changes the position of David's right hand to grasp the sword of Goliath in a more active manner.
In the 1627 inventory of the Gonzaga collection in Mantua there are two descriptions of paintings of 'David with the Head of Goliath', which may be identifiable with the Royal Collection painting by Fetti, although neither is attributed to a particular artist. One, valued at 24 lire, was in the long corridor between Santa Barbara and the Castello; the other, valued at 90 lire, was in the Galleria Piccola. It is likely that both were acquired by Charles I. In 1649 the records of the Commonwealth sale mention a 'David w.th goliagh. Head by ffette', valued at £20. This painting was later sold on 16 January 1652 to Robert Houghton. In 1650 the inventory of the collection of Charles I at Somerset House mentions a 'David with the Head of Goliath', which is probably the other Fetti painting of the subject recorded at Mantua and now lost. Following the Restoration, a version of the subject attributed to Fetti again entered the Royal Collection and it was hung in Whitehall. It is likely that the canvas was enlarged during the time of William III when the frame was built and the additions, which can be noted on all the edges of the canvas, were probably added at this point. Subsequently, during the reign of Queen Anne, the painting hung over a door in the Drawing Room at Hampton Court.
Catalogue entry adapted from The Art of Italy in the Royal Collection: Renaissance and Baroque, London, 2007Provenance
Probably part of the Mantuan sale to Charles I; valued at £20 by the Trustees for sale in October 1649 and sold to Robert Houghton on 16 January 1652; recovered at the Restoration and listed in the Long Matted Gallery at Whitehall in 1666 (no 3)
Medium and techniques
Oil on canvas
153.5 x 125.1 cm (support, canvas/panel/stretcher external)
175.8 x 146.0 x 12.0 cm (frame, external)
Featured in
ExhibitionThe Art of Italy in the Royal Collection: Renaissance & Baroque: The Queen's Gallery, Buckingham Palace
Highlights the passionate collecting of Italian art by the British court
ExhibitionCharles II: Art & Power: The Queen's Gallery, Palace of Holyroodhouse
The art of the Restoration


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The trial of the National Organization for Women vs. the director of the Pro-Life Action League, Joe Scheidler, begins this week. NOW vs. Scheidler was filed as a federal class-action lawsuit in 1986.
The case was initiated by then NOW president Eleanor Smeal, after the president of the local Pensacola NOW chapter was injured during a clinic invasion. NOW filed against Joseph Scheidler of Chicago, his Pro-Life Action League, anti-abortion activists, and later, Terry Nichols and Operation Rescue.
The US Supreme Court allowed NOW to go forward in the case against the anti-abortionists under the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO). NOW argued that anti-abortion extremists were hindering interstate commerce by trying to shut down the clinics. In NOW v. Scheidler, NOW represents its own members and all non-member women, " whose rights to the services of women's health centers in the United States at which abortions are performed have been or will be interfered with by defendants' unlawful activities."
Initially, a federal judge and appeals court had ruled that the suit did not fall under the RICO laws, because the anti-abortion laws would not gain a profit from closing down the clinics. However, the United States Supreme Court ruled that there was no economic-gain clause in the 1970 law and let the suit stand.
Lucinda Finley, law professor at the State University of New York at Buffalo, commented, "The trial will be very useful in getting out on the public record the types of tactics the extremist wing of the anti-abortion movement has resorted to."
If NOW wins the lawsuit, anti-abortion activities designed to interfere with a women's right to use the clinics could be punishable by law across the nation.
Domestic Violence Information Center


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Homeownership Program Faces Real Test
High Ratio Of Debt, Bad Credit A Surprise
February 15, 2005 By OSHRAT CARMIEL, Courant Staff Writer
They've planted mums on Greenwich Street, painted pumpkins on Capen Street and trimmed overgrown tree branches on Newton Street.
That handiwork, paid for by a group set up to advance the mayor's homeownership initiative, was the easy part.
Now the real test of Hartford Mayor Eddie A. Perez's homeownership plan begins - namely, are Hartford residents willing to take out home improvement loans and embark on major home renovations themselves?
The mayor's plan relies on that willingness to boost the city's dismal homeownership rate from the present 25 percent to 30 percent by the end of his term in 2007. The idea is not so much to build more homes in Hartford as to make them more valuable - and with that, to trigger an interest in buying in Hartford among people who have the means to buy elsewhere.
That's where the home improvement loans come in. So far, interest has been mixed.
The city designated about 1,650 homes as eligible for a special home improvement loan fund, backed by The Neighborhoods of Hartford Inc., the group designated to carry out the homeownership initiative. Since August, when the group began making loans, 25 owners have applied and qualified, including three homeowners who were approved and are already busy replacing roofs and windows. At least one property owner, buoyed by the spirit of reinvestment, took out a $20,000 loan on his own, separate from The Neighborhoods of Hartford program, and put a fresh coat on a three bedroom Victorian he rents out in the West End.
But there is also a downside: Ten other homeowners applied for the loan and were turned down because they were not creditworthy or were already carrying too much debt, a setback that leaders say was greater than they had banked on.
"The trends we were seeing were very high ratios in terms of percentage of income going to pay off loans, or bad credit," said Bob Kantor, director of the Connecticut office of Fannie Mae and a board member of The Neighborhoods of Hartford.
"The families were in dire straits. In some respects we didn't anticipate that."
The quality of the applicants has improved over time, Kantor said. And Neighborhoods of Hartford is looking for ways to include some of the debt-ladened property owners in the program, which is offering loans between $5,000 and $30,000.
They are considering a loan deferral option, allowing those who take out loans to defer payment until they sell the house or refinance, said Donald Poland, executive director of The Neighborhoods of Hartford. The interest rate on the loans range from 0 to 6 percent, with the lower rates reserved for those who are low income.
"The more loans we do in the neighborhoods, the more investment we get in that area," Poland said. "If we do enough of these, we will actually move the market."
The idea, Poland and others say, is to create a momentum of home improvement on a given block or neighborhood. That momentum would create a buzz about living there, and would ideally lead to higher home values. Higher home values might cause a homebuyer, or developer, with means to buy in Windsor or Rocky Hill to consider Hartford a viable option.
Getting loan dollars into certain sections of the city is key, Poland said, especially into houses that sit on a corner or an intersection and are most visible to passersby.
New loan programs take time to catch on and usually become popular through word of mouth, said Cynthia Russell, president and CEO of the Connecticut Housing Investment Fund, which is helping administer Hartford's loan program.
Poland and other leaders of the initiative will deliver an update on the homeownership initiative to the city council's housing committee tonight.
The program, launched in 2003, calls for infusing relatively stable neighborhoods with money and attention, allowing for the kind of home improvements that residents might not otherwise be able to afford. The mayor and housing consultants picked concentrated sections of five neighborhoods - called Rising Star Blocks - and 12 individual blocks - called Pride Blocks - citywide. The Rising Star Block clusters were given $50,000 in grant money . Pride Blocks were given $10,000.
It was hoped that that The free seed money was intended to would inspire homeowners to make bigger improvements.
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Torbal, FC5, FC Series Professional Digital Force Gauge 1lbf x 0.0002lbf
1lbf x 0.0002lbf (5N x 0.001N) Professional force gauge with premium design and superior performance. Ideal for precision tension and compression applications up to 1lbf. The FC guarantees utmost accuracy and productivity with ultra-fast 1000Hz real time sampling and data capture. Equipped with hardware features such as built-in wireless, expandable microSD memory card, USB, RS232, and an I/O output port. The analog input-output allows to connect external peripherals such as Pass / Fail buzzer, light signalization, or an external trigger switch. Peak and Multi Peak modes are enhanced with configurable features such as peak detection sensitivity, measurement time delay, force trigger, auto zeroing, and automatic data storing. Every function is optimized with statistical analysis, onscreen graphs, and a histogram. The force gauge is overload protected up to 200% at full scale, and equipped with a used-capacity-indicator which displays the amount of capacity used during force measurements. Large backlit auto-rotate display automatically adjusts to the position of the force gauge. Excellent battery life with four powerful and easily removable Ni-MH 2700mAh batteries.
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IRF Partners with World Bank on Resilient Transport
Small Island Developing States are a group of countries located across the world in the Caribbean, Pacific, Africa, and Indian Ocean regions which are disproportionately exposed and vulnerable to natural hazards. As a consequence, to physical damage to the infrastructure, transport disruptions can cripple key economic sectors like tourism, fishing, or agriculture, and cut off access to healthcare, education, and other essential services.
Recognizing the need to improve the management of transport assets and to plan for growing risks, in the face of a changing climate, the World Bank partnered with IRF to develop a freely accessible, self-paced online training program which provides strategic, experiential, and practical knowledge on how to integrate climate and disaster risk considerations in the management of transport assets specially adapted to the needs of Small Island Developing States.


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Occasions and also unpredictable parties are an amazingly key piece of our way of life. In an energized globe, this is the basic methods you can reconnect with your friends and family individuals. Additionally, to make such get-togethers entrancing and boggling there are various subtleties that you may research. There are different kinds of prerequisites that are major for a social event. There are food and rewards for which earlier plans should be made. There is a best spot picked as well. You may set up an occasion in the house at any rate there are limitations occasionally that make it hard like deficiency of room furthermore satisfying districts for individuals to walk and be appreciated the experience of fittingly.
You will no doubt moreover need to guarantee an ideal structure with the guide of blooms and showstoppers that can update the event reasonably also as settle on a decision vibe. All these gave you are a phenomenal idea to go to advance toward your visitors to pick up some inconceivable encounters ahead during the hrs. Regardless, that may not altogether be satisfactory to the arrangement of a social event. There are components to be reviewed. There is a period in every social event that you may have gone to where you and the different guests may have finished sensation depleted and refused finally. You would earnestly not actually need precisely a comparative evaluation of shortcoming and also nonattendance of undertaking for your visitors. Furthermore, to ensure this never under any condition happens in your occasions there are two or three PC games and exercises that you can foresee them as a surprise occasion.
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Common Ways of Getting Computers Infected with Viruses
Computers are marvellous devices but they frequently have problems with viruses or bugs. These are usually lines of code that can cause the computer to do something unexpected, and such concerns are normally beyond the comprehension of the average user. In many cases people require a form of virus removal service to restore their computer to its original condition. So how do computers get infected with viruses?
Virus and Spyware Removal
One of the ways that computers are infected by viruses is through programs. You're usually safe form those you buy from the store because they are controlled by the company that owns the material, but almost anything you download from the Internet has a chance that it may have a virus attached to it. If this occurs, and your regular virus protection software doesn't solve the issue you'll need to take your computer to Catalyst Computers in Sydney to get rid of them.
The Internet
The Internet is a common source of viruses, so you need the right protection when surfing online. You need to understand Internet security and should make sure to have a pop-up blocker installed on your browser, as well as other security features. Many viruses programs such as Trend Micro have an Internet security feature which will scan the pages that you view, improve your firewall and perform various other tasks to improve your safety.
Downloads and File Sites
One of the worst places for viruses is on file sites where you can get software that has been pirated. It's never a good idea to download this material, not only because its illegal but also because it has potential to be full of viruses. Before you use anything you download make sure you scan it first with your virus software. If you find anything unwanted, delete the file right away to avoid damaging your computer system.
Other ways viruses get into your compute is through email attachments. Never open mail from people that you don't know. Scam emails that refer to a restricted account and suggest that you may have won a competition are more frequently used alongside viruses attempting phishing or trying to steal your ID information. Take your computer to a virus removal service if you have problems with email.
Your computer should have a firewall, as this will help keep intruders out. If someone gets into your computer form the outside they may try to steal your data or install a virus. If you suspect you have been hacked, take your machine to Internet security services in Sydney so the computer can be analysed for infections or hacking attempts.
General Tips
Try to browse online sites you trust. Read all about Internet security messages when they are released by the computer industry in order to be informed regarding potential threats and how to protect yourself online. If you stay informed and browse safely you'll be fine.


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How to Identify and Treat Diseases on your Fish Farm
It is possible for your fish not to have any disease. However, this is only possible if you take every precaution at preventing fish diseases which include adequate and proper feeding, good water maintenance and prevention of stressful conditions.
Like humans and other animals, fish suffer from diseases and parasites. Fish defences against disease are specific and non-specific. Non-specific defences include skin and scales, as well as the mucus layer secreted by the epidermis that traps microorganisms and inhibits their growth.
If pathogens breach these defences, fish can develop inflammatory responses that increase the flow of blood to infected areas and deliver white blood cells that attempt to destroy the pathogens.
Specific defences are specialised responses to particular pathogens recognised by the fish's body, that is adaptative immune responses. In recent years, vaccines have become widely used in aquaculture and ornamental fish, for example vaccines for furunculosis in farmed salmon and koi herpes virus in koi.
All these are based on the assumption that your fishes either fingerlings or juveniles are gotten from a very good source where possible diseases from the hatchery have been eliminated. So it is possible for your fish not to be sick at all but adequate attention must be given to them in order to ensure that.
How to know when your fishes are sick
Like any other animal, it is not difficult to know when fish are sick. The signs you will observe include the following: loss of interest in feeds and feeding, the fish will begin to loose weight, some may rub their body against the wall of the pond which will result to their skin peeling off, and some of the fish may show erratic movement in the pond and may attempt jumping out of the pond.
There could be sudden change in the body coloration of the fish. The last stage is high mortality in the pond. All these are signs that should make a farmer suspect disease on his farm.
Read Also: How to manage waste from a fish farm to avoid causing nuisance to the neighborhood
Possible things that can introduce disease to your fishes
Things that can introduce diseases to your fish are many which include: their feed, water and the way they are handled by the attendants. Generally, disease-causing organisms (virus, bacteria, fungi etc) ate the ones that will cause the disease.
Feeds, water and other means will just act as the carrier of these organisms. So always watch the feed, water and the way your attendants handle the fish and the pond so that diseases are not introduced to your farm.
To know whether the disease affecting your fish is from hatchery or from your farm, so many things must be considered. At first be sure that your pond and the source of your water is very good and you then experience mortality in the first one week of life, you may suspect hatchery problem. This is after you have eliminated stress due to transportation or stocking.
Now, if mortality starts occurring after a week of life, I will advice that you critically observe all the activities on your farm for it is likely that the problem is from your farm. It may be due to stress, the kind of feed you are giving them, the water in the pond etc.
As for the symptoms of the fish, they can begin to show signs of ill-health as from any stage even as from Day Old so before venturing into fish farming, it is advisable that you have enough knowledge of the diseases that can affect them including the age at which they could be affected and what you will do if the problems occur. Always consult an expert for details on this.
Read Also: The Possible Market Outlet for Table Fishes
Prevention and Therapy of Fish Diseases
The ways of prevention and contingently of medical treatment of fish are very specific and often different from those in warm-blooded animals. They require a thorough knowledge of the environment of fish.
Preventive arrangements are consisting of complicated set of treatments elaborated on the base of a good knowledge of the aetiology of disease and a host (fish) biology.
It concerns the elimination or restriction of infection (invasion) sources and the possibilities of its further expansion likewise the enhancement of condition of fish organism in the way to be able to withstand the infection (invasion).
The prevention is of basic importance in diseases elimination. No specific therapeutics were developed for a number of diseases up to now and the result of the application of effective, experimentally verified medicaments, is often reversely affected by the operational conditions and/or the technology of rearing.
The medical treatment becames economically unrenumerative in this way. In addition, some treatments cannot be performed in certain periods, e.g. in growing season, during the wintering, or in some fish culture units (e.g. large ponds).
That is why it is much more important to prevent from the diseases than to recover them. The effective preventive treatments are to be applied above all in specialized fish culture units with closed warm water system, in early fish fry rearing, hatcheries, trout farms, wintering ponds and storage reservoirs.
Read Also: 25 Uses of Fish and Fish Products (Updated)
Generally accepted and effective principles are as follows:
a) Providing water sources free of pathogens
Underground waters are the most suitable water sources free of pathogens. These sources are limited both for trout farms and hatcheries and for other special fish culture units at present.
The surface water from rivers and channels is used as the source of inflow water in most cases. In these situations, suitable filters can partially reduce the numbers of invasion stages of parasites in inflow water, above all when supplying smaller reservoirs with intensive culture.
Bars are usually placed before these filters to separate rough particles. Sand filters are consisted of a set of sedimentation divisions terminated by filter with fibre and sand.
These type of filters catch above all the heavier parasite stages unable to move actively (e.g. spores). Lower efficiency is registered in elimination of moving parasites like e.g. infusorians.
The water from the pond with fish stock is quite unsuitable for these purposes (esp. as the source of inflow water for trout farms, hatcheries and units for early fish fry stages).
Chemical treatment of inflow water is an emergency arrangement with often undesirable parallel affects. Disinfection of the water entering fish culture units by UV radiation is not still an usual way although it can be considered as the simple method how to destroy viruses, bacteria and moulds germs.
Since the inflow water from rivers and channels is slightly turbid and contents a number of suspended solids and dissolved compounds, the disinfective efficiency of UV radiation is markedly reduced in these situations.
It is very profitable to supply the individual ponds and/or reservoirs independently, not throughflowly. The water from each pond or reservoir should be drained separately and should not flow into any other. Especially quarantine ponds and other reservoirs can be separated by this way.
Read Also: How to Market your Matured Fishes for Profit
b) Protection from the transfer of pathogens
This principle means above all the transfer of pathogens by uncontrolled transport of fish and spawns. The transport of fish with unknown health condition is to be avoided in principle.
All transported fish are to be accompanied by veterinary certificate confirming that fish were examined before transporting them, they are healthy and originate from the environment in which no important transfer diseases appear.
The list of these diseases is precisely stated in veterinary instructions. Except of the internal survey for each country also the list of diseases stated in international codex is obligatory for veterinary service.
This list is currently specified with the development of diagnostic methods and improvement of knowledge about individual fish diseases. Some viral and bacterial diseases can be transfered also by spawns. Their transport must be completed by the same veterinary certificate like fish transport from this reason.
Fish introduced from other territories must be subjected to quarantine for one year regardless if native or extraneous species. The duration of quarantine can be prolongated e.g. in the case of fish imported from abroad until the period of 3 years.
Prolongated period of quarantine is of special importance especially in spawners predestined for further reproduction of imported species.
The selfsustaining in stock production in individual farms and similar organizations is a significant way of prevention from dissemination of fish diseases.
Only fish previously examined, free of diseases and relevantly treated by medicinal baths are to be stocked into ponds and fish culture units. The stocking of fry originating from semi-artificial and artificial spawning not contacted with fish of higher age categories also minimizes the danger of infection.
The prevention from introduction of coarse fish into ponds and fish culture units is the other important arrangement protecting the stock against transfer of pathogens.
These fish are above all the source of ectoparasites, dangerous especially in the period of decreased resistence of fish. Except of this they can transfer also some other pathogens which can result in heavy losses in important fish species. Adequate bars and filters can serve for prevention from coarse fish penetration.
The protection of piscivorous birds to step into fish culture units (esp. trout farms) is the prevention limiting the expansion of some fish diseases. Protective nets are used to prevent the birds from running in. The numbers of piscivorous birds are regulated in localities where overpopulated.
Preventive control of snails (Lymnaea sp.) as intermediate hosts of some fish parasites can be performed by biological (introduction of black carp – Myelopharyngodon piceus or 3-years-old tench Tinca tinca), mechanical (placing nets in the inflow), physical (drying and freezing of the bottom) and chemical (application of molluscocides) ways.
Safe and harmless removing of dead fish is a significant way how to prevent from further transfer of fish pathogens. Fresh or slightly decayed dead fish are decontaminated in the nearest veterinary facility.
Lower masses of dead fish are to be burnt or burried into deep pits (aprox. 2 m) in distance of at least 20 m from the pond bank. The bottom of this pit and dead fish must be covered by burnt or chlorinated lime. The layer of at least 60 – 80 cm of the soil must cover the content of a pit.
Read Also: Factors to Consider Before Starting a Fish Farming Business
c) Disinfection of ponds, fish culture units and equipment; winter freezing and summer drying of ponds
Disinfection is of a big importance in prevention and elimination of fish diseases. Preventive disinfection protects the fish stocks against pathogens. Hygiene of environmental conditions for fish is improved by this way. Focal disinfection is performed for control of the focus of dangerous fish disease.
Natural physical phenomena are fully used for disinfection in intensive fish culture due to their ecomical convenience. It concerns the drying and freezing of the pond bottom.
The most of pathogens die after perfect drying of the pond bottom when its relative moisture had dropped on 10 – 15 %. The perfect freezing of the wet places and sun radiation (above all by its UV rays) have a very favourable effect in our conditions.
The influence of these natural physical phenomena is exploited by summer drying and winter freezing of water reservoirs (ponds). Summer drying is a radical, long-term intervention during which all pathogens are controlled due to the perfect drying of the pond bottom.
The aim of winter drying is to destroy the pathogens by freeze. It safely leads to destruction of leeches (Piscicola geometra), fish lice (Argulus sp.), predatory larvae of water insects, eggs and spores of parasites and also other pathogens. Employing the natural ways for disinfection has an disadvantage in usually long-term duration (a number of months up to one year).
Chemical disinfection is an effective way of prevention from and/or suppressing of fish diseases. Usually accessible disinfective preparations are used in fish culture (e.g. burnt lime, chlorinated lime, nitrogen lime, natrium hydroxide, potassium permanganate, formaldehyde, Chloramine, Chlorseptol, Jodonal etc.).
Burnt lime is mostly employed for disinfection of the bottom of ponds and reservoirs in the dose of 2.5 – 3 t.ha-1, or chlorinated lime in the dose of 0.5 – 0.6 t.ha-1. In case of myxosporoses, nitrogen lime (5 t.ha-1, or 0.5 kg.m-2) is to be applied.
Immediately after fishing out the pond, the disinfection of fishing pit, pond ditches and muddy wet places is performed on large ponds where the whole-surface bottom disinfection is not possible.
5% water solution of formaldehyde, chlorinated lime (200 – 400 mg.1-1), 0.5 % water solution of natrium hydroxide, Chloramine and chlorseptol (30 g.1-1) or other disinfectants can be used for treatment of concrete channels, troughs and other arrangements employed for fish culture.
The same disinfectants and concentrations are to be used for the treatment of the equipment. Potassium permanganate (5 g.l-1), Jodonal (2.8 – 4.5 ml.l-1) and other disinfectants can be also employed for these purposes.
Read Also: 11 Foods and Drinks that will make you Focus
d) Optimalization of environmental conditions
The optimalization of natural environmental conditions is the main pre-condition how to ensure the good health condition of stock during the rearing period. The following principles must be ensured:
- Optimal water quality without stressing physico-chemical effects. Keeping the oxygen concentration on optimal level and protection against water pollution are of special importance,
- Maximum development of natural food resources by the adequate interventions, feeding fish by supplementary feed mixtures in sufficient amount and quality (the attention should be paid on the quality of individual feed components and biofactors), basic preventive arrangements protecting the early developmental stages and young fish from bacteria and protozoans, including sufficient amount of natural food of appropriate size and species composition,
- Responsible establishment of maximum stocking density. Inadequately high stocking density results in stress behavior, worsened condition and resistance, and makes the expansion of diseases easier. The stocking density is of special importance in trout farming and fish culture in special intensive units (but also in ponds),
- prevention from stress situations evoked by other factors, above all manipulation during fishing out, transport and long-term storage.
e) Regular control of health condition and preventive treatment of fish
Preventive control of health condition is to be carried out in hatcheries and early fry rearing units twice a week, and in highly productive intensificated ponds, trout farms and fish culture units with recycling warmed water weekly. Other stocks (esp. in usual pond culture) are investigated monthly.
Health condition of fish is always to be controlled before fishing out, transporting fish and stocking. Preventive treatment can be suggested on the base of investigational results. This treatment is performed above all by the application of medicaments into the water environment and feeding by medicated feeds.
Read Also: Factors to Consider when Selecting your Fish Farming Site


text:
As a general rule, lack of support should be avoided in your design. If it cannot, for example for a breakfast bar an overhang or "cantilever" of 200-400mm is fine. For unsupported spans 600-900mm is acceptable but this depends on thickness and fabrication method. To provide additional strengthening to a span, reinforcement mesh can be used at the base of the concrete to counteract a sag.
Take a look at a video we took testing our worktop premix kit concrete.


text:
Using a Backlight design system in your app
This page will use a design system published to npm
registry as @backlight-dev/john.design-system
as example.
Install your design system
Add the design system as a new dependency to your application.
npm i @backlight-dev/john.design-system
yarn add @backlight-dev/john.design-system
Use your design system
the tokens or components you need from the appropriate package.
import Button from `@backlight-dev/john.design-system/button`;
If you imported global styles or CSS Modules then you need to load the global styles manually in your top most component.
import `@backlight-dev/john.design-system/style.css`;


text:
DRAFT Date released: Sept. 13, 1995 CONSTITUTION AND BYLAWS
A California Nonprofit Religious Corporation
The name of this corporation is UNITED CHURCH OF GOD, AN INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION.
The Church is committed to the faith once delivered by Jesus Christ as inerrantly set forth in the Word of God. That faith gives us courage in this world, and hope, because of the certainty of the coming Kingdom of God and the reign of Jesus Christ on this earth. The mission of the Church is to lovingly feed the flock of Jesus Christ, ensure the continuity of the belief and practice of the original Church established by Jesus Christ and to preach the gospel to the world. To that end, the Church, as an organization, will strive to build a structure that promotes communication with the ministry, the laity and the public.
We, the ministry of Jesus Christ, having been ordained and set apart by the laying on of hands to serve the Church of God and the gospel, do establish this Constitution and these Bylaws for the United Church of God, an International Association. Our purpose in so doing is to ensure order and preserve unity within the Church that we might, as the Church of God, fulfill our individual and collective calling as servants of God to care for those he calls and proclaim the gospel in all the world.
The general conference of elders hereby delegates to the board of directors, and entrusts them with the responsibility to establish policy, enable management to implement that policy, and authority to provide direction and oversight to ensure the proper management of the day-to-day affairs of the corporation. In addition, the board shall approve the annual strategic plan, the annual operating plan, and the annual budget for the Church. Such responsibility and authority shall be exercised according to the Word of God, the laws of any jurisdiction in which the corporation does or is authorized to do business, these Bylaws and the internal operating policies of the corporation.
The general conference of elders hereby reserves to itself the following powers:
(1) To approve doctrinal changes of the Church.
(2) To review the annual strategic and operating plan and the budget that pertains thereto.
(3) To nominate and elect the directors of the board.
(4) To approve all amendments to the Articles of Incorporation.
(5) To approve all amendments to this Constitution and these Bylaws of the corporation.
Any ordained elder of the United Church of God in good standing is a member of the general conference of elders ("general conference"). The corporate secretary shall verify the credentials of each elder and shall, upon such verification, cause their name to be recorded with the corporate record.
3.4.1 Good Standing
An elder is in good standing if he is, and remains a member and minister of the United Church of God, an International Association, is of good reputation and above reproach in his community and continues to meet the scriptural requirements for the ministry as outlined in I Timothy 3 and Titus 1. Whether an elder continues to meet the requirements shall be determined by the Board of Directors.
3.4.2 Corporate Secretary and Treasurer
In the event that the Corporate secretary or corporate treasurer are not ordained elders and thus, not members of the general conference, they may, notwithstanding, be admitted to the general conference with board approval. Should they cease to serve as secretary or treasurer, their membership in the general conference will terminate unless they have in the interim been ordained.
Members of the general conference of elders shall have the right to ballot, as set forth in Article 6, section 6.6 with respect to those matters enumerated in this Article at section 3.3, Article 6, section 6.8 and Article 7, section 7.3.2 where balloting is required.
Membership in the general conference may be suspended or terminated or an elder may be expelled by the Board of Directors. An elder whose membership has been suspended or terminated, or who has been expelled, may exercise no rights under this Article or Article 6.
3.6.1 Causes of Expulsion, Termination and Suspension
Any elder who fails to meet the qualifications of a minister, as determined by the board shall be expelled from the general conference. Any rights conferred under these bylaws, or by law, shall immediately terminate. An elder who is expelled from the general conference is precluded from performing any ministerial duties in the congregation. An elder's membership is terminated upon his death or upon his resignation from the ministry or membership of the Church. An elder may be suspended for misconduct based on scriptural teaching.
22.214.171.124 Board Determination
A board determination, which is based in whole or in part on biblical, ecclesiastical or spiritual criteria, that a member of the general conference is disqualified and must be removed is a decision within the sole discretion of the board and is conclusive except for such review as is provided for in section 3.6.2. A determination of the board under this section shall not require oral or written evidence (in the record or otherwise) as its basis.
3.6.2 Right of Appeal
An elder who is expelled from the general conference shall have a right of appeal according to a procedure established by the board and approved by the general conference. The decision, on appeal, of the general conference, which is based in whole or in part on biblical, or spiritual criteria, that a member of the general conference is disqualified and must be removed is a decision within the sole discretion of the general conference and is conclusive. A determination of the general conference under this section shall not require oral or written evidence (in the record or otherwise) as its basis.
3.6.3 Resignation
An elder may resign from membership at any time.
No elder of the general conference may transfer a membership in the conference or any right arising from membership in the conference, and all rights of membership cease on the elder's death or dissolution of the corporation.
Elders in the employ of the Church are required to attend the annual meeting of the general conference. An employed elder who fails to attend the annual meeting of the general conference is excluded from balloting, by proxy or otherwise, at that meeting. Employed elders who are absent for good cause as determined by the board, may submit absentee ballots.
The Church accepts, follows and adopts the following fundamental beliefs. The following are statements regarding the foundational beliefs of the United Church of God. As such, this Article is not, and is not intended to be, a comprehensive statement of the beliefs of the Church. Questions about doctrine and statements of belief are to be decided by the board of directors subject to approval at the next annual meeting of the general conference of elders.
4.1.1 We believe in one God, the Father, eternally existing in the heavens, who is a Spirit, a personal Being of supreme intelligence, knowledge, love, justice, power, and authority. He, through Jesus Christ, is the Creator of the heavens and the earth and all that is in them. He is the source of life and the one for whom human life exists. We believe in one Lord, Jesus Christ of Nazareth. We believe that he was the Messiah, the Christ, the divine Son of the living God, begotten of the Holy Spirit, born in the human flesh of the virgin Mary, and that He is true God and true man. We believe that it is by Him that God created all things and that without Him was not anything made that was made. We believe in one Spirit, the Holy Spirit, as the Spirit of God and of Christ Jesus. The Holy Spirit is the power of God and the Spirit of life eternal.
4.1.2 We believe that Scripture, both Old and New Testaments, are [sic] God's revelation and complete expressed will to humanity. Scripture is inspired in thought and word, infallible in the original writings, is the supreme and final authority in faith and in life, and is the source of all truth.
4.1.3 We believe that Satan is a personality. He is a spirit being and is the adversary of God and the children of God. Satan has, by the will of God, been given dominion over the world for a specific period of time. Satan is the deceiver who deceived the children of Adam into rejecting of God's law and therefore rebelling against God. Satan's power is to influence and lead, not to force men arbitrarily against their will. He has ruled by deception and with the aid of a host of demons who are rebellious angels, spirit beings, and who followed Satan in his rebellion.
4.1.4 We believe that humanity was created in the image of God. God formed humanity of flesh, which is material substance. Humankind lives by the breath of life, is wholly mortal, subject to corruption and decay, without eternal life except as the gift of God under God's terms and conditions as expressed in the Bible. We believe that God placed before the first man, Adam, the free choice of eternal life through obedience to God's commandments or death through sin. Adam yielded to the temptation of Satan and disobeyed God. As a result, sin entered the world and through sin, death. Death now reigns over all of humanity because all have sinned.
4.1.5 We believe sin is the transgression of the law. The law is spiritual, perfect, holy, just and good. The law defines God's love and is based on the two great principles of love toward God and love toward neighbor. The Ten Commandments comprise the ten points of God's law of love. We believe that breaking only one point of the law brings on a person the guilt of sin. We believe this fundamental spiritual Law reveals the only right way to true life and the only possible way of happiness, peace and joy. The law has existed from Adam and is immutable and binding throughout eternity. All unhappiness, misery, poverty, anguish and woe has come from transgressing God's law.
4.1.6 We believe God so loved this world of helpless sinners that He gave His only begotten son, who, though in all points tempted as we are, lived without sin in the human flesh. That son, Jesus Christ, died for all humanity as a representative and substitutionary sacrifice. His life, as the creator of all humanity, is of greater value than the sum-total of all human life. His death is, therefore, sufficient to pay the penalty for every human being's sins. Jesus died so that no human would have to die. In so doing he has made it possible, according to God's law, for each person, and humankind as a whole, to have their sins forgiven and to be released from the death penalty.
4.1.7 We believe that Jesus Christ was raised from the dead after His body reposed three days and three nights in the grave, thus making immortality possible for mortal man. He thereafter ascended into heaven where He now sits at the right hand of God the Father, as our High Priest and Advocate.
4.1.8 We believe that all who truly repent of their sins, in full surrender and willing obedience to God, and who accept Jesus Christ as their personal Savior in faith, believing, having their sins forgiven by an act of divine grace. Such individuals are justified, pardoned from the penalty of sins, and receive the gift of the Holy Spirit, which literally abides within them and supplies the divine love that alone can fulfill the law and produce righteousness, and thus are baptized by the Spirit into the body of Christ which is the true Church of God. We believe in a true change in life and attitude. Only those who have the indwelling presence of, and are being led by, the Holy Spirit, are Christ's.
4.1.9 We believe in the ordinances of water baptism by immersion, following genuine repentance, into the spiritual body of Jesus Christ (not a denomination) for the remission of sins and the New Testament Passover, observed at night on the anniversary of the death of our Savior, the 14th of Abib.
4.1.10 We believe that the seventh day of the week is the Sabbath of the Lord our God. On this day we must rest from our labors, following the commands and example of Jesus, the apostles and the New Testament Church.
4.1.11 We believe the seven Annual Holy Days, as given to ancient Israel by God through Moses, kept by Jesus Christ, the apostles and the New Testament Church are to be kept today.
4.1.12 We believe that certain foods which are designated "unclean" are not to be eaten.
4.1.13 We believe that Christians are forbidden by the commandments of God from taking human life, directly or indirectly, and that bearing arms is contrary to this fundamental belief. Therefore, we believe that Christians should not voluntarily become engaged in military service. Or, if involuntarily engaged, to refuse conscientiously to bear arms or, to the extent possible, to refuse to come under military authority.
4.1.14 We believe in God's enduring righteousness. That righteousness is demonstrated by God's faithfulness in fulfilling the promises he made to the father of the faithful, Abraham. As promised, God multiplied Abraham's lineal descendants so that today he is literally the "father" of many nations and God has through Abraham's seed blessed all the families of the earth with the opportunity of salvation through Jesus Christ. We believe that God, as promised, materially prospered Abraham's lineal descendants Isaac and Jacob, whose name He later changed to Israel, and worked through them to bring His salvation to all nations of the earth. Jacob's children, as a whole, rejected their calling. As a result, God is, through Abraham's seed Jesus Christ, is [sic] making salvation available to all humanity regardless of their physical lineage. Salvation is not, therefore, a right of birth. It is freely open to all whom God calls and those that are regarded as descendants of Abraham are those of the faith, heirs according to the promises. We believe that the knowledge that God did fulfill the physical promises through Jesus Christ is critical to understanding the message of the prophets and its applicability to the world in which we live.
4.1.15 We believe God's purpose is the creation of spiritual character, and therefore the very object of redemption is to rescue mankind from sin, the transgression of God's spiritual law, and its resulting degradation, misery and unhappiness. We believe that the object of the present dispensation is to prepare those whom God calls, and who elect, through a life of overcoming sin, growing in grace and knowledge, to possess the kingdom and to become kings and priests reigning with Christ on this earth after His return. We believe, therefore, that Christians should live clean, pure, holy lives by faith according to the standard set forth in the Bible. Surrendered prayer, Bible study and complete trust in God for all things forms the basis for Christian living. We believe that god hears and literally answers the believing prayers of His children, those who keep His law. We ;believe that no matter how great a test we face, God never tests us beyond what we are able to endure and that he is faithful to provide for our needs in the midst of such trials so that we are able to endure and grow.
4.1.16 We believe the Church is that body of believers who have been, and are being, led by the Holy Spirit. The true Church of God is not a denomination. The inspired name for this spiritual organism is "The Church of God." The Bible name for each local assembly is "The Church of God," and considered collectively, "The Churches of God." We believe that the mission of the Church his to preach the Gospel (Good News) to all nations as a witness, to reconcile to God such people as are now called. We believe that it is the mission of the Church of God to strengthen, edify and nurture the brethren in the love and admonition of the Lord.
4.1.17 We believe the only hope of eternal life for mortal humans lies in the resurrection through the indwelling (now) of the Holy Spirit. We believe that there shall be a bodily resurrection of the just and unjust. The just are resurrected to eternal life as spirit beings upon earth. The unjust, those who will not repent when given the opportunity, to eternal death.
4.1.18 We believe in the personal, visible, pre-millennial return of the Lord Jesus Christ to rule the nations of earth as King of Kings, and to continue His priestly office as Lord of Lords. At that time, He will sit upon the throne of David. During His thousand year reign upon the earth he will restore all things and establish the Kingdom of God forever.
5.1.1 Elder
The term "elder" as used in these Bylaws, unless the context indicates otherwise, means an ordained minister of the Church in good standing. As such, he is to ballot at the general conference of elders.
5.1.2 General Conference of Elders
The term "general conference of elders" as used in these Bylaws means the general assembly of ordained ministers of this Church and hereinafter is called the "general conference." The general conference shall include all ordained ministers of the Church.
5.1.3 Board of Directors
The term "board of directors" as used in these Bylaws means the executive management body of the corporation established by the general conference of the Church to accomplish, in part, the mission of the Church and hereinafter is called the "board."
5.1.4 Balloting
The term "balloting" as used in these Bylaws is the process by which a spiritual consensus of those authorized under these Bylaws to direct the affairs of the Church is achieved.
5.1.5 Ballot
The term "ballot" as used in these Bylaws means the verbal or written assent or dissent of those authorized under these Bylaws to decide on matters proposed for their consideration in the management and direction of the Church.
A general conference meeting shall be held at least annually at such time and place as the board may determine with appropriate notice given to all elders enrolled in the corporate record. Unless otherwise designated, meetings shall be held at the corporation's principal office. Directors shall be appointed at this meeting. Any other proper business may be transacted at this meeting.
6.2.1 Persons Authorized to Call
Special meetings of the general conference may be called at any time by a two-thirds (2/3) majority ballot of the board or by a simple majority of the general conference as constituted for the time such meeting is called.
6.2.2 Calling Meetings
Special meetings must be called by written request, specifying the general nature of the business proposed to be transacted, and submitted to the chairman of the board and the secretary. The board shall determine whether the business to be transacted requires the physical presence of the members of the general conference or whether said business may be transacted according to the provisions of section 6.7. The board shall expeditiously set a reasonable time and place for the meeting, and shall direct the secretary to give notice of the meeting to the members in the manner that the board shall determine. If notice is not given within twenty (20) days after receipt of the request, the person(s) requesting the meeting may give the notice. The meeting date shall be no sooner than twenty (20) and no more than sixty (60) days from the date the secretary is notified of the call.
6.2.3 General Notice Requirements
Whenever elders are required or permitted to take any action at a special meeting, notice of such shall be given to each elder entitled to ballot at the meeting.
6.2.4 Attendance Requirement
The provisions of Article 3, section 3.8 shall apply to special meetings.
General and special meetings of the general conference may be conducted utilizing teleconference technology so long as proper notice is given to all elders and the technology utilized provides every elder in attendance the opportunity to both hear and respond.
Any meeting of elders, whether or not a quorum is present, may be adjourned from time to time by the ballot of the majority of the elders represented at the meeting, either in person or by proxy. The meeting may not be reconvened, and no business may be conducted, unless all elders present at the time of adjournment are given notice of the time and place for reconvening the meeting. A public announcement of the time and place for reconvening of the meeting, given at or prior to the time of adjournment and dismissal, shall constitute notice under this proviso.
6.5.1 Eligibility to Ballot
Each elder entitled to ballot shall cast one ballot on each matter submitted to a ballot. An elder may not cumulate ballots to appoint directors.
6.5.2 Manner of Casting Ballot
Ballots may be cast in writing or by voice. Secret ballots must be used when transacting business of a personal nature. This includes but is NOT limited to appointment of directors, approval of officers or operation mangers, or the expulsion or discipline of ministers. In all other matters that require balloting the chairman shall designate the manner in which the ballot is cast, whether by voice or in writing.
6.5.3 Approval by Two-Thirds Majority
Those matters specifically designated in these bylaws as requiring only an affirmative ballot by simple majority, shall upon such ballot be the act of the general conference. On all other matters, an affirmative ballot of two thirds (2/3) of the elders represented at the meting, shall be the act of the general conference.
6.6.1 Written Waiver or Consent
The transactions of any meeting of the general conference, however called or noticed and wherever held, shall be as valid as though taken at a meeting duly held after regular call and notice, if either before or after the meeting each elder entitled to ballot, not present in person or by proxy, signs a written waiver of notice, consent to the holding of the meeting, or approval of the minutes of the meeting. The waiver of notice, consent or approval must specify the business to be transacted or the purpose of the annual or special meeting of elders. All such waivers, consents and approval shall be filed with the corporate records or made a part of the minutes of the meeting.
6.6.2 Waiver by Attendance
An elder's attendance at a meeting shall also constitute a waiver of notice of that meeting, except when the elder objects, at the beginning of the meeting, to the transaction of any business because the meeting was not lawfully called or convened. Attendance at a meeting is not a waiver of any right to object to the consideration of matters required to be included in the notice, but not so included, if that objection is expressly made at the meeting.
6.7.1 Action by Written Consent
Any action required or permitted to be taken by the general conference may be taken without a meeting, if two thirds (2/3) of the elders consent in writing to the action. The written consent or consents shall be filed with the minutes of the proceedings of the elders. The action by written consent shall have the same force and effect as the tow-thirds ballot of the elders present at a duly called and noticed meeting.
6.7.2 Action by Written Ballot Without a Meeting
Any action that may be taken at any general meeting or special meeting of elders may be taken without a meeting if (1) the written ballot of every elders is solicited, (2) the required number of signed approvals setting forth the action so taken is received, and (3) all solicitations of written ballots indicate the time by which the ballot must be returned to be counted.
6.7.3 Approval by Written Ballot Without a Meeting
Approval by written ballot without a meeting shall be valid only when the number of affirmative ballots cast within the time specified equals or exceeds the two-thirds (2/3) majority required to authorize the action.
6.7.4 Revocation
A written ballot may not be revoked.
To insure the broadest range of input on matters before the general conference, the board shall establish a procedure for balloting by proxy. Said procedure must be approved by a simple majority of the general conference. The proxy procedure may be amended thereafter by a simple majority of the general conference.
Written notice of all meetings, except as provided for above, shall be sent to each elder at his last known address at least thirty (30) days in advance. Each elder is responsible to notify the secretary of any change of address.
6.9.1 Who May Serve Notice
The secretary shall serve all notices required by law or by these Bylaws, and in case of his inability, refusal or neglect to do so, the chairman or any five (5) members of the board shall serve such notices.
6.9.2 Requirement of an Agenda
Notices shall include the agenda for the meeting.
6.9.3 Manner of Serving Notice
Notice shall be given by mail, postage prepaid, and shall be deemed to be delivered when deposited in the United States mail, addressed to the person at his address as it appears on the records of the corporation.
6.9.4 Waiver of Notice
Whenever any notice is required to be given under the provisions of law or under provisions of the Bylaws, a waiver signed by a person entitled to notice shall be deemed equivalent to the giving of notice. A waiver of notice shall be effective whether signed before or after the time stated in the notice being waived.
6.9.5 Failure to Receive Notice
In the event an elder fails to receive notice by oversight or otherwise, or denies receipt of notice, action of the general conference passed by the required ballot for that item of business will not be affected by such oversight or failure to give notice.
In order to provide direction and oversight for the corporation, a board of directors, hereinafter called the board, shall be created. Directors on the board shall be appointed by the general conference.
7.2.1 General Corporate Powers
Subject to the provisions and limitations of the Articles of Incorporation and Bylaws relating to action requiring approval by the general conference, business and affairs of the corporation shall be conducted under the direction of the board.
7.2.2 Specific Powers
The board shall have all powers allowed by law for directors except as limited by the Articles of Incorporation and Bylaws including, without limitation the following:
(1) To select and remove all officers, agents and employees; to prescribe powers and duties for them to approve their compensation; and to require from them, their faithful service.
(2) To direct and control, by policy, the affairs and activities of the corporation and make such rules and regulations for this purpose, as they deem best.
(3) To adopt and use a corporate seal, and alter the form of seal.
(4) To borrow money and incur indebtedness on behalf of the corporation, and cause to be executed and delivered for the corporation's purposes, in the corporate name, promissory notes, bonds, debentures, deeds of trust, mortgages, pledges, hypothecations, and other evidences of debt and securities.
(5) To recommend to the general conference matters concerning the establishment of doctrines.
(6) To provide for an annual strategic plan, operational plan and corresponding budget to be reviewed by the general conference.
(7) To inform the general conference by way of an annual report the terms of official relationships, if any, established with other organizations.
(8) To adopt an approval procedure for the ordination of ministers.
(9) To adopt an approval procedure for the removal of ministers.
(10) To suggest amendments of the Bylaws or Articles of Incorporation to the general conference for approval.
(11) To recommend and publish the proposed agenda for the annual meeting or any special meeting of the general conference.
(12) to exercise all other powers conferred by law.
(13) To develop and adopt rules of association for local congregations, regardless of geographical location.
22.214.171.124 Changes to Annual Budget
The board shall approve any change in budgeted expenditures requiring an increase over what was approved for any year or, any change which results in a reallocation of resources between those priorities established by the strategic and operating plans of the Church. The executive committee of the board shall approve, in advance of execution, any contract for goods or services in excess of fifty thousand ($50,000) dollars.
7.3.1 Number of Directors
The board of directors shall consist of at least five (5) but no more than thirteen (13) directors until changed by amendment to these Bylaws. The exact number of directors shall be fixed, within those limits, by a resolution adopted by the board of directors. The board may provide, by resolution, for representation, on the board, of those elders residing outside the United States.
7.3.2 Qualification of Directors
Decisions of the board are ecclesiastical in nature. Therefore, the primary qualification for directors is that they be ordained elders of the United Church of God, in good standing. To help ensure a high standard and quality of leadership, now and in the future, the board shall form a nominating committee. The Committee shall be a standing committee of the board, to develop further qualification standards for eligibility to serve as a director and shall prescribe a process by which individuals are nominated for appointment by members of the general conference. Said standards and such process shall be approved by a simple majority of the general conference.
Each director shall hold office for three (3) years and until a successor has been designated and qualified. For the first year, board members shall be elected for a one, two, or three year term (approximately 1/3 of the directors for each term). Thereafter, directors whose term has expired shall be replaced at each annual meeting of the general conference.
The chairman of the board is to be selected by a two-thirds (2/3) ballot of the board. Any director is eligible to serve as chairman unless that director is also the president. The chairman of the board shall:
(1) Preside at all meetings of the general conference and board.
(2) Perform such other duties as are necessarily incident to the office of chairman or as may be delegated by the general conference or the board.
(3) Have the responsibility for the oversight of the board and its committees.
(4) Represent the corporation in legal and business matters.
(5) Perform all other duties generally pertaining to the office and have the authority to perform duties as directed by the general conference or the board.
The office of chairman of the board is not vested with unilateral authority to decide doctrinal matters.
7.5.1 Events Causing Vacancy
A vacancy or vacancies on the board shall exist on the occurrence of the following; (a) the death or resignation of any director; (b) the declaration by board resolution of a vacancy of the office of a director who has been declared of unsound mind by an order of court, or convicted of a felony; (c) removal of a director for fraudulent acts under applicable law; (d) the balloting of the general conference to remove a director; (e) the increase of the authorized number of directors; (f) the failure of the general conference, at any meeting of the general conference at which any director or directors are to be elected, to elect the number of directors to be elected at that meeting; or (g) removal on scriptural grounds or for unexcused absenteeism, by a two-thirds vote of the board.
7.5.2 Resignations
Except as provided below, any director may resign by giving written notice to the chairman of the board or the secretary of the board. The resignation shall be effective when the notice is given unless it specifies a later time for the resignation to become effective. If a director's resignation is effective at a later time, the board may elect a successor to take office as of the date when the resignation becomes effective. A resignation need not be formally accepted to be effective. No director may resign if the corporation would then be left without the minimum number of director [sic] required by law or these Bylaws.
7.5.3 Filling Vacancies
Except for a vacancy created by removal of a director by the general conference, vacancies on the board may be filled by a majority of the directors then in office, whether by a quorum, or by the sole remaining director. Vacancies filled by board action must be presented to the general conference for ratification at its annual meeting. Any director elected by the board may be removed by the general conference notwithstanding the fact that said director has not served a three-year term.
7.5.4 No Vacancy on Reduction of Number of Directors
No reduction of the authorized number of directors shall have the effect of removing any director before that director's term of office expires.
7.6.1 Place of Meetings
Regular or special meetings of the board may be held at any place that a majority of the board may designate or, if not so designated, meetings shall be held at the corporation's principal office. Notwithstanding the above provisions of this Section, a regular or special meeting of the board may be held at any place consented to in writing by all board members, either before or after the meeting. If such consents are given, they shall be filed with the minutes of the meeting.
7.6.2 Meetings by Telephone
Any meeting, regular or special, may be held using teleconference technology or similar communication equipment, as long as each director participating in the meeting can hear and respond to every other director. All such directors shall be deemed to be present in person at such a meeting.
7.6.3 Regular Meetings
Regular meetings of the board may be held subject to appropriate call and notice at such time and place as the chairman shall fix from time to time. Regular meetings shall be held once every three (3) months during the calendar year. Regular meetings shall be called by the chairman. However, if the chairman fails to call a required meeting, a two-thirds (2/3) majority of the directors may do so, upon written notice of at least twenty (20) days, transmitted to all directors by first-class mail.
7.6.4 Authority to Call
Special meetings of the board for any purpose may be called at any time by the chairman of the board or a majority of the directors.
22.214.171.124 Notice
a. Manner of Giving Notice
Notice of the time and place of special meetings shall be given to each director by one of the following methods: (1) by personal delivery of written notice; (2) by first-class mail, postage prepaid; (3) by telephone, either directly to the director or to a person at the director's office who would reasonably be expected to communicate that notice promptly to the director; (4) by telegram, charges prepaid; or by fax. All such notices shall be given or sent to the director's address or telephone number as shown on the records of the corporation.
b. Time Requirements
Notices of special meetings of the board of directors sent by first-class mail shall be deposited in the United States mail at least ten (10) days before the time set for the meeting. Notices given by personal delivery, telephone or telegraph shall be delivered, telephoned or given to the telegraph company at least 48 hours before the time set for the meeting.
c. Notice Contents
The notice of a special meeting of the board of directors shall state the time of the meeting and the place, if the place is other than the principal office of the corporation. The notice must specify the purpose of the meeting.
7.6.5 Quorum
Two thirds (2/3) of the authorized number of directors shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business, except to adjourn. Every action taken or decision made by two thirds (2/3) of the directors present at a duly held meeting at which a quorum is present shall be the act of the board. A meeting at which a quorum is initially present may continue to transact business, despite the withdrawal of directors, if any action taken or decision made is approved by at least a majority of the required quorum for that meeting.
7.6.6 Waiver of Notice
Notice of a meeting need not be given to any director who, either before or after the meeting, signs a waiver of notice, a written consent to the holding of the meeting or an approval of the minutes of the meeting. All such waivers, consents and approvals shall be filed with the corporate records or made a part of the minutes of the meetings. Notice of a meeting need not be given to any director who attends the meeting and does not protest, before or at the commencement of the meeting, about the lack of notice to such director.
7.6.7 Executive Session
The board may from time to time meet in executive session when deemed appropriate by the board. Any member of the board may request that the Chairman convene the board for an executive session. Upon request, the Chairman shall move to adjourn any meeting in progress, excuse any non-board members whose presence at the executive session is not required and move to convene the executive session. Executive sessions of the board are subject to the same attendance and quorum requirements as regular meetings. It is the intention of the board in providing for executive sessions that they be used to address ecclesiastical matters that are sensitive or confidential in nature.
7.6.8 Adjournment
A majority of the directors present, whether or not a quorum is present, may adjourn any meeting to another time and place. The meeting may not be reconvened, and no business may be conducted, unless all directors present at the time of adjournment are given notice of the time and place for reconvening the meeting. Notice of the time and place for reconvening the meeting shall be given in accordance with the provisions of section 188.8.131.52.
7.6.9 Action Without a Meeting
Any action that the board is required or permitted to take may be taken without a meeting, if all members of the board, individually or collectively, consent in writing to that action. Such action by written consent shall have the same force and effect as the unanimous ballot of the board of directors. Such consents shall be filed with the minutes of the proceedings of the board.
Directors shall receive no compensation for their services as directors, but may receive reimbursement for expenses in attending meetings.
7.8.1 Committees of the Board
The board, by resolution adopted by a two-thirds ballot of the directors then in office, provided a quorum is present, may create one or more committees, each consisting of two (2) or more directors (but no persons who are not directors) to serve at the pleasure of the board. Appointments to committees of the board shall be by majority ballot of the directors then in office. The board may appoint one (1) or more directors as alternate members of any such committee, who may replace any absent director at any meeting. Any such committee, to the extent provided in the board resolution, shall have all authority of the board, except that no committee, regardless of board resolution, may:
(a) Take any final action on matters that, under law, the Articles or these Bylaws, they are not authorized to act upon.
(b) Amend or repeal any board resolution that by its express terms may not be amended or repealed.
(c) Create any other committees of the board or appoint members to, or file vacancies in committees created by the board.
(d) Take any final action, regardless of board resolution, that requires action by the general conference or the board.
7.8.2 Meetings and Action of Committees
Meetings and actions of committees of the board shall be governed either by board resolution or, if there is none, by resolution of the committee of the board. Minutes of each meeting of any committee of the board shall be kept and shall be filed with the corporate records. The board may adopt rules for the governance of any committee that are consistent with these Bylaws or, in the absence of rules adopted by the Board, the committee may adopt such rules.
7.8.3 Board and Advisory Committees
Any committee of the board is authorized to utilize advisors that are neither directors or elders provided they are not named as a member of that particular committee. Any committee established by the board with nondirector members is an advisory committee of the board. The board may, by resolution, delegate to an advisory committee to the extent that those powers could be delegated to anyone under Corporations Code Section 9210.
7.9 Church Membership and Membership Discipline
While the local pastors of the Church may determine that a person has qualified as a member and, while the local pastors are empowered to suspend, disfellowship on scriptural grounds, or otherwise discipline members, the board shall be the ultimate arbiter and whether [sic] discipline is appropriate. The board may not intervene in any disciplinary action unless and until a member has had their case reviewed locally and regionally according to a policy and procedure to be approved by the board.
The principal office for the transaction of the business affairs and activities of the corporation is located at 444 East Huntington Drive, Arcadia, in Los Angeles County, California. The location of the principal office may change from one location to another.
The board may at any time establish branch or subordinate offices at any place or places where the corporation is qualified to conduct its activities.
The officers of the corporation shall be president, secretary, and treasurer. They shall be nominated by the chairman and approved by a two-thirds (2/3) ballot of the board. The officers shall continue to serve unless removed by a two-thirds (2/3) ballot of the board. No officer may serve concurrently in more than one (1) office. With the exception of the office of president, no officer may be a board member. The board shall review annually the job performance of each officer.
9.1.1 Office of the President
The president shall be the chief executive officer of the corporation. The office of the president must be filled by an individual who is an ordained elder in good standing in the United Church of God, an International Association. The office of president is not vested with unilateral authority in doctrinal matters. The president shall:
(1) Have the responsibility for the general and active daily operation of the corporation.
(2) Represent the corporation in those legal and business matters that the Chairman of the board does not.
(3) Perform all duties incidental to that of the chief executive officer and such other duties as may be delegated to him by the board.
The president is responsible to nominate and recommend for board approval such offices and individuals to fill those offices as the business of the corporation may require. Upon a two-thirds (2/3) ballot approving such offices and persons to fill those offices, said individuals shall serve in their respective capacity until replaced and shall perform duties and exercise authority as determined by the president.
Without prejudice to any rights of an officer under any contract of employment, any officer may be removed, with or without cause, by the board upon a two-thirds vote of the board.
Any officer may resign at any time by giving written notice to the corporation. The resignation shall take effect as of the date the notice is received or at any later time specified in the notice and, unless otherwise specified in the notice. A resignation need not be accepted to be effective. Any resignation shall be without prejudice to the rights, if any, of the corporation under any contract to which the officer is a party.
A vacancy in any office because of death, resignation, removal, disqualification or any other cause shall be filled in the manner prescribed in these Bylaws for regular appointments to that office, provided that such vacancies shall be filled as they occur.
The secretary shall act as secretary of the corporation and shall:
(1) Keep or cause to be kept, at the corporation's principal office or such other place as the board may direct, a book of minutes of all meetings, proceedings and actions of the board, of committees of the board and of members' meetings. The minutes of meetings shall include the time and place of holding, whether the meeting was general or special and, if special, how authorized, the notice given, and the names of those present at board and committee meetings and general conference meetings. The secretary shall keep or have kept at the principal office in California, a copy of the Articles of Incorporation and Bylaws, as amended to date. The secretary shall keep such other records and documents as are required by law to be kept.
(2) Cause to be given notice of all meetings of the general conference and of the board, and of committees of the board required by the Bylaws to be given.
(3) Be custodian of the seal of the corporation and affix the seal, or cause it to be affixed, as appropriate.
(4) Perform duties as assigned by the chairman or the general conference which are not inconsistent with these Bylaws.
(5) Sign, execute and deliver in the name of the corporation, all other instruments incident to the office of secretary that are not specifically reserved for the chairman or general conference and which are not prohibited by these Bylaws.
9.7.1 Books of Account
The treasurer, as the chief financial officer, shall keep and maintain, or cause to be kept and maintained, adequate and correct books and records of accounts of the corporation's properties and business transactions, including accounts of its assets, liabilities, receipts, disbursements, gains, losses, capital, retained earnings and other matters customarily included in financial statements. The books of account shall be open to inspection by any director at all reasonable times.
9.7.2 Deposit and Disbursement of Money and Valuables
The treasurer shall deposit, or cause to be deposited, all money and other valuables in the name and to the credit of the corporation with such depositories as the board may designate, shall disburse the corporation's funds as the board may order, shall render to the president and directors, when requested, an account of all transactions as chief financial officer and of the financial condition of the corporation, and shall have such other powers and perform such other duties as the board or the Bylaws may prescribe.
9.7.3 Annual Budget
The treasurer shall prepare an annual budget to be approved by the board and report on the financial condition of the corporation to the general conference at the annual meeting.
9.7.4 Execution of Corporate Documents
The treasurer shall sign, execute and deliver in the name of the corporation, all other instruments incident to the office of treasurer that are not specifically reserved for the chairman or general conference and which are not prohibited by these Bylaws. He shall perform other duties delegated by the chairman and hold such other powers as may be prescribed by the board or general conference.
Whenever there is a vacancy in the office of the president, or when the president, by his written declaration transmitted to the secretary, states that he is unable or unwilling to discharge the powers and duties of his office, a new president will be nominated by the board and shall be approved by a two-thirds (2/3) ballot of the board. Such appointment will be made as soon as possible under the provision concerning meetings of the board, but in no case shall it be more than ninety (90) days from the date of vacancy. During any such period of vacancy and until a new president is appointed, the treasurer shall assume responsibility for business operations of the corporation and shall be vested with the powers described in this Article.
The board shall adopt a compensation policy for all employees, independent contractors or consultants which shall be administered by the appropriate officers of the corporation. In addition, the board shall approve the salary structure adopted by management.
9.10.1 Right of Indemnity
To the fullest extent permitted by law, this corporation may indemnify its directors, officers, employees and other persons which [sic] the law allows this corporation to indemnify, including persons formerly occupying any such positions, against all expenses, judgments, fines, settlements and other amounts actually and reasonably incurred by them in connection with any "proceeding," as that term is used in that Section and including an action by or in the right of the corporation, by reason of the fact that such person is or was a person described by that Section. "Expenses," as used in this Article of these Bylaws, shall include without limitation attorneys[`] fees and any other expenses for which, under law, such persons may be indemnified.
9.10.2 Approval of Indemnity
If the board cannot authorize indemnification because the number of directors who are parties to the proceeding with respect to which indemnification is sought prevents the formation of a quorum of directors who are not parties to that proceeding, the board shall promptly call a meeting of the general conference. At that meeting, the directors shall determine under applicable law who can be indemnified. If so, the elders present at the meeting in person or by proxy shall authorize indemnification.
9.10.3 Advancement of Expenses
To the fullest extent permitted by law, and except as otherwise determined by the board in a specific instance, expenses incurred by a person seeking indemnification under this Article of these Bylaws in defending any proceeding covered by this Article shall be advanced by the corporation before final disposition of the proceeding, on receipt by the corporation of an undertaking by or on behalf of that person that the advance will be repaid, unless it is ultimately determined that the person is entitled to be indemnified by the corporation for those expenses.
The corporation shall have the power to purchase and maintain insurance on behalf of its officers, directors, employees and other agents against any liability asserted against or incurred by any officer, director, employee or agent in such capacity or arising out of the officer's, director's, employee's or agent's status as such.
The corporation shall keep correct and complete books and records of accounts and shall also keep the minutes of the proceedings of its general conference, board and committees of the board having and exercising any of the authority of the general conference or the board. All books and records of the corporation shall be kept at the principal office. The financial statements and Form 1023 (Application for exempt status) may be inspected by any member of the Church at the principal office upon with [sic] reasonable advance notice.
The corporate treasurer shall prepare a report of the financial activity of the corporation for the preceding year. The report must conform to accounting standards as promulgated by the Financial Accounting Standards Board and must include a statement of revenue and expenses as well as a statement of expenses by function, a statement of changes in financial position, [and] a statement of assets and liabilities.
An independent audit shall be made each year with an accompanying management letter to the board.
The corporation's annual report shall be published and made available to every elder, employee of the corporation and lay member of the Church.
The corporation's annual report shall include disclosure of the five (5) highest-paid persons and the amount of the annual salary for each.
The board of directors shall annually evaluate and determine the percentage of income to be allocated from the projected total budget for the following year to support specific areas of the overall mission of the Church. This budget shall then be submitted to the general conference for its review.
The general conference shall adopt statutes which shall govern the conduct of all meetings, provided they do not conflict with the law, these Bylaws or the Articles of Incorporation.
The fiscal year of the corporation shall begin January 1 and end December 31.
The board of directors may authorize any officer or agent of the corporation to enter into any contract or to execute and deliver any instrument in the name of and on behalf of the corporation.
All checks, drafts or orders for the payment of money, notes or other evidences of indebtedness issued in the name of the corporation shall be signed by such officer of officers, agent or agents of the corporation, and in such manner, as shall from time to time be determined by resolution of the board. In the absence of such determination by the board, such instruments shall be signed by the President.
In emergencies involving situations beyond the normal condition of the corporation, the president shall, with the written consent of the other statutory officers and at two-thirds (2/3) of the members of the board, within the limits of available funds or unappropriated surplus, have the power to act with dispatch in matters involving the corporation. Any such actions, together with reasons thereof, shall be reported promptly to the board of directors.
The board has final judicial authority with respect to the interpretation and enforcement of the Bylaws and with respect to any controversy that may raise thereunder.
Every meeting of the general conference or board shall be opened with prayer.
The general conference shall have the sole authority to approve all amendments to these Bylaws. Proposed amendments shall be provided to each elder no less than seven (7) days prior to a ballot, and such amendments shall require approval by a two- thirds (2/3) majority of the general conference.
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